653 The University of Cbicago Libraries Cres Vila CarSci EXCO entia latur 重 ​ + societ THE DIAL A Fortnightly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information XJ VOLUME LIX JUNE 24 To DECEMBER 23, 1915 CHICAGO THE HENRY O. SHEPARD CO. 1915 S. 48 AP2 그 ​ 455840 INDEX TO VOLUME LIX . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PAGE H. C. Chatfield-Taylor 564 Arthur E. Bostwick 8 William V. Pooley 367 William B. Cairns 60 T. D. A. Cockerell 16 H. W. Boynton 548 Homer E. Woodbridge 111 Frederic Austin 099 . 62 William Morton Payne 83 Mabel Loomis Todd 488 Benj. M. Woodbridge 152 Martha Hale Shackford 105 199 L. W. Cole 322 Alex. Mackendrick 483 T. D. A. Cockerell 103 James Taft Hatfield 144 H. W. Boynton 303 Herbert Ellsworth Cory 98 W. H. Carruth 372 Alex. Mackendrick 376 W. H. Johnson 411 Helen McAfee. 415 Thomas Percival Beyer . 109 Henry E. Bourne 318 Charles Milton Street 214 J. Paul Kaufman 218 Charles Leonard Moore . 45 William Morton Payne . 148 Charles H. A. Wager 605 T. D. A. Cockerell 263 Charles Leonard Moore 591 Edward E. Hale . 421, 495, 573, 615 William Morton Payne 63, 219, 328, 379 Lewis Piaget Shanks . 316 Edward E. Hale 201 T. D. A. Cockerell 419 Frederic Austin Ogg 566 Frederick Starr 58 Carl Becker 146 Isaac Joslin Cox 612 497, 575, 618 David Y. Thomas 212 Walter L. Fleming 216 William B. Cairns 491 Payson J. Treat 270 Frederick W. Gookin 373 Helen A. Clarke 610 Aler. Mackendrick 20 Benj. M. Woodbridge 571 Fred Morrow Fling . 493 J. C. Squire · 306, 404, 549 Charles Leonard Moore 401 H. C. Chatfield-Taylor 17 T. D. A. Cockerell 545 Louis James Block 155 86 Grant Showerman 486 Theodore Stanton 356, 474, 593 M. Goebel 377 . ACTING, CLASSICS ON THE ART OF A. L. A. CONFERENCE, THE . AMERICA, THE MAKING OF AMERICAN DRAMA, AN, OF THE 18TH CENTURY AMERICAN NATURALIST, A GREAT AMERICAN NOVELISTS, SOME, AND THE LAME ART AMERICAN ONE-ACT PLAYS, RECENT AMERICAN POLITICS, THE NEW SPIRIT IN AMERICAN THOUGHT, THE FINE FLOWER OF ASTRONOMER, A GREAT, MEMORIALS OF BELGIUM'S POET-LAUREATE BLUE-STOCKINGS, THE, AND THEIR INFLUENCE BOOKS OF THE AUTUMN SEASON, 1915 BUDDHIST PSYCHOLOGY CARLYLE REDIVIVUS CHILDREN OF THE CITY CHRISTIANITY'S FIERCEST ANTAGONIST “ CRITIC, THE GENTEEL," A WORD ON CRITICS, A BREVIARY FOR DANTE IN A New TRANSLATION DE PROFUNDIS DIPLOMAT OF THE GOLDEN RULE, THE DRAMA IN ENGLISH, THE NEW EDUCATION, A PRAGMATIC ILLUMINATION OF ELBA, WATERLOO, ST. HELENA EMERSON STUDIED FROM HIS JOURNALS. Essays, CRITICAL, EIGHTEENTH CENTURY ESSAYS AND ESSAYISTS ESSAYS IN MINIATURE EXEGI MONUMENTUM: RUPERT BROOKE FAMILIES, Two FAMOUS, A CENTURY'S RECORDS OF FERNSEED, ON THE EATING OF FICTION, RECENT FICTION, RECENT FLAUBERT, THE ROMANTICISM OF GALSWORTHY, Јону GARDENER, THE AMATEUR GERMAN STATE SOCIALISM, TRIUMPHS OF GREECE, RELICS OF THE BRONZE AGE IN HISTORY, A New PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY As It Is POPULARIZED HOLIDAY PUBLICATIONS, 1915 INCOME AND ITS DISTRIBUTION IN THE UNITED STATES . INDIANS, SLAVE-HOLDING, IN THE CIVIL WAR IRVING-BREVOORT LETTERS, THE JAPANESE PEOPLE, AN AUTHORITATIVE HISTORY OF THE JAPANESE PRINTS, THE FASCINATION OF JEWELS, MAGiC CHARMS AND LIFE, FINDING ONESELF IN LITERARY HISTORY, A CURIOSITY IN LITERATURE AND HISTORY LONDON, LITERARY AFFAIRS IN LYRIC LORD, THE “MOVIES," OLD AND NEW, THE. MORRIS, WILLIAM, AND THE WORLD TO-DAY MUSIC, THE INNER LIFE OF NATION, THE," JUBILEE OF PAINTING, THE NEW PARIS, LITERARY AFFAIRS IN PARSIFAL LEGEND, A NEW VERSION OF THE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • & Sig in w 113267 iv INDEX . . • . . . . . . . • . 66 PETRARCH AGAIN PLAYS OF WAR AND LOVE, RECENT POETRY, RECENT . “ PREPAREDNESS," CASSANDRA-VOICES OF PUBLISHER AND MAN OF ACTION, RECOLLECTIONS OF A RUSSIA, THE NEW SHAKESPEARE, BACONIZING SHAKESPEAREANA, FRAGMENTA SHAW, BERNARD, SENSE AND NONSENSE ABOUT SHORT STORIES, THE BEST SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS, OUR . STEVENSON, New VIEWS OF STORY, JUST A NICE” STYLE, THE PUGNACIOUS THE PITY OF IT! . . THOREAU, THE MODERN VIENNESE PLAYWRIGHT IN ENGLISH, A VIRGINIA, THE STORIED BUILDINGS OF VISIONARY, A DIVINE VOCATION, THE GREAT . WAR, THE GREAT, DIPLOMACY AND WAR, THE GREAT, SOCIALISM AND . WAR, SCORCHED WITH THE FLAMES OF WASHINGTON, THE BUILDING OF WORLD, THE FEDERATION OF THE . W. P. Reeves Homer E. Woodbridge Raymond M. Alden . Edward Krehbiel. Charles Leonard Moore . Frederic Austin 099 Samuel A. Tannenbaum Samuel A. Tannenbaum Archibald Henderson Charles Leonard Moore . Walter L. Fleming Clark S. Northup H. W. Boynton Percy F. Bicknell . William Morton Payne . Henry Seidel Canby . Winifred Smith Fiske Kimball. Arthur Davison Ficke Grant Showerman James W. Garner . Thomas Percival Beyer Wallace Rice Fiske Kimball T. D. 4. Cockerell PAGE 418 325 26, 271 416 366 264 567 320 210 133 150 561 471 353 5 54 267 614 323 253 107 56 22 269 609 . . . . . . . . ANNOUNCEMENTS OF FALL Books, 1915 . SEASON'S BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG, 1915 . CASUAL COMMENT NOTES ON NEW NOVELS BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS BRIEFER MENTION NOTES TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS LISTS OF NEW BOOKS . . 228, 284 507 9, 47, 87, 136, 203, 256, 308, 358, 405, 475, 551, 596 30, 66, 156, 221, 276 31, 67, 113, 158, 222, 277, 329, 379, 423 72, 118, 226, 281, 334, 428 34, 72, 118, 162, 226, 282, 334, 383, 428, 510, 580, 624 74, 120, 164, 283, 430, 581 35, 74, 121, 164, 243, 288, 336, 385, 430, 512, 582, 625 . CASUAL COMMENT Academy-Making, A Word about.. American Novel, The Unwritten. “Androcles and the Lion " in Germany. Aphoristic Wisdom Art, The Asceticism of. Austrian Index Librorum Prohibitorum, The. Author's Thirst for Applause, The.. Autographs, Valuable, An Arrested Auction Sale of. Bibles and Bombs.... Book-Borrowers, A Concession to Delinquent. Book-Borrowers' Responsibilities Book-Buyers, A Pathetic Appeal to. Book-Buying in Times of Stress. Book-Collecting While You Wait.. Book-Collector, How to Become an Expert.. Book-Reading Habit, Statistics Concerning the.. Books, Misplaced Books, Our Ancestors' Respect for.. Books, The Deceitfulness of Appearances in. Bookland, The Induction of Children into. Byronic Discovery, A...... Card Catalogue, A New Use for the. Carnegie Institution Publications. Cataloguer, Perplexing Problems for the.. Cataloguing, Coöperative, A New Development in. Censorship, Simple Simons of the. Clergymen, The Favorite Reading of. Culture, Superimposed PAGE 552 309 479 408 11 600 808 10 601 361 311 408 206 91 50 360 49 49 479 91 189 258 600 598 10 553 260 47 Dana Centennial, The.. Dictionary-Maker, The Death of a. Dramatic Renascence, The. Economy, A Questionable. Editorial Initiative Education, Universal, The Greatest Menace to Educational Efforts, Abortive.. Encyclopædic Research, A Monument of. Essayists, A Prize Competition for.. Fiction, Forbidden, The Fascination of. Fiction, Implacable Foes to. Fonetics, Frenzied Franklin's Epitaph French Literary Genius as Food for Cannon. Fruitlands, The Restoration of. Gems of Purest Ray Serene. Hall of Fame, Seventeen Selected Candidates for the. “Hamlet," A Hamletless. History, Embroidered How to be Happy though Rejected. Humor, Learned, A Curious Specimen of. Imagism and Plagiarism. India's First Library Exhibition. Insects' Homer, The ". Italian Patriotism, An Incentive to. Japan's Annual Book-Trade. Jubilee, A Quarter-Millennial. Juvenile Literature, Safety First in. PAGE 89 88 475 360 136 553 310 50 408 477 406 555 139 257 138 554 12 310 311 859 312 476 407 358 140 90 477 478 06 INDEX V 51 PAGE Knights, Plumed 50 Language, Purging a, by Fire.. 138 Language, Universal, The Birth-Pangs of a. 206 Lexicographer's Lament, A... 360 Lexicography in War and Peace. 90 Library, a Large, Agonies of “Moving Day in 259 Library, A Windmill Converted into a. 310 Library Administration, Novelties in.. 88 Library, Art in the.. 139 Library-Building, A New Suggestion in. 601 Library Buildings, A Defence of Fine. 555 Library Economy in Holland, Instruction in.. 261 Library History, American, A Notable Chapter in. 309 Library, Public, Commission Government and the.. 136 Library Service, Half a century of. 407 Library, The, as an Aid to Efficiency. 51 Life, The Real Things of...... 260 Lincoln Manuscript, The History of a. 598 Lincoln's Many Biographies, Not the Least of. 311 Lissauer's Literary Lapse. 259 Literary Artists in the Trenches... 260 Literary Effort in the South, A Spur to. 87 Literary Hints to the Vacant-Minded.. 205 Literary Honor, A Graceful Acknowledgment of a. 551 Literary Recreations, A Statesman's... 204 Literature, A Contribution to the Curiosities of.. 554 Literature, A Nation's Unfaith in its Own. 48 Literature, An Embargo on... 552 Literature, Good, Endowments that Aid the Cause of. 204 Literature, The Consolations of..... 9 Literature, The Sifting of. 205 Longfellow House, The.... 91 Mind and Body, The Simultaneous Nutrition of. 256 Mirth, The Mission of.. 187 Murray, Sir James, Some Anecdotes of the Late. 553 "National Book Fortnight," A... 600 Nippon, In Somnolent.. 140 “ Notes and Queries," The Fate of. 597 “ Novels, Best, in the English Language," A Surprising Abundance of 203 * Old Nassau 600 Perfection, The Path to. 11 Periodicals, Unpopular 257 PAGE Philological Frenzy 359 Poetic Vision and Grim Reality. 312 Poetry, Periodical, The Year's. 477 Pratt, Bill, Saw-Buck Philosopher. 552 Publishing and Bookselling Arts and Crafts, A National Home for the..... 90 Publishing Business, Enterprise in the. 406 Publishing Firm, an Old, The Last Member of. 138 Reading and Studying, The Difference between. Reading by the Clock. 308 Reading in Bed.. 258 Reading with the Eyes... 554 Reference Work, The Most Voluminous, in the World. 478 Romance Outdone by Reality... 599 Russian Literature, Revived Interest in. 204 Russia's Dearth of Books and Libraries. 187 Scribe, the Patient, Our Debt to... 478 Sedgwick, Arthur, The Tragic End of. 87 Serbians, The Poetic...... 361 Shakespeare Tercentenary, The. 698 Shakespeare, The Russian Peasants' Appreciation of. 49 Skimpole, Harold, Once More. 89 South Africa's Favorite Author.. 258 Speech, Rustic, The Vigor of....... 90 Spellers, Simplified, The Geographical Distribution of... 140 Staircase Wit ...... 599 Stevenson at Saranac. 88 Style, The Potency of. 359 Tauchnitz Series, A Continuation of the. 206 Textbooks, Better, at Lower Price. 476 Thoreau, Reminiscent of.. 87 Tsingtau, The University of.. 91 University Library Buildings, Dedication of the Finest of 48 University, The Autonomous.. 405 Verse, Martial, The Secret of Success in 407 War, Higher Learning as Affected by the. War's Devastation in the Field of Letters and Learning.. 205 War's Ugliest By-Products, One of... 596 Warsaw's Literary Treasure... 260 Widener Library, Another Word about the. 11 Woman Librarian, The Psychological Wherefore of the... 259 Writing, Easy, and Hard Reading, Exceptions to the Rule of 551 ... 358 AUTHORS AND TITLES OF BOOKS REVIEWED Abbott, Eleanor Hallowell. The Indiscreet Letter...... 157 Benson, Arthur Christopher. Escape, and Other Essays. 329 Abbott, Lyman. Reminiscences.... 618 Beresford, J. D. The Invisible Event.. 66 Abel, Annie H. The American Indian as Slave Holder.. 216 Bernhardi, General von. Germany and England.. 31 Adams, Frank R. Five Fridays.. 157 Bianchi, Martha G. D. The Kiss of Apollo... 157 Altgeld, John Peter. Oratory, new edition.. 33 Bigelow, Poultney. Prussian Memories. 618 Anderson, Ada Woodruff. The Rim of the Desert. 66 Bindloss, Harold. Harding of Allenwood. 328 Andrews, Mary Raymond S. The Three Things.. 623 Binns, Henry B. The Free Spirit.... 29 Andreyev, Leonid. The Sorrows of Belgium.. 326 Binyon, Laurence. The Winnowing Fan. 272 Armstrong, Edward C. Elliott Monographs. 316 Black, Hugh. The New World... 579 Artzibas hef, Michael. Breaking-Point.. 378 Bliss, Reginald." Boon: The Mind of the Race. 278 Averill, Mary. The Flower Art of Japan. 620 Blossom, F. A. La Composition de Salammbô.. 316 Baden-Powell, Sir Robert. Memories of India.. 618 Boardman, Mabel T. Under the Red Cross Flag. 578 Bailey, L. H. Cyclopedia of Horticulture, revised edition. 225 Bodkin, M. McD. Recollections of an Irish Judge. 380 Baker, C. H. Collins. Art Treasures of Great Britain... 498 Bostwick, Arthur E. Making of an American's Library. 280 Balfour, Graham. Life of Stevenson, revised edition.... 563 Bowen, Louise de Koven. Safeguards for City Youth... 103 Ball, W. Valentine. Reminiscences of Sir Robert Ball. 488 Bowen, Marjorie. Prince and Heretic...... 221 Balmer, Edwin. The Wild Goose Chase. 276 Bowen, Marjorie. The Carnival of Florence.. 221 Barbour, Ralph Henry. Heart's Content. 506 Brangwyn, Frank. A Book of Bridges.. 497 Barnes, James, and Kearton, Cherry. Through Central Brinkley, F. A History of the Japanese People.. 270 Africa 158 Brooke, Rupert, Collected Poems of... 605 Barney, J. Stewart. L. P. M. 66 Browne, Francis Fisher. Every-Day Life of Lincoln, Barr, Amelia E. The Measure of a Man new and cheaper edition..... 428 Barr, Amelis E. Three Score and Ten.. 618 Bruce, H. Addington. Sleep and Sleeplessness. 114 Barrie, J. M. Der Tag : or, The Tragic Man. 325 Bryan, Wilhelmus B. History of the National Capital.. 269 Bassett, Sarah W. The Taming of Zenas Henry. 221 Bugbee, L. H. Man Who Was Too Busy to Find the Child 623 Bax, E. Belfort. German Culture, Past and Present. 72 Burnett, Frances Hodgson. The Lost Prince.... 495 Baxter, James P. The Greatest of Literary Problems... 567 Butler, Mrs. John Wesley. Historic Churches in Mexico. 499 Baynes, Ernest H. Wild Bird Guests.. 577 Bynner, Witter. The New World.... 275 Beard, Mary R. Woman's Work in Municipalities. 32 Calhoun, Dorothy D. Blue Gingham Folks.. 623 Becke, A. F. Napoleon and Waterloo.. 318 Canfield, Dorothy. The Bent Twig... 616 Becker, Carl L. Beginnings of the American People. 367 Capper, Alfred. A Rambler's Recollections and Reflec- Beggs, Gertrude H. The Four in Crete.... 619 tions 618 Bell, Lilian. The Story of the Christmas Ship.. 579 Carmichael, Orton H. The Shadow on the Dial. 506 Belloc, Hilaire. High Lights of the French Revolution.. 493 Carrington, FitzRoy. The Quiet Hour.. 506 Benjamin, S. G. W. Life and Adventures of a Free Lance 223 Carter, W. H. The American Army.. 417 Bennett, Arnold. The City of Pleasure..... 156 Cather, Willa Sibert. The Song of the Lark.. 496 Bennett, Arnold. These Twain.... 573 Chamberlain, Joshua L. The Passing of the Armies 575 Bennett, Helen C. American Women in Civic Work.. 118 Champney, Elizabeth W. Romance of Old Belgium.. 619 222 INDEX -- 222 PAGE PAGE Chase, Mrs. Lewis. A Vagabond Voyage through Brittany 501 Giesy, J. U. All for His Country.. 67 Churchill, Winston. A Far Country.... 63 Girling, Katherine P. When Hannah Var Eight Yar Old 623 Clark, Barrett H. British and American Drama of To-day 416 Glaspell, Susan. Fidelity.... 66 Clarke, Mrs. M. E. Paris Waits : 1914.. 24 Goodman, Kenneth Sawyer. Stage Guild Plays.. 112 Jobb, Irvin S. Speaking of Operations. 623 Gordon, I. L., and Frueh, A. J. The Log of the Ark... 580 Cohen, Helen Louise. The Ballade.. 117 Gorgas, W. C. Sanitation in Panama. 225 Coleman, A. Flaubert's Literary Development. 316 Gorky, Maxim. My Childhood. 503 Columbia University Dramatic Museum Publications, Gorky, Maxim. Submerged.. 326 second series 564 Graham, Stephen. Russia and the World.. 266 Conklin, Edward G. Heredity and Environment in the Graham, Stephen. Way of Martha and Way of Mary. 621 Development of Men. 332 Grant, Robert. The High Priestess. 423 Converse, Florence. The Story of Wellesley.. 502 Green, F. E. The Surrey Hills.. 576 Coriat, Isador H. The Meaning of Dreams. 114 Grey, Zane. The Rainbow Trail.. 157 Cornford, Frances. Spring Morning.. 272 Gwynn, Stephen. Famous Cities of Ireland. 500 Cotterill, H. B. Medieval Italy. 575 Hadley, Arthur T. Undercurrents in American Politics. 379 Cowan, Sada. The State Forbids .. 326 Hagedorn, Hermann. Makers of Madness. 111 Cram, Ralph Adams. Heart of Europe. 498 Hall, H. R. Ægean Archæology... 58 Crockett, S. R. Hal o' the Ironsides. 276 Hallet, Richard Matthews. The Lady Aft. Crothers, Rachel. A Man's World.. 326 Hamilton, Clayton. On the Trail of Stevenson. 619 Cruse, Amy. Robert Louis Stevenson. 563 Hammond, B. S. Bodies Politic and their Governments. 333 Dall, William H. Spencer Fullerton Baird. 16 Hammond, John M. Quaint and Historic Forts of North Dalrymple, Leona. Jimsy the Christmas Kid.. 623 America 577 Dana, John Cotton. Modern American Library Economy, Hardy, Thomas. Satires of Circumstances. 29 Part XVII 334 Harris, Frank. Contemporary Portraits. 158 Davis, Fannie Stearns. Crack o’ Dawn. 273 Hart, Albert B. Problems of Readjustment after the War 424 Davis, Philip. Street-Land.. 104 Hauptmann, Gerhard. Parsival, trans. by Oakley Wil. Dawbarn, Charles. Makers of New France. 70 liams 377 Day, Holman. The Landloper... 329 Hawkes, Clarence. Hitting the Dark Trail. 278 Dejeans, Elizabeth. The Life Builders. 66 Hawkins, Chauncey J. The Little Red Doe. 623 Deming, Seymour. The Pillar of Fire. 579 Hay, Ian. Scally. 623 Desmond, Humphrey J. The Glad Hand. 622 Hay, Ian. The Lighter Side of School Life. 622 Dewey, John and Evelyn. Schools of To-morrow.. 109 Hay, James, Jr. The Man Who Forgot.. 31 De Witt, Benjamin P. The Progressive Movement. 62 Healy, Dr. and Mrs. William. Pathological Lying, Ac- Dickens's Christmas Carol, illus. by Arthur Rackham... 506 cusation, and Swindling .... 426 Dickinson, Edward. Music and the Higher Education... 156 Hedin, Sven. With the German Armies in the West... 22 Dickinson, Thomas H. The Case of American Drama.... 415 Hellman, George S. Letters of Irving to Brevoort.. 491 Dickinson, Thomas H. Wisconsin Plays.. 111 Henderson, Charles R. Citizens in Industry... 277 Dimick, Howard T. Photoplay Making... 17 Henshaw, Julia W. Wild Flowers of the North American Dimock, Anthony W. Wall Street and the Wilds. 619 Mountains 621 Dix, Beulah Marie. Across the Border. 111 Herts, B. Russell. The Decoration and Furnishing of Dodd, William E. Expansion and Conflict. 370 Apartments 279 Donnay, Maurice. Lovers; The Free Woman; They... 327 Hewlett, William. A Child at the Window.. 220 Douglas, Norman. Old Calabria. 500 Hobson, J. A. Towards International Government. 609 “ Downie, Vale." Robin the Bobbin 623 Hodges, George, Henry Codman Potter.. 504 Dreiser, Theodore. The “Genius" 422 Hoeber, Arthur. The Barbizon Painters.. 499 Du Bois, W. E. B. The Negro.. 334 “Holgar, Paxton." From the Shelf... 161 Duncan, Norman. Australian Byways.. 501 Holland, Leicester Bodine. he Garden Bluebook. 577 Durham, W. H. Critical Essays of the 18th Century.... 218 Holley, Horace. Creation... Dwight, H. G. Constantinople, Old and New.. Holme, Charles, and Taylor, E. A. Paris, Past and Dyer, Walter A. Early American Craftsmen. 620 Present 576 Eberlein, Harold D. Architecture of Colonial America.. 497 Hooker, Brian. Poems. 273 Edgeworth, Edward. The Human German... 71 Hough, Emerson. Out of Doors.. 577 Edmonds, Franklin S. Ulysses S. Grant. 114 Howard, George Bronson. God's Man. 379 Eliot, Charles W. The Training for an Effective Life.... 425 Howard, Keble. Merry Andrew... 157 Eliot, Thomas D. Juvenile Court and the Community.. 104 Howe, Daniel W. Political History of Secession. 117 Ellis, Mrs. Havelock. Love in Danger.... 327 Howe, Frederic C. Socialized Germany..... 566 Elson, Arthur. The Book of Musical Knowledge. 620 Hrebelianovich, Princess Lazarovich. Pleasures and Epler, Percy H. The Life of Clara Barton.. 575 Palaces 503 Ervine, St. John G. Alice and a Family..... 222 Hubback, Jonn. Russian Realities.. 266 Eydoux-Démians, Mme. M. In a French Hospital. 278 Hudson, William H. Adventures among Birds.. 577 “Eye-Witness's Narrative of the War" 25 Hudson, William H. A Quiet Corner in a Library. 381 Eyre, John R. The Mona Lisa.. 223 Hughes, Rupert. Empty Pockets.. 64 Fay, Lucy E., and Eaton, Anne T. Instruction in the Hunter, Frederick W. Stiegel Glass.. 71 Use of Books and Libraries... 70 Hunting, Harold B. The Story of Our Bible. 505 Fay, P. B., and Coleman, A. Sources and Structure of Hurgronje, C. Snouck. The Holy War... 34 Flaubert's Salammbộ 316 Husband, Joseph. America at Work.. 622 Ficke, Arthur Davison. Chats on Japanese Prints.. 373 IV Hutton, Edward. Attila and the Huns. 427 Ficke, Arthur Davison. Sonnets of a Portrait-Painter.. 30 Infanta Eulalia of Spain. Court Life from Within. 503 Firkins, O. W. Ralph Waldo Emerson. 214 Fletcher, John G. Irradiations : Sand and Spray. Innes, Arthur D. History of England, Vol. IV.. 425 27 Foote, Mary Hallock. The Valley Road... 619 276 James, George Wharton. Our American Wonderlands. Foulke, William D. Some Love Songs of Petrarch... 418 Jane, L. Cecil. The Interpretation of History. 146 Fox, Edward L. Behind the Scenes in Warring Germany 23 Job, Herbert K. Propagation of Wild Birds. 116 France, Anatole. The Man who Married a Dumb Wife.. 328 Joffre, General. My March to Timbuctoo... 69 Francke, K. A German-American's Confession of Faith. 113 Johnson, Allen. Union and Democracy... 369 Frank, Maude M. Short Plays about Famous Authors.. 118 Johnson, Clifton. Battleground Adventures in Civil War 621 Fraser, Mrs. Hugh. Storied Italy.. 500 Johnson, Clifton. Highways and Byways of New England 576 French, Allen. Old Concord... 501 Johnson, Henry. Dante's The Divine Comedy....... 372 “ Freydon, Nicholas, The Record of ". 159 Johnston, Henry Phelps. Nathan Hale, 1776, new edition 225 Frost, Robert North of Boston.. 274 Johnston, R. M. Arms and the Race... 416 Galsworthy, John. A Bit o' Love. 328 Jones, Doris Egerton. Time o' Day.. 67 Galsworthy, John. The Freelands. 219 Kallen, H. M. William James and Henri Bergson. 382 Gardner, Lillian. Cupid's Capers.. 623 Kelland, Clarence B. Into His Own.. 623 Garnett, Porter. Stately Homes of California. 498 Kellner, Leon. American Literature.. 33 Garrison, Fielding H. John Shaw Billings. 113 Kellor, Frances A. Out of Work. 114 Garstin, Denis. Friendly Russia.. 266 King, Mrs. Francis. The Well-Considered Garden. 419 28 500 . INDEX vi .. 428 PAGE PAGE King, Willford I. The Wealth and Income of the People Palmer, John. Bernard Shaw: Harlequin or Patriot ?.. 212 of the United States.. 381 Palmer, John. Peter Paragon... 616 Kinnicutt, Lincoln N. To Your Dog and to My Dog.... 622 Parker, Gilbert. The Money Master.. 496 Klein, L'Abbé Felix. La Guerre Vue d'une Ambulance.. 25 Parrott, J. Edward. The Pageant of British History.... 502 Knibbs, H. H. Sundown Slim... 67 Parrott, J. Edward. The Pageant of English Literature. 579 Kreisler, Fritz. Four Weeks in the Trenches.. 24 Paxson, Frederic L. The New Nation.... 370 Kunz, George F. The Magic of Jewels and Charms. 610 Peel, Mrs. C. S. Mrs. Barnet Robes 30 Lane, Mrs. John. Maria Again.... 276 Pennell, Joseph. Pictures in the Land of Temples.. 499 Lancaster, Robert A., Jr. Historic Virginia Homes and Pennell, Joseph and Elizabeth. Lithography and Lithog- Churches 614 raphers 497 Larson, Laurence M. Short History of England. Perin, Florence Hobart. Sunlit Days. 506 Le Gallienne, Richard. Vanishing Roads. 116 Perry, Bliss. Thomas Carlyle.. 483 Le Rossignol, J. E. Jean Baptiste... 276 Petrovich, W. M. Hero Tales and Legends of the Serbians 505 "Lee, Vernon." The Ballet of the Nations. 621 Phillips, Stephen. Panama, and Other Poems. 271 Lees, Bertha. Alfred the Truthteller... 618 Pierce, F. E. Selections from Symbolical Poems of Blake 323 Leupp, Francis E. Walks about Washington. 500 Plunket, lerne. Isabel of Castile.... 618 Lewis, A. G. Sport, Travel, and Adventure. 576 Potter, Elizabeth G., and Gray, Mabel T. The Lure of Lewisohn, Ludwig. The Modern Drama.. 68 San Francisco 499 Lincoln, Abraham. Discoveries and Inventions.. 622 Powell, E. Alexander. The Road to Glory. 612 Lincoln, Joseph C. Thankful's Inheritance. 157 Preston, W. T. R. Strathcona and the Making of Canada 71 Litchfield, Henrietta. Emma Darwin. 263 Prince, L. B. Spanish Mission Churches of New Mexico. 576 Locke, William J. Jaffery... 63 Putnam, George Haven. Memories of a Publisher... 366 London, Charmian K. The Log of the Snark. 501 Putnam, George H. Tabular Views of Universal History 118 London, Jack. The Scarlet Plague... 31 Putnam, James J. Human Motives.... 114 Loughead, Flora H. Life of Oscar Lovell Shafter. 619 Raymond, George L. An Art Philosopher's Cabinet.. 426 Mach, Edmund von. Germany's Point of View.. 222 Reade, Arthur. Finland and the Finns... 501 Machen, Arthur. The Bowmen. 382 Reese, A. M. The Alligator and its Allies. 281 Mackail, J. W. Russia's Gift to the World. 266 Rhodes, Harrison. In Vacation America.. 501 Mackay, Helen. Accidentals... 277 Rhys-Davids, Mrs. C. A. F. Buddhist Psychology. 322 Mackaye, Percy. The Present Hour... 274 Rinehart, Mary Roberts. “K”.... 222 Mackellar, Dorothea. The Witch-Maid, and Other Verses 272 Ritchie, Mrs. David G. Two Sinners.. 221 MacGill, Patrick. The Rat-Pit... 276 Rittenhouse, Jessie B. Little Book of American Poets... 579 MacMunn, G. F. A Freelance in Kashmir.. 116 Riverside History of the United States " 367 MacVeagh, Mrs. Charles. Fountains of Papal Rome. 499 Robert's Rules of Order Revised ". 118 McCabe, Joseph. George Bernard Shaw... 210 Robinson, Albert G. Cuba, Old and New.... 576 McCarter, Margaret H. The Corner Stone. 623 Roessler, Erwin. The Soliloquy in German Drama.. 225 McFarland, J. Horace. My Growing Garden, 505 Rogers, Robert. Ponteach, edited by Allan Nevins. 60 McSpadden, J. Walker. Opera Synopses, enlarged edition 506 Rohmer, Sax. The Yellow Claw.... 222 Marden, Orison Swett. Woman and Home. 506 Rohrbach, Paul. Germany's Isolation. 31 Marquand, Allan. Luca della Robbia... 161 Ross, Edward Alsworth. South of Panama. 160 Marshall, Archibald. The House of Merrilees. 221 Ryan, Kate. Old Boston Museum Days. 502 Marvin, Frederic Rowland. Fireside Papers.. 578 Ryan, Oswald. Municipal Freedom.. 116 Mason, Eugene. A Book of Preferences in Literature... 326 Sabatier, Paul. The Ideals of France. 277 Mason, Walt. Horse Sense.. 506 Sabatini, Rafael. The Sea-Hawk. 329 Masters, Edgar Lee. Spoon River Anthology. 28 Safroni-Middleton, A. Şaftorland Beachcomber. 564 Maugham, W. Somerset. Of Human Bondage. 220 Sardou, Victorien. Patrle... 326 Maxim, Hiram S. My Life.... 115 Sargent, Porter E. Handbook of Best Private Schools.. 334 Maxim, Hudson. Defenseless America. 416 Sarolea, Charles. The Anglo-German Problem. 67 Maybeck, Bernard R. Palace of Fine Arts and Lagoon.. 500 Schnitzler, Arthur. Playing with Love... 267 * Me" 157 Schnitzler, Arthur. Professor Bernardi. 267 Middleton, George. Possession. 112 Schnitzler, Arthur. The Green Cockatoo. 267 Miyamori, Asataro. Tales from Old Japanese Dramas.. 504 Schnitzler, Arthur. The Lonely Way.. 268 Methley, Violet Camille Desmoulins.. 504 Schnitzler, Arthur. Viennese Idylls.. 268 Montague, Margaret Prescott. Closed Doors... 427 Schoff, Hannah Kent. The Wayward Child.. 103 Montaigne's Essay on Friendship and XXIX Sonnets by Sears, Annie L. The Drama of the Spiritual Life. 423 Estienne de la Boétie, translated by Louis How..... 579 Sears, Clara E. Bronson Alcott's Fruitlands. 32 Moore, Charles Leonard. Incense and Iconoclasm...... 148 Service, Robert W. The Pretender.... 276 Moth, Axel. Technical Terms Used in Bibliographies... 281 Shackleton, Robert. Conwell's Acres of Diamonds. 580 Muir, William. The Caliphate, revised edition.. 428 “Shattuck's Parliamentary Answers " 118 Mulder, Arnold. Bram of the Five Corners. 157 Shaw, Anna Howard. The Story of a Pioneer. 332 Mullgardt, Louis C. The Architecture and Landscape Shelton, Louise. Beautiful Gardens in America. 621 Gardening of the Exposition.. 500 Sherrill, Charles H. French Memories of Eighteenth- Munson, Arley. Kipling's India. 620 Century America 502 “ Nation's Library, The " 72 Sinclair, Upton. The Cry for Justice... 876 Nearing, Scott. Income. 212 Smith, E. M. Investigation of Mind in Animals. 381 Neeser, R. W. Our Navy and the Next War. 417 Smith, F. Hopkinson. Felix O'Day.... 495 Neuhaus, Eugen. The Art of the Exposition.. 499 Smith, Langdon. Evolution: A Fantasy. 623 Neuhaus, Eugen. The Galleries of the Exposition. 499 Smith, Thomas F. A. The Soul of Germany 281 Newman, Cardinal. The Dream of Gerontius, with In- Sologub, Fedor. The Sweet-Scented Name. 505 troduction by Gordon Tidy..... 621 Some Imagist Poets" 26 Newton, R. Heber. The Mysticism of Music.. 155 Souttar, H. S. A Surgeon in Belgium.. 24 Nietzsche, Frau Förster. The Life of Nietzsche, Vol. II. 144 Speakman, Harold. The First Christmas.. 622 Noguchi, Yone. The Spirit of Japanese Art.. 68 Spence, Lewis. Hero Tales and Legends of the Rhine.. 678 “ Noguchi, Yone, The Story of," illus. by Yoshio Markino 330 “Statesman's Year-Book," 1915.. 226 Norris, Kathleen. The Story of Julia Page. 615 Steiner, Edward A. Introducing the American Spirit. 579 Northend, Mary H. Remodeled Farmhouses. 498 Step. Edward. Marvels of Insect Life. 380 Noyes, Alfred. A Belgian Christmas Eve. 325 Stephens, James. Songs from the Clay... 272 O'Brien, Howard Vincent. “ Thirty". 221 Stewart, Elinore Pruitt. Letters on an Elk Hunt. 382 O'Connor, Mrs. T. P. Dog Stars..... 505 Stone, Gilbert. Wales... 502 “ Old English Mansions " 226 Stoner, Winifred Sackville, Jr. Natural Education. 33 Olmstead, Florence. A Cloistered Romance. 65 Stopes, Mrs. C. C. Shakespeare's Environment. 320 Oppenheim, E. Phillips. The Way of These Women 222 Stowell, Ellery C. The Diplomacy of the War of 1914.. 107 Orezy, Baroness. A Bride of the Plains.. 222 Stratton-Porter, Gene. Michael O'Halloran. 222 Ordway, Edith B. The Opera Book.. 620 Stratz, Rudolph. His English Wife..... 31 Oswald, Felix. Alone in the Sleeping-Sickness Country. 333 Strettell, Alma. Poems of Verhaeren, enlarged edition. 165 Palmer, Bell Elliott. The Single Code Girl. 276 Strindberg, August. Master Olof.. 333 1 viii INDEX ** PAGE “Stultitia" 418 Sullivan, Mark. National Floodmarks. 427 Swift, Judson. A Song Old and New.. 623 Swinnerton, Frank. R. L. Stevenson.. 561 Thayer, William R. The Life and Letters of John Hay.. 411 Thomas, Mrs. Theodore. Our Mountain Garden, second edition 420 Thoreau, Writings of, “ Riverside Pocket Edition" 54 Thorpe, Merle. The Coming Newspaper.. 160 Thurstan, Violetta. Field Hospital and Flying Column.. 25 Tinker, Chauncey B. The Salon and English Letters.... 105 Tompkins, Juliet Wilbor. Diantha.... 67 Toulmin, Harry A. City Manager: A New Profession.. 69 Trail, Florence. A History of Italian Literature.. 571 Train, Arthur. The Man Who Rocked the Earth.. 31 Tregarthen, John C. The Story of a Hare.... 505 Tregarthen, John C. The Life Story of an Otter. 505 True, Ruth S. Boyhood and Lawlessness, and The Neg. lected Girl 104 Turley, Charles. The Voyages of Captain Scott. 504 Upward, Allen. Paradise Found.. 212 Van Loon, Hendrik W. Rise of the Dutch Kingdom... 117 Veblen, Thornstein. Imperial Germany and the Indus- trial Revolution 331 Verrill, A. Hyatt. Isles of Spice and Palm.. 620 Vinogradoff, Paul. The Russian Problem. 265 Vizetelly, Frank H. Essentials of English Speech and Literature 224 Voute, Emile. The Passport.. 379 Wald, Lilian D. The House on Henry Street. 578 Wales, Hubert. The Brocklebank Riddle.. 31 Waley, Adolf F. The Remaking of China.. 280 Walker, J. Bernard. America Fallen!.. 417 Walling, William English. The Socialists and the War.. 56 PAGE " War Book of the German General Staff " 160 Ward, Mrs. Humphry. Eltham House.. 422 “ Wayfarer's Library, The " 159 Webster, Marie D. Quilts.. 498 Wells, H. G. The Research Magnificent. 421 Wentworth, Marion Craig. War Brides. 111 Westcott, Frank N. Hepsey Burke.... 67 Westervelt, William D. Legends of Old Honolulu. 580 Wharton, Anne H. English Ancestral Homes of Noted Americans 578 Whipple, Wayne. The Heart of Lincoln. 623 Wiener, Leo. An Interpretation of the Russian People.. 264 Wiggin, Kate Douglas. Penelope's Postscripts.. 157 Wilde, Percival. Dawn... 112 Williams, H. Noel. Rival Sultanas. 540 Williams, Sherman. New York's Part in History 502 Wilson, Woodrow. When a Man Comes to Himself. 20 Winter, William. Vagrant Memories... 503 Wister, Owen. The Pentecost of Calamity.. 380 Woodberry, George E. Two Phases of Criticism. 98 Woodbridge, Elisabeth. More Jonathan Papers. 505 Woodruff, Helen S. Mr. Doctor Man... 623 Worcester, Elwood. The Issues of Life. 622 Work, Edgar Whitaker. Every Day 622 Work, Edgar W. The Folly of the Three Wise Men. 623 Wright, Willard Huntington. Modern Painting.. 486 Wynne, Arnold. The Growth of English Drama. 72 “ Year-Book of Decorative Art," for, 1915.. 226 Young, C. C. Abused Russia.... 266 Young, J. T. New American Government and its Work. 279 Young, Norwood. Napoleon in Exile at Elba... 319 Young, Norwood. Napoleon in Exile at St. Helena 319 Zangwill, Israel. Plaster Saints.. 327 Zweig, Stefan. Emile Verhaeren. 152 MISCELLANEOUS Allegory, A Plea for. Morris Schaff.. 141 Allen, Dr., A Word for. Margaret A. Friend. 53 Authors' Agencies, Mr. Benson and. Robert H. Edes. 482 Authors and Knighthood. Noël A. Dunderdale.. 97 Book Publishing in England in War Time.. 73 “ Book of France, The," Publication of.. 120 Bross Prize, The Second Decennial. 885 Bryant, A Few Facts about. John L. Hervey.. 361 Bryant and “ The New Poetry." John L. Hervey. 92 “ Bryant and the New Poetry." Harriet Monroe.. 314 Bryant, Some Further Remarks about. John L. Hervey 555 Bryant, William Cullen, Again. Harriet Monroe.. 479 College Commercialized, The. Clark S. Northup. 209 Concordance Society Issues, Some Prospective. 73 “ Contemporary Verse," The First Number of. 581 Crowell, Thomas Young, Death of.. 119 Diphthongs, Dr. Vizetelly and. Wallace Rice. 365 Diphthongs, More about. Frank H. Vizetely and Wallace Rice 559 D'Ooge, Martin Luther, Death of. 283 Edmands, John, Death of... 384 German War Book, The. Saml. A. Tannenbaum. 262 German War Book Again, The. The Reviewer.. 364 Hawthorne's Short Stories in Japan. Ernest W. Clement 410 Hervieu, Paul, Death of... 429 Holder, Charles Frederick, Death of. 384 Holder Chair of Biology, The Recently Endowed. 581 Illinois State Historical Society, Publications of the. J. Seymour Currey.... 143 Imagism and Plagiarism. Arthur Davison Ficke. 560 Imagist to the Defence, An. John Gould Fletcher. 96 Indians in the Civil War. John C. Wright... 315 Japan, Books in. Ernest W. Clement.. 604 Knopf, Alfred A., New Publishing House of. 163 “ La Revue de Hollande," The First Number of.. 163 Librarian as Literary Critic, The. Bernard C. Steiner. 480 “Maarten Maartens," Death of..... 120 Meyer, Kuno, and the Harvard Prize Poem. F. P. 53 Michigan Dutch in Fiction, The. H. Houston Peckham... 209 Moody, William Vaughn, and William Blake. Wm. Chis- lett, Jr. ... 142 Murray, Sir James, Death of, and the Oxford Dictionary 511 Necessity, The Law of. S. A. Tannenbaum and C. M. Street 481 Negro, A Southern Tribute to a. Garland Greever. 409 “ News Notes of California Libraries ". 227 Once in a Blue Moon. Alma Luise Olson.. 557 “Oxford Dictionary,” Editorial Changes in the Staff of.. 581 Petrarch's, A Friend of. Theodore Stanton.. 209 Philippine Library, Bulletins of the... 34 Phillips, Stephen, A Proposed Testimonial to. Erskine MacDonald 365 Phillips, Stephen, Death of. 624 Poetry, The Imperishable Elements of. Louis C. Marolf.. 207 Policies, Present-Day, Ancient Precedents for. David Y. Thomas 142 “ Ponteach," The Author of. W. H. S... 97 Popular Science Monthly," The New.. 227 Pronunciation and Poetry. Robert J. Shores.. 482 Prophecy, An Interesting. Alfred M. Brooks. 604 Putnam, John Bishop, Death of. 384 “ Religion of Science Library," The. 35 "Sanine," The Author of. A Reader. 365 Shakespeare and the New Psychology. S. A. Tannenbaum 601 Short Story, Elements of the. 1. M. Rubinow... 262 Starr, Frederick, Expedition of, to Japan and Korea..... 511 “ Technical Book Review Index," First Number of the... 383 Tennyson Museum, A Proposed.. 625 “ The City of Dreadful Night," A Strange Visitor in. Benj. M. Woodbridge.... 603 “ The Egoist," A French Translation of. Benj. M. Wood- bridge 261 “ The Freelands and “Uncle Tom's Cabin." Allen McSimpson 816 Tinayre, Madame, War Novel of. Benj. M. Woodbridge.. 408 Translator's Error, A. A. H. Fisher... 53 Vocational Training and Citizenship. Orvis C. Irwin.. 368 Washington, Booker T., Death of... 512 Whitman · Legend,” The Growth of the. John L. Hervey 12 Wisconsin Faculty, Mr. Allen and the. W. E. Leonard... 95 Wisconsin Survey Once More, The George C. Comstock 51 Wisconsin Survey, Results of the. William H. Allen and George C. Com-stock.. 93 Wisconsin University Survey, The. William H. Allen.... 14 Wisconsin Theses, The. David E. Berg.. 95 World-Language, The Coming, and Some Other Matters. Frank H. Vizetelly... 312 60 JUN 2 5 1915 Scene 커 ​AP₂ THE DIAL FORTNIGHTLY JOURNAL OF Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information FOUNDED BY FRANCIS F. BROWNE Volume LIX. No. 697. CHICAGO, JUNE 24, 1915. 10 cts. a cupy. $2, a year. } EDITED BY WALDO R. BROW BY SEYMOUR DUNBAR A HISTORY OF TRAVEL IN AMERICA Being an outline of the development in modes of travel from early colonial times to the creation of the first trans-continental railroad A singularly interesting and significant history A work for the historian, the sociologist, the of the American people.- New York Times. traveller, the antiquarian, and above all, which is a true achievement, a work for the general Mr. Dunbar has built and stocked a museum of reader.-Professor Archibald Henderson, Uni- Americana.--New York Sun. versity of North Carolina. The author has made some distinct contributions Always scholarly in method.--The Travel Maga- to economic history.- Professor E. L. Bogart, sine. University of Illinois. A valuable contribution to the history of the He may be said to have sketched the unwritten westward movement.—Professor Frank Heywood epic of American history.—The Literary Digest. Hodder, University of Kansas. A vivid interpretation of our civilization.-Pro- Is the best in its field and will likely remain a fessor Martin Sampson, Cornell University. standard work and an admirable work for many years.—Professor Frederic L. Paxson, University Should be in every library which makes any pretense of containing a reference collection in of Wisconsin. American History.-Professor Harlow Lindley, Erlham College. His diligence is beyond praise, his range of re- search amazing.-The Dial. Monumental is not too large a word to use in describing Seymour Dunbar's four-volume "A There is no end of good things.—The Springfield History of Travel in America.”—The Chicago Republican. Tribune. Octavo, 4 volumes, cloth, 2 maps, 12 colored plates, 400 illustrations, 1,600 pages. Boxed, $10 net. Large paper edition, limited to 250 copies. Boxed, $20 net. New York :: THE BOBBS-MERRILL COMPANY, PUBLISHERS :: Indianapolis 2 June 24 THE DIAL The Open Court Series of Classics of Science and Philosophy, No. 2 A Timely Book It should be in every reference library. FLEETS OF THE WORLD 1915 Compiled from official sources and classified according to types. 103 full-page illus- trations. 198 pages. Oblong 8vo. Cloth. $2.50 net. (Just Published) SELECTIONS FROM THE SCOTTISH PHILOSOPHY OF COMMON SENSE Edited with an Introduction By G. A. JOHNSTON, M. A., University of Glasgow Pp. 268, cloth; price $1.25 The historical significance of the Philosophy of Common Sense is considerable. For half a century the Philosophy of Common Sense was the dominant philosophy in American universities; and it is to the Scottish president of an American college (James McCosh of Princeton) that we owe the most comprehensive study of it. 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Postage 10 cents. McBRIDE, NAST & CO.. Sprimet taloue 31 Union Square, North, New York 4 [June 24, 1915 THE DIAL -WINSTON CHURCHILL'S NEW NOVEL- "MANY PEOPLE READ 'THE INSIDE OF THE CUP, BUT 'A FAR COUNTRY SHOULD REACH A WIDER AUDIENCE.”—N. Y. TIMES A FAR COUNTRY By the Author of "The Inside of the Cup," etc. Illustrated, $1.50 sis." OPINIONS OF EARLY REVIEWERS: -N, Y. Times:- -Boston Globe:- Chicago Herald :- “No one can afford to miss “A powerfully written story, “A great piece of art, com- reading 'A Far Country,' or displaying wonderful scope and prising admirable humanization, reading it, can fail to be in- clarity of vision. Presents a plot, and sympathy, diverse as terested. The themes Mr. wonderful study of American intrinsic and many Churchill handles are the big emotions and character analy. interesting side issues. Any themes confronting all America, author might well be proud of and in the fortunes and mis- N. Y. 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"-Boston Herald. script of the times.”—Philadelphia North American. Price, $1.25. Price, $2.00. 16 - THE JAPANESE PROBLEM IN THE UNITED STATES By H. A. Millis Professor of Economics, University of Kansas. A frank and highly interesting discussion of an important question, considering immigration and the treatment of established Japanese. Professor Millis has written the book out of first-hand investigation, bringing together much information that is new and many facts that have been hitherto little understood. Price, $1.50. PUBLISHED AT 64-66 5th AVE., N. Y. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY ON SALE AT ALL BOOKSTORES THE DIAL A Fortnightly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information. THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published fortnightly every other Thursday – except in July and August, in which one issue for each month will appear. TERMS OF SUBSCRIP- TION, $2. a year in advance, postage prepaid in the United States and Mexico; Foreign and Canadian postuge 50 cents per year extra. REMITTANCES should be by check, or by express or postal order, payable to THE DIAL. Unless other- wise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the current num- ber. When no direct request to discontinue at expiration of subscription is received, it is assumed that a continuance of the subscription is desired. ADVERTISING RATES furnished on application. Published by THE HENRY 0. SHEPARD COMPANY, 632 Sherman Street, Chicago. Entered as Second-Class Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post Office at Chicago, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879. Vol. LIX. JUNE 24, 1915 No. 697 CONTENTS. PAGE 5 O 00 8 9 12 THE PITY OF IT! The passion aroused in the German breast last August, when it became evident that En- gland, the old-time champion of the menaced liberties of Europe, had no intention of evad- ing its honorable obligations toward Belgium and France, and viewed treaties as being dis- tinctly something more than scraps of paper, was characterized by a peculiar form of petu- lance. We read with sorrowful amusement of the Kaiser's actions in casting off the various honorary distinctions bestowed upon him in happier times by the English government, and in thus reducing to a considerable extent the number of costumes in his wardrobe. A more serious matter was offered by the many Ger- man scholars who forthwith disclaimed any further membership in the scientific and lit- erary associations of the enemy nations, and flung back upon the donors their medals and degrees and official titles. While this act, also, was so childish as to be amusing, it had besides a very serious and ominous aspect, for it be- tokened a rupture in the intellectual common- wealth that was bound to work much mischief long after the warring peoples should have come to terms upon the battlefield. To many of us, this was the most harrowing thought of the war - the thought that the world's comity of intercourse in things spiritual, the strongest bond of brotherhood that civilization has estab- lished among men, was likely to be shattered as regarded the nation to which the rest of the world is in so many fields of achievement so heavily indebted. The thought weighed intol- erably upon those whom culture had broad- ened to world-mindedness, and who were brought by it to a more poignant sense of the meaning of warfare than is possible to the homme sensuel moyen who eggs on the com- batants from narrow motives of pelf or mis- guided patriotism. The thing was not without precedent. We recall the similar amenities which were a by- product of the Franco-Prussian War. We recall, for example, the case of Pasteur, who returned his diploma to the University of Bonn, saying: “Now the sight of that parch- ment is odious to me, and I feel offended at 1 16 . 17 20 . THE PITY OF IT! William Morton Payne THE A. L. A. CONFERENCE. Arthur E. Bost. wick CASUAL COMMENT The consolations of literature.-An arrested auction sale of valuable autographs.-A new development in coöperative cataloguing.–The path to perfection. - Another word about the Widener Library.— The asceticism of art.- Seventeen selected candidates for the Hall of Fame. COMMUNICATIONS The Growth of the Whitman" Legend." John L. Hervey. The Wisconsin University Survey. William H. Allen. A GREAT AMERICAN NATURALIST. T. D. A, Cockerell THE “MOVIES" OLD AND NEW. H. C. Chat- field-Taylor FINDING ONESELF IN LIFE. Alex. Macken- drick. SCORCHED WITH THE FLAMES OF WAR. Wallace Rice Hedin's With the German Armies in the West. Fox's Behind the Scenes in Warring Ger- many.-Kreisler's Four Weeks in the Trenches. Souttar's A Surgeon in Belgium.- Mrs. Clarke's Paris Waits: 1914.— Klein's La Guerre Vue d'une Ambulance-Eye-Witness's Narrative of the War.--Miss Thurstan's Field Hospital and Flying Column. RECENT POETRY. Raymond M. Alden Some Imagist Poets.-Fletcher's Irradiations. - Holley's Creation.- Masters's Spoon River Anthology.-- Hardy's Satires of Circum- stance.- Binns's The Free Spirit.— Ficke's Sonnets of a Portrait-Painter. NOTES ON NEW NOVELS BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS Two German apologists.— The story of a short-lived community.-Civic work of women in America.-- Our literature estimated by a foreigner.- The development of an infant phenomenon.-An orator on his art.- Ger- many and the “Holy War." NOTES LIST OF NEW 22 26 30 31 BOOKS 34 35 6 [June 24 THE DIAL 9 seeing my name, with the qualification of train, and constitute a force capable of ruling the Virum clarissimum that you have given it, world, directing it in the ways of liberal civilization, placed under a name which is henceforth an equally apart from the naively blind impulses of object of execration to my country, that of democracy and from the puerile velleities that would have it retrace its steps toward a past that is Rex Gulielmus.” The counter was neat and definitely dead. My dream, I admit, is destroyed emphatic: “The undersigned, now Principal forever. An abyss is dug between France and Ger- of the Faculty of Medicine at Bonn, is re many; centuries will not avail to fill it. The vio- lence done to Alsace and Lorraine will long remain quested to answer the insult which you have a gaping wound; the guaranties of peace dreamed dared to offer to the German nation in the by German journalists and statesmen will be guar- sacred person of its august Emperor, King anties of wars without end. . . What we loved in Wilhelm of Prussia, by sending you the expres- Germany, its breadth of view, its lofty conception sion of its entire contempt. P. S. Desiring nothing more than a nation; she is at present the to keep its papers free from taint, the Faculty mothing more than a nation; she is at present the most powerful of nations; but we know how endur- herewith returns your screed.” ing are these hegemonies and what they leave It was Renan, however, rather than Pas- behind them." teur, who carried off the honors in these At the close of Renan's correspondence with exchanges of diplomatic notes between the Strauss comes this melancholy refrain: great powers of European scholarship. His “ France is about to say with your Herwegh: correspondence with D. F. Strauss offers a 'Enough of that sort of love; let us try hatred for masterpiece of the delicate and deadly satire, a change.' I shall not follow her in this new course, the success of which may be doubted. France holds or caustic irony, which no stylist but a French- to a resolve of hatred less than to any other. In man could possibly have at his command. any case, life is too short for it to be wise to waste Commenting, nearly a year later, upon the fact time and dissipate energy in so wretched a sport. that Strauss had published the correspondence I have toiled in my humble sphere to bring about in a pamphlet, Renan said: friendship between France and Germany; if now the time to refrain from embracing' has come, as “It is true that you have done me an honor which the Preacher says, I will withdraw. I will not I am bound to appreciate. You yourself have counsel hatred after having counselled love; I will translated my reply and included it with your two keep silent." letters in a pamphlet. You have had this pamphlet How closely all these old matters are par- sold for the benefit of an establishment for wounded alleled in the present tragic hour is apparent German soldiers. God forbid that I should quibble upon a point of literary property! The charity to to every reader of the history that is now being which you have made me contribute is a work of made from day to day. The correspondence humanity, and if my feeble prose has been instru- between Strauss and Renan finds its counter- mental in bestowing a few cigars upon the men who part in the letters exchanged last autumn looted my little house at Sèvres, I thank you for between Herr Gerhart Hauptmann and M. having given me the opportunity to conform my conduct with certain of the principles of Jesus that Romain Rolland. The petulant attitude of I believe to be the most authentic. But I must call German scholarship is once more illustrated by your attention to a delicate distinction. Assuredly, Professor Kuno Meyer, who has recently taken if you had permitted me to publish one of your such offence at some poor verses of anti- writings, it would never have occurred to me, in the world, to do it for the benefit of our Hôtel German tenor contributed by an undergradu- des Invalides." ate to the “Harvard Advocate" that he has How profoundly Renan's nature was stirred held the University responsible for the “vile by the Franco-Prussian War, and how poig. poem," and indignantly repudiated the plan nantly he felt the disruption of intellectual to make him an "exchange professor" in that comity that it inevitably entailed, may be seen institution for the coming year. His screed this on many a page of his “Réforme Intellectuelle addressed to President Lowell speaks of “ et Morale,” from which the above passage has gratuitous and shameful insult to the honor been translated. This is indeed a volume for and fair fame of a friendly nation,” declares the present times, replete with wisdom, and Harvard and its President to be “branded infused with the noblest of feeling. We read before the world and posterity as abettors of in the preface: international animosity, as traitors to the sacred cause of humanity," expresses the hope “ It had been the dream of my life to labor, to the extent of my feeble powers, for the intellectual, that “no German will again be found to accept moral, and political alliance of France with Ger- the post of exchange professor at Harvard,” many, an alliance that should bring England in its and voices his regret that he himself was ever never 1915) 7 THE DIAL induced " to set foot in the defiled precincts of too keen a sense of intolerable wrong for a once noble university." And the occasion for human intercourse until Time the Healer has this outpouring of emotion is nothing more passed.” than the fact that an irresponsible student, in Viewed sub specie æternitatis, this is clearly a publication entirely controlled by students, an impossible situation, but it is one that will has written in a sense antagonistic to the Ger-prolong the tragedy of the present clash of man cause! Hinc illæ lachryma. Was there arms long beyond the date of the formal treaty ever so amazing an exhibition of childishness of peace. It will take many years to bind up on the part of a man supposed to stand for these wounds, and bring either of the com- light and leading ! batants to the standpoint of "malice toward Such matters are symptomatic of a breach none and charity for all.” But the intellec- which is not so much a rift within the lute as tual severance, we feel assured, cannot last an unbridgeable abyss- and the gulf has been, forever; to believe that it will so last is to take if possible, widened by the attitude of the Ger- counsel of despair and to reject utterly the man nation toward the “Lusitania" crime, unifying ministry of idealism to the over- frankly adopting and defending the Black | wrought mind. Perplexed in the extreme Hand method of warfare, and openly exulting though the issue now be, the future, if far dis- in its ghastly outcome. The intensity of the tant, must bring a return to acceptance of the feeling engendered between Germany and the faith that in matters of the spirit all the races powers she has made her foes finds so many of mankind have a commonwealth of which the illustrations that it is disheartening to think franchise is offered to every sincere seeker of the legacy which her aggression will be after goodness and truth and beauty. Every queath to the coming generation. What hope indication of a return to the sanity of outlook can there be of a resumption of friendly rela- in this vitally important matter should be re- tions either in the political or the intellectual ceived with generous hospitality as a welcome sphere when such a man as Professor von Ley. harbinger of the reconciliation that the future den of Berlin can utter such sentiments as must bring as an atonement for the distraught these: present. Some such indications are already at “No self-respecting German will ever consent to hand, significantly from German sources, and remain in any room of which an Englishman is the we trust that they may be multiplied before occupant. If the German can not eject the English- too grievous a period of estrangement shall man he will himself leave the room. We can not be expected to breathe the same polluted air as our have intervened. It is the socialist deputy deadliest foes, who fell upon us from the rear and Herr Haenisch from whom these hopeful in the dark. There can be no compromise on this words come: " There has been some talk that point. We have to swear a national vendetta in future German science and art must lead against the English never to rest, never to cease our their own life and that foreign scientific work preparations for another war, never to spare an effort until the last semblance of English power is should not be reviewed in German periodicals. destroyed, and there will be no rest or repose for This is sheer rubbish. After the war the any honest German till the British Empire has been nations will be still more dependent upon one swept into the oblivion of past history." another than before, and without the fructify. The virulence of hatred found in this utter- ing influence of foreign countries our national ance and in the famous Hassgesang is typical culture will wither.” And it is the “Frank- of the German attitude in its present aberra- furter Zeitung" which asks editorially: tion. While opinion in the opposing camps “What sense is there in German professors de- does not go to such extremes, it is nevertheless claring that they will no longer collaborate determined on the question of future relations with this or that scientific institution in En- with the enemy. The French attitude is re- gland ? Science and art have always appeared ported by Mr. Stoddard Dewey, who knows the as the common possession of civilized peoples, contemporary French mind in all its workings, and does not one injure one's own people and its in the following words: “Whatever may be science by sitting on the stool of isolation and the terms which France will have to accept or by breaking off scientific intercourse?” Such which will be imposed on Germany, all human utterances as these show that the seed is al- relations of Frenchmen with Germans have ready being sown of a future comity which it ceased indefinitely. . . Every French con- should be the sacred mission of every lover of sciousness, erroneously or not, is filled with mankind to further in its growth. 8 [June 24 THE DIAL In April of last year, the German Shake- general and sectional meetings held in its speare Society celebrated at Weimar the birth well-appointed halls, but a large proportion day of the poet. It was an international of the delegates found accommodation in the gathering, with guests from many countries, fraternity and sorority houses, besides those England, France, and Belgium being among who stayed at the hotels and the few who pre- those represented. The delegates came to- ferred living in San Francisco. There were the usual courtesies, of course. gether in the best of good fellowship, joined by The University gave a reception in the unique the common bond of reverence for Shake- Hearst gymnasium; the City of Oakland en- speare's genius. They parted in joyous antici- tertained the delegates at a luncheon, and the pation of their next reunion, appointed for authorities of Mills College, among the resi- 1916 in the town of Stratford, for the tercen- dential hills of that city, opened their fine tenary of Shakespeare's death. How that grounds for a lawn party. The exposition dream was shattered a few weeks later we all management welcomed the Association with a know. But that dream stood for an ideal too brass band, behind which its somewhat precious to be abandoned — the ideal of an amused, but very appreciative, members intellectual community of interest that rises marched to the Court of the Four Seasons, where they received official welcome on a above prejudice, and knows no passion save bronze plaque, and the freedom of the fair. that of devotion to the high concerns of the spirit. One of the privileges of mankind lies thing of a family affair among the members. The meeting was noteworthy as being some- in “beholding the bright countenance of truth No outsider, eminent or otherwise, addressed in the quiet and still air of delightful studies," it. Even California's lieutenant-governor, and it is intolerable to think that this privilege announced on the programme to speak at one is to be renounced because the fumes of anger of the sessions, was called away to Sacramento have dulled men's higher faculties. For a by urgent state business. None of the literary time, it may well be, such intercourse will be stars, of whom California has more than one held in abeyance, but it must in the end be in her firmament, intruded his presence or resumed, and those who speak the tongues of extruded his opinions. There were addresses on books and on printing by two New York- Shakespeare and of Goethe must come to real- ize that they cannot do without one another, W. Kent, secretary of the Metropolitan Mu- ers not members of the Association - Henry and that no people on earth can do without seum, and T. M. Cleland; but these gentlemen them. Let us pray that the day of that realiza-spoke as friends of libraries and lovers of tion may be hastened, and “the golden years books, rather than as outsiders. To make up return.” Meanwhile, pending such consum- for the absent statesmen and littérateurs, the mation, we can only say with Othello, "Oh, the Association listened to some of the best that pity of it!" its own members were able to furnish. Note- WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE. worthy among the papers was a charmingly appreciative critique of modern poetry by Miss May Massee, editor of the Association's "Booklist," in which she showed that poetry THE A. L. A. CONFERENCE. is to-day coming into its own, if we are to The thirty-seventh annual conference of judge by the increased use and appreciation the American Library Association, just com- of it by readers in our public libraries. Mr. pleted at Berkeley, Cal., has been marked by Richard R. Bowker, the veteran editor of all the advantages and disadvantages of a "The Library Journal," spoke on "The Func- convention in an exposition year, near an tion of the Public Library," sketching the his- exposition town. The fair induces a large tory of the New York Public Library as a gathering, but it also distracts. Not all the typical example of library development - a librarians who registered as delegates spent choice perhaps not altogether justified, as few their time, or most of it, in attendance upon institutions can boast of so remarkable, varied, the sessions of the convention. In the election and interesting a history. The tendencies of of officers only 87 votes were cast, although modern library architecture were sketched, the registered attendance was about 700. The with pictorial illustrations, by Mr. Chalmers absence of a contest partly explains this dis-Hadley, librarian of the Denver Public Li- crepancy, but not entirely so. The atmosphere | brary. The trend of branch library develop- of the meeting was perfect. The Univer- ment, according to Mr. Hadley, is now away sity of California had opened its hospitable from the " butterfly type," with its book body doors to the conference, and not only were and adult and juvenile wings, about which we 1915) 9 THE DIAL 1 used to hear so much, and toward a rectangu- by stressing the value of peace whenever it lar one-room arrangement, less formal and could do so in its activities. In the discussion more homelike. This is doubtless true, but it that followed, other members deprecated an should be noted that this arrangement is attempt to commit libraries in favor of any hardly suited for large city branches, unless movement, no matter how righteous, arguing the librarian is willing to exclude adults that their non-partisanship is their most valu- altogether from his ministrations. In such able asset and that departure from it in one branches we cannot yet do without a separate instance might make it difficult for them to children's room. For large central buildings resist taking sides in other questions. the speaker commended a kind of " loft” plan, An immediate result of this discussion was with few fixed partitions, and division of the dispatch of a message from the Associa- book-stacks into sections capable of easy ex- tion to President Wilson, conveying its sym- pansion and contraction. This type of library pathy and expressing confidence that what- is related to those with which we are familiar, ever course he might pursue in the present somewhat as the Japanese house with its crisis would tend ultimately to the establish- screens is to the familiar American home. It ment of international peace. While this seems is well exemplified in the new library of unobjectionable, some members expressed an Springfield, Mass., and we are likely to see a opinion that the message was capable of inter- further extension of it in the Cleveland build- pretation as urging “peace-at-any-price," and ing, now planning, where the librarian is con- regretted its form as an excursion beyond sidering the abandonment of the orthodox those professional limits which such a body as stack room, building his floors strong enough ours usually, with great propriety, establishes to hold book-shelves wherever he may want to for its actions and pronouncements. place them. Flexibility, however, is not the The local and travel arrangements for the only desideratum in a library, and we shall convention were carried out with unusual probably still continue to see buildings with smoothness, the former by a local committee fixed partitions. of librarians — the latter by the Association's Among the things done by the Association own travel committee. Most of the eastern for the improvement of library service delegates proceeded to the conference by spe- throughout the country were the appointment cial train from Chicago, in an itinerary em- of a committee to coöperate in the expansion bracing stops at Denver and Glenwood of the Decimal System of classification — a Springs, Colo., Salt Lake City, Riverside and step taken with the expressed approval of San Diego, Cal., for the inspection of local Dr. Melvil Dewey, the author of the system; libraries and incidental rest and refreshment. the extension of the schedule for uniform Altogether, the members have concluded statistical reports to cover the activities of col- that neither the beauties of California's scen- lege and reference libraries; and the authori- ery nor the hospitality of her citizens have zation of a printed manual setting forth the diminished since their last visit, four years general rules, and especially the limitations, ago. ARTHUR E. BOSTWICK. under which loans of books between one library and another are carried out. The election of officers resulted in the choice of Miss Mary W. Plummer for president- CASUAL COMMENT. the second woman who has held the office. As THE CONSOLATIONS OF LITERATURE, like those head of the Pratt Institute Library School, of philosophy, avail but little against the and later of the school established by the New really serious ills of our mortal lot. Neither York Public Library, Miss Plummer has long literature nor philosophy can bake bread to been a conspicuous figure among librarians, feed a war-devastated Belgium or Poland, but and has exercised an undoubted and valuable what little a good book can do to render less influence on the progress of libraries in the intolerable the consciousness of the world's United States, her pupils occupying librarian- present wretched plight, seems to be appre- ships or other responsible positions in every ciated by not a few who are much nearer to state of the union. the seat of the hideous gangrene than we of The final session witnessed a plea for a more the western world. In a letter from Paris to active participation by libraries in pacificist “The Book Monthly,” of London, Mr. James , propaganda. , The speaker, Mr. George F. Milne says, among other interesting things: Bowerman, librarian of the public library at "Nearly every Frenchman who writes is at Washington, D. C., argued that the library, the war, or doing something for it other than as an essentially peaceful institution, would be writing. Bookshops which were closed when only adopting a measure of self-preservation the Germans threatened Paris, have gradually 10 [June 24 THE DIAL re-opened and are doing some trade, but not far as has yet been determined, the papers very much. The Frenchmen and French- seem to have come not quite regularly or women who must read, because reading is legally into the possession of Jacob C. Moore, part of his or her nature, are turning to the an early historian of New Hampshire, asso- old masters, to the classics, the old familiar ciated with John Farmer in the compilation faces in print. They are reading Molière, and of Farmer and Moore's "Historical Collec- Mirabeau, and Victor Hugo, and all the great tions,” and this Moore left the material to his ornaments of their literature, including that son of the same name, who in turn bequeathed living master, Anatole France. They are it to a kinsman, Mr. Frank C. Moore, of reading for inspiration, of which they are Brooklyn, in whose possession a part of it was themselves full, and they are reading for the not long ago discovered by persons interested consolation which a trusty book is in an hour in such researches. Another portion seems to when somebody has lost somebody near and be held by another of the original Moore's dear. They are essentially a literary people, descendants in Montclair, N. J., though how the French, full of all the charm which we the division came about, and who is the right- associate with the pretty page of a good book, ful owner of the whole treasure, does not yet so scholarly in their knowledge, so adept at appear. To stimulate further curiosity as to using it, so logical and clear in their style of this collection of rarities, not by any means to writing and their manner of reading. They satisfy it, let it be noted that it contains, for combine poesy with pure reason, and the sun instance, a deposition before Governor Brad- shines through both with a quality which is ford and John Alden of New Plymouth, with alike clarifying and warming." From an- the rare signatures of the Mayflower passen- other source of information, the reports of gers; twenty-nine autograph letters of Wash- the municipal lending libraries, it is learned ington; Governor Wentworth's proclamation that Paris is reading many more books than of a day of thanksgiving for the capture of it read a year ago, even though its popula- Quebec, dated November 4, 1759; and a copy tion has been diminished by several hundred of the first publication of the Declaration of thousand persons. In the first four months of Independence in New Hampshire. The New this year the libraries circulated more than Hampshire Attorney-General's attempt to re- thirteen thousand volumes in excess of the cover possession of these precious papers is circulation for the same period last year; and most natural, and the disinterested outsider the quality of the reading is reported to be as must hope that he will succeed. creditable as the quantity. If the war is thus really turning the people, or even a small A NEW DEVELOPMENT IN COÖPERATIVE CATA- fraction of the people, back to the best things LOGUING, a branch of library work for which and the serious things in literature, it is ac- the Library of Congress has of late years complishing at least a grain of good to help done so much by its issue of standard cards offset the mountain of evil. ready for insertion in the card-catalogue, comes to public notice in an announcement AN ARRESTED AUCTION SALE OF VALUABLE that appears in “The Wilson Bulletin ” of AUTOGRAPHS and other kindred matter is one recent date. This is, in brief, to the effect of the recent events of interest to collectors that the H. W. Wilson Company, of White of literary rarities. The lately discovered Plains, N. Y., has added to its various pub- 'Weare Papers,” lost for a century and com- lications now familiar to most librarians a prising a wealth of historical material of form of catalogue that can be used by almost great value, were to have passed under the any American public library, and is “practi- hammer - a part of them, at least - in Phila- cally the fulfilment of Professor Jewett's idea delphia early this month; but an injunction of a general catalogue of all the books of the stopped the sale, the proper ownership of the country.” In this undertaking "the work of papers being in dispute. As is already known cataloguing each title is done once for all and to many, the Weare collection takes its name the entry preserved by means of the modern from Meshech Weare, first governor of New linotype slug. Each of these slugs contains Hampshire after the Revolution, and it is a line of type in permanent form, and these upon the early history of that State that these slugs can be assembled and reassembled an documents will be found to throw such light infinite number of times and in any form as probably to make necessary the re-writing desired. Stock catalogues are issued from of that history. As Americana of inestima- time to time, in standard editions of varying ble worth, their sale at auction would have sizes, and the library may purchase as many realized a very pretty fortune for the person copies as desired of the edition corresponding or persons now claiming their ownership. So most closely to its needs, checking in them if 1915) 11 THE DIAL nence. desirable the titles which the library has. It same negative answer. “Be not so active to is also possible for a library to have its own do, as sincere to be.” The charms of the sim- catalogue, by merely checking in one of the ple life have been glowingly depicted by stock editions the titles desired and sending many writers since Alcott's time, but those it in. The proper slugs can be withdrawn unsuccessful attempts, at Brook Farm and from their places in the central body of the Fruitlands, to perpetuate that life, still re- type, assembled, and if other titles are to be tain their interest and their pathos for us of added, slugs for these can be prepared from to-day. copy furnished by the library, the whole assembled in proper order and the desired ANOTHER WORD ABOUT THE WIDENER LI- number of copies struck off, after which the BRARY, a subject of unfailing interest to book- slugs are returned to their proper places." lovers and book-collectors, comes to our A manifest saving of time and money is thus attention in “The Harvard Crimson," from effected, and one is spared the necessity of the pen of an unnamed librarian of promi- doing laboriously what already has been Apropos of the approaching dedica- done, or is being done, or will be done, hun- tion of the new Harvard library building he dreds of times, by others. writes: “In the centre of the new building will be two rooms in which his [Widener's] own collection of rare books will be kept. THE PATH TO PERFECTION, as someone has Widener began to buy books while in college, said, leads through a series of disgusts. With and very soon became interested in the first Bronson Alcott one of these disgusts took the editions of the English writers whom he read. form of distaste for animal food; or so he He was especially fond of Stevenson, and tried to persuade himself and the world when the collection of Stevenson's works became he sought refuge at Fruitlands from the car- nal allurements of beef, pork, mutton, poul nearly every one of the Stevenson rarities, Widener's especial hobby. He had secured try, and fish. The story of that short-lived and a few others which his mother has since colony of vegetarians striving to attain to purchased for the collection make this by far high thinking by plain living and hard man- the most complete in existence. His first edi- ual labor is agreeably told by its founder and tions of Dickens, Thackeray, Tennyson, and some of his associates in “Bronson Alcott's other nineteenth-century authors were nearly Fruitlands” (noticed more fully on another as complete, and a large number of his vol- page), a book that offers many amusing or umes had autograph inscriptions of the writ- more seriously interesting passages for quota- ers. . . He had a good many of the famous tion. Here, for example, is a sketch of the books of English literature written in the ear- method by which mortal frailty and error are lier centuries. Caxton's 'Royal Book,' the to be combated: “On a revision of our pro- four Shakespeare folios, Ben Jonson's works, ceedings it would seem, that if we were in the Beaumont and Fletcher, Florio's Montaigne, right course in our particular instance, the and Defoe's 'Robinson Crusoe' are a few of greater part of man's duty consists in leaving the more famous of these volumes which will alone much that he is in the habit of doing. be placed on exhibition next fall.” The loss It is a fasting from the present activity, sustained by young Mr. Widener's growing rather than an increased indulgence in it, collection in the sinking of the “Titanic, which, with patient watchfulness, tends to which at the same time cut short the life of newness of life. “Shall I sip tea or coffee?' the collector himself, is a disaster still fresh the inquiry may be. No; abstain from all in memory ardent, as from alcoholic drinks. Shall I consume pork, beef, or mutton?' Not if you THE ASCETICISM OF ART, the necessity of value health or life. 'Shall I stimulate with forgoing material satisfactions if one would milk?' No. 'Shall I warm my bathing depict with insight and power, whether with water? Not if cheerfulness is valuable. brush or pen, some aspect of life as the ideal- 'Shall I clothe in many garments?' Not if ist sees it, is an ancient but an ever-fruitful purity is aimed at. Shall I prolong my theme. Dr. Earl Barnes contributes to “The hours, consuming animal oil and losing bright Popular Science Monthly" for June an arti- daylight in the morning?' Not if a clear cle on “The Celibate Women of To-day," in mind is an object. 'Shall I teach my chil- which he essays some adequate answer to the dren the dogmas inflicted on myself, under question, "Why do so many women elect to the pretence that I am transmitting truth?' walk through life alone?” In recounting the Nay, if you love them intrude not these be- compensations of celibacy he takes occasion to tween them and the Spirit of all Truth." say, aptly and well: “Our real living is never And more questions of like sort, with the in the mere possession and use of things, but 12 [June 24 THE DIAL 66 in what we think and feel about them. Lower Thomas J. Jackson, soldiers; Rufus Choate animals live in facts; man lives in his ideas and Thomas McIntyre Cooley, jurists; Sam- and ideals. All life's values must be found uel Adams, Patrick Henry, John Jay, and on the way; when we arrive we are always in Alexander Hamilton, statesmen; Charlotte danger of becoming unconscious and so losing Saunders Cushman, actress. what we came to get. This is why art and lit- erature have always had to find their charac- ters in the struggling classes, the poor and the COMMUNICATIONS. rich. The smug middle classes and the com- fortably rich have the facts of existence; but THE GROWTH OF THE WHITMAN "LEGEND." they do not know it. The universal contempt (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) of those who know for such unconscious living A few evenings ago I attended the annual ban- finds expression in the terms bourgeoisie, phil- quet of the Walt Whitman Fellowship of Chicago, istines, and bromides. On the other hand, held upon the anniversary of the poet's birth, struggling and self-conscious groups always tion," and its banquets are projected and carried May 31. The Fellowship is not an “organiza- attract and interest us. Bohemia is poor; it out with as few formalities as possible. If you lacks the facts of property; but it has the are a “ kindred spirit” you are welcome. Upon most alluring of all festivals and immortal the occasion referred to something like 350 men banquets. Who, that has a soul as well as a and women falling, supposititiously, in this classifi- stomach, would not turn from a banquet of cation, sat down to the banquet. It is manifestly facts at twenty dollars a plate, with dull un- improper to allude to anything Whitmanic as a consciousness of life in the people, to a group “ function "; so it may be said that these affairs, of dreamers and wits with very modest fare, originally very limited in scope, have within the and twenty-dollar talk at table? ... The past few years assumed quite imposing propor- tions. poet Dante illustrates in his own life the rela- tive value of facts and dreams, of living life There was an extremely interesting programme. The list of speakers included numerous well- directly and living it vicariously, to a singu- known names, and Walt was considered in lar degree.” All this, with more in the same various aspects by various devotees. Also, poems vein, is everlastingly true, and no wise person were read or recited which were offered as typical would have it otherwise; although at times, products of the “ new poetry," whose pedigree - in the unreasoning hunger that will occasion- it need not be inquired too closely how - ally assail even the best of us, it is a little asserted to trace back, in the direct line of descent, to the Camden bard. dismaying to reflect that by no possibility can we continue to have our cake if we insist upon Listening attentively to everything that was presented, I could not but marvel at the rapid eating it. growth of the Whitman" legend.” While Walt died as lately as 1892 — but twenty-three years SEVENTEEN SELECTED CANDIDATES FOR THE ago, it is apparent that the day is not far dis- HALL OF FAME of New York University are tant when he will assume an aspect almost mythi- cal. That the number of Whitman “ fans is announced by Chancellor Emeritus Mac- steadily increasing is evident; but that their con Cracken, chairman of the Hall of Fame Com- ception of the poet is as nebulous as was the mittee. More than two hundred names were classical conception of Homer, the banquet made sent in by that portion of the public inter- plain. In no other way can their enthusiastic ested in this quinquennial ceremony, and acceptance of and applause for the most gro- from this number the hundred electors ap- tesque assertions about him be explained. pointed for the purpose chose seventeen, If Walt's own word is good for anything, he which it will be their further duty to reduce sought to inculcate nothing so much as tolerance. to five next September, there being but five “ There is room for everything in the Leaves," he said. And when somebody asked him, “ Even for tablets available every five years for perpetu- Matthew Arnold ?" (who was almost his greatest ating the fame of illustrious Americans. In aversion among his own contemporaries) he re- the preliminary list place has been found for turned: “Yes — even for him!” But, listening but one author, and even he might, through to the “ interpreters ” who held forth from the some unwisdom in the ultimate selection, be speakers' table, I gathered an overwhelming im- cast out. Here is the list, which will not be pression of the most fanatical intolerance. Broad- new to all readers: Francis Parkman, author: sides were poured upon all sorts of hated objects, literary, social, human and divine. The vocab- Mark Hopkins, educator; Alice Freeman Palmer, teacher; Horace Bushnell, preacher ulary of objurgation and contempt was ransacked and theologian; Joseph Henry, Benjamin nunciation foamed and lashed about every obstacle Thompson, and Louis Agassiz, scientists; in its path. And draping it all was what I have George Rogers Clark, Nathaniel Greene, and previously referred to -- a series of depictions of was 1915] 13 THE DIAL - the poet himself, as distinguished from his ideas devoted friends gravitated around him; that all and his influence, that was so compendiously un- his wants were sedulously fulfilled; that he had veracious as to make anyone who really knew the the best medical attendance procurable; that he facts stare in undisguised amazement. had a nurse and a housekeeper to care for him; While not occupying the chief position upon the that he lived in a house that was his own property list of speakers, undoubtedly the most eagerly and for years had been; that he was buried in a anticipated orator of the evening was a gentleman mausoleum which he had himself caused to be with a wide reputation as an advocate of “the constructed for the Whitman family, at a cost, I new freedom” in what might be termed its most find it stated, of some $4000; and that his execu- ultra phases. Gifted with a voice of plangent tors, "much to their surprise," found, upon his resonance and with marked forensic ability, and death, that he had a balance of several thousands throwing himself ardently into his subject, he of dollars to his credit in a local bank. delivered a discourse that enraptured the vast The orator to whom I refer was either ignorant majority of his auditors. That it did not particu- of these facts, or else, for purposes best known to larly enrapture me was, I suppose, because it himself, he not merely ignored but perverted them presented to me a Whitman that I failed to recog- in order to draw a picture of a persecuted man, nize; for the speaker seemed to possess almost upon whom no ray of sunshine ever fell and who encyclopædic ignorance of Whitman the man and died a pauper in the blackest woe. At the same of the forces and the environment that produced time, this orator declared in accents that made the him. chandeliers vibrate, that the purpose of his re- Among his statements, for instance, were these : marks was to elucidate the sacred cause to which That Whitman was born in poverty, never went Whitman devoted himself and all his works — the to school in his life, was almost wholly without exposition of the Truth, with a capital T! means of literary culture; that his career was one What is truth ?” said an historic inquisitor unbroken struggle against want and discourage- ages ago, when in doubt regarding an Immortal ment; and that he “ died in a hovel, in poverty Personage. None of us can be too certain. But and despair.” The facts are that the family into Walt, we may take it as assured, is destined to be which Walt was born was not poverty-stricken; one of our immortals, and the facts about him are that Walt himself enjoyed more“ schooling." than on record. That is, some of them are - there are did many another young American of his time others which, for reasons of his own, he chose belonging to the social stratum of which he was a carefully to suppress. Perhaps what we do not part; that he began work in a newspaper office know and never can — notably, of the “ veiled while in his early teens and for years remained a would be of great help to us in our member of the “ fourth estate"; that he was also efforts to unriddle the enigma that, in many ways, a school-teacher for a number of years as a young le presents to us. But what we do know is easily man; that his early literary efforts were accepted ascertainable, for there is a whole library of the and published in what were then the leading “ documents in the case." journals of the metropolis, and some of them Walt himself, with his unique insight into so appeared in book form; that he was at this period many of the peculiarities of what he was fond of a frequenter of the theatre, the opera, and the referring to as the human “critter," had a pre- libraries, and came into contact with a majority monition that it would be wise for him to avoid of the “ literati” and the “intellectuals” best identifying himself with clubs, fellowships, et worth knowing; sported a silk hat, a boutonnière, cetera, whose avowed purpose was the dissemina- a cane, and affected the appearance and the habits tion of his doctrines. Some clairvoyance seemed of the carpet knight rather than the shirt-sleeved to warn him, and he steadily refused to give them protagonist of the “open road.” his personal sanction. He had, to be sure, his own Furthermore, we know that later on he for a little private cénacle, whose incense he found very considerable time enjoyed a government clerkship grateful; but the spectacle of the Browning and at Washington which left him much of his time to Shakespeare societies caused him resolutely to dispose of as he pleased; that, from the date of keep within its confines. He preferred to leave the appearance of “Leaves of Grass,” while he it to the Leaves," – in which he was not mis- had a hard fight for recognition as a poet, he was taken. At the banquet, however, the “Leaves" nevertheless never without prominent advocates, were not conspicuous. Only one of the speakers enlogists, and "promoters"; that a constantly incorporated any of them into his or her dis- growing band of enthusiasts gathered around him, course; and the table in the anteroom where they with unfailing support, both pecuniary and moral; were on sale seemed unattractive to most of the that edition after edition of his poems was printed banqueters. and bought, and that individual pieces appeared We may say confidently of Walt, however, that, in many of the leading magazines and newspapers, while he chose to maintain an almost sphinx-like while he was also called upon to compose and de- reticence regarding certain phases of his career, liver special effusions at notable public gatherings those which he did desire recorded he wished set and celebrations; that he had a strong following down with complete veracity. Only recently I overseas, and that within his own lifetime the have completed my reading of the third and latest translation of the “ Leaves" into foreign lan- volume of Horace Traubel's bulky series, “ With guages was being taken up. Finally, we know Walt Whitman in Camden," and all are replete that during all his last years a group of the most with injunctions to alter, expurgate, suppress, or period” 14 June 24 THE DIAL LICE sap ܝܬ a 66 veneer absolutely nothing. Nevertheless, the evi- is the “living being beneath the clothes " in the dence is that Walt's “legend” is growing like graduate school? some tropical parasite, that within no very long The plagiarism of one thesis is admitted by time it will so obscure his true proportions as to the university on page 356 of the report. render them imp eptible save to the student and Of a second thesis, the fact that it was the historian. Creeping all over the surface of proved by the editor of the series in which it was this colossal rough-hewn monolith will be an in- published " is cited as contributing evidence of its sidious growth of “interpretative” fable and quality. The university comment did not state to falsification effectually hiding the reality from the educational world that the editor in question view - not only hiding, but defacing and defiling is also the member of the faculty who approved it. That, during his lifetime, he was the victim of the thesis and who . much misapprehension and misinterpretation is a hof a third thesis, Professor Hanus of Harvard commonplace of Whitman history — in which, wrote: “ It is not a strong presentation. On a scale however, he differed not at all from a host of other of 10 I should mark the thesis 642, it being under- great poets and innovators. That his posthumous stood that a thesis graded 5 or below would not fate will be similar, in degree if not in kind, there be accepted.” Of this same thesis a Columbia is every reason to believe. professor wrote: “I should not accept it with its JOHN L. HERVEY. present organization.” Both letters were written Chicago, June 14, 1915. to the university, page 357. In support of the quality of work done by a fourth thesis writer, who specialized in experi- THE WISCONSIN UNIVERSITY SURVEY. mental psychology and education, it is stated on (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) page 357 that he now occupies an honorable The article in your current issue entitled “A post in an eastern university.” The “ eastern" Bull in the Educational China Shop” is enter- is Ohio, and the “university” is an institution taining. Will your readers care to have three or that is not considered a university by readers of four facts which will help furnish a frame into THE DIAL, or by the Carnegie Foundation, or by which to fit permanently your picture of the Uni- the Ohio legislature. The work of this specialist versity of Wisconsin survey ? in education is minor extension work. The questions of which you speak as harassing Of a fifth thesis, page 358, Professor Reeves of were submitted to the faculty after conference Michigan wrote to the university: “ 6 being fail- with university officers. Including space for ure and 10 excellent I should rank the thesis not answers, they took 39, not 50 pages. Of them the over 7." Professor Jenks of New York Uni- president wrote: “These questions will give an versity would have accepted this thesis, “with, opportunity to the members of the faculty to pre- however, the condition that it be rewritten." sent their cases fairly.” Of a sixth thesis, it is admitted that one chapter You quote the following statement: was taken bodily from an English work. This vey of the graduate school has been mainly di- chapter is said by the university to be an annex," rected to its clothes rather than to the living although it is the next to the last chapter, with being beneath the clothes." The survey of the nothing whatever to indicate that it is not an graduate school and graduate work showed the important and integral part of the thesis. The following: Flaunting plagiarism; slovenly work- university world was not told that the conclusions manship and unscholarly writing; lack of orig- in this thesis and the greater part of the work inality; lack of purpose and application; lack appeared in a thesis accepted by the University of of opportunities for specialization; presence of Paris in 1876. . graduate students in freshman and sophomore In defence of a seventh thesis, the university classes, including nine students who were doing comment, page 355, says that if the material col- exclusively freshman and sophomore work; in- lected and used by the author “existed for any ability of candidates for a Ph.D. degree to read similar period of mediæval history, it would be foreign languages on November 1 coupled with deemed worthy of publication in critical editions." certification of their ability to read foreign lan- The university world again was not told that the guages a fortnight later; lack of plan for re- period for which this material was collected was search; failure of many departments to develop the Reconstruction period after the Civil War, in absentia graduate work; the fact that of 389 and that it consists of 35 letters from southern students enrolled as graduate students 163 had farmers. There is evidence of the use of only a faculty connection; that of these 389 only 50 small part of even this very small amount of were doing exclusively graduate work and that material. What the farmers were asked, whether of these 50, 34 had faculty connection; lack of they wrote that they had no time to an supervision; specific instances of graduate work could not remember, or whether they wrote facts that was of grammar school grade, high school worth while, was not recorded. The other ma- grade, freshman and junior grade; the fact that terials upon which this thesis is based have been a master's degree is given by several departments culled over for the most part by several other merely for a fifth year of study without speciali- writers. If American scholarship were to be zation; the university's endorsement of Ph.D. gauged by this quality and quantity of work, no theses after glaring defects had been pointed out one would be attributing the revival of learning by the survey. If these are the “clothes," what to the introduction of research methods. The sur- . er, or 1915) 15 THE DIAL Will your readers also wish to know some of result in 2% excellent, 2% failed, 23% good, 23% the 37 things which “ the dean of the graduate poor and 50% fair." After showing that this school of the much lauded University of Wisconsin statement did not apply to the university, that is not expected to do"? First, will you permit the principle was not at work at the university, me to quote the statement from my report to the the survey listed certain defects, page 485 — inter effect that these facts were not cited as evidence alia. “ Where attention of supervisors should be of incompetence or negligence of that officer, as directed to quality of instruction this bulletin you said 7 On the contrary, my report reads, directs it to distribution of marks.” “ The appli- page 163: • The above list is given not to raise cation of this principle is not only unfair to indi- question as to whether the dean is doing all that vidual children but inhibits where the university may reasonably be expected of his office, but should stimulate the determination of teachers to whether the university at present is expecting produce excellent results out of seemingly difficult enough of the deanship of the graduate school.” or even seemingly hopeless material.” " It leaves Who of THE DIAL's readers needs to have evi- no hope that a whole class may be brought nearer dence presented that it is not“ desirable or prac- a standard of excellence than was ever done be- tical to do any one" of the following among fore." “ Interest is diverted from the work the the 37? child does to the marks other children have re- 1- To have or act upon, further than through ceived.” Instead of convincing a teacher that the private conference, knowledge as to effi- percentage of failures or poors in her subject ciency or inefficiency of instruction in should disappear as the quality of her teaching classes attended by graduate students. (No. improves and the size of her classes decreases, the 11, page 161.) bulletin declares, page 10: “If the teacher has 2- To supervise research by graduate students to do only with small classes the results of several or to have current evidence that research years' marking, or of several classes in the same is being supervised or how far it has pro- subject in the same year, should, when put to- gressed. (No. 12.) gether, be similar to the marks of a larger group 3- To read theses offered toward advanced de- given at one time.” grees for any other purpose than to see Finally, your readers may wish to know that that they fulfill the mechanical requirements although the survey set out to be coöperative, as to form. (No. 15.) although every statement was sent to the uni- 4- To require an examiner appointed by the versity for confirmation or conference so as to dean to participate in an examination for a secure agreement as to fact, and although agree- doctor's degree to read the thesis offered. ment was easily reached with respect to early (No. 16.) sections until the university discontinued confer- 5 — To have information at the dean's office as ence with the survey, the following changes were well as in the departmental offices as to made after I left the state without submitting qualifications of graduate fellows. (No. 25.) them to the board of public affairs, or the uni- 6 – To have any record of examinations for mas- versity regents, or the advisory committee or to ter's and doctor's degrees except the ex- me: Sections publicly agreed to by the university aminer's certificate that the candidate has last October are now excoriated. Ninety-eight or has not been recommended. times my name is used in the first five pages, and Will your readers wish to know the statement 259 times in the first 25 pages of the university which drove the university to vernacular and to comment. Sections clearly marked as written by furnish the epitaph for the surveyor's mausoleum? others are first called mine and then personally The statement which is called "rot" is this: “So attacked. One important section written by a long as 183 different standards, unchecked and former faculty member who had been for several unsupervised administratively are employed years in the division which he reported upon, was in judging students' work .. the testing of work never shown to me, was written by arrangement cannot be well enough done." Will you invite with the dean, and yet now for publicity purposes readers of THE DIAL to write you in case they is first called mine and then bitterly criticized with do not find this statement rot? If it is rot, then such expressions as “ unsympathetic," “ desire to a very large number of the faculty are guilty of injure," “ grossly unfair,” etc. writing rot because they wrote to the survey pro- Will American scholars who do not accept testing against present conditions where work plagiarized theses, who do not assign work for that is graded failed in one class would be graduate students that can be done by a clerk called “fair” in another. who has never gone to high school, who do not One other illustration may help your readers. approve warmed-over, long-winded, disorganized You state that “ so ignorant is Dr. Allen of the lectures, who are incapable of telling untruth or of meaning of numbers that he converts a cold sta- intimidating truth, accept ex parte criticism of a tistical statement that class-markings follow the work in which 600 faculty members joined, or law of distribution of averages into a deliberate will the 600 be given a chance to tell their story as intention on the part of the instructor to repress they have told it in the survey report? talent.” As stated on pages 484-485, the purpose WILLIAM H. ALLEN, of the bulletin on class markings is to convince Joint Director, University high school teachers that year in and year out of Wisconsin Survey. with students as they come proper marking will Madison, Wis., June 17, 1915. . 66 16 [June 24 THE DIAL When we compare the results item by item, it The New Books. is impossible to give Baird a second place. Agassiz came with a great European reputa- A GREAT AMERICAN NATURALIST.* tion, was a fascinating and picturesque char- acter; Baird was a plain American, hard- A number of years ago, one of the Wright working and modest. "It is impossible to re- brothers was making an aeroplane at Dayton, sist the appeal which Agassiz makes to the Ohio, when an old man, a neighbor, stopped imagination, and we would grudge him none to remonstrate with him. “What a pity it is,” of his fame; but after all, Baird deserves a he said, “ that a clever young fellow like you much better place in the minds of his coun- should so waste his time and money.” Mr. trymen than he has ever held. Individually Wright pled, in self-defence, that he really and as a nation we need to cultivate a better expected to get practical results, when his old appreciation of good work done in unsensa- friend interrupted, and in solemn tones ad- tional ways, and a readier recognition of monished him: “Young man, let me tell you native American talent. this: if anyone ever makes a flying machine After the death of Professor Baird plans that will fly, it will not be anybody in were made for the preparation of a biog- Dayton!" raphy, but for various reasons the work was The Americans are often accused of being delayed until it seemed in danger of being a boastful people, who like to hear their eagle abandoned. Baird's daughter, Miss Lucy scream; but a close student of our history Baird, was keenly interested in the project, may find evidences of an excess of humility and had accumulated much valuable material, which has been positively harmful. Quite in but her death in 1913 left everything unfin- the spirit of the old man of Dayton, we have ished. Miss Baird did, however, leave instruc- been slow to recognize scientific ability, not tions to her executor to see the memoir merely in its incipient stages, but even after completed if possible; and fortunately at this the work has proved its worth. Thus it hap- juncture Dr. W. H. Dall, on being appealed pens that the name of Baird, a truly great to, consented to undertake the work. Dr. man judged by the quality and quantity of Dall of the U. S. National Museum, eminent as his accomplishments, is practically unknown a naturalist and keenly appreciative of outside of a comparatively small scientific Baird's character and labors, having worked circle. Student and teacher at Dickinson Col- under Baird for many years, was in every lege, Carlisle, Pa., he was gratefully remem- respect the most suitable person to write the bered by his old pupils and associates; but a book. More than occupied with his own im- recent graduate of that institution assured portant researches, for the completion of the reviewer that he had never heard the name which even the long life we all wish him must of the naturalist. He was the creator of the be wholly inadequate, it was no small thing U. S. National Museum; yet the visitor to to turn aside and undertake the preparation Washington finds neither statue nor inscrip- of a voluminous biography. Yet it was abun- tion on the grounds to commemorate his work. dantly worth while, and we cannot be suffi- At Woods Hole, Mass., where he founded a ciently grateful that the record has been made great laboratory for the study of marine life, in an adequate manner, before it was alto- and where he died in 1887, there is indeed an gether too late. appropriate tablet on a large granite boulder; Dr. Dall has not attempted any elaborate while more recently a bust of Baird was placed in the American Museum in New York which stands as published, and can be re- or complete analysis of Baird's scientific work, City. Agassiz and Baird belong to the same gen- has rather chosen to present to us the man viewed in detail at any subsequent time. He eral period, and were variously associated in himself, the manner of his life, his friend- much of their work. Yet why is it that Yet why is it that ships and ideals, the growth of his personality, Agassiz is everywhere remembered, while and all those intimate things which if not told Baird is forgotten or was never generally by those who knew him, could scarcely be known? In many respects their labors ran known to posterity. Perhaps the strongest parallel: each founded and developed a great impression we get is that of wonder at Baird's natural history museum, each published great early maturity, his surprising ability as a contributions to American zoology, each in- zoologist when little more than a boy. This spired and taught numerous young men who was well understood by his associates, and by have since continued the work they began. the various eminent naturalists of the day * SPENCER FULLERTON BAIRD. A Biography. By William with whom he became acquainted. Thus, at Healey Dall, D.Sc. Illustrated. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippin- the age of seventeen, he discovered a new cott Co. 1915) 17 THE DIAL bird, and wrote to the celebrated ornithologist regulates her family well (myself included) and Audubon : her daughter is the cleanest and most neatly dressed "You see, sir, that I have taken (after much child in town." hesitation) the liberty of writing to you. I am The daughter, Lucy, then about twenty-three but a boy and very inexperienced, as you no doubt months old, was “passionately fond of Natural will observe from my description of the Flycatcher. History, admiring snakes above all things." My brother last year commenced the study of our How Baird, beginning as curator to the Birds, and after some months I joined him. He Smithsonian Institution, built up the U. S. has gone elsewhere to settle and I am left alone." To which Audubon replied: National Museum, and did many other things in the service of science and of his country, “On my return home from Charleston, S. C., must be gathered from the book itself; which, yesterday, I found your kind favor of the 4th while it chronicles Baird's life, is necessarily instant in which you have the goodness to inform also to a large extent a history of the progress me that you have discovered a new species of fly- catcher, and which, if the bird corresponds to your of American zoology during a large part of description, is, indeed, likely to prove itself hitherto the nineteenth century. undescribed, for, although you speak of yourself T. D. A. COCKERELL. as being a youth, your style and the descriptions you have sent me prove to me that an old head may from time to time be found on young THE “MOVIES ” OLD AND NEW.* shoulders!” The bird proved new, and was subsequently of 1893, Edison's Kinetoscope, a contrivance During the World's Columbian Exposition published by the brothers Baird. for showing photographs in motion to one In 1846 Baird married Miss Mary Church- ill, who, though herself no naturalist, sympa- person only for about thirty seconds at a time, was displayed to the public. Three years thetically supported all his endeavors. An old later, Sir Augustus Harris installed Robert servant who was with Baird for nearly forty Paul's “Theatrograph” at Olympia, a ma- years was able to say that he never saw either one angry. In illustration of her mother's of to-day. Contemporaneously with Mr. Paul's chine fundamentally the same as the Bioscope kindly tolerance and her father's sense of the value of time, Miss Lucy Baird set down the efforts, French inventors were developing the following story, as she got it from Mrs. Baird Cinematograph, a machine which was installed at the Eden Musée, New York, during the herself: autumn of 1896. “At the time of his courting, he was exceedingly Only nineteen years have passed, therefore, busy with his college work and also studying very hard. After he became engaged, he was anxious since the theatrical début of the motion pic- of course to spend his evenings with his fiancée ture; yet to-day the business of purveying and yet did not feel that he could take all that motion pictures theatrically to the American time from his studies; so he fell into the habit of people is computed to be the fifth largest in- taking a book with him in order that he might dustry in the United States. Nearly a million carry on his studies and still have the pleasure of people of all ages and of both sexes attend sitting in the room with her. Being an early riser daily the moving-picture theatres of Greater and often taking long walks with his class, making New York alone, the attendance throughout collections, my father would be apt to get drowsy the other cities of the country being propor- towards the end of the evening and was apt tionally universal and no hamlet too small to towards its close to fall asleep over his book; so when the hour arrived at which my mother knew be the home of a "movie" theatre. Indeed, he expected to leave, she would wake him up and the motion-picture play, - or the photoplay, send him home.” as it is technically called, — far more than the Baird himself, in a letter to Professor Dana, stage play, has become the amusement of the thus describes his wife in 1850: nation. Beside the circulation of a photoplay “My wife is a daughter of Gen. Churchill, that of a “best seller," or even that of a popu- Inspector-General of the Army, and a first-raté lar ten cent magazine, becomes insignificant. one she is, too. Not the least fear of snakes, sala- Surely, such a power for good or evil should manders, and such other zoological interestings; not be scorned by those having the welfare of cats only are to her an aversion. Well educated the people at heart. Better would it be to and acquainted with several tongues, she usually exclaim: “I care not who makes the laws of reads over all my letters, crossing i's and dotting the nation, if I may write its 'movie' plays!” t's, sticking in here a period, and there a comma Indeed, the photoplay offers to the writer his ... In my absence, she answers letters of corre- widest means of artistic expression. spondents, and in my presence reads them. She transcribes my illegible MSS., correcting it withal, * PHOTOPLAY MAKING. A Handbook Devoted to the Appli- and does not grudge the money I spend in books. cation of Dramatic Principles to the Writing of Plays for Picture Production. By Howard T. Dimick Ridgewood, In addition to these literary accomplishments, she N. J.: The Editor Co. 18 (June 24 THE DIAL + - - To the word "artistic,” exception will play making, those who are deft in that art doubtless be taken by those who are in the being too busily engaged in reaping the rich habit of deriding the “movies” as vulgar harvest their skill has brought forth, to find clap-trap, too crude and garish to be consid- the time in which to initiate the public into ered artistic; yet these scoffers seldom, if the secret of their success. Yet to the rule that ever, attend "movie" performances and there- books on the “movies ” are valueless, there is fore know little of the possibilities of this new the proverbial exception; since in “ Photoplay form of theatrical art. Scarcely eighteen years Making," by Mr. Howard T. Dimick, many old, it is only within the last five years,- it sane ideas are set forth, albeit in a somewhat might almost be said within the past year,- cumbersome way. that the photoplay has been developed into the “From the drama of the stage,” says Mr. multiple reel play, or the feature film, so- Dimick, “I turned to that of the screen, after called. Previously the slapstick farce, or the an experience as writer and critic of plays.” crude melodrama in a single reel, was the As no record of his experience appears in that offering. Now the filmed novel or stage play, vade-mecum of successful endeavor, “Who's presented by actors of established reputation, Who in America," and as his book is pub- has relegated the one-reel film to the second lished in Ridgewood, New Jersey, it is easy to class theatre, and raised the price of admis- suspect Mr. Dimick of kinship with the Rob- sion in the better class of "movie" play- inson of the comic weekly quip. Howsoever . houses from five and ten cents to twenty-five that may be, he has profited well by his and fifty cents,- even in some instances to experience as experience as “writer and critic of plays,” the " regular theatrical prices. This raising of the real value of his book lying in the emphasis price has raised the standard of production, he lays upon the similarity between the photo- the public naturally being unwilling to pay play and the stage play. Indeed, funda- fifty cents for the former five cents' worth. mentally they are the same, their construction As in the case of the regular stage, the mana- being governed by precisely the same laws; gers seek plays that will appeal to the public, for though the technical methods of the two for without popular plays the "movie" indus- arts may differ considerably, "yet," as Mr. try would cease. Prior to the advent of the Dimick acutely observes, the underlying photoplay, thousands wrote for the regular dramatic principles of both forms of theatri- stage, while only tens succeeded in getting getting cal exposition are identical." their plays produced. Tens of thousands The stage play appeals to the ear as well as write for the movies now, and again it is a to the eye; therefore conditions that are sup- case of the survival of the fittest, the man posed to exist before the commencement of a without the dramatic sense having no more play may be set forth by dialogue. In the chance to succeed as a movie" playwright photoplay these conditions must be shown in save in that the volume of production is infi- action; but in the construction of his play nitely greater — than he had as a writer for the photoplaywright (if one may be pardoned the regular stage. the use of the word) is bound by the same With such a bait to dangle before the eyes dramatic laws as govern his colleague of the of literary aspirants as the sure attainment of regular stage. The dramatic action in both successful "movie" authorship, the corre- instances must be logical, and must proceed spondence schools, manuscript readers, and from understandable causes to effects that literary advisers have been reaping a rich seem so inevitable that they appeal sponta- harvest. Small wonder that a considerable neously either to our sympathy or our risibil- literature upon the art of writing photoplays ity. Indeed, unity, sequence, cause and effect has sprung into being, with the object of ap- are as necessary in the one as in the other, pealing to the legion of men, women, and and also atmosphere and characterization. children who aspire to get rich quickly in the The stage dramatist has the benefit of dia- “movies." logue, but is hampered by the restrictions One of our comic weeklies recently pub- which stage appliances impose. The photo- lished a quip to this effect: “ Jones.— I un- dramatist, on the other hand, is unlimited derstand Robinson is making a good living out scenically; but is limited in utterance to the ; of the short story. Brown.- Why, I heard he sub-titles and spoken titles he may flash on had never had one accepted. Jones.— He the screen. These, however, must be used has n’t; he's writing articles on how to write sparingly, the ideal photoplay being under- them for a correspondence school.”. If the standable, like the ideal pantomime, without word “photoplay” be substituted here for a single explanatory word. “short story,” Robinson becomes the type of Sir Arthur Wing Pinero calls drama "the man who gives instruction in the art of photo- art of compressing life without falsification,” -- 1 1915) THE DIAL 19 -an apt definition which Mr. Dimick perti- the regular drama, is the improvisate char- nently qualifies in so far as it relates to photo- acter of their dialogue. Should the play- drama. "The complete play,” he says, “is wright of the regular stage turn his scenario, not in its ultimate analysis a' mere screenful' or outline of his play, over to the stage man- of life. It is - or should be 'a screenful' ager, with no dialogue written except impor- of art with the likeness of life.” tant lines, which the very blocking out of the The task of the photo-dramatist, however, play called forth; and should the stage man- is far less arduous than that of the stage ager read it to the company, scene by scene, dramatist. In both instances dramatic sense and impress upon its members the various is required, but the stage dramatist must pos- characters they are to play and the situations sess literary sense as well. Although both they are to unfold, but leave to their readiness must think dramatically, the dramatist who of wit the extemporization of all dialogue, writes stage plays must clothe his thoughts in except a few vital lines absolutely necessary language that will characterize not only the to the unfolding of the story, we would then persons in his play, so that they appear real, have in nearly every essential a Commedia but must unfold the story in a way that the dell'Arte as it was written and produced in audience may both understand and enjoy. It Italy during the sixteenth and seventeenth is this literary aspect of the stage drama centuries. which makes it the superior art, for in other Now in the production of a photoplay this respects photoplay making and stage play is precisely the modus operandi. That dia- making are governed by the same fundamen- logue obtains in the photoplay may astonish tal laws, the play in both instances being the uninitiated; yet not only do the actors constructed in practically the same way way speak, so that the effect of moving lips may through the preparation of a scene plat or be registered, but they speak lines which re- scenario. flect both the character and the situation they This word, which calls to mind the Italian are portraying. These lines, though impro- Commedia dell'Arte, recalls also the striking vised while a scene is in rehearsal, are impor- resemblance this popular entertainment of the tant to the effective registration by the renaissance bears in several particulars to the camera of the action, for they enable the photo-drama of the present day, not only in actors to be “in their rôles," as the French its construction, but in the manner of its pro- say, much more effectively than if pantomime duction. Indeed, it might almost be said that alone were resorted to. Moreover, moving- were the camera work eliminated, the photo picture actors seldom play without an audi- play of to-day would become peripatetic ence, particularly in the exterior scenes of a Commedia dell'Arte, the one appreciable dif- play, while during the taking of the interior ference between the two being the fact that scenes there are usually a few interlopers or the scenes of a Commedia dell'Arte were acted fellow actors in the studio, to witness their upon a stationary stage, whereas those of the histrionic efforts. Hence the repetition of a photoplay take place wherever the imagina- scene which the camera registers becomes not tion of the dramatist elects that they be a rehearsal, but a performance. Again, the performed. rapidity with which a scene is made by a As in the Commedia dell'Arte, the dialogue competent producer,- often with but one re- , except hearsal, seldom with more than two or three, which vital actor into close pro- points of the story. In a Commedia dell'Arte fessional kinship with the Commedia dell'Arte these were called the doti or dowries; in the performer, of whom Luigi Riccoboni says in photoplay they are the “spoken titles” or his Histoire de l'ancien theatre italien (1730): “leaders," and are flashed on the screen. The " To a comedian who depends upon improvisa- construction, however, is so similar in both tion, face, memory, voice, and sentiment are not instances, that a photoplay producer could enough. If he would distinguish himself, he must take the average Commedia dell'Arte scenario facility in expression; he must master the subtle- possess a lively and fertile imagination, a great and "film" it almost without alteration, his ties of the language too, and have at his disposal method of rehearsing his company being so a full knowledge of all that is required for the like that of the corago or stage manager of different situations in which his rôle places him.” Italian Improvised Comedy, that it is difficult In all except the phrase "he must master to believe the technique of photoplay acting the subtleties of the language,” this state- is not a direct inheritance from that of the ment applies with equal force to the actor in Commedia dell'Arte. the Improvised Comedy of the Italian renais- The similarity between these two stage sance and the "movie" actor of to-day, only forms, which distinguishes them most from those actors who possess “a lively and fertile 20 June 24 THE DIAL . imagination, a great facility of expression, ing and spontaneous way of the Commedia and a full knowledge of all that is required dell'Arte actors, as described by Riccoboni, for the different situations in which their Garzoni, Barbieri, and other contemporary rôles place them," being effective histrions in admirers of this forgotten art. Thus it would the movies. The slow, studying actor, whom appear that there is nothing entirely new the stage manager can by patience whip into under the dramatic sun, not even the movies.” a part, or the actor who depends upon read- H. C. CHATFIELD-TAYLOR. ing rather than acting for his effects, will fail ignominiously before the camera. Indeed, this new histrionism calls for precisely the qualities of which Riccoboni speaks, with the FINDING ONESELF IN LIFE.* added requirement that the actor must pos- Every lover of reading knows something of sess a face which in the technical language of the anticipatory pleasure in opening a book the "movie" studio "registers " effectively; the title of which suggests a purpose, points a more than one actor who succeeded because of moral, or adorns a promised tale. In the title his good looks on the regular stage has failed of President Wilson's little volume, “When in the “movies,” because his features do not a Man Comes to Himself,” we have just such photograph well. a pledge of a book with a serious meaning. A distinctive element of the Commedia dell'. Some books make their appeal with an entirely Arte was characterization, as exemplified by impersonal authority, as though claiming to Pantalone, Arlecchino, Brighella, Pulcinella, be regarded as emanations from the collective Scaramuccia, and their merry mates, each pic- intellect of the race, and bringing with them , turing the local characteristics of some Italian no suggestion of self-revelation. Others, again, city. These were set characters, one or more seem to require for their interpretation and of whom appeared in every comedy, the plots complete comprehension the conception of a being constructed around these known and known or unknown personality behind them. popular rôles. Although the “movies" have In this latter category we must class the book not accepted this plan of construction in its now under review; and we trust it may not entirety, it nevertheless obtains, a series of seem an intrusion into the privacies of a life plays having been constructed around popular if we assume it to be something in the nature characters, such as Bronco Billy; while John of an apologia pro vita, a glimpse of the inner Bunny and Charley Chaplin might with con- workings of an heroic soul, a laying bare for siderable verisimilitude be dubbed the Panta- our instruction and edification of the manner lone and Arlecchino of the "movies," the parts in which its writer has escaped from the they have invariably filled being certainly sim- stifling atmosphere of littleness and self-seek- ilar in conception to those that bore these ing into the upper air of universal aims where names in the Italian Improvised Comedy. our souls have sight of that immortal sea Indeed, although the drama of to-day un- which brought us hither.” consciously owes much in the way of construc- The parable of the Prodigal Son has ob- tion to the adept dramaturgy of those nimble viously suggested the title of the book; but Italian actors who, schooled by experience in the author in the first few pages has made stagecraft, developed the Commedia dell'Arte, clear what much requires to be kept in mind, or professional comedy, along lines that were that it is not necessary for a man to have wan- followed by Molière and Goldoni, the “mov- dered into a far country” or to have been ies” have revivified the most distinctive char- reduced to coveting “the husks which the acteristics of that popular drama of the swine did eat" before reaching the point renaissance. where he must come to himself, if his life is The very word scenario used by the actors not to end in failure. The emotional upheaval of that period survives to indicate the photo- known as conversion” has become so soiled play, which in form differs from those Italian by the ignoble uses of a cheap evangelicalism scenari that have been preserved to us only by as to have lost credit in the world of sober the addition of camera directions, such as judgment; but that some analogous change of close up,” “ back to scene, “cut," "fade," attitude towards the mystery of existence and etc., all of which are called forth by the tech- the meaning and uses of life must precede the nical demands of photography. Although entering upon his highest inheritance, is what sprightly Arlecchino and roguish Brighella do every man in his heart probably believes. For not prank in the "movies" in Bergamask even among those spiritually “impotent folk" attire, their ectypes are there in modern garb; who, as the author remarks, “never come to while the actors who extemporize their lines, * WHEN A MAN COMES TO HIMSELF. By Woodrow Wilson. nimbly play before the camera in the rollick- New York: Harper & Brothers. 66 1915) 21 THE DIAL 9 66 themselves at all," who can say how many re-born not once but many times if we are to there are who are quite aware of the necessity expand to the full circumference of our being. for this change, and who may have waited While there are undoubtedly many to whom long by the pool of Bethesda for the coming the initial awakening arrives gradually, like of the disturbing angel that they might be the the return to consciousness of a healthy first to plunge into its healing waters? The sleeper, to most of us it comes with more or :spiritually “blind and halt and withered” less of shock; to some with the force of a belong to all classes of society, and are to be mighty rushing wind; to others with only a found among the wise and prudent, and in the gentle * click” indicating that a corner has very household of Mr. Worldly Wiseman of been rounded, an important point passed, a the town of Morality. Indeed, that this “com- new outlook gained. But every man who has ing to oneself” is as necessary to the man of experienced the change and realized the genius or to him who instinctively prefers to altered perspective in which the world is seen, walk in the paths of rectitude and veracity, as and who has received the gift in the spirit of to the wayward child of humanity, is the les- true humility, will expect further revelations son which this book seems to leave with us. and adjustments and will not be disappointed. Where one is in complete agreement with Each recurring "coming to himself” will take the main conclusions of an author, and in the place with less shock and more and more fre- deepest sympathy with the spirit of his writ- quency, until in a real sense he comes to him- ing, it may appear ungracious to select points self at the opening of each new day. in detail with which to disagree. As honest On many other points most readers will find criticism, however, is the proper function of themselves in absolute agreement with Mr. the critic, we must join issue with Mr. Wilson Wilson. That “men come to themselves by in one of his dicta where he affirms that the discovering their limitations no less than by coming to oneself is “a change reserved for discovering their deeper endowments,” that the thoroughly sane and healthy and for those “Moral enthusiasm is not, uninstructed and who can detach themselves,” etc. Judging of itself, a suitable guide to practicable and from observation and experience, one might be lasting reformation," and that “if the reform tempted to think that complete sanity and sought be the reformation of others as well as perfect health sometimes act as a bar to the of himself, the reformer should look to it that oncoming of the great change, and positively he knows the true relation of his will to the prevent a man's coming to himself. Might it wills of those he would change and guide," not even be said that a little defect in health or these are aphorisms of inestimable value for a slight touch of insanity sometimes provides the clarification of thought and the guidance the conditions under which the change is most of the social reformer. The idea, too, that man likely to take place? The psychological mys- reaches his highest degree of individuality tery which surrounds the motions of the spirit in proportion as he identifies himself with his is as inexplicable now as it was to the apostle community, was surely never more happily who said: “By grace are ye saved and that expressed than in the following epigrammatic not of yourselves, it is the gift of God.” For sentences: "A man is the part he plays among upon whom does the gift seem most readily to his fellows. He is not isolated. His life is descend? Does it not come most frequently made up of the relations he bears to others — to those who are conscious of having lost some- is made or marred by those relations, guided thing of that healthiness and sanity which re- by them, judged by them, expressed in them.” sult from complete adjustment to outward “Adjustment (to those relations] is exactly conditions? May it not be that here again the what a man gains when he comes to himself.” intellectual and emotional invalids or sinners Would it be possible to find a more felicitous may have at least an equal chance to come to elucidation of the antinomy which accepts themselves, with those who have observed all Society as an organism yet insists on main- the laws of mental and emotional hygiene? It taining the individuality of the man? is, at all events, a more cheerful and sustaining “And so men grow by having responsibility belief that the change is not reserved for the laid upon them, the burden of other people's thoroughly sane and healthy; as there are business.' In these words we seem to feel the so few who can truthfully be so described. inner spirit of the distinguished writer of this We believe we interpret the author's conclu- edifying little book. That the burden our sions aright in assuming that he regards the great civic chief is at present bearing may coming of a man to himself not as a single and react in the manner he obviously desires, will final transaction, but as a process, which hav- be the sincerest wish of every reader of “When ing begun will be repeated as life unfolds its a Man Comes to Himself.” hidden potentialities; and that we must be ALEX. MACKENDRICK. 22 [June 24 THE DIAL Frenchmen, whatever the reason may be." SCORCHED WITH THE FLAMES OF WAR. * Again what we should call British self- Of all who have gone forth to write of the respect and independence he characterizes as present war for the purpose of influencing bad breeding: the opinion of the world, Mr. Sven Hedin is “ Of the prisoners, it was said that there was a the most eminent. Educated in Germany in great difference between the British and the his youth, preserving through life an honest French. The former would stand with their hands. love for and admiration of its people in peace, in their pockets and a pipe in their mouth when the recipient of many honors and much ap- spoken to by an officer, and a salute was only plause throughout its empire, he was allowed elicited by a reprimand. The Frenchmen, on the the widest latitude by no less a person than other hand, always salute the German officers the Kaiser himself for the acquirement of without being told, and this is probably due to such knowledge as would most convincingly their inherited military spirit and to the trait of present the cause of the German Empire to inborn courtesy which pervades the whole nation." the neutral nations. As in so many other Mr. Hedin met and talked with the Kaiser cases, he has made over his own into a Ger- three times during his stay in Germany (from man heart, and his large octavo volume con- September 14 to November 12, 1914), and tains no criticism of the Germans that is not presents this portrait of him: wholly favorable. As in so many other cases, The talk of the Emperor having aged during too, he is not satisfied to record merely what the war, and of the war with all its labors and he sees, though he more than once professes anxieties having sapped his strength and health, that to be his object; he argues from his own is all nonsense. His hair is no more pronouncedly experiences and observations to sweeping gen- iron grey than before the war, his face has color, eralities, denies all atrocities, and leaves the and far from being worn and thin, he is plump- and strong, bursting with energy and rude health. German soldier with a clean bill of moral A man of Emperor William's stamp is in his ele- health. It may be remarked here, for the ment when, through the force of circumstances, purpose of clearing up a great deal of muddy he is compelled to stake all he possesses and above thinking in such matters, that so-called nega- all himself for the good and glory of his country. tive testimony of this kind is not testimony But his greatest quality is that he is a human at all. Mr. Hedin offers no contradiction, as being and that with all his fulminant force he is humble before God." an eye-witness, of the cases set forth in the Bèdier and Bryce reports, buttressed as they Mr. Hedin has convinced himself that this is are by extracts from the diaries of German a holy war, in which the Kaiser, like Gustavus soldiers; he is content to present himself as a Adolphus before him, is holding up the arms witness in the spirit in which the twenty of Protestantism - against what, one does friends who had not seen the Irishman steal the not quite make out. After a detailed account pig contradicted the ten who did. This is not of the celebration of mass near the front, he writes: to be held as vitiating the force of his actual observations; a traveller of the first distinc- “ Perhaps one ought to . . #ealize what Swedes tion and trained both to see and to write, his and Germans have in common. At one time we book is authoritative within its limits, and its gave each other the best and noblest that we pos- sessed. The Lutheran faith preserved by the faults are those of prejudgment and of mass sword of Gustavus Adolphus was the seed and psychology. But even these prejudices are life germ which has given birth to that Germanic- interesting in the record, as when he notes: culture which to-day is fighting for its existence. “I was told that the wounds of the Germans None of us can escape the responsibility for the heal better and quicker than those of the inviolable preservation of the common heritage. Our German brethren are now shedding their * WITH THE GERMAN ARMIES IN THE WEST. By Sven Hedin. Authorized translation from the Swedish by H. G. de Walter- heart's blood in a cause which in equal measure storff. Illustrated. New York: John Lane Co. concerns themselves, and for which Sweden's By Edward Lyell Fox. Illustrated. New York: McBride, Nast & Co. greatest Kings gave their all and their lives.” FOUR WEEKS IN THE TRENCHES. France is held to be the victim of a specious. By Fritz Kreisler. Illustrated. Boston: Houghton and inhuman diplomacy — “surely one can- A SURGEON IN BELGIUM. By H. S. Souttar, F.R.C.S. Illus- not with self-respect refrain from loudly con- trated. New York : Longmans, Green & Co. PARIS WAITS: 1914. By M. E. Clarke. Illustrated. New demning the policy which alone is the cause. York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. of it all.” The use of Turcos and Gurkas and Par l'Abbé Félix Klein. Illustrated. Paris : Librairie Armand Colin. Sikhs brings forth objurgations — the actual EYE-WITNESS's NARRATIVE OF THE WAR. From the Marne Turks are not mentioned. One of the inter- to Neuve Chapelle : September, 1914-March, 1915. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. esting ways in which Germany is having the FIELD HOSPITAL AND FLYING COLUMN. Being the Journal cost of the war defrayed for her by her ene- of an English Nursing Sister in Belgium and Russia. By Violetta Thurstan. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. mies is worth setting down in full: BEHIND THE SCENES IN WARRING GERMANY. The War Story of a Vio- linist. Mimin Co. LA GUERRE VUE D'UNE AMBULANCE. 1915 ] 23 THE DIAL > "Nothing is taken away off-hand. All will be wantonly burned houses; and in the para- made good to the owners after the war. The graph immediately following he describes a ternis of peace will contain a provision to the Prussian officer's bomb-proof in the trenches effect that the defeated side shall pay the amount as filled with loot from a neighboring chateau of every receipt or voucher (bon) representing the -the sort of thing that Mr. Hedin gave us value of the things requisitioned during the mili- his assurance was not done. Mr. Fox was on tary occupation. The individual is not to suffer the firing line during an English charge, and direct, but only as a participant in the misfortune which falls on the country as a whole. It is the was mightily moved to take an active part in duty of the State to make good the people's per- the fighting, being completely carried away sonal losses when the State is incapable of pro- by the excitement of the moment. His ac- tecting the property of the individual against the count of the defeat of the enemy must be enemy. And if the invading power is defeated given : in the war, its just punishment is that it must “I began to notice then, by craning my head make good the losses of the sufferers.” from left to right, that the red wavering lines of This reads fairly enough, but it must be fire, which had a way of rushing at you and van- remembered that there is nowhere in the large ishing to appear again further back, was [sic] volume any hint of anything but German vic- slower now in appearing after it lost itself some- where in the mud, and then it became even slower tory, complete and absolute. The French who in showing itself and finally when it came, you accept the German vouchers, having no choice saw that it had disintegrated into segments, that in the matter, are to look to their own govern- it was no longer a steady oncoming line, rather a ment for repayment for the supplies they are slowly squirming thing like the curling parts of forced to give its foes. The Hague conven- some monstrous fiery worm that had been chopped tions are not silent on this subject, but as Mr. to bits and was squirming its life away out there Hedin observes, “In more than one respect on the mud. And it dawned upon you in horror this war has demonstrated the impotence and that the fiery red lines had been lines of men, futility of all conferences and conventions of shooting as they had come; and that, when one Geneva, The Hague, and other places, bearing line had been mowed down, another had rushed names which now have an empty and illusory up from behind, so on almost endlessly it had seemed until they became broken and squirmed sound.” It is well to have a categorical state- like the others had done, into the mud, and came ment of this sort from such a completely And the spell that you had been held pro-German source. After noting the trench in was broken; and you remembered that there warfare in northern France, and getting to was a God, and you thanked Him that your hands Antwerp just after its fall, Mr. Hedin re- had found nothing with which to kill." turned home. He had been under French fire (It could have been wished, when Mr. Fox and the British naval bombardment of Ostend, had been entertained by numerous royalties there is also syntax in English.) He, too, like came to write, that he had remembered that and high dignitaries, and his tone is that of a Mr. Hedin, visited the prison camps in Bel- man who thoroughly enjoyed himself. gium, and noted that the British did not Mr. Edward Lyell Fox did not have so salute German officers; also that when he elaborate a social experience with German asked an English marine how he liked it there, notabilities as Mr. Hedin, but his opportuni- though an officer stood beside him, the En- ties for gaining knowledge were almost equal glishman answered, “Rotten.” The fighting and of much the same nature. His book, in Poland was even fiercer; and the battle of “Behind the Scenes in Warring Germany,” is Augustowo Wald, at which Mr. Fox was pres- written with less reserve and more energy, ent, affords him material for what he calls describing conditions on both the western 'the first complete account of a great battle front in autumn and the eastern in winter, in that has been told in this war.” As recorded, the form of special correspondence for Amer- it was one of those overwhelming Russian ican periodicals. Mr. Fox is much more defeats that have characterized the eastern guarded in his statements about German pro- fighting, an army of 240,000 men being com- ceedings which have not fallen under his own pletely obliterated by General von Hinden- eyesight,- as when he remarks in this con- berg. The last chapter in the book shows, nection: “Were every American who believes with photographic reproductions, that En- these Belgian stories, to live with the German gland possessed accurate military maps of soldiers as I have, and to know them off duty, Belgium,-proof to the Germans that Great and to watch them in the trenches, he would Britain intended the invasion of that un- be utterly at sea. The stories of Belgium do happy country; and equal proof, from the not agree with the men of the German army." other side, that the British were aware of This is brought out by nothing more than the Germany's dishonorable intentions in that accusation that the home-loving Teuton has regard. no more. > 24 June 24 THE DIAL From September to December, 1914, Mr. appliances. Madame Curie was in Mr. Sout- H. S. Souttar was attached to a British hos- tar's hospital with her wonderful apparatus, pital corps and not under the personal escort and the King and Queen of Belgium were of exceedingly polite German officers with the frequent visitors. limitation of experiences thus implied. In Mr. Fritz Kreisler, the eminent violinist consequence we are given in his book entitled now touring the United States, was for a “A Surgeon in Belgium ” a record of personal month on the Austrian firing line, took part experiences. After discussing the rules of the in several engagements and a long retreat, Geneva Convention the author says: was wounded in the leg, and honorably dis- " It is, after all, possible to fight as gentlemen. charged from the service as no longer phy- Or at least it was until a few months ago. Since sically fit for its hardships. His brief account then we have had a demonstration of 'scientific of “Four Weeks in the Trenches” corrobo- war such as has never before been given to man- rates those given by many others, regarding kind. Now, to wear a Red Cross is simply to the ease with which a man of refinement slips offer a better mark for the enemy's fire, and we back into the barbarism of war, with its at- only wore them in order that our own troops tendant dirt and filth and lack of everything might know our business and make use of our aid. regarded as humanly decent. A week or two A hospital is a favorite mark for the German artillery, whilst the practice of painting Red of marching under heavy equipment brought Crosses on the tops of ambulance cars is by many him into unexpected health and strength, as people considered unwise, as it invites any passing in so many other cases. His musical ear aeroplane to drop a bomb. But the Germans have enabled him to be of service to his army, for carried their systematic contempt of the rules of it detected the differences in the sounds made war so far that it is now almost impossible for by shells before attaining their maximum our own men to recognize their Red Crosses. Time height and after they had begun their de- after time their Red Cross cars have been used to scent. “Apparently,” he writes, “in the first conceal machine-guns, their flags have floated over half of its curve, that is, its course while to bring up ammunition to the trenches. Whilst ascending, the shell produced a dull whine to bring up ammunition to the trenches. Whilst accompanied by a falling cadence, which I was at Furnes two German spies were working with an ambulance, in khaki uniforms, bringing changes to a rising shrill as soon as the acme in the wounded. They were at it for nearly a has been reached and the curve points down- week before they were discovered, and then, by a ward again.” Confiding his observations to ruse, they succeeded in driving straight through his commanding officer, “it was later on re- the Belgian lines and back to their own, Red Cross ported to me that I had succeeded in giving ambulance, khaki and all." to our batteries the almost exact range of the Later he cites another instance that fell Russian guns.” Interesting as this is, it seems within his personal knowledge: a poor use to put a great artistic talent to. Several instances are cited of the men exhibit- “But Ypres gave us yet another example of German methods of war. On the western side of ing a simple humanity toward their enemies, the town, some distance from the furthest houses, notably in a case where a Russian officer and stood the Asylum. It was a fine building arranged his orderly came under a flag of truce to in several wings, and at present it was being used plead hunger, "offering a little barrel of for the accommodation of a few wounded, mostly water which his companion carried on his women and children, and several old people of head and a little tobacco, in exchange for the workhouse infirmary type. It made a mag- some provisions." The response was gener- nificent hospital, and as it was far away from ous, though the Austrians were themselves on the town and was not used for any but the pur- scant rations, Mr. Kreisler's "proud contribu- poses of a hospital, we considered it safe enough, and that it would be a pity to disturb the poor tion consisting of two tablets of chocolate, old people collected there. We might have known part of a precious reserve for extreme cases.' better. The very next night the Germans shelled Mrs. M. E. Clarke has done nothing more it to pieces, and all those unfortunate old creatures than record the state of feeling suggested by had to be removed in a hurry. There was a sense- the title of her well written book, “Paris less barbarity about such an act which could only Waits: 1914," during the fearful days of the appeal to a Prussian." German advance, and by the respite that came The book is both witty and wise, and the in September when the French pushed their work of a man who can write excellent En- adversaries back to the Aisne. Of the re- glish. It contains a number of suggestions treat immediately before, she writes: of a professional sort, such as the establish- “I never realized how ill men could be from ment of hospitals in the country for the better sheer fatigue until I saw a Seaforth Highlander treatment of city dwellers, and records the and a Rifle Brigade man utterly prostrate in a results of the use of the most modern surgical | French hospital after that awful retreat on Paris. 1915] 25 THE DIAL ar- They had marched twenty-five miles a day during proud of the excellent work accomplished four days, with practically nothing to eat, and through its Ambulance Corps in France. fighting all the way. . . They had been in hospital Out of the obscurity thrown over the work ten days when we found them, and they were still of the British expeditionary force in Belgium unable to stand on their feet, although, beyond and France has come from time to time the fatigue, there was nothing the matter with them. They craved food, rest, and forgetfulness of all writings of an official eye-witness,— brief and they had seen. Their pity for the Belgian refugees well worded accounts, sometimes picturesque, was very real, and whatever English soldier you which are for the most part from the accom- meet it is always the same: they will never forget plished pen of Colonel Ernest D. Swinton. those heart-rending scenes of mutilated women These have been collected into a volume, "Eye- and children, burning villages, and roads stream- Witness's Narrative of the War," which ing with frightened groups of human beings needed this presentation of them since the seeking safety by walking away from their own exigencies of daily journalism have often led dwellings into the unknown. Above all, they will to omissions large and small. The accounts never forget or forgive the Germans for driving here given run from the victory of the Allies the women and children before their guns as pro- on the Marne to the British advance at Neuve tection for themselves against the fire of the Allies. Even the laconic Highlander talked about that, Chapelle last March, the selection of the two and the Rifle Brigade man became eloquent.” events giving form to the narrative. As an example of the information given, the follow- Though the book makes no pretence to con- secutiveness or literary form, it will stand as ing statement concerning the event last named a psychological cinematograph of the feelings may be quoted: of a great capital in a great historical crisis. “ One wounded Prussian officer, of a particu- M. l'Abbé Félix Klein will be remembered larly offensive and truculent type which is not as the author of several books which have uncommon, expressed the greatest contempt for our methods. been translated and sold widely in America. You do not fight. You murder," he said. “If it had been straightforward, honest He has also travelled and lectured exten- fighting, we should have beaten you, but my regi- sively in this country. Thus it was not inap- ment never had a chance from the first; there propriate that he should attach himself to the was a shell every ten yards. Nothing could live American Ambulance Corps in France as its in such a fire.' chaplain. His new book, "La Guerre Vue “ This feeling of resentment against our d'une Ambulance," is in the form of a diary, tillery was shown by several of the prisoners. running from the third of August to the last Gratifying as it is to our gunners, it is an exhibi- day of December, 1914, in which he sets down tion of a curious lack of any judicial sense or the actual events of each day with related even of a rudimentary sense of humor on the part impressions and observations. Here is con- of the apostles of Frightfulness. It was the firmation of Mrs. Clarke's record from an Germans who prepared an overwhelming force of artillery before the war, and they were the first independent source: to employ the concentrated action of heavy guns “ Il ne leur est permis de parler des faits de in field warfare. When the tables are turned and guerre qu'apres quinze jours écoulés. Ce n'est Ce n'est they have their first taste of what we have so often pas, jugent-ils à bon droit, désobéir à cet ordre eaten they actually have the effrontery to com. que de nous confirmer, pour les avoir vues de plain. It also especially galled our prisoners that leurs yeux, les atrocités des Allemands en Belgique, they should have been captured by the British, et notamment, le fait très souvent renou ouvalé, who, they had been informed, were very inferior chaque fois, semble-t-il, que c'était possible,- de enemies.” placer devant eux les enfants et les femmes, au It was this battle that at last disclosed to the moment du combat." British the only secure method of advancing, There is also the protest, not uncommon in and they immediately set about securing the either France or Britain, against the use of necessary enormous quantity of heavy ammu- similar devices: nition. The book pays full credit to the Ger- “Rien, pas même le sac de Senlis, qui a donné man efficiency and personal bravery, and lieu, rien ne justifie de pareilles explosions de some informing letters secured from prison- fureur. Je sais bien que les atrocités allemandes ers about the pinch of poverty are of especial dépassent, cette fois, toutes limites, et qu'elles interest. revêtent souvent un caratère général, officiel, qui en augmente singuliérement la portée. Mais quoi ! Miss Violetta Thurstan, an English trained n'est-ce pas cela même qui prouve l'infériorité de nurse attached to the St. John of Jerusalem l'adversaire? Loin de nous, à jamais, l'idée de Red Cross, went to Belgium almost immedi- nous abandonner à la plus monstrueuse des ému-ately after the invasion of that country, re- lations !" mained there until the Germans deported her The impression given is vivid and sincere, and her assistants after subjecting them to and the United States has occasion to feel needless and gross personal insults, and from 26 (June 24 THE DIAL Denmark passed to the Russian Red Cross at them; and for this reason it is a cause for the flying column detailed to the front. Her satisfaction that there should be initiated a experiences were thrilling in the extreme, and “New Poetry Series," designed to represent were borne with that high spirit of valor the work of the latest generation in small, which characterizes the English gentlewoman well-printed volumes, modestly priced. The at her best. Wounded at last and soon after first title of this series is an anthology repre- stricken by pleurisy, she has occupied her senting the “imagist” poets, through the col- convalescence in writing the account of her laboration of six of them, with a preface experiences. Her book, “Field Hospital and setting forth their principles. Flying Column,” fully bears out the dictum Unfortunately, when one seeks to ascertain that no autobiography is dull. Interesting as the principles of any sect from its leaders, the narrative is, still more interesting is the one is likely to be puzzled by the way in which personality of the author, which may be they revert to obvious matters on which it is judged in part by the following extract: difficult to believe they have any peculiar “ War would be the most glorious game in the claim. A Mormon, on being pressed for such world if it were not for the killing and wounding. a statement, will not mention polygamy or In it one tastes the joy of comradeship to the tithes, but will tell you that his Church is full, the taking and giving, and helping and being characterized by its belief in the coming of helped, in a way that would be impossible to con- the kingdom of God on earth ---something ceive in the ordinary world. At Radzivilow, too, which you supposed you had always believed one could see the poetry of war, the zest of the frosty mornings, and the delight 'of the camp-fire yourself. A Seventh-day Adventist will not at night, the warm, clean smell of the horses speak of the Sabbath, but will say that his tethered everywhere, the keen hunger, the rough one passion is liberty of conscience, as if this food sweetened by the sauce of danger, the riding were a new doctrine made for the times. It out in high hope in the morning; even the return- is much the same with the modernist poets. ing wounded in the evening did not seem altogether The preface before us tells us that the princi- such a bad thing out there." ples of the Imagists are five: to use the lan- No idea that the pacifists have advanced is guage of common speech, employing the exact more convincing than that of making peace as and not the decorative word; to create new interesting as warfare; once this is accom- rhythms, not to copy old ones; to allow abso- plished, the vastest of all human evils will lute freedom in the choice of subject; to probably disappear. present an image as distinguished from vague WALLACE RICE. generalities; to produce poetry that is "hard and clear”; and to practice concentration. Now apart from the matter of the new RECENT POETRY.* rhythms, it is obvious that these principles In a roughly convenient fashion, one may are the commonplaces of English poetry since classify all contemporary verse in two grand the days of Burns and of Wordsworth, when divisions, according as it represents the fol- they are not the commonplaces of good poetry lowing of poetic tradition or the distinctive of every age. If we look for interpretations resolution to be new. In connection with the of them in the anthology itself, the matter can second group, no one interested in the subject hardly be said to be cleared up. For instance, can fail to be aware of a considerable amount Mr. D. H. Lawrence gives us the following of very interesting experimentation by cer- images in a poem alluringly called “Illicit": tain of the younger poets, analogous in a more “ You are near to me, and your naked feet in their than superficial way to the various modernist sandals, And through the scent of the balcony's naked timber schools of painting. Even if we have serious I distinguish the scent of your hair; so now the suspicions as to the probable value of these limber experiments, we should try to understand Lightning falls from heaven. Adown the pale-green glacier-river floats * SOME IMAGIST POETS. An Anthology. “ New Poetry A dark boat through the gloom — and whither? Series." Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. The thunder roars. But still we have each other. By John Gould Fletcher. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. The naked lightnings in the heaven dither Post-Impressionist Poems. By Horace Holley. And disappear. What have we but each other? The boat has gone.” By Edgar Lee Masters. New York: The Macmillan Co. If these verses were not the product of one SATIRES OF CIRCUMSTANCE. Lyrics and Reveries, with Mig- cellaneous Pieces. By Thomas Hardy. New York: The Mac- who not only is bound to employ the exact word, but who is under no obligation to make THE FREE SPIRIT. Realizations of Middle Age, with a Note on Personal Expression. By Henry Bryan Binns. New York: use of any rhyme whatsoever, we should be tempted to assume that the interesting words SONNETS OF A PORTRAIT-PAINTER. By Arthur Davison Ficke. New York: Mitchell Kennerley. "limber" and "dither," applied to the light- IRRADIATIONS: SAND AND SPRAY. “ New Poetry Series." CREATION. New York: Mitchell Kennerley. SPOON RIVER ANTHOLOGY. millan Co. B. W. Huebsch. 1915) 27 THE DIAL ning, were suggested by the rhyme. Being No wind; forbidden this hypothesis, we hesitate. As to The trees merge, green with green; A car whirs by; the lightning's being reported as naked, when Footsteps and voices take their pitch we should hardly have thought to ask that it In the key of dust, be clothed, this may be attributed to a subtle Far-off and near, subdued. sympathy with the illicit nudity of the feet Solid and square to the world The houses stand, and the timbers. But all this is so far from Their windows blocked with venetian blinds. being new that it was keenly and legitimately Nothing will move them.” parodied by Mr. Owen Seaman, years ago, in By far the most effective composition in the his ballad of the nun who anthology is Miss Lowell's picture of the bom- passed along the naked road, - bardment of a continental city — presumably The road had really nothing on.” Rheims; but this does not even profess to be *Turn now, for further illustration of our more than cadenced prose, and is printed principles, to some of the poems contributed accordingly. by Miss Amy Lowell, who before this has A second issue of the “New Poetry Series" done praiseworthy work in poetry, and note is made up entirely of the imagistic work of images like these: Mr. Fletcher; and exhibits, for the most part, -“ Little cramped words scrawling all over the paper the qualities that have been noticed. The Like draggled fly's legs." following sketch is of some special interest as attempting the same sort of impression as that Why do lilies goggle their tongues at me When I pluck them; familiar in a certain type of painting, strewn And writhe, and twist, broadcast with spots of prismatic color: And strangle themselves against my fingers ?” “Over the roof-tops race the shadows of clouds; “ My thoughts Like horses the shadows of clouds charge down the Chink against my ribs street. And roll about like silver hail-stones.” “ Whirlpools of purple and gold, Winds from the mountains of cinnabar, Is this exactness? Is this to be concentrated, Lacquered mandarin moments, palanquins swaying hard, and clear? Well, one may not be sure and balancing how the words are used. But to those familiar Amid the vermilion pavilions, against the jade balustrades. with the history of English poetry it looks Glint of the glittering wings of dragon-flies in the very much like a reversion, suggestive at light: times, and not without charm, to rather crude Silver filaments, golden flakes settling downwards, and youthful forms of the old method of the Rippling, quivering flutters, repulse and surrender, “conceit.” Not to seek further light on the The sun broidered upon the rain, The rain rustling with the sun. theory of the poems, we may note that their .chief values are of the same character as “ Over the roof-tops race the shadows of clouds; Like horses the shadows of clouds charge down the those of a painter's jottings and sketches in street." his note-book,- oftentimes suggestive of the For this little volume Mr. Fletcher, like the materials for an interesting bit of color or of composition, still unformed into any signifi-structive preface, explaining something of the editor of the anthology, has written an in- cant whole. Here, from the work of Mr. John Gould Fletcher, is a view of London from a doctrines of his group. It is more frank than the other, but singularly full of misstate- bus-top: ments. In the brief space here available one " Black shapes bending, must be dogmatic; hence it can only be Taxicabs crush in the crowd. The tops are each a shining square, shortly observed that the art of poetry in Shuttles that steadily press through woolly fabric... English-speaking countries is not in a greatly “ Monotonous domes of bowler-hats backward state; that the poets have not at- Vibrate in the heat. tempted to make of their craft a Masonic secret, declaring that rhythm is not to be *** Silently, easily we sway through braying traffic, analyzed ; that it is not true that each line of Down the crowded street. The tumult crouches over us, a poem represents a single breath; that every Or suddenly drifts to one side." poet of eminence has not felt the fatiguing And here, from Mr. F. S. Flint, is a sketch of monotony of regular rhyme and constructed houses at night: new stanzas in order to avoid it; that Shake- speare did not abandon rhyme in his mature * Into the sky period (that is, in lyrical verse, which is ap- The red earthenware and the galvanised iron chim- parently the only kind under consideration). neys Thrust their cowls. Of course, if the reader is disposed to question The hoot of the steamers on the Thames is plain. these denials, we cannot claim to have offered 28 (June 24 THE DIAL 11 - a 66 proof,— he can only be referred to any schol- inventor who was bitten by a rat while dem- arly authority on the matters concerned. But onstrating a patent trap; a woman who took if a preface like this is a specimen of the morphine after a quarrel with her husband; actual information at the disposal of the another who died in childbirth, the event hav- imagists, one can only say that their practice ing been foreseen by her husband; a boy may excel their theory, but that the latter is who was run over while stealing a ride on a beyond hope. train; another boy who contracted lockjaw Mr. Horace Holley has collected a number from a toy pistol; a woman whose lockjaw was of poems which he calls not imagist but“ post- due to a needle which had pierced her while impressionist.” In form and manner they she was washing her baby's clothes; a citi- resemble those we have been considering, but zen who fell dead, presumably from apoplexy, are less sensuously colored and decidedly while confessing a hidden sin to his church; richer in intellectual substance. One called a trainer who was killed by a lion in a circus; "In a Factory” rather strikingly represents a greedy farmer who died from eating pie and the social aspect of the poet's thought: gulping coffee in hot harvest time; a rural Smoky, monotonous rows philosopher who was gored by a cow while Of half-unconscious men discussing predestination; an innocent man Serving, with lustreless glance and dreamless mind, who was hanged on a trumped-up charge; a The masterful machines; These are the sons of herdsmen, hunters, courtesan who was poisoned by an Italian Lords of the sunlit meadow, count; and a prohibitionist who developed The lonely peak, cirrhosis of the liver from over-drinking. The stirring, shadow-haunted wood, - Enough — though the half has not been told. Of mariners who swung from sea to sea In carven ships Under most of these tragedies lurk a grim And named the unknown world: pathos, and an irony due to such causes as the Hunters, herdsmen, sailors, all total misunderstanding by his fellows of the By trade or chase or harvest life (and often the death of the ghostly Winning their substance Rudely, passionately like a worthy game speaker. A really remarkable series of char- With a boy's great zest of playing. acter-studies, though the half would be much O labour, better than the whole; but for poetry - cui Whoso makes thee an adventure bono? Mr. Masters has shown before this that Thrilling to the nervous core of life, he knows what verse is; how then can he per- He is the true Messiah, The world's Saviour, long-waited, long-wept-for." petrate, and endure to see in type, trash like this: Finally, for our group of modernists, we may note the “Spoon River Anthology" of “ If even one of my boys could have run a news-stand, Mr. Edgar Lee Masters, which might be called Or one of my girls could have married a decent man, I should not have walked in the rain the reductio ad absurdum of certain of the And jumped into bed with clothes all wet, new methods, such as the abandonment of Refusiug medical aid.” conventional form and the fearless scrutiny (In passing, note this method of suicide, per- of disagreeable realities. There is nothing here, to be sure, of the vaporings of some of haps the most original, because the most indi- rect, of those described in the collection.) It our imagists, but a stern virility to which one can only be because he was resolved to por- might warm were it not so deliberately un- tray — in the words of one of his own char- lovely. The contents of this “anthology” is acters - a series of monologues d'outre tombe, sup- “wingless void posed to be spoken by the inhabitants of the Where neither red, nor gold, nor wine, Nor the rhythm of life are [sic] known.” Spoon River cemetery, who one by one tell us something of what they did and felt while In two or three of the monologues only is the living, and in many cases how they met their rhythm of life heard sounding underneath the end. Whether Spoon River is meant to be tragedy — as it always is in actual poetry and viewed as typical of Illinois villages — for it real tragedy; in the words of Petit the Poet: appears to be in the vicinity of Knox College Tragedy, comedy, valor and truth, and Peoria - or to be a place peculiarly Courage, constancy, heroism, failure - accursed, doth not clearly appear. In either All in the loom, and oh what patterns! Woodlands, meadows, streams and rivers case it furnishes an extraordinary study in Blind to all of it all my life long. mortuary statistics. From the first half of Triolets, villanelles, rondels, rondeaus, the volume, or thereabouts, there may be Seeds in a dry pod, tick, tick, tick, culled such characters as these: a person who Tick, tick, tick, what little iambics, While Homer and Whitman roared in the pines!” was hanged for highway robbery and murder; a woman who was slain by the secret cruelty All this formless, blundering, but seriously of her husband, the details not revealed; an purposed writing, under whatever name it a 66 1915) 29 THE DIAL goes, is of value to the thoughtful reader for “ And as the smart ship grew inferential and negative rather than positive In stature, grace, and hue, In shadowy silent distance grew the Iceberg too. reasons. Practically all the compositions at which we have been looking fail to meet the " Alien they seemed to be: No mortal eye could see eternal test of poetry: they would perform The intimate welding of their later history, their function, express their image or their thought, as well in prose form as in verse,- " Or sign that they were bent sometimes better. What does this signify? By paths coincident On being anon twin halves of one august event, Their prefaces do not tell us. The real char- acteristic common to the group is the delib- “ Till the Spinner of the Years Said Now!' And each one hears, erate abandonment of faith in a type, a law, And consummation comes, and jars two hemispheres." an ideal — call it what you will — to which the fleeting momentary experiences caught up The title poems of the volume, called “Satires by the poet are to be referred, and of which of Circumstance,” are brilliant ironic sketches his dependence on a persistent form, a stead- in precisely the mordant manner of Mr. ily flowing, ineluctable rhythm, is but a sym- Hardy's most disconcerting prose narrative. bol. Some will cling to form, but throw away Quite as keen, and perhaps even more finely the idea for which it stands; some will cling balanced in respect to comedy and tragedy, is to beauty of detail, but abandon beauty of the neighboring dialogue between a buried the whole; some will keep their sense of the woman and some one digging on her grave. type, the law, the idea, but throw away out- At first she imagines it to be her lover plant- ward form, just for the zest of difference and ing rue, but the answer comes, “No, he novelty. When they abandon all — faith and wedded another yesterday.” “My nearest form together -- then we have a complete and kin, then?” “No, they are saying, "What instructive pathologic specimen of the process. use to plant flowers?!” “My enemy, then, What remains may be called poetry, but it prodding maliciously?” “No, she thinks you . is a poetry like that religion which has aban- no more worth her hate.” “Who is it, then? doned both religion's ritual and its faith. “Your little dog, my mistress dear.” “Ah, Mr. Thomas Hardy is of those who keep the one true heart left behind -I might have ritual without the faith. In other words, known.” But the dog answers: whether in prose or in verse, he holds to the “ Mistress, I dug upon your grave traditional forms of his art despite the hope- To bury a bone, in case I should be hungry near this spot less and unbeautiful creed which is familiar When passing on my daily trot. to all his readers. In his early volume of I am sorry, but I quite forgot verse, the “Wessex Poems,” he somewhere It was your resting-place." expressed himself to this effect: that life It seemed well to paraphrase the greater por- would be more tolerable if we could believe tion of this little narrative, not merely for the ourselves to be in the toils of a malicious sake of brevity, but to exemplify the fact that power, bent on causing suffering,- it would this is a type of composition, again, which at any rate be a more rational state than to does not lose its essence when transferred to feel that our suffering is without either pur- prose. The verse points it, to be sure,— gives pose or meaning. In later years, as every- finish and consequent satisfaction; but the one knows, he has achieved the satisfaction spirit is not that of poetry, because the spirit merely dreamed of in the poem referred to, of poetry is never that of mere negation. and come to something like a solemn faith in And this is true of a great part of Mr. Hardy's a Power not ourselves that makes for un- Verse. But there are plenty of exceptions, as righteousness. This gives a kind of ideality in the poem on the “Titanic," where, as we to his pessimism which is quite wanting in the have seen, a big and looming imaginative con- insignificant disillusioned ghosts of Spoon cept rises from the very ruins of faith. River. His recent volume of collected poems In marked contrast to all these modernists represents this in many a passage, but in none is a new volume of poems representing the so nobly as in the lines on the loss of the spiritual philosophy of Mr. Henry Bryan -“ Titanic" (called “The Convergence of the Binns. Some of the verse seems modern Twain "): enough, to be sure; some of it is in vers ... Well, while was fashioning libre; but Mr. Binns is not under the illu- This creature of cleaving wing, sion that he is contributing, in these irregular “The Immanent Will that stirs and urges everything forms, to the normal evolution of the poetry “Prepared a sinister mate of the race. He values them, sagaciously, For her so gaily great only as means of expressing certain personal A Shape of Ice, for the time far and dissociate. * realisations," – such as, in some cases, recall - 1 - 30 (June 24 THE DIAL the ecstatic utterances of seventeenth century and that of his environment come out with mystics like Traherne. From "High Noon, some vividness, and the poet is not afraid to for instance, is this: heighten these with homely and humorous “ See the sun atop, crowning Noon's height, realism, as in this admirable quatrain, from Level beneath him the round world! Sonnet 5: Level lies earth beneath and takes to the brim “ Heaven knows what moonlit turrets, hazed in bliss, Her full of him, ere, tilting to East The light begins spilling. Saw Launcelot and night and Guinevere! I only know our first impassioned kiss * While Noon's now at full Was in your cellar, rummaging for beer." Brim-high with this effulgence of light, Who has heart, - come, drain it! But of this distinctness there seems not to be Who has faith, let him drink!” enough. At least one is not without fears, Of conventional forms, there are many son- though the painter does live and grow throughout the sequence, that he sometimes nets in the volume, but in this form Mr. Binns tends to be didactic and unimaginative. His draws from his portfolio a sonnet on things in general, which might have been written by happiest vein is perhaps exemplified in cer- poets in general, as distinguished from him- tain verses in the four-foot measure, which self. Nevertheless, there have been few more has often been proved to have possibilities for successful experiments in this difficult type the combination of thoughtful epigram with lyrical feeling. Of this character is the fine in recent times. Mr. Ficke uses the English conclusion to the title poem: or Shakespearean form of sonnet, with a vivid sense of its characteristic movement, which “Whatever of myself I win is less generally understood in our day than Out of my peril or despair, that of the “Italian" form. Even Shake- With all the inseparable kin And pilgrimage of life, I share. speare seems frequently not to have troubled to make his final couplet more than a tag or “ Alone in the light the skylark sings And sets us singing in the gloom: appendix to a lyric already complete in twelve I, also, on victorious wings lines. This tendency Mr. Ficke avoids with An instant overleap my doom: skill. The movement and unity of his lyric “And though I know not how, I know may be represented by the rapturous love- As Earth, whereof we spring, is one, sonnet, Number 20: So every spirit's overflow Replenishes the common sun." Ah, life is good! And good thus to behold From far horizons where their tents are furled The Emersonian flavor evident in these lines The mighty storms of Being rise, unfold, is still more noticeable in the lighter vein of Mix, strike, and crash across a shaken world: Good to behold their trailing rearguards pass, “The Scolding Squirrel." There remains And feel the sun renewed its sweetness send space for only two or three stanzas of this: Down to the sparkling leaf-blades of the grass, Squirrel, squirrel up in the tree, And watch the drops fall where the branches bend. While you jerk that tail at me I think to-day I almost were content I mock at you and blithely dine To hear some bard life's epic story tell,- On the other fruit of the pine. To view the stage through some small curtain-rent, Mere watcher at this gorgeous spectacle. “ All about me for my food But now the curtain lifts:— my soul's swift powers Drops the wisdom of the wood: Rise robed and crowned—for lo! the play is ours!” What a thousand pine-trees think RAYMOND M. ALDEN. Is distilled to be my drink. “An ever-living tide of mirth That flows for aye about the Earth Begins to sing its song in me, NOTES ON NEW NOVELS. Squirrel, underneath your tree.” The author of “ The Hat Shop," Mrs. C. S. We return to America for a volume which Peel, seems to promise a work of the same kind should have found earlier notice in these col- in her later novel, “ Mrs. Barnet Robes (Lane), umns, Mr. Arthur Ficke's sequence of “Son- but there is considerable difference. The titular nets of a Portrait-Painter.” Mr. Ficke's work character is deserted, with a small daughter, by in the sonnet has won many a friendly word the gentleman she loves, and after hard work before now, and the new collection marks establishes herself as a dressmaker of fashion. He marries in his own class after a time, and his progress in his art. The sequence is a genu- first child is a daughter. The narrative divides ine one, with dramatic values over and above itself fairly between the two girls, who meet with- the lyrical ones, such as every such work must out knowledge of any relationship, but with have to give it unity. Unfortunately this recognition of an unusual personal resemblance. element is not developed as effectively as the The marriage is unfortunate, and the legitimate opening portion of the series gives warrant daughter grows up in an atmosphere of tragical for hoping. There the character of the painter | misunderstanding, while the other develops in a 66 1915) 31 THE DIAL » humbler walk of life into a happiness entirely mysterious “Pax" of his narrative an electric normal. It is a study of environments, thoughtful lever which shifts the earth's axis, and promises and carefully considered. to twist it further around if the nations do not Such a book as “His English Wife” (Longstop fighting. It is an absorbing tale, made plaus- mans), translated by Mr. A. C. Curtis from the ible in the face of evident difficulties. German of Herr Rudolph Stratz, is bound to have Mystery, complicated by theosophy, makes “ The more than fictional value at the present time, Brocklebank Riddle" (Century Co.), by Mr. written as it was before the outbreak of the war. Hubert Wales, a puzzling story indeed. After a It was widely popular in Germany, and has man's wife and his partner have seen him die, reached a second edition in England. It describes and one of them has seen his body cremated, he the difficulties attending the married life of a appears at his office. The situation becomes more young German officer and a young English girl and more strained when a woman whose husband whose father was born in Frankfort. It is just has disappeared without warning comes to inquire to Herr Stratz to say that he has contended after him. Brocklebank himself is puzzled, but against the usual impulse to set one's countrymen dismisses all thought of anything supernatural. a pace or two forward while the foreigner takes The last pages of the book solve the riddle as two steps to the rear. The capture of English ingeniously as the earlier pages proposed it. trade by Germany, one of the industriously ex- ploited fictions of the time, bears no small share in the story. BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. James Hay, Jr., has brought the "temperance tract fairly up to the compass of a novel in “The In General von Bernhardi's Man Who Forgot” (Doubleday). The protagonist Two German "Germany and England” (Dil- apologists. has steeped himself in drink until he emerges lingham), the erstwhile lion of from his last debauch absolutely forgetful of his militarism roars you as gently as any sucking past and with no clue to his identity. Determined dove. Americans are sufficiently familiar to overthrow the Demon Rum in revenge, as well with the doughty general's stout defence of as for the benefit supposed to enure, he enlists the resources of two millionaires whose sons have political tonic. They will now be amazed to war as a biological necessity and a moral and turned out drunkards, organizes a nation-wide demonstration at the Capital, and secures thereby learn from this little book, which is intended the adoption by Congress of a constitutional for American consumption, that the author amendment forbidding the importation, manufac- never meant to say the things one finds in his ture, and sale of alcoholic beverages. Incidentally earlier volumes, or that somehow, as the Ger- he gains a desirable wife and comes to a knowledge man Chancellor implied of his own unlucky of his earlier life; but the propaganda, as usual “scrap of paper" phrase, he “had his fingers in such books, outweighs the romance of the tale. crossed” when he did say them. War is here Mr. Jack London seems determined to prove justified only when peaceful means have that fiction can be stranger than fact, in spite of failed, and of course Germany had exhausted warring Europe's example to the contrary, and all such means last summer before the plunge “ The Scarlet Plague” (Macmillan) is a doughty was taken. The earlier Bernhardi had the effort to that end. By a world-wide epidemic, merit of candor; the present Bernhardi is an humanity is almost obliterated from the world, unpalatable mixture of disingenuousness and and the few who outlast the scourge are selected without reference to the survival of the fittest. naïveté. He is disingenuous in attempting to The story is placed in the mouth of a former pro- explain away his own sincere utterances, and fessor of a Californian university, transformed he is naïve in supposing that people will be into “ a dirty old man clad in goatskins.” Mankind fooled by that attempt. Like most of the is placed at the foot of the ladder once more, to German apologists, including even the dear begin a toilsome ascent, and the grandchildren of departed Dr. Dernburg, he grievously under- the survivors are depicted on the plane of the estimates the intelligence of the American Digger Indians. It is difficult to be sympathetic public. The book also comes at a most inop- with such a story; the realities are sufficiently portune moment, just when pro-Germans in ghastly nowadays. this country have been doing their best to dis- Civilization is at present so shaken by calamity avow and forget Bernhardi and all his ways.- that cataclysmic stories seem necessary if fiction A somewhat better statement of the German is to make itself as absorbing as the daily news- case is to be found in Dr. Paul Rohrbach's paper tale of slaughter and destruction. Accord- “Germany's Isolation " (McClurg), which has ingly, Mr. Arthur Train has written “ The Man been well translated by Dr. Paul H. Phillip- Who Rocked the Earth" (Doubleday) to show that science may still have a few things up its son. Nevertheless, readers of the same au- sleeve to add to the horrors of daily living; but thor's “German World Policies” (reviewed he reconciles his readers by invoking this awful in THE DIAL for April 15 last) will be dis- power on the side of peace. He makes the old appointed. The book, though written for the dream of Archimedes come true by giving the most part before the present struggle began, M 32 [June 24 THE DIAL con- was evidently composed in the shadow of com- diaries, including the bits of journals kept by ing events. The tone is aggressive, and even two of the Alcott girls, Anna and Louisa, menacing; it fairly vibrates with the note of with other contemporary records, have been approaching conflict, thus unconsciously fur- diligently searched and judiciously utilized nishing interesting testimony to the state of by Miss Sears, who has also added, by permis- mind of some observant Germans in the sion, Miss Alcott's ever-entertaining “Trans- months before the war broke out. An intro- cendental Wild Oats," and has given in an duction and a final chapter have been added appendix the very interesting "catalogue of by Dr. Rohrbach since the opening of hostili- the original Fruitlands library," about a ties. In the latter he appears as an apologist thousand volumes brought from England by for all of his country's acts: Germany was Alcott and his friend Charles Lane, and de- not the assailant, the Kaiser strove almost un- scribed in “The Dial” of that time as duly to keep the peace, the invasion of Bel- taining undoubtedly a richer collection of gium was justified because England violated mystical writers than any other library in Danish neutrality in 1807, etc. Yet the sig- this country.” Views of the Fruitlands house, nificant admission is made that it is difficult exterior and interior, with portraits of the to think of “a phase more favorable to the Alcotts and other inmates, are abundantly German cause than the present alignment of supplied. To readers of discernment the book Germany's forces and those of her opponents.' will commend itself as a veritable treasure. The book closes with the inevitable denuncia- tion of England as the one unpardonable foe. Civic work The stereotyped nature of German thinking on The most recently published of women volume in the “National Mu- the war has scarcely ever been more patheti- in America. cally revealed than in this volume by an ton) is Mrs. Mary Ritter Beard's “Woman's nicipal League Series" (Apple- intelligent publicist whose mind in normal Work in Municipalities." The original plan times has not lacked proper elasticity. of the author was to present simply a col- lection of readings illustrating the various From the early summer of 1843 phases of her subject. It was found, how- The story of a short-lived to the following mid-winter, a ever, that there are not in existence docu- community. little company of consecrated mentary materials adapted to the purpose, cranks," as they have since been called by the and consequently the chapters of the book irreverent, strove to realize the higher life and were written out by the author herself, with to set an example to the rest of the world by rest of the world by free use of passages from reports, correspon- practising, on a farm at Harvard, Massachu- dence, newspaper comment, and other scat- setts, the principles of strict vegetarianism, tered sources.” The result is a volume brotherly love, simplicity and sincerity, and covering every important aspect of the civic other virtues — with next to nothing in the work of women in this country in the past way of material resources whereby to prevent quarter-century, notably in relation to educa- this life of the spirit from becoming as inde- tion, public health, recreation, housing, cor- pendent of the body in actual fact as it was rections, the social evil, the assimilation of in ideal and aspiration. But the rigors of a races, and public safety. The fourfold pur- New England winter proved too severe a trial pose of the book is explained by the author of their faith to these apostles of "the New- to be: (1) to give something like an adequate ness," in their linen tunics and canvas shoes, notion of the extent and variety of women's and unsustained by more invigorating diet interests and activities in cities and towns, than a fast-diminishing ration of barley; and without attempting a statistical summary or so the high-hearted enterprise of ushering in evaluation; evaluation; (2) to indicate, in their own the millennium on a regimen of cereals and words, the spirit in which women have ap- water came to a premature end. * Bronson proached some of their most important prob- Alcott's Fruitlands” (Houghton) rehearses lems; (3) to show to women already at work the pathetic tale of this adventure in spir- and those just becoming interested in civic ituality. Miss Clara Endicott Sears, matters, the interrelation of each particular dweller upon the hill overlooking the scene of effort with larger social problems; and (4) the undertaking, has compiled, in a spirit to reflect the general tendencies of modern of mingled "pity, awe, and affection," this social work as they appear under the guidance account of the “Consociate Community" of men and women alike. It may be said that, founded by Alcott, with his long-suffering in the main, these praiseworthy objects are wife and his four daughters, and a half-score accomplished. Information concerning the of more or less earnest and ascetic souls from civic activities of women, in smaller towns no different quarters of the globe. Letters and less than in the great cities, is brought to- а 1915) 33 THE DIAL > gether from widely scattered quarters, sifted, by the hexameters of Virgil when six weeks digested, correlated, and presented in form old, to know one forgets how many languages both unassuming and convincing. And the at five, to have written a play in Esperanto at temptation (which must have been strong) so four, to have kept a carefully written diary to stress the part played by women in civic from the age of two, and to have convinced betterment as to produce an incorrect impres- "an old-fashioned Professor” at five that she sion has been resisted. "knew all the famous myths handed down by the Grecians, Romans and Vikings,” etc., etc. Of considerable interest for the After reading the pages which tell of her Our literature estimated by opportunity it gives of seeing knowledge of Latin, another “old-fashioned a foreigner. ourselves as others see us is the Professor” is tempted to suggest that if this little book on “American Literature” (Double- little girl really knows Latin it is a pity that day), by Professor Leon Kellner of the Uni- she was not called upon to read the proof of versity of Czernowitz, translated by Miss this volume and correct the sad blunders in Julia Franklin. Professor Kellner's estimates Latin words and sentences which have passed of the greater American writers and their unchallenged the eyes of her mother, who works are, on the whole, those with which we taught her the language and wrote the book, are familiar; though it seems strange, for and of Professor O'Shea, the general editor of example, to find no mention of the Harvard the series. The average parent who reads the “ Commemoration Ode” when three of Low- book will scarcely conclude that the kind of ell's lesser odes are praised. The peculiarities education which it describes is either natural of the work are found chiefly in the attention or desirable. And yet Professor O'Shea boldly bestowed on authors who, at home, are consid- challenges comparison of the book with Rous- ered “minor," but who to the foreign observer seau's " Émile,” claiming for it a style fully as are especially significant. Eugene Field and attractive as that of the French classic, and C. G. Leland are each given as much space as the advantage of being an account of what has Bryant; and the former, who is highly praised, actually been accomplished, rather than an almost as much space as Whittier. Emily exposition of what an educational theorist Judson, H. C. Dodge, and A. W. Bellow are thinks desirable. “It is not beyond reason," among the names which appear in Professor he adds, “to expect that the present volume Kellner's book, and are not commonly found will do for the practise of teaching at home in native histories of our literature. For these and in the school what 'Émile' has done for judgments of a distant observer, even those the theory of education.” Prophecy, of course, which seem most erratic, there are conceivable can be met only with counter prophecy; but reasons which the American student would do the style of written books is open to inspection, well to ponder. Statements of fact are mostly and Professor O'Shea will search long for a accurate, but unfortunately the book abounds disinterested and competent critic to agree in crude misprints of proper names which with him in the dictum that the style of this might have been avoided if translator or volume is on a level with that of Rousseau, or proofreader had been even moderately famil- of any other fairly competent master of iar with American literary history. Typical French prose,— an instrument of expression of such blunders are “ Hannah W. Forster" which no other modern tongue equals save in (p. 9), “Quabi ” (p. 21), “Natty Bumppo" very rare instances. (p. 33), “Duyckink” (p. 147), "Edgar Allen Poe" (p. 159), “The Facts in the Case of M. The noblest of the arts, in the Waldemar” (p. 165)— the last evidently the An orator opinion of the late Governor result of a double transliteration. on his art. Altgeld, is oratory. A new 47, “Expostulation” and “Massachusetts to printing of his little book on " Oratory,' Virginia " seem, either through an error or which originally appeared in 1901, now comes through awkwardness of the English sentence, from the press with this year's date on its to be credited to Bryant. title-page. In discussing the principles of public speaking the author falls little short The development What is “Natural Education"! of poetic fervor in praise of the oratorical gift. of an infant If we are to accept the view of Oratory,” he declares, “is an individual phenomenon. the mother of Miss Winifred accomplishment, and no vicissitudes of for- Sackville Stoner, Jr., whose account of her tune can wrest it from the owner. It points daughter's training is published under that the martyr's path to the future; it guides the title by the Bobbs-Merrill Company, in the reaper's hand in the present, and it turns the “Childhood and Youth Series,” it is a “natu- face of ambition toward the delectable hills ral education " for a girl to be lulled to sleep of achievement. One great speech made to | 6 1 On page 34 (June 24 THE DIAL 1 Not be an intelligent audience in favor of the rights NOTES. of man will compensate for a life of labor, will crown a career with glory and give a joy “ The Hope of the Family” is the title of a that is born of the divinities." Like Demos- novel of the present war by Mr. and Mrs. Egerton Castle, announced by Messrs. Appleton. thenes, Mr. Altgeld makes “action," or deliv- ery, the first, second, and third requisite of Early in September“ Jane Clegg," the first play by Mr. St. John Ervine to be published in oratory. Admirable, and not exactly to be this country, will be issued by Messrs. Holt. expected from an effective public speaker, is his insistence on literary excellence as a prime during the Great War," by Mr. Archibald T. A volume of " Sonnets of the Empire before and essential of good oratory. “Literary excel- Strong, will soon come from the press of Messrs. lence is the robe of immortality without which Macmillan. no speech can live." True, but many an un- A new edition of an early volume by Mr. Have- literary and even illiterate harangue has lock Ellis, "Affirmations," is promised for early wrought powerfully upon its hearers. Not publication. It will contain an important new without autobiographic interest and meaning preface written by the author. is the following concerning the orator of “ Germany's Violation of the Laws of War," a unselfish purpose: “If he would reach the report prepared under the direction of the French highest estate possible on this earth he must Ministry for Foreign Affairs, is in train for early stand resolutely with his face toward the sun; publication by Messrs. Putnam. and when the cry of oppressed humanity calls A play of old Japan, entitled “ The Faithful: for sacrifice he must promptly say, “Here, A Tragedy in Three Acts," by Mr. John Masefield, Lord, am I.” The greatest orators have not is announced. The period chosen is that of the seldom been the champions of lost causes, as beginning of the eighteenth century. the writer notes, and "defeat is often the Before the end of the month the fourth volume baptism of immortality.” A lofty idealism of “ Glimpses of the Cosmos," the series including reveals itself on almost every page of this the collected essays of the late Lester F. Ward, remarkable little treatise, and nowhere more will be published by Messrs. Putnam. This vol- clearly than in the assertion that “isolation is ume will contain the contributions the author made during his prime - from his forty-fourth the price of greatness, and the stars are all to his fifty-second year. the friends an orator needs." The book is issued by “The Public,” Ellsworth Building, Mr. Frederic Harrison has collected his scat- Chicago. tered writings on the relations of Germany and Britain, covering a period of fifty years, in a The short monograph by Dr. C. volume to be published under the title of “The Germany and Snouck Hurgronje, of Leiden German Peril.” The book is divided into three the “Holy War." University, entitled “The Holy sections, the first entitled “ Forecasts, 1864-1914," War: Made in Germany" (Putnam), is in- the second “Realities, 1915," and the third tended to clear up misconceptions as to the "Hopes, 1914" nature of a jihad or “ holy war.” Following An anthology entitled “Literary California," the coup d'état by which Germany dragged made up of selections in prose and verse from hesitant Turkey into the war last October writers identified with the Pacific West, is an- came the proclamation of the jihad, by which nounced for early publication by Mr. John J. New- Germany hoped to incite all Moslems to a begin of San Francisco. The compiler is Mrs. Ella Sterling Mighels, author of “The Story of the general attack on Great Britain and France. Files.” Biographical sketches and portraits of That the attack failed to ensue is now a matter the writers represented, bibliographical data, and of common knowledge. Dr. Hurgronje ex- a full index will add much to the value of the plains the reasons, and shows how German work. expectations were based on ignorance. Ac- A new series of biographies is in prospect, the cording to Islamic doctrine, no wars are per- project being the joint venture of Messrs. Henry missible except those against the infidels, and Holt & Co. and Messrs. Constable & Co. of every such war is a jihad. But modern Turkey London. It will be entitled “ Makers of the Nine- is mainly made up of Christians, and, con- teenth Century," and will be edited by Mr. Basil versely, the majority of Mohammedans are Williams. Each volume is to contain the life of a citizens of other countries. Moreover, not man or woman who has had an influence on the only is there no political unity in the modern century. The three titles scheduled for publica- Moslem world, but even the Caliphate or tion this fall are, “ John Delane," by Sir E. T. Cook; “Abraham Lincoln," by Lord Charnwood; central religious authority of the Ottoman Em- and "Herbert Spencer," by Mr. Hugh S. Elliot. pire is no longer recognized. Hence the mis- Biographies of Cecil Rhodes, Victor Hugo, Lord calculations of Germany in trying to revive a Shaftesbury, and General Lee are in preparation. medieval institution so hopelessly out of place Bulletins of the far-away Philippine Library in the world of to-day. make their rather belated appearance in our office > 1915) 35 THE DIAL from time to time, giving information chiefly as The Lonely Way, Intermezzo, Countess Mizzie: Three Plays. By Arthur Schnitzler; translated to recent accessions, with occasional items of wider from the German, with Introduction, by Edwin interest, as, for example, in the October issue, a Björkman. “Modern Drama Series.' 12mo, 323 pages. Mitchell Kennerley: $1.50 net. brief history of the library from the formation of Processionals. By John Curtis Underwood. 12mo, the American Circulating Library Association of 273 pages. Mitchell Kennerley. The Judge: A Play in Four Acts. By Louis James Manila, in memory of American soldiers and sail- Block. "American Dramatists Series." 12mo, ors killed or wounded in the Philippines an or- 119 pages. The Gorham Press. $1. net. ganization from which the present one had its FICTION. origin -- down through the transfer of the insti- The Miracle of Love, By Cosmo Hamilton. 12mo, tution to the government in 1901, its incorporation 325 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.25 net. Pieces of the Game: A Modern Instance. By the with the Bureau of Education in 1905, its trans- Countess de Chambrun. With frontispiece, 12mo, formation by legislative act into its present con- 259 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.35 net. Five Fridays. By Frank R. Adams. Illustrated, dition (except as to fees) in 1909, and the entire 12mo, 339 pages. Small, Maynard & Co. $1.25 net. removal of fees last July. In that and the fol- Accidentals. By Helen Mackay. 12mo, 320 pages. Duffield & Co. $1.25 net. lowing month about two thousand cards were The Auction Mart. By Sydney Tremayne. 12mo, issued, two-thirds of them to Filipinos. In the 341 pages. John Lane Čo. $1.25 net. The Enemy. By George Randolph Chester and reading-room the proportion of native readers is Lillian Chester. Illustrated, 12mo, 362 pages. between seventy and eighty per cent. Hearst's International Library Co. $1.35 net. Come Out to play. By M. E. F. Irwin. 12mo, 304 Publication of a second series of classics in pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.25 net. science and philosophy has been begun by the PUBLIC AFFAIRS, SOCIOLOGY AND Open Court Publishing Co. The first series, en- ECONOMICS. America and Her titled “The Religion of Science Library," was Problems. By Paul H. B. D'Estournelles de Constant. With portrait, begun just after the World's Columbian Exposi- 12mo, 545 pages. Macmillan Co. $2. net. tion held in Chicago in 1893. Its purpose was The Japanese Problem in the United States. By H. A. Millis. Illustrated, 12mo, 334 pages. Mac- to put the study of religion on a scientific basis, millan Co. $1.50 net. and was the direct outcome of the founding of the Street-Land: Its Little People and Big Problems. By Philip Davis. Illustrated, 12mo, 291 pages. Open Court Publishing Company by the late Small, Maynard & Co. $1.35 net. Edward C. Hegeler of La Salle, Ill. He was very Population: A Study in Malthusianism. By Warren S. Thompson, Ph.D. 8vo, 216 pages. Longmans, much interested in the Religious Parliament idea, Green & Co. Paper, $1.75 net. the first meeting of which was called the World's The Orthocratic State: The Unchanging Principles of Civics and Government. By John Sherwin Congress of Religions, held in Chicago in 1893. Crosby. With portrait, 12mo, 166 pages. Sturgis This series deals largely with the philosophy of & Walton Co. $1. net. Nationalization of Railways in Japan. By Toshiharu religion. It now numbers seventy volumes. The Watarai, Ph.D. 8vo, 156 pages. Longmans, second series will consist of reprints of classics Green & Co. Paper, $1.25 net. marking the historical development of science and THE GREAT WAR — ITS HISTORY, PROBLEMS, philosophy. The first volume of the series is still AND CONSEQUENCES. The World in the Crucible: An Account of the in preparation; but the second volume, made up Origins and Conduct of the Great War. By Sir of “ Selections from the Scottish Philosophy of Gilbert Parker. With portrait, 12mo, 422 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50 net. Commonsense,” has just appeared. In thus mak- The Great War: The Second Phase. By Frank H. ing available in convenient and inexpensive form Simonds. With maps, 12mo, 284 pages. Mitchell Kennerley. $1.25 net. the classics of philosophic thought, the publishers The Note-book of an Attaché: Seven Months in the War Zone. are rendering a service that should be widely By Eric Fisher Wood. Illustrated, 12mo, 345 pages. Century Co. $1.60 net. appreciated. Cartoons on the War. By Boardman Robinson. Illustrated, large 8vo, 75 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50 net. Feld Hospital and Flying Column: Being the Jour, LIST OF NEW BOOKS. nal of an English Nursing Sister in Belgium and Russia. By Violetta Thurstan. 12mo, 184 pages. | The following list, containing 59 titles, includes books G. P. Putnam's Song. $1. net. received by THE DIAL since its last issue.) 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Charles Scribner's of Science and Philosophy." 12mo, 267 pages. Sons. 60 cts. net. Open Court Publishing Co. $1.25 net. 36 [June 24 THE DIAL I I Eye-Witness's Narrative of the War From the Marne September, 1914, to Neuve Chapelle to March, 1915 Crown 8vo. 312 pp. $0.75 net This volume contains all the descriptive accounts by "An Eye-Witness Present with General Headquarters," Issued by the British Press Bureau up to the end of March, 1915. The narra- tive as a whole is not only an illuminating commentary on the operations and achievements of the British Expeditionary Force, but may be said to constitute "a very valuable contribution to the history of the war, and as such is worthy of a permanent place on the library shelves. Longmans, Green, & Co. Fourth Ave. and 30th St., New York I I BOOKS OF REFERENCE. The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. By L. H. Bailey. Volumes II and III.; each illustrated in color, etc., 4to. Macmillan Co. Per volume, $6. net. 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City, Writo for Catalogue. 1915 39 THE DIAL The July number of The Yale Review contains: Rights of the United States as a Neutral and The Fate of the Dardanelles “AT MCCLURG'S” It is of interest and importance to Librarians to know that the books reviewed and advertised in this magazine can be pur- chased from us at advantageous prices by Public Libraries, Schools, Colleges and Universities In addition to these books we have an exceptionally large stock of the books of all pub- lishers - a more complete as- sortment than can be found on the shelves of any other book- store in the entire country. We solicit correspondence from librarians unacquainted with our facilities. LIBRARY DEPARTMENT A.C. McClurg & Co., Chicago The first of these timely articles is by Charles Cheney Hyde, professor of international law at Northwestern University. The other is by Sir Edwin Pears, chief English authority on the Near East. 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(The American Writer's Year Book and Direotory) which lists in classes, with indexes, cross-indexes and definite statements of the kinds of material in demand in each market, more than 5,000 pur- chasers of short stories, novels, essays, poems, articles, plays, vaudeville material, photoplays, jokes, photographs, post card sentiments, para- graphs, etc. If there are markets for a writer's manuscripts they are made available in this guide. Cloth, 300 pages, $1.50 postpaid THE EDITOR, Box 509, Ridgewood N. J., Write to-day. THE NEW REPUBLIC 421 Went Twenty-First Street NEW YORK CITY 40 [ June 24, 1915 THE DIAL BRITISH EMBASSY, ALBERT BUSHNELL HART Washington, Oct. 23, 1912. Professor of Government in Harvard MY DEAR SIR: University Having just returned to Washington, I find a copy of your book entitled Retrospec- 5 Quincy Chambers, Cambridge, Mass. lion, and hasten to thank you for it. I am February 28, 1913. reading it with very great interest. GENTLEMEN: The light you throw upon much of I have been very much inter- the early history of California at ested in H. H. Baneroft's Retro- the time of the first American spection, which gives a very vivid occupation of the country, as well picture of a side of California as upon the early history of the Mormons, is new to me life about which we know far too little and have far too and of the highest value and interest. It tempts me little material, namely the actual upbuilding of the indeed to wish that you had found it possible to enter community in the face of economic and political diffi- even more fully into details regarding the events and culties. It is a permanent source in the history of the characters of those stirring times. California. Very truly yours, Believe me, with renewed thanks, Very faithfully yours, ALBERT BUSHNELL HART. H. H. BANCROFT, Esqre. JAMES BRYCE. The BANCROFT COMPANY. Judge's Chambers, Juvenile Court, Denver, Colo. Ben B. LINDSEY, Judge. “I have read with a great deal of pleasure Mr. Bancroft's splendid volume Retrospection. This is one of the most interesting and valuable books that has come to my notice in a long time, in that it shows a clear conception of conditions past and present, and also the future needs of our country. I sincerely hope the book will have the wide circulation it deserves, since it is a volume that will be very useful to every good citizen." Ben B. LINDSEY. “Heroic confidence in America's future."-London Athenaeum. "I have just been RETROSPECTION reading your volume Retrospection. Natur- MY DEAR SIRS: ally I share the feeling I deeply appreciate of all Americans that a Mr. Bancroft's courtesy peculiar debt of grati- POPULAR HISTORY OF MEXICO in sending me a copy of tude is owing to you for his new work, Retrospec- your work as a his- By Hubert HowE BANCROFT. tion. Pray express to torian. Mr. Bancroft my very THEODORE ROOSEVELT. Standing out as they do from the many ephemeral publications warm thanks and say “A wealth of infor- on California and the Panama Canal, these three late books by Mr. that I shall look forward mation and a world of with pleasure to the op- Bancroft, the result of sixty years of investigation and study, offer philosophy."—Hartford THE NEW PACIFIC portunity of reading it. (Cl.) Post. permanent value as well as present interest. As a memento of this Sincerely yours, most memorable year, for visitors and others, these books are un- WOODROW WILSON. rivaled. THE BANCROFT COM- PANY. "Retrospection is an admirable presentation of the great forward movement in our po- litical life." ALBERT J. BEVERIDGE. "One of the most re- markable books of the age, wherein truth in- deed is stranger than fiction." E. O. CHAPMAN. "Delightfully profit- I able reading.' STEPHEN A. Wise. "AS I WAS SAYING, IT MUST BE A POOR TWENTIETH CENTURY LIBRARY THAT HASN'T IN IT BANCROFT'S NEW PACIFIC AND BETROSPECTION" "He has lived in the times which he "His is a mind of magnificently broad depicts with so graphic a pen.' scope."--Chicago Tribune. Springfield (Mass.) Union. "Mr. Bancroft's books show honesty “Every page reveals the remarkable by the side of modern sophistries." mind of a remarkable man."— Brooklyn Philadelphia Press. (N. Y.) Standard Union. "Mi Bancroft is recognized as an authority of the first rank."-New York “In comparatively few pages we have Tribune. the philosophy, the ethics, the concep; "Shows a sound, healthy literary tion of the Panama Canal."—New York judgment."-Atlantic Monthly. Times. "No tribute can be too great to his "From beginning to end the books are industry and research."--British Quar- delightful reading."— Boston Globe. lerly Review. "We find him always stimulating."- A narrative clear, logical, and at- New York Nation. tractive."-London Times. “I have found in it much of interest." CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS. "It is a wonderful bird's-eye view of won- derful things. An ex- ceedingly interesting and illuminating book. JACOB A. Rus. "His style is clear and without affecta- tion."- London West- minsler Review. “I have read it with great interest. It is not only the record of the labors of a diligent American historian, but also a very lively expó. sition of views." HENRY VAN DYKE. At the Bookstores. Each, $2 Net. The 3 Vols. in neat box $6. Published by The Ban- croft Company of New York, 156 Fifth Ave., Rob. ert D. Bristol, President. Temporarily at 731 Market St., San Francisco. "I have been so fa- miliar with his his- tories that I have read with much interest his methods." JAMES B. ANGELL. PRESS OF THE HENRY O. SHEPARD COMPANY socio. APR L THE DIAL A FORTNIGHTLY JOURNAL OF Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information FOUNDED BY Volume LIX. FRANCIS F. BROWNE) No. 695. CHICAGO, JULY 15, 1915. 10 cts. a copy. ) $2. a year. EDITED BY WALDO R. BROWNE Two Very Important New Books De Morgan's Budget of Paradoxes By AUGUSTUS DE MORGAN Edited with Full Bibliographical Notes and Index By DAVID EUGENE SMITH Teachers' College, Columbia University, New York Author of Rara Arithmetica, Portfolio of Eminent Mathematicians, etc., etc. THE BUDGET OF PARADOXES. As a piece of delicious satire upon the efforts of circlers of squares, and their kind, there is nothing else in English literature that is quite so good as the delightful Budget of Paradoxes of Augustus de Morgan. While absolutely scientific in its conclusions, the work is not technical, but is written in a popular style which any one can appreciate. THE PRESENT EDITION. Many names which were common property in England when this work was first published 50 years ago, and incidents which were subjects of general conversation then have long since been forgotten, so that some of the charm of the original edition would be lost on the reader of the present day in publishing a reprint. Accordingly, in this new edition, it was arranged to leave the original text intact, to introduce such captions and rubrics as should assist the reader in separating the general topics, and to furnish a set of footnotes which should supply him with complete information. The publishers feel that this unique work will prove a source of delight to all who peruse its pages. THE EDITOR. David Eugene Smith, Ph.D., LL.D., has worked in de Morgan's library, is thor- oughly familiar with all of de Morgan's writings, and has a type of mind, tastes, experience and learning, which are sympathetic with those of the author of the Budget. VALUE TO PUBLIC LIBRARIES. This new edition may properly take its place among the valu- able works of reference in our public libraries. The circle-squarers and the angle-trisectors are present everywhere and always, and a popular work that will show them their folly is a thing that every library should welcome. The great care taken by Dr. Smith in his notes also renders the work invaluable on a shelf of general reference. Two Volumes, pp. 500 each. Cloth, $3.50 per Vol. Goethe: With Special Reference to His Philosophy By DR. PAUL CARUS A sympathetic study of one of the most notable men in the world's history. The author delineates to us Goethe, the man, the poet, the thinker, and Goethe the man is almost a more attractive figure than the poet or the thinker. He was sanely human; liberal, but not an infidel; religious, but not dogmatic or addicted to church partisanship; he worshipped God in Nature, so that we may call him either a pantheist or a monist. He was positive in his inmost nature and so opposed the destructiveness of all negativism. A positive attitude was so characteristic of Goethe that he denounced the methods of so-called higher criticism as applied to Homer, as well as to the New Testament. His satire on Barth, the New Testament higher critic of his day, and many of his philosophical poems are here translated for the first time. Goethe's relations with women have often been criticized and rarely understood. His friendship with Friederike is described in this book and judged with fairness. The facts are stated, not in a partisan spirit, but purely from the historical standpoint. Among the large number of books on the interpretation and appreciation of the ethics and philosophy of Goethe's writings, this one contains the best statement of its undercurrent of philosophic thought. Pp. 357; Illustrations 185; Cloth, Gilt Top, $3.00 Net. THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMPANY, Chicago 42 (July 15 THE DIAL -A Timely Book It should be in every reference library. FLEETS OF THE WORLD 1915 “The Weak Man and the Strong Fleet i. e. Sir Edward Grey" HOW ONE MAN'S PERSONAL GRUDGE HAS COST 1,000,000 LIVES Compiled from official sources and classified according to types. 103 full-page illus- trations. 198 pages. Oblong 8vo. Cloth. $2.50 net. You want to look up the points of a battleship, cruiser, destroyer, or submarine that has appeared in the day's news, or to make sure of some naval term, or to compare gun strengths of the different navies--this book gives complete data. The illustrations of battleships, cruisers, and submarines and the complete list of all ships of all nations, makes the work one of thoroughness and value unrivalled by any other publication. It is up to date- there is a table of all the naval losses to date. For instance, note is made of the internment of the Kronprinz Wilhelm. There are also lists of ships now building. “I hold that Sir Edward Grey did wrong in binding England by his secret engagements (un- known even to the English Cabinet and probably to the King) to take part against Germany in a war over an issue which did not concern us. Extract from an article by F. C. Cony- beare, famous Oxford scholar, in the July Open COURT just out. This article was originally sent to the official publication of the Rationalist Press of London but its editors refused to publish it. The contents of the July OPEN COURT are unusually good. All news stands or sent direct on receipt of price. $1.00 yearly -single copy 10 cents. The Open Court Publishing Company 1001 Peoples Gas Building CHICAGO AT ALL BOOKSTORES - J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY THE FORUM THE LEADING AMERICAN REVIEW AND MAGAZINE The FORUM is the magazine through which the foremost writers of the day reach the thinking, creating people of the world. People who believe in ideals, but not in ranting; people who have passed beyond the narrow limits of provincialism in politics, literature, art and the knowledge of life. The FORUM is essential to every man and woman who is inter- ested in the present, its dependence on the past and its relation to the future. The price is 25 cents a copy; $2.50 a year. A three months' trial subscription for 50 cents. MITCHELL KENNERLEY Publisher, NEW YORK 1915) 43 THE DIAL Authoritative Books of the Hour A New Swift The Real German at Home Humor of the War BOON: THE MIND OF THE RACE Reginald Bliss Introduction by H. G. Wells You must have noticed everywhere the eager articles about this book by a mysterious author, so beautifully satirizing England of to-day--from its writers to its Parliament- that here is seen a new satirist of the rank of Dean Swift. Net, $1.35 THE SOUL OF GERMANY Dr. Thomas F. A. Smith Professor Smith, for years instructor in English in the University of Erlangen, Bavaria, here gives an intensive study of the Germans at home, during the period 1902-14. Their schools, morals, ideals, daily habits, he tells frankly and fearlessly. Net, $1.25 PUNCH CARTOONS ON THE GREAT WAR From Punch Over a hundred cartoons on the Great War from Punch, particularly those referring to Uncle Sam and to the Kaiser, dignified symbols of the spirit of Britannia mingled with lively little thumb-nail sketches. 8vo., Net, $1.50 INDIA AND THE WAR Introduction by Lord Sydenham With thirty illustrations, mostly in color, and many reports from the native Indian press, here is shown India's quick and dramatic rally to the Empire during the War. Net, $1.00 COLLECTED DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE ON THE EUROPEAN WAR Here, for the first time, are ALL of the significant original documents on the war, including the British correspondence, the French Yellow Book, the Russian Orange Book, the Belgian Gray Book, the Serbian Blue Book, the German White Book, the Austro-Hungarian Red Book, etc. 4to., Net, $1.00 WHEN BLOOD IS THEIR ARGUMENT Ford Madox Hueffer Nobody knows Prussia better than Mr. Hueffer, and his indictment of German'civiliza- tion' is the most effective that has yet appeared.”—London Morning Post. Net, $1.00 The Faith of India All the Diplomatic Correspon- dence What Is Kultur? 16 FICTION OF DIGNITY AND WIDE INTEREST MILLSTONE Harold Begbie A strong and truth-founded story of the giant forces of syndicated vice which still-uninjured by the recent timid "exposes"--threaten our youth; told in a keenly interesting novel. Color end-papers. Net, $1.25 THE RAT-PIT Patrick MacGill Receiving everywhere the most enthusiastic praise for its astonishing picture of the unspeakable poverty of the Irish peasants, and the fine strain of poetry which, nevertheless, runs through all their lives. Norah is a heroine who will endure. Net, $1.25 THE INVISIBLE EVENT J. D. Beresford The Jacob Stahl trilogy is at last completed with a genuine work of talent that, in its picture of the life of an aspiring young man of to-day, breaks away from romantic conventionalities, and rings superbly true. Net, $1.35 The Jacob Stahl trilogy, three volumes, boxed. Net, $2.50 THE TAMING OF ZENAS HENRY Sara Ware Bassett A story of the shadowy woods and sun-brightened shore of Cape Cod, in which you catch the exhilarating scent of sea-breeze and hear the drawling voices of the old sea-capn's. Color end-papers. Net, $1.25 THE EAGLE OF THE EMPIRE Cyrus Townsend Brady A story of Waterloo, through which stalks the giant and romantic figure of Napoleon. Illustrations by The Kinneys. Net, $1.35 A BRIDE OF THE PLAINS Baroness Orczy Not all life is subjected to the drab routine of office and asphalt, even yet; in Hungary where poppies dot the wheat and the girls wear the gay costumes of old, life is still eager-colored, and of that land is the new tale by the author of "The Scarlet Pimpernel."Net, $1.35 THE VALLEY OF FEAR Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Continuing in unabated favor not only because in it Sherlock Holmes returns to us, but also because of the sheer excitement of the story as a story. Illustrations by Arthur Í. Keller. Net, $1.25 GEORGE H. DORAN COMPANY 38 West 32nd Street New York Publishers in America for HODDER & ST O UGHTON 44 [July 15, 1915 THE DIAL NEW MACMILLAN PUBLICATIONS NEW BOOKS ON AMERICAN AFFAIRS America and Her Problems By Paul Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant A penetrating and particularly timely dis- cussion of our national and international prob- lems as seen by a statesman of rare genius and a keen student of governmental affairs. “One of the most interesting volumes of observation and comment on this country which has yet been written."—New York Times. $2.00 The Japanese Problem in the United States By H. A. Millis Professor of Economics in the University of Kansas. A frank and highly interesting discussion of an important question; the result of a special investigation and study of the actual conditions in California, considering immigration and the treatment of established Japanese. Illustrated, $1.50 NEW BOOKS ON SOCIOLOGY, ETC. Societal Evolution By Albert Galloway Keller Professor of the Science of Society in Yale College. A serious and important study of the evolu- tionary basis of the science of society. “Thoroughly, good throughout, sober, well buttressed and intelligent at every point.' - Professor Franklin H. Giddings. $1.50 The Social Problem By Charles A. Ellwood “Not only sound, in its general positions, but sound in details....I know of no book upon the social problem which can command so completely the endorsement of social thinkers everywhere." -- Professor E. A. Ross. $1.25 NEW BOOKS OF TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION Russia and the World By Stephen Graham A record of recent observations in a country of which the author has long been a sympathic student, giving an intimate picture of the Russian people. Illustrated, $2.00 Highways and Byways of California By Clifton Johnson Describes vividly the scenery and life in and around California. Contains much valuable in- formation for the California tourist, especially visitors to the exposition. New Exposition Edition. Illustrated, $1.50 NEW BOOKS OF POETRY, DRAMA, ETC. The Salon and English Letters By Chauncey B. Tinker Professor of English in Yale College. A scholarly and interesting discussion of the inter-relation of literature and society in the age of Johnson. Illustrated, $2.25 Spoon River Anthology By Edgar Lee Masters “The greatest American poetry since Whit- man's."-William Marion Reedy. It more vividly paints a community than any other book in American literature. It is an American Comedie Humaine."-Boston Tran- script. $1.25 The Sorrows of Belgium A Play in Six Scenes By Leonid Andreyev Translated by Herman Bernstein. Under a transparent disguise, Maeterlinck, the foremost Belgium poet and thinker, is the leading character in this drama of the Belgian Tragedy, and the heroic King Albert also plays a conspicuous part. $1.25 Sword Blades and Poppy Seed By Amy Lowell Author of "A Dome of Many Colored Glass." "Against the multitudinous array of daily verse our times produce this volume utters itself with a range and brilliancy wholly remarkable. I cannot see that Miss Lowell's use of unrhymed vers libre has been surpassed in English."- Josephine Preston Peabody, The Boston Herald. $1.25 64-66 stilished., N.Y. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY On Sale Wherever Books Are Sold THE DIAL A Fortnightly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information. THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published fortnightly - every other Thursday -- except in July and August, in which one issue for each month will appear. TERMS OF SUBSCRIP- TION, $2. a year in advance, postage prepaid in the United States and Merico; Foreign and Canadian postage 50 cents per year extra. REMITTANCES should be by check, or by express or postal order, payable to THE DIAL. Unless other. wise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the current num- ber. When no direct request to discontinue at expiration of subscription is received, it is assumed that a continuance of the subscription is desired. ADVERTISING RATES furnished on application. Published by THE HENRY O. SHEPARD COMPANY, 632 Sherman Street, Chicago. Entered as Second-Class Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post Office at Chicago, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879. Vol. LIX. JULY 15, 1915 No. 698 CONTENTS. PAGE ESSAYS AND ESSAYISTS. Charles Leonard Moore 45 CASUAL COMMENT 47 Superimposed culture.—The dedication of the finest of university library buildings.--A nation's unfaith in its own literature. - Our ancestors' respect for books.—The Russian peasant's appreciation of Shakespeare.— Mis- placed books.-A monument of encyclopædic research.— How to become an expert book- collector.- Plumed knights.—The library as an aid to efficiency.—The difference between reading and studying. COMMUNICATIONS 51 The Wisconsin Survey Once More: George c. Comstock. A Word for Dr. Allen. Margaret A. Friend. Kuno Meyer and the Harvard Prize Poem. F. P. A Translator's Error. A. H. Fisher. THE MODERN THOREAU. Henry Seidel Canby 54 SOCIALISM AND THE GREAT WAR. Thomas Percival Beyer 56 RELICS OF THE BRONZE AGE IN GREECE. Frederick Starr . 58 AN AMERICAN DRAMA OF THE 18TH CEN- TURY. William B. Cairns 60 THE NEW SPIRIT IN AMERICAN POLI. TICS. Frederic Austin 099 62 RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne 63 NOTES ON NEW NOVELS 66 BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 67 A Belgian's prophecy of the great war.- Japanese art interpreted by a Japanese.- A survey and study of the modern drama.-A soldier's narrative, by General Joffre.—A study of city managership. — Men and women of new France.-A comprehensive library manual.- Strathcona as the evil genius of Canada.—The German as a human being.- A colonial glass-maker. BRIEFER MENTION 72 NOTES .... 72 TOPICS IN JULY PERIODICALS. 74 LIST OF NEW BOOKS . 74 ESSAYS AND ESSAYISTS. We doubt whether any kind of reading yields more easy pleasure than the good essay. Of course it lacks the excitements of the higher forms of literature,- the vivid lightning and appalling thunder of tragedy; the epic splendor, where verse marches on like captive kings and warriors in a Roman tri- umph; the ordered disorder of the comic med- ley, which makes our sides ache and our tense minds relax; the interest of the novel, which seizes upon us with the first page and keeps us in pleasing torment until we turn the last; the keen, instantaneous joys and pains of the lyrie. All these it lacks; or rather, it has them only by hints and recollected visions. The essay is something like an autumn stream which flows before us gleaming white or sombre through its matted debris of red and yellow and green and brown,- a carpet which has been blossoms, which has been foliage waving in the wind and sun. Half our inter- est in the essay is in the current of mind and personality it reveals, and half in the rich burden which it bears. All other literary kinds are fenced about with restrictions: they have laws and methods which they cannot overstep; a circle is drawn about them to keep out the evil influence which would tear them to pieces; they must retain their form, like a Prince Rupert drop, which if it be pinched in the tail shatters into fragments. But the only rule of the essay is to have no rule. It is most like a little piece of original chaos. Of course it generally has a subtle evolution; and like everything that tangibly exists, it must have a beginning, a middle, and an end. Subject, however, to the slightest restrictions it can be anything and do everything. It can jump from one business to another,--some of De Quincey's essays are one monstrous digression. It can mingle heroic outlines with the homeliest details, -as Cellini threw his household utensils into the molten bronze to eke out the cast of his Perseus. It can be a traveller's sketch or a Dutch painting of an interior. It can be gay and lively with adventure, or can rise to solemn fugues of thought as in Sir Thomas . . . . . 46 [July 15 THE DIAL Browne's "Urn Burial," Milton's "Areopa- To unbosom oneself seems to be a short cut gitica," Addison's “Vision of Mirzah," or to the affection of the world, which likes to De Quincey's “ Our Ladies of Sorrow.” It play the part of a priest in the confessional is the miscellaneous form of literature: an and hearken to sins and peccadilloes, vaunt- olla podrida; in its poorest manifestations a ings and vaporings. That is the secret of the hash,— what the Bowery waiter calls “a perennial charm of memoirs,— whether Cel- graveyard stew." lini's grim and boasting tale or Pepys's can- Essays divide into two main species: those did one. It is what gave Marie Bashkirtseff's which deal with life, and those which voice book its vogue not long ago; the world recog- opinions about books, pictures, art of all sorts. nized that she simply told what most young We hope we are not pushing analysis too far, girls think, though no one before had had the but the first of these species again divides into courage to set it down. If Walt Whitman, two kinds: the essay where the personality of instead of writing queer verse, had put into the author is dominant, and that in which, good prose all that laudation of himself, he as in a Claude Lorraine glass, we get minia- would probably have ten readers where he now ture glimpses of the outside world. In the has one. But the great essayists, those we first we are talking with the man himself, as have named and others of the same blood, min- with the most intimate acquaintance. We are gle their egotism with modesty and geniality seated in Sieur de Montaigne's library, and he and humor. It is their enormous enjoyment "rolls us out his mind.” The flood of erudi- of life which they communicate to us. tion is much; but more are his frank revela- The older English essays, those of Addison tions about himself, his friends, his tastes, and Steele and Johnson and Goldsmith, were even about the gravel which afflicts him. Or not nearly so individual, so pregnant with we are in Charles Lamb's chambers, among personality, as the later ones. These writers that wonderful circle of wits and oddities hid themselves under an assumed character, whom he attracted as a loadstone does metallic or created a club to carry on their miscella- dust, and we listen to his crackling fire of nies. They were novelists in miniature, satir- puns, his rhapsodies about old books and ists and moralists at large. They set out to brawn and suckling pigs. Or we are with picture the life about them, to scourge the Hazlitt in the hut at Winterslow, watching follies and lighter vices of the world. They the red sunset die upon the hills; or we walk give vignettes of characters, kit-cat portraits, with him a summer's day while he discourses thumb-nail sketches,— Sir Roger de Coverley, of the poets he has known or the lodging. Will Honeywood, Beau Tibbs, the Man in house keeper's daughter whom he worshipped. Black, and many others. The short story Or we are with Stevenson in the wynds of exists in their works, in germ at least,- East- Edinburgh, or on the neighboring hills, listen- ern apologues, fables, and the like. But in: ing through him to the mighty talkers of his the main they were curiously journalistic. acquaintance. All these men are nothing if they gave the world about them a report of not autobiographical. They are intensely in- itself. And their world was the Town: a. terested in themselves and everything that world of paint and powder and patches and happens to them. Why is it that such egotism pomatum. When this world was driven from does not revolt us? They fling themselves the stage it found refuge in the miscellany upon our interest with the most naïve confi- prints. Bright and charming and various as dence, and we receive them with open arms. this form of the essay is, it cannot compete The more they tell us the more we want to with the novel, the comedy, the large satire. know. Nay, if an essayist comes along who The essay proper still remains the essay of rather holds us at a distance, we get in a huff personality,— the intimate talk, that is, of one and want little to do with him. Bagehot is who is revealing himself at every word. almost as clever as Hazlitt, and a good deal The critical essay, however, is perhaps more wittier than Stevenson; but the world hardly important, and is certainly the most widely knows that Bagehot lived. He has the reserve cultivated. Authors, artists, creators of every of the man of the world, an air of good kind, have always been contemptuous of the society; and, to paraphrase one of his own critic. But what do they publish or show sayings, it is very much as if a steam engine their works for if they do not want people to was making phrases. have opinions about them? At its worst, a 1915) 47 THE DIAL criticism is an advertisement. It is true that him to his tent, cleanse his wounds, and give probably fifty per cent of contemporary criti. him splendid funeral. Or to change the figure, cism is always ludicrously wrong. But the the undergrowth which is continually spring- other fifty per cent is penetrating, just, helping up tends to choke and kill the giants of the ful. After three hundred years of Shake- forest; it is the main business of the critic to spearean laudation, there is nothing that sur- make these giants visible and accessible so that passes Ben Jonson's famous lines on the poet. their shade and shelter may be of use to Side by side with Dr. Johnson's sneering mankind. remarks about Gray, are his keen and true It is not worth while to exaggerate the im- sentences about Collins. Side by side with portance of the essay, either the personal, the “Blackwood's” denunciation of Keats is creative, or the critical kind. Its slippered ease Hunt's enthusiastic appreciation of him. Side and sauntering pedestrianism are not con- by side with Lady Eastlake's description of ducive to the great actions of art. When the Charlotte Brontë as one who had forfeited the artist is really inspired, soul fuses itself with companionship of her own sex is Sydney body. Form is a necessity, and that form is Dobell's noble eulogium of Emily Brontë. succinct, supple, rapid in motion. Here and The fact is that really great critics are rarer there, essays stand out which fulfil the condi- than great artists. In all English literature, tions of creative art. The “Urn Burial,” the there are only four of the former class “Reverie in Boar's Head Tavern, Eastcheap," Johnson, Coleridge, Hazlitt, and Matthew the “Vision of Sudden Death," — these are - Arnold; while there are a good many more some of its triumphs. But if the essay is sel- than forty great writers. Even about the dom great, it is often pleasurable and lovable accepted authors of the past the spirit of in the extreme. It is literature in undress, ignorance and envy is always surging up the soul uttering itself in artless and unpre- in revolt. We are always being told that tending ways. CHARLES LEONARD MOORE. Homer and Virgil, Shakespeare and Milton, are passé, and of small account besides some new luminary. CASUAL COMMENT. The critical essay, also, is of two sorts: that SUPERIMPOSED CULTURE is but a thin var- which deals with the underlying principles of nish, at best. In fact, it is no culture at all, art, and that which is devoted to appreciations in the true sense of the word. Every person , of single authors or works. In its greatest capable of culture claims the right to work out manifestations the former kind rises to the his own intellectual salvation from within, treatise; and a few of these,–Aristotle's aided only by such hints and helps as shall “Poetics," Longinus's “On the Sublime," and not compromise his spiritual independence. Lessing's “Laocoon,”. are monuments of In the current issue of “The Hibbert Jour- genius which dispute place with the great nal," a protest against "America's Bondage creative works of the world. But the brief, to the German Spirit” is made by Dr. Joseph discursive, appreciative, critical essay is the H. Crooker, whose many years' observation of the workings of Teutonic academicism in our more delightful. Like an actor's interpreta- own colleges and universities has qualified tion of a part on the stage, it adds something him to speak on the subject with understand- . to the original. It gives the work studied un- ing and conviction. That such a protest der new lights, helps it with caressing tones should be called for in this one hundred and and endearments of admiration, brings it into thirty-ninth year of our national existence is , focus with other pieces of the same kind. It a rather surprising and still more humiliat- is the critic's soul and mind thrown in as a ing development, but it is useless to blink the makeweight to the author's. It is the greatest facts as set forth by Dr. Crooker. Too long reward the artist can receive. And for the has it been true, with certain modifications reader, as Sir Richard Steele said, there is no and exceptions, that “the one thing that makes an impression in our university circles greater favor that one man can do another is the scholarship that is marked : Made in than to tell him the manner of his being Germany! And just here lies some of the pleased. mischief made' in Germany. It has The best criticisms are excursions and been, too often, a scholarship, not ripened in forays into the past. They are onsets to re- the warm, brooding atmosphere of a humane cover the body of Patroclus in order to bear and humanising culture, but a standardised 48 [July 15 THE DIAL erudition, intent on accumulation of mere hour at least, happiness, perchance consola- facts, tested by cubic measure, sought for tion, certainly another world and a blessed ends of efficiency, fitted to help man as a forgetfulness of the din and the sorrows mechanism, and imbued with a vast conceit which surround us." Finely fitting, too, were of knowledge.” Due tribute is paid to all the lines quoted from a living English poet that is best in the spirit that America has who writes thus of Shakespeare in these trou- breathed in from the Germany of the past; bled times: nevertheless the question for us to-day is “O, let me leave the plains behind, this: “Is it wise and wholesome to have tens And let me leave the vales below; of thousands of our susceptible American Into the highlands of the mind, youths, in our colleges and universities — the Into the mountains let me go. intellectual aristocracy of the land, the future leaders of American opinion and action Here are the heights, crest beyond crest, With Himalayan dews impearled; constantly under the training of men who And I will watch from Everest have been thoroughly Germanised and to a decided degree de-Americanised?” Of course The long heave of the surging world." such a question would be pertinent whether our educational ideals and methods were im- A NATION'S UNFAITH IN ITS OWN LITERATURE ported from Germany or China or Mozam- is not an inspiring spectacle, any more than is bique or the planet Mars; it is the fact of a nation's excessive pride in its own literature. wholesale importation that, first and fore- Something of that timid questioning of its most, is fraught with possibilities of evil. right to hold up its head in the literary world Hope of better things as soon as peace is re- which this country is thought even yet not to stored brightens the close of Dr. Crooker's have wholly outgrown is noticeable in modern article, which, let it be added, covers a larger Japan's attitude toward foreign authors. field, in its consideration of German influ- Translations and importations hold a noto. ence on America, than has been indicated in riously prominent place in the Japanese book- this brief notice. trade; and more than one native writer is commenting regretfully on this fact. A late THE DEDICATION OF THE FINEST OF UNI- issue of “The Japan Advertiser" cites an in- VERSITY LIBRARY BUILDINGS, the splendid stance of this disapproval. “Nation's ambi- Widener Memorial at Harvard, took place tions," it quotes from an unnamed author, June 24, with Senator Lodge as the orator of “spring from firm convictions. Without the the occasion. As he truthfully said, “no latter there can be no former. When we look other university and scarcely any state or at the conditions of our world of thoughts, nation possesses a library building so elabo- which is easily conquered by foreign ideas and rately arranged, so fitted with every device littérateurs, we cannot but question the self- which science and ingenuity can invent for confidence of our nation.” The writer then the use of books by scholars and students.” notes the influx of Russian literature that fol- The address was notable from beginning to lowed the Russo-Japanese war, and names end for its fine enthusiasm for all that is true other European authors that are eagerly read and noble in literature and learning. It in Japan. A leading article in “The Japan revealed, by quotation and allusion, the wide Times” makes similar reference to the native reading and sound scholarship of the speaker, fondness for occidental literature of all kinds, and showed also his sympathies with all who and adds: and adds: “ The comparative scarcity of new love good books and find their solace and sus- original works undoubtedly promises badly tenance in the masterpieces of literature. for the intellectual independence of the coun- Excellent was this passage, toward the end of try. The truth is, we have been accustomed to the speech : “Here, as to all great collections importing ready-made thought and have felt of books, as to all books anywhere which have no inconvenience as long as this facility has meaning and quality, come those who never remained open. The present closing up of the write, who have no songs to sing, no theories intellectual centre of Europe by war has, how- with which they hope to move or enlighten ever, awakened us keenly to the disadvantage the world, men and women who love knowl- we are under, and we feel confident that the edge and literature for their own sakes and genius of the race will meet the deficiency, are content. Here those who toil, those who even as necessity will father more original are weary and heavy-laden, come for rest. thinking." A recent remarkable increase in Here among the books we can pass out of this the reading habit is among the best of signs for workaday world, never more tormented, more Japan's future, but her considerable literary in anguish, than now, and find, for a brief use of a language not her own, with the occa- 1915) 49 THE DIAL 1 sional inevitable departures from that lan- lowly, the author tells of certain readings be- guage's proper idiom, is not wholly to be fore a peasant Sunday school where the hear- approved, however much the western world is ers ranged in age from early youth to forty indebted thereto for its knowledge of things years or more, and where “Oliver Twist” and Japanese. By all means let Japan adopt a “Uncle Tom's Cabin” met with high favor, manageable alphabet in which to write her especially when offered in unabridged form; beautifully expressive tongue, and then let her but still more marked appears to have been develop her literature according to her native the preference for Shakespeare, uncut and bent. unadapted, to Shakespeare in short narra- tive prose (like the Lamb " Tales ") or other- OUR ANCESTORS' RESPECT FOR BOOKS was wise shorn of his full glory. “King Lear” greater than ours of the present time, partly, was read to these unsophisticated hearers in of course, because books were far less plenti-three forms, the short tale by Lamb, a native ful in the early days than now, and most of adaptation with happy ending, and the com- them came from the other side of the broad plete tragedy in literal translation. The listen- Atlantic an ocean much wider then than in ers' quick appreciation of the latter, despite this age of steam and electricity. At Wil- its confusing foreign names and unfamiliar mington, Vermont, there has been found an setting, was astonishing. The success of the old book of records revealing the interesting reading was complete. When one of the fact that there existed a "social library" in younger girls referred to the general simi- that town as early as 1795. On the last day larity between “King Lear” and the Russian of that year the Wilmington Social Library adaptation, “Old Man Nikita and his Three was organized, and the record book gives its Daughters,” she was met with the contemptu- constitution and by-laws, with a list of sub- ous retort: “What a comparison! That was scribers. Among the miscellaneous entries in written for peasants, while this is for gentle- the book is one to the effect that Israel Law- folk.” “This is much better," she was prompt ton was fined seventeen cents for dropping to admit, adding that whereas the peasant tallow on book No. 93 — a sufficiently heavy version had a happy ending, “such a story fine, one would think, considering the relative never could end well.” Significant was the value of money then and now, and the re- refusal of this company of working people to movability of grease spots from paper by be moved to mirth by Dickens's humor; it expert methods (which, however, may not left them blank, it touched no responsive have been known in the Wilmington of 1795). chord, though in other respects Dickens's Timothy Castle was fined six cents for spill- genius met with gratifying appreciation. It ing one drop of tallow on book No. 16. (Poor would be interesting to learn whether the fellow! He was doubtless so absorbed in his same hearers showed themselves at all appre- reading and so eager to make the most of the ciative of Shakespeare's humor as displayed scant hour or so before bedtime that he did in his comedies; they were quick to indicate not notice how he was tilting the candle.) their enjoyment of the fool in “Lear.” But Levi Packard was mulcted in sixty cents for probably life is too serious and even tragic a tearing the binding of book No. 106 — a griev- thing to the mujik to admit of much place ous offense, surely. Other fines were imposed for careless merriment. for dogs'-ears and finger-marks. And to think that to-day one can go to the public library, especially in the rush hours, and MISPLACED BOOKS are for the time being as hand in without fear or trembling a book good as lost, or as bad as lost. This is notably pretty well stuck up with chewing gum and true in the case of library books carelessly candy, and quite freely annotated and under- returned to the open shelves by readers whose lined in pencil if not in ink!—though of regard for order and system is so slight as to course the library of any librarian reading of carelessly tossing Miss Alcott's “ Little render them indifferent to the consequences this is too carefully conducted to admit of any such outrage. Women” on to the shelf containing Zola's novels, or of tucking away “The Light of Asia" by the side of “ Vestiges of Creation.” THE RUSSIAN PEASANT'S APPRECIATION OF No little act more clearly betrays a person's SHAKESPEARE is strikingly illustrated by an lack of that courtesy which consists in a incident recorded in Professor Leo Wiener's scrupulous regard for the rights and the recent book, "An Interpretation of the Rus- convenience of others than this thoughtless sian People.” In a chapter devoted to “The misplacing of books on the public library Peasant and containing other instances of shelves. At the Minneapolis Public Library, unexpected good literary taste among the as appears from the librarian's “Twenty- 50 [July 15 THE DIAL fifth Annual Report," these reckless raids Japan Times,” in an appreciative editorial of the irresponsible are by no means wholly containing the foregoing facts, recalls the ex- outside the experience of those in authority. ample of another and much earlier Japanese Hence it is announced: “The Shelving De scholar and public benefactor, the Buddhist partment has been reorganized. Curtis priest Ankaku, who in the infancy of Bud- Krake has been appointed head shelver, and dhism in Japan visited China and committed with the help of two boys has kept the shelves to memory all the scriptures of India that had 'ready for company'seven days in the week. been translated into Chinese; then he re- In addition there was daily revision of the turned home, hung a small desk to his neck, shelves by members of the staff, not only to went from house to house begging a sheet of correct mistakes in shelving, but to remove paper at each, and so in twenty-five years of books ready for mending or binding, or which pilgrimage succeeded in putting into writing had lost their labels." If every library could the precious results of his arduous studies. have its careful Curtis Krake and corps of assistants, there would be fewer application HOW TO BECOME AN EXPERT BOOK-COLLECTOR slips returned to disappointed applicants is not to be explained in three words, or even with the disheartening and often uncon- in a whole lecture; but a course of lectures, vincing word, "Out" - unconvincing because supplemented by the inspection and handling the applicant may feel morally certain that of some examples of fine book-making, some no one else in town could possibly desire just products of the famous presses of early and that book at just that time. Misplacement is later times, will accomplish something toward more than likely to be at the bottom of the opening the eyes to what is genuine and what mischief. is shoddy in book-manufacture. Announce- ment is made of such a course of lectures at A MONUMENT OF ENCYCLOPÆDIC RESEARCH, Harvard, Division of the Fine Arts, for the bearing witness to the rare devotion, the en- coming academic year. Mr. George Parker lightened public spirit, the untiring energy, Winship, Lecturer on the History of Printing, and the comprehensive scholarship of Dr. will give this course, which “is intended for Takami Modzume, of Tokyo, is now awaiting men who are interested in books as objects of publication. Whether it will be published, art, and who desire to possess or to produce or left in manuscript (of two thousand two beautiful books.” From the period of the hundred volumes) to the Imperial Household illuminated manuscript to the present time the Department, depends on the author's success history of book-production will be traced, with in obtaining three thousand subscribers of such attention to mechanical details as to one hundred and thirty yen each to defray enable the pupil to distinguish honest merit the cost of printing. He has spent the best from pretentious sham. The Widener Memo- part of his sixty-eight years, and 140,000 yen rial room in the new library building will be of his money, besides incurring a debt of half the appropriate meeting-place of the class, that amount, in preparing this work for the and not only the Widener collection, but also instruction of his own people in what they other special collections from the Treasure ought to know about themselves and their Room of the Harvard Library will be avail. country. For thirty years he has been delv- able as object lessons. The Boston Public ing in the lore of Japan, China, and India, Library and other libraries in the vicinity, going through more than one hundred thou- private as well as public, will be visited for sand volumes, in the compilation of a refer- the purposes of demonstration and instruc- ence work having sixty thousand entries, tion; and in addition to the required reading alphabetically arranged, relating to Japanese a written report will be expected from each life and usages, and also in making a vo- student on some bibliographical topic of luminous compendium (if that be not a con- especial interest to him. tradiction in terms) of extracts from the hundred thousand volumes examined, these PLUMED KNIGHTS, as we meet them in the extracts treating of the topics enumerated in pages of romance, are a picturesque and his reference work. In a country where dis- pleasing spectacle. When, however, the astrous fires are as frequent as they are in plume takes the form of a goose-quill (de- Japan, books of the sort required by Dr. servedly honored symbol of the literary art) Modzume in prosecuting his self-imposed task the spectacle seems somehow to lose a great are often extremely rare and difficult of part of its picturesque and pleasing quality. access. Hence the time and labor and expense Were we not, years ago, a little resentful at involved in his undertaking, which will have a being called upon to cease speaking and corresponding value when completed. “ The writing of Mr. Walter Besant, and to call him 1015) 51 THE DIAL or Sir Walter? Already there was one Sir Wal- the library. For instance, the June issue of ter enshrined in our hearts, and this other, the “Wisconsin Library Bulletin " has an despite his acknowledged modesty and worth, "eye-opener" in the shape of a sketch of almost seemed like an interloper. “Sir “Libraries in Business," by Miss Pearl I. Leslie Stephen " also came with some diffi- | Field, of the Chicago Public Library, who is culty from the tongue long accustomed to the officially connected with the business libraries more democratic title; and, considerably of the city, so far as they maintain relations later, “Sir James M. Barrie" caused a little with the public library, whose head, be it vocal fumbling. Harder still would it be to added, has shown himself energetic in the shape our mouths to “Sir Rudyard Kipling" establishment of such special book-collections or “ Sir Herbert G. Wells “Sir Arnold in commercial houses. Bennett." But who would dare predict, in this be-knighted age, that some such demand THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN READING AND may not be made upon us before long? Only STUDYING is not clearly marked. In England the other day that admired Bengalese poet the university man “reads” for honors, or for and sage, the author of “Gitanjali,” became a coming examination, or to fit himself for a transmogrified from what his honorable East- chosen profession. He "reads,” even though Indian ancestry and traditions and his own it be algebra or geometry or trigonometry that achievements had caused him to be in our claims his attention, whereas in America these minds and imaginations, and appeared before and far more literary subjects would be made us in tasteless hybrid form as Sir Rabin- the object of “study.” But it certainly sounds dranath Tagore. It is almost as if, for example, pleasanter and easier and perhaps more dig- one so distinctive and inimitable as our own nified and gentleman-like to "read” for a Mark Twain had suddenly been metamor- double-first than to study” for the same phosed into “Sir Samuel Clemens,” or “Lord prize. Therefore it may be well that the Yale Stormfield,” or some similar inconceivable authorities, in adopting a well-established absurdity. In the republic of letters what custom of Cambridge University, have an- place or need is there for titles and orders nounced that a "reading term” rather than a and other bedizenments bestowed by royalty ? “studying term " is to be introduced at New And yet, after all, this is very much a ques- Haven in September. Thus, it is explained, tion of taste and personal point of view; and the students will have “ an opportunity to do therefore the old adage, de gustibus, will be special reading a few weeks before the regular the short and sufficient rejoinder of anyone opening of the university.” They will be free not like-minded. from the ordinary college routine, and no ex- tra tuition fee will be demanded. Shall we, THE LIBRARY AS AN AID TO EFFICIENCY is not in course of time, have the vacation "reading exactly the kind of library some of us delight parties,” in rural retreats, so agreeably de- in. The library of our dreams is likely to picted in English fiction and elsewhere as a resemble, in one respect at least, the ideal pleasant and profitable part of the English university as defined by Lowell. He used to university system? say a true university is a place where nothing useful is taught; and it is pleasant to imagine a library as a collection of books containing COMMUNICATIONS. nothing useful. Nevertheless, if books must THE WISCONSIN SURVEY ONCE MORE. be turned to other purposes than those of pure delight, one can bear the thought of (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) their promoting the prosperity and happi- It is the recognized privilege of a defeated ness of some of the hundreds of thousands attorney to appeal his case from the trial court to who daily have access to the thickly sprinkled the press, and there to urge, ex parte, evidence that has not found credence and views that have public libraries of our broad land. And there not prevailed in the original tribunal. This privi- are now many other collections of books, not lege is exercised in THE DIAL of June 24, 1915, by quite so public, maintained by the great Mr. William H. Allen, who there sets forth, at business houses of our large cities as instru- some length, matter submitted by him as ments for the perfecting of the efficiency of Director of the University of Wisconsin Survey those whom they employ. The growing im- to his employers, the State Board of Public portance of these collections has only recently Affairs, and not adopted by that body. With its been revealed by the new and enterprising chosen to write its own report, which is wholly eyes open to all the evidence, that Board has periodical, “Special Libraries," and there are different in tenor from the findings of its agent other kindred publications that call occa- and which constitutes a substantial repudiation of sional attention to the utilitarian aspect of those findings. The interested reader will do well " Joint 52 [July 15 THE DIAL to compare the report of the Board with the worth. One thesis contains many quotations from report of its employé, and with University com- a book often cited. In three cases the quoted mat- ment thereon, all officially published by the State ter, of considerable extent, is not accompanied by of Wisconsin. the proper marks and references, and the Uni- It is not the purpose of this communication to versity here concedes a technical plagiarism (pos- object in any way to Mr. Allen's right of appeal sibly flagrant) that should not have escaped to the public, but it seems necessary to warn the detection. public in considering that appeal not to give Among the other seven theses there is doubtless credence to alleged facts or conclusions without a considerable range of excellence, although in specific verification from original sources or com- Mr. Allen's hands they fall under a common con- parison with University comment. Mr. Allen's demnation having little relation to differences in letter teems with misstatements which have been their real merit. An accurate estimate of such publicly challenged and refuted by the University. merit is indeed difficult, since different critics of This refutation need not be here repeated, since it like competence may, and do, differ considerably is readily accessible in the official report; but one in their judgment of the same thesis. With respect case of gross misrepresentation seems to call for to these differences, always unavoidably present, some comment, viz., the eight doctors' theses dis- the University conceives its duty to be: To main- cussed by Mr. Allen with much condemnation of tain a standard of excellence below which no their alleged slovenly, unscholarly, and dishonest thesis shall be accepted, and to secure in the character. The facts are as follows: average thesis a degree of merit considerably Eight doctors' theses were read, under Mr. exceeding this minimum standard. Allen's direction, by persons professing no compe- In University opinion the theses in question tence in the subject matter of the theses, but under satisfy the requirement thus formulated, but instructions to look for misspelled words, errors of recognizing that neither its own officers nor Mr. punctuation, citation, and other mechanical de- Allen's agents can pass definitive and final judg- fects. Some of these theses, although accepted by ment in this respect, the University, conforming the University for substantial merit, were, at the to a recognized practice, seeks through publication time chosen for their inspection, incomplete work to submit every doctor's thesis to the judgment of in that they were fresh from the hands of the all scholars interested in its field. For each thesis amanuensis and had not been revised for the here criticized by Mr. Allen, where such publica- printer. Numerous errors of the kind sought were tion has not yet been made, the University has here available, as is common in such unrevised submitted the work to the judgment of two or “copy”; and the following specimens, incor- more scholars of recognized eminence in its field, porated in the printed Allen report, illustrate his and with their approval has published over their standards for measuring the value of research names their judgments concerning it. None of work. He found “coust" for coast, “ofra” these scholars was in any way connected with the for of chashed” for clashed," cofrec- preparation of the theses or with the University tion” for “ correction," etc. They are all pre- of Wisconsin. A few of the less favorable of served for posterity, as the transient ripple on these judgments are reproduced by Mr. Allen, some beach of past ages is preserved in fossilized who neglects, however, to point out that in every mud. Some of the theses read were in their defini- case the weight of opinion is that the University tive, published, form, and the critic graciously would have erred in refusing approval to the acknowledged that here “ there were relatively few thesis. He ignores hearty commendation of theses errors in spelling,".“ relatively few typographical scorned by himself, and is quite oblivious to com- mistakes." The University protested and protests ment by two eminent scholars upon the thesis most this whole procedure as directed only to “its sharply (but wrongly) condemned by himself as clothes,” and in no way furnishing a criterion of plagiarized. plagiarized. In their phrase, “it is a good substantial merit in its work. thesis," “ good enough to print with credit to the Criticism directed toward such merit, made by University," “I have been unable to find any Mr. Allen, in the revision of his report for the errors"; and there follows sharp comment by printer, apparently under the stimulus of the one of these scholars upon the presumption dis- phrase last quoted, the University regards as a played by the Survey critic in dealing with a wholly different matter, directed in fact “ to the thesis outside the range of his competence. living body," and legitimate in aim if not in It is not here purposed to inflict upon the execution. Although often flippant in tone and reader a review of Mr. Allen's aberrations. They showing little competence in respect of the matter and the commentary upon them must be sought in criticized, these Survey queries and innuendoes the official printed record; but the foregoing ex- (positive statements are conspicuously lacking) hibit is fairly typical of the points at issue. To have received detailed reply that is published in the reader having some familiarity with University the official volume. The University justifies its life and work, the fatuous character of much of acceptance and approval of the theses in question, the material furnished by Mr. Allen to THE DIAL with one exception, and defends their substantial will appear sufficiently evident without comment, Report upon the Survey of the University of Wisconsin. e. g., that any one person should “supervise Findings of the State Board of Public Affairs and its Report to the Legislature. Appendices: W. H. Allen's Report to research” and “read theses offered toward ad- the Board. E. C. Branson's Report to the Board. vanced degrees by graduate students” working in by Committee of University Faculty upon Report of Investi. gators. Madison : State Printer. the most diverse fields of knowledge,- astronomy, 66 << a,” Comment 1915] 53 THE DIAL bacteriology, chemistry, dairying, electrical engi- Surely it is time that we have found some one neering, forestry, geology, history, language, who is not afraid to tell the truth as he sees it, mathematics, etc. The day of the Admirable who will not be bound by the educational autocrats Crichton is past, at least in university circles; of the country, but who will come forth as a leader and such universal genius as would be here re- of the many who know, as he knows, that freedom quired seems reserved for non-academic folk. of speech and freedom of action in the field of Possibly a revelation of such abnormal genius higher education are but rights in name alone. should be recognized in Mr. Allen's assurance to MARGARET A. FRIEND. the reader that “the Survey set out to be coöpera- Madison, Wis., July 6, 1915. tive" and agreement as to fact“ was easily reached with regard to early sections." The KUNO MEYER AND THE HARVARD writer of these lines recalls with mixed feelings PRIZE POEM. the long list of corrections to such early sections, furnished by himself, in writing, formally ad- (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) dressed by name to the “ Joint Director," but While agreeing fully with the general tenor and never acknowledged, never discussed, and appar- point of view of the excellent leading article, ently without effect upon his published report. The Pity of It!” in your issue of June 24, I If an “agreement may be thus reached “ with- should like to point out that your statement of out difficulty," whose are the minds that meet fact regarding the recent Kuno Meyer incident at in it? Harvard is not accurate. After quoting from We deeply regret that an opportunity to render Professor Meyer's denunciation of the university, large service to academic interests through a com- you say: “The occasion for this outpouring of emo- petent and judicial survey of the University of tion is nothing more than the fact that an irrespon- Wisconsin has been worse than wasted by em- sible student, in a publication entirely controlled ployés of the State Board. Nevertheless, the by students, has written in a sense antagonis- University will consider in detail the study made tic to the German cause!” But in reality Pro- by them, and will doubtless find among much chaff fessor Meyer's resentment, however immoderate, some good grain for which it will be pleased to rested on sounder grounds. The offending poem, make due acknowledgment. In the meantime, it though written by an undergraduate, and pub- asks the public to maintain an attitude of at least lished in “ The Harvard Advocate," an under- reserve toward alleged facts and proffered conclu- graduate magazine, had been awarded the prize sions that have not been found able to bear exam- in a competition for poems about the war con- ination, and that have not found credence with the ducted by the “Advocate," and the two judges who Board charged with ultimate responsibility in the made this award were Dean Briggs and Professor matter. GEORGE C. COMSTOCK, Bliss Perry. Was it wholly unnatural that Pro- Dean of the Graduate School. fessor Meyer should interpret this action of two l'niversity of Wisconsin, July 4, 1915. such prominent representatives of Harvard as indicative of the university's attitude toward his country? At any rate, it seems to me that your A WORD FOR DR. ALLEN. writer's statement of the circumstances connected (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) with the incident, as quoted above, is quite unfair If THE DIAL was mistaken in its editorial enti- in view of the facts which I have cited. tled “A Bull in the Educational China Shop," F. P. Dubuque, Iowa, July 5, 1915. it was gratifying to see that it had the fair- ness to acknowledge its fallibility by allowing A TRANSLATOR'S ERROR. Dr. Allen to present his version of the story to your readers. (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) It is true that “ no one expected this kind of In one of your recent issues a contributor cites a survey.” Not even the University of Wiscon- some amusing nistakes of authors, and among sin,- though it was opposed to the idea of a these instances one from Henry Bordeaux. A survey from its inception,- expected that the passage from that writer's novel “ Les Yeux qui truth, so carefully hidden through its bureau- S'ouvrent,” issued in English as “The Awaken- cratic organization, its clever advertising, and its ing," is quoted, in which the heroine speaks of a ingenious appeal to the people of the state “telegraphed letter," and a few pages further through its agricultural and extension work, would on, a reader of this “telegraphed letter" is made be so frankly and completely laid before the pub- to recognize the handwriting. The mistake is not lic. The University wanted generalities. It got Bordeaux's, but the translator's. The original detailed facts. It wanted a report picturing the French reads: “ C'est une lettre sous enveloppe University as a few in authority wished it to be pneumatique." In other words, it was a letter seen. It got a report as the six hundred faculty sent by special pneumatic tubes or chutes,- one members saw it. Had Dr. Allen submitted to the of the “ petits bleus," with which dwellers in intimidation brought to bear upon him in an Paris are familiar as being the French equivalent effort to suppress certain findings, had he been of our “ special delivery.” In a letter so sent willing to overlook the faults of those high up in there would of course be nothing absurd about educational circles, his report would have been one's recognizing the handwriting. lauded and extolled, and he himself doubtless A. H. FISHER. taken into the inner circle of the elect. New York City, July 2, 1915. 66 54 (July 15 THE DIAL distrust the leadership of men who criticize The New Books. the ancients because they speculated upon truth, honor, happiness, instead of discover- ing what causes rain. Would Plato have been THE MODERN THOREAU.* a specialist in egg-fertilization in 1915? one Longfellow, so it is reported, is being less wonders. If so, the worse for the world and and less read in America. What the statistics for Plato! As for the mere “nature lovers,” may indicate as to Thoreau, I have no means they have gone to the other extreme; they of ascertaining; but I am confident that in have foregone the ideals of science completely, the future he will be read more and more. and lapsed into sentimentality. Thoreau was His publishers are evidently of the same thrilled by a wild duck, a rhodora, even a faith, for they have just issued a new and muskrat. For the romantic nature lover, most convenient pocket edition of his com- beast, bird, and flower must be given false per- plete works, in eleven volumes, bound in sonality and all the attributes of man before attractive leather covers, with good illus- his imagination kindles. This is the decadence trations (many of them new), and other of nature study, as the ultra-scientific atti- embellishments suggesting an author whose tude threatens to become its Alexandrianism. circulation is to be wide and permanent. But Thoreau's practice was first to study nature I do not base my thesis as to Thoreau's honestly, and then to think from it into terms increasing popularity on the appearance of of human life. His observations are pain- this fine new edition, although that is a good fully exact, without perhaps always being commercial argument. I believe in his widen- accurate. See how he measures his dead moose, ing audience because I believe in his increas- makes notes upon the webs of his flying squir- ing value for American life and American rel, records the flowers of each Maine back- thinking. water, and studies the habits of the musquash This is not merely because Thoreau is the whenever and wherever he finds him. But his most satisfying student of nature, certainly notes are seldom complete. They are not, since Gilbert White, perhaps in English lit- indeed, an end in themselves. Many of his erature. Nor is it solely because of his vigor- records would be scorned by a professional ous philosophy. You cannot separate his classifier. But for their own purposes they natural science from his speculation without are complete enough. Thoreau studies the injustice. You can as little appreciate Tho- Maine forests that he may think out the value reau's philosophy without his science, or his of the pine tree for man. He tramps the nature without his thought, as the song of a frozen marshes of Massachusetts that he may woodthrush away from the cool darkness of speak honestly of what thrills him in wild the June woods. It is the combination that nature after knowing it as one knows a friend. makes this shy and courageous New En- Always he is pushing down to fact,— always glander an enduring figure. rising again to correct and renew his specula- Thoreau entered upon his research into the tions. He did not live to classify; he classi- fied to live. secrets of nature in the spirit of wonder, - not A casual reader might well suppose that romance, or sentiment, but intelligent and stimulating wonder. And he came back from Thoreau's passionate attempt to know his wondering with his mouth full of shrewd say- environment was merely a phase of self- ings and intensely practical thought. No one development. He is constantly speaking of can read “Walden ‘Spring” without the “flow” of his life, always moving toward feeling that this man stood with his feet firmly some unattained goal. He is ever allowing on the ground of fact; no one can read them the personal joy which observation gave him without realizing that here is one American at to escape into his pages. But Thoreau's least who has made a permanent contribution ardent independence is deceptive. Walden to the theory of what is worth while in living. was a social, not an individual, experiment, paradoxical as it may seem. It was an at- The modern schools of nature students" tempt to discover how man will live when have diverged widely from the path which Thoreau self-dependent and free of the conventions, followed. The scientists have rather than a call to the hermit's life. And eschewed philosophy, and confined themselves this is true of all Thoreau's works. They are to ascertainable fact. Well enough for them; social, in a very excellent sense. They consti- but unfortunate, perhaps, for us, who wish tute, one and all, an attempt to link the some profit from nature in our time, and may American to his environment, to his soil. See * THE WRITINGS OF HENRY D. THOREAU. Riverside Pocket with what intense curiosity he studies the Edition. In eleven volumes. With photogravure frontispieces. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. Indian. See with what entire absence of illu- 66 or 66 1915) 55 THE DIAL sion or sentimental romance he delights in his live long enough to find the ultimate form his instinctive responses to natural phenomena. imagination required. A deficiency this, if How he rejoices when Polis finds a hidden we are to judge him as an artist, although the trail, or hears the moose across miles of water. age was quite as responsible as his genius. The Indian is in accord with his background But even in this artistic incompleteness one - he has sunk roots in his soil. finds a tonic. He is good medicine for the Compare Thoreau's Maine studies with his careless modern reader, who has come to ramblings in Massachusetts, and you will find believe that a well-worded description, a well- that he does his Massachusetts better. He balanced narrative, an essay properly con- finds more soil for the white man there. ducted to its final “punch,” is, by reason of Maine, for Thoreau, is impressive; but a little its successful form, necessarily true and good. alien, a little monotonous. It fits the Indian; “Nothing can be more useful to a man than a it does not fit him. He prefers it to Boston; determination not to be hurried.” Thoreau but not to the country that lies about Con- was not hurried into a deceptive, a prema- cord. The rapprochement with nature that ture, a hollow perfection. His notes on life he seeks is more difficult in the endless for- are unfinished, but they are true. ests of spruce and fir, than upon Lee's cliff, And yet, though every one of his books, in and round Walden pond. a sense, is unfinished, I believe, as I have If I am right in my speculation, Thoreau already said, that Thoreau will remain the is best understood in the simile of civilized most appreciated of all our earlier writers. man in a new country, trying to strike spir- His attitude toward the American background itual roots into the environment it offers, as. is more familiar now that most of us "take to his pioneer ancestors had in a very real sense the woods” at least once a year, than before made physical roots to grow there. This ex- the Civil War. His value becomes greater in plains the alternation of fact and philosophy measure as it becomes more difficult to breed that characterizes every one of his books, and such independent livers and thinkers. Civili- most of all his best. “It is not important that zation weighs upon us with a greater weight of the poet should say some particular thing, but complexity. The luxuries he despised are not that he should speak in harmony with nature," only more abundant, they are more desirable he says; meaning, I think, that the creative than in his sparse New England. Convention artist's first duty is to know his environment. is more difficult to escape, because it has crys- And for Thoreau, environment was primarily tallized in a vast and bourgeois society. Fur- nature. “Properly speaking there can be no history but natural history, for there is no they do not speak out. They are self-regard- past in the soul, but in nature.” This may ing, not social. The mass of mediocre Amer- not be absolutely true; but it is true enough icans for whom our magazines are edited and for the white man in America. our books written daunts them. They may One fault, at least, in Thoreau's work may follow his advice of not hurrying. They may be assignable to this pioneer quality. His keep themselves free from the incumbrance writing often lacks form. It is best when it of convention, as Thoreau kept his freedom by is closest to the diary, the most formless of distrusting the ownership of land. But the literary modes. This has hurt his reputation weight of the vast majority keeps them silent. with contemporary readers. The present is In idiosyncratic, free-thinking New England an age of form at least in America. We of the 'forties a “crank" like Thoreau could have achieved technique. Our short stories, be sure of a hearing. He felt as writers our novels, our plays, and our photo-plays, must feel an audience waiting. But to-day are well built, even when there has been little one must be really a “ crank" – absurd, over- with which to build them. A child recognizes emphatic, unbalanced -- if one is to depart form in a short story, and is troubled by its from what the bourgeois expect, and succeed. absence. A grown man often cannot tell good Let us value, then, Thoreau. substance from bad. We read our Thoreau HENRY SEIDEL CANBY. by excerpt selected where form has been at- tained,- the wrong way to read him. The fault in part is Thoreau's. His life, as A volume by Lord Curzon, entitled “ Subjects he says himself again and again, was always tion by Messrs. Macmillan. It consists of speeches of the Day," is announced for immediate publica- flowing. Like all faithful students, he never reached his goal. Unlike many philosophers, and ranging from woman suffrage and India to and addresses on topics outside of party politics, he was ever willing to test his creed. Hence national service, national character, and the war. his books are all experimental, - all, even The Introduction has been written by Lord "Walden," mere notes upon life. He did not Cromer. 56 (July 15 THE DIAL as takes up the socialist peace policy, and the SOCIALISM AND THE GREAT WAR.* consideration of various alleged socialist Almost as soon as German feet touched measures to which the belligerent governments Belgian soil, books of crimination and re- have been driven. crimination, of explanation, history, poetry, From these five hundred pages bristling and prophecy, began to pour from the press. with fact, opinion, and argument, certain The first nine months of the war have given salient observations are to be made. birth in America alone to two hundred and First, it is plain that Marxism is not synon- thirty-eight independent publications, ymous with Socialism. A group of Marxian listed in the “ Cumulative Book Index” under or “classical" socialists is everywhere con- the title, "the European war." What the fronted by a group of “revisionists,” – social- European presses have added to this number ists who believe in a progressive revelation. is only a matter of conjecture. Needless to It seems worth while to note this, because say, much of this current history, born of the a common assumption of the opponents of moment, dies in the next moment. Some of it Socialism is that every socialist must hold will furnish valuable grist for future histo- to Marx orsocialistically speaking, be rians, however, especially those works which damned. Nothing could be more absurd. aim at compilation of documentary evidence. However, it might be remarked that Marx was Of such books, Mr. William English Walling's no mean prophet regarding the present war. Socialists and the War" deserves and no In 1870, three days after Sedan, he wrote: doubt will receive high place. “Whoever is not totally stupefied by the noise Whatever one may think of Socialism, the of the moment, or has no interest in stupefy- student of the times finds it of growing inter- ing others, must realize that the war of 1870 est and importance to know what the socialists bears within its womb the necessity of a war think. What they think of war and of the with Russia. . . If they [Germany] take war is just now supreme. Mr. Walling, a Alsace-Lorraine, then Russia and France will trained student of politics and economics, a make war on Germany. It is superfluous to socialist himself of robust, independent, and point out the disastrous results." non-sectarian opinions, undertakes to satisfy Second, clear and abundant evidence is pre- this interest in a volume containing the con- sented here to prove what is now pretty gener- centrated essence of socialist pronouncements. ally admitted that despite the lapses of He conceives his task as purely editorial ; and occasional groups into jingoism or junkerism with remarkable judgment he sifts and culls, or Chauvinism, socialists have been both in and with remarkable restraint he limits him- season and out of season the season of war self to a minimum of comment. To present fever — the pioneers and champions of peace. a brief adequate review of a book already so On July 30, 1914, at the demonstration of the condensed and digested is of course an impos- Internationalist Socialist Bureau in Brussels, sible task; yet one may hope to give some the German delegate Haase said: general topographical features. “ The Austrian ultimatum was then, in reality, The book is planned in five parts. Part I. an actual provocation for a war both longed for gives the general position of the socialists on and awaited. Servia's answer was, it is known, war, including their attitude toward nation- drawn up in a spirit so moderate that if good alism, militarism, and imperialism. Impor- faith were admissible on the part of the Aus- tant chapters are devoted to the General trians, peace would be assured. Austria wanted Strike as a remedy against war, and to the But what is so dreadful is the fact that this refusal of money aids for military purposes. criminal madness can cover all Europe with blood. Part II. deals with the period immediately ought not to intervene even if Russia should in- . . The German proletariat contends that Germany before the war, the Balkan affairs with their tervene." sequels, and the revolutionary general strikes in Russia and Italy. Part III., “The Out- What French socialists thought before the break of the War," is a splendid digest of the violation of Belgium is seen in the words of statements of official bodies and prominent the martyred Jaurès on the same occasion: socialists of the world, defining their attitude “As for ourselves, it is our duty to insist that toward the inpending conflict. Part IV., the the government speak forcibly enough to Rus- largest and by far the most important section, sia to make her keep hands off. But if Russia gives an account of socialist action and opin- unfortunately should not take notice. our duty ion during the war. Germany naturally is con- is to say, 'We know but one treaty, the treaty sidered with greatest particularity. Part V. that binds us to the human race.' It is not difficult to conceive why Chauvinistic * THE SOCIALISTS AND THE WAR. By William English Wall- ing. New York: Henry Holt & Co. France demanded the life of the author of war. 19 а 1915) 57 THE DIAL this unpatriotic sentiment. Everywhere one war squarely to Nationalism, the economic in- can read the same stubborn story. On August terests of all classes. On the other hand the 1, 1914, after the outbreak of the war against majority of the French socialists, including 1 Austria, the Servian socialists in Parliament Jaurès, announced at Stuttgart in 1907: refused their support to the government. In “Militarism is to be viewed exclusively as the 1911 the sole socialist deputy in the Bulgarian arming of the State in order to keep the work- Assembly, Sakasoff, cast the only ballot ing classes in political and economic subjec- against war. Marx and Engels were not tion to the capitalist class.” Needless to say, pacificists, and practically all socialists believe this is also a common view in Russia. a . with Bebel in purely defensive war; yet it is Fourth, it is demonstrated absolutely that marvellous how long, in the present world- the German socialists were not a unit in the madness, their internationalism kept them support of the government at the outbreak of sane. For instance, Mr. J. Ramsay Macdon-the war, and that there is a strong and grow- , ald, Chairman of the Labor Party in England, ing opposition in the party to the war's con- in an article in “The Labor Leader” of tinuance. Geyer of Saxony led a strong August 13 last, “excused Germany's declara- minority, 37 to 52, against the war budget of tion of war against Russia and France, and 1913; and the majority voted for it solely put upon England the chief responsibility for because it called for a direct tax upon the the war between England and Germany.” | capitalist class, thus coinciding with their The best statement of the tragic socialist fail- principles. On December 2, when Karl Lieb- ure, despite everything, to keep out of the knecht was the only member of the Reichstag war, is found in the "Arbeiter Zeitung" rep- to vote “no” to the second war loan, he was resenting the Austrian socialists: not the only socialist to think “no.” Twenty- “ In all countries we Socialists, German, French, five stood by him in the Party Congress, and English, Belgian, Austrian, Servian, have done fourteen of these absented themselves when our duty as internationalists, as long as it was the vote was taken, indicating in the only possible; we warned against the war, and with legitimate socialist manner their dissent to the every drop of our blood have sought to hinder it; majority. At the voting of the third loan on and we tried to make use of every possible chance March 20, Ruehle stood with Liebknecht, and of maintaining peace up to the very last minute. thirty other party members stayed away. “ But since Fate has overtaken us and over- “Vorwaerts," the most powerful organ of come us, the proletariat in all countries, which German Socialism, has never defended the formerly did its international duty, now does its duty as sons of its people, who risk everything Reichstag vote, and has opposed the war up to in order that the people shall not be conquered, in the extreme limit of the censor's blue pencil. order that its soil will not be delivered to the Fifth, it is perfectly clear why the majority horrors of a defeat. We all suffer wrong; of German socialists support the righteousness all do right to protect ourselves against it. of the cause of enlightened Germany against But even in this tragic moment we do not forget the encroachments of Russia. that we are International Social Democrats. Our Sixth, socialists in every belligerent coun- hearts bleed because of the frightful necessity of try are divided roughly into two groups: de- this conflict, but we give to our people and to fenders of the war as defensive, and a minority the State what belongs to the people and the sternly pointing to the same issues they have State.” always pointed out,-commercial rivalry and This is clearly meant to apply in justification, militarism. In each country,— with the ex, not of Austrian socialists alone, but of all ception of France, where the completest una- combatants. No franker, braver, or more chari- nimity against the German invasion exists,- table utterance has been evoked by the war. certain prominent socialists arraign their own Third, it becomes clear that socialists have government with the same impersonal justice no stereotyped diagnosis and panacea for war. that is to be found in neutral countries. While they believe with Mr. Morris Hillquit “Vorwaerts” in Germany, Messrs. Ramsay “” " that modern wars are mainly caused by the Macdonald and Keir Hardie and Bernard industrial competition between nations," wide Shaw in England, and Martoff in Russia illus- remarkable . we the intelleetual header" of German radicai trsteventh, socialists in neutrale countries de socialists, thinks “ that there may develop in sire Germany to be successful against despotic the present war a combination of the stronger Russia, but not against democratic England nations which will put an end to the competi- and republican France. The Poles, to be sure, tive building of armaments.” Thus war feel that there is little choice between Russ would be ended not by Socialism, but by a and Pruss. An article in “The American developed capitalism. Otto Bauer attributes Socialist” of January 9, 1915, sums up the 58 (July 15 THE DIAL American view on this point: “Whatever the The government agreed to pay the railroads cause of human progress may gain through a “the sum by which the aggregate net receipts punishment of Prussian militarism, it will of the railways for the period during which lose a hundredfold through a victory of Rus- the government is in possession of them, fall sian despotism." Mr. Hillquit is for a draw short of the aggregate net receipts for the and a return to the status quo, while Mr. Debs, corresponding period for 1913”; also to guar- and also evidently Mr. Walling, are strongly antee them against any injury they might sus- opposed to such a no-termination. An inter- tain, thus providing the railways assurance of esting passage from Bebel's Memoirs reads kindly government aid in making long de- like an extract from Norman Angell's thesis ferred improvements. Only the worst enemy in “The Great Illusion”: “My view is that of Socialism would see a real resemblance here. defeat in war is rather advantageous than dis- However, as Mr. Lloyd-George has pointed advantageous to a people in our unfree condi- out, " the British people are essentially a peo- tion. Victories make a government that ple who act on example and experiment rather stands opposed to a people arrogant and exact- than on argument,” and other peoples are ing. Defeats compel them to approach the pretty much of the same stripe; so if these people and win their sympathy." The back- various experiments in nationalization and ground is very different from Norman An- municipalization prove successful, there is gell's, but the conclusion is identical; and by reason to expect that in the future they will the same token, diametrically opposed to that become what they are not now, socialistic. of Plechanoff, who thinks that a German vic- THOMAS PERCIVAL BEYER. tory over Russia would mean “an almost indefinite triumph of Russian despotism.” Eighth, socialist peace plans have thus far, RELICS OF THE BRONZE AGE IN GREECE.* through mutual distrust and international war divorcements, proved as frustrate as any Mr. H. R. Hall's “introduction to the others. Little can or need be said on this archæology of prehistoric Greece" is written topic. The end is not yet. by an assistant in the British Museum, and One further question is of prime interest. forms one of the volumes in a series of man- It has been said by socialist and non-socialist uals of archæology of different lands. The press alike that the exigencies of war have culture which it considers was first brought forced several of the governments engaged to into prominent notice by Schliemann's finds at adopt socialist measures. Is this true? Yes Mycenæ. It has been made more fully known Take two prominent illustrations. by later investigations, to some degree in the State Socialism in Germany was undoubtedly Greek mainland but principally in Crete and making rapid progress before the war, through the Cyclades. No archæological studies have graduated inheritance and income taxes and produced greater surprises, or forced more taxes on the unearned increment in land. The far-reaching criticism of earlier-held views. war chest was filled by a direct tax on capital, The culture known as Mycenæan in Greece even amounting to confiscation. To raise the proper is Minoan in Crete and Cycladic in immense amounts necessary to pay interest on the smaller islands. The term Ægean of our the war loan, it will be necessary to increase author includes the three phases and is a con- taxes of this sort. This would tend to redis- venient general designation. The time period tribute large fortunes, and would really covered by it, determined largely by compari- amount to Socialism. “Vorwaerts,” on the son with Egyptian evidence of fixed date, other hand, stamps as a dangerous illusion the seems to have ended about 1200 B. c. and to tendency to regard government organization run back to the time of the pyramid builders, of industry for war purposes as socialistic. perhaps about 3000 B.C. As a whole, the cul- Government ownership, as Kautsky points out ture represents the “bronze age," and is of in “Die neue Zeit,” gained by purchase at remarkable beauty and interest and has had a the market price and not by confiscation, has great influence. As regards nomenclature, the no vital resemblance to Socialism. Minoan culture, the full Cretan development, Again, it is asserted that the British Gov- is divided into three main divisions — Early, ernment, in nationally organizing the rail. Middle, and Late, each of which is subdi. roads of the United Kingdom at the beginning vided into three lesser divisions — I., II., III. of the war, took a long step toward Socialism. Thus we may speak of E. M. II. or L. M. III., In a sense that is true. It was shown how meaning Early Minoan middle, or Late Mi- easy and natural such a change could be noan end. The Cycladic culture parallels the effected. But at the core this measure no more and no. > - An Introduction to the Arche- ology of Prehistoric Greece. By H. R. Hall, F.S.A. resembles Socialism than does martial law. trated in color, etc. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. * ÆGEAN ARCHÆOLOGY. Illus- 1915) 59 THE DIAL T Minoan, and its subdivision gives rise to ex- step by step; form, decoration, color handling, pressions like M.C.I. and L. C. II. Myce- polychromy, show the working out of an exu- næan culture is relatively late, and corresponds berant fancy. The representation of sea ani- only to Late Minoan, so its terminology de- mals in color design is remarkable: “the accu- mands but three expressions, Myc. I., Myc. II., rate observation of the artist shews itself in Myc. III. the splendid impressions of octopods, squids Mr. Hall devotes a long early chapter to the and nautili, tritons, anemones, seapens and history of exploration and discovery from shells, amid jagged rocks from which seaweed Schliemann down to the present. Workers waves, which cover the best vases of this age.” of many nationalities have been engaged in Where such mastery was gained in the appli- the fascinating pursuit, the most famous being cation of color designs to the surfaces of Arthur Evans, of England. Americans are vessels, there is no reason for surprise that justly proud of the work done by Harriet Boyd mural decoration flourished. (-Hawes), whose excavations at Gourniá were No subject, however, in Ægean archæology of high character. A number of Greeks have surpasses the written system in interest. This been industrious, and have made valuable con- was discovered and investigated by Mr. Evans. tribution. In following chapters, there is It presents itself as cut on seal-stones and presented a detailed study of the archæo- scratched or pressed on clay tablets. Two logical material unearthed, - stone, metal, periods in the development of the script are pottery, towns, houses, palaces, fortresses, tem- recognized. The earlier, pictographic char- ples, tombs, decoration, painting, sculpture, acters, on seal-stones, may date back to 3000 hieroglyphic system, weights and measures, B. C.; the latest script is from about 1200 B. C. costume, armor, weapons, tools, ships, and Sir Arthur Evans connects the Cretan-Ægean domestic animals, being among the more im- script with the Cypriote syllabary, and sug- portant topics considered. We can here make gests that the Phoenician alphabet (with its but a few comments upon this material. In- Greek and Latin descendants) owes its origin teresting and characteristic are stone vessels to the Cretan script. While the characters of the E.M. and E.C. cultures. Vases and have been identified and their evolution has lidded boxes are among the forms; graves of been traced, their decipherment has not been E. M.III. age at Mochlos" yielded innumera- accomplished. The numeral signs have been ble small vases of multicolored stone, steatite, worked out, but we do not even know whether marble, and breccia, wrought with the utmost the syllabic characters represent the sounds of skill, and using the actual veins of the stone an Aryan or a non-Aryan language. to form a coherent pattern." Beautiful metal It must be evident from what we have said work was done in gold, silver, and bronze. that the matter of Mr. Hall's book is of ex- While the famous gold cups from Vaphio per- traordinary interest; unfortunately his pre- haps still remain the masterpieces of the sentation of it is dry and heavy. The book is Ægean goldsmith's art, lovely specimens amply and beautifully illustrated. In closing found at other localities come as close seconds. his work, the author presents a brief summary They are wonderfully attractive in their grace of conclusions. Crete was the centre of Ægean and beauty of form, and in the boldness and culture, and its whole history is to be traced delicacy of their repoussé ornamentation. In there. To a remarkable degree it underwent all the art work of this culture, the student an independent and individual development. constantly comes upon charming examples of From Crete, it passed into Greece, gaining a the law of copy- and this often in strangely foothold in the Peloponnese and spreading out unexpected ways. Thus, the potter of the Thus, the potter of the from there as a new centre. Crete itself prob- M.M. imitated metal vases in form, and stone ably received population and the beginnings vessels both in form and color — "the varie- of its art from Africa — the Nile valley,– gated hues of the stone vases were imitated and always remained to some degree in touch and polychromy first appeared in the Ægean with Egypt. “The Ægean culture was a ceramic.” Another interesting, and unex- maritime one, the civilization of a sailor- pected, exemplification of the law of copy is people of the islands, and its progress was to be seen in steatite vessels upon the surface rendered possible only by the sea. By the of which the repoussé decoration of gold vases sea it lived, and when a stronger people com- is imitated. In the decoration of metal work, ing from the North, and bringing with it the splendid raised designs represent groups of use of iron, dispossessed the Ægeans of the men and animals in action, and throw a flood exclusive control of the seaways their power of light upon the life of the time. In pottery, collapsed, and with it the great civilization of the culture finds remarkable expression: the which we have described the remains." art can be traced in its whole development, FREDERICK STARR. 1 60 (July 15 THE DIAL ter, Elizabeth, a beautiful girl of nineteen, AN AMERICAN DRAMA OF THE 18TH CENTURY.* and into this domestic circle he determined to “ Ponteach, or The Savages of America,” push himself. Apart from all reasons of sen- more often described as the first tragedy written by advantageous” (p. 74); “ Certificates of his an American on an American subject, has usefulness and bravery he secured from al- hitherto been available only in the original most every considerable American leader London edition of 1766, of which but five during the Seven Years War,- Amherst, copies are known to be in existence. By re- Abercrombie, Howe, Moncton, Webb, Lou- printing the play with an introduction, a bib- doun, Eglinton, and others; some of them, liography, and an elaborate biography of the delivered with an alacrity strongly suggestive author, the Caxton Club of Chicago has ren- of jealousy of Gage and Johnson, added warm dered a service to students of American litera- personal recommendations to the more per- ture, even though the chief interest of the functory testimonials ” (pp. 147-8). That the editor, Mr. Allan Nevins, is evidently in his- dashing young ranger who had fallen in love torical rather than in literary questions. The with a beautiful girl married her only to push attractive appearance of the volume is highly himself into the family of a Portsmouth creditable to its sponsors. clergyman, or that the most distinguished Colonel Robert Rogers, the author of the generals in America were guilty of praising play, was born in Methuen on the Massachu- Rogers only to warm a grudge against some setts frontier in 1731. As a mere boy he saw one else seem gratuitous assumptions. There service in Indian conflicts, and while still a is no doubt that Rogers had, probably in high young man became a noted leader of rangers degree, the improvidence and the personal in the French and Indian wars. In 1760 he vices often developed by the frontiersman and was appointed to receive the submission of the the soldier. But it is difficult to see how a French posts on the Great Lakes, and it was man completely sunk in dissipation could on his journey westward for this purpose that have attained the self-culture which Rogers he first met Chief Pontiac. His fame by this shows; or how so despicable a character as time was such that the next year he was Mr. Nevins pictures could have held for years hastily summoned, only six days after his mar- the respect and friendship of Indians, traders, riage, to take part in the campaign against army officers, and leaders of the British gov- the Cherokees in the Carolinas. Two years ernment. later, on the re-opening of hostilities in the The authorship of "Ponteach" has at North, he fought against Pontiac at Detroit. times seemed open to some doubt, partly be- In 1765 he went to England, where his two cause the Indians are portrayed in a way prose works, the Journals and the “Concise hardly to be expected of a frontier fighter; Account of North America,” were published. partly, perhaps, because the copy most readily “Ponteach" followed early in 1766. He re- accessible to scholars, that in the British turned to America as governor of Mackinac, Museum, contains an early manuscript entry and in the administration of this post became ascribing it to “Richd. Rogers." All such engaged in controversies with Sir William Johnson. Later he went to England to plead sponsibility for the work, Mr. Nevins seems doubts, so far as they concern the main re- his cause, possibly served a few months in effectively to have set at rest. He points out Algiers, and returned to America to take a that the estimate of Indian character in the slight part, on the British side, in the Revolu- appendix to the “ Concise Account” is essen- tion. The later years of his life were spent tially that which pervades the play. He also obscurely as a half-pay colonel in London, quotes from a writer in “The Critical Review where he died in 1795. who in discussing the “Concise Account" The private character of this picturesque said: “The picture exhibited of the Emperor soldier is of little concern to the student of Pontiac is novel and interesting, and would his tragedy; yet the casual reader of Mr. Nevins's portrayal may be tempted to protest great dramatic genius. appear to vast advantage in the hands of a great dramatic genius." It was some four against what seems a tendency to use the months after this hint that “Ponteach” was blackest possible colors. The biographer's issued by John Millan, who had published habitual treatment of motives may be seen Rogers's other works; and although its au- from the following quotations chosen almost thorship was never acknowledged, it was at random: “In the Browne home, Rogers almost universally ascribed by the London met and fell in love with the youngest daugh- critics to Rogers. • PONTEACH, OR THE SAVAGES OF AMERICA. A Tragedy by As a work of literary art “Ponteach” is Robert Rogers. With an Introduction and a Biography of the Author, by Allan Nevins. Chicago: The Caxton Club. negligible. As Mr. Nevins remarks, it is un- 1915) 61 THE DIAL - (6 66 likely that Rogers had attended a stage per- Nathaniel Potter; but the pictures of fron- formance before he reached London, and he tier life and the portrayal of Indian character had probably read few plays. The plot — as are clearly Rogers's own. distinguished from the setting - is weak and There is room for a study of the treatment conventional. The form is a rude blank of the Indian in literature which shall con- verse, with occasional rhymed passages. An sider how far the interpretation of aboriginal amusing indication of the author's provincial character has been determined by the tem- pronunciation is perhaps found in what looks perament and the social philosophy of indi- like an attempt to rhyme “home” and “gun vidual writers. In the preparation of such a (Act. I. Sc. II.). The diction is often collo- study “Ponteach” will be a valuable docu- quial to an extent that was more troublesome ment. From the earliest times there have to the London critics of 1766 than it is to us. been two extreme opinions -- that the "noble Yet different passages of the play,- in par- red man” was in his native state possessed of ticular, different Indian speeches, — vary so every essential virtue, and that "the only much in tone as to suggest the possibility of a good Indian is a dead Indian.” Neither of double authorship. The first act is the rough- these views has been confined either to the est and most direct. In Act I., Sc. III. occurs frontiersmen who knew the Indian intimately, the following dialogue between Ponteach and or to the city-dwelling disciples of Rousseau. the English Commander: Colonel Rogers was a man whose life from “ Ponteach. Well, Mr. Colonel Cockum, what d' early boyhood had been spent in fighting they call you? Indians, yet who felt that they were essen- You give no Answer yet to my Complaint; tially noble, and that they had been the vic- Your Men give my Men always too much Rum, tims of cruelty and fraud. In his play the Then trade and cheat 'em. What! d'ye think this French priest is licentious, the British traders right? are cheats, the hunters are murderers, the “ Cockum. Tush! Silence! hold your noisy military officers Cockum and Frisk are super- cursed Nonsense; cilious and insulting, and the governors, I've heard enough of it; what is it to me? Sharp, Gripe, and Catchum, are all that their “ Ponteach. What! you a Colonel, and not names imply. Of the Indians, Philip is a command your Men? villain; but the others, though showing hu- Let ev'ry one be a Rogue that has a Mind to 't. “ Cockum. Why, curse your Men, I suppose man weaknesses, command our sympathy, and Ponteach is really noble. Rogers undoubtedly they wanted Rum; They'll rarely be content, I know, without it. believed that the French plan of mingling on “ Ponteach. What then? If Indians are such terms of equality with the Indians was better Fools, I think than the English show of authority and supe- White Men like you should stop and teach them riority, but he wrote in no sense as propa- better. gandist. He seems to have interpreted the Indians in the light of his own temperament; “Cockum. You may be d- -d, and all your and if he did, his work is a commentary both Frenchmen too. on the Indian character and on his own. “ Ponteach. Be d- -d! what's that? I do not As Colonel Rogers was far more important understand.” as ranger and frontiersman than as author, it In contrast to this is the absurd discourse of would be unfair to blame Mr. Nevins for mak- the Indian maiden to her lover in Act III. ing his biographical sketch an historical ., rather than a literary monograph. Yet it may Sc. I. : be pointed out that he has not traced so far “ The Earth itself is sometimes known to shake, as he might parallelisms between the play and And the bright Sun by Clouds is oft conceald, Rogers's prose works; and that he has left for And gloomy Night succeeds the Smiles of Day- So Beauty oft by foulest Faults is veild, later students the tasks of searching for the And after one short Blaze admir'd no more, models that the author used in preparing his Loses its Lustre, drops its sparkling Charms, plot, and of comparing his treatment of the The Lover sickens, and his Passion dies. Indians with that of other English writers of Nay worse, he hates what he so doted on. the hour. Anyone who is but slightly famil- Time only proves the Truth of Worth and Love, iar with English magazines in the decade in The one may be a cheat, the other change, which “Ponteach” appeared has noticed how And Fears, and Jealousies, and mortal Hate, much space is given to American matters, Succeed the Sunshine of the warmest Passion.” including those which concerned the Indians. A speech like that just quoted may have been The fact that “ Ponteach” itself seemed worth composed with the aid of some hack writer, or, the attention if not the approbation of Lon- as Mr. Nevins suggests, of Rogers's secretary, doners is shown in the fact that “The Gentle- 62 (July 15 THE DIAL - a man's Magazine" for February, 1766, places economic distress. These three tendencies, it first in the list of “Books Published," and with varying emphasis, are seen to-day in the gives it as much space as is given to the other platform and programme of every political twenty-one titles of the month combined. party; they are manifested in the political WILLIAM B. CAIRNS. changes and reforms that are advocated and made in the nation, the states, and the cities; and, because of their universality and defi- niteness, they may be said to constitute the THE NEW SPIRIT IN AMERICAN POLITICS,* real progressive movement. To the many extant interpretations of pro- Mr. De Witt's method is both historical gressivism in contemporary American politics and analytical. Following a chapter devoted -President Wilson's “The New Freedom,” to the meaning and general aspects of the Mr. Weyl's “The New Democracy,” and Mr. history of the progressive movement, he Croly's " Progressive Democracy, ” to men- writes at some length of the movement in tion but three- has lately been added Mr. each of the five principal parties of the pres- Benjamin P. De Witt's “The Progressive ent day, that is, the Democratic, the Repub- Movement." Mr. De Witt writes sympa- lican, the Progressive, the Socialist, and the thetically, but with a due measure of re- Prohibitionist. Thereupon he turns to the straint; and he fixes the scope of his subject development and the achievements of pro- broadly and sanely. He very truly says that gressivism in the nation, in the states, and in so much attention has been given to the rise the municipalities. It is these later portions and development of the Progressive party in of the book that are most valuable. The the United States that there has been a ten- earlier chapters comprise only rapid sketches dency to overlook the larger and more funda- of recent and familiar party history. The mental movement of which it is a part later ones, however, summarize in a helpful movement which had struck its roots far back manner recent triumphs of progressive prin- in the past and had assumed formidable pro- ciples and characterize pending problems in- portions before the campaign of 1912 began. volving the application of progressive ideas. “ The progressive movement is broader than the We are told that the progressive movement Progressive party and, in fact, than any single is not so far advanced in the nation as it is in party. It is the embodiment and expression of the states, and that therefore so far as the fundamental measures and principles of reform nation is concerned emphasis must be placed that have been advocated for many years by all primarily upon the preliminary steps of gov- political parties. Although differences in name, ernment and corporation control, while in the in the specific reforms advocated, and in the states these matters are becoming more and emphasis placed upon them, have obscured the identity of the movement, the underlying purposes more incidental to the extension of the func- and ideals of the progressive elements of all tions of government to afford social, economic, parties for the past quarter of a century have and industrial relief. In the city, while the been essentially the same. To make clear this uni- broader phases of the movement are the same versal character of the progressive movement is as in the states, there are some differences of one of the objects for which this book has been emphasis. In the first place, the city must written.” be made free from the domination of the The common substratum of progressivism state legislature — must, in other words, have in all political parties is declared by Mr. municipal home rule. In the second place, De Witt to consist in three main tendencies: the city must adopt that form of charter that (1) insistence by the better element that will afford to its voters the largest oppor- special, minority, and corrupt influence in tunity for direct and effective participation government - national, state, and city — be in municipal affairs. Furthermore, the gov- removed; (2) the demand that the structure ernment of the city must be put upon a or machinery of government, which hitherto business basis, with much stress upon efficient has been admirably adapted to control of the and economical organization and methods. few, be so modified that it will be more diffi- Finally, the functions of city government cult for the few, and easier for the many, to must be extended to promote the welfare and rontrol; and (3) the rapidly growing convic. comfort of the inhabitants so far as is com- tion that the functions of government at pres- patible with free government and democratic ent are too restricted and that they must be institutions. The municipal programme out- increased and extended to relieve social and lined in the closing chapters is attractive, and considerable portions of it are being carried A Non-partisan, Compre- hensive Discussion Current Tendencies in American into execution to-day in many cities. FREDERIC AUSTIN OGG. * THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT. of Politics. By Benjamin P. De Witt. millan Co. New York: The Mac- 1915) 63 THE DIAL RECENT FICTION. temporary history will no doubt supply chap- ter and verse for every one of the nefarious Mr. Churehill has the lecture habit in an activities whereby Paret acquires wealth and aggravated form, and it is seriously impair- commanding influence, but the men of his ing his function as a novelist in any artistic type illustrate only one aspect — albeit a sin- sense. Probably he will not be much stirred ister one — of the American business life of by this criticism, for when a man thinks that to-day. It is well that this aspect of life he sees a gigantic evil, and feels that he has should be exposed in all its vicious ugliness, a mission to expose and overthrow it, he is but it is not well that these methods should apt to be somewhat reckless of the means employed. If he happens to be a popular pointing of Mr. Churchill's moral is a con- be presented as universally prevailing. The novelist, he will unhesitatingly jettison the equipment which makes for lasting literary tinuous process. Even in Paret's most suc- achievement, and ram the object of his attack cessful hours, he has stirrings of a better nature that make him uncomfortable, and in at the risk of sinking his own craft. Mr. Churchill clearly believes that he has such a the end, through the influence of the radical agitator Krebs, who has antagonized him mission, and employs all his persuasiveness throughout his career, he experiences a revul- to impress his readers with its importance. In “The Inside of the Cup,” his attack was sion of feeling in which the bitter truth is brought home to him that his success has been upon the hypocrisy which makes of religion but as dust and ashes in the mouth. He real- a crust without substance; in "A Far Coun- try,” his artillery is aimed at the methods of futility of gaining the whole world if a man izes the meaning of the old text about the “big business" in the modern American thereby loses his own soul, and tardily sets world. We do not say that he has lost all about the recovery of his soul before it is lost sense of the artistic demands made upon him forever. as a novelist, but he has distinctly subordi- Two women are intimately asso- ciated with his fortunes — the one whom he nated them to the purpose of preaching an effective sermon. marries only to become estranged from her, Of his earnestness there and the one for whom he entertains a guilty can be no doubt, and he does not scold his passion without being dragged beyond the fellow-men for their lack of vision in the verge of the precipice. The necessity for monotonous manner of Mr. H. G. Wells, but he makes himself wearisome by excess of renunciation, caused by this woman's native strength of character, becomes the instru- argument, and he distorts the facts of life by ment of his conversion, and turns his groping excess of emphasis. There are, heaven knows, evils enough in the business world of to-day, steps backward from the “far country” in which his manhood life has been spent, bring- and the moralist, even if he be a writer of fiction, is justified in making them his target, ing him once more within sight of a region but the rapier of indirection and suggestion of simpler and saner ideals. This study of is far more likely to reach their vitals than an erring soul, perplexed in the extreme by the amazing discovery that worldly success the bludgeon,—the sling and the "five smooth stones" than the "weaver's beam." Briefly, does not bring spiritual satisfaction, makes a “A Far Country” is the autobiography of strong appeal to our sympathies, despite its Hugh Paret, son of a lawyer of the old school many desert tracts of self-analysis, despite of high ethical standards, and himself a law- the encumbrance of a mass of insignificant yer of the new school which promotes cor- detail, and despite the handicap of a literary porations, grabs franchises, and corrupts style that rarely has the note of distinction, courts and legislatures. He believes in the and has stodginess for its chief characteristic. new business gospel of efficiency, and is per- The type of whimsical humor which makes suaded that the small group of financiers to an intellectual appeal is the salient character- which he belongs is the group best fitted for istic of Mr. Locke's later work, and is once leadership and for mastery of the political more exemplified in “Jaffery." It enables and industrial life of the nation. Actual con- him to invest an exotic character with human interest, and to lend probability to a situation * A FAR COUNTRY. By Winston Churchill. New York: The Macmillan Co. which the logical mind would be forced to JAFFERY. By William J. Locke. New York: The John Lane Co. reject as beyond the pale of possibility. Both EMPTY POCKETS. By Rupert Hughes. New York: Harper these audacious feats are here accomplished, & Brothers. A CLOISTERED ROMANCE. By Florence Olmstead. the one in the case of the Albanian heroine York: Charles Scribner's Sons. FIDELITY. Liosha, and the other in the success (for a By Susan Glaspell. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co. time) of Jaffery's device for sparing the feel- L. P. M. The End of the Great War. By J. Stewart Bar- Dey. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. ings of the woman he adores by covering up - New 64 [July 15 THE DIAL the fraudulent literary career of her deceased seen in the following quotation : “He imag- husband. Adrian Boldero finds among the ined himself to be in love with a moonbeam. possessions of a dead comrade the manuscript And the moonbeam shot like a glamorous, of a complete novel. This he publishes under enchanted sword between him and Liosha, his own name, thereby gaining both fame and and kept them apart until the moment of wealth. He also gains Doria, who marries dazed revelation, when he saw that the moon- him, worships him as a genius, and envelopes beam was merely a pale, earnest, anxious, him in an atmosphere of incense. He prom- suffering little human thing, alien to his ises his publishers a second novel, but is every instinct, a firmament away, in every utterly incapable of writing it, and wears his vital essential, from the goddess of his idola- life out (aided by many potations) in the try.” It will be seen from the preceding effort to perform his impossible task. His remarks that “Jaffery” is to be read with widow believes that he has finished this sec- an undercurrent of subconscious protest ond work, and it lies with Jaffery to safe against the tricks of the author's invention; guard her delusion. Thereupon he writes the but for all that, the story is no less capti- novel himself, gives it to the publishers as vating than its predecessors, and we would Boldero's work, and it repeats the success of not for anything have missed our acquain- the first production. It is true that the pub- tance with either Jaffery or his Albanian lic is puzzled by the new theme and the new charge. style, but no doubt is cast upon the authen- The six hundred pages of “Empty Pock- ticity of the authorship. Such a thing is, of ets," by Mr. Rupert Hughes, may be recom- course, frankly impossible, for Jaffery is a mended as providing ideal entertainment for burly, explosive, Rabelaisian person, having the vacation leisure of any reader who wishes not a single intellectual trait in common with to avoid the strenuous, yet who demands Boldero, but Mr. Locke almost makes the tense and sustained interest of his fiction. reader accept it. Of course Doria has to dis- Something is happening all the time in these cover the double imposition, and her clay idol pages, and their manifold incidents are has to come down from his pedestal. Mean- woven into a fabric of close texture which while, Jaffery discovers that his true mate is never allows the pattern of the plot to escape Liosha, and that his love for Doria has been the eye. There is also much lively humor of a delusion. Doria deserves nothing better the journalistic sort which works its effects than this, for she is a very silly, selfish, and by unanticipated similitudes and quaint tricks parasitical young woman, and one feels like of expression. The story is concerned with a shaking Jaffery for his dog-like attendance murder mystery, and the first fifty pages upon her footsteps. As for Liosha, she is As for Liosha, she is supply the stage-setting and the climax. indescribable at any less length than the Then the author steps a year backward, and novel itself. Born of Albanian parents in the proceeds to pick up the threads of the com- Chicago stock yards, her later years of lifeplication, and to show us exactly how it came among her ancestral mountains have not about that the body of Perry Merrithew, New obliterated the Chicago idiom from her York clubman and rake, was found one speech. When Jaffery, who is a war corre- morning in the summer of 1914, upon the spondent in the Balkans, comes into her life, roof of a tenement building in the slums of she is the wife (and soon thereafter the the East Side, his skull fractured, and his widow) of one of his fellow-journalists. She fists tightly clenching the strands of copper- is left in Jaffery's charge, and he brings her colored hair which some woman had cut away to England. The people who attempt to civic for the purpose of freeing herself. After lize her she characterizes as “damn fools,” some five hundred pages of narration, we are she is disposed to stick a knife into any one brought to the point at which the story began, who crosses her will, and her manners are, to and thence proceed swiftly to the close, to say the least, primitive. These traits, added learn that Merrithew had really died of to her Amazonian frame, make her a terror apoplexy at the very moment of an attempted in more senses than one, and we are led to outrage upon the woman, and that she had regard her as a comic diversion rather than been guilty of no other crime than self- as a serious heroine of romance. But Mr. defence against his attack. This is a com- Locke has made up his mind that we shall forting revelation, for the heroine, the daugh- take her seriously, and in the end almost ter of one of New York's wealthiest families, makes us accept her as the life companion is a very charming girl, and her indiscretions predestined for Jaffery. The unblushing are really of the most innocent and warm- sophistication with which Jaffery's relations hearted description. During the narrative, with Doria and Liosha are set forth may be four or five other red-haired girls are drawn 1915) 65 THE DIAL across the trail, and we are kept until near tress in many small ways, reading to the in- the end from getting on the right scent. valids, and bringing them delicate things to When we learn that it was really Muriel who eat. She is a very charming young woman, was Merrithew's companion on that midnight and when David Paget becomes the subject excursion into the slums, we receive a severe of her ministrations, he decides to play the shock, for it is not until after that revelation game, and allow her to believe him as the that we are led to abandon the pre-conceived others, a penniless dependant upon the theory of murder for the explanation that sisters' charity. Thus begins the “cloistered rehabilitates the heroine and shows Merri- romance” of Miss Olmstead's devising. How thew to have got no more than his deserts. it ends is another matter, and one not difficult Two aspects of metropolitan life alternate in to imagine. David lingers in the home rather claiming our interest. There is the pleasure- longer than is strictly necessary for his phy- seeking aspect of the dinner-dance and the sical needs, and when he takes a reluctant amusement resort, and there is the grim and departure, reveals himself in his true colors sordid aspect of the underworld of poverty by bestowing upon the institution a generous and vice and crime. Perhaps the most excit- cheque for the building of the much-needed ing episode is the kidnapping of Muriel by a addition. The narrative is one of “humors” gang of bandits, and the breathless taxicab rather than of plot, and includes several char- race from the Bowery to the Bronx in which acters who are an unfailing source of delight she is finally rescued by the pursuers. It all - the bibulous and philosophical Samuel, the seems to have been transferred bodily from a grouchy Mr. Shultz, the suspicious and gos- film-melodrama to the pages of a book. Mr. sipping Mary Giffin with her passion for Hughes is minutely realistic in both descrip- chocolate crackers, the austere but very hu- tion and dialogue, and his East Side types, man mother superior who will do anything in particular, are done to the life. We must for the sake of her pet cat Hafiz, and the hasten to add, however, that his characteriza- efficient and sympathetic Sister Gertrude. tions are purely external; of character- Even Goliath provides a character-study of portrayal in the deeper sense, he does not deep mulish interest. Aside from the artifice give us a single instance, and his figures are of the main complication, the story has all no more life-like than the marionettes in a the naturalness of a transcript from real puppet-booth. He manifests, moreover, a daily life, and the by-play of dialogue is cynical temper that is anything but whole- inimitable. A brief example, with Mary some, and his efforts to swing the satirical Giffin in the foreground, may be given: lash over the back of society are amusingly “I had my day, Mr. Paget,' she said proudly, ineffective. But he has told a good story, in an' she ain't nothin' to the handsomeness of me.' spite of its over-sophistication, and its read- 'I guess you must have been good-looking, ers will regret that it is too long to be read Mary,' he admitted. at a single stretch. 'I was a corker!' said Mary. 'And think o' me A Catholic home for aged paupers provides takin' up with John Giffin, an' him dyin' without the setting for Miss Florence Olmstead's "A so much as a nickel's worth of insurance! I could Cloistered Romance.” It is situated, we er had Meggs's father, an' that would er meant an interest in the store.' fancy, somewhere in rural New England, al- * Is that all you think about, Mary?' though that is a detail which does not greatly 'It comes to that sooner or later,' said Mary, matter. The mother superior and the sisters an’ the sooner the better. If I'd a-thought about are mostly of French extraction. One day featherin' my nest, like some, I wouldn't be settin' the community mule Goliath, driven by one in a Catholic home to-day. My people was hard- Samuel, who earns his keep by the perform- shell Baptis' long before anybody ever heard about ance of such services for the sisterhood, gets Catholics.' out of hand, greatly to the peril of the sisters * You needn't to look for no partic'lar luck in who occupy the wagon. At this critical mo- makin’ wealthy connections. It don't come to the ment, a young man, who happens to be a poor,' she added by way of warning." popular novelist strolling along the country. This novel seems to be rather dull at the out- side, springs to the rescue, and checks Goliath set, but its insinuating charm gains upon the in his mad career, but is himself run over by reader, and holds his interest more deeply the wagon and seriously injured. He is with every added chapter. The freshness of thereupon taken into the home, and given the its thematic material, and the knowledge of attention his case requires. Now it so hap- human nature which it displays at every pens that Miss Alethea Lawrence, a young point, added to its genuine humor, show us woman of wealth and social standing, is a once more how the most commonplace of sub- frequent visitor to the home, and its benefac-jects may supply the artist with all that he 66 (July 15 THE DIAL needs in the way of objective stimulus. The The world agreement for perpetual peace is made creative instinct will do the rest, as it notably in consequence. The chief scenes are in Ber- does in the present instance. lin, where the inventor “cheeks" the German “Along came Ruth,” and her appearance Emperor to his heart's content, and thwarts. in the town of Freeport (Illinois ?) had the the efforts of the enraged General Staff to effect of a moral bombshell. Ruth had been a compass his destruction and capture his air- Freeport girl some ten years earlier, and had ship. The science of the story is childishly scandalized the community by running away unconvincing, and its language bears no rela- with a married man, whose wife inconsid- tion to that of real life. A most disgusting erately refused to divorce him for Ruth's injection of American slang into the closing benefit. She returns because of her father's chapters makes them even more intolerable mortal illness, and her family and former than their predecessors. This book is dis- associates make things very uncomfortable tinctly an example of how not to do the sort, for her. This is the story of Miss Susan of thing that Mr. Wells does so effectively. Glaspell's "Fidelity," a title which expresses WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE. Ruth's persistent belief that she has done nothing essentially wrong, and that all the people who refuse to take her back on the old NOTES ON NEW NOVELS. terms are unfeeling pharisees. This is the plain unsophisticated statement of the moral Mr. J. D. Beresford completes his trilogy con- situation presented by the novel. As Miss taining the life history of Jacob Stahl with the Glaspell puts it, Ruth is a noble creature, most satisfactory volume of the three, “ The Invisi- deeply misunderstood, and a victim of pro- ble Event” (Doran). The work has to do with a vincial cant and hypocrisy. By every device highly unusual situation. Continuing the narra- tive where it left off in “A Candidate for Truth," of indirection and insinuation, this view is it opens with the expressed willingness of a clergy- thrust upon us, and the woman's sin is man's daughter to live with Jacob without the glossed over. It seems to us a very unwhole- blessing of either church or law. Yet the young some story, and it is an amazingly dull one, woman feels the injury done her conscience, until made so by its interminable passages of the months bring Jacob slowly earned success as a analysis and introspection. We are spared writer, when her view of freedom becomes more , nothing of what goes on in the minds of all assured than his own. Desire for children and the these commonplace people, and chapter after need for doing them justice follow on the death of Jacob's wife, and the marriage ceremony takes chapter is spun out of their uninteresting place,- not for conscience' sake or as a concession reflections and mutual reactions. When Ruth to the conventions, but solely on the children's returns to her paramour, she finds that his account. It is a novel of the best sort. love has grown cold, and when the news comes Mrs. Ada Woodruff Anderson's “ The Rim of of the divorce tardily consented to by the the Desert” (Little, Brown & Co.) gains its title- wronged wife, she rejects his offer to legalize from a plot of ground in the mountains on which her status, and deserts him to shape a new a spring enables irrigation to produce astonishing life for herself. So confused a study of moral results.' The hero is in the service of the United values is not often met with, even in these States Geological Survey, and has long been on days of advanced” thought and chatter duty in Alaska, where he forms a noble friend- about “the rights of the soul." ship. Unable to save his friend's life, he conceives Our only war novel for this month is a what seems to be a just resentment against his crude and amateurish performance styled friend's widow; though he carries out the former's wishes regarding the desert land on the widow's “L. P. M.,” by Mr. J. Stewart Barney. This behalf. Chance throws them together without his enigmatic title turns out to stand for “Little being aware of her identity. An admirable love Peace Maker," which is the invention of a story follows, with the needs of Alaska, the found- philanthropic American millionaire. This ing of a thriving western city, and much more in person, whose name is Edestone, has discov- the background. The transfer of one's sympathies ered how to free objects from the force of from the friend to the friend's widow is excel- gravity, leaving mass and momentum un- lently managed. affected. This is accomplished by means of a An atmosphere of vulgar wealth surrounds: “deionizer,” and an airship is constructed every character in Mrs. Elizabeth Dejeans's “ The with six-foot steel plates and the dimensions Life-Builders ” (Harper), and none but her hero. of an ocean liner. Being impervious to at- and heroine, with an unmarried painter, escape from its insidious influences. A multi-millionaire's tack, this monster can hover close to the ambitions force his daughter into a preposterous earth, and rain destruction upon cities and marriage, from which she flees to seek an inde- fleets. Its effectiveness is such that it soon pendent livelihood in New York. One wishes her brings the warring powers to terms, and a were gained without her unsympathet : 86 success 1915) 67 THE DIAL father's aid, however much the practical impossi- BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. bility of this is recognized. One wishes, too, that the end could have been reached without a tragedy, The European war has brought A Belgian's though no alternative suggests itself. The book prophecy of into general notice certain neg- has merit, and is a clear statement of contempo- the great war. lected books which now appear rary problems of conscience. in the light of subsequent events to have been The recent unfortunate taking-off of the Rev. singularly clairvoyant. The late Professor Frank N. Westcott lends an added interest to his Cramb's eloquent lectures afford the best- first book, “ Hepsey Burke” (H. K. Fly Co.). known example. But for definiteness of As the work of a brother of the author of “ David Harum," the novel invites comparison with that forecast no other work equals Dr. Charles famous story; but their only similarity lies in the Sarolea's "The Anglo-German Problem" (Put- fact that both deal with homely folk in homely nam). We have here to do not merely with situations,- one with a shrewd but kindly man, intelligent anticipation, but with almost un- the other with a charitably disposed and energetic canny prophecy. Published in 1912 to warn widow. The latter becomes a voluntary assistant England of the menace from Germany, the to a young Episcopalian clergyman and his bride, book fell flat and was even contemptuously who take a small parish and carry on their work dismissed by leading English newspapers as under circumstances which but for Hepsey might alarmist and sensational. The following sen- have been disheartening. The book is pleasant tences, scattered through the book, now seem reading, often productive of hearty laughter, and leaves a regret that its author has not been spared more like portents than scare mongerings: for further work. “Europe is drifting slowly but steadily towards After the United States has been invaded and an awful catastrophe which, if it does happen, will almost reduced to subjection, in Mr. J. U. Giesy's throw back civilization for the coming generation." “Al for His Country” (Macaulay), a marvellous “It is true that in theory the neutrality of airship is brought into being, by which the enemy Belgium is guaranteed by international treaties; is routed. This airship depends for its flight upon but when I observe the signs of the times, the what may be termed " negative gravity," a screen ambitions of the German rulers, and when I con- of radium shutting off the attraction toward the sider such indications as the recent extension of earth's surface, whereupon it rises by centrifugal strategic railways on the Belgian-German frontiers, motion. This is not only unsatisfactory as physics, I do not look forward with any feeling of se- but the same idea, minus the radium, was used in curity to future contingencies in the event of a a magazine story not many years ago. The book European war." is highly sensational, and is not likely to help us “And not only is German Socialism not as solve our difficulties with Japan. strong, neither is it as pacifist as is generally sup- Mrs. Juliet Wilbor Tompkins's “Diantha” posed. . . Many things in Germany are national (Century Co.) is a Cinderella story, in which the which elsewhere are universal. And in Germany unbeautiful twin, disciplined to give up every- Socialism is becoming national, as German po- thing to her lovely and selfish sister, is brought to litical economy is national, as German science is an even greater beauty through the curative power national, as German religion is national.” of a surgical operation, so that she comes to her “ German contemporary history illustrates once heritage lovely both in soul and body. That seems more a general law of history, that the dread of a an ideal combination — so much so that the lover civil war is often a direct cause of a foreign war, who comes a-wooing before the transformation and that the ruling classes are driven to seek out- seems not quite good enough for her afterward, side a diversion from internal difficulties." so far as the reader is concerned. “ Very few observers have pointed out one Mr. H. H. Knibbs's hero, who lends his name special reason why the personal methods of the to the story called “Sundown Slim” (Houghton), Kaiser will prove in the end dangerous to peace – begins as a rather worthless and cowardly tramp namely, that they have tended to paralyze ar in the cattle country, and ends as a useful member destroy the methods of diplomacy." “In vain does the Kaiser assure us of la of society. Though the stress of the narrative is on the exciting events which ensue upon open pacific intentions: a ruler not with impunid warfare between cattle and sheep men, the devel- glorify for ever the wars opment of the man's character is really the impor- of the resources of his tant thing. There is genuine humor in the story. tions for the wars of warlike spirit, make the Australian life in the upper middle class is the and the Mensur hono background of Mrs. Doris Egerton Jones's “ Time chief trust in his Jun! o' Day” (Jacobs). The title is taken from the their being in heroine's name, Thyme O'Dea, and the story je told by her to her great-g sive enirit in an One hopes the author is m heroine as typical of som of the globe, yet she is girl. ist, spend me the pre- encours ort 68 (July 15 THE DIAL interpreted by wonder that the book is now attracting wide- proper names, as “Hopper" instead of Hap- spread attention. Apart from any adventi- per, and “Fenellosa” for Fenollosa, mar the tious interest, it deserves careful reading for pages; and in saying that Katsukawa Shun. its fairness, moderation, and political insight. sho“ died in 1792 at the age of ninety-seven Although Dr. Sarolea is a Belgian, and was the author overstates that artist's years by therefore in 1912 a disinterested neutral, his thirty-one. Against these slight blemishes he attitude was even then one of frank sympathy must be credited with having coined some de- for England, because British rule "is to-day lightfully felicitous phrases. Of Kwaigetsudo the most just, the most moderate, the most Dohan he says " he might be the cleverest” of tolerant, and the most adaptable, the most the Kwaigetsudo group, but “his colour- progressive, government of the modern world.” harmony is marred by ostentatious impru- dence." And in the opening sentences of the As an interpretation of “The Introduction we have these significant words: Japanese art Spirit of Japanese Art," Yone “In the Ashikaga age (1335-1573) the best a Japanese. Noguchi's little book in the ex- Japanese artists, like Sesshu and his disciples, for cellent “Wisdom of the East Series" (Dut- instance, true revolutionists in art, not mere rebels, ton) would be more convincing were the whose Japanese simplicity was strengthened and author's command of English adequate for the clarified by Chinese suggestion, were in the truest expression of his ideas with clearness and pre- meaning of the word Buddhist priests, who sat cision. Professor Noguchi is, however, a poet before the inextinguishable lamp of faith, and and a thinker; and if, to the Occidental mind, sought their salvation by the road of silence; their his verbal imagery is sometimes obscure, no studios were in the Buddhist temple, east of the forests and west of the hills, dark without and great effort on the part of the reader is re- luminous within with the symbols of all beauty quired to penetrate the meaning of even such of nature and heaven. And their artistic work sentences as the following: “As a certain was a sort of prayer-making, to satisfy their own critic remarked, the real beauty flies away like imagination, . . they drew pictures to create abso an angel whenever an intellect rushes in and lute beauty and grandeur, that made their own begins to speak itself; the intellect, if it has human world look almost trifling, and directly anything to do, certainly likes to show itself joined themselves with eternity.” up too much, with no consideration for the It is not easy to see how this could be put more general harmony that would soon be wounded finely or more cogently. by it." This is the way he looks upon the criticism of Utamaro's works made in that Dr. Ludwig Lewisohn's “The artist's day by those who “saw the moral and Modern Drama” (Huebsch) is the lesson but not the beauty and the picture.” modern drama. the logical successor of, though The ten short papers that make up the volume it does not supersede, Dr. Archibald Hender- have for their themes the works of eight son's “The Changing Drama.” Dr. Lewisohn artists of the last three centuries, “Ukiyoye has paid less attention to the social, scientific, Art in Original,” and “Western Art in moral, and æsthetic causes underlying con- Japan.” Their chief claim to consideration temporary drama, and has shown us the lies in their presentation of the views of an change accomplished, so far as that is possi- educated Japanese of the present day who is ble, rather than the process. It is the drama impressed by the inherent worth of the classic as literature with which he is chiefly con- art of the Far East, and yet is able to perceive cerned. His first chapter, on “ The Founda- much intrinsic merit in the work of such tions,” begins with Ibsen, and is a rapid artists as Kyosai and Tsukioka Yoshitoshi. historical and critical treatment of the Scan- Such catholicity of taste savors somewhat of dinavian and French movements, including indiscriminate admiration. But Professor mention of the Théâtre Libre, the Freie Noguchi does not write as a critic; indeed he Bühne, and the Independent Theatre. The exclaims, “Criticism? Why, that is the art succeeding chapters are entitled “The Realis- for people imperfect in health, thin and tired.” tic Drama in France," "The Naturalistic He aims instead to present the emotional sub- Drama in Germany," "The Renaissance of jectivity of which he asserts that to lose it the English Drama," and " The Neo-Roman- * against the canvas, or, I will say here in tic Movement in the European Drama.' Japan, the silk, is the first and last thing." the end, for the convenience both of those who With some of his dicta it is impossible to agree, wish to make a serious study of drama and as when he claims that the greatest praise we of those who wish merely to read profitably can give to any works of art is that "they in a fascinating field, are a number of study never owed one thing to money or payment lists, which group representative plays ac- for their existence.” A few misspellings of cording to character (realism, etc.), subject A survey and study of the At 1915) 69 THE DIAL matter (social justice, sex, etc.), and struc- railway from Kayes to Bafoulabé; and it was ture (unities). The book concludes with a in the course of this three years' sojourn in valuable critical bibliography. Dr. Lewisohn Africa that he undertook the expedition de- writes from the fulness of exact knowledge scribed by him with military conciseness and that might be expected, has the rare faculty published with the sanction of the Minister of knowing what to leave out, possesses a for Colonial Affairs. The march from Ségou rapid and easy style, and has the poetic gift of to Timbuctoo and back, with subordinate ex- communicating delicate critical apprecia- peditions about the latter place, all for the tions in the happy phrase. He covers the He covers the purpose of establishing French influence in vast field (vast even without Italy, Spain, and that important though almost inaccessible Russia, which the reader will miss) without region, occupied little more than six months; a heavy or uninteresting page. His criticism and if the march was as rapid as some of is exacting without being unsympathetic. If Cæsar's in Gaul, the account of it is even the reader sometimes feels that full justice more terse and direct than the famous has not been rendered the individual drama- “ Commentaries." The same unpretentious tist, he will probably detect the cause in the plainness and simplicity that charm the fact that Dr. Lewisohn sees all drama against reader in Grant's soldierly chronicle are the background of Hauptmann and natural- found here, though the French commander ism. A certain liability to injustice must in- has little of fighting and nothing of complex here in a book that includes such opposites as military strategy to record. He had been German naturalism and Irish neo-roman- | asked to tell his story, and he told it with no ticism. Surely we may like both Hauptmann waste of words. That it was worth the telling and Synge; but we can hardly like, as well may be inferred if merely from the fact that as he deserves, either one in the presence of in the two centuries preceding his expedition the other. Yet no one could ask for greater only three Europeans had visited Timbuctoo. judicial temper in a critic than Dr. Lewisohn M. Dimnet, who has written books in French displays. Especial note should be taken of and books in English, shows a perfect com- Dr. Lewisohn's opinion that under present mand of the latter tongue. A useful map conditions it is more important for American accompanies the narrative. universities to train audiences than to attempt the production of dramatists. The student The latest word in municipal and general reader could do nothing more A study of profitable than to use this book and Dr. Hen- city managership. government is the city manager- derson's in connection with the twenty repre- ship; and it was as desirable as it was inevitable that there should be included sentative plays reprinted in Mr. Dickinson's at some time in the series of handbooks pub- "Chief Contemporary Dramatists." All of lished under the auspices of the National these books reflect the greatest credit upon Municipal League a volume devoted to the American critical scholarship. city manager plan. The question, however, may well be raised as to whether the time is A soldier's A natural eagerness to learn yet ripe for the preparation of such a book. narrative, by some particulars of the life and Certainly no one can feel that Mr. Harry A. General Joffre. deeds of the silent soldier who Toulmin, in his volume entitled “ City Man- at present seems to hold the destinies of A New Profession” (Appleton), has France in his hands will insure a welcome to presented more than the most tentative sort the only book he has ever written, and proba- of discussion of the subject. The first city bly the only one he ever will write, — "My manager was employed by the city of Staun- March to Timbuctoo" (Duffield), which comes ton, it is true, as many as seven years ago. out at this time in an English rendering by Constitutional restrictions made it necessary his compatriot, the Abbé Ernest Dimnet, who in that instance, as in Staunton's sister city also contributes a most acceptable biographi- of Fredericksburg, to superimpose the city cal introduction of nearly fifty pages, tracing managership upon a municipal organization the development of the tardily discovered of the old mayor-council type, and it was not military genius from his boyhood in southern until Sumter, S. C., adopted the plan in 1912, France to his appointment as generalissimo and, more notably, Dayton and Springfield in of the French forces and his masterly han. 1913, that the city managership was first em- dling of the difficult situation of last August | ployed in conjunction with the commission and September. General Joffre is now mid- form of city government. It is only as a fea- way in his sixty-fourth year, and was already ture of the commission plan that the city forty-one when, as major, he was sent to the managership has exhibited large usefulness Soudan to superintend the construction of the or prospect of importance. This means that ager: 70 [July 15 THE DIAL Mr. Toulmin's data are very meagre, being shall we attribute to Madame Paquin, bril- drawn almost entirely from the experience of liant and successful woman though she is? Dayton (the author's home city) and Spring- All Mr. Dawbarn's subjects are important field during barely a twelvemonth. At that, figures in the France of to-day, some more one searches the book in vain for even a brief so, some less; but that is nowise equivalent history of the establishment of the plan in to saying that they are the makers of France. these cities. Similarly, when there is under And what shall we say of the names that review the features of the important Lock- have been omitted? Among the "makers of port Proposal of 1911, which failed in the new France," we look in vain for the name New York legislature but was widely influen- of an artist; not even Rodin has found favor. tial throughout the country, the subject is A France without an artist is indeed a new dropped abruptly with no indication of the France! Among the writers there is no Ros- outcome, and is resumed only by the presenta- tand and no Rolland, only Anatole France, tion of a synopsis of the plan in a chapter far Finot, and Brieux. To be sure, Rostand is removed. To students of municipal affairs, of the older generation; but so also is Ana- few subjects are just now of larger interest tole France, and Rolland must be numbered than the city managership and its possibili- among the big men of the new generation. ties, and it will be regretted that the volume Mr. Dawbarn had a suspicion that we might under review is not a better piece of work. “wonder why one is admitted and another But it must be reiterated that there has been refused," and attempted to forestall unfavor- insufficient development to warrant the pub- able criticism by explaining that “the gallery lication just now of a book upon the subject. is obviously limited by the covers of a book. ” A fifty-page pamphlet presenting the history What he has given us is but “the head of and first results of the city managership in the procession moving toward the sun." Per- Dayton and Springfield, or in Dayton alone, haps; but he had no clear vision of the “new would have met the present need. Into it France," no means of infallibly discerning its could have been put all that is new or worth makers, and he has failed to make clear to us while in Mr. Toulmin's volume of six times the importance of the role of those upon whom the size. his choice fell. women of new France. The war has revealed a new In the last few years a number Men and France, "silent, resolute, and im- A comprehensive of serviceable handbooks on the library manual. perturbable"; decadent France use of the library have come has disappeared. Who has wrought the from authoritative sources and have met cer- change? Mr. Charles Dawbarn attempts to tain needs with different readers and with answer this extremely interesting question in different emphasis upon the various subdivi- his volume entitled “Makers of New France" sions of the general theme. We have had Mr. (Pott), containing sixteen biographies, — Gilbert O. Ward's elementary manual on sketchy newspaper descriptions of fourteen “ The Practical Use of Books and Libraries," men and two women. He has evidently seen and Mr. Charles P. Chipman's “Books and or met all the persons dealt with in his book; Libraries," and Miss Gilson's “ Course of but the information contained in the various Study for Normal School Pupils on the Use chapters is very meagre, and in many cases of a Library," not to mention the series of does not justify the inclusion of the subject practical treatises on library matters by Mr. of the chapter among the “makers of new John Cotton Dana and his corps of assistants. France." More objectivity, more "meat," Now we have, from the librarian and the more definiteness, less fine writing, would assistant librarian in the University of Ten- have made the volume more valuable. Fur- nessee, Miss Lucy E. Fay and Miss Anne T. thermore, there is no clear evidence that Mr. Eaton, respectively, a more generally compre- Dawbarn had a well defined idea of what the hensive and, one might say, popularly useful “new France” is like, or that he used this work than any of the above-named. It is enti- idea as a touchstone in selecting the “makers tled “Instruction in the Use of Books and of new France." Take, for example, the two Libraries" (Boston Book Co.); and though women, Madame Paquin and Mlle. Miropol- announcing itself “a textbook a textbook for normal the one a world-famous dressmaker, schools and colleges,” it is equally adapted to the other a lawyer of twenty-six. By no self-instruction, and might well have a place stretch of the imagination can this interesting in the bookcase of every family as a compe- young avocate be made responsible for the tent guide to the intelligent use of the local “new” France of which she is clearly a public library or to the formation of a private product. And what that is "new" in France library. Divided into three parts in one sky, 1915] 71 THE DIAL octavo volume of 449 pages, it considers, the individual German and in his collective first, “the use of books,” then “selection of achievements. Though the author is evidently books and children's literature," and, finally, an Englishman, he has written without na- “the administration of school libraries," a tional prejudice; indeed, he has as sharp more technical or professional theme than the things to say of his own countrymen as of general reader will care to concern himself foreigners. With Berlin as his centre, he sur- with. Its book-lists and other bibliographical veys the 67,000,000 Germans, their habits and matter show care and judgment, with a institutions, and finds them all menschlich, reliance on the best authorities. Pen-and-ink allzumenschlich,— that is to say, creatures of drawings, where needed to explain the text or human frailty, but for that reason of human add to its interest, are supplied by Mrs. Nor- interest and likableness. Even in the porten- man B. Morrell, and a good general index tous and forbidding German State, a human closes the book. The authors have done their nucleus is discovered. This genial tolerance work so well as to make it improbable that is plentifully spiced with a sense of humor the same task will have to be undertaken again and a perception of the ridiculousness of most for a long while. of the ways and works of men. The author is a capital raconteur, and some of his stories Mr. W. T. R. Preston wisely (for example, that of the disconcerting experi- Strathcona as the evil genius waited until his subject was ment of the eugenics professor) are memora- of Canada. dead before publishing his book ble. Happily, however, his book is not for the . on “Strathcona and the Making of Canada” most part anecdotal, but is pitched in a more (McBride, Nast & Co.). Among the least impersonal key. Though ideas are not fon- offensive of the comments upon Lord Strath- dled for their own sake, the human material cona's life and character of which the book is everywhere discussed in a vein of philoso- mainly consists is this: “He was as punc-phic banter. The result is highly amusing, if tilious about paying off personal scores as in not always formally instructive. When the paying his debts.” The same statement would reader has finished, he has perhaps not learned perhaps be as charitable a way of character- many new facts about Germany, but he has izing Mr. Preston's attitude toward his subject certainly come to know the Germans better; as one would be justified in adopting. The and more surely still he has made the acquain- book is, in fact, a fairly clever sketch of the tance of Mr. Edgeworth, whose idiosyncrasies life of Strathcona, particularly of his connec- of mind and temperament make up a person- tion with the Canadian Pacific Railway, in ality well worth cultivating. Altogether this which every public scandal of the past half is a very human book by a very human writer century of Canadian history is dragged out to about a people who are by no means as inhu- serve as a background for one who is pictured man as their methods of warfare indicate. as the evil genius of his country. Chapter after chapter is made up for the most part of The development in pre-revolu- statements and insinuations, damning to tionary times in Eastern Penn- glass-maker. Strathcona's memory, for which we are offered sylvania of a notable industry in no better proof than Mr. Preston's word, or a the manufacture of glassware of considerable reported conversation between Mr. Preston artistic merit both in form and color is related and some contemporary of Strathcona's, who in Mr. Frederick W. Hunter's “Stiegel Glass” curiously enough always happens to be dead. (Houghton). The work is the result of the au- The book is decidedly one that leaves an un- thor's enthusiastic efforts as connoisseur and pleasant taste in the mouth. The only point collector in gathering the Hunter collection about this vindictive biography which is left of colonial glassware now in the Metropolitan in the dark is the particular grievance which Museum of New York. It recounts his diffi- Mr. Preston had against Lord Strathcona, culties and successes in ferreting out the his- when he set himself the task of writing the tory of Baron Stiegel, his family connections, latter's life. his land, iron, and glass ventures, his colonial and foreign trade, his efforts (by means of There must be many readers the American Flint Glass Lottery) to recoup who are utterly weary of books his losses due to over-zealous expansion and to a human being. on the war. To such be it said the approach of the War of Independence. that “The Human German” (Dutton), by There is much information about the methods ( Mr. Edward Edgeworth, has not the remotest of manufacture employed, verified by excava- connection with the struggle now convulsing tions on the sites of Stiegel's three factories, Europe. It is a whimsical, ironical, yet sym- and comparisons of these findings with extant pathetic estimate of the human qualities in specimens of the handicraft of these colonial A colonial The German as 72 [July 15 THE DIAL an artisans. The work is illustrated by twelve NOTES. plates in color, and 159 fine half-tones por- traying the range in shapes and decorations. “ The Landloper" is the title of Mr. Holman Diaries and account books have been ran- Day's new novel, which Messrs. Harper will issue this month. sacked to determine the dates of the enter- prises, and to develop an interesting picture Siberia” originally appeared forty-five years ago, Mr. George Kennan, whose “Tent Life in of the efforts of this enthusiastic but vision- has a volume of Russian stories and sketches in ary manufacturer to extend the sale of his the press, to be published during the summer wares in competition with those from Euro- under the title of “A Russian Comedy of Errors." pean makers. Brief accounts of other colonial Of especial interest in “The English Review" ventures in glass-making are also given. The for June is the first instalment of Maxim Gorki's work is well written, and is full of interest as vividly written autobiography. As with nearly all a picture of industrial conditions in colonial other English periodicals at this time, the contents times, as well as of colonial art and handicraft. of this issue are devoted almost wholly to contribu- tions having to do with the great war. A series of about one hundred letters, many of BRIEFER MENTION. them never before published, written by Washing- ton Irving to Henry Brevoort between the years Mr. E. Belfort Bax, the author of several works 1807 and 1843, will appear in the autumn with the on Socialism, has written a volume entitled "Ger- imprint of Messrs. Putnam. The volume is edited man Culture, Past and Present” (McBride, Nast by Mr. George S. Hellman, who also contributes & Co.), which describes the mediæval civilization an Introduction. of Germany during the Reformation period. As a Why Europe is at War" is the title of a vol- socialist, the author believes in the economic inter- ume soon to come from Messrs. Putnam. It is pretation, rather than the “great man theory. made up of essays by writers from each of the Consequently, there is less mention of Luther than belligerent Powers, giving reasons why their re- of the peasants' revolts, the Anabaptist movement, spective countries are at war, together with a con- the collapse of knighthood, and such like general cluding chapter expressing the point of view of tendencies. The two concluding chapters, dealing the United States. with that modern German culture which is based Goncharov's “ Oblomov," in which the author on militarism and national efficiency, seem created a type which has taken its place in Rus- afterthought suggested by the war. sian literature as firmly as that taken by Pecksniff Five titles constitute the beginning of a new in English literature and Tartuffe in the literature series to be known as “ The Nation's Library,” each of France, has been translated from the Russian volume being written especially for the series by a by C. J. Hogarth for an English edition which is well-known authority. They are follows: now in preparation. "Eugenics,” by Dr. Edgar Schuster; “Modern Arrangements have been completed by Mr. Lau- Views on Education,” by Dr. Thiselton Mark; rence J. Gomme for publishing “The Anthology “ The Principles of Evolution,” by Mr. Joseph of Magazine Verse for 1915," compiled, as usual, McCabe; The Star World,” by Professor A. C. by Mr. William Stanley Braithwaite. Mr. Gomme de la Crommelin; and “Socialism and Syndical- has found it necessary to issue a new edition of the ism," by Mr. Philip Snowden. In each instance, anthology for 1914, which he now has ready. He both in these volumes and in those in prospect, the has also published Mr. Clinton Scollard's “ The aim is to view the specialized information on the Vale of Shadows, and Other Poems of the Great subject in its relationship to modern life and War." thought. (Baltimore: Warwick & York, Inc.) A new volume in the “Countries and Peoples Mr. Arnold Wynne's “The Growth of English Series" is in preparation by Messrs. Scribner and Drama" (Oxford Press) is a simply and ad- will be published before long. It is entitled mirably planned book. After four chapters on “ Scandinavia of the Scandinavians" and is writ- “ Early Church Drama on the Continent," “ En- ten by Mr. Henry Goddard Leach of New York, glish Miracle Plays," ,” “Moralities and Interludes," Secretary of the American Scandinavian Founda- and "Rise of Comedy and Tragedy," the writer tion, who has lived several years in Scandinavia. treats comedy and tragedy separately down to It will describe the daily life and the habits of and including Nash and Marlowe, and concludes thought of the three northern nations, Denmark, the work with an appendix on the Elizabethan Norway, and Sweden. Stage. The feature which gives Mr. Wynne's Sir Henry Newbolt has written a book for boys book individuality, insures it against the charge on the European War, entitled “ The Book of of repetition of familiar matter, and makes its the Thin Red Line,” which is announced for early writing a real service to literature, is his generous issue by Messrs. Longmans. From the same house use of well-selected passages in illustration of will come Mr. Maurice S. Evans's “ Black and characteristic plays. There is enough of this in White in the Southern States," a study of the the volume to make it a study of literature as well race problem in the United States from a South as a study about literature. The special student African point of view; and a revised and enlarged will find the book 'a convenience, while for the edition of Dr. Charles Gross's “ The Sources and general reader it will supply a real need. Literature of English History." as 1915) 73 THE DIAL 66 The 66 Two books on the Renaissance may shortly be Introduction by Mr. W. Harbutt Dawson on expected. One of these is Mr. Christopher Hare's Extinction of the Empire.” It carries the narra- illustrated “Life and Letters in the Italian tive from “ Germany after the Peace of West- Renaissance,” in which the author contrasts the phalia” to the end of “ The War of Liberation." lives of writers and thinkers from Lorenzo the Volume II., dealing with “ The Beginnings of the Magnificent to Machiavelli and Baldassare Castig- Germanic Federation, 1814-1819," will follow in lone with the pomp and splendor of their time; September, and the remaining five volumes at the other is a “ History of the Renaissance: The quarterly intervals. Mr. Dawson will write the Protestant Revolution and the Catholic Reforma- supplementary volume, dealing with the history of tion in Continental Europe,” by Professor Edward Germany from the point at which it was left by M. Hulme, of the University of Idaho. Treitschke down to date. Due to the war, the “ Statesman's Year Book” Lovers of the writings of John Muir will be for 1915, which Messrs. Macmillan will soon issue, glad to know that he left at his death a large body has been subjected to a large amount of revision. of important manuscript material which Messrs. Egypt has been transferred to the British Empire, Houghton Mifflin Co., his authorized publishers, the Turkish pages have been largely rewritten, and will issue in the near future. Arrangements are all the countries included have been brought as pending for the publication of several character- far as possible up to date. A diary and bibliog- istic records of travel similar to Mr. Muir's well- raphy of the war are included, together with a known books on the Sierras and the Yosemite, as list of important publications on the struggle, well as for a notable “ Life, Letters, and Journals” arranged according to the countries of origin. which promises to take its place with the most Among the books to be issued in the autumn by important American publications of this type. the Yale University Press are: “ The Port of This will be the only biography of Mr. Muir Boston,” by Professor Edwin J. Clapp; Jour- authorized by the family, and all persons who neys to Bagdad," by Mr. Charles S. Brooks; have letters or other material likely to be of value “Symbolic Poems of William Blake," by Pro- to the biographer will confer a favor by sending such material to the publishers for forwarding. of Citizenship," by the Hon. Samuel W. MeCall The Concordance Society issues, in “ Circular ** The New Infinite and the Old Theology," by No. 9," a brief report of progress and prospects. Professor Cassius J. Keyser; “A Voice from the Though no publishing has been done since the Crowd," by Mr. George Wharton Pepper; and appearance of the Wordsworth concordance four - Henry Fielding's Covent Garden Journal," years ago, there are in preparation two similar edited, with an introduction and notes, by Pro- works, a concordance to Coleridge, and one to fessor Gerard E. Jensen. Browning, only one of which will the Society be The autobiography of Richard Whiteing, whose able to assist in a pecuniary way. All members “ Number 5 John Street” is still remembered and are invited to indicate their preference. A Keats read nearly a score of years after its first publica- concordance, finished by its compilers more than tion, is among the forthcoming publications of a year ago, has recently been accepted for publica- Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co. Mr. Whiteing's inti- tion by the Carnegie Institution. Other like under- mate association for the last half century with all takings enjoying assistance from the same quarter that was best in art and literature, and with much and soon to be completed, in book-form, are Pro- of what was most interesting in social progress fessor Lane Cooper's “ Concordance to Horace" both in England and on the Continent, and his and a “ Concordance to Spenser.” A concordance skill with the pen ought to make his recollections to Goethe's poems is also projected. Stronger an interesting volume. Before its appearance in support and increased membership are asked for book form a series of chapters from the work will by the Society. be published in “ The Bookman,” beginning with Mr. Sidney Low has edited a series of essays on the July number. “ The Spirit of the Allied Nations,” contributed Publishing in England, except for the war- by various writers, each of whom is an authority books, is almost at a standstill, says The New on his subject. “ The Spirit of France” is dealt Statesman.” " In the autumn and spring a con- with by Paul Studer, Taylorian Professor of the siderable number of books were published; but Romance Languages in the University of Oxford; these had been almost all arranged for, and most “ The Spirit of Russia," by Alexis Aladin, late a of the expenditure upon them contracted, before member of the Russian Duma; “ The Spirit of the war. But the publishers are now drawing in Belgium,” by Paul Hamelius, Professor of English their horns. Few new books are coming out, and Literature in the University of Liége; “ The Spirit authors are finding it difficult to get commissions of the Serb,” by Dr. R. W. Seton-Watson, author or place manuscripts. Some even of the largest of “ The Southern Slav Question "; "The Spirit firms are postponing publication of important of Japan," by J. H. Longford, Professor of Japa- books, commissioned long since, until after the nese at King's College, University of London; and war. New enterprise now is altogether too specu- “ The Spirit of the British Empire and its Allies," lative for most people.” by the editor. Mr. Low also summarizes the con- The first volume of the English translation of clusions of the various writers in an introductory Treitschke's “History of Germany in the Nine- essay, and adds some personal notes of a recent teenth Century” will be published at once in this visit to the French battle zone. The volume is country by Messrs. McBride, Nast & Co., with an announced for immediate publication. 74 (July 15 THE DIAL • . . . . . . . Mistral, Frédéric. Elizabeth S. Sergeant Century Monopoly, Automatic Regulation of. F. K. Blue Am. Econ. Rev. Moslems and the War. George F. Herrick Rev. of Revs. Mosquito Sanitation, Pioneers in. L. 0. Howard Pop. Sc. Mothers on the Pay-roll. Sherman M. Craiger Rev. of Revs. Nature Cult, The Conventional Unpopular Nicholas : Grand Duke of Russia. Perceval Gibbon Everybody's Nietzsche. P. H. Frye Mid-West Pacifism, Dangers of. Philip M. Brown No. Amer. Pacifism and the French Revolution. Charles Kuhl- mann Mid-West Panama Canal: What It Is Doing. C. M. Keys World's Work Panama-Pacific Exposition. French Strother World's Work Paris : Red and Black — and Gold. Estelle Loomis Century Parties, The Old, and the New Power Unpopular Plato as a Novelist. Vida D. Scudder Yale Postal Service, Defects in the. Henry A. Castle No. Amer. Professor Who Publishes, The. Alvin S. Johnson Mid-West Psycho-analysis. Max Eastman Everybody's Russia and Her Emperor. Curtis Guild Yale Russian Fleet and the Civil War. F. A. Golder Am. Hist. Rev. Scene-painting, Evolution of. Brander Matthews Scribner Scientific Faith. John Burroughs Atlantic Serbia and Southeastern Europe. G. M. Trevelyan Atlantic Servia between Battles. John Reed Metropolitan Socialist Participation in the War. H. E. Wildes So. Atl. South American Newspapers. Isaac Goldberg Bookman Spain and the United States in 1822. W. S. Robertson. Am. Hist. Rev. Spanish, National Need of. F. B. Luquiens Yale Stage Wisdom, Picking up. Katherine Grey American Submarine, Inventor of the. B. J. Hendrick World's Work Suffrage. William Hard and V. D. Jordan Everybody's Suffrage Prophets, The Unpopular Switzerland, Neutral. John M. Vincent Rev. of Revs. Telegraphy, Modern, Efficiency of. Robert W. Ritchie Harper Trade Unionism vs. Welfar fo Women. Annie M. Maclean Pop. Sc. Turkey, Eurasian Waterways in. Leon Dominian Pop. Sc. Turkey and the Balkan States. Edwin Pears Atlantic Unionism Afloat. “Atlanticus" Atlantic United States as a Neutral. Charles c. Hyde Yale Verhaeren: Poet of Industrial Evolution Unpopular War, The, and Literature. St. John G. Ervine No. Amer. War, The, and Spiritual Experience. Francis Young- husband Atlantic War Boom, On the Eve of a. Theodore H. Price World's Work War Fronts in June, Four. Frank H. Simonds Rev. of Revs. War Opinion in England. Albert J. Beveridge Rev. of Revs. War Spirit in Canada, The. J. P. Gerrie Rev. of Revs. Water Conservation, Fisheries, and Food Supply. R. E. Coker Pop. Sc. West Indies, A Journey to the. Louise C. Hale Harper Wexford, County, Some Customs of. Maude R. Warren Harper Whiteing, Richard, Reminiscences of Bookman Whitman, With, in Camden. Horace Traubei Forum Wilson's Cabinet. James C. Hemphill No. Amer. Workmen's Compensation. W. C. Fisher Am. Econ. Rev. Workmen's Compensation in New York. W. H. Hotchkiss Rev. of Revs. TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS. July, 1915. Advertising, A New Essay in the Psychology of Unpopular Aerial Warfare and International Law. A. de Lapradelle Scribner Aeroplane in Warfare, The. C. L. Freeston Scribner Allies, Selling Arms to the. Horace White No. Amer. American Citizenship for Germans. Wayne MacVeagh No. Amer. Anglo-French Commercial Rivalry. 'c.m. Andrews Am. Hist. Rev. Anglo-German Rivalry, Future of. Bertrand Russell Atlantic Autistic Thinking. Pearce Bailey Scribner Balkans and the War, The. Ivan Yovitchevitch 'Rev. of Reve. Ballad Poetry, Tragic Art of. E. G. Cox So. Atl. Beauty and the Theatrical Ambition. Virginia Tracy Century Berkeley's Influence on Literature. C. A. Moore So. Atl. Berkshires, Motoring in the. Louise C. Hale Century British Generalship. Alfred G. Gardiner Atlantic Bryan, The Revolt of. George Harvey No. Amer. Business and Democracy. J. L. Laughlin Atlantic California, Floral Features of. LeRoy Abrams Pop. Sc. Cawein, Madison. H. Houston Peckham So. Atl. Cézanne. Willard H. Wright Forum Chemistry, Modern, The Dawn of. J. M. Stillman Pop. Sc. China, The Peril of. Gardner L. Harding Century Chinese, Moral Development of the. F. G. Henke Pop. Sc. Civil War, French Opinions of Our. L. M. Sears Mid-West Classical Romanticist, A. George R. Throop Mid-West College, The Presidency of a Small Unpopular Commercial Attachés and Foreign Trade. A. L. Bishop Am. Econ. Rev. Compensation and Business Ethics. R. W. Bruère Harper Coöperation among Grocers in Philadelphia. E. M. Patterson Am. Econ. Rev. Criticism, Square Deal in. Florence K. Kelly Bookman Culture, Ancient, Decline of. W.L. Westermann Am. Hist. Rev. Dardanelles, Fate of the. Edwin Pears Yale Dixie, The Waterway to. W. J. Aylward Harper Drake, Joseph Rodman. A. E. Corning Bookman Dramatic Criticism, A Diagnosis of Unpopular Dutch Art, Modern. A. T. Van Laer Scribner Dynamite, The Manufacture of. Joseph Husband Atlantic England. Houston Stewart Chamberlain No. Amer. English Cabinet, The New. Sydney Brooks No. Amer. English Characteristics. James D. Whelpley Century English Constitution, The War and the. Lindsay Rogers Forum Euripides, The Plays of. Will Hutchins Forum Experience, Literary Uses of. Elisabeth Woodbridge Yale Fiction, Free. Henry Seidel Canby Atlantic Fields, Mr. and Mrs. James T. Henry James Atlantic Fiji, A History of. Alfred G. Mayer Pop. Sc. Flux, The Philosophy of Unpopular Foreign Trade, No Mystery about.' w. F. Wyman World's Work French Ambulance, With a. Howard Copland Yale German Way of Thinking, The. S. N. Patten Forum Germanic Statecraft and Democracy Unpopular Germany, Modern, The Background of. F. C. Howe Scribner Germany and Prussian Propaganda. Wilbur C. Abbott Yale Germany and the “ Iron Ring" Unpopular “ Gott Strafe England !" Edward Lyell Fox American Government of To-morrow, The. H. A. Overstreet Forum Grub Street Organized. Louis Baury Bookman Guérin, Eugénie de. Gamaliel Bradford So. Atl. Hay, John, and the Panama Republic Harper Henry Street, The House on — V. Lillian D. Wald Atlantic Holland, Imperiled. T. Lothrop Stoddard Century Home Rule for American Cities. Henry H. Curran Yale Homes, Good, for Workmen. Ida M. Tarbell American Industrial Peace, A Way to. George Creel Century Italy and Her Rivals. . Lothrop Stoddard : Rev. of Reve. Italy in the War Unpopular James, William, Some Scripts from Unpopular Joffre. Eugene Etienne World's Work Justice Unpopular Justice, The Question of. John C. Ransom Yale Kilauea: The Hawaiian Volcano. Cleveland Moffett Century Kitchener's Great Army. J. Herbert Duckworth American Laforgue, Jules. James Huneker No. Amer. Law, Police, and Social Problems. 'N. D. Baker Atlantic Leatherstocking Trail, The. Ruth K. Wood Bookman Life, Thoughts on the Meaning of Unpopular Literature, Current, and the Colleges. Henry S. Canby Harper Luck. Wilbur Larremore Forum Magazine in America, The - V. Algernon Tassin Bookman Magna Carta and the Responsible Ministry. G. B. Adams Am. Hist. Rev. Mechanistic Science and Metaphysical Romance. Jacques Loeb Yale Meredithians, Maddening the. William Chislett, Jr. Forum Mexico, More Light on Unpopular Mexico, Our Relations with. john A. Wyeth No. Amer. Militarism and Sanity. Charles Vale Forum . . LIST OF NEW BOOKS. ( The following list, containing 109 tilles, includes books received by THE DIAL since its last issue.] . BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY. The Life of Henry Laurens. By David Duncan Wal- lace, Ph.D. With frontispiece, 8vo, 539 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $3.50 net. Women the World Over. By Mrs. Alec-Tweedie, F.R.G.S. Illustrated in photogravure, etc., large 8vo, 364 pages. George H. Doran Co. $3. net. The Record of Nicholas Freydon: An Autobiogra- phy. 12mo, 376 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.50 net. Joseph Chamberlain: An Honest Biography. By Alexander Mackintosh. Revised and enlarged edition; large 8vo, 416 pages. George H. Doran Co. $3. net. The Sovereign Council of New France: A Study in Canadian Constitutional History. By Raymond Du Bois Cahall, Ph.D. Large 8vo, 274 pages. Columbia University Press. Paper, $2.25 net. The Life and Adventures of a Free Lance. By S. G. W. Benjamin. 12mo. Burlington, Vt.: The Free Press Co. $1.50 net. The Review of American Colonial Legislation by the King in Council. By Elmer Bucher Russell, Ph.D. Large 8vo, 227 pages. Columbia Univer- sity Press. Paper, $1.75 net. 1 1915 ] 75 THE DIAL GENERAL LITERATURE. English Poets and the National Idenl: Four Lec- tures. By E. de Selincourt. 8vo, 119 pages. Oxford University Press. The Evolution of Literature: A Manual of Compar- ative Literature. By A. S. Mackenzie. Illus- trated, 12mo, 440 pages. Thomas Y. Crowell Co. $1.50 net. An Anthology of Patriotic Prose. Selected by Fred- erick Page. 16mo, 211 pages. Oxford University Press. The Rise of Classical English Criticism. By James Routh, Ph.D. 8vo, 101 pages. New Orleans: Tulane University Press. Paper. DRAMA AND VERSE. The Sorrows of Belgium: A Play in Six Scenes. By Leonid Andreyev; translated from the Russian by Herman Bernstein. 12mo, 132 pages. Mac- millan Co. $1.25 net. Submerged: Scenes from Russian Life in Four Acts. By Maxim Gorki; translated from the Russian by Edwin Hopkins. 12mo, 143 pages. Richard G. Badger. 75 cts. net. Youth's Pllgrimage. By Roy Helton. 12mo, 39 pages. Boston: The Poet Lore Co. 75 cts. net. The Light Feet of Gonts: Poems. By Shaemas O Sheel. 12mo, 63 pages. New York: Published by the author. Six Plays by Contemporaries of Shakespeare. Ed. ited by C. B. Wheeler. With portrait, 16mo, 595 pages. "World's Classics." Oxford University Press. In the Pastures of the Green, and Other Poems. By Henry M. Hopewell. 18mo, 102 pages. Chicago: Howard D. Berrett. $1.25 net. The New World. By Witter Bynner. 12mo, 65 pages. Mitchell Kennerley. 60 cts. net. A Man's World: A Play in Four Acts. By Rachel Crothers. 12mo, 113 pages. Richard G. Badger. $1. net. The State Forbids: A Play in One Act. By Sada Cowan. 12mo, 46 pages. Mitchell Kennerley. 60 cts. net. Our Gleaming Days. By Daniel Sargent. 12mo, 64 pages. Richard G. Badger. $1. net. The Power of Purim, and Other Plays. By Irma Kraft. 12mo, 189 pages. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. Bibliography of Published Plays and Other Dra- matic Literature Available in English. 18 mo. La Jolla, Cal.: World Drama Prompters. Paper. Reconstruction in Georgia: Economic, Social, Polit- ical, 1865-1872. By C. Mildred Thompson, Ph.D. Large 8vo, 418 pages. Columbia University Press. Paper, $3. net. The_A B C of Socialism. By I. G. Savoy and M. O. Teck. 12mo, 140 pages. Richard G. Badger. 50 cts. net. The Sociological Implications of Ricardo's Econom- ics. By Cecil Clarke North. 8vo, 65 pages. Uni- versity of Chicago Press. Paper, 50 cts. net. Letters from Prison: Socialism a Spiritual Sunrise. By Bouck White. 12mo, 163 pages. Richard G. Badger. 50 cts. net. The Helper and American Trade Unions. By John H. Ashworth, Ph.D. 8vo, 134 pages. The Johns Hopkins Press. Paper. Labor in Politics. By Robert Hunter. 12mo, 202 pages. Chicago: The Socialist Party Paper, 25 cts. net. THE GREAT WAR — ITS HISTORY, PROBLEMS, AND CONSEQUENCES. The Diplomacy of the War of 1914: The Beginnings of the War. By Ellery C. Stowell. Large 8vo, 728 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $5. net. The Secrets of the Hohenzollerns. By Armgaard Karl Graves. Illustrated, 8vo, 251 pages. Mc- Bride, Nast & Co. $1.50 net. Studies of the Great War: What Each Nation Has at Stake. By Newell Dwight Hillis. 12mo, 272 pages. Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.20 net. The Way of the Red Cross. By E. Charles Vivian and ). E. Hodder Williams. 12mo, 289 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1. net. Bohemia under Hapsburg Misrule. Edited by Thomas Capek. 16mo, 187 pages. Fleming H. Revell Co. $1. net. Peace and War in Europe. By Gilbert Slater, D.Sc. 12mo, 122 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1. net. Reflections of a Non-combatant. By M. D. Petre. 12mo, 142 pages. Longmans, Green & Co. 75 cts. net. The Russian Problem. By Paul Vinogradoff, F.B.A. 8vo, 44 pages. George H. Doran Co. 75 cts. net. Russia's Gift to the World. By J. W. Mackail. 8vo, 48 pages. George H. Doran Co. Paper. The Cup of War. By the author of “ Especially" and * Wayside Lamps." 16mo, 62 pages. Long- mans, Green & Co. 35 cts. net. Germany's Literary Debt to France. By Jessie L. Weston. 16mo, 16 pages. London: David Nutt. Paper. The German Fleet. By Archibald Hurd. 12mo, 190 pages. George H. Þoran Co. Paper, 25 cts. net. ART AND ARCHITECTURE. Outdoor Sketching. By F. Hopkinson Smith. Illus- trated in color, etc., 12mo, 145 pages. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1. net. What Pictures to See in America. By Lorinda Munson Bryant. Illustrated, 8vo, 356 pages. John Lane Co. $2. net. The Art of the Exposition. By Eugen Neuhaus. Illustrated, 8vo, 89 pages. 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"A happy spirit and resolution of Reminiscent of Thoreau.— The tragic end of attaining the important ends of society enter- Arthur Sedgwick.- Novelties in library ad- ministration.- Stevenson at Saranac. – The ing their minds," they chose as their emblem death of a dictionary-maker.- Harold Skim- a square medal with S. P. engraved on the one pole once more.- The Dana centennial.- A national home for the publishing and book- side, and Phi Beta Kappa on the other," for selling arts and crafts. The vigor of rustic the better establishment and sanctitude of speech.— Japan's annual book-trade.- Lexi- their unanimity.” Within a year, the society cography in war and peace. The induction of children into bookland. - The University had grown to a membership of fourteen, and of Tsingtau.— Book-collecting while you had provided itself with officers, laws, and an wait.— The Longfellow house. oath of fidelity. Such were the modest begin- COMMUNICATIONS 92 nings of the organization which has since Bryant and “The New Poetry." John L. flourished apace, which now includes chapters Hervey. Results of the Wisconsin Survey. Wm. H. in eighty-six American institutions of collegi- Allen and George C. Comstock. ate and university rank, with a living mem- The Wisconsin Theses. David E. Berg. Mr. Allen and the Wisconsin Faculty. bership of more than thirty thousand men W. E. Leonard. and women, and which for over a century has An Imagist to the Defence. John Gould set admission to its ranks as a shining goal Fletcher. The Author of “ Ponteach." W. H. S. upon which every college student of serious Authors and Knighthood. Noël A. Dunder- purpose has centred his ambition. The par- dale. ent idea of the society found so many imita- A BREVIARY FOR CRITICS. Herbert Ells- tors that the combinations and permutations worth Cory CHILDREN OF THE CITY. T. D. A. Cockerell 103 of the Greek alphabet have been heavily drawn upon to supply the mystic designa- THE BLUE-STOCKINGS AND THEIR IN. FLUENCE. Partha Hale Shackford 105 tions needed, and in too many cases the idea DIPLOMACY AND THE GREAT WAR. James has been perverted to serve purposes that are W. Garner. 107 anything but academic, to stand for snobbish A PRAGMATIC ILLUMINATION OF EDU. exclusiveness or a brummagem college aris- CATION. Thomas Percival Beyer 109 tocracy; but the Phi Beta Kappa has re- RECENT AMERICAN ONE-ACT PLAYS. Homer E. Woodbridge mained the society of scholarship in the 111 BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. 113 severest sense, and its badge has continued to A life of prodigious achievement. The denote intellectual distinction and nothing apologia of German-American.- Hand- else. books on mind and health.—A brief account of the hero of Appomattox.- Problems of The progress of the war caused the society unemployment.- An inventor's autobiog- to languish in Virginia, and it was in danger raphy.- A handbook on commission govern. of an early death, when steps were taken for ment.-A romance of love and war in India.— Beckoning vistas.- A manual of its extension into New England, and the wild bird culture.- Secession and slavery: establishment of chapters at Harvard, Yale, an old view revised.- Origins and develop- and Dartmouth made its future secure. It ment of the ballade.- A little-known period in Dutch history. was the North, and later the West, that gave BRIEFER MENTION 118. it enduring vitality, and it is a noteworthy NOTES 118 fact that only a dozen of the chapters existing TOPICS IN AUGUST PERIODICALS 120 to-day are south of Mason and Dixon's line. LIST OF NEW BOOKS 121 When the society gave up its attributes of 98 a . . . 84 (August 15 THE DIAL secrecy, owing to the anti-masonic agitation American literature treasures as one of its of 1826, and abandoned the tomfoolery of most valuable assets. This is the reason for oaths and cipher codes, it still further empha- which we have ventured to characterize the sized its unique position among academic volume now before us as the unfolding of organizations, and opened its path to a future "the fine flower of American thought." Here growth that would hardly have been possible we have, in a commentary ranging over the under the old conditions. The Harvard chap- greater part of a century, the voice of Amer- ter seems to have been mainly responsible for ican idealism in its purest strain, the voice what has been for more than a century the which expresses what the nation is funda- chief manifestation of Phi Beta Kappa activ- mentally thinking upon religion, literature, ity — the annual celebration by an oration science, politics, education, and the conduct (and sometimes a poem) in which each branch of life, in short, upon all the great subjects of the society pays tribute to the ideals of the of human concern. Only an anthology of the founders. The early records of Harvard men- noblest American poetry could be equally tion an oration in 1788 by John Quincy indicative, in a typical way, of the essential Adams, then a graduate of twenty; and a genius of the nation. poem in 1797, by Robert Treat Paine. Lafay- The papers here reprinted are twenty-six ette in 1824, after listening to an oration in number, 1837 and 1910 being, respectively, nearly two hours long by Edward Everett, the earliest and the latest dates. The former offered the following toast: “This Antient year is that of Emerson's stirring Harvard University, this Literary Society. This Holy address upon “The American Scholar,” our Alliance of Learning and Virtue and Patri- intellectual declaration of independence, otism is more than a match for any coalition which fired the youth of that early generation against the rights of mankind.” The Har- with the exalted purpose to realize the mission vard roll alone of orators and poets is almost of democracy in the wider spheres of thought a catalogue of the chief mountain peaks in and action. The latest date is that of Pro- the range of American literature, including fessor Paul Shorey's Oberlin address upon as it does the names of three Adamses, Tick- “The Unity of the Human Spirit," with its nor, Emerson, Beecher, Curtis, Phillips, calm assurance of refuge for the mind in the Woodrow Wilson, Bryant, Holmes, Longfel- fortress which guards the permanent achieve- low, and Gilder. For the foregoing facts, ments of the human intellect from all the together with much other interesting historic winds of doctrine that buffet its impregnable cal material, we are indebted to an article in defences. And between these two dates, how “The Sewanee Review," by Professor John imposing an array of our greatest thinkers is M. McBryde, Jr., the editor of that quarterly. marshalled, and how wide a range of subjects How the history of Phi Beta Kappa of the first importance is considered! Let a throughout the nation has justified Lafay- few only of the speakers and their themes be ette's toast is triumphantly shown in the instanced to show what manner of writing is volume of "Representative Phi Beta Kappa here to be found. Besides the two already Orations” recently published under the edi- mentioned, we have Andrew Preston Peabody torship of Professor Clark S. Northup. It is on “ The Connection between Science and the aim of every chapter, for the occasion of Religion,” George William Curtis on “The its annual meeting, to obtain for its orator the American Doctrine of Liberty," Francis most eminent man within its reach, and the Andrew March on “ The Scholar of To-day," honor of the invitation is such that it is Charles Kendall Adams on “ The Relations of rarely declined. The speaker feels that some- Higher Education to National Prosperity," thing better than his normal best is demanded Wendell Phillips on "The Scholar in a Repub- by the occasion, and strives to emulate the lic,” Andrew Dickson White on “Evolution great men who have preceded him in the vs. Revolution in Politics," Charles William function. The consequence is that Phi Beta | Eliot on “Academic Freedom," and Woodrow Kappa oratory has now for a century em- Wilson on "The Spirit of Learning." Here bodied the best thought and the finest powers are ten names that stand for our intellectual of expression of the intellectual leaders of the best, the names of men to whom we can point nation, and offers a wealth of material which with confidence that no ill-considered teach- رو 1915) 85 THE DIAL 66 ing and no unworthy thought will proceed Scholar of To-day," Scholar of To-day," "The Scholar in a Re- from their lips. And many of the other public,” and “ The Attitude of the Scholar.” names are of hardly less weight. If those of Closely related to this theme are, of course, Job Durfee and Charles Henry Bell are not such matters as such matters as "Intellectual Leadership in exactly household words, those of John Jay American History," American History," "Humanities Gone and Chapman, Bliss Perry, John Franklin Jame- to Come," "Academic Freedom," "The Spirit son, Josiah Royce, and Barrett Wendell rep- of Learning," "The Mystery of Education," resent men who are held in high esteem as and "The Unity of the Human Spirit." These broad-minded and penetrating analysts of our are all lights shed upon the function of the social and intellectual life. scholar in society. The second Leitmotiv of It is only natural that some of the earlier the collection is democracy, as instanced by utterances among these orations should show such titles as “ The American Doctrine of unmistakable signs of “dating.” It seems Liberty,” “Evolution vs. Revolution in Poli- curious to find Horace Bushnell speaking of tics," Jefferson's Doctrines under New “the new science of political economy"; and Tests,” “The Hope of Democracy," and there is an echo from a remote past of igno- “ Democracy and a Prophetic Idealism.” rance and prejudice in Andrew P. Peabody's Science, religion, and social welfare also con- remark that “if people choose to admire Vol- tribute their themes to the counterpoint of taire and worship Goethe, none can gainsay this symphony of idealism. If we are to them." We are far indeed from the time seek for a text which shall stand for the when the Frenchman might be dismissed as a collective meaning of the volume in its essen- mere scoffer at things sacred, or the German tial attributes, and, indeed, for the underly- as an immoral devotee of the cult of self- ing thought of all Phi Beta Kappa oratory realization. Even Emerson's great plea for which is true to type, it will be in Professor the scholar's individuality and independence Shorey's address on "The Unity of the Human seems now a little antiquated. Peabody's sug- Spirit,” which is perhaps the best piece of gestion that the “Natural Orders have not in writing, compact of pregnant wisdom, among a scientific aspect superseded the Linnæan all these modern instances. The writer's system” sounds quaint to a modern botanist. thesis is “the identity of the highest Euro- When Curtis tells us that “the foundation of pean thought of the past two or three thou- liberty in natural right was no boast of pas- sand years," which is which is practically all the sionate rhetoric from the mouths of the fath- thought that counts for civilization, and his ers," he gives expression to a doctrine that is protest is against the notion that there is unfashionable among the young lions of our much that is either new or important in the new political theorizing, although we suspect speculative vagaries of our noisy contempora- that he was nearer the truth than they are. ries. One of his most valuable suggestions is And a later critic of literature than F. A. that our distracted minds would be well- March would hardly make contemptuous ref- advised to go back to Mill, from whom they erence to "the long-drawn eunuch dallyings may learn "lessons of comprehensive and con- of Swinburne or Whitman," whatever in secutive thinking, judicial weighing of all March's imagination these may have been. considerations pro and con, temperance and But the substance of even the oldest of these precision of expression, and scrupulous fair- addresses is of the essence of wisdom, because ness to opponents, which they will hardly get the speakers, true to the ideals of the society, from the undigested mixtures of biology, have concerned themselves with the eternal nervous anatomy, anthropology and folk- rather than the temporal, and have planted lore, answers to questionnaires, statistics, and their feet upon the solid foundations of truth. reports from the pedagogical or psychological It is not surprising that Emerson's classical seminar, with a seasoning of uncritical his- essay on “ The American Scholar” should torical and illiterate literary illustration, that have fixed a type for Phi Beta Kappa orations compose the made-to-order text-books of to which many of his successors have sought to pedagogy, sociology, ethics, and psychology conform. The society stands for scholarship, on which their minds are fed.” We know of and the exaltation of the scholarly function. no finer or more persuasive call to the spirit Thus, in the present collection, we find "The of humanism than is found in the following: 86 (August 15 THE DIAL men. “ There is one great society alone on earth, the into serious contact with every important field noble living and the noble dead. That society is of human thought and action, and sooner or and will always be an aristocracy. But the door later with all the most important workers in of opportunity that gives access to it opens easily those fields. A prominent New Yorker once to the keys of a sound culture, and is closed only remarked, whether justly or not does not mat- to the ignorance and prejudice that fixes our hyp- notized vision on the passing phantasmagoria. A ter here, that he read a certain paper when- certain type of educator is given to denouncing the ever he wanted absolute intellectual rest. No tyranny of the classics. There is no intellectual such remark could ever plausibly be uttered tyranny comparable to that exercised over the concerning “ The Nation.” To provoke vital imagination by the present, the up-to-date, with its thought on vital questions was the aim of its incessant panorama of self-representation, its sponsors from the outset, and that aim has myriad-voiced iteration of itself from the news- been abundantly realized. And for such a papers, the dime magazines, the platforms that purpose the profession of journalism has pro- mould or enforce the opinions of ninety million The new psychologists have coined a ques- duced no more effective pen that that of tion-begging epithet into a pseudo-scientific term, E. L. Godkin, its first editor. His intellect misoneism,' or hatred of novelty, to stigmatize the and energy and character were so inextricably hesitation of culture to accept every popgun of woven into its columns during the first dec- hypothesis as the crack of doom. What Greek ades of its existence that one might easily compound will do justice to that hatred of the old, make the mistake of thinking of it as his per- that distaste for everything not mentioned in yes- sonal organ,- a mistake, because Godkin's terday's newspaper, which seals their minds, and work for “ The Nation ” was always wholly the minds of the generation which they are edu- above personal motive. cating, to so much of the inherited beauty and But Godkin unaided could not have made wisdom of the world ? . . But if, to wrest the old Platonic phrases once more to our purpose, the “ The Nation” what it was. The excellent flux is not all, if the good, the true, and the beau- editorial management of Wendell Phillips tiful are something real and ascertainable, if these Garrison, associated with Godkin from the eternal ideals reëmbody themselves from age to beginning, gave just the setting which the age essentially the same in the imaginative visions latter's writing needed. It was Garrison who of supreme genius and in the persistent sanity and chose the numerous staff of reviewers who rationality of the world's best books, then our lent weight and dignity and continuity to reading and study are redeemed, both from the "The Nation's " literary columns, and hun- obsessions of the hour, and the tyranny of quanti- dreds of letters are in the hands of these tative measures and mechanical methods. The boundless ocean of books is before us, and the reviewers to-day bearing testimony to the con- courageous reader will make many a bold voyage scientiousness with which his duties as literary of discovery to rarely visited shores. But more editor were performed and to his kindly per- and more as the years go by will he concentrate his sonal interest in his widely scattered staff. attention on the books that preserve from age to With Godkin and Garrison in control, it is no age the precious distillation of the human spirit in wonder that “ The Nation" drew to its stand- its finest flower. They are not so many but that ard a large percentage of the most capable he may in time hope to seek them out and in some leaders of thought and action in the land. sort to know them. They are comparatively few, And through its influence on the leaders, it but has reached and benefitted multitudes who do • That few is all the world with which a few Doth ever live and move and work and strive.'' not even know of its existence. The strength of “The Nation " has been WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE. that of sincere devotion to high ends, and intelligent management in the pursuit of those ends. This is abundantly brought out “THE NATION’S” JUBILEE. in the contributions which fill its Jubilee issue. It is pleasant to know that the pas- The passing of the half-century mark in the sage of its fifty-year mark finds “ The Nation" life of “The Nation” is an event well worth in a position of renewed energy and pros- the attention which it has received. With a perity, its owners and editors thoroughly circulation small in comparison with that of devoted to the standards which Godkin and the popular magazines, an expense to its Garrison created for it, and its circulation on owners much of the time rather than a source the ascending pathway. The efficiency of of profit, it has nevertheless been the most democracy lies in the willingness of indi- powerful and the most healthful single influ- viduals to do just such work as Garrison and ence in American periodical literature during Godkin inaugurated, and to inspire others in the period which its life has covered. To have succession to take hold of that work and read its pages means to have been brought | maintain it as a permanent institution. 1915) 87 THE DIAL medallion portrait, in memory of William do the drainage system of his Concord house CASUAL COMMENT. tributary to that of the town. For more than A SPUR TO LITERARY EFFORT IN THE SOUTH, a year considerable publicity has attended where the people seem tolerably content to Mr. Sanborn's resolute defence of his case live their lives without romancing about them before the authorities and in the courts of in print, has for fifteen years been sedulously law; and the end is not yet. “I shall die applied by the State Literary and Historical before this case is settled,” was the defen- Association of North Carolina, which now, un- dant's prophecy as he appealed the question der the zealous leadership of Professor Archi- to a higher court on the ground of unconsti- bald Henderson, shows the world what it is tutionality in the existing law. There must doing in the “Proceedings" of its fifteenth an- be many still living who can recall that char- nual session, a notable document that tends to acteristic manifestation of recalcitrancy which disprove the truth of those famous lines of the brought the hermit of Walden into close bard of South Carolina : “Alas for the South! acquaintance with the town lock-up. It was Her books have grown fewer; She never was his refusal on one occasion to pay his yearly much given to literature.” That the Old North tax that procured him this inside knowledge, State has become or is becoming addicted to and of course it was on high moral grounds literature in a creditable measure, is the im- that he took his stand in the matter, with pression gained from reading the papers what one suspects to have been a real enjoy- (included in these “Proceedings”) on North ment of his brief martyrdom in the supposed Carolina historians, novelists, ballad litera- cause of justice. As the story goes, when ture, poetry, and oratory, North Carolina Emerson, upon hearing of his friend's incar- bibliography for the year, North Carolina's ceration, hastened to the house of detention famous “0. Henry," and her late poet lau- and, appearing at the door of Thoreau's cell, reate, Henry Jerome Stockard. A tablet, with sorrowfully demanded of him, “Henry, why do I find you here?” the other promptly re- Sidney Porter (“O. Henry") was unveiled in joined, in a like tone of voice, “Waldo, why the Hall of History, at Raleigh, where the do I not find you here?” The spectacle of meetings of the Association were held; the Thoreau in the common jail may well have Patterson Memorial Cup for literary achieve appeared too incongruous to admit of long ment was presented to Dr. J. G. de R. Hamil- continuance; at any rate, some one, probably ton, whose recent book, Reconstruction in Emerson himself, effected an early adjust- North Carolina,” brought him this honor; an ment of the difficulty with the tax-collector, address on “Some Argentine Ideas was and the prisoner, considerably against his delivered by Ambassador Naon; and from will, found himself at liberty. It is impossible first to last President Henderson was active in to believe that this later instance of opposition promoting the success of the entire series of to the constituted authorities of Concord in- exercises, his opening paper on “The New volves any disregard, on the opponent's part, North State" sounding an unmistakable note of the best interests of the community; and of high-hearted hopefulness and determina- his picturesque appearance in court as able tion. Prominence was given, in the addresses and fluent counsel in his own defence must and discussions, to the need of historical study breed a rather general desire for the success and writing throughout the state, with a view of his cause. to the production of worthy histories of the counties of North Carolina, only a few of THE TRAGIC END OF ARTHUR SEDGWICK, who which have yet been made the subject of such took his own life on the fourteenth of July in study. Outside of Virginia, it would be diffi- a moment of despondency caused by ill health cult to point to more creditable endeavor of and other anxieties, has evoked some interest- this literary-historical sort, in any of our ing reminiscences of the man's noteworthy southern states, than that which has for more achievements in more than one branch of than a decade been led and inspired by activity, and his repeated exhibition of the Professor Henderson. best qualities of mind and heart. Arthur George Sedgwick was born October 6, 1844, in New York, was graduated from Harvard in REMINISCENT OF THOREAU and his sturdy 1864. entered the volunteer army of the though ineffectual protest against what he North in the same year, as lieutenant of the considered an unjustifiable tax levy, was the Twentieth Massachusetts Regiment, fell into prompt refusal, the other day, of Thoreau's the hands of the Confederate forces at Deep most distinguished living fellow-townsman to Bottom, Virginia, soon afterward, and became pay a fine of ten dollars for failing to make acquainted with the interior of Libby Prison, 88 (August 15 THE DIAL 6 9 where he contracted an illness that disabled translations from foreign languages, at cur- him for further service in the field. At the rent rates." Thus the department is made close of the war he studied law and practised self-supporting, and the public convenience in Boston until 1872; edited, with Mr. Oliver is served. It is true that many libraries have Wendell Holmes, Jr., “The American Law long made a practice of furnishing, in a more Review," and about 1875 was admitted to the or less irregular and haphazard fashion, New York bar. He practised his profession similar accommodation on request; but an in New York until 1881, but the inclination organized and equipped secretarial depart- to literary pursuits seems to have drawn him ment is something of recent origin. A word more and more from the dry technicalities of of praise must not be omitted for the rather the law. He joined the editorial staff of unusual art features of Dr. Bostwick's report, “ The Nation” and “The Evening Post," and all contributed by the St. Louis School of contributed to other journals as well. A Fine Arts (connected with Washington Uni- course of Lowell Institute lectures on law was versity) and comprising a colored frontis- delivered by him in 1885-6, and he was Godkin piece and numerous sketches and designs in Lecturer at Harvard in 1909. With Mr. F. S. black-and-white. Nor are there lacking still Wait he produced a work on land titles, also other features of notable interest in this wrote “Elements of Damages,” edited the record of a year's library work. fifth edition of his father's “ Measure of Dam- ages," assisted in editing the eighth edition of STEVENSON AT SARANAC sought, not very the same treatise, and was one of the authors successfully, physical reinvigoration, and won, of “ Essays on the Nineteenth Century." But what he gave to the world as a writer cannot with less of premeditated design, a considera- ble fraction of his present renown as a writer. be taken as an adequate measure of his abil- It was here that in the winter of 1887-8 he ity in letters. His personality stood for far produced most of those admirable essays that more than his writings. Original and uncon- ventional in his habit of mind, he appears, made their first appearance in print in 'Scribner's Magazine” during the ensuing especially in view of his sad end, as one some- what too keenly conscious of the ironies of year, and that include such favorites as “The life, too acutely appreciative of the cruel joke Lantern-Bearers," "A Christmas Sermon," “Pulvis et Umbra," "Beggars," "Gentlemen," played upon man at the moment of his birth. and "A Chapter on Dreams." Here too he conceived the plot and structure of his novel, NOVELTIES IN LIBRARY ADMINISTRATION, some The Master of Ballantrae”; and what else of them merely experimental and short-lived, of ferment and germination took place in his and others having the qualities of perma- mind as he walked about the secluded ham- nence, come from time to time to the attention let on the lake, who shall attempt to say? of him who is interested in the never-ceasing Memorable enough, at any rate, is the fact of evolution of "the people's university" — if his sojourn in that retired nook of the Adiron- — one may be allowed still to use the hackneyed dacks to warrant the erection there of some and often ridiculed but nevertheless servicea statue, urn, tablet, bust, or other worthy ble and appropriate Carlylism. One of the memento in his name; and therefore the latest of these innovations is described by Saranac Lake Stevenson Memorial Committee Dr. Bostwick in his current annual report of has been formed to accomplish this end. The the St. Louis Public Library. It is the instal- noted sculptor, Mr. Gutzon Borglum, has lation of a public writing room, for corre- enthusiastically entered into the plan, and spondence and similar purposes, first in a will design the proposed memorial as a labor small upper room designed for study, and of love, it is announced. Popular subscription then, as the new department gained in popu- is invited for meeting the necessary expenses larity, in larger quarters originally designed of the undertaking, and contributions may be for the storage of pamphlets, but affording sent to Dr. Lawrason Brown, chairman of the unused space enough for four writing tables committee, at Saranac Lake, New York. accommodating twenty-four persons. Pens, ink, and inexpensive stationery are supplied THE DEATH OF A DICTIONARY-MAKER would without charge, while a better quality of paper ordinarily attract little attention even in the and envelopes, as well as postage stamps and world of letters; for dictionary-makers are, as illustrated library postcards, may be pur- class, as obscure as their work is useful. In chased at cost. Furthermore, the attendant the death of Sir James A. H. Murray, however, in charge "takes dictation, does typewriting at Oxford, July 27, the learned labors of a and notarial work, and receives orders for distinguished philologist at the head of the 1915) 89 THE DIAL > most important lexicographical work ever un- mistakably in a private letter reproduced by dertaken in our language are brought to a Mr. Shorter. Únremorsefully, self-compla- premature close. It had been his hope to It had been his hope to cently even, Dickens writes to Mrs. Richard finish before he reached the age of eighty the Watson of Rockingham Castle: "Skimpole- great “New English Dictionary,” commonly I must not forget Skimpole - of whom I will known as the Oxford Dictionary, on which he proceed to speak as if I had only read him had been engaged since 1888; but with the and not written him. I suppose he is the final volume still in preparation he died at most exact portrait that was ever painted in his post two years before the time set for the words! I have very seldom, if ever, done such writing of “Finis” after the last entry under a thing. But the likeness is astonishing. I the letter Z. Dr. Murray, as he was known to don't think it could possibly be more like the world until he became a knight in 1908, himself. It is so awfully true that I make a was born in 1837 at the little town of Den- bargain with myself 'never to do so any more.' holm, Roxburghshire; received his academic There is not an atom of exaggeration or sup- training at London University and afterward pression. It is an absolute reproduction of a at Balliol College, Oxford; and subsequently real man. Of course, I have been careful to was the recipient of honorary degrees in gen- keep the outward figure away from the fact; erous number and variety from various seats but in all else it is the life itself.” Here evi- of learning. His published writings have been dently was an instance where the writer should almost wholly of a philological character, and have prayed to be protected from his own are chiefly scattered through the publications excess of cleverness. Significant, in this con- of learned societies devoted to his chosen nection, is the invariably cordial and admir- branches of research. But his great work is, ing mention of "my friend Charles Dickens” of course, the dictionary so ably planned and which occurs in Leigh Hunt's autobiography. edited by him with the help of thirty assistant editors for the sorting of the mountains of THE DANA CENTENNIAL, the hundredth re- material submitted by more than fifteen hun- dred co-workers engaged in the vast amount of currence of the day (August 1) on which was born the author of “Two Years before the reading required in such an enterprise. Dr. Mast, has passed with some appreciative Johnson, with his six amanuenses, would in whole lifetime have made but little headway mention, here and there, of the early devel- on so vast a work. Happily, the successful oped talent of the young man who at nineteen, for his health's sake, shipped as a common termination of Murray's magnum opus is as- sailor for the voyage round the Horn, and at sured by the zeal and ability of his editorial staff and the stability and resources of the twenty-five published, in what has proved one of the best and most popular books of its kind, Oxford University Press. a detailed account of this seafaring experience. It is his one and sufficient claim to literary HAROLD SKIMPOLE ONCE MORE comes to our immortality; for neither his later volume, attention in a hitherto unpublished letter " The Seamen's Friend,” nor his edition of which Mr. Clement K. Shorter tells us, in Wheaton's “International Law," nor anything “The Sphere," he recently had the good for- else from his pen, is ever mentioned in the tune to acquire, and which he prints for the same breath with his early masterpiece, which benefit of his readers. Charles Dickens is the was in very truth a voice from the fore- writer, and Leigh Hunt his correspondent, the castle,” presenting "the life of a common date of the missive being June 23, 1859, seven sailor at sea as it really is — the light and the years after the perpetration of the notorious dark together.” This book, which has been caricature to which the first paragraph of the reprinted no one knows how many times, and brief letter so lightly refers. That paragraph which only two or three years ago reappeared is as follows: "Believe me, I have not for- in two simultaneous and rather elaborate edi- gotten that matter; nor will I forget it. To tions, was sold to its first publishers for $250, alter the book itself, or to make any reference but brought considerably more to its author in the preface of the book itself, would be to from its conscientious English re-publisher. revive a forgotten absurdity, and to establish Indeed, its success in England among persons the very association that is to be denied and of note in literature was most gratifying. discarded." And yet the world will never Formal celebration of Dana's centennial will deny or discard the association; and how be held, somewhat belatedly, under the aus- Dickens himself felt about it at an earlier pices of the Historical Society of his native date, when the ink was scarcely dry on the pen town, Cambridge, on the 27th of October, that drew the distorted portrait, appears un- with Mr. Joseph H. Choate, Professor Bliss - 90 [ August 15 THE DIAL Perry, and others as speakers, and Bishop how he “clum” up a tree, or “whup” his Lawrence as presiding officer. About the same schoolmate, or "fotch " the doctor to minister time there will be an exhibition of Dana relics to grandpa's “rheumatiz." rheumatiz.” In the current in Harvard's new library. "Harper's Monthly” is published an interest- ing account of linguistic and other usages A NATIONAL HOME FOR THE PUBLISHING AND in “Shakespeare's America," by Mr. William BOOKSELLING ARTS AND CRAFTS would meet a Aspenwall Bradley. By “Shakespeare's Amer- need that must have been at least vaguely felt ica” is meant the secluded region of the for a long time by those engaged in the manu- Cumberland Mountains where speech and cus- facture and sale of our large and increasing tom have suffered little modification from the annual product of reading matter of the more changing fashions of the world at large. respectable sorts. Such a permanent home, There, for example, present participles enjoy like that so successfully maintained in Leipzig all the rights and privileges of adjectives, by the German book-trade, seems bound to including the ability to express degrees of come in the not distant future; and its com- comparison by adding the regular endings. ing has been hastened, it is to be hoped, by the Mrs. Jones may be the “talkingest woman recent able plea for its establishment in in town, or Lucy Lindsay the "smilingest “The Publishers' Weekly," from the pen of girl ever seen. One Cumberland Mountain Mr. B. W. Huebsch, who would have in the matron was being complimented on her skill proposed building headquarters for in knitting as she followed the rough country Authors' League, the Booksellers' League, the roads or climbed the steep trails. “Oh, that's Publishers' Co-operative Bureau, the Amer- nothin'!” she exclaimed, deprecatingly. “Now ican Booksellers’ Association, and other simi- ther's Aunt_Mandy. She's the knittingest lar organizations. Here, too, the recently woman ever I saw. She takes her yarn to bed started Booksellers' School would have its with her ever' night, and ever' now and then abode, and here would be maintained a she throws out a sock.” bureau of information for all interested in books and their production, with a competent JAPAN'S ANNUAL BOOK-TRADE is increasing, superintendent at its head. As Mr. Huebsch as a writer in “The Japan Times” notes with explains his plan, “the building would be an satisfaction, though he is pained to observe exchange; all of the agencies engaged in the the subordinate place it still holds in com- production and distribution of books, pic- merce when compared with the traffic in alco- tures, and music would co-operate, preserving holic beverages of various sorts; and he casts their present identity and autonomy, but act- an eye of envy upon the much larger sale of ing as a whole when a temporary union reading matter that this country can boast - seemed desirable.” Further practical details larger per capita as well as in the total. Books are added, so that the whole scheme is made of all sorts, except school textbooks, have a to appear entirely feasible as well as highly yearly sale in Japan amounting to about three desirable; and the home itself, delightful in million yen, or half as many dollars; maga- anticipatory contemplation, is to be architec-zines show an equal circulation; elementary turally worthy of its high purpose. schoolbooks are in demand to the extent of two million three hundred thousand yen; and THE VIGOR OF RUSTIC SPEECH, such speech as textbooks for the intermediate schools call for those may hear who spend their summer vaca- an annual outlay of about half as much. tion in the far backwoods and among the What the high schools and colleges have to say mountains, lies largely in the clinging to old in regard to textbook-purchase is not recorded forms and idioms that date back perhaps to by the “ Times.” This yearly disbursement of rugged sixteenth-century days, or even earlier, almost ten million yen for literature is credita- and have survived the wear and tear of the ble; though we must remember that Japan's intervening centuries only by virtue of an population is fifty-six millions, so that an exceptional geographical remoteness from the average of only fifteen sen is spent annually centres of progress and the abodes of unrest. on reading matter by the Japanese man, It is in such rural retreats that one still hears woman, or child. Seven cents a year will not the good, mouth-filling possessive pronouns, buy much of a library. hisn and hern, yourn and ourn and theirn, as logically formed as thine and mine, though no LEXICOGRAPHY IN WAR AND PEACE continues longer countenanced in polite society or in sedately to pursue its appointed course. literature. There, too, a healthy preference deed, it is in times of war more than in years for strong preterites lingers, and is responsi- of peace that lexicographical industry should ble for the diction of the small boy who tells be in requisition Language is never more 1915) 91 THE DIAL briskly in the making than during such times stration. It is urged by the promoters of this as these, as every newspaper reader has abun- laudable enterprise that as Shantung is the dant cause to know. And so we cease to native province of the great Chinese philoso- wonder that the makers of the great Oxford pher, it is eminently fitting that it should have Dictionary allow themselves no vacation on a university devoted to the study of Confu- account of current conditions in Europe, and cianism and of the Chinese classics in general. we read without surprise in the Paris Count Okuma is said to favor the plan, and "Figaro” that “the French Academy de- such a noted scholar as Dr. Unokichi Hattori, voted yesterday's session to its work on the who is to lecture at Harvard next term, is also French Dictionary”. a work that has gone interested. Among other signs of a sort of re- on, with little interruption, for nearly three vival of learning in this part of the far East, centuries, while empires rose and fell and there is remarked a quickening of interest dynasties succeeded one another, and will con- in current philosophic thought. Sir Rabin- tinue to go on as long as there shall be a dranath Tagore, the Hindu poet and philoso- French nation and a French language. Ger- pher who has already won many disciples and man armies may come and go, may surge to admirers in Europe and America, is expected the gates of Paris and roll back again; but to visit Japan in October and expound the the French Dictionary goes on forever. principles of his philosophy. In fact, an im- pulse that might be called a Tagore movement THE INDUCTION OF CHILDREN INTO BOOKLAND is now said to be manifest in Japan. Such calls for tact and skill, and often for inex- signs of intellectual activity are more than haustible patience and an abundant store of welcome in days like these. kindliness. It was fourteen years ago that the art and science of this branch of modern BOOK-COLLECTING WHILE YOU WAIT is prom- librarianship received full recognition in the ised on the most reasonable terms and with the establishment of a training school for chil- utmost promptness by a certain western firm dren's librarians at the Carnegie Library of which wishes it to be known that “every book Pittsburgh, this school being the outgrowth in any language, new or old, published either of a training class formed the year before for in this country or abroad, may be obtained the preparation of young women to serve in through us at a moderate price" – a joyful the juvenile department of that library. It bit of news, surely, for all collectors not in is supported by an endowment fund given by the multimillionaire class. Furthermore: Mr. Andrew Carnegie, and in its plan and “We know no such word as fail! Nearly purpose it has had many imitators on a smaller every man of intelligence wants some book scale, chiefly in the form of training classes which he cannot find. We make it our busi- connected with public libraries or library ness to hunt up such books and get you any schools. The Pittsburgh school enjoys the book printed anywhere at any time. The advantage of an immediate environment em- longer you have looked for the same without bracing juvenile representatives of almost success, the better it will suit us, as you will every European nationality, and there are be all the more pleased with our services. We eight branch libraries as well as the central have filled thousands of orders for books library for the active prosecution of this kind which could not have been supplied by ordi- of work among the children of the city. Thus nary booksellers. Sometimes it may take is furnished a vast laboratory for purposes of months to trace a book which is out of print,' practice, and it is not surprising to learn that but we emphatically wish to state to the book- the school attracts pupils from far beyond the buying public that it would be a waste of time borders of its own community. A full account to ask if we can furnish a certain book. Send of its work is given in the "Circular of Infor- your money (or if price is unknown, $1.00 to mation” which it issues in this its fifteenth $2.00 on account) and the book will be for- year. warded to your address, or if not in stock, ordered for you, otherwise the amount paid THE UNIVERSITY OF TSINGTAU has only a will be returned.” What a chance to secure, prospective existence at present, but if the at a moderate price," John Eliot's Indian plans of prominent Japanese educators, aided Bible, for example, or a first folio Shakespeare! by certain men of wealth in both Japan and China, and with the support of leading schol- THE LONGFELLOW HOUSE, otherwise known ars in the two countries, are carried out, we as the Craigie mansion, famous as Washing. shall ere long see the tenets of Confucianism ton's headquarters in early Revolutionary days taught where not long before the principles of and as the home of the author of "Evangeline" Teutonic militarism were undergoing demon- | during most of his forty-six years' residence in 92 (August 15 THE DIAL Cambridge, is ere long to become a memorial trine, a promulgation of law, than a mere outline “ for the benefit of the public, as was lately of idea or theory. Miss Monroe stated, without learned through the filing of the will of the hesitation, that the “ new poetry movement" in recently deceased Mrs. Richard Henry Dana America was the most important thing in the (Edith Longfellow Dana), daughter of the literary world to-day; and that this so-momentous poet. Another daughter, Miss Alice Longfel- magazinelet,“ Poetry.” I gathered that, something movement" had originated in the sanctum of her low, at present occupies the house; but as soon as Dr. Franklin, upon a celebrated occasion, sent as there shall cease to be any Longfellow heir up a kite and brought down the lightning among desirous of making such domiciliary use of the an astounded populace, Miss Monroe sent up historic mansion, it is to be dedicated to the “Poetry” and brought down "the new poetry.” free use of the public as a Longfellow museum, Apparently, also, her experiment was fully as elec- or Longfellow memorial, with suitable pro- trical as that of the Doctor. For later in the eve- vision for its maintenance. Thus this praise- ning, when one of the stars in the new poetry's.” worthy intention will be realized before many firmament, Mr. Carl Sandberg, delivered two origi- years, and what is one of the most interest- nal poems, entitled, respectively, “ Bobby Burns" and “ Billy Sunday," the thrills which his recita- ing eighteenth-century houses in America will tion - or, to speak more correctly, reading - pro- open its doors without restraint to visitors. duced far exceeded many that I have seen evoked by the application of the galvanic battery. Miss Monroe was also kind enough to throw COMMUNICATIONS. some explicit and, so-to-speak, ex-officio illumina- tion upon the newness which is the distinguishing BRYANT AND “THE NEW POETRY." trait of "the new poetry.” Incidentally, of course, (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) she found it expedient to animadvert upon the old- What constitutes the perishable and what the ness of other poetry. In doing so — again of imperishable element -- or elements — in poetry! course — it was necessary to exhibit a Horrible The question is perennial. It has been asked and Example, and the one that she selected was William Cullen Bryant. answered innuinerable times, but still it confronts the poetry lover; who, howsoever much light he I cannot pretend to recall more than the drift, may seek or find upon the subject, is always, in the the purport, of Miss Monroe's references to end, obliged to answer it anew for himself. That Bryant,- but among other things that she said is, if he be truly a poetry lover. If his love for it were these: That she had spent a considerable is mere lip-service, it is quite otherwise,- for then portion of that very day in re-reading Bryant, the anthologists and the appreciators are at his and, with his best work thus fresh in mind, she elbow to settle the matter for him without further felt compelled to state that, of his entire copious ado. poetical output, there were only two pieces which Nowadays, it must be allowed, there is a multi- would live." These pieces, she said, were tude of counsellors, and those disinclined to think " Thanatopsis” and “ To à Water-fowl.” But she or to feel, to weigh or to ponder, are blessed with qualified this fiat by adding that the "Water- an infinitude of opportunities for having such fowl” was doubtful,” as in certain respects it things done for them, the results of these opera- “ very faulty.” But, at any rate, these were tions being dealt out on demand, by the yard or by the only two poems of Bryant's, she declared, that, the pound, and served over the counter as is any under any circumstances, she would think of ac- other merchandisable commodity. Some of them, cepting for publication in “Poetry," were they too, are very attractively done up; and while the contemporaneously composed and offered to her contents of the carton may not invariably be all for that purpose. that the label incites the purchaser to suppose, it It was quite like the “ Off-with-his-head-so- is an old story that predigested pabulum is not much-for-Buckingham ” line that Colley Cibber, intended for hearty appetites. Moreover, expecta- they say, wrote into “Richard III.," and more tion and fulfilment never have been and never will than a few of Miss Monroe's hearers turned to be any more necessarily synonymous in a literary each other with subdued oh's and ah's. But they than in any other sense. felt conscious that, while perhaps participating Some such thoughts as these came unsummoned in something almost sacrilegious, from the poetical to my mind one evening not long ago when it was point of view, they had been “in at the death,” my privilege to hear the “what's what” of poetry just the same; also that, in the language of the expounded by no less an authority than Miss Har- street, they were being put wise to the real riet Monroe. She was addressing a large assem- thing." And many fair hands were clapped in blage of presumed poetry-lovers, and was speaking applause by ladies present - of whom, I have an upon a variety of verse in which, presumably, their idea, more than a few, in times it would be impo- interest, like her own, was intense — namely, lite to say how long past, had recited from the “ The New Poetry.” Her expression of opinion rostrum “The Death of the Flowers” as typical was, therefore, devoid of dissembling or weak con- of what they then considered most beautiful and cession. Perhaps, though, the term "expression most moving in American verse. of opinion” is inadequate as applied to her re- Bryant, then, is poetically “ a dead one.” Miss marks, for they were rather a statement of doc- | Monroe has said so, and Miss Monroe knows. She was 1915) 93 THE DIAL * The new 66 66 spoke in behalf of Time, and with an accent that “ Then, should thy verse appear betrayed her intimate familiarity with that hoary Halting and harsh, and all unaptly wrought, functionary. But the only trouble was that she Touch the crude line with fear, Save in the moment of impassioned thought; did not go far enough. For instance, I at least would have felt grateful if she had singled out Then summon back the original glow, and mend The strain with rapture that with fire was penned.” those poems, let us say, of Mr. Sandberg's, which “ would live.” Or, for that matter, any others Still, I think Miss Monroe was entirely correct which have appeared in “ Poetry” to date. I have when she declared the unfitness of Bryant's poetry read it pretty regularly, and my uncertainty re- for her publication. As Walt says, it " ever con- garding such items is so utter that a little enlight- veys a taste of the open air” and if there is enment from Miss Monroe would have been to me anything that the verse printed in “ Poetry" does as the shadow of a great rock in a weary land. not convey, it is precisely that quality. While, just as Baudelaire invented décadence, poetry” is, manifestly, manufactured in sanctums, Mallarmé symbolism, Poe the grotesque and ara- as was the “movement” that it features. Hence, besque, and Hugo romanticism," the new poetry the thought of anything of Bryant's in the pages was invented in the sanctum of “ Poetry,” as Miss of “Poetry” is indeed impossible. And, by the Monroe unequivocally declared, she did at least by way, what, oh, what, do you suppose Walt vou inference assert that the patron saint of the have thought of Miss Monroe's magazine if he had “ movement” was Walt Whitman,- that if any lived to see it? John L. HERVEY. one “great influence” was the springboard from Chicago, July 27, 1915. , which its practitioners took their flying leap into the poetical empyrean, it was that of Walt. This RESULTS OF THE WISCONSIN SURVEY. being so, it occurred to me to turn to what Walt (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) had said of Bryant — for I remembered, although The words “once more" in the title given by you I could not recall its precise phrasing, that it was to Dean Comstock's letter in your issue of July 15, not at all like what Miss Monroe had said. I find it to be as follows (see " Specimen Days”: “My “ The Wisconsin Survey Once More,” recall how Tribute to Four Poets”): quickly even students ire of controversy over things that can be settled. "In a late magazine one of my reviewers, who ought It is on this fact that the University counted to know better, speaks of my 'attitude of contempt from the first. For a time it wavered between the and scorn and intolerance' toward leading poets- of policy adopted by the normal schools, that is, ad- my 'deriding' them, and preaching their uselessness.' If anybody cares to know what I think — and have mitting the truth and proceeding to correct defects, long thought and avow'd — about them, I an entirely and the other policy of standing pat, denying willing to propound. . . . Bryant pulsing the first everything, and diverting attention from defects of interior verse-throbs of a mighty world — bard of the the University to personalities of surveyors. river and wood, ever conveying a taste of open air, When a dean of a graduate school of a university with scents as from hayfields, grapes, birch-borders with international reputation makes a statement, always lurkingly fond of threnodies — beginning and ending his long career with chants of death, with here readers of The Dial naturally expect that this and there through all, poems or passages of poems, statement is truthful as well as scholarly. Dean touching the highest universal truths, enthusiasms, Comstock writes that the State Board of Public duties — morals as grim and eternal, if not as stormy Affairs failed to adopt the report of survey investi- and fateful, as anything in Æschylus." gators, wrote a report of different tenor, and sub- Such was Whitman's tribute to Bryant. It does stantially repudiated the Survey findings. Casual not strikingly resemble that of the editress of examination will show that the conclusion is con- “ Poetry”; but, somehow, it seems to come nearer trary to fact. The State Board agreed with the "touching the highest universal truths, enthusi- Survey in all but three of the matters touched upon asms, duties” of poetry. by both the Survey and the State Board. It dis- To me, I must also confess, the selection of agreed on trifling matters only: (1) substitution Bryant as a Horrible Example by propagandists of of state pensions for Carnegie pensions; (2) sub- stitution of Madison-owned for University-owned the "new poetry" is singularly ill-judged. For is it not both illogical and unjust that an exponent of high school; (3) substitution of optional for com- vers libre and allied affairs should “knock a poet pulsory military drill. In other matters the State who, generations before most Board supported the Survey, - inter alia: new poets” were born, himself wrote: 1. Research is unsupervised and needs to be supervised. p. 12. “No smooth array of phrase, 2. Social sciences have not grown with the Uni- Artfully sought and ordered though it be, versity. p. 14. Which the cold rhymer lays Upon his page with languid industry, 3. More practical field work is needed. p. 14. Can wake the listless pulse to livelier speed, 4. Supervision of instructors is inadequate and Or fill with sudden tears the eyes that read. needs to include class-room visiting. p. 16. 5. Student adviser system not as effective as it “ The secret wouldst thou know might be and needs strengthening. p. 17. To touch the heart or fire the blood at will? Let thine own eyes o'erflow; 6. Junior colleges are needed and are practical. Let thy lips quiver with the passionate thrill; Seize the great thought, ere yet its power be past, 7. University should discontinue high school in- And bind, in words, the fleet emotion fast. spection for purposes of accrediting and should . a " P. 28. 94 (August 15 THE DIAL p. 31. P. 36. continue it for the sole purpose (the board said) of denial: the thesis was admirable, absolutely origi- improving the quality of instruction in the subjects nal in a field entirely lacking in secondary sources. each community decides to place in its high school. When these statements were proved to be untrue, he secondly wrote in the Survey report that only a 8. Regular courses leading to graduation and small part of the thesis was plagiarized. Now he degrees without foreign language requirements writes to THE DIAL that considerable portions were should be established. p. 32. given without proper reference. The fact is, and 9. Students have too little contact with the older he knows it and the president knows it and the two and stronger men on the faculty. p. 32. regents who compared this work with original 10. Further attention to organization and admin- sources know it, that the thesis was from cover to istration of Wisconsin high school is needed. p. 33. cover paste and scissors work taken from other sources with a brazenness that would cause the 11. Only such small classes should be continued as are fully justified upon investigation. p. 34. University to drop a freshman. 12. Better organization and more systematic interested enough in the nation-wide aspects of this Is there not some reader of THE DIAL who is management of the Extension Division are needed and the instructional force should be strengthened. situation to make a personal inspection of this thesis and of the Galland thesis above referred to 13. The University has failed to follow rigidly and of the other six theses? If so, I will pay his board in Madison and all travelling expenses if he the legislative requirements in giving preference when allotting dormitory accommodations to stu- does not report that the Survey understated rather dents in this state. p. 62. than overstated the scholarship deficiencies of these theses, provided that Dean Comstock will pay for 14. A high percentage of non-use of certain class- rooms is shown. p. 62. board and travelling expenses if such student 15. Accounting system is not in accordance with reports that we overstated these deficiencies. modern business methods. pp. 124, 126. Madison, Wis., July 30, 1915. Wm. H. ALLEN. 16. Some few members of the faculty have taken unwarranted advantage of the opportunity offered (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) them for outside work, and their service to the The communication printed above, of which I University has been impaired through a division have seen an advance proof, furnishes an excellent of their interest. p. 15. illustration of certain methods characteristic of the Do these statements from the State Board's Allen Survey. The incautious reader who is report look like wholesale endorsement of the Uni- tempted to infer an official approval of the Allen versity's efficiency and like repudiation of fact report from the sixteen to three comparison above reports showing in what particular places ineffi- made should turn to pp. 909-926 of the report cited. ciency exists? He will there find set forth, in all the pomp of A similar discrepancy between fact and Dean serial numbers, 339 separate recommendations Comstock's report will be found at whatever point made by Mr. Allen to the State Board of Public the reader cares to follow up Dean Comstock's Affairs. If we assume nineteen of these to be statement. The thesis which he says I wrongly accounted for by Mr. Allen's foregoing exposition referred to as plagiarized covers a ground that was of the case, shall we infer that the remaining 320 incomparably better covered in a thesis submitted constitute the material to which reference is made to the University of Paris in 1876. One chapter of in the Findings of the Board of Public Affairs, it is taken almost verbatim from an English work, under the heading, Conclusion p. 36 of the with the scant acknowledgment that the chapter is official volume? This reference is as follows: based upon that work. The fact that eastern schol- “Absence from this report of specific recommenda- ars found the work satisfactory means absolutely tions relative to any matter commented upon by nothing until the readers of THE DIAL know any investigator employed by this board is not to whether those scholars had seen the works upon be construed as an endorsement of his views. In which it was based and had critically read the several particulars the Board of Public Affairs thesis itself. If the Columbia professors who does not accept either the conclusions or findings of liked the thesis read it with no greater care than one or the other of the investigators employed by the Wisconsin professor who approved it their it; but either because of want of full information liking is meaningless. If they approved it after or for other satisfactory reasons this board with- reading Piggeoneau's thesis of 1876 and Colvin's holds specific recommendations." Godfrey, so much the worse for Columbia scholar- One must admire the optimism with which the ship. If they approved it without reading these surveyor contemplates the waste-basket to which works, again so much the worse for Columbia ninety-five per cent of his recommendations are scholarship. consigned, and which regards the following finding The fact is that there is not one of these eight of the State Board as confirmation of his charges : to send to Paris, Berlin, or Oxford as a fair sample been of a superior order is evidenced by the posi- of American scholarship. tion the University of Wisconsin holds." The history of the thesis now admitted to be Ab uno disce omnes. technically plagiarized is more sordid than any GEORGE C. COMSTOCK, experience I had in ten years' dealings with Tam- Dean of the Graduate School. many Hall. Dean Comstock first wrote a blanket University of Wisconsin, Aug. 7, 1915. 1915) 95 THE DIAL THE WISCONSIN THESES. the head of the department concerned, the regents (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) were convinced of the validity of the criticisms. Later, in the final Survey report, I was surprised Let me express my appreciation of the spirit of fairness you exhibit in printing simultaneously in to discover that the “ lifted ” chapter above re- ferred to is called an “anner" to the thesis by the your columns two such diverse views of the Uni- University! As late as July 1, 1915, not a sign versity of Wisconsin Survey as Dean G. C. Com- existed to show that the author regarded it as such. stock, of the Graduate School of the University of DAVID E. BERG. Wisconsin, and Margaret A. Friend, of Milwaukee, Madison, Wis., Aug. 5, 1915. present in your issue of July 15. I personally was one of the number who reported on doctors' theses accepted and approved of by MR. ALLEN AND THE WISCONSIN FACULTY. the University of Wisconsin. I was amazed at the (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) triteness, the mediocrity, the superficiality, and the In your issue of July 15 is a letter signed Mar- dishonesty of the work. The author of one of these garet A. Friend, defending Mr. W. H. Allen's Sur- theses dealt with the history of a great family dur- vey of the University of Wisconsin. Its essential ing the time of the Crusades, as treated in a cycle point is the following: “ The University . . of poems produced in the Middle Ages. The fol- wanted a report .. as a few in authority wished it lowing are some of the things that appeared in the to be seen. It got a report as the six hundred course of my work: faculty members saw it." I. The author's thesis served no purpose in the Though Mr. Allen's methods, purposes, stand- world of scholarship; it was merely the duplica- ards, and findings, as investigator, educator, and tion of the work of a French scholar, who in 1876 efficiency expert, have been extensively canvassed presented a thesis on the same subject before the in the intellectual press of America — notably in University of Paris. The French scholar's han- the New York “ Evening Post,” “ The Nation," and dling of the subject was infinitely more compre- THE DIAL, “the six hundred faculty members ” hensive and incomparably more brilliant than that have heretofore expressed their opinion only in of the Wisconsin man. private. Thus your correspondent's statement may II. The Wisconsin man incorporated bodily well suggest to some readers a new and important into his thesis a section of an introduction to a aspect of the subject; administrative tyranny, prose work in English. This extract forms an in- whether of president, deans, or board of trustees, tegral part of his thesis, constituting a whole over an oppressed and voiceless faculty has often chapter. It consisted of an historical sketch of the been alleged and sometimes proved in the uni- main character treated in his thesis. Dozens of versity world of America. Is Mr. Allen, then, fight- accounts of the hero's life were available, but this ing for such “six hundred faculty members at account happened to be of just the right length to Madison? No, and absolutely no. But it has become Mr. Allen's policy to attempt serve as a chapter in his thesis. III. The whole of the thesis of 120 pages — if to enlist, or to pretend to have enlisted, the faculty we leave out the 20 blank pages that are numbered against the administration. A cardboard folder, dated May 28, 1915, and signed by Mr. Allen, enti- - is merely a technical exercise to prove the author tled “Open Letter to Faculty Members of the a linguistic virtuoso in three old Romance lan- University of Wisconsin," begins thus: “In your guages: Old French, Old Spanish, and Old Italian. Seven of the nine texts used by the author were name a new glossary of vituperation is being cre- ated; 'academic freedom' at the University of in Old French, only one text in Old Spanish and that in prose the thesis purported to be a Wisconsin is being so defined as to prohibit free “Poetic History," and impersonal consideration of opportunities for and the other one in Old Ital- ian, of which a half dozen good translations exist. increasing efficiency," etc. The whole lengthy docu- The two latter texts are treated only cursorily by judged, I fancy, by every one of the six hundred ” ment is a masterpiece of folly, and was so ad- the author. who took time from better things to peruse it. IV. Not a statement occurs in the last chapter All “the six hundred " filled out the elaborate of the thesis, termed “ Conclusion,” that cannot be questionnaires on which a part of Mr. Allen's found in the thesis of the French author written in 1876. Many statements are translated verbatim report was subsequently based, only to find their evidence in many cases misunderstood or curiously without giving the French scholar credit. The manipulated. Later, a large number of those " six style of the thesis does not yield a trace of bril- hundred directly coöperated, by written memo- liancy; and the observations, the conclusions, and randa or by oral conference, in furnishing the in fact the whole, of the thesis fails to show a single materials from which was made up that scholarly, gleam of originality. And this is the type of work keen-witted, and high-minded rejoinder, the appen- that the great University of Wisconsin accepts as dix entitled " Comment by Committee of University an original contribution, and rewards the perpe- Faculty upon Report of Investigators." Note, in- trator with the highest possible reward of scholar- deed, the significant words, “ Committee of Uni- ship, the degree of Doctor of Philosophy! versity Faculty" — not Miss Friend's “few in Every statement made here can be readily sub- authority.” stantiated by detailed and concrete proof. When Moreover, the present writer, through many the borrowed and unaccredited sections were read months of pretty wide contact and conversation, aloud to two of the regents, Dean Comstock and has not heard from a single colleague one word of 6 a 96 (August 15 THE DIAL defence or even of apology for Mr. Allen's work. lyrical verse, and lyrical verse must rhyme"; and Whatever useful details of criticism may be found later: “Hold! this is spoken by Prospero; hence here and there in its voluminous pages, as a whole it is not lyrical and must be in blank verse”? Does Mr. Allen's report, while certainly an attack upon Mr. Alden suppose this? I have a problem, then, “the few in authority," is still more certainly an for his solution. Which is more lyrical, Ariel's attack upon the entire faculty. But it is chiefly an “ Ding dong bell” or Prospero's “Leave not a attack upon university ideals and the yet broader rack behind" John GOULD FLETCHER. principles of candor, justice, and intelligence. Bay View, Mich., July 27, 1915. The above statement has been read to a repre- sentative group of university colleagues; they unite [I am glad to see some further discussion by in the hope that The Dial may give it the fullest Mr. Fletcher of the matters touched on in his publicity. W. E. LEONARD. Preface, and should also enjoy pursuing the University of Wisconsin, July 22, 1915. subject of two or three of them; but it is clear that this cannot be done, except with more of [It is not practicable, nor do we feel that it assertion than proof, in the incidental space would be profitable, to allow this discussion to appropriate to the discussion of my review. continue further in our columns, and the corre- A note or two of explanation may be added. spondence must therefore close with the publi- It is quite true that the question whether the cation of the letters printed above.-Editor.) art of English poetry is in a greatly backward state is largely one of taste and judgment. AN IMAGIST TO THE DEFENCE. I can only say, therefore, that my own impres- (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) sion is shared by all the competent judges My attention has been drawn to an article in with whom I am acquainted, to the effect that your issue of June 24, entitled “Recent Poetry." the past few years have shown a marked and The author of this review takes exception to the growing revival of poetry as a vital expression preface of my book of verse, “ Irradiations." As of contemporary thought in England and he has taken the trouble, in a series of dogmatic America, and that an encouraging amount of statements, to deny about everything I wrote in decidedly creditable verse is finding both pub- that preface, surely it is only fair to me to permit lication and sale. Perhaps I may claim some me to undogmatically defend myself. Let the pub- liberality in adding that I find evidence of the lic be the judge between us. First of all, Mr. Alden assumes that in my same thing even in the “new poetry,” which preface to “ Irradiations ” I was speaking of the I do not greatly admire, since it implies that theories of the Imagists as a group. Surely he an increasing number of persons, including should have known that I was doing nothing of the some with no great rhythmical endowment, sort. The preface to “Some Imagist Poets are turning to poetry as a means of sincere contains all that the Imagists desire to hazard and serious expression. concerning themselves collectively. The preface to If in saying that “poets have attempted to “Irradiations" is purely a personal utterance. make of their craft a Masonic secret,” Mr. Mr. Alden next says that the art of poetry in English-speaking countries is not in a greatly back- Fletcher meant only that they have not writ- ward state. That is a question of Mr. Alden's ten many treatises on versification, I shall not taste or rather, of the scope of his reading, press my denial. But I know of none who about which he tells us nothing. have not welcomed opportunities to discuss the “Poets have not attempted to make of their craft subject and to give hints to younger men a Masonic secret, declaring that rhythm is not to be regarding their understanding of the rhyth- analyzed.” Apparently, then, many English poets mical art. This is particularly true of two have written technical treatises on rhythm! Yet I such great progressive metrists as Coleridge know of only three who have tackled this subject: and Tennyson. Poe, Lanier, and Robert Bridges. If Mr. Alden knows of more, he should enlighten my ignorance. I cannot answer the question, What does “ It is not true that each line of a poem repre- each line of a poem represent if not a single sents a single breath.” Then what does it repre- breath! except by saying that it represents an sent? Why should there be any rhythmical unit arbitrary art pattern, like a unit of decoration at all, if the breath of the bard or reciter is not to on a Greek pediment, or the pitch intervals be taken into account? in the tempered scale. Various eccentric theo- “Every poet of eminence has not felt the fatigu- ries have been suggested, from time to time, ing monotony of regular rhyme.” It depends on connecting our rhythmic types with the how you class eminence. Milton says Satan was breath,- as in the effort to conjecture why raised “ to that bad eminence." one race prefers longer lines than another, or “Shakespeare did not abandon rhyme in his maturer period (that is, in lyrical verse).” Does rhythm of fours rather than threes, and the Mr. Alden seriously suppose that Shakespeare, like; but no authority on prosody accepts any when he was writing “ The Tempest,” said to him of these. But here let me ask, if we assume self: “Go to! this is sung by Ariel; I must write that each line of verse does represent a breath, 1915) 97 THE DIAL . > is not the art of vers libre alarmingly unhy- Rogers's scouting expeditions in 1755, to gienic, in tending to develop such irregular which your correspondent refers, seem to me breathing as it implies ? to show neither more nor less of crudity than Mr. Fletcher appears to have understood might be expected in the work of a man with me to say that Shakespeare never used un- Rogers's lack of early training. This same rhymed verse for lyrical passages. I should ranger, whose orthography in 1755 so shocks be very far from making such a statement, or your correspondent, was apparently able ten even from undertaking to answer the difficult years later to impress favorably the social, question just what a lyrical passage is. The official, and military circles of London, and to matter concerned was Mr. Fletcher's state- win, without money and in the face of strong ment that in his maturer period Shakespeare American opposition, an important appoint- abandoned rhyme. Now the only change ment. He was also the author, or at the very which is known to Shakespearean criticism, in least was believed by those who knew him to the poet's use of rhyme, is his dropping of the be the author, of two prose works and a verse early fashion of using it in dramatic speech. drama which show some slight acquaintance His later plays are peculiarly rich in rhymed with books as well as with life; and his manu- lyrics, and there is not the slightest evidence script letters and journals of later date which that he ever wearied of rhyme for ordinary I am able to examine in the library of the lyrical purposes. Neither, so far as I know, State Historical Society of Wisconsin are not has any eminent English poet save one- in penmanship, wording, or even in spelling Milton — given evidence of a distaste for the work of a man who could be called illit- regular rhyme in his maturer years. It is erate. This development indicates what I harmless for any private person to dislike regu- called "self-culture," though - though I should not lar rhyme and to abandon it, and quite un- quarrel in defence of the term. My argu- necessary that he should twist metrical theory ment was that it made against the contention and history in his defence.- THE REVIEWER.] that Rogers was wholly given over to low vice. When I wrote I was not aware that the THE AUTHOR OF “PONTEACH." authorship of the “Journals" and the “Con- (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) cise Account was seriously questioned. I I have read with much interest the review by note that your correspondent, though he Mr. William B. Cairns, in your issue of July 15, speaks without apparent hesitation of “the of the reprint of “ Ponteach," edited by Mr. Allan author of 'Ponteach, Robert Rogers," ex- Nevins and published by the Caxton Club of Chi- cago. Of the author of " Ponteach,” Robert Rog presses the opinion that Rogers did not write ers, a celebrated Ranger during the French and the prose works named. Doubtless Mr. Nev- Indian War, Mr. Cairns says: “ It is difficult to ins would be glad, as I should, of any substan- see how a man completely sunk in dissipation tial evidence in support of this somewhat could have attained the self-culture which Rogers peculiar view. It would require more than shows." the inconsistent spelling in the journals of I am sure it would be a favor if Mr. Cairns or Rogers's scouting days to have much weight.- somebody else would point out to the students of THE REVIEWER.] this period of our history any evidence to prove that Rogers was a man of culture. It is at least my own opinion that Rogers's AUTHORS AND KNIGHTHOOD. “Journals” and his “ Concise Account” (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) written by some hack writer in London, who It is not my place or desire to criticize, but as a secured his information from Rogers or from Rog- regular reader of THE DIAL I feel constrained to ers's note-books. Anyone who will take the trouble utter a feeble protest against the tone of the edito- to consult the “Documentary History of the State rial paragraph, “ Plumed Knights,” in your issue of New York,” Vol. II., p. 205, etc., will see from of July 15. Rogers's reports of his scouting expeditions as there It seems trivial and foreign to your practice to printed, presumably from the originals, that he was decry any time-honored custom of any land, much so illiterate that he could not even spell his own less the one that holds first place in the production name correctly — at least not all the time,- and of the best in literature. While we in America may some of the simplest words in the language were have but little regard for knighthood, should we misspelled. W. H. S. not at least respect it as being an outward sign of New York City, July 23, 1915. the appreciation of a people, bestowed by royalty though it may be, for one who has done something [As I wished to make plain in my review, worthy? Since the authors of to-day accept this my interest in “Ponteach” is in the literary honor, we are not justified in belittling it, but values and relationships of the play, and on should rather esteem it because of their acceptance. matters of historical and biographical research NOEL A. DUNDERDALE. I speak purely as a layman. The journals of Chicago, July 28, 1915. were 98 (August 15 THE DIAL 66 impressionists) unless you pay some attention The New Books. to the historical method. “ What, you will say, 'is not line the same A BREVIARY FOR CRITICS. * beauty in a Greek or Japanese or French work? has not color the same value? is not the human eye the Close upon the heels of Mr. Brownell's criti- same the world over?' Well, to begin with, the cal credo, recently reviewed in these pages, line is not the same, and it has different connota- follows the manifesto of Mr. George Edward tions; and so, also, of the color; and the human Woodberry, who takes rank with Mr. Brownell eye is as various as the soul that sees through it. himself, Professor Irving Babbitt, and Mr. Art is not like mathematics, something to be cast Paul Elmer More among the most conspicuous into identical formulas in every time and place. . . critics in America to-day. Like Mr. Brownell, It is not so simple as observing a sunset; it is not merely to open your eyes and see; you must first Mr. Woodberry combines a kindly attitude create the eye to see with.” toward the later modes of impressionism and And when we remember further that not only appreciation with an eager desire to hold fast to the best in the old magisterial conception. places and ages” but also that no one of us is art"a Protean play of personality in many . sees the same thing in the same way, historical its dross of death and its life-gold, and he passes on to a sober but hymnlike adoration of resurrection of the soul that has passed away, criticism may seem at best "only a doubtful art in its immortality which is perhaps the - a portrait, perhaps, but one in whose eyes most exalting prose of its special kind since Shelley's “Defence of Poetry.” and expression there is an unshared secret.' Mr. Woodberry, however, warns us against In his first essay, Mr. Woodberry reminds growing lax in the great quest of the historical us of an alluring conception of criticism as method, for it is the critic's only hope of re-creation, but sets such a definition aside for qualifying himself “to undertake that purely a space while he considers how far the his- æsthetic criticism by which he torical critic may understand a work of art as it was in another nation and in a dim past and see his vision with the meaning and atmosphere “may at last become one with the soul of the artist without re-creating it and thereby inevitably it had to himself. So much of art is antique and adding to it the color of his own personality. foreign, so much of what is racially our own has Mr. Woodberry calls upon us to remember become alien to my feelings and ideas by the grad- Taine with admiration, but to make the large ual detachment of time, that I need an interpreter generalizations of the French critic more valid between me and this dead and dying world of the by putting against them the psychological crit- past, -I need precisely the interpretation of knowl- ic's absorption in the individual (with a pass- edge that historical criticism gives. True, it is not ing frown at the modern habit for hounding æsthetic criticism; but æsthetic criticism, in the out the abnormal as essential in genius). A sense of a re-creation of art as it was in the past, third group, "a hybrid of the sociologists and for me is impossible without it." the psychologists,” has arisen to dwell on great Nor should we excuse criticism from the func- personalities amidst a maze of influences from tion of judgment as well as interpretation. It nations and epochs, making criticism "an must do more than content itself with asking: anatomy of texts.” Criticism seems to draw What was in the mind of the artist? Has he “ever further away from the work of art expressed it? Was his method well or ill itself; it leaves the matter of life, which art is, adapted? Is his result worth the pains! The for the matter of knowledge." Should we