385 The University of Chicago Libraries Crea Vita CatSaexco nia latur GIFT OF MORGAN PARK ACADEMY A 1 | THE DIALAR A Semi-Monthly Fournal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information VOLUME XXII. JANUARY 1 TO JUNE 16, 1897. CHICAGO: THE DIAL COMPANY, PUBLISHERS 1897 HP Apa ㅈ ​Dar F Vg2 AN IT F * 11 1 1. pri foto ! 137808 INDEX TO VOLUME XXII. PAGE . . > . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . AFRICA, EAST, AN AMERICAN IN. AFRICA, WEST, AN ENGLISH WOMAN IN AMERICAN HISTORY REWRITTEN . ANCIENT CULTURE, HISTORY OF “ ARCH-AMATEUR OF ALL HISTORY" ARCHITECTS AND ARCHITECTURE AUTHORSHIP, COMPOSITE BIBLE STUDY, CENTRED ON BIOLOGICAL PROBLEM OF TO-DAY BIRD LORE AND BIRD LOVE BOOKS, PRINTED, FIRST Two CENTURIES OF “ BORKMAN, JOHN GABRIEL BRUNETIERE'S PEDAGOGICAL PRESCRIPTION BRYCE, JAMES, ON ARMENIAN QUESTION BURTON, LADY ISABEL . . . CHAUCER, DIALECTAL SURVIVALS FROM CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY CHICAGO ORCHESTRA . CHURCH, DEAN, OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF CHURCH, PAST AND PRESENT . CIVILIZATION, PROPOSED TAX ON CLASSICAL DICTIONARY, A New . COLLEGE ENGLISH, DETERIORATION OF CONSTITUTION, ONE OF THE FATHERS OF THE COOPER, FENIMORE, AND MARK TWAIN CRITICISM, CLASSICS OF DANTE IN AMERICA EAST, ANCIENT NATIONS OF THE ENGLAND, SOCIAL, BEFORE WATERLOO . “ ETHICAL MOVEMENT,” THE MODERN EUROPE, MODERN, DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN GOVERNMENTS, PARTY POWER IN EVOLUTION AS A POPULAR CREED FAITH, ORBIT OF FICTION, RECENT FOLK TALES FOR YOUNG AND OLD . FRENCH POLITICAL JOURNALIST, MEMOIRS OF A GERMAN STRUGGLE FOR LIBERTY GREECE, LATEST GREAT HISTORY OF HARE, A. J. C., AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF . HISTORICAL MATERIAL IN MIDDLE WEST, PRESERVATION OF INDIA, A BRITISH VETERAN'S TALE OF INDIVIDUAL ACQUIREMENT OR INHERITANCE? “ IN MEMORIAM,” METRE OF JESUIT MISSIONARIES IN NEW FRANCE JOURNALISM, AMERICAN, DECAY OF LITERARY HISTORY, CURIOSITIES OF LITERATURE, REVALUATION OF LOGIC, INFALLIBLE, A MECHANICAL SYSTEM OF MAESTRO, A FAMOUS, REMINISCENCES OF MIDDLEMAN, TRIUMPH OF THE MUSICIAN, CORRESPONDENCE OF A FAMOUS MYCENÆAN EXPLORATION SINCE SCHLIEMANN MYTHOLOGY, Max MÜLLER'S STUDIES IN NANSEN'S STORY OF HIS VOYAGE NAPOLEONIC MARSHAL AND HIS AIDE Hiram M. Stanley 249 Hiram M. Stanley 183 George W. Julian 274 George S. Goodspeed . 359 Percy F. Bicknell 148 44 S. R. Elliott 7 Ira M. Price 220 Edwin 0. Jordan 306 Sara A. Hubbard . 118 James Westfall Thompson 48 William Morton Payne 37 299 Oliver T. Morton 113 354 Calvin S. Brown 139 5 268 Percy F. Bicknell 360 Ira M. Price 150 205 Paul Shorey 84 W. H. Johnson 271 Charles H. Cooper 246 D. L. Maulsby 107 Edward E. Hale, Jr. 244 325 James Henry Breasted 282 Arthur Burnham Woodford 329 Joseph Henry Crooker. 248 James Westfall Thompson 145 Henry E. Bourne . 180 Edward Howard Griggs 250 John Bascom 184 William Morton Payne 19, 153, 307 Frederick Starr 120 10 Charles H. Cooper 53 Josiah Renick Smith 216 Tuley Francis Huntington 51 Edwin E. Sparks 239 79 Charles A. Kofoid 333 C. Alphonso Smith 351 B. A. Hinsdale 110 237 142 137 Joseph Jastrow 13 Grace Julian Clarke . 152 349 Tuley Francis Huntington 218 Josiah Renick Smith 304 Frederick Starr 335 210 302 " . . . . . . . . . . . . . SCI 2001 GS iv. INDEX. PAGZ Frederick Starr . Edward E. Hale, Jr. Camillo von Klenze Percy F. Bicknell . 1 . William Morton Payne Charles Leonard Moore . William A. Hammond Joseph Jastrow Joseph Jastrow William Morton Payne . NEGRO, AMERICAN, DEGENERACY OF NELSON AS A FORCE IN HISTORY PATER, WALTER, A LAST VOLUME FROM PHILOSOPHER DECADENT, A . PHYSICIAN, LIFE OF A GOOD . POETRY, MINOR, A WORD FOR POETRY, RECENT PoErs, A COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION OF . POSITIVISM AND HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY Psychic RESEARCH, MORE . PSYCHOLOGY, MODERN, SOME PROBLEMS OF SCHOPENHAUER, PHILOSOPHY OF . SCIENCE AND THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT SHAKESPEARE IN FRANCE SHAKESPEARE, NEW ILLUSTRATIONS OF SOCIAL QUESTION, PHASES OF . SPENCER'S FINAL VOLUME STAGE, MODERN APPRECIATIONS OF THE TEN BRINK'S LAST VOLUME TRAVELS, RECENT BOOKS OF UNITED STATES, EGGLESTON'S HISTORY OF UNIVERSITY EXTENSION, RESULTS AND PROSPECTS WASHINGTON, Two NEW BOOKS ON WAITMAN, WALT, Two VIEWS OF 17 242 85 356 331 173 87 175 277 181 121 115 73 105 213 285 45 149 284 54, 279 . . . . Melville B. Anderson C. R. Henderson C. R. Henderson . Anna B. McMahan John Russell Hayes Hiram M. Stanley Francis W. Shepardson Charles Zeublin B. A. Hinsdale George C. Cook 83 . 207 178 15 . . . . ANNOUNCEMENTS OF SPRING Books, 1897 BRIEFS ON NEw Books. BRIEFER MENTION LITERARY NOTES . TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS LISTS OF New Books 191 24, 57, 93, 124, 156, 186, 221, 253, 287, 312, 335, 361 . 27, 61, 96, 127, 159, 190, 225, 256, 290, 315, 338, 364 . 28, 62, 97, 128, 160, 196, 225, 257, 290, 316, 338, 364 29, 63, 97, 128, 161, 226, 291, 339 29, 63, 97, 129, 161, 197, 227, 258, 292, 316, 339, 365 AUTHORS AND TITLES OF BOOKS REVIEWED. PAOL PAGE 311 . . . . 93 . . . . . . . Abbott, C. C. When the Century Was New Abbott, Lyman. Prophets of the Christian Faith 151 Abraham, Israel. Jewish Life in the Middle Ages 159 Adeane, J. H. Girlhood of Maria Josepha Holroyd 160 Ady, Mrs. Henry. Jean François Millet 25 Aldrich, T. B. Judith and Holofernes . 90 Allen, Charles Dexter. Ex Libris 337 Allen, James Lane. The Choir Invisible 310 “ Amory, Esmerie.” The Epistolary Flirt 26 Andrews, C. M. Historical Development of Mod- ern Europe 145 Arditi, Luigi. My Reminiscences 152 Arnold, Sir Edwin. Victoria, Queen and Empress 362 Auringer, 0.C. The Book of the Hills '92 Bachelor, The Complete . 57 Baden-Powell, B. H. The Indian Village Com- munity 224 Balzac, Dent-Macmillan edition of 28, 97, 225, 290, 339 Barrie, J. M. Margaret Ogilvy. 253 Barrie, J. M., Works of, « Thistle” edition 28, 190 Bates, Herbert. Songs of Exile . . 93 Beal, W.J. Grasses of North America, Volume II. 61 Beesly, A. H. Danton 89 Bell, Mrs. Arthur. Memoirs of Baron Lejeune . 302 Benson, E. F. Limitations . 21 Besant, Sir Walter. The City of Refuge : , 21 Bible Illustrations . 220 Bibliographica 315 Bigelow, John. The Mystery of Sleep 125 Bigelow, Poultney. The German Struggle for Liberty 53 Binet, Alfred. Alterations of Personality 123 Biography, Dictionary of National, Volume 49 127 Bire, Edmond. Diary of a Citizen of Paris Bosanquet, Mrs. Bernard. Rich and Poor 285 Boswell-Stone, W. G. Shakespeare's Holinshed 215 Boulenger, G. A. Catalogue of Fishes of the British Museum, second edition 157 Bourget, Paul. A Tragic Idyl 20 Bourinot, J. G. Story of Canada 187 Boutell, L. H. Life of Roger Sherman 246 Brett, Reginald B. The Yoke of Empire 315 Bright, J. Franck. Joseph II. 336 Bright, J. Franck. Maria Theresa 336 Bright, William. The Roman See in the Early Church 159 Brögger, W.C., and Rolfsen, N. Fridtioff Nansen 94 Brooke, E. F. Life the Accuser 155 Brooke, Stopford. English Literature 257 Brown, Addison, and Britton, N. L. Flora of Northern United States . 24 Brown, Alice. Mercy Warren 224 Browne, William H. Early Scottish Poets 126 Browning, H. Ellen. A Girl's Wanderings in Hun- gary 55 Browning Society of Boston, Catalogue of Li- brary of 225 Brownson, C. L. Smith's Smaller History of Greece 225 . . . . . . INDEX. V. PAGE 120 . 61 . . • . . . • . . . . . . . . . PAOL Brun, Samuel J. Tales of Languedoc . Eggleston, Edward. Beginners of a Nation 83 Bryce, James. American Commonwealth, abridged Emerson, Edward, Jr. College Year-Book 257 edition Emmens, S. H. Argentaurum Papers, No. 1 · 257 Bryce, James. Transcaucasia and Ararat 113 English Literature, Handbooks of . 256 Buchan, John. Scholar Gipsies 59 Field, Edward. The Colonial Tavern . 287 Bülow, Hans von, Early Correspondence of 218 Fields, Mrs. James T. Authors and Friends . 59 Bunyan, John. The Pilgrim's Progress, Oxford Fisher, Sidney George. Evolution of the Constitu- “Thumb” edition 28 tion of the U. S. 361 Burgess, J. W. The Middle Period 274 Fleming, Mrs. J. M. A Pinchbeck Goddess 309 Burgin, G. B. Tomalyn's Quest 154 Fletcher, J. S. Mistress Spitfire . 22 Burroughs, John. Whitman 15 Forbes, Archibald. Camps, Quarters, and Casual Burton, Lady Isabel, Romance of, edited by W. H. Places 126 Wilkins. 354 Ford, P. L. The Great K. & A. Train Robbery . 311 Cajori, Florian. History of Elementary Mathe- Ford, P. L. The True George Washington 178 matics 254 Fraser, Mrs. Hugh. Palladia · 155 Caldwell, William. Schopenhauer's System in its Frederic, Harold, Novels of, new uniform edition . 256 Philosophical Significance 115 Friedman, I. K. The Lucky Number 24 Campbell, Helen. Household Economics 286 Furman, Lucy S. Stories of a Sanctified Town 23 Carlyle's Works, “ Centenary” edition of . 62, 290 Furneaux, W. S. Life in Ponds and Streams 96 Carman, Bliss, and Hovey, Richard. More Songs Gamble, Mrs. E. B. God-Idea of the Ancients . 312 from Vagabondia 90 Gay, Agnes G. Chansons, Poésies, et Jeux Français 225 Caverno, Charles. A Narrow Axe in Biblical Crit: " | Geddie, John: The Balladists 126 icism 220 George, A. J. Select Poems of Burns 127 Century Magazine, Volume LIII. 339 Gibbons, Cardinal. The Ambassador of Christ . 184 Chambers, R. W. The Maker of Moons 23 Gill, W. A. Poems of E. C. Lefroy 314 Chatfield-Taylor, H. C. Land of the Castanet 55 Gillet, J. A. Elementary Algebra 96 Cherbuliez, Victor. With Fortune Made 20 Gillet, J. A. Euclidean Geometry 96 Child, F. S. The Colonial Parson of New England 189 Glyn, Anna L. A Pearl of the Realm 309 Chodsko, Alex. Slav Fairy Tales 120 Gollancz, I. The Temple Classics Church, Dean. Stories from English History 78 28, 97, 160, 196, 258 Church, R. W. Occasional Papers 360 Gollancz, I. The Temple Shakespeare. 61 Clark, D. G. From a Cloud of Witnesses 316 Goodwin, Maud Wilder. White Aprons 155 Collins, J. C. Pope's Essay on Criticism 244 Gordon, G. A. Immortality and the New Theodicy 185 Conway, M. D. Writings of Thomas Paine, Vol- Gould, George M. An Autumn Singer . ume IV. 27 Gould, Nat. Town and Bush . 57 Cool, Captain. With the Dutch in the East 315 Grant, A. J. Rawlinson's Herodotus, new edition 196 Cooper, Charles A. An Editor's Retrospect 255 Grier, Sydney C. An Uncrowned King 22 Cope, E. D. Primary Factors of Organic Evolution 251 Gross, S. E. The Merchant Prince of Cornville 28 Cornford, L. Cope. The Master-Beggars 308 Grosse, Ernst. Beginnings of Art. 338 Corson, Hiram. Selections from Canterbury Tales 96 Haggard, H. Rider. The Wizard 155 Coutts, F. B. Money. Poems 89 Hale, Edward E., Jr. Constructive Rhetoric 158 Cramer, M. J. Ulysses S. Grant 289 Hamerton, P. G. The Mount and Autun . 314 Crawford, F. Marion. Taquisara 22 Harald, H. J. Knowledge of Life 186 Cunningham, Peter. Story of Nell Gwyn 126 Hardy, Thomas. The Well-Beloved 307 D'Annunzio, Gabriele. The Triumph of Death . 20 Hare, Augustus J. C. Story of My Life 51 Darmesteter, James. English Studies 224 Harte, Bret. Barker's Luck 23 Davidson, John. New Ballads 88 Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. VII. 95 Davis, Rebecca Harding. Frances Waldeaux 312 Haweis, H. R. Travel and Talk .. 54 Dean, Bashford. Fishes, Living and Fossil 156 Hawley, Thomas D. Infallible Logic 13 Descendant, The 310 Hazell's Annual for 1897 . 290 Dickens's Works, "Gadshill ” edition 290 Hedeler, G. List of Private Libraries in the Dickinson, Emily. Poems, third series 90 United States and Canada 61 Digby, Sir Kenelm, Life of 148 Heilprin, Angelo. The Earth and Its Story 127 Dodd, Anna B. On the Broads 55 Henry, Stuart. Hours with Famous Parisians 157 Dole, N. H. The Rubaiyát, Variorum edition 124 Herford, C. H. Age of Wordsworth 256 Donaldson, Thomas. Walt Whitman the Man 16 Herkless, John. Life of Richard Cameron 363 Donavan, Thomas. English Historical Plays . 61 Herrick, Robert. The Man Who Wins 311 Doyle, A. Conan. Rodney Stone 20 Hertwig, Oscar. The Biological Problem of To-day 306 Drake, Jeanie. The Metropolitans Hervey, Maurice H. Amyas Egerton, Cavalier . 22 Dreyfus, Irma. Lectures on French Literature 363 Hichens, Robert. Flames 308 Dryer, G. H. History of the Christian Church 159 Hirsch, William. Genius and Degeneration 122 Dubois, Felix. Timbuctoo the Mysterious 56 Hodges, George. Faith and Social Service 363 Du Bose, W. P. The Ecumenical Councils 159 Hoffman, Frederick L. The American Negro 17 Dunbar, Paul L. Lyrics of Lowly Life 92 Hogarth, D. G. Philip and Alexander of Macedon 335 Duruy, Victor. History of France, new edition. 27 Holden, Florence P. . Audiences 60 Eckenstein, Lina. Women under Monasticism . 190 Holm, Adolf. History of Greece 216 Edwards, W. A., and Harraden, Beatrice. Two Hooker, Sir Joseph D. Journal of Sir Joseph Banks 160 Health-Seekers in Southern California . 159 Hope, Anthony. Phroso 308 92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 23 . . . . . . . . . . . 9 vi. INDEX. PAGE PAGE 22 88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . O . . . . . Monroe, . . . . . . . Hope, Anthony. The Heart of Princess Osra Housman, Lawrence. Green Arras. How, W. W., and Leigh, H. D. History of Rome 62 Howe, H. A. Elements of Descriptive Astronomy 190 Howells, W. D. A Previous Engagement 160 Howells, W. D. The Landlord at Lion's Head . 310 Hume, M. A. S. The Year after the Armada 188 Hunter, Sir W. W. The Thackerays in India 254 Hutchinson, H. N. Prehistoric Man and Beast . 223 Hutton, Laurence. Literary Landmarks of Florence 160 Hutton, Laurence. Literary Landmarks of Rome 364 Hutton, W. H. Philip Augustus 159 Huysmans, J.-K. En Route 309 Ibsen, Henrik. John Gabriel Borkman 37 Illustrated English Library, The 62, 258 Illustrated Standard Novels, Macmillan's 128, 290 Ireland, Archbishop. The Church and Modern Society 184 Irving, Washington. The Alhambra, “Cranford” edition 28 Jaccaci, A. F. On the Trail of Don Quixote . 55 Jacobs, Joseph. Literary Studies 222 James, Henry. The Other House 22 James, Henry. The Spoils of Poynton . 311 Johnston, Charles. From the Upanishads, new edition 339 Jokai, Maurus. The Green Book 310 Keasbey, L. A. The Nicaragua Canal and the Monroe Doctrine. 222 Keightley, S. R. The Last Recruit of Clare's 309 Keltie, J. Scott. Statesman's Year-Book, 1897 290 Kent, C. F. History of the Hebrew People, Vol. II. 221 Kernahan, Coulson. Captain Shannon 155 King, Charles. A Tame Surrender . 23 Kingsley, Mary H. Travels in West Africa 183 Kipling, Rudyard. The Seven Seas . 87 Kirkland, Miss E. S. Short History of Italy. 126 Krehbiel, H. E. How to Listen to Music . Lacon-Watson, E. H. The Unconscious Humorist 288 Land of Sunshine, The, Volume V. 28 Lang, Andrew. Pickle the Spy 313 Lanier, Sidney. The English Novel, revised edition 128 Latimer, Mrs. E. W. Italy in the 19th Century . 256 Laughton, J.K. Nelson and his Companions in Arms 244 Layard, G. S. Cruikshank's Portraits of Himself 338 Lee, Gerald S. The Shadow Christ. 186 Le Gallienne, Richard. The Compleat Angler 315 Leighton, Sir Frederick. Royal Academy Addresses 224 Life's Comedy 290 Linden, Annie. «Gold" 23 Litchfield, Grace Denio. In the Crucible 312 Lloyd, A. Poetical Greetings from the Far East 160 Lobban, J. H. English Essays 28 Locke, Clinton. Age of the Great Western Schism 150 Lodge, Richard. Richelieu 159 Longmans' English Classics . 96, 338 Lowell, A. Lawrence. Governments and Parties in Continental Europe 180 Lowell's Poems, “Cambridge" edition 225 Ludlow, J. M. Age of the Crusades 289 Mabie, H. W. Essays on Books and Culture . 58 Macdonald, J. R. L. Soldiering and Surveying in East Africa . 281 Macleod, Fiona. Green Fire 154 Macleod, Fiona. The Washer of the Ford 288 Macnab, Frances. On Veldt and Farm 315 Macquoid, Katharine S. and Gilbert S. In the Vol- canic Eifel . 55 Maddison, Isabel. Courses open to Women in European Universities 87 Mahan, A. T. Life of Nelson. 242 Malet, Lucas. The Carissima . 154 Martin, H. N. The Human Body, new edition 61 Martin, W. A. P. A Cycle of Cathay 57 Mason, A. J. Principles of Ecclesiastical Unity 151 Mason, R. Osgood. Telepathy and the Subliminal Self 181 Maspero, G. Struggle of the Nations 282 Mathews, Charles T. Story of Architecture 45 Matthews, Brander. Aspects of Fiction 25 Matthews, Edith. Six Cups of Chocolate 160 Maurice, C. E. Bohemia 61 Maxwell, Sir Herbert. Rainy Hours in a Library 158 Maxwell, Sir Herbert. Robert the Bruce . 362 McKay, F. E., and Wingate, C. E. L. Famous American Actors of To-day 150 Mead, G. W. Modern Methods of Church Work 286 Meredith, George. Essay on Comedy 255 Merriam, Florence A. A-Birding on a Bronco 94 Merrill, G. P. Rocks, Rock-Weathering, and Soils 313 Meynell, Alice. The Children 337 Miller, Emily Huntington. From Avalon 91 Molineaux, Marie A. Browning Phrase-Book 27 Harriet. John Wellborn Root 44 Morgan, C. Lloyd. Habit and Instinct 333 Morgan, George. John Littlejohn, of J. 156 Morris, Mrs. R. C. Dragons and Cherry-Blossom8 57 Morris, William O'Connor. Ireland, 1494-1868 25 Morrison, W. D. Juvenile Offenders 190 Moscheles, Felix. In Bohemia with Du Maurier . 157 Mosso, Angelo Fear 121 Moulton, Louise Chandler. Lazy Tours in Spain 54 Moulton, R. G. Modern Reader's Bible 28, 128, 196, 257, 339 Moulton, R. G., and others. The Bible as Literature 220 Müller, Max. Contributions to the Science of Mythology 335 Müller, Mrs. Max. Letters from Constantinople 281 Munkittrick, R. K. The Acrobatic Muse 91 Navsen, Fridtjof. Farthest North 210 New English Dictionary, The .. 97, 331 Newhall,Charles S. Vines of Northeastern America 364 Nichols, E. L. Outlines of Physics . 338 Nicoll, W. Robertson, and Wise, T. J. Literary Anecdotes of the 19th Century, Volume II. . 142 Nietzsche, Friedrich, Works of, edited by Alexan- der Tille 356 Noguchi, Yone. Seen and Unseen 187 Old South Leaflets, Volume III. 28 Oliver, W. D. Crags and Craters 281 Out-of-Door Library, The 61, 364 Owen, John. Five Great Skeptical Dramas of History 255 Palgrave, R. H. J. Dictionary of Political Econ- omy, Volume II. 188 Pater, Walter. Gaston de Latour Peabody, Francis G. Mornings in the College Chapel 27 Peattie, Elia W. A Mountain Woman 23 Peck, H. T. Harper's Dictionary of Classical Lit- erature and Antiquities . 84 Peek, Hedley. The Poetry of Sport 61 Pemberton, Max. A Puritan's Wife 155 Pettee, G. D. Plane Geometry Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart. Chapters from a Life 58 Phillips, W. S. Totem Tales : 120 . 289 1 . . . . . . . . 3 . O 2 . 85 . . ! . . 1 96 . 1 INDEX. vii. PAGE PAGE . . . . . 302 O . . 28 . . . . . . . . 0 . . . Plarr, Victor. In the Dorian Mood 89 Pollock, Sir Frederick. First Book of Jurispru- dence 60 Pollok, Colonel. Fifty Years’ Reminiscences of India . 280 Posters in Miniature 62 Poulton, Edward B. Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection , 127 Price, Sadie F. Fern-Collector's Handbook . 305 Prince, Helen C. A Transatlantic Chatelaine 312 Putnam, George Haven. Books and their Makers during the Middle Ages 48 Putnam, Irene. Songs without Answer 91 Rabb, Miss K. M. National Epics 337 Ramsay, William. Gases of the Atmosphere 127 Reed, Edwin. Bacon vs. Shakespeare 214 Reese, Lizette Woodworth. A Quiet Road 91 Rhoades, James. The Æneid, Part II. . Rhoscomyl, Owen. For the White Rose of Arno 309 Richardson, Sir B. W. Vita Medica 331 Roberts, Lord. Forty-One Years in India 79 Robinson, E. A. The Torrent 92 Rochefort, Henri. Adventures of My Life 10 Rogers, William Barton, Life and Letters of 221 Rolfe, W. J. Elementary Study of English 27 Romanes, G. J. Essays . 190 Romanes, G. J., Life and Letters of . 252 Romanes, G. J., Selections from Poems of . 88 Rood, Mrs. E. Irene. Papers on Ornithology 118 Ross, Clinton. The Scarlet Coat · 156 Ruskin, John. Letters to the Clergy 95 Russell, Abbey 0. English Paraphrase of Horace's Art of Poetry 244 Russell, I. C. Glaciers of North America 314 Russell, R. H. The Edge of the Orient 55 Saint-Amand, I. de. Louis Napoleon and Madem- oiselle de Montijo 336 Salamon, Mgr. de., Memoirs of 223 Salmon, Lucy M. Domestic Service . 286 Santayana, George. The Sense of Beauty · 186 Saunders, T. B. Schopenhauer's On Human Nature 257 Sawyer, F. E. Notes and Half-Notes 92 Schimmelmann, Countess. Glimpses of My Life 189 Schouler, James. Historical Briefs . 95 Schütz-Wilson, H. History and Criticism . 289 Scott, W. B. Introduction to Geology 313 Seaman, Owen. Battle of the Bays 89 Seawell, Molly Elliott. A Colonial Cavalier 156 Sellers, Eugenie, and Jex-Blake, K. Elder Pliny's Chapters on Art 94 Setchel, W. A. Laboratory Practice for Begin- ners in Botany 316 Shaler, N. S. American Highways 125 Sheldon, W. L. An Ethical Movement 248 Sherman, Francis. Matins . 93 Shreiner, Olive. Trooper Peter Halket 309 Sibree, James. Madagascar before the Conquest 56 Sienkiewicz, Henryk. Quo Vadis 19 Sloane, W. M. Napoleon Bonaparte 93, 364 Small, Herbert. Handbook of the New Library of Congress . 190 Smith, Å. Donaldson. Through Unknown African Countries 249 Smith, C. A. Old English Grammar 257 Smith, E. Boyd. My Village 314 Smith, Goldwin. Guesses at the Riddle of Exist- Sommerville, Maxwell. Siam on the Meinam 279 Spencer, Herbert. Principles of Sociology, Vol. III. 45 Spofford, Harriet Prescott. An Inheritance 312 Stadling, Jonas, and Reason, Will. In the Land of Tolstoï 281 Steel, Flora A. On the Face of the Waters 153 Sterrett, J. D. Power of Thought . 253 Stevenson, E. I. A Matter of Temperament . 22 Stevenson, R. L. In South Seas . 57 Stiegler, G. Memoirs of Marshal Oudinot. Stisted, Georgiana M. Life of Sir Richard Burton 189 Stone, S. J. In and Beyond the Himalayas 56 Storer, F. H. Agriculture in Relation to Chem- istry, new edition . 257 Stories of the States 96, 338 Streatfeild, R. A. The Opera 315 Student's Series of English Classics 96 Sturgis, Russell. European Architecture 45 Sullivan, A. Shackelford. A Questionable Marriage 312 Tabb, John B. Lyrics, second edition 290 Tarr, Ralph L. Elementary Geology 225 Taylor, Henry Osborn. Ancient Ideals 359 Taylor, M. Imlay. On the Red Staircase 155 Temple Dramatists, The . 128, 196, 339 Ten Brink, B. History of English Literature, Vol. II. 284 Terhune, A. P. Syria from the Saddle . 56 Thacher, John Boyd. Charlecote 214 Thimm, Carl A. Bibliography of Fencing and Duelling 26 Thomas, Edith M. A Winter Swallow . 90 Thompson, Basil. A Court Intrigue 155 Thompson, E. S. Art Anatomy of Animals 27 Thomson, Arthur. Anatomy for Art-Students 27 Thomson, J. B. Life of Joseph Thomson 256 Thwaites, R. G. The Jesuit Relations , 110 Titchener, E. B. Outline of Psychology 124 Tocqueville, Comte de. Recollections of Alexis de Tocqueville . 287 Todd, Mabel Loomis. A Cycle of Sonnets 90 Tolman, W. H. Report on Public Baths in New York City 160 Tooley, Mrs. Sarah C. Personal Life of Queen Victoria 362 Tracy, Louis. The Final War 21 Traill, H. D. Social England, Volume V. 329 Trent, W. P. Southern Statesmen 256 Tsountas, Chrestos, and Manatt, J. Irving. The Mycenæan Age 304 Twain, Mark. The American Claimant 258 Tyler, J. M. Whence and Whither of Man . 250 Upward, Allen. A Crown of Straw . Vandam, A. E. Undercurrents of the Second Empire 190 Vickery, Eleanor G. Renan's Caliban . 213 Wagner, Leopold. Modern Political Orations 27 Wakeman, H. O. Introduction to History of the Church of England 151 Wallis, Severn Teackle, Works of 188 Ward, Lester F. Dynamic Sociology 364 Warne's Library of Natural History . 62 Waugh, Arthur. Johnson's Lives of the Poets 28 Weber, Alfred. History of Philosophy . 277 Wells, Benj. W. Modern French Literature . 60 Wells, H. Ĝ. The Wheels of Chance 21 Wenley, R. M. Contemporary Theology and The- ism 184 Whelen, Frederick. Politics in 1896 364 Whibley, Charles. A Book of Scoundrels . 95 . . 21 . . . Se . • . . . 1 . 185 Soderini, Count E. Socialism and Catholicism 285 ence viii. INDEX. PAGE . . • PAGE White, W. A. The Real Issue 24 Whittle, James L. Grover Cleveland 256 Wicksteed, P. H. Selections from the “ Croniche Fiorentine" 290 Williams, F. W. A History of China . 196 Williams, Frederick B. On Many Seas 307 Wilson, Professor. The Cell in Development and Inheritance 156 Wilson, Woodrow. George Washington Wilson, Woodrow. Mere Literature . 256 . . Wingate, C. E. L. Shakespeare's Heroes of the Stage . . . 149 Wise, P. M. Text-Book for Training-Schools for ' Nurses 62 Woglom, Gilbert T. Parakites 61 Woodburn, J. A. American Orations 27, 190 Wright, William. Illustrated Bible Treasury 220 Yellow Book, The, Volume XII. 160 Yeoman, W. J. A Woman's Courier . 309 Zahn, J. A. Evolution and Dogma . . . · 178 . 251 . 9 66 . . > . . . . 66 . . . . . . MISCELLANEOUS. « Americana-Germanica" 28 Historical Material, The Preservation of, Mr. American Colonial Tracts, New Series of 291, 316 Thwaites's pamphlet on : 291 “ American Novel, The Great." Andrew Estrem . 41 Japan Times.” Ernest W. Clement 241 " “ American Novel, The Great.” Oliver T. Morton 9 Kansas, A Good Example from. Richard J. Aphrodite, The New. Poem. W. P. Trent 207 Hinton 273 Arbitration Treaty, The. Sonnet. Louis J. Block 76 Lanier, Sidney Lines. Alice Elizabeth Rich 43 Archaism, A Disputed. Henry M. Field. 273 “ Learn” for “ Teach," in Tennyson. John Albee 177 Aucassin et Nicolete. Poem. Grace Duffield « Learn” for “Teach," Use of. A. H. N. 209 Goodwin . 273 Literary Art, A Question of. A. H. N. 241 Bacchylides, Discovery of MS. of Poems of 62 Literature and Patriotism in the Schools. George Bernays, Michael, Death of . 219 Beardsley 76 Book-Worm, Thé. Poem. C. W. Pearson 29 Magazines and New Talent. John Jay Chapman 272 “Browning Phrase Book,"Miss Molineux's. W.J.R. 42 Magazines, In Defense of the. William C. Lawton 301 Browning Phrase Book," Miss Molineux's, Once Oxford English Dictionary, Lines by Professor More. 78 Skeat to Dr. Murray on . 339 Chaucer. Sonnet. Edith C. Banfield 349 Runnion, James B., Death of 316 Chicago Daily Papers, Files of. Paul Selby 353 Sciences, Democratic, Enlarge the Circle of. E.V. Child, Professor, Proposed Library in Honor of 160 Robinson, 209 Cope, Edward D., Death of . 258 Stoddard, R. H., Author's Club Dinner to . .226 Crerar Library, Opening of the 226 Tennyson's Fondness for Archaic Words. Calvin Critical Attitude, The True. Edward E. Hale, Jr. 177 S. Brown 209 Criticism, Democratic. Oscar Lovell Triggs 141 Tennyson's Use of Archaic Forms. Margaret C. Dablon's Relation of the French-Canadian Mission McGiffert 240 for 1676–7, Pablication of Original MS. 258 Time,” Mr. Williston Fish's Poem on 97 Dante. Sonnet by W. M. P. 325 To a Florentine Dial. Lines. Edith M. Thomas 75 Dialect, American, A Systematic Study of. O. F. Universities, American, Baron de Coubertin on .226 Emerson : . 177 Vernacular Forms, Puzzle of. W. C. L. . 209 Drama, The Romantic. Edward E. Hale, Jr. 328 Vickers, Robert H., Death of 248 Fairy Tales of the Race. Poem. Edith M. Thomas 8 Walker, Francis A., Death of 62 “Germanic Philology, Journal of ” 291 Western History, Documentary Study of. Benj. F. Griggs, Samuel C., Death of 258 Shambaugh 353 Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature. Arthur Whitman Cant vs. Criticism. J. Watson 78 W. Hodgman: 353 Whitman, Human and Superhuman View of. Harvard Summer School for 1897 128 Francis P. Harper 78 Hibernicisms, Some Disputed. Edwin W. Bowen 43 Whitman, Primary Condition of Understanding. Historical Collections in Middle West.-An Illus- Oscar Lovell Triggs tration from Kansas. W. H. Carruth 328 “Whitman, Primary Condition of Understand- Historical Material in the West, Preservation of. ing,” and Secondary Condition of Understand- Duane Mowry 273 ing Anybody. George C. Cook 77 Historical Material, Preservation of. Frederick Women in Germany, Higher Education of. Hanns J. T'urner 327 Oertel 75 ! " • . • . . . . . . 41 . 1897.] 3 THE DIAL The Macmillan Company's New Publications. THE RECOLLECTIONS OF ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE. Edited by the COMTE DE TOCQUEVILLE, and now First Translated into English by ALEXANDER TEIXEIRA DE MATTOS. With a Portrait in Heliogravure. 8vo, cloth, $4.00. AIRY.--Autobiography of Sir George Biddell Airy, K.C.B., M.A., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., Astronomer Royal from 1836 to 1881. Edited by WILFRID AIRY, B.A., M.Inst.C.E. With Portrait. 8vo, cloth, $3.00 net. 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There are, however, readers who like to have their opinions, like their clothes, ready made, and for such there can be no harm in saying that a good little edition of Boswell's 'Life of Johnson'has just been issued in this country by the Macmillan Company, of New York, in six small post 8vo volumes." - George W. Smalley. 9 THE CENTURY SCIENCE SERIES. Edited by Sir HENRY E. Roscoe, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S. New Volume. Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selec- tion. By EDWARD B. POULTON, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.L.S., etc., Hope Professor of Zoology at the University of Oxford, Corresponding Member of the Boston Society of Natural History. 12mo, cloth, pp. viii. +224, $1.25. NEW EDITION OF A STANDARD WORK. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. By EDWARD GIBBON. Edited, with In- troduction, Notes, Appendices, Index, and Maps, by J. B. BURY, M.A., Hon. Litt.D., Professor of Modern History in Dublin University. To be completed in seven volumes. Volumes I. and II. are now ready. Crown 8vo, bound in crushed buckram, gilt top, $2.00 рег volume. 66 " ON THE BROADS. By Anna BOWMAN DODD, author of "Cathedral Days," “ Three Normandy Inns,” “Glorinda," etc. Illustrated by JOSEPH PENNELL. Small 4to, decorated buckram, pp. xii.+331, $3.00. “Her sense of humor is keen. Her sympathy for the riverside life with which she comes in contact is constant and true. There is vivacious talk in her book and her reader becomes her comrade. That in itself is something whereof she may feel proud, since it is something rare enough in the literature of outdoor life. 'On the Broads' is essentially an outdoor book." - From The Daily Tribune (New York). Almost Ready. Just Ready. SMITH. - Guesses at the Riddle of Existence, WROTH.- The London Pleasure Gardens of the with Othor Essays on Kindred Subjects. By GOLDWIN Eighteenth Century. By WARWICK WROTH, SMITH, D.C.L., author of “The United States: An F.S.A., of the British Museum. Assisted by ARTHUR Outline of Political History,” “Three English States- EDGAR WROTH. With 62 Illustrations. 8vo, cloth, men," etc. Crown 8vo, cloth, $1.25. $6.00. EUROPEAN ARCHITECTURE A Historical Study. By RUSSELL STURGIS, A.M., Ph.D., F.A.I.A., President of the Fine Arts Federation of New York; Past President of the Architectural League of New York; Vice-President of the National Sculp- ture Society; Honorary Member of the Mural Painters, etc. With numerous Illustrations. 8vo, cloth, pp. xxviii.+578, $4.00. Sold by all Booksellers, or will be sent, postpaid, on receipt of price, by THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 66 Fifth Avenue, New York. 4 [Jan. 1, 1897. THE DIAL D. Appleton & Co.'s Newest Books. THE STRUGGLE OF THE NATIONS. Egypt, Syria, and Assyria. By Prof. G. MASPERO. Edited by the Rev. Prof. A. H. SAYCE. Translated by M. L. MCCLURE. With Map, 3 colored Plates, and over 400 Illus- trations. Uniform with "The Dawn of Civilization.” 4to, cloth, $7.50. THE BEGINNERS OF A NATION. 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By JAMES BARNES, author of “For King or Country," etc. Illustrated by CARLTON T. CHAPMAN. Young Heroes of Our Navy" series. 12mo, cloth, $1.00. For sale by all Booksellers, or will be sent, postpaid, upon receipt of the price, by D. APPLETON & CO., Publishers, 72 Fifth Avenue, New York. THE DIAL A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information. CAL PAGE . . . THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage THE CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY. prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must There is a wide-spread opinion to the effect be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the that American history is comparatively unin- current number. REMITTANCES should be by draft, or by express or postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and teresting. It is a hasty opinion, formed, as a for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application; rule, before the mind is capable of a real exer- a and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished cise of judgment in such matters, but, its lodg- on application. All communications should be addressed to THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago. ment in the brain once secured, the notion is difficult of eradication. The average young No. 253. JANUARY 1, 1897. Vol. XXII. American of receptive and generous instincts grows up in the belief that the history of En- gland and Continental Europe, even the his- CONTENTS. tory of Greece and Rome, is essentially more THE CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY 5 attractive than the history of his own country, COMPOSITE AUTHORSHIP. S. R. Elliott . 7 and he studies the latter, if at all, from a sense THE FAIRY TALES OF THE RACE. (Poem.) of duty rather than because it really appeals to Edith M. Thomas . 8 his imagination. It is not difficult to under- COMMUNICATION . . stand why this attitude should be so common. 9 "The Great American Novel.” Oliver T. Morton. There is something peculiarly arid about the THE MEMOIRS OF A FRENCH POLITICAL ordinary text-book presentation of American JOURNALIST. E. G. J. 10 history to the children of our schools. In the A MECHANICAL SYSTEM OF INFALLIBLE first place, this presentation is predominantly LOGIC. Joseph Jastrow 13 political, and the child can know nothing of TWO VIEWS OF WALT WHITMAN. George C. politics in any deep sense. What he craves is Cook 15 color and picturesque quality, and what he gets THE DEGENERACY OF THE AMERICAN NEGRO. is a discussion of colonial governments and the Frederick Starr 17 | problems of taxation. Even the war-episodes RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne 19 in our history offer him a questionable solace, Sienkiewicz's "Quo Vadis.". Cherbuliez's With for they gild but thinly the pill of political dis- Fortune Made. — Bourget's A Tragic Idyl. — D'An- cussion, and too often serve as a vehicle for the nunzio's The Triumph of Death. – Doyle's Rodney Stone. — Besant's The City of Refuge. - Benson's inculcation of prejudices rather than of princi- Limitations. Wells's The Wheels of Chance. ples. When the child who has had such an intro- Tracy's The Final War. — Upward's A Crown of duction to historical study grows old enough to Straw. - Grier's An Uncrowned King. — Anthony Hope's The Heart of Princess Osra.-Hervey's Amyas select his own reading, and finds his way into Egerton, Cavalier.- Fletcher's Mistress Spitfire.- some library, the appeal made to him by the James's The Other House.-Crawford's Taquisara.- Stevenson's A Matter of Temperament. rich literature of history and poetry and ro- King's A Tame Surrender.- Miss Drake's The Metropolitans. mance that has gathered about the annals of -Miss Linden's "Gold."-Harte's Barker's Luck.- the older world is a hundred-fold as great as Chambers's The Maker of Moons. — Miss Furman's Stories of a Sanctified Town. - Mrs. Peattie's A the appeal of the meagre literature that clus. Mountain Woman.-Friedman's The Lucky Number. ters about the annals of his own land. -White's The Real Issue. To the trained and mature mind, historical BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. 24 interest is essentially a matter of development, The first complete illustrated Flora of the United and the study of history affords no delight equal States. - Life and letters of Jean F. Millet. – An excellent short history of Ireland.-Collected essay- to that of tracing the evolution of some insti. ettes. - The literature of fencing and duelling.– tution, or form of society, or national ideal. Some social phosphorence. — A disappointing refer- But readers of trained and mature minds are ence book. comparatively few, and the many who seek BRIEFER MENTION 27 pleasure in historical reading demand allure- LITERARY NOTES 28 ments of a wholly different nature. As far as TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 30 these more numerous readers are concerned, LIST OF NEW BOOKS 30 the essential fact in the philosophy of interest - . . . . . . a . 6 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL is contrast, the comparison, implied or explicit, rama of Northwestern history was unrolled by between the life of humanity as known to per- him. The portraits, the autograph letters, the sonal experience and the life of other periods bronze reliefs of Indian worthies, the historical as revealed by the records of the past. Now, paintings, the maps and charts, the books and Americans are altogether too prone to assume pamphlets, the relics of every imaginable sort, that their own history is not old enough to that make up the collections of the Society, afford the degree of contrast that makes his- and the noble building which is the storehouse tory supremely interesting; their imagination of all these things and the home of all who are demands some such fillip as is afforded by grim interested in them, assumed a new and symboli- castles or armored knights or the pomp and cal significance to the brilliant audience that had pageantry associated with the courts of old-time gathered for this dedication, and that realized princes and potentates. This demand, it may more fully, perhaps, than ever before, how the be admitted, is not without a certain justificacity of the Great Fire strikes its roots deep into tion, but we must also remember that contrast the past, and is, in some sort, the historical is not altogether determined by the lapse of focus of the territory that stretches all the way long terms of years. One might go back to the from Quebec to New Orleans, a territory which Middle Ages without finding any greater con- was won from barbarism to become the battle- trast, or any more potent in its appeal to the ground of conflicting civilizations, and is rich well-regulated imagination, than is offered the with the memories that give to historical study Chicagoan who, in the choicest residence por- its salt and its savor. tion of his city, is reminded by a monumental The Chicago Historical Society has had a bronze that upon this very spot, in the year chequered existence. It was founded forty 1812, the Indians massacred almost to a man years ago, largely through the efforts of the the slender garrison that vainly sought to de- Rev. William Barry, who took a leading part fend what was then an outpost of frontier civ- in its work until the time of his death. The ilization. If this simple fact be not sufficient organization occupied temporary quarters for to kindle the imagination, one can hardly escape twelve years, and then, in 1868, took posses- a thrill upon being told of the brave woman sion of a building provided by the generosity of who, with her babe in her arms, was then car- friends of the Society. Into this building the ried off by the Indians, made to run the gaunt-collections were removed, and they steadily let by her brutal captors, and forced to march increased during the three years following, when from Chicago to Mackinac, and from Mackinac everything was destroyed in the conflagration to Ohio - a weary journey of fifteen hundred of 1871. No one knows fully or exactly what miles, done for the most part in the dead of win- was lost by that disaster, for all catalogues and ter— saving from death the child, who, to-day records were swept away with the collections still numbered among the living, makes good themselves. The library included over one the claim that the period of a single existence hundred thousand numbers of all kinds, while may span the entire history of a community of the miscellaneous treasures of the Society well-nigh two millions of souls. included many things absolutely unreplaceable. In the address made the other day by Presi- The most precious of these was the original dent Edward G. Mason, at the formal opening draft of the Emancipation Proclamation, the of the new home of the Chicago Historical So- librarian nearly losing his life in a vain at- ciety, there was probably nothing that excited tempt to rescue this document from the flames. so great an interest as this tale of womanly After the shock of this disaster was fairly heroism and devotion, nothing that brought over, the Society started upon a new collection, so vividly to mind the significance and the but again, in 1874, fire destroyed all that romantic coloring of that history of the North had been brought together during the three west with which the Society is chiefly con- years of resumed activity. Nothing daunted, cerned. And the surroundings of the speaker a third start was made, cheered by the devotion were well calculated to deepen the impression of friends, and substantially encouraged by the thus made. Memorials of kings and soldiers, realization of a large bequest made some years of statesmen and priests, all associated with the before by Henry D. Gilpin, of Philadelphia, a region in question during the French, English, gentleman whose fortune had been derived in and American phases of its history, were about part from early investments in Chicago realty, the speaker on every side, and heightened the and who had chosen to express his gratitude in effect of the living words with which the pano- this very acceptable way. Thanks to this be- 1897.] 7 THE DIAL , by quest, and to the gifts and subscriptions of Bancroft, of such noteworthy publishers' un- other friends, the Society is now in possession dertakings as the forthcoming edition of the of a building conveniently planned and archi- “ Jesuit Relations,” and of the new spirit of tecturally satisfactory, a building which is note- critical scholarship that now inspires the study worthy among Chicago structures dedicated to of American history in our universities, the other than money-making pursuits, and abso- subject is at last taking its proper place in our lutely proof against the element that once held interests, attracting to itself its due measure the city in its grasp. Its officers claim that the of our attention, and winning its deserved rec- building is the only perfectly fire-proof struc- ognition as one of the most essential elements ture in the country, if not in the world. As As in American culture. for its contents, when we consider that they have been brought together within a quarter of a century, they make a remarkable showing ; and we should add that this showing is due, COMPOSITE AUTHORSHIP. more than to any other cause, to the zeal and Despite proverbial philosophy to the effect that devotion of President Mason, whose keenness two are better than one, and a threefold cord is not of scent, and persistence, when it comes to run- ning down a portrait, or manuscript, or rare ceded that in most departments of Art, especially volume, or other document relating to the his- of creative art, a man must work by himself alone. tory of the Northwest, are quite extraordinary, The largest orchestra composed of the most varied and have resulted in great enrichment of the instruments may interpret the music of Haydn, but Society's collections. no alien hand can without dissonance add a single The work that has been done by this Society, well, find their career a long path which they must note to the composition. Painters and sculptors, as and that will continue to be done by it, has a tread alone. farther-reaching significance than at first ap- And yet, as if to show that no rule can be so com- pears. In the narrower sense, viewed merely plete as to avoid exceptions, we have constantly with as a contribution to the mitigation of Chicago, us the anomaly of Composite Authorship. This it has a distinct and positive value. But in a anomaly, however, has its limitations. No epic far wider sense, it may be taken as a sign of worthy of the name, or lyric even, can lay claim to a the movement that has done so much during multiple paternity. Those unconscious accretions the past generation to broaden and deepen his- of harmonic folk-lore, which have given us the older torical study in American fields. American national ballads — and, according to some scholars, history may no longer be regarded as a drama light of composite productions. It is safe to say Homer himself -- can scarcely be regarded in the worked out upon the narrow theatre of a few that all the poetry and most of the prose that con- sea-board colonies. The monumental work of stitute literature have been in each case of note the Francis Parkman has made that view hence- work of a single hand. To this rule dramatic lit- forth forever impossible. From this time on erature offers a conspicuous exception, and we have we must not only reckon with the English in numerous instances where drama distinctly so-called, New England and the Dutch in New Amster- or poems of a dramatic character, have been the dam, but also with the French in the Missis. product of differing personalities. The reason is sippi Valley and the Spanish in the Southwest obvious : 80 many works of art require for their de and regions of the Pacific. The march of civ- velopment a homogeneousness of conception involv ilization across a continent must be our theme ing the greatest concentration on the part of one man— a homogeneousness that would be marred by rather than the sowing of the seeds of religious extraneous suggestion or alien interference. Dra- and civil liberty upon the shores of the Atlantic. matic art, on the other hand, implies a versatility of Important as that plantation was, we now see conception all its own. Comedy is taken from the it to have been but a small part of the New epoch of marriage, which is in the early centre of World history, and our horizons have widened life; tragedy deals with the sudden ending of life, steadily with the enlargement of our knowledge. usually at maturity-each with its appropriate dra- The Chicago Historical Society is but one of matis personce. Given the raw material, which is many organizations scattered all over the coun- the same with all peoples and in all languages, the try, that are engaged in building anew the heavy father, the inevitable villain, the futurus- futura lovers, and all of what might be termed the foundations of American history. With their living properties of the stage,—the task is to evolve aid, and with the aid of such private enter- from these ever-recurring elements new situations prises for the collection of material as are grave or gay. It is easy to see how such labor exemplified by the great work of Mr. H. H. I might be lightened by the conspiring hand of an - 8 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL a - 66 a associate author bringing to the work widely differ- wer, for example, was constrained to associate him- ing views and personality. self with the most eminent actor of his day, Ma- In France it is by no means uncommon to find cready, under whose management and suggestion he plays written by two, three, or more co-laborers, re-wrote“ The Lady of Lyons,” the most popular of which fact seems to confirm the impression that the modern plays. French are essentially a dramatic people. The Instances of joint authorship in American letters reason for such prevalence naturally gives rise to are rare, especially in high places, and, so far as I conjecture : Are the French less captiods than other know, are not very successful, except perhaps in the people? How do they manage in this combination lower walks of the drama. In this department to assuage those jealousies so common among au- of art there are, I regret to say, too many cases thors elsewhere? I can only reply, that as lawyers of a literary partnership rather ignoble in its char- who are habitually pitted against each other in acter. verbal combat are notoriously the most fraternal Allusion has been made to the securing of variety among themselves, so, perhaps, this nation of duel- and novelty through joint authorship; it is like that ists, whose contentiousness and punctilio have long combination of alien elements, say copper and zinc, been a proverb, may present a similar anomaly. Are needed to produce the galvanic spark — not to for- they not better able to agree to disagree than are get withal that an added element of mercury in the any other?— better able to lay aside punctilio and helix may quicken and intensify that same spark. private feud, when the occasion is the consideration “In joining contrasts lieth love's delight," exclaims of artistic truth? There were two brothers in dra- Sheridan Knowles. For "love" read “melodrama," matic art, both Alsatians, and the one peculiarly in the application to our subject. It is a pleasure complementary of the other; that is to say, one was - nay, a luxury - to hunt in couples," especially what is popularly called a genius,— at all events, when the outcome is profitable as well as agreeable. his fecundity and facility were remarkable, but I recall at the present moment such an instance of he greatly needed the restraining hand of his part- the ual number in authorship, which owes its suc- ner in labor. Need I mention Erckmann-Chatrian? cess to the different tempers of those composing the A remarkable instance of composite authorship partnership. Moreover, being friends, they find in is found in that fascinating fairy tale for adults, this exercise an admirable means of working off “Foul Play” by Reade-Boucicault. Much of its such small ferments and desagrements as in any great success is attributable to the extraordinary other situation might prove inconvenient or even versatility of its authors. Two men more unlike in divisive. The opposite of each other in every par- aim and effort could scarcely be conceived. I had ticular, including sex and nationality, their views it from Mr. Boucicault himself that this literary differ on almost all subjects except such as relate to team began with alternate chapters assigned to each their art. Every matter of technique, every question author. Later on, they agreed to a sort of competi- of literary propriety, lies open to discussion, which, tive effort in which each should in turn write the though it may sometimes be strenuous, is always story into a dilemma of unsurmountable difficulty, profitable. Their varying views afford the “spice of leaving the solution to his successor; each author life”; and after a period of wholesome storm and was thus on his mettle, and the combined result stress devoted to their modest muse, they emerge was a series of stirring adventures and hair-breadth whole-hearted, happy — and, as before, the best of escapes which possess an inherent flavor of variety friends. S. R. ELLIOTT. and make all readers young again in memory of “Robinson Crusoe.” Many times did those rival authors rub their gleeful hands at the plight in which THE FAIRY TALES OF THE RACE. the story should be found by him who followed. For instance, in the elaboration of the plot it becomes Who told them first, the poet or the sage, necessary to diffuse information over a distance of These fairy tales that run from age ? some thousands of miles of sea, in order that a pair Repeat them and repeat,— they are in every mouth. The children of the North and of the South of castaway lovers might be duly rescued. Here Mr. Boucicault rests his case. But the redoubtable Behold, they were not made as other songs; Charles Reade, nothing daunted, contrives to fasten No one lone bard have they, but nameless throngs the pregnant missive - not to the neck of a dove In sundered lands have toiled upon the theme, bound to Holy Land, as in Crusading times—but to Whose fabric from the loom flows perfect, without seam: the leg of a wild duck in whose speed and staying A perfect whole, yet wrought by hands diverse; powers he had confidence: and so, the story and the The shadowy warp from India or from Perse; Then, Greece gave beauty; Scandinavia left The combining of differing personalities in dra- A changeful and a mystic light upon the weft. matic authorship is easily accounted for: Most lit- Thou simple child, pleased with thy fairy tale, erary men, having but scant knowledge of stage Thou knowest not what truth it might unveil; traditions and requirements of the stage, are obliged For old it is as are those pictured scrolls to call to their aid others who possess precisely the That in Egyptian tombs shall serve returning souls. knowledge which they lack. For this reason, Bul- EDITH M. THOMAS. to age lovers prosper. 1897.] 9 THE DIAL а 3 9) COMMUNICATION. A novel which attempts to delineate the life of a great people, dealing with their political, social, metaphysical, "THE GREAT AMERICAN NOVEL." and religious expressions and tendencies, may easily de- (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) generate into a mere exploitation of theory, into a polit- Your editorial entitled “The Great American Novel,” | ical pamphlet or a didactic treatise. However original printed in a recent issue of The Dial, reflects a senti- and unconventional the author may be, he will be bound ment which is not mere ephemera — the desire of the by the one canon of his art which appears to be funda- American to be adequately represented in universal mental and inviolable. The serious purpose of the novel literature, to the taste and intelligence of the civilized is to amuse. It must interest; it must make the reader world; the ambition of a people who are making a new forget the dining and the retiring hour. If it does trial of political and social living to be rightly under- not,” to quote a dictum of Sydney Smith, “story, lan- stood and justified. Mr. James Lane Allen tells us that guage, love, scandal itself, cannot save it." It is the Anglo-Saxon reading public know three gentlemen certain that the work in question must be suffused Don Quixote, Sir Roger De Coverley, and Colonel with one quality which permeates the nature of the Newcome, all types of a high civilization; but that in our whole American people and makes them preëminent of own literature there is no American who can rank with all peoples — a subtle and abundant humor. Devoid of these three immortals. “We find him in our biography, this, it would be no true American book. Humor is a in our history, in the army, in the navy, in the univer- | powerful auxiliary of our democracy, and he who would sity, on the bench; we find him in the leadership of our interpret us must possess it and reckon with it. The national life, but we cannot find him as large as life in innumerable contributions and clippings, the scintilla- our fiction.” He also offers an explanation. He con- tions of wit and fun, which appear in the columns of tends that the writer must be as highly civilized as his the ten thousand newspapers of the United States exert characters; that he stands to his work as the masou to an enormous social influence. The American press is his wall; that he may be above the plane of his char- nothing if not satirical; but it is rarely inane. Its humor acters and write down to them, but that he cannot be is intelligent. This humor does not consist in grinning below and write up, - a disconcerting commentary through a horse-collar, nor does its laugh suggest the which suggests painful introspection. vacant mind. If it is sometimes vulgar, it is also To my own thinking based upon a reading of pointed; and “many vulgar things,” says Lord Bacon, American fiction admitted to be impressionable rather “ are often excellent good.” Our busy-body press in- than critical, general rather than comprehensive — the vades the home, the marital relation, the courts, the Great American Novel has not appeared. It may be camp, the church, the hovel, and the mansion, with en- that it has come, and that the writer in THE DIAL is tire impartiality. It displays a genial sensibility to hugging a secret, albeit bis cautious words imply incer- human whims and oddities, notes incongruities, mental titude. But awaiting enlightenment from the peaks, and moral, and is the sleepless foe to falsehood, sham, and disregarding editorial wiles, I assume, perhaps to impudence, affectation, pomposity, hypocrisy, and cant. my ultimate confusion, that this book is not yet born, It delves into all social and political differences, ridi- but that it is looked for, as a lord looks for an heir who cules exaggerated fears, stills passionate storms, and shall be the mainstay of his name. helps to tide over crises. It turns a white light upon the The time has passed when no European reads an characteristics of all classes, sects, and races, leads us to American book; but we must confess that one depart- know one another, and thus assists to assimilate a nation. ment of our literature — fiction — still remains distinctly Recurring to the theme, I agree with The Dial that provincial. To realize this, we have but to recall the politics should be a leading motive of the new novel. He names of those authors who best portray the life of who would thoroughly explore the extent and force of to-day and of a brief yesterday: Mr. Bret Harte, Mr. a it in a people whose mind is an horizon, who would real- George W. Cable, Mr. James Lane Allen, Mr. F. Hop- ize their vast potentialities for good and evil, must go kinson Smith, Mr. Thomas Nelson Page, Mr. Joel back a little to the heroic period, to the tumult of civil Chandler Harris, Miss Mary Wilkins, Miss Murfree, war, when two civilizations met in conflict, the one Mrs. Hodgson Burnett, and Mr. William D. Howells. modern and the other feudal, when men were marshalled The writings of these authors are largely studies by soul-compelling issues into armies that had empires many of them exquisite and perfect in their way - in their brains. It requires a Michelo Angelo to picture of local temperament, customs, manners, and speech; that epoch - a universal soul. The pedant and the par- but we lack the novelist whose sweep is as broad as the ticularist may go their way. After the stress and de- continent and whose insight is as deep as the sea, the struction of war came an era of new industrialism, an genius who can synthetize the emotions and aspirations insweep of materialism, of selfish individualism, an of that vast human amalgam, that new ethnic product, amassing of wealth colossal beyond compare, the divi- known as the American people. sion of society along economic lines, the aristocracy of THE DIAL insists that the representative novel must wealth, the wage-earning class, corporations, trusts, cor- be imbued with the passion of a true democracy; that it rupt special legislation, strikes, lockouts, federations of must gain color and strength from political motive, and labor, and socialism. American society is pushing the thereby touch one of the most representative chords of law of evolution to its limit; it is undergoing changes, our national character; that, ethically, it must be worthy kaleidoscopic and complete; and it is doubtful if the of a nation whose civilization is based upon Puritanism; several epochs of our history can be treated together or and that it must make the reader“ feel how far the true by the same hand. The civilization of to-day differs aristocracy of heart and intellect overshadows the sham/ greatly from that of the last generation, and a gulf aristocracy of wealth and of social position, won by wider than the centuries separates it from the Colonial “smartness,' that distinctively American vice.” All period. Puritanism has been spun out to an exceeding this ground is well taken, but I beg to suggest that the fine fibre, although it may still be seen in the woof. way to it is difficult and full of pitfalls. The adjustment to new social and economic conditions 10 (Jan. 1, THE DIAL > а a 9 means the brewing of another storm which may involve institutional wreckage. The future is big with events, The New Books. and their course will in some wise be affected by the conduct of our growing aristocracy of wealth. The THE MEMOIRS OF A FRENCH POLITICAL vulgarity of this class, their ostentation, immorality, and JOURNALIST.* abasement before European social idols, are making them a byword of contempt the world over. That there That the life-story of that fiery radical and is dignity and nobility in simplicity is a lesson which stormy petrel of French political journalism, M. they have not learned. Benjamin Franklin, George Henri Rochefort, is eminently one of adventure Washington, Abraham Lincoln, and William E. Gladstone are types of men whom they do not under- and vicissitude, and well-spiced with racy per- stand. It is the Disraelis who appeals to them, — he sonalia and caustic comments on men and events, who changes his name as though he were ashamed goes, as the Gallicists phrase it, without saying. of it, and cross-garters himself like a Malvolio. The In his preface, M. Rochefort tells (by way of pernicious influence exercised by our garish plutocracy in imitating the follies and vices of a decadent privi antithetically illustrating his own career) of the leged order is evoking sharp criticism. Mr. Andrew D. wife of a baker with whom his parents dealt, White says, in the December « Forum”: “It must be who for thirty-five years hobbled daily at noon confessed that during recent years there have been some from her chamber to the shop, from whence she conduct of rich men and several careers of rich men's sons fit to breed nihilism and anarchy. Many wild doc- did not stir until eight in the evening, and who trines among the poor may be traced back to senseless used boastfully to account for the silvering of ostentation among the rich. Glorification in our press her locks by saying, “ What can you expect ? of this woman's • tiara' and that woman's wardrobe; of Life is such a rush nowadays! With M. this young millionaire's genius in driving a four-in- Rochefort life has indeed been a "rush" "- hand, and that young millionaire's talent in cooking terrapin; of some Cresus buying or begging his way hurly-burly of ups and downs and capricious into the society of London or Paris; of social or finan- turns of Fortune's wheel of which even the cial infamy condoned by foreign matrimonial alliances; worthy bakeress could have formed but a slight what wonder that men out of work in tenement houses, conception. He says : or struggling with past-due mortgages on the prairies, should be led by such examples to look at all property “I have at one time or another experienced nearly as robbery ?” every imaginable sensation. For more than a quarter In the same issue of “ The Forum,” an outsider, Mr. of a century I have been like a man on a switchback Goldwin Smith, comments as follows: “Few things in railway, continually plunged from the highest summits social history are more unlovely or more likely to pro- into the darkest depths.” voke righteous indignation among the people than the In one chapter, for instance, we find M. Roche- matrimonial alliances of the upstart and sometimes ill- fort borne by the mob in triumph, like another gotten wealth of New York with the needy aristocracy Marat, from his prison cell in Sainte Pélagie of Europe. What must an American workman feel to a seat in the National Defence government; when he sees the products of American labor to the ex- tent of scores of millions sent across the Atlantic to buy in the next, he is dragged in chains to Ver- nobility for the daughter of a millionaire ! The thing sailles, and paraded for an hour about the is enhanced by the extravagant splendor of the nuptials. streets of that city amid the execrations of his Nor are these marriages merely offences against feeling whilom adherents. "I can still,” he says, and taste. They are an avowal that American wealth is disloyal to the social principles of the Republic.” bring to my mind's eye the figure of an old It will be the congenial task of the coming novelist, man, attired in a closely buttoned frock-coat, not only to picture the American gentleman, but to vin- who waved a red umbrella, and shouted in the dicate the American woman from degrading misrepre- direction of the procession, · It’s Rochefort ! sentation. To portray her in all her physical and spir- Flay him alive this time!'”— and flayed alive itual grace, her intellectual vivacity, innate refinement, and elevation of character; to differentiate her from the injured apostle of popular rights would those who pose as representative of our country and are perhaps have been had not the gates of his new accepted as such, the shallow, materialist, tuft-hunting prison opportunely dammed the rising tide of type who crave and obtain social notoriety, whose func- sansculottism. What a fine satiric stroke of tions, boudoir, face and figure, jewels and gowns, and intimate clothing, are photographed in the columns of destiny, worthy of the days of '93, would it the daily newspaper. Our sham aristocracy of wealth have been had the radical-republican editor of offers a shining mark for the hurtling shaft of satire, a the Lanterne been marched to his fate by his shaft which will penetrate even the hide of this pachy- derm. This aristocracy, so-called, is young yet, and “ sovereign people” to the tune of the old cry, unfortified by tradition, and therefore there is reason " à la lanterne ! Saved thus from his to believe that it will learn something, that there will “ friends,” M. Rochefort is presently found in be an interval of sanity, and some faint accession of his condemned cell rehearsing the scene of his self-respect. May a new and greater Thackeray speed * THE ADVENTURES OF MY LIFE. By Henri Rochefort. OLIVER T. MORTON. Arranged for English readers by the author and Ernest W. Chicago, December 24, 1896. Smith. In two volumes. New York: Edward Arnold. a 6 the day. 1897.) 11 THE DIAL > > - 66 a impending final exit. Like a true Frenchman, ring that vulgar vehicle to a tumbrel. Success he would fain die with éclat ; and it will be justifies everything. So our truant, instead of admitted that M. Rochefort's notion of éclat being soundly and properly birched by his here or, let us say, of the etiquette of the tutors, as he must have infallibly been at an scaffold — was strictly sansculottic and in bar- English school, was “congratulated ” on his , mony with his principles. He says: return and obtained a half-holiday. At this "I do n't know how I should have died, but I recol- period, says M. Rochefort,“ sentimental things lected that General Laborie was executed on the plain alone had an interest for me.” 6 Paul and of Grenelle with General Malet, and that, turning to the Virginia” (tabooed at the school for its officer in charge of the firing party, he spat in his face and pro- cried –There! that's for you and your emperor! This found immorality) was his favorite book ; and line of procedure appeared to me to be the correct one, he took to turning out verses, “ just like turn- and I had decided to follow it. I should have spat in the ing out boxwood snuff-boxes.” One of these " face of the commander of the party, and have said productions he sent to Béranger, and was re- • There ! that's for you, you dirty capitulationist !"" warded by that great man (whom he had com- Fate interposed as usual, however. M. Roche pared with the republican heroes of antiquity) fort was not destined to be shot, hanged,- or with the following note: even drowned, as the event showed ; and we “Is it true that you are only fifteen years old ? Ah, presently view him, a sea-sick yet defiantly if at that age I had written such well-turned and poet- abusive political exile, caged (literally) in the ical verse, I should have believed that I was called to hold of a ship bound for the Antipodes (for the high destinies. At fifteen I scarcely knew ortography." most cannibalistic part” of them, he takes care After leaving school, M. Rochefort became to say), his solitude relieved mainly by a choice a clerk at the Hôtel de Ville, and soon began company of convict communards, rats, roaches, to write for the journals, notably the Figaro etc. How M. Rochefort escaped, like a second and the Charivari ; and his caustic pen and Edmond Dantes, from his bleak rock of exile ; envenomed assaults on the government soon how he traversed this continent amid a blaze pushed him to the front, as the most bitter and of, as we suspect, rather pinchbeck popularity voluble journalistic Thersites of the hour. “I for his fame here was tarnished by his alleged felt,” he says, “ a growing horror of the beastly complicity in the murder of Archbishop Dar- Asiatic despotism in which France seemed to boy and in the orgies of the Paris Commune be stewing.” We are inclined to think that generally; how he turned up, as waspish and any government whatever would have seemed a aggressive as ever, at London; and how he “despotism "in the eyes of M. Rochefort, pro- eventually reached Paris, after the Amnesty, vided only it prevailed—to prevail constituting and received a tremendous ovation at the hands the great political crime, as to conspicuously of the mob that had recently wanted to "flay ' prosper constitutes the great social one, with him (probably the red - umbrella'd man was men of his temperament. An article in the again shouting with the rest), - all this is Nain Jaune soon involved him in a duel - the — — graphically told in these diverting volumes. second one of a long series — which was pre- M. Rochefort was born in 1831, and entered ceded by a laughable incident. On the morn- the College of Saint Louis at the age of twelve. ing of the meeting, as M. Rochefort was pre- As a pupil he seems to have been distinguished paring to join his seconds, he was surprised by chiefly for insubordination and an ape-like turn a call from a young actress of the Variétés. for mischief that early betokened the future “ Is it true that you are going to fight ?'she asked, firebrand of the Lanterne, the Marseillais in a concerned manner. “Yes,'I replied, quite touched at this mark of interest shown at so early an hour in (that " veritable journal of Bashi-Bazouks,” he the morning • But do n't be frightened ; I'm not complacently styles it), and the Mot d'Ordre. buried yet.' Oh, I know that; and that's why I have Of scholastic honors we find no mention. “I come to beg you to do me a great service.' "I'm in a had not,” the writer says, “ a pedantic mind.” bit of a hurry, but --- ·Exactly. Here's what it is. When the revolution of 1848 broke out, the All my comrades at the Variétés have had men fight duels for them. Up to the present time I have n't been latent spirit of revolt flamed up in the breast of able to find a single one to fight for me. In fact, I've Master Rochefort; and he promptly assaulted always been unlucky.' Well?' Well! If you would his tutor, scaled the College wall, joined the do me a favor, and an enormous favor, you will tell rioters, and marched with a column of the sov. everybody that you have fought the duel on account of me, because a gentleman insulted me. Whether ereign “unwashed" on the Tuileries—whence, you fight for that or for anything else, what difference can luckily, the “ bourgeois king,” bourgeois to the it make to you?'... The poor child went off desolate, last, had already fled in a cab, wisely prefer- repeating that she had always been unlucky.” a > 6 6 6 12 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL a Naturally, Napoleon III., the then political temperament could not be indulged. Let us head and therefore ipso facto the chief crimi- add that a few years later, when the Commune nal in the country in M. Rochefort's eyes, was ruled Paris, M. Rochefort was soon actually the main target for the latter's poisoned shafts. chased from the city by the besieged radical “The Scapin of the Tuileries ” is one of his " Reds," only to fall into the clutches of the mildest epithets. “ Ah!” he exclaims, exult- besieging conservative Versaillais, who, on their antly, “that unfortunate person of the sover- side, promptly transported him to New Cale- eign. I twisted and wrung it like an old towel. donia. Thus, there being two conflicting gov- Any weapon was good enough for me to use to ernments in France, M. Rochefort was in oppo- sap the respect with which they affected to sur- sition to both of them; and had there been half round that official dummy.” M. Rochefort is a dozen, he would doubtless have been the com- right: "any weapon " -- from rapier to blud- - mon shuttlecock of all. In fine, he was born to geon, and from Chassepot to “ stink-pot”. be a thorn in the side of constituted authority. plainly seems, on his own evidence, to have During his exile at Brussels M. Rochefort been “good enough" for him." Not a few of was the guest of Victor Hugo, of whom he has the samples of the abuse he showered on the much to say in a very readable chapter. M. persons of Emperor and Empress and their Hugo's " den " seems to have been a tiny attic, entourage, and triumphantly exhibits in his so lightly roofed that the sky peeped through book, are too coarse or too palpably slanderous the tiles and the rain occasionally filtered for quotation here. Others are merely mali- through on the Olympian head of the occupant. cious and rather amusing — such as the squib such as the squib | A servant, says the author, would have refused describing how a trained rabbit was habitually to inhabit such a garret; yet it was there that set up a few yards in front of the Emperor the poet's masterpieces were composed. M. (who posed as a Nimrod, but seems to have Hugo never sat down, he adds, but composed been a sportsman of the “ Nathaniel Winkle" “ while making the four strides to which he order) at the Imperial hunts at Compiègne, was limited by the smallness of his cage." Vis- and how the sagacious animal pretended to fall itors were strictly excluded from the “cage dead before the royal double-barrel, only to during working hours ; but once M. Rochefort re-appear a few minutes later to go through the was permitted to enter. He says: same performance. “I opened the door of the tiny room, and stepped The editor of the Lanterne was compelled to inside with all sorts of precautions, for fear of treading seek safety in Belgium not long after the estab- upon the wet sheets of manuscript which were lying about on the mantelpiece, the bed, and the floor. I lishment of that peppery sheet. This was M. approached him like a cat walking on hot bricks. A Rochefort's first hegira ; and it is needless to proof of the rapidity with which he worked was that say that after each of his several flights he soon the ink on the medium-sized, bluish paper he used was turned up again at Paris, prompt and alert to scarcely dry before a second sheet was well-nigh com- renew his attack on the existing régime-what- pleted. I noticed this a score of times . It is true that he invariably wrote with goose-quill pens, which splut- ever it happened to be. We have no doubt that tered occasionally, and left undryable blots en route. had M. Rochefort, after one of these returns, His manuscript was so spaced that each sheet contained found, say, the illustrious Bakunin installed at ten lines at the outside. I rather indiscreetly asked the Tuileries, and the communistic Utopia, free him how much he had earned when he threw one of his goods, pages of copy aside. “About a hundred francs a page,' actually under way, he would have promptly - The author quotes some interesting observa- ranged himself with the opposition, and trained tions of the poet's on the value of style, made his guns on his former friends. It may be noted during a discussion of the merits of Stendhal's that Edmond About, who had plainly gauged Rouge et Noir of which M. Rochefort had his man, once asked M. Rochefort, in the Gaul- asked ois, “ What would happen if the actual régime the book, which has already engrossed two gen- “How can you explain the success of were replaced by his political ideal, and he found erations ?” M. Hugo replied : himself no longer in a position to indulge his “ But I'm not engrossed in French grammatical temperament of systematic opposition ?” The errors. Every time I try to decipher a phrase in your proper answer to this question is that, M. favorite book it is as though I were having a tooth Rochefort's political ideal being that which is drawn. The only works that have a chance of traverg- not, and his cardinal principle being “what- ing centuries are those that are properly written. Do you think, if Voltaire's Candide were in the same style ever is, is wrong," it would be impossible for as Rouge et Noir we should still read it? Montesquieu him ever to be placed in a position where that lives because he is well written. M. Stendhal can never 6 1897.] 13 THE DIAL live because he did not conceive for an instant what the means of bringing men to a substantial writing was. Nobody has more admiration than I have agreement in nearly all the disputed questions for the almost miraculous insight of Balzac. His is a brain of the first order. But it is only a brain; it is not in law, theology, political economy, ethics, and a pen. Style is the art of expressing every sensation kindred sciences. The daily press proclaims ' by the aid of words. Read Balzac again. You will the originator of this marvellous system as “the very soon notice that he is ignorant of his language, and new Lord Bacon," and the world may be sup- almost invariably fails to convey the excellent things posed to be anxiously waiting to have the mirac- he wants to say. For this reason his hour to sink into oblivion will come much sooner than is thought.” ulous seed sown and bear fruit. M. Rochefort admits that he found, on exper- likely to receive the neglect or denunciation A work appearing under such auspices is iment, the re-reading of Balzac an impossible, or at least an irksome, task ; while as for Sten- which it rightly merits. It must be a very dhal's novel, he says: eager and dauntless “ general reader” who “I bitterly regretted, on trying to read it again, that would drive his plough through this hard and I had not been satisfied with my first perusal as well as stony field ; and the hope of becoming an infal- with my first impression. I defy any literary man, who lible reasoner may well seem less and less allur- has the slightest respect and love for style, to read being as the barrenness of the seven hundred pages yond the third chapter.” through which the author has carried his dis- We shall take leave of M. Rochefort’s book cussions, chiefly with the desire “to economize by saying that it is lively, pungent, and en- the time of the reader,” becomes more and grossing throughout — not, we think, a book more apparent. The critic could hardly be likely on the whole to inspire regard for its seriously censured, who, disgusted with the author, but unquestionably one that few read- extravagant claims made for the work, decides ers will lay aside without finishing. E. G. J. to pass it by with a few contemptuous phrases and spend his energies on something more prof- itable. It would, perhaps, be unwise to recom- A MECHANICAL SYSTEM OF INFALLIBLE mend this course as the fairest and most judi- LOGIC.* cious one to pursue ; but, in spite of the "infal- The clamorous volume entitled “ Infallible lible logic,” when the provocation is great Logic” is heralded by a prospectus only less enough it is human to err. remarkable than the work itself. The present reviewer, having found it pro- brought face to face with one of the greatest fessionally desirable to cut a path through this intellectual discoveries made since the time of tangled mass of underbrush, and being desirous Aristotle, — a system as certain and as infallible that his own experience of a course which did in its results as the Multiplication Table," more not run smooth shall be of service to others, refined and accurate in its power has decided to pass in review the main features weigh, and measure propositions” than are of the work and to investigate slightly its claims “chemical tests for the detection of impurities to infallibility. Its author is evidently a sin- in material substances,” or “the most delicate cere and ernest student of logic, with sufficient balances ever constructed for the purpose of powers of application and ingenuity to discover weighing the smallest grains of matter,” or the and reason out the complex relations involved microscope for revealing “ objects which are in logical thought. For the results thus reached invisible to the unaided eye”; and making insig. he is quite ready to claim a degree of origin- nificant the power of the largest telescope in ality that may be true enough when applied to enabling us to see the distant stars in space in his own mental experience, but is hardly appro- comparison with the power which this system priate in view of the accumulated experience of has to bring to light the latent meanings of the logical world. He refers to other writers, complex propositions." This system is infalli- but seems incapable of assimilating the posi- “this system cannot err.” We are assured tion of these writers, satisfying himself with a that it is easy to learn, is especially adapted to few literal and disassociated citations to sup- the " use of lawyers, ministers, teachers, stu- port his own views, much as a schoolboy would dents, and everyone who is interested in the art do in a perfunctory composition. He has found of reasoning,” and, when the system becomes a diagrammatic system for representing the generally known, will, the author believes, “ be simple relations of terms, propositions, and the ordinary deductive inferences a very helpful * INFALLIBLE Logic: A Visible and Automatic System of Reasoning. By Thomas D. Hawley, of the Chicago Bar. device in keeping clearly before him the fre- Lansing, Mich.: Robert Smith Printing Co. quently puzzling statements and conclusions We are - to test, of ble; 14 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL > which premises may yield; and this system of have them so. The “ infallible logic ” con- diagrams is the infallible logic. Diagrams very stantly insists on shaping all propositions so similar in scope and purpose have been used that the bolus will go down the receptive tract by Venn, Pierce, Marquand, “ Lewis Carroll,” of the “system,” woefully distorting them in and others; and while Mr. Hawley uses his the process and rejecting as extra-logical all diagrams somewhat differently, the only point that will not be so distorted. The distinctions of originality worth calling attention to is the between universal and particular statements, fact that he uses them less carefully and dis- and between affirmative and negative, are set criminatingly. Having a very pronounced (and to one side as mere “ conversational” distinc- shall we say legal ?) tendency for saying every- tions; and then it is proved that they must be thing at great length and with the maximum illogical because they do not readily appear on "padding” of tautologous terms and iterative the diagrams. Surely if logic cannot take ac- variations, the author swells his volume to its count of the actual forms of statements in com- forbidding stoutness without doing more than mon use among mankind, it shirks one of its showing that his system is capable of express- main duties and privileges. ing and interpreting the ordinary deductive In detecting fallacies our author's success is relations treated by modern logicans. A care- no greater. He objects to “ If all A is B and ful examination fails to reveal anything more all B is C, then all A is C,” by pointing out than this. that we should accordingly argue “ If this 6 We may now investigate the claims to infalli- rose is red and red is a color, then this rose is bility, and Mr. Hawley's fitness to be a logical a color.” In solving problems his errors are pilot, by taking up a few of his own reasonings numerous. In the problem of section 366, he with no other instrument than the homely but cites a simple problem and answer, and asserts still useful common-sense. On page 32 we find that the conclusion, which does not agree with this piece of logic : his own, is incorrect. It can be very easily “If anyone should fail to see that the proposition shown that the text is right and the “ infallible · Salt is chloride of sodium' can be read backward as logic” is wrong. In the complex problem of well as forward, it can be easily demonstrated by using section 910, he fails to get the conclusion alto- the Law of Excluded Middle, thus: · Chloride of sodium is either salt or it is not salt.' If we suppose that it is gether, and puts forward as conclusions certain not salt, then, since by our premise, Salt is chloride of general provisos which the premises have al- · sodium,' salt would be not salt, which is impossible ready stated as clearly as was necessary. The according to the Law of Contradiction; therefore chlo stronghold of the “infallible logic” is con- ride of sodium must be salt." sistency; but the system is anything but con- The result happens to be true; but this kind of sistent. On page 306 we are told that in this reasoning might lead to curious consequences. system a certain type of proposition is “ Let us apply it to the recent campaign. If worked backward," although no reason for this anyone should fail to see that the proposition is given ; but on page 61 this same proposition 6. Those who voted for Palmer were Demo- is read backwards. The same proposition is crats " can be read backward as well as for- expressed in one way on pages 62, 303, 346, ward, it can be easily demonstrated by using but in another way on pages 310, 341; while the Law of Excluded Middle, thus: “The 66 on page 462 we find as the equivalent of a given Democrats voted either for Palmer or for some- form an entirely different proposition from that If we suppose that they voted for used in the rest of the work. Add to this a someone else, then, since by our premise “Those great deal of reasoning in a circle, much am- who voted for Palmer were Democrats,” those biguity, repeated misconceptions of the state- who voted for Palmer voted for someone else, ments of the “old logic,” great inadequacy of which is impossible according to the Law of scope, and the list of logical fallibilities em- Contradiction, therefore the Democrats voted bodied in this work would still be incomplete. for Palmer, , catch consisting in the applications of the " except for the professional student. One fun- and the implied “all”), but it is interesting to damental difficulty with the author is the be- note that it may be set with new bait. Of lief that a mechanical appliance will have the course if all propositions were identities, the same efficacy in the mental as it does in the reasoning would hold, but would be unneces- material world ; that if only we could discover sary. But all propositions are not identities, how, reasoning would be as easy as breathing. however convenient it might be for logicians to He fails to see that with his diagrams he really 6 never one else." 9. e.d. This is an old trap (the But , after all, these details are un interesting or 1897.] 15 THE DIAL does all the work in order to get the material relation between inductive methods and scien- into shape for the diagram and to interpret it tific advance. Deductive logic has been regen- after it comes out. That this is not easy is erated by a small coterie of mathematical stu- shown by the fact that the author himself more dents, but their labors have not as yet permeated than once trips up in doing it, and has already into the college text-books to any considerable issued a postscript of errata of this kind; and extent. There is still hope that the study of it is also shown by the wide gaps in many of logic may again be seated in the high place the therefores” scattered throughout the so- “ which it can worthily fill, if only it shakes off lutions of problems. In this respect he is its traditional superfluities and excresences and much like the Hibernian hod-carrier who was appears in a garb suited to the present needs. very joyful over the easy job he had secured, But this time cannot be hastened by publish- for he had only to carry up the bricks and mor- ing portentous systems of infallible logic; on tar while the other fellows did all the work. the contrary, the study of logic must always But this objection aside, it has been shown that derive one of its truest and most forcible diagramatic methods are excellent in simple raisons d'être from the well-acknowledged fact problems, but inadequate in complex ones ; the that it is human to err. JOSEPH JASTROW. same conclusions which the author arrives at laboriously and circuitously can be reached most easily by symbolic methods. Another fatal difficulty is the author's inabil. Two VIEWS OF WALT WHITMAN.* ity to appreciate the difference between what is correct and what is natural. Mere formal There are, roughly speaking, three attitudes toward Whitman : that of complete non-accept- correctness is a very estimable quality, but it cannot be made very useful unless it is adapted ance, that of acceptance so complete that it to the actual nature of the mind's operations. nyson, and (thirdly) the attitude of readers involves the rejection of his opposites like Ten- Mr. Hawley believes that the brain is a think- who hold fast by the poets whose power and ing machine, and this system represents the form are equal, readers who are nevertheless mechanical nature of the brain's activity in the able to love and be helped by the crude and reasoning process"; the psychological and the historical survey of man's doings show very swept off their feet. powerful work of Whitman without being clearly that the products of men's brains are Mr. John Burroughs is of the extreme Whit- very complex and cannot be represented by mechanical formulæ however ingenious. manite wing. He admits frankly that he is The most charitable view to take of Mr. Haw- prejudiced. His estimate is personal. True Whitmanite that he is, he does not try" to get ley's essay is to look upon the extravagance of himself out of the way and let humanity judge.” its claims as an example of bad taste and noth- He would interpose his pages of comment be- ing worse, and to look upon his other faults as tween the poet and the public. His style echoes the natural shortcomings of a self-made man. that of the chants — except where he uses the He has planned his road without assistance from conventional language of criticism. There is experts, and it naturally will not bear the test a bit too much of this; old Georgio Vasari's of the chain and the theodolite. And, it is not charity, but mere justice, to recognize that he unsophisticated speech would have fitted better has put into this work considerably more close a study of Whitman. Mr. Burroughs repeats thinking than could be found in any one of half some of his ideas and phrases half a dozen times, and then one longs for a little of the “ formal a dozen “Logics ” written within half a dozen art” which the book decries. years by very respectable professors going Mr. Burroughs's whole-hearted appreciation over the traditional logic in the traditional of Whitman is welcome; it helps us. But one way. Mr. Hawley clearly appreciates that the traditional logic is hopelessly defective. Logic injured. He considers Tennyson a refined is sorry to see his appreciation of other poets . as a discipline has sadly degenerated since the days when it held sway as queen of the curric- pigmy beside Whitman (though these are not ulum. It gave place to studies that bore more his words). The older saying that “ Whitman is Emerson turned beast" is changed here to intimate relation to the problems of life. John Stuart Mill succeeded in rehabilitating the * WHITMAN: A Study. By John Burroughs. Boston: Houghton, Millin & Co. study of inductive logic as a pursuit helpful to WALT WHITMAN THE MAx. By Thomas Donaldson. Illus- students of science, by showing the intimate trated. New York: Francis P. Harper. > 2 16 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL 66 the truer, less forcible Whitman was Emer- Not for Mr. Burroughs—if you take him at his “ son translated from the abstract into the con. word. Says he: “I always think of a regula- crete.” One feels Emerson's conception of the tion verse form as a kind of corset which does soul to be the vastest yet formed, but there have not much disguise a good figure, though it cer- been vaster souls. One cannot help drawing a tainly hampers it, and which is a great help to like distinction in Whitman's case when his a poor figure." Help a poor poetic figure, verse lover exalts him over Wordsworth. “Words- certainly does ; "the usual trappings and dress worth had been my poet of nature, of the seques- uniform of poets” do certainly lose impressive- tered and idyllic; but I saw that here was a ness on little men. But does Shakespeare's poet of a larger, more fundamental nature; regulation verse form " hamper his figure ? indeed, of the cosmos itself. Not a poet of dells One is forced to believe that Mr. Burroughs and fells, but of the earth and the orbs." That thinks so. In feeling deeply the wild occa- kind of language will tempt people to say that sional harmonies of Whitman, Mr. Burroughs there may be great poets of small things and has partly lost the power to feel the magic of small poets of great. The antithesis, however, Shakespeare's verse, the power to rejoice in his is mainly false, for Whitman is almost as far immortal marriages of form and spirit. For from being small as Wordsworth's subjects are. my part, I would not gain power to feel Whit- Tennyson, Byron, Swinburne, Arnold are all man at the expense of my power to feel Shake- belittled beside Whitman; Shelley's poetry is speare. to Mr. Burroughs “a melodious baying of the Mr. Burroughs, by claiming too much for moon.” To see that “ ineffectual angel” as a “old Walt,” reminds everybody of what he is dog indicates a peculiar pair of eyes. not. He really has seen deeply into " Leaves Mr. Burroughs claims a place for Whitman of Grass," and has felt deeply its beneficent beside Homer, Dante, Shakespeare, and the power. But for the time being, he looks at Hebrew prophets. As a lover of Whitman, I Whitman through a telescope and at other protest. It is not good for him to be praised poets with the naked eye. He loves Whitman like that. Homer is unconsciously a great not too well — for that is impossible but not artist all the time, while Whitman is only an wisely. artist in the height and heat of rare emotion. Mr. Thomas Donaldson gives us a charming Mr. Burroughs speaks of Whitman's “power and intimate account of - Walt Whitman the of identification with the thing contemplated." Man." He tells us things that no one else Compare this power in Whitman and in Shake- could have told, and publishes for the first time speare. In the first, the object becomes one certain autograph letters and poems of Whit- with the thinker; in the second, the thinker man. Mr. Donaldson's short, direct sentences becomes one with the object. In the first we see have an everyday air that befits his point of view. only the radii running into the centre of self, He makes one see clearly that there were “two in the second we forget the centre and see the Whitmans," and does not disguise the fact that radii touching at myriad points the circumfer- he loves the man more than the poet. There ence of human knowledge. Mr. Burroughs uses is not a gushing word in the book ; it is full of a similar figure, and brings out well the differ- firm fact-telling, and the facts told are those ence between Whitman and the great imper- welcomed by a worthy curiosity. In private sonal poet. Without wishing to push a figure life we see Whitman to be anything but “ the of speech too far, I think if we had to choose we savage old man ” Mr. Burroughs sees in him. should prefer to look outward to the circumfer- In his preface Mr. Donaldson tells how Whit- ence rather than inward to the centre. Mr. Bur- man helped him make the book by sending roughs says things which show that his appre packages of manuscripts, and adds : " He knew ciation of Shakespeare, of Dante, of Homer, is I would not bother the public with my views of lessened by his absorption of Whitman. One his work solely, but would rather present the fancies him reading them with the intention of man Whitman in his everyday manner." But seeing that they are not greater than the good, Mr. Donaldson's views of the work in the chap- gray poet.” He“ wants the sun to rise and set ter on “Literary Aims” will not bother the without any poetic clap-trap.” May not the sun public. The views are too just, too true, for rise like this? that. He says: “Night's candles are burnt out, and jocund day “The mysteries of life, unsolved in creation, life and Stands tiptoe on the misty mountain-tops. .." death, can be talked about, and this Mr. Whitman bas “Behold the dawn, in russet mantle clad, well done; but they cannot be solved by the human Walks o'er the dew of yon high eastern hill.” mind. The mystery remains, Whitman or no Whitman. 66 1897.] 17 THE DIAL --- ... His chief hope is to aid man to rely upon himself, Race characteristics are physical, mental, and to cast aside fears and doubt and walk forth to the moral. Where a race is well-marked and dis- battle of life a self-reliant knight, determined to sub- due nature and the elements to his own use and that of tinct, its peculiar characteristics are astonish- his fellows; and to be happy and contented. . . . Ex- ingly persistent. When the surroundings of a pressing no opinion as to his method, one thing I am race vary, one of two things must happen : the sure of — Mr. Whitman possessed in a masterly degree race must change to meet the new conditions, true poetic genius." or it must die. The longer marked race char- Few cultivated people who have heard the acters have been fixed, the less likelihood is chants well read — the chants wherein the good there of change. It is easily conceivable that gray poet is deeply moved -- will question this race characters may be so strong in some cases statement. that change in a new environment may be im- In contrast to Mr. Burroughs's slighting atti possible and death inevitable. It seems as if tude toward Tennyson is the tone of Whitman's most ethnologists might agree upon these few correspondence with the rugged and refined fundamental ideas. English poet. The letters here printed show The negro type is ancient. The Egyptian the attraction the two large natures had for monuments demonstrate its existence four each other. thousand years ago. Unless the physiography Mr. Donaldson's bit of a book will help Whit- of South Africa changes profoundly, the negro manites to an almost personal familiarity with type will probably exist there four thousand their poet; and it should make those who can't years hence. Some two hundred years ago, stand him" see that his principles do not, in a persons of this type were brought to America ; strong nature like his own, lead to evil of any new comers have arrived until recently. These kind. The book is written wisely and well. persons were property, and valuable property. GEORGE C. COOK. They were therefore surrounded by an artificial environment, in which — at least to a degree -- they flourished. They were fed and clothed, housed and directed. They were protected in THE DEGENERACY OF THE AMERICAN a measure from the hostile influences of their NEGRO.* Much has been said, on both sides, regarding structive kind were held in check by interested new environment; racial tendencies of a de- the present condition and outlook of the Afro- ownership. Everyone rejoices that slavery in American. Most of what has been said has America has been abolished ; everyone admires been written by prejudiced observers. It is the moral grandeur of emancipation ; everyone much, then, to have a thoughtful work by an must respect the vigorous — if usually unwise - unbiased foreigner, dealing with a wide range and harmful — philanthropy that has sought to of reliable statistics. Mr. Hoffman, author of help the freed negro. But what are the race “ Race Traits and Tendencies of the American traits and tendencies of the American negro Negro,” by birth a German, is a professional statistician. His work represents ten years of to-day ? Mr. Hoffman's book answers the question. To many optimistic commonplace collection and study. thinkers, his answer will be a shock; to readers Just now a notable tendency exists to min- who recognize the force of heredity and the imize the importance of racial differences. Ratzel's “History of Mankind " shows this importance of race differences, it will be food for serious thought. strikingly; and Dr. Brinton, in his latest course ; Mr. Hoffman first studies the simple statis- of lectures, upon Primitive Religions, exem- tics of population ; he then investigates the plifies it completely. Yet it is certain that race data supplied by anthropometry, the question of differences are real and persistent. Races have been produced by long-continued operation of race amalgamation, and the social and economic conditions and tendencies. He claims that given conditions upon given masses of popula- there is no danger of future numerical suprem- tion. It makes little difference whether the environment acts selectively or modificatively, being rapidly increasing, the negroes are really acy of the negro in the South. Instead of , in the long run the result is the same; dif. losing “ He has failed to gain a foothold in fering environments produce differing races. any of the Northern States as an agricultural *RACE TRAITS AND TENDENCIES OF THE AMERICAN laborer; he has remained in the South ; he has ' NEGRO. By Frederick L. Hoffman. (Publications of the American Economic Association.) New York: The Mac- failed in colonization." There is, however, a millan Co. dangerous tendency to move from the rural - 18 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL > districts into the cities, and in these cities the ulation were such. Conditions of life and bad negroes concentrate in the most undesirable social opportunities cannot be urged in excuse. and unsanitary sections. 66 The further ten- In Chicago the conditions of life for Italians, dency to concentrate into certain sections of the Poles, and Russians are fully as bad as for the South, especially those which already possess blacks, but their criminality is much less. The a preponderating colored population, presents difference is racial. the most serious aspect of the problem.' Where are the happy results of the schools ? In his study of vital statistics, the author The church membership and school attend. brings out many interesting facts ; he concludes S ance of the blacks constantly increase ; but that the negro is at all ages, but particularly in the statistics of crime and the data of ille- , o at the earlier ones, subject to a higher mortality gitimacy the proof is furnished that neither than the white. “ This is largely the result of religion nor education has influenced to an an inordinate mortality from constitutional and appreciable degree the moral progress of the respiratory diseases. Moreover, the mortality race.” In Jamaica the illiteracy of the negroes from these diseases is on the increase among has rapidly decreased since the year 1861; the colored and on the decrease among the but Mr. Smeeton in his official report says: whites. ... In the struggle for race supremacy, “An ever-increasing educational force has the black race is not holding its own. Its been ... in operation without apparently any extreme liability to consumption alone would cleansing away of this social cancer (illegiti- suffice to seal its fate as a race.' macy). Data of an anthropometric kind “prove con- clusively that there are important differences laborer. Supervision is necessary to secure Economically, the free negro is not a good in the bodily structure of the two races, differ- adequate service. Doubtful benefit accrues to ences of far-reaching influence on the duration any community from negro ownership of land ; of life and the social and economic efficiency as a farmer, the negro is usually too shiftless of the colored man.' Such data as are avail. to try for more than a bare livelihood. After able seem to show that he is degenerating. as complete a study as the material at hand There is a considerable mass of testimony that permits, of the negro as laborer, tradesman, “ before emancipation he presented in many capitalist, Mr. Hoffman says: “It is not too respects a most excellent physical type, a type much to say that if the present tendency toward even superior to the average white man exam- a lower degree of economic efficiency is per- ined for military service under similar condi- sisted in, the day is not far distant when the tions." The freeman cannot and does not guard negro laborer of the South will be gradually himself against the destructive influences of supplanted by the immigrant laborer from Eu- his new home as his master could and did guard rope.” him. What can be done? Not much. But faith Study of criminality in the two races gives in school-book education as a means of grace astonishing results. Of the total prisoners in the United States in 1890, nearly 30 per cent must die. The negro must be taught that hon- were colored; the negro, however, forms but esty and purity are necessary; that continued 11 per cent of the population. The figures industry is the price of life. Less petting and examined in detail show that 36 per cent of the more disciplining is needed ; fewer academies homicides, 40 per cent of the rapes, and 39 per and more work-benches. Recognition of differ- ence between white men and black men is fun- cent of the assaults in our country were due to damental. The desire and effort to turn bright this 11 per cent of population. Some, perhaps, black boys into inefficient white men should may think that this result is due to prejudice It is imperative that we demand hon- against negro criminals in Southern States. Nowhere has the black man a better chance esty toward the negro and decency from him. than in Pennsylvania. Yet there 16 per cent of But we may expect the race here to die and disappear; the sooner perhaps the better. If the male prisoners and 34 per cent of the female prisoners were colored, while the population surroundings, time will solve the difficulty the race is capable of adjustment to American percentage of blacks was only a fraction over 2 2 per cent. In Chicago nearly 10 per cent of the kindly; if it is not, time will still solve the difficulty — but severely. arrests in the years 1890-94 were of colored persons, while only 1 1-3 per cent of the pop- FREDERICK STARR. > > . cease. 1897.] 19 THE DIAL : As a deniable that the suggestion of this theme makes an RECENT FICTION.* unpleasant impression. We at once call to mind the Everyone who has been in Rome knows the little mawkishly sentimental twaddle of a long series of church of Domine Quo Vadis, in the Appian Way, books by well-meaning but ill-equipped evangelical and has heard the legend by which its name is ac- writers, whose tracts in the guise of historical fiction counted for. In taking the “Quo Vadis” of this have done their worst to pervert the splendid possi- name for the title of his new romance, the great bilities of the subject of early Christianity. The Polish novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz has indicated, atrocious taste and the historical recklessness of without any further ceremony being needed, that his such books as Dean Farrar, for example, has devoted work is a study of Roman life in the days of the to this subject make the reader hesitate about hav- early Christians. More specifically, it is a romance ing anything to do with it. Let us say at once, then, of the reign of Nero, and deals, for the most part, that Mr. Sienkiewicz writes from the standpoint of with the events of the fateful year 64, the year of the historian of culture who is at the same time an the Great Fire and the first persecution. It is un- artist, and not from the standpoint of the sectary or *"Quo Vadis.” A Narrative of the Time of Nero. By the apologetic tractarian. “Marius the Epicurean Henryk Sienkiewicz. Translated from the Polish by Jeremiah is not farther removed in spirit from the Dean Curtin. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co. Farrar sort of book than is “ Quo Vadis.” And we With FORTUNE MADE. A Novel. By Victor Cherbuliez. may register the impression, en passant, that the New York: D. Appleton & Co. Polish novelist may have read Pater's classic and A TRAGIC IDYL. By Paul Bourget. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. been influenced by it, although the aims of the two THE TRIUMPH OF DEATH. By Gabriele d'Annunzio. Trans- writers are as unlike as possible, the greatest imag- lated by Arthur Hornblow. New York: George H. Richmond inable contrast existing between the delicately philo- & Co. sophical method of the one and the concrete, vivid, RODNEY STONE. By A. Conan Doyle. New York: D. and robust treatment of the other. Having thus Appleton & Co. sought to remove a prejudice that might deprive THE CITY OF REFUGE. A Novel. By Sir Walter Besant. New York: F. A. Stokes Co. “Quo Vadis” of some of the readers it ought to LIMITATIONS. A Novel. By E. F. Benson. New York: have, we do not hesitate to declare this work one of Harper & Brothers. the greatest historical novels ever written. THE WHEELS OF CHANCE. A Bicycling Idyll. By H. G. romance of the world of classical antiquity its posi- Wells. New York: The Macmillan Co. tion is almost unique. In seeking for works with THE FINAL WAR. By Louis Tracy. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. which to compare it, we naturally bring to mind A CROWN OF STRAW. By Allen Upward. New York: two classes of books, the one represented by “ Hy- Dodd, Mead & Co. patia” and “The Last Days of Pompeii,” the other AN UNCROWNED KING. A Romance of High Politics. by such products of the German school as the class- By Sydney C. Grier. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. ical novels of Herren Ebers, Hamerling, and Dahn. THE HEART OF PRINCESS OSRA. By Anthony Hope. New York: F. A. Stokes Co. Now, the books of the former class, fascinating as AMYAS EGERTON, CAVALIER. By Maurice H. Hervey. they are, suffer from their lack of historical insight New York: Harper & Brothers. and their burden of rhetoric; while the books of the MISTRESS SPITFIRE. By J. S. Fletcher. Chicago : A. C. latter class, although written from fulness of knowl- McClurg & Co. edge, are so devoid of dramatic and literary inspira- THE OTHER HOUSE. By Henry James. New York: The tion, so mechanical in their structure and action, Macmillan Co. TAQUISARA. By F. Marion Crawford. that they are not easily readable at their best, and Two volumes. New York: The Macmillan Co. at their worst, are appalling examples of everything A MATTER OF TEMPERAMENT (Janus ). By Edward that works of fiction should not be. It is the dis- Irenæus Stevenson. New York: American Publishers Cor- tinction of "Quo Vadis” to embody the best qual- poration. ities of both these classes of novels, and to be rela- A TAME SURRENDER. A Story of the Chicago Strike. By tively free from their defects. The author has so Captain Charles King, U.S.A. Philadelphia : J. B. Lippin- cott Co. worked himself into the life of the Neronian period THE METROPOLITANS. By Jeanie Drake. New York: that he can make us see it from the inside ; his The Century Co. knowledge of Roman history and literature is so "GOLD.” A Dutch-Indian Story. By Annie Linden, New ample and so thoroughly assimilated that he is York: The Century Co. able to invest this romance of antiquity with the BARKER'S LUCK AND OTHER STORIES. By Bret Harte. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. same semblance of reality that he has thrown about THE MAKER OF Moons. By Robert W. Chambers. New his magnificent trilogy of the epic age of Polish York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. national history. The historical figures of Nero, of STORIES OF A SANCTIFIED Town. By Lucy S. Furman. Petronius (who is in many ways the leading char- New York : The Century Co. acter, and whose presentation is a masterpiece of A MOUNTAIN WOMAN. By Elia W. Peattie. Chicago: Way & Williams. delineative art), of Peter, and of Paul of Tarsus, THE LUCKY NUMBER. By I. K. Friedman. Chicago : are drawn with force and insight; the fictitious Way & Williams. figures of the lovers — the patrician Vinicius and THE REAL ISSUE. By William Allen White. Chicago: the Christian maiden Lygia — are creations of gen- Way & Williams. uine vitality; while the descriptions of Roman feasts : 20 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL 6 and Christian assemblies, of the Great Fire and the tious in scope, did not exhibit a corresponding ghastly spectacle of the arena, are rich in coloring, increase in power, and we have come reluctantly to and presented with a realism that even M. Zola admit that his method, his observation, and his anal- could not easily have surpassed. In a word, the ysis remain very much what they were at the out- interest of the book, whether historical, descriptive, set of his career. The method is rigid, the observa- or imaginative, is absorbing, and does not flag from tion has gained in quantity but not in quality, the first to last. That anyone should have written such analysis exhibits no new subtleties of development. a book would be remarkable; that it should have These impressions are, we think, all borne out by come from the author of the Polish trilogy and “A Tragic Idyl,” M. Bourget's newest novel, and “ Children of the Soil,” and in such prompt succes- we realize besides how narrow and how hopelessly sion, is one of the most astonishing facts in recent artificial is the world in which his creations move. literary history. The types of character that provide the action of A new novel by M. Cherbuliez is always some- this story are uninteresting in themselves, and they thing of an event, and we are glad that “ Après have been given us with wearisome iteration by Fortune Faite" has found early translation. The dozens of novelists before. It seems to us that M. story is of an old Provençal, who has made an im- Bourget always plays upon the surface of life, mense fortune in America (of course) returning to attracted by its mere glitter, and that his attempts end his days in his native land. He builds a superb to plumb the depths are pretences so obvious as to villa, and surrounds himself with all the nephews, be sure of detection. But he has style, and style neices, and other relatives that he can find. They will cover a multitude of sins. His style suffers, of prove to be a calculating and rapacious lot - with course, at the hands of translators, but has in the one notable exception — and their attentions to the present instance escaped with less harm than usual. multimillionaire are so evidently interested that he In style, also, must be sought whatever salvation feels no compunctions of conscience about playing there may be for the most conspicuous among the with their expectations much as a cat plays with a young Italian writers of the present day, for Signor captive mouse. Although these parasites have a d'Annunzio's novels have no other redeeming fea- common greed, they are otherwise admirably differ- ture. And since style is untranslatable we may say entiated, for M. Cherbuliez is a past master in the parenthetically that there is no excuse for putting art of characterization, although he never maintains his books before English readers. They deal with for any length of time the creative level. His fig- matters that are unpleasant to contemplate, and the ures are all drawn from models, and the technique quality of reticence is absolutely unknown to them. is almost perfect, but we rarely are conscious of the “ The Triumph of Death,” for example, just pub- idealizing touch of genius. It must be admitted lished in translation, is a book at once morbid and that, despite all its merits, “ With Fortune Made ” loathsome. It is not a presentation of life, but of is an inferior production as measured by the author's the corruption that attends upon life, and seeks to own standard. Compared with the masterpiece make it impossible. The essential rottenness of the that came immediately before it, “Le Secret du book condemns it, in spite of a certain brutal force Precepteur,” it shows a falling off in power. Still, and of two or three episodes that recall, in their it is a book to be grateful for in these days when treatment, the industrious cumulative methods of French fiction is so given over to realism, and eroti- M. Zola, who is clearly the author's model. cism, and psychological analysis. It is a story in Some months ago, an editorial article in “ The the old straightforward sense, and a story told with Nation" pictured in impressive terms the fate of the skill of one of the most accomplished novelists the too-popular novelist. The benumbing effects of that France has ever produced. M. Cherbuliez is a premature success upon the development of bud- very far from attaining the stature of a Balzac, for ding talent were set forth, and the several stages of example, yet the predominant thought of his read- the process of degradation were indicated. The ers, when they have gone through the whole series lowest depths were reached when it became the of his novels, is the wish that they might have them writer's fate to be " syndicated” and invited to con- to read over again, so great and varied and cheer- tribute to “ The Ladies' Home Journal.” This ful has been the entertainment provided. Whereas homily pointed the moral of many recent literary we may finish our perusal of the works of some far careers, and we cannot help calling it to mind after greater man with a sense of relief that the thing is reading the latest novel by Dr. Conan Doyle. We done once for all, and without the slightest desire are not sure that Dr. Doyle has written for the Bok to repeat the experience, albeit we are conscious capharnaüm, but there is no doubt that he has that we have gained a new and permanent mental otherwise realized the conditions set forth by the possession. moralist of “ The Nation” and become a man so M. Paul Bourget does not fulfil the promise of “syndicated ” that there is small hope of his recov- his earlier writings. Equipped with a fruitful ery by literature. “ Rodney Stone,” his latest novel, method, a remarkable fund of observation, and an is a book which gets along without the motive of unusual gift for delicate analysis, his first successful love by seeking for an adequate motive in the prize books seemed to indicate that he might “ go far." ring. Prize-fighting is the central theme, and most But the books that followed, although more ambi- of the characters are either sluggers or their friends a 66 1897.] 21 THE DIAL a а a come. and associates. Mr. George Meredith, it will be gles have their humorous aspect, as those who have remembered, made a prize-fight a conspicuous epi- passed through them know, – and Mr. Wells has a sode in “ The Amazing Marriage,” and even his peculiar gift for the expression of this sort of humor. admirers found it hard to forgive him for the amaz- His draper's assistant is not a hero of the romantic ing breach of good taste. For the present writer, type, and it is something of an artistic triumph to the extenuation of genius is hardly to be urged, and have enlisted our sympathies so successfully in his there is little to relieve the general condemnation behalf as the author has done. Even the heroine, that should fall to his glorification of the brute. albeit she wears bloomers (called “rationals" in the The acceptable things about the book are its care- British dialect), and is a girl who wishes to live Her ful study of a typical English dandy of the begin- Own Life, turns out a winsome enough creature, ning of the present century, and its clever pastiche and the risky situations offered by her escapade of anecdote and reminiscence whereby something of are handled with a delicacy which leaves no room the social atmosphere of the Napoleonic period is re- for offence. The book makes unusually pleasant produced. For its occasional touches of a nobler reading, and evinces a considerable literary talent. national ideal than that of the pugilist the book shall Its distinguishing features are its humor, its uncon- not be dismissed without a word of qualified praise, ventionality, its scientific tinge, and its mildly satir- but it is altogether unworthy of the pen that gave ical flavor. us “The White Company” and “Micah Clarke.” The romance of imaginary history is a literary Sir Walter Besant's new novel deals with one of form that seems to find increasing favor. Mr. Louis the socialist communities of the State of New York. Tracy has made a very readable book out of his idea There are some indications that the author had in of “The Final War” which is to inaugurate the mind the community established by Thomas Lake era of world-wide peace and the rational arbitra- Harris, and made almost famous by its capture of ment of international differences. The war which Laurence Oliphant, while in other respects we are he has imagined breaks out in the spring of 1898, reminded of the indigenous community of the and its battlefields are scattered over a large part Shakers, recently seized upon for purposes of fiction of the earth. France and Germany conspire for by Mr. Howells. Be this as it may, “ The City of the overthrow of England and make a sudden attack Refuge” is an ingeniously-planned and well-told upon her. Presently Russia joins in the unholy story, with much romantic interest and a happy out- alliance, and England is made to fight single-handed It is a very characteristic production, and against the three greatest of European powers until displays the author's mannerisms — his confidential the United States throws its weight into the balance tone, his expansiveness, and his curious trick of and makes the conditions more nearly even. The de- ringing verbal changes upon an idea — in every scent upon England is repulsed, and France and Ger- chapter. many in their turn take the defensive. The English In reading “Limitations,” we are never for long occupy Havre and Stralsund, threatening Paris and allowed to forget that the author is also the author Berlin. They also blow up the Suez Canal and hold of “ Dodo.” Mr. Benson did not exactly introduce the Straits of Gibraltar, thus making of the Med- into our fiction the Dodo-trick of strained smart- iterranean a lake within which a large part of the ness, of overwrought epigram, and of preternat- French fleet is confined. Russia is defeated at sea by urally brilliant dialogue, but he made more use of an American fleet under Captain Mahan, and suffers it than most writers have done, and it gave his disaster on the Indian frontier. Finally, the Saxon first book a distinctive cachet. “ Limitations” opens race triumphs everywhere, and forces a general in a way strongly suggestive of Dodo,”—although European disarmament. There is so much tighting in this case the forced cleverness is attributed to a in the book that it grows tedious after a while, but and one grows impatient after several chap- the author achieves a certain emotional effect, and ters have done almost nothing to develope the story. readers who believe that the future of civilization A story appears in time, however, and proves read is bound up in the destinies of the Saxon will not able enough, although its every element is of the escape an occasional thrill, in spite of the author's most hackneyed sort. There is some fairly good somewhat vainglorious manner, the unreality of his shop-talk about art, some attractive description of characterizations, and the inelegance, or worse, of Greek and English landscape, and some religious his English. moralizing on the part of the hero that seems rather Mr. Allen Upward's new romance of imaginary alien to his character and to the spirit of the work. history is woven about the career of the late King Mr. H. G. Wells, the ingenious author of "The of Bavaria — builder of castles and Mæcenas of the Time Machine” and “ The Island of Dr. Moreau," arts. The author begs us not to carry the com- has turned the bicycle to literary uses in his story, parison too far, and we cheerfully admit that his “ The Wheels of Chance.” He is sure of a public, sketches of the brilliant monarch and his great for the book appears at the psychological moment, composer-friend are made with a free hand. Mr. and the thousands of riders who have recently con- Upward's theme is that of the king eager to work quered the “wheel” will take retrospective delight for the good of his subjects, but so hedged about by in comparing their own recent struggles with those ministers and prejudices and observances as to be of the hero of this “ bicycling idyll.” These strug- | unable to accomplish anything. This book, as well man - > 22 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL 66 а. a - as the “Majesty" of Heer Couperus and other and that is all. Two such books of the regulation books of the class, derives very distinctly from Herr type are before us, “ Amyas Egerton, Cavalier," by Björnson's “ Kongen,” which set forth once for all Mr. M. H. Hervey, and “ Mistress Spitfire,” by the whole tragedy of the situation here involved. Mr. J.S. Fletcher. The former has the Carisbrooke Mr. Upward's story gives but a feeble reflection of chapter in the royal tragedy for its chief feature ; the power of its famous prototype. the latter does not bring into particular prominence The “higher politics” of the Balkan Peninsula any important historical episode of the war, but is has furnished Mr. Sydney C. Grier with a theme essentially private in its interest. In the latter, also, for one of the best romances of imaginary history the hero is for once a Cromwellian, although the that it has been our good fortune to read of recent haughty damsel whom he woos is an ardent royalist. years. “ An Uncrowned King" is not a roman à “ Mistress Spitfire ” is a very attractive book me- clef in any strict sense, but it has admirably seized chanically, for it bears the imprint of the Messrs. the spirit of the political situation in Southeastern Dent, and all book-lovers know what that means. Europe, of the uncertain aims of the struggling Bal- “ The Other House” is the most readable book kan nationalities, of Russian intrigue and nominal that Mr. James has produced for some years - Turkish suzerainty. An English nobleman is the result following from the exigencies of its purpose hero of the story. He is offered a crown and accepts rather than from any deliberate eschewing of his it, but his coronation is delayed by an inopportune inconclusive aims and methods. The obvious thing conflagration which destroys the sacred edifice in about the book is its dramatic structure. It is a play which alone the Kings of Thracia may legally be in three acts ; the speakers are always conscious of crowned. Meanwhile Scythian (that is, Russian) plots being on the stage, and the reader is always con- are hatched all about the still vacant throne, the scious that the connective tissue of the story — the pretender governs for a while without reigning, and passages of description and analysis — have for their is finally swept away by a revolution. He proves to sole purpose the production of those impressions be a more opinionated ruler than was suspected by that the playgoer gets through the medium of eye- the astute politician who is responsible for his brief sight. In other words, what we see as stage-setting term of authority, and cares more for one Thracian and play of feature has somehow to be described in maiden than for all the vain shows of royalty. He the book, and is described so skilfully as to keep the gets the maiden in the end, and loses the throne scene in all its details ever before the mental vision. without a pang. The whole story is capitally put In this aspect, the thing is so well done that adverse together, and is more than readable from beginning criticism is hardly possible. criticism is bardly possible. But the action of the to end. story is not altogether natural, and the tragic climax Mr. Anthony Hope's new novel takes us to his finds us inadequately prepared. We realize from an own imaginary Kingdom of Zenda, and tells of the early moment that the heroine is an emotional crea- romantic adventures of the Princess Osra, a young ture, and we may guess at the depths of passion that woman so beautiful that her career was one long lie beneath the surface of her nature, but for all that series of devastations. No one could behold her, it we are hardly prepared to find her guilty of 80 seems, without becoming hopelessly enamored of her diabolical a thing as the deliberate murder of the charms, and she took a most wicked delight in break- child of the man whom she loves. This is the artistic ing the hearts of her admirers, sending them one flaw in the plot, transforming into crude melodrama after another to various kinds of deaths. Luckily, what starts out to be a successful comedy of man- her own heart was made captive in the end, by an ingenius stratagem, and the story ends. This is Another two-volume novel by Mr. Marion Craw- fortunate, for it grows a bit tiresome, in spite of the ford attests the continued fertility of invention of author's many inventions, and the winsome quality that facile writer. It is the sort of story in which of some of his ultra-romantic episodes. Mr. Crawford is always at his best, dealing, as it The number of historical romances produced of does, with Italian life and character. The narrative late, dealing with the English Civil War, is quite meanders smoothly along, with festina lente for its extraordinary, and, with now and then an excep- motto, and reaches an end when the hero has come tion, they are as alike as the peas in a pod. There to play a sufficiently important rôle to justify the is always a young hero who girds on his sword at use of his name for a title. We suspect that this the outbreak of hostilities, and there is always a novel is but the beginning of a series, and that we high-spirited maiden who treats him with more or shall renew our acquaintance with Taquisara in the less scorn at the outset to yield herself the more near future. We certainly hope to have this plea- unreservedly in the sequel. The hero is usually a sure, for his character is both strong and interesting, cavalier who contrives to save his neck after the and capable of a development that the author has overthrow of the royal cause. His adventures are not seen fit to give it within the limits of the present always surprising, and include some act of personal work. devotion to the King and some sort of an interview In "A Matter of Temperament,” Mr. E. Irenæus with Cromwell. When we read these novels, we think Stevenson has given us a musical novel which is at of “Woodstock," and try not to make “odorous” the same time the presentation of a thesis. The comparisons. They are, as a rule, mildly exciting, book seeks to illustrate “the moral unstability of ners. 9 1897.] 23 THE DIAL > а. the artistic temperament” and to suggest the pos- not very skilfully, and the Greenland chapters fol- sible influence of music upon character. The result low as a consequence. The story is pleasantly told, is a story interesting and even powerful, but a story and has the merit of a reasonably happy outcome. which leaves the problem concerned very much as The Dutch-Indian story of “Gold" is almost the author found it. For our part, we fully agree totally destitute of constructive art, and presents its with Mr. Stevenson in ascribing an ethical influence leading characters in an outline so blurred that they to music (as to all other fine art), and are thus pre- never seem real to us. There are some passages of disposed to accept whatever argument he has to offer. pretty sentiment about the tale, and something of But to prove this point something more is needed the confidential sort of moralizing that is charac- than the embodiment of moral weakness in one or teristic of another writer of Dutch stories, “Maar- two characters who happen to be musicians. We ten Maartens.” The scene is laid for the most part miss the working out of cause and effect that ought in the Dutch Indies, and there is no lack of local to accompany such an effort as this, and we are by color. The story of the quest for gold in the mys- no means sure that the moral degradation of the terious kingdom of Moa is too confused to be satis- hero would have been any less certain had he been factory, and its use to point a moral is so evident a rank Philistine. The temperament of which this that we cannot enjoy it as a narrative of pure ad- novel is chiefly a study seems to be a matter of venture. essential character rather than a development in The collections of short stories that have appeared any way traceable to (although possibly accentuated during the past few weeks are so numerous that it by) the profession of its possessor. We are thus ) is impossible even to mention, much less do justice thrown back upon a consideration of the book as a to them. Among the half-dozen to which our space mere piece of fiction, and in this aspect it proves to permits a few words to be given, Mr. Bret Harte's be a satisfactory piece of workmanship -- a story volume must of course take precedence. In this vol- honestly conceived, held firmly in hand, and carried ume there are eight stories of very unequal value, out without any affectation. all but one dealing with the life of the mining-camp “A Tame Surrender" is the title of Captain or the Spanish-American civilization of California. Charles King's latest novel. It is a story of the No one, as long as Mr. Harte is spared us, will have Chicago riots of 1894, and is made at the same time the hardihood to assert that the good stories are all a quasi-military novel by the introduction of the told. He has a veritable cornucopia of them, and Federal troops for the suppression of the disorder, these latest offerings are almost as fresh as were the and by the fact that the hero is an army officer. first-fruits of his inexbaustible fancy. And the We are probably as yet too near to the exciting amazing thing about it all is the fact that the author episodes of the summer of 1894 to view them in bas for a quarter of a century seen little or nothing their proper perspective, and we think that Captain of the men and scenes that he depicts for us in so King has somewhat distorted the facts for the sake vivid a fashion. of literary effect. He also allows a little too much Long experience has taught us about what to ex- argument and discussion to creep into his story, and pect from a volume by Mr. Harte, but Mr. Cham- makes his irritation at the unfairness and brutality bers, the next author upon the list, has so agile an of Chicago journalism rather too much of a personal imagination that whatever a new book of his may matter. But the story-telling instinct keeps him turn out to be, it is not likely to resemble its pred- from going very far afield, and he succeeds in sus- “ The Maker of Moons" is a tale of mys- taining a marked degree of interest, although we are tery in a manner quite the author's own; while the never permitted to penetrate very far into the per- six other tales that go with it, although they do not sonality of his characters. deal with the frankly impossible, are more or less The amateurish quality is quite evident in “ The fantastic in conception, and depend upon the unex- Metropolitans,” and is not altogether ungrateful, pected for their charm. There is little finish about for this quality usually connotes freshness if not these stories, but a good deal of animation. finish. The scene is divided between New York and Miss Furman's “Stories of a Sanctified Town” Greenland, and the Arctic passages have all the de- are character sketches, to the number of a full dozen, lightful irresponsibility of a writer who has read from a small Kentucky community that has recently up” two or three popular books of travel and fan- experienced the throes of a religious revival. They cies that he knows all about the regions described. are written in a form of speech that is colloquial The metropolitan scenes are drawn from life (as rather than dialectal, and offer no difficulties to the tempered by a young woman's romantic fancy), and reader. Their humor is quiet and genuine, enter- arouse more interest than the story of the Arctic taining enough for a time, but becoming monoto- exploring party. As for the Hungarian dancer, who nous in the end. follows the hero to Greenland, she is a pretty and There is no lack of variety in a sheaf of eight pathetic, but bardly a possible figure. The exigen- stories collectively entitled “A Mountain Woman, cies of the plot make it necessary that she should the work of Mrs. Elia W. Peattie. We are success- die before the party returns, and the writer does ively introduced to a series of typical figures, and not hesitate about the sacrifice. The old device of each of them is portrayed with an amount of sym- the letter that never came is pressed into service, pathetic insight that may fairly be called remark- ecessors. a a > 24 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL illustrated Flora - able. Among the figures in this gallery that make the deepest impression are those of the superb crea- BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS, ture who dominates the titular story, of Jim Lancy One often hears that some new book and his wife, who met their Waterloo on a mort- The first complete gaged Nebraska farm, and gave up the unequal supplies a long-felt want, and the of the United States. phrase has grown so commonplace struggle for subsistence after heroic efforts to get that we hesitate to use it. But we cannot escape the better of fate, of a released convict who finds from using it in the case of a volume now before us, the woman of his love waiting for him after twenty so literal is the application, and so deeply-felt has dreary years of imprisonment, of the devoted ser- been the want. The volume in question is the first vant of God, Father de Smet, of a miner who has of three to which the completed work will extend, “ made his pile” in fifteen years "up the gulch," and the title is as follows: “An Illustrated Flora of and has kept his soul alive during the process, and the Northern United States, Canada, and the Brit- of “ a lady of yesterday ” whose story, or what little ish Possessions” (Scribner). The authors are Judge of it is told us, remains a tender and fragrant rec- Addison Brown and Professor Nathaniel Lord Brit- ollection. These stories are carefully finished work, ton, and the preparation has taken about six years. and possess the quality of poetic pathos in quite The entire work is ready for the press, and the sec- unusual degree. In the distinction of their manner, ond and third volumes may be expected without as well as in their choice of scene, they suggest the work of Mrs. Mary Hallock Foote, and do not suf- delay. This is the first complete illustrated“ Flora fer in the comparison. published in the United States. It includes all species, from the ferns upward, growing wild in “The Lucky Number” is a volume of slum stories. the area which includes the continent from the This is not a very thrilling announcement, for slum Atlantic to the 1020 Meridian, and from the par- stories are usually vox (in the form of illiterate dia- logue) et præterea nihil. But Mr. Friedman, allel of the southern boundary of Virginia and Ken- tucky to the northern limits of Labrador and Man- although he is bound to make some use of the itoba. The number of species described and figured speech of the gutter and the dive, does not make is over four thousand, scarcely one thousand of that jargon the raison d'être of his book, and shows which have ever been figured before. The illustra- in many passages that he can command good liter- tions are simple cuts, reduced in scale as little as ary English. His stories are mostly very brief, and , one or two of them are too painful for legitimate possible, and including all essential features, with fiction, but the better ones are vital in their concep- tion, and all are carefully elaborated. No beginner page is the rule, except where the space is partly need be ashamed of “A Fair Exchange taken up by analytical keys and descriptions of “ Aaron Pivansky's Picture,” the longest as well as groups. We have examined rather closely the fig- the best stories in the collection. The sketches are ures given for a hundred or more species particu- realistic, but in a good sense, for they have a back-larly familiar to us, and have only admiration for the success with which the typical characteristics ground of the culture that comes from good read- ing and careful reflection. have been reproduced. The classification used fol- lows the best modern authorities, adopting for the Another volume of very short stories comes to us from Mr. William Allen White, a Kansas jour. The systematic order of groups is strictly in accord- most part the arrangement of Engler and Prantl. nalist. They are truthful studies of Kansas life, with occasional touches of humor and a heavy bur- ance with the principles of evolution, and students familiar with the older books, such as Gray's "Man- den of pathos. The general effect is almost as sombre as that produced by Mr. Howe's “Story of ual,” will rub their eyes at the rearrangements made a Country Town” published some years ago, and necessary by the investigations of recent years. In in these tales of a drought-stricken region we find it consequence of this plan, the present volume begins with the ferns and their allies, then takes difficult to recognize the “God's own country” of the up gym- which Mr. R. M. Field has written so charmingly. nosperms, the monocotyledonous angiosperms, and the "first families” of the dicotyledones. The Com- But, as Mr. White reminds us, “ Kansas is divided into three parts, differing as widely, each from the positæ, as representing the most highly developed other, as any three countries in the same latitude on form of floral structure, will not appear until the the globe.” The sketches in this book are mainly ough revision has been made, following the rule of close of the third volume. In nomenclature, a thor- of Western Kansas, “the only place where there is any suffering from drought or crop failures, a new priority. This restores a good many old names, and country-old only in a pluck which is slowly conquer- clears away a great number of ill-considered later English common names are given as far as ing the desert.” WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE. possible, although the majority of these are any- thing but common in the sense of being generally A SECOND edition of “Karma,” by Dr. Paul Carus, familiar. We are much inclined to doubt the de- has been issued by the Open Court Publishing Co. This sirability of inserting such English names as “river- book is a tale of early Buddhism, and the present edition bank willow” (for Salix fluviatilis), which are noth- is manufactured in Japan. ing more than translations of the Latin names. Y and 66 ones. 1897.] 25 THE DIAL > An excellent 9 Names of this sort are almost never found in gen- Mrs. Ady's eloquent and matterful volume may find eral use. In the matter of capitalization, the authors the favor it deserves. It is enriched by nine well- have been, we think, well-advised in using capitals executed photogravures, comprising a portrait of for "specific or varietal names derived from persons Millet and eight of his principal works : " Le Sem- and places, or used as the genitive of generic names eur," “ Les Glaneuses" ("The Angelus "), “La , or as substantives.” This is the ordinary literary Nuée de Corbeaux,” “La Jeune Bergère," " La asage, and the arguments for it are much stronger Sortie,” “ Le Retour,” and “ Les Lavandières.' than those against it. We have now summarized The plates well represent the bent of the painter's the leading features of this important work, and genius. little more remains to be said. The work is 80 well The useful “ Cambridge Historical done that it seems almost beyond criticism, except short history Series ” (Macmillan) takes another in matters too minute for consideration here. Every of Ireland. step towards completion with Justice student of plant-life, and particularly every teacher William O'Connor Morris's “ Ireland: 1494–1868.” of botany, will find it simply indispensable. We cannot commend too highly the spirit in which The life of the painter Millet was this book is written. It is no easy task for an Irish- Life and lelters of Jean F. Mület. man writing the history of Ireland to assume a tone written years ago, or partly written, by his friend Alfred Sensier; but the other than that of an impassioned advocate plead- book has long been out of print, and is chiefly known ing her cause at the bar of nations. This pitfall to English readers through the abridged translation Justice Morris has avoided; and the fact will es- which appeared in “Scribner's Magazine,” and was pecially commend his book to the American public reprinted later by the Macmillan Co. Since M. now grown pardonably impatient of an appeal that Sensier wrote, a vast amount of information as to for obvious reasons has unhappily come to ring not Millet has come to light, called forth mainly by his altogether true in its ears. The wail of the Hiber- prodigious if belated vogue as a painter, and con- nian patriot (once a magical “Open Sesame” to sisting largely of the personal recollections of those American hearts and purses) has lost much of its who know him in life. A new biography has thus pristine pathos and potenay in this land - thanks become indispensable; and the task of writing it has to a class of peculiarly obnoxious adventurers who happily fallen into the diligent and sympathetic have long notoriously sounded it solely with a view hands of Mrs. Henry Ady (“ Julia Cartwright"), to their own personal use and emolument. Justice whose“ Jean François Millet, his Life and Letters" Morris's book is, what it should be, a dispassionate is just issued in rather sumptuous form by the yet earnest and rationally patriotic recital of the Macmillan Co. Millet's life-story is a pathetic one leading events of the internal history of Ireland enough the too common one of great gifts unap- during the period treated. Irish history is not de- preciated, of masterpieces frowned down by acad. void of dramatic passages and picturesque incidents emic prejudice and pedantry, of pearls cast before that would have inspired the pen of a Froissart; the unregarding multitude, of inspired works, des- but it is not this side of it that is of most interest to tined in time to fetch their thousands and adorn the the modern reader, who seeks history mainly as a walls of national galleries, hawked about for a pit- key to existing conditions and issues ; nor is this tance in order that the painter's little ones might the side of it upon which our author chiefly dwells. have a mouthful of bread. Truly Millet belongs to To tell the story of the growth of the Irish people, to unfold the circumstances under which it has ex- last a tardy triumph — saw fickle Paris crowding to isted through many centuries and become what it is view his once-despised canvases, and heard the to-day, is his aim. We are acquainted with no other chorus of praise raised by critics who had long de- book of the scope and compass of Justice Morris's nounced him as a charlatan, as a vulgar painter of little manual which tells Ireland's pathetic and boors, of cretins, of savages, even as a demagogue of instructive story half so well, either in point of style the most dangerous type. Honor followed honor; or of matter ; and the book forms a striking exam- and when the “great peasant " was dead, a statue of ple of the merits of the useful series to which it him was raised on the market-place at Cherburg, belongs. The Appendix contains a serviceable list where he may now be seen, graved in imperishable of authorities, and there is a good folding-map of Ireland. bronze, gazing out over the seas and the coast he loved 80 well. 6 So the cripple Justice," wrote M. André We think it a difficulty in Mr. Bran- Michel,“ hobbling along on her crutches, arrives at der Matthews's new volume of essays last, and with a mournful smile lays he Aspects of Fiction, and Other Ven. the brows of the dead.” Millet's personality was tures in Criticism” (Harper), that he is not serious one of rare charm, and though a peasant by birth enough. A man who was serious would not (so far and early education, he was a man of culture. His as we can judge) think that Zola, Coppée, Halévy, letters are full of pregnant sentences, and indicate and Charles Dudley Warner are aspects of fiction, the literary instinct, the broad and generous view of even when introduced and ended up by matters which life, and a poetic imagination of high order. His life might more properly be so called. Nor does it seem a . is worth reading, and worth pondering; and we trust to us serious for a man of Mr. Matthews's position the “great company of sorrow." Yet he tasted at : a Collected essayettes. crown on 66 26 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL > > 9 to offer to the world “ ventures in criticism.” If he doubt at all that Mr. Thimm's is by far the best one merely ventures, who is going to take hold boldly and obtainable. Mr. Thimm is not without predeces- confidently and really do the thing? There are, of sors in his somewhat curious line of research,—such course, different kinds of seriousness, and the greater men as Pallavicini in the seventeenth century, Kahn number of them are very dull. We would not have in the eighteenth, Roux and Possellier in the earlier Mr. Matthews suddenly become dall. But one may part of the present one, having published bibliog- have a serious purpose and yet be entertaining raphies of works touching the swordsman's art; but This book of essays is certainly entertaining ; judged these books contained at best but snippets of infor- as we judge magazine articles (from which the book mation on a very wide subject. Mr. Thimm's im- is mainly made up) it is excellent, — entertaining, mediate predecessor is M. Vigeant, the Parisian well-put, sound, and what not else that it should be. maître d'armes and littérateur, author of an ele- But it says little that remains by one. It is made gant little book entitled “La Bibliographie de l'Es- up of passing thoughts rather than lasting ideas. In crime, Ancienne et Moderne.” M. Vigeant's is a other words, Mr. Matthews has not, on the whole, trustworthy account of French works, but it cannot set himself to thinking about anything that is worth compete with that of Mr. Thimm in point of gen- thinking about for any length of time, and so his eral completeness. The latter bibliography is in- . book is no more than a contribution to the maga- tended as a work of reference for all interested in zine literature so common nowadays. It is so easy fencing and duelling, bayonet exercise, etc., the , now to write something, to get it printed, and author having accepted the definition that the sub- (strangely enough) to get people to read it, that the ject of fence embraces “ all works relating to the art temptation to do what is not worth doing is very of offence and defence with all weapons held in the strong. Of these thirteen essays, several are worthy hands”—that is, of all non-ballistic or non-projectile a longer life than they have already had, but not a weapons, from foil to bayonet, and from dagger to life much longer. There are some books a man of battle-axe. The volume also enumerates all books culture is foolish not to read. Essays in Criti- and manuscripts relating to duelling, together with cism” is one of them; or, if we want something newspaper and magazine articles in point that have nearer home, let us say “Among my Books.” They fallen under the author's observation. The volume make some addition to our mental furniture. They is of considerable pictorial and quasi-pictorial inter- remain with us or continually return to us. But one est, as it contains facsimile reproductions of rare might read Mr. Matthews's book with great pleas-title-pages, frontispieces, portraits of certain leading ure, and a week afterwards search his mind for some- experts and masters ancient and modern, etc. There thing therefrom resulting, and find but little. Now is also a well-executed portrait of the compiler. we should like to have someone in this country write a really fine volume of essays, a volume that would “The Epistolary Flirt” (Way & Some social compel admiration; and we think Mr. Matthews Williams), by Esmerie Amorie, is a phosphorescence. work which will be found amusing, ought to feel it his duty to do so. He knows enough, for he is a professor of literature in one of our great interesting, instructive, melancholy, trivial, revolt- Universities ; and that he is able to express himself, ing (or several other things), according to the per- this volume bears witness. A certain dervish once son who reads it. This is a sadly subjective opinion addressed himself to a red-headed woodpecker, say- to give; but when you consider that the book pre- ing, “ Instead of continually tapping at that tree in sents, in a manner both witty and sufficiently true a way that annoys me, pray tear in pieces this oak to nature, an illustration of that very characteristic feature of American life indicated in the title, you which lies across the path I wish to travel.” But will see reason for it. the woodpecker continued to tap the tree; for he With the subject-matter we not only liked better to do so, but had other reasons. are all familiar, and according as we feel more or less strongly about it, and according as our feeling Mr. Carl A. Thimm's “Complete | for the subject-matter overrides our feeling about of Fencing Bibliography of Fencing and Duel- the book, so will we require one of the above pred- and Duelling. ling, as Practised by all European icates, or some other. Considered objectively, the Nations from the Middle Ages to the Present Day' book may be called, not epoch-making, but, like (John Lane) is an elaborate, handsomely equipped other works of genius, epoch-made. It is a con- work, that betokens much painstaking research on fession d'une enfante du siècle, a book which in The the part of its author. În England the art and In England the art and History of Literature will need no date. It is a practice of fencing, long seemingly moribund, seems curious thing that America, “the paradise of those to have shown of late years unmistakable signs of whom belated nations still call the weaker sex," revival. This revival, bringing with it an interest should also be the country which offers the best in the rather copious and generally unfamiliar liter- specimens of this iridescent social beetle of flirta- ature of the subject, has created a need for a work tion. Whether such shallow pretence and mock like the present one - that is, for a systematic and excitement as is sternly portrayed by the present fairly exhaustive guide or index to that literature. Juvenal is really worse in its effects than the demi- Whether or not such a guide is needed in this coun- virginal state of things which, we are taught to be- try, we do not undertake to say; but we have no lieve, exists in older and more putrescent civiliza- The literature a 1897.] 27 THE DIAL » 66 tions, may be doubtful. Judged by itself, the book in teaching. Any religious instructor who wishes to gives something of the impression of a pretty young catch the ear of eager youth in our busy age would do girl who uses rouge. The inexperienced might doubt well to have this book by his side. the existence of so sad a state of things as is here A collection of “ Modern Political Orations,” edited portrayed, were it not for a ring of sincerity in the by Mr. Leopold Wagner, has been published by Messrs. pages. The author, maybe, is, or has been, like Henry Holt & Co. The examples are all English, and Bellair, who extend from Brougham and Macaulay to Mr. Morley and Mr. Gladstone. We note also the publication of a “By day deplored with Chloe sage The follies of the passing age; second volume of Professor J. A. Woodburn's new edi- By night with Daphne at the ball tion of Johnston's “ American Orations." This volume Proceeded to commit them all." is devoted exclusively to the slavery controversy, and But whether our author writes from experience or extends from Rufus King to Charles Sumner. from observation, we think the book will best be “The Elementary Study of English ” (Harper), by read to the accompaniment of reminiscence. And Dr. W. J. Rolfe, is an excellent little manual of “hints as this sauce can doubtless be furnished by the large designed to accompany and explain the several volumes for teachers " in the lower grades of school work. It is majority of those who buy and read books, we have of selected readings that have from time to time been great confidence in commending the present work edited by Dr. Rolfe. Thoroughly practical and sensible to a large audience. in its suggestions, this small book may be recommended Mrs. Molineux's “ Browning Phrase without qualification. We have had of late a good deal A disappointing of writing about the teaching of the higher English, but Book” (Houghton) is too incomplete elementary work deserves its share of attention, and reference book. to be satisfactory. It scarcely an- such books as this are of the most helpful sort. swers the purpose of a concordance, because it does Two important scientific works for the art-student not undertake to give all the passages in which any are issued by the Macmillan Co. The first is a hand- given word occurs ; it does not serve the uses of the book of human anatomy, by Professor Arthur Thomson, student who wishes to locate notable or familiar lecturer on anatomy in the art training-school at South passages, because the selections seem to have been Kensington, England. It aims to give, in place of the made without reference to their quality ; its value usual systematic anatomy, a treatment of the parts of is limited to readers who happen to use the “ Riv- particular regions as these are related to the moulding erside” or “Cambridge” editions of Browning, of surface forms, with illustrations by anatomical plates owing to its reference by pages to these editions and and by photography. The art student thus gets pre- cisely that form of anatomical knowledge which he no others. Doubtless this last defect is unavoid- most needs, with the practical application of it to bis able, since there exists no text of Browning which work. The second work, “Studies in the Art Anatomy is standard, like the “Globe " Shakespeare; but of Animals,” by Mr. Ernest E. Thompson, is a some- the other matters are less excusable. Why, for ex- what similar treatment of the lower animals, domestic ample, under the word “Pause ” do we get so and wild, including a section on the art-anatomy of slightly significant a line from "The Ring and the birds. The work is in atlas form, with many full-page Book “This recreative pause and breathing- plates. The treatment of hair and fur, from the scien- while," and no mention of Pompilia's famous line tific as well as the artistic point of view, is a noticeable and novel feature. from the same poem (and one so significant of Browning's habit of thought), “No work begun Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons have published the fourth and final volume of Mr. Moncure D. Conway's shall ever pause for death”? This is typical of edition of “ The Writings of Thomas Paine." « The dozens of similar cases ; in fact, after having had Age of Reason," with many illustrative documents, is the book at hand for some time, and after frequent the chief work included in this volume, which also de- applications to it for aid in placing choice quotations, rives peculiar interest from the“ General Introduction" the result has been highly discouraging. It would of the editor, in which he embodies his latest discover- have been better for the publishers to wait longer ies. He says in conclusion: “Here then close my labors in the hope of a better book, and one that would on the history and the writings of the great Commoner spare the reader such frequent exasperation of a of Mankind, founder of the Republic of the World, and vain search. emancipator of the human mind and heart, Thomas Paine.” Mr. Conway is to be congratulated upon his . successful rehabilitation of a great character in our na- tional life, and upon the untiring industry which has re- BRIEFER MENTION. sulted in this noble edition of Paine’s writings. Professor Peabody of Harvard has done a kind act in Messrs. T. Y. Crowell & Co. have reissued their edi. giving to the public his “Mornings in the College tion of “ A History of France,” by Victor Duruy. The Chapel” (Houghton). The addresses are swift arrows translation is an abridgment of the French edition of for the flying moments of a crowded week day, and they 1884, and is made by Mrs. M. Carey. Professor J. F. are well aimed: sententious and epigrammatic, to help Jameson provides an “introductory notice" and a sup- the memory bear away the message; artistic in form, as plementary chapter bringing the history down to the becomes the classic chapel of our venerable university; present year. The work is one of the best of the shorter calm and serene in tone, to “ quiet the fever and pain," histories of France, and in its present two-volume form, and lead to reflection and reverence; solid, manly, and abundantly illustrated, ought to prove acceptable to a wholesome in substance; catholic and sincerely Christian great number of readers. a as " 9) > а 28 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL a 9 " new volume in us The Warwick Library one imported by Among the new features of « The Academy." in its existence of the field for a review of this magnitude, but LITERARY NOTES. an examination of the contents of this critical number With the beginning of this year “ The Open Court" will go far to dispel such a doubt, and to give the becomes a monthly. The numbers will be about four editors cause for congratulation. Literary studies of times as large as formerly, and the price of subscription « Charles Sealsfield ” and Freiligrath, a philological remains unchanged. paper or two, and some good reviews make up the con- “ The Peasantry” (“Les Paysans ") is the latest vol- tents. The articles are written in English and German. ume in the Dent-Macmillan edition of Balzac. The Three years ago Mr. James Rhoades published the translation is by Miss Ellen Marriage, and there is the first half of a new translation of the “ Æneid.” The usual introduction by Mr. Saintsbury. second part of the work, comprising Books VII. to Mr. Edward Freiberger is engaged upon a “ History XII., is now at hand, and the poem is complete. Mr. of the Drama in Chicago” for the Dunlap Society of Rhoades bas produced a good but not a great blank New York, and will be glad to receive play-bills, rem- verse translation of the famous epic — one that reads iniscences, or other materials bearing upon the subject. smoothly, has no little poetic fire, and commands His address is P. O. Box 308, Chicago. respect. Four new volumes in the uniform edition of Mr. One of the handsomest private editions ever produced J. M. Barrie's writings are at hand. They contain “A in this country has just been issued from the University Window in Thrums,” “ An Edinburgh Eleven,” “ The Press of Cambridge -" The Merchant Prince of Corn- Little Minister," and the first half of “Sentimental ville, a Comedy,” by Mr. Samuel Eberly Gross of Tommy.” Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons are the pub- Chicago. The play is one in which an original and lishers. rather interesting type is brought upon the stage in the titular character, and the development of his traits and There have been many editions of Irving's “Alham- eccentricities affords opportunity for some novel and bra," but none prettier, we should say, than that now amusing situations. The work is, in its present form, published by the Macmillan Co., with drawings by Mr. presumably intended as a “reading play” rather than Joseph Pennell, and an introduction by Mrs. Pennell. one for the stage, and is modestly put forward by the The volume is of convenient size for handling, and mod- author as having been written as a diversion from the erate in cost. pursuits of business, and intended for private distribu- “ English Essays,” edited by Mr. J. H. Lobban, is a tion only. Scribner). includes the usual introduction, extend- ing to about sixty pages, and selections running from rejuvenated Bacon to Lamb, and comprising nearly fifty numbers, books for boys. The reviewer pretends to be a boy him- self, and discourses after such fashion as this: “ Harold taken from seventeen writers. the Norseman’ is simply a ripping story about Harold Mr. Arthur Waugh's extremely satisfactory edition of Johnson's “Lives of the Poets” (imported by Scrib- Haardraada, King of Norway, who was bowled out at last by the other Harold at the battle of Stamford ner) is brought to a conclusion with the sixth volume, Bridge with Tostig, who was a bit of a bounder. The just published. There is a very full index. The merits story is just as good as history because the writer has of this edition are found in its unobtrusive notes, its taken it from the old poet Johnnies [Our esteemed series of portraits, and the convenient size of its volumes. correspondent means, we have reason to believe, that “ The Pilgrim's Progress,” printed on India paper at the author has drawn his material from the old Norse the Oxford Press, and brought thereby into the com- Sagas, and we endorse his encomium. – Ed.] This pass of a diminutive volume about two inches square, is book tells you all about the Vikings, how they lived a marvel of compactness, and a fitting companion to the and hunted and fought; and you feel that it is all real, “Imitation,” published last year in the same form. because the writer has taken it all from the chaps who The booklet is half an inch thick, and contains nearly saw it done. The story of how Harold scored off that nine hundred pages. rotten Emperor at Constantinople is awfully exciting, Volume III. of the “ Old South Leaflets,” comprising but indeed the whole story is good from beginning to twenty-five numbers, has end." rectors of the old South Work. Among the more im- | The appearance in bound form of the fifth volume of portant of these leaflets are “ The Monroe Doctrine," the Land of Sunshine "evidences the substantial prog- “ Hamilton's Report on the Coinage,” and the group ress which this bright magazine is making, and gives us relating to Cromwell, Pym, Vane, Eliot, and other lead. opportunity to repeat our previous commendations of it ers of the movement against the Stuart tyranny. as one of the two best periodicals published on the Pa- The Macmillan Company publish “ The Kings,” ed- cific Coast. San Francisco has in “ The Argonaut" one ited by Mr. R. G. Moulton, in “ The Modern Reader's of the strongest and most interesting weekly papers in Bible," and two volumes of a new and pretty series of the United States; and Los Angeles, the metropolis of “ Temple Classics.” Southey’s “ Nelson” and Words- | Southern California, has in the « Land of Sunshine” worth’s “ Prelude " are the two classics chosen to begin magazine wholly unlike any other published anywhere, this series, and Mr. Israel Gollancz is the editor, as he charming in appearance and entertaining in contents, was of the “ Temple” Shakespeare so recently completed. which affords one of the best evidences of the growth of " Americana-Germanica” is the title of a new quar- enterprise and culture the place has been able to pre- terly review which comes from the University of Penn- sent. The editor, Mr. Charles F. Lummis, is an au- sylvania, and is edited by Professor M. D. Learned, with thority on the life and antiquities of the Southwest, and the collaboration of many well-known Germanic scholars. his graphic articles are an important feature of the Its scope comprises the literary, linguistic, and cultural magazine; while his editorial notes, though a little free relations of Germany and America, as well as Germanic and breezy, have a tone and manner that renders them studies in general. At first thought, one may doubt the unlikely to be overlooked by the most casual reader. a 7 1897.] 29 THE DIAL Over all the magazine the local color" is laid rather thick, - but who that knows and loves Southern Cali- fornia can get too much of its color and its sunshine ? LIST OF NEW BOOKS. [The following list, containing 125 titles, includes books received by THE DIAL since its last issue.] 9 THE BOOK-WORM. To heroes who on battle-fields win fame We do not grudge the lordly lion's name; Those who, insensible to others' cares, Are always rough and surly, we call bears ; And those who learn no lesson from what passes The ever dull and stupid, we call asses. All claim to be a lion I resign, And shun all bearish traits and asinine; Nature has cast me for another part, And I embrace my lot with all my heart; To satisfy an ever-craving need, All day upon the leaves of books I feed, And then by night I find a resting-place In what by day appeared of books a case; Thus day and night I think my title firm To be that busy idler. a book-worm. C. W. PEARSON. BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS. John Wellborn Root: A Study of his Life and Work. By Harriet Monroe. Illus., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 291. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $6. The Recollections of Alexis de Tocqueville. Edited by the Comte de Tocqueville ; trans. by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos. With portrait, 8vo, giſt top, uncut, pp. 409. Macmillan Co. $4.50. George Washington. By Woodrow Wilson, Illus., 8vo, gilt top, unout, pp. 333. Harper & Bros. $3, Grover Cleveland. By James Lowry Whittle. With por- traits, 12mo, uncut, pp. 240. “Public Men of To-Day.' Frederick Warne & Co. $1.25. In Bohemia with Du Maurier: The First of a Series of Reminiscences. By Felix Moscheles ; with 63 original drawings by G. Du Maurier. 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 146. Harper & Bros. $2.50. Joseph Thomson, African Explorer. By his brother, Rev. J. B. Thomson; with contributions by friends. Illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 358. Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.50. Personal Recollections and Observations. By General Nelson A. Miles. Illus., large 8vo, pp. 591. The Werner Co. (Sold only by subscription.) The Life of Roger Sherman. By Lewis Henry Boutell. With frontispiece, 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 361. A. C. McClurg & Co. $2. Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection. By Edward B. Poulton, M.A. 12mo, pp. 224. Century Science Series.' Macmillan Co. $1.25. Richard Cameron. By John Herkless. 16mo, pp. 152. "Famous Scots." Charles Scribner's Sons. 75 cts. HISTORY. Undercurrents of the Second Empire (Notes and Recol- lections). By Albert D. Vandam. 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 432. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.50. Italy in the Nineteenth century, and the Making of Austro-Hungary and Germany. By Elizabeth Wormeley Latimer. Illus., 12mo, pp. 436. A.C. McClurg & Co. $2.50. The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents. Edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites. Vol. II., Acadia : 1612–1614; illus., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 310. Cleveland : Burrows Bros. Co. $3.50. The Balkans: Roumania, Bulgaria, Servia, and Montenegro. By William Miller, M.A. Illus., 12mo, pp. 476. of the Nations." G. P. Patnam's Sons. $1.50. Last Days of Knickerbocker Life in New York. By Abram C. Dayton. Illustrated edition ; 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 386. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.50. The Story of Canada. By J. G. Bourinot, LL.D. Illus., 12mo, pp. 463. “Story of the Nations." G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50. The Age of the Crusades. By James M. Ludlow, D.D. 12mo, pp. 389. "Ten Epochs of Church History." Chris tian Literature Co. $2. Old South Leaflets. Vol. III., Nos. 51 to 75. 12mo. Bos- ton: Directors of the Old South Work. Causes of the Maryland Revolution of 1689. By Francis Edgar Sparks, A.B. 8vo, pp. 109. " 'Johns Hopkins Uni- versity Studies." Paper, 50 cts. "Story TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS. January, 1897 (First List). Allen, James Lane. Edith B. Brown. Atlantic. Am. Institutions, Dutch Origin of. S. G. Fisher. Lippincott. Atlantic Cable, Making and Laying of an. McClure. Athens, Modern, Public Spirit in. D. Bikélas. Century. Authorship, Composite. S. R. Elliott. Dial. Burns's Poems, Religion of. A. W. Cross. Arena. Child-Study, Contributions to. M. V. O'Shea. Educat'l Rev. Constantinople Massacres, The. Scribner, Department Store, The. Scribner. Emerson Sixty Years after. J.J. Chapman. Atlantic. English Society. George W. Smalley. Harper. Fiction, Recent. William Morton Payne. Dial. Finance and Currency. Herman Haupt. Arena. Finance, Public, Duty of Congress Regarding. Rev. of Rev. Fog Possibilities. Alexander McAdie. Harper. Franchise in America, Struggle for the. F. N. Thorpe. Harper. Franklin, Benjamin. W. P. Trent. McClure. Grant at West Point. Hamlin Garland. McClure. Historical Society of Chicago, The. Dial. Illiteracy of American Boys. E. L. Godkin. Educational Rev. Infancy and Education, Meaning of. N.M, Butler. Ed. Rev. Kipling, Rudyard, Poetry of. C. E. Norton. Atlantic. Lenbach, the Painter. Edith Cones. Century. Logic, Infallible." Joseph Jastrow. Dial. Mac Dowell, Edward A. Henry T. Finck, Century. Marrying in 15th Century. Emily B. Stone. Lippincott. Medicine and Surgery, A Court of. A. B. Choate. Arena. Memorials of American Authors. J. E. Chamberlin. Atlantic. Negro, American, Degeneracy of the. Fred'k Starr. Dial. Negro Folk-Lore and Dialect. W. S. Scarborough. Arena. Nelson in the Battle of the Nile. A. T. Mahan. Century. Park-Making as a National Art. Mary C. Robbins. Atlantic. Philosophy in American Colleges. A.C.Armstrong,Jr.Ed. Rev. Portuguese Progress in So. Africa. Poultney Bigelow. Harper. Rochefort Henri, Memoirs of. Dial. Rome, Literary Landmarks of. Laurence Hutton. Harper. Science at Beginning of Century. H. S. Williams. Harper. Social Betterment, A Century of. J. B. McMaster. Atlantic. Social Conditions, Bettering of. Theo. Roosevelt. Rev. of Rev. Southern Life, Dominant Forces in. W. P. Trent. Atlantic. Speech and Speech-Reading for the Deaf. Century. Thackeray's Home and Haunts. Eyre Crowe. Scribner. Theatre-Going in St. Petersburg. Isabel Hapgood. Lippincott. Voice-Photography. Laura C. Dennis. Rev. of Reviews. War, Absurdity of. E. L. Godkin. Century. Whitman, Walt. George C. Cook. Dial. ) GENERAL LITERATURE. Lectures on French Literature. Delivered in Melbourne. By Irma Dreyfus. With portrait, 8vo, uncut, pp. 471. Longmans, Green, & Co. $4 net. Sophocles, the Plays and Fragments. With Critical Notes, Commentary, and Translation in English Prose, by R. C. Jebb, Litt.D. Part VII., The Ajax; 8vo, uncut, pp. 258. Macmillan Co. $3.25 net. History of English Literature. From the Fourteenth Cen- tury to the Death of Surrey. By Bernhard ten Brink; edited by Dr. Alois Brandl; trans. by L. Dora Schmitz. Vol. II., Part II.; 12mo, pp. 309. Henry Holt & Co. $2. The Elder Pliny's Chapters on the History of Art. Trans. by K. Jex-Blake; with Commentary and Histor- ical Introduction by E. Sellers. With frontispiece, 8vo, uncut, pp. 252. Macmillan Co. $3.50 net. 30 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL 1 66 The Relation of Literature to Life. By Charles Dudley Warner. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 320. Harper & Bros. $1.50. A Mountain Town in France: A Fragment. By Robert Louis Stevenson; with illustrations by the author, 8vo, uncut, pp. 46. John Lane. Paper, $1.50. The Lover's Year-Book of Poetry: A Collection of Love Poems for Every Day in the Year. By Horace Parker Chandler. Third series : Poems of the Other Life; in two vols., 12mo, gilt tops. Roberts Bros. $2.50. English Essays. With Introduction by J. H. Lobban. 12mo, pp. 257. “Warwick Library." Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50. The Poetry of Sport. Selected and edited by Hedley Peek; with chapter on Classical Allusions to Sport by Andrew Lang, and Special Preface to the Badminton Library by A. E. T. Watson. Illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 420. Bad- minton Library.” Little, Brown, & Co. $3.50. National Epics. By Kate Milner Rabb. 12mo, pp. 398. A. C. McClurg & Co. $1.50. In the Garden of Peace. By Helen Milman (Mrs. Caldwell Crofton); illus. by E. H. New. 12mo, uncut, pp. 182. John Lane. $1.50. Bibliographica: A Magazine of Bibliography. Part XI.; illus., large 8vo, uncut. Charles Scribner's Sons. (Sold only in sets.) In My Lady's Name: Poems of Love and Beauty. Com- piled and arranged by Charles Wells Moulton. With frontispiece, 16mo, gilt top, pp. 394. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50. Caliban: A Philosophical Drama Continuing Shakespeare's "The Tempest." By Ernest Renan; trans. by Eleanor Grant Vickery; with Introduction by Willis Vickery, LL.B. 8vo, uncut, pp. 68. New York: The Shakespeare Press. The Forms of Discourse. With an Introductory Chapter on Style. By William B. Cairns, A.M. 12mo, pp. 356. Ginn & Co. $1.25. Kallirrhoe: A Dramatic Poem. By Philip Becker Goetz. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 52. Buffalo: Peter Paul Book Co. $1.25. The Book of the Hills. By 0. C. Auringer. 16mo, gilt top, pp. 84. Troy, N. Y.: Henry Stowell & Son. Seen and Unseen; or, Monologues of a Homeless Snail. By Yone Noguchi. With portrait, 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 60. San Francisco: Gelett Burgess and Porter Garnett. $1.25. The Torrent and the Night Before. By Edwin Arlington Robinson. 18mo, uncut, pp. 44. Gardiner, Me.: The Au- thor. Paper. Gold Stories of'49. By a Californian. 16mo, ancut, pp. 52. Copeland & Day. $1. The Substance of his House. 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THE DIAL A SEMI-MONTHLY JOURNAL OP Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information. KDITED BY FRANCIS F. BROWNE. 315 WABASH AVE. { Volume XXII. No. 254. 10 ots. a copy. 82. & year. CHICAGO, JAN. 16, 1897. } Charles Scribner's Sons' New Books NEW BOOKS BY JAMES M. BARRIE. Two notable books from the pen of Mr. Barrie were published during the fall, each of them unique in quality and character. The first of these, “Sentimental Tommy," was the success of the year during its serial publication, and its imme- diate success in book form confirms the judgment of its first readers — that it is one of the genuine masterpieces of modern fiction. The otber book, “ Margaret Ogilvy,” possesses an equal interest, tbough of an altogetber different kind. It is an affectionate and exquisitely delicate sketch of Mr. Barrie's mother, which is necessarily also a sketch of bis own life and surroundings, as well as bis work- in its manner a sort of true “Window in Tbrums." THIRD EDITION. FOURTH EDITION. MARGARET OGILVY. SENTIMENTAL TOMMY. By Her Son. With Portrait. 12mo, $1.25. The Story of His Boyhood. Illustrated. 12mo, $1.50. A book which it is almost sacrilegious to criticise. Yet “A work of fiction that is as original as it is fascinat- just because it is inaccessible to ordinary comment, it is easy ing. Here, indeed, is life itself and all the accompaniments to place the volume, as it stands unmatched in literature as thereof."- JOEL CHANDLER HARRIS. an idyl of the divinest of human feelings- a mother's love. This is Mr. Barrie's finest, noblest book.”—British Weekly. “Those who know a piece of life when they find it, and "Margaret Ogilvy' can never lose its mastery over the who care for the ultimate charm of a bit of pure literature, tears and smiles of future generations. It is a masterpiece will read and ro-read Mr. Barrie's masterpiece." of humor and pathos."- New York Herald. HAMILTON W. MABIE. - ON THE TRAIL OF DON QUIXOTE. 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With 130 Illustrations. 12mo, $2.00. “An enthusiastic story of some most interesting wanderings."- Chicago Inter Ocean. MRS. CLIFF'S YACHT. By FRANK R. STOCKTON. Illus- trated. 12mo, $1.50. “One of Mr. Stockton's best works."-Boston Advertiser. LOVE IN OLD CLOATHES, and Other Stories. By H.C. BUNNER. With 12 full-page Illustrations by A. Castaigne, W. T. Smedley, and Orson Lowell. 12mo, $1.50. POEMS. By H. C. BUNNER. With Portrait. 12mo, $1.76. NANCY NOON. By BENJAMIN SWIFT. 12mo, $1.50. CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 153-157 Fifth Avenue, New York. 34 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL The WILLIAM PENN'S PLAN FOR Review of Reviews. The United States of Europe . 12 1 ” ROUND ROBIN READING CLUB 1 In 1693, one hundred years before Kant wrote his "Eternal Peace,” William Penn published a remarkable "Essay towards Edited by ALBERT SHAW. the Present and Future Peace of Europe," proposing a general union of the nations of Europe, with a federal parliament, as the only sure means of peace. 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TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage « JOHN GABRIEL BORKMAN." prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra poslage must In these days of the excessive production of be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the carelessly-written books, when the writer who current number. REMITTANCES should be by draft, or by express or postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and has attained any degree of popularity does his for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application; work under the pressure of syndicates and pub- and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished lishers' contracts, caring more for his income on application. All communications should be addressed to THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago. than for his fame, it is satisfying to think that there is at least one man, and that man one of No. 254. JANUARY 16, 1897. Vol. XXII. the greatest spirits of his generation, who sets finish and elaboration above all other things, CONTENTS. and who puts forth no book in which every phrase and every word has not been tried as by *JOHN GABRIEL BORKMAN.” William Morton fire. We are told by his biographer that Dr. Payne . 37 Ibsen does not set pen to paper until he has COMMUNICATIONS 41 thought out the material for his work, and made "The Great American Novel." Andrew Estrem. it the subject of long and careful meditation. The Primary Condition of Understanding Whitman. Oscar Lovell Triggs. Having done this, " he makes a rough sketch Miss Molineux's“Browning Phrase-Book.” W.J.R. of it, which he then proceeds to shape.” But Some Disputed Hibernicisms. Edwin W. Bowen. this sketch is merely preliminary. “Not until SIDNEY LANIER. Lines by Alice Elizabeth Rich . 43 it is completed does he begin to feel acquainted ARCHITECTS AND ARCHITECTURE. E. G. J. with his characters, to know their dispositions, 44 Miss Monroe's John Wellborn Root.-Mathews's The and to feel sure of the manner in which they Story of Architecture. -Sturgis's European Archi- will express themselves. So this first manu- tecture. script is worked over into a second, and from MR. HERBERT SPENCER'S FINAL VOLUME. the second a third is carefully written out." By C. R. Henderson 45 these laborious methods, practised four hours a THE FIRST TWO CENTURIES OF PRINTED day all the year round, the dramatist completes BOOKS. James Westfall Thompson . 48 a play once in two years, and presents it to the MR. HARE'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY. Tuley Francis public at Christmastide. It is a small matter Huntington. 51 as far as volume is concerned — only some two THE GERMAN STRUGGLE FOR LIBERTY. hundred pages of loosely-printed dialogue — Charles H. Cooper 53 but every word of it tells, and the reader knows TRAVELS IN MANY LANDS. Hiram M. Stanley . 54 that, however successful he may be in skim- Haweis's Travel and Talk. - Mrs. Moulton's Lazy ming the contents of other books, he cannot Tour in Spain and Elsewhere. – Chatfield-Taylor's hope to understand this book by any such pro- The Land of the Castanet. – Jaccaci's On the Trail of Don Quixote. – Miss Dodd's On the Broads. cess, but must linger over every line until its Macquoid's In the Volcanic Eifel. - Miss Browning's full force has penetrated the consciousness. A Girl's Wanderings in Hungary. - Russell's The In "John Gabriel Borkman," as in most of Edge of the Orient. the dramatist's works, there are two plays - BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. 57 the one whose action is worked out before us, The bachelor's own manners-book. - The autobiog- raphy of an idealist. — The initiation into “Culture." and the antecedent play of which the other is -Scholarship and Nature. — The literati of New the consequence. It is a commonplace of crit- England.-An admirable hand-book of French litera- ture.-Appreciation of art. The principles of English icism to say that this implied antecedent action, jurisprudence. in the case of one of Dr. Ibsen's dramas, is the BRIEFER MENTION 61 very stuff out of which a conventional drama- tist would construct the play that he wished to LITERARY NOTES 62 set before his audience. At all events, it must TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 63 be explained as a preliminary to any intelli- LIST OF NEW BOOKS 63 gible statement of the action that we find in the . . . a . . . . . 7 - . . . . 38 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL book. Many years before the real play opens, their inmost nature is revealed ; both are pas- then, John Gabriel Borkman was the head of sionate, but the passion of the one has remained a banking establishment. He was an ambi- softened by her love for Borkman, while the tious man, and had conceived a vast plan for passion of the other— the wife — has stiffened the exploitation of the mineral resources of his into the bitter pride of an unforgiving woman, country. His aims were more than personal, and taken the form of an intense resolve that for they looked to an industrial development Erhart shall atone for his father's guilt, and that promised to better the lot of thousands once more raise to honor the family name. besides himself. In the furtherance of this Deluded by this hope, the one thing to which plan, he was tempted to a reckless use of the she clings, the mother does not realize that funds in his custody. The coöperation of a Erhart has grown up to be a rather common- business associate named Hinkel became an place, pleasure-loving youth, chafing under the absolute necessity, but had to be purchased at responsibility that others would set upon his a great price. Both Hinkel and Borkman shoulders, swelling with a sense of the joy of loved a woman, Ella Rentheim, who for her life, and seeking distraction in the society of a part loved Borkman. The latter paid the price young and beautiful widow, Fanny Wilton by demanded, ceased his attentions to the woman, name, who lives in a neighboring villa. All of and instead married her twin-sister Gunhild. these things the mother cannot understand ; Hinkel, however, found that he had not bought but they are realized by the sister, whose the love he sought, although Borkman had sac- attachment to Erhart is such that through it rificed it, and learned to his chagrin that Ella alone he learns what a mother's love really is. , remained faithful to the man who had given The sister, finding her health enfeebled, and her up. He revenged himself by exposing knowing that she has not long to live, has re- Borkman's dealings, thus bringing about a solved to wrest Erhart from his sombre sur- criminal prosecution, the collapse of Borkman's roundings, if possible, and the purpose of the schemes, and the ruin of those who had trusted visit is to plead with the mother to give up her in the bank. To this general ruin, however, son and the “mission” to which she would there was one exception in the case of Ella devote his life. Failing in her entreaty, the Rentheim, whose securities had remained un- sister says that she cannot live without sight of touched. The prosecution led to Borkman's Erhart, and announces her determination to conviction, and he was sentenced to five years remain with him, since she may not take him of imprisonment. Meanwhile, Ella had placed away. During the whole of this long act, Bork- a house and the means of support in the hands man does not appear, but we are ever conscious of her sister, who, with her son Erhart, was of his presence, for his footsteps are heard left otherwise destitute. To this house Bork- overhead as he paces bis apartment with the man returned after his release from prison, but monotonous persistence of a caged lion. held no communication with his wife, who could The second act transfers the scene to Bork- not forgive him for the disgrace brought upon man's apartment, and opens with a long con- the family name. For eight years the family versation between Borkman and Foldal — the lived in this strange relation, she occupying latter a simple-minded man of humble position, the lower apartment and he the upper. During a sufferer by Borkman's failure, who yet clings all this time the sister bad seen neither of them, to his old acquaintance with a sort of dog-like but had obtained custody of Erhart for several fidelity. In this scene, and in the following years of his childhood, and become devotedly scene with Ella, Borkman gives expression to attached to him. When the real play begins, his attitude toward those who have wronged Erhart is twenty years of age, and is living him and been wronged by him ; toward his wife again with his mother, but, like her, has no and the traitor Hinkel, toward the world of his intercourse with the voluntary prisoner up-creditors, and the woman whose love he sacri- stairs. ficed to his ambition. In these scenes, and in The first of the four acts into which the play the scene with his wife in the third act, we find falls takes us to Fru Borkman's apartment, and what may be taken as the central thesis of the the dialogue reveals, point by point, most of play. As far as the world goes, Borkman_is the facts that have been stated above. A visit simply defiant. He has done wrong, and has A from Ella, breaking the long silence of years, atoned for it by suffering. He failed through affords the opportunity for these disclosures. treachery when within a hair's breadth of suc- In the long conversation between the sisters, cess. Others pass through such crises to fame 1897.] 39 THE DIAL and honor; he was luckless, and fell into the Ella Rentheim. He will this evening. abyss when success was almost within his grasp. Fru Borkman. The last time we stood together- it was in The crime of which the law took cognizance is court. I was called to give testimony, Borkman (approaching her]. And this evening it is I that not what weighs most heavily upon his soul, will give testimony. but the crime committed against himself and Fru Borkman [looking at him). You ! Borkman. Not concerning the fact of my offence. The the woman be loved. As far as the former goes, whole world knows that. he believes that he may yet regain his worldly Fru Borkman (with a deep sigh). Yes, that is a true word. The whole world knows it. position, but he learns that in the latter be has Borkman. But it does not know why I offended. Why I sinned past forgiving. We may translate a had to offend. Men do not realize that I had to, because I was portion of the scene in which he states his own myself — because I was John Gabriel Borkman, and not an- other man. And that is what I am going to try to explain to position. you. Elia Rentheim (with trembling voice, looking him in the Fru Borkman (shaking her head). There is no use. Mo- face]. Can it be true, what you say, that I was dearest to you tives exonerate no one, nor do inspirations either. in the world? Borkman. In one's own eyes they may. Borkman. Both then and since,- long, long thereafter. Fru Borkman (makes a deprecatory gesture). Oh, let that Ella Rentheim. And yet you bartered me away. Traded be! I have ruminated enough over those dark matters of in your affections with another man. Sold my love for a - yours. for a place as bank president! · Borkman. And I also. During the five endless years in my Borkman [gloomily and bowed down). Hard necessity was cell - and elsewhere - I have had time enough for it. And upon me, Ella. during the eight years in the room upstairs I have had a still Ella Rentheim (rises wild and quivering from the sofa]. better opportunity. I have given the whole case a rehearing Criminal ! - for myself. I have taken it up over and over again. I have Borkman (starts, but controls himself]. I have heard that been my own accuser, my own counsel, and my own judge. word before. More unpartisan than anyone else could be, I may say that. I Ella Rentheim. Ah, never think that I mean your offence have walked the floor up there and turned every one of my against the law of the land! The use you made of all those acts inside out and upside down, looked at them from before shares and obligations - or whatever they were — what do you and behind in as unsparing and unpitying a way as any law- think I care about that! Had it been my lot to stand beside yer could have done. And the judgment I come to every time you when you were overwhelmed - is this — that the only one I have sinned against is myself. Borkman (eagerly). What then, Ella ? Fru Borkman. Not against me? Not against your son ? Ella Rentheim. Believe me, I should gladly have borne it Borkman. I include you and him when I say myself. with you. The shame, the ruin, — all, I would have helped Fru Borkman. And the hundreds of others? Those whom you to bear it all. people say that you ruined ? Borkman. Would you have ? Could you ? Borkman (more passionately). The power was mine, and Ella Rentheim. Both would and could. For then I did the uncontrollable impulse was within me! The buried mil- not know of your great, your awful sin. lions lay there about the land, deep in the mountains, and Borkman. What! What do you mean? called to me, cried to me to set them free. But none of the Ella Rentheim. I mean the sin for which there is no for- others heard that. I was the only one. giveness. Fru Borkman. Yes, to the staining of the name of Borkman. Borkman [gazing fixedly at her). You must be beside Borkman. I would like to know if others, given the power, yourself. would not have acted just as I did. Ella Rentheim [stepping nearer). You are a murderer! Fru Borkman. No one, no one but you would have done it. Yon committed the great, the capital crime. Borkman. Perhaps not. But if so, because they had not Borkman (shrinks toward the piano). Are you raving, Ella? my endowments. And had they done it, it would not have Ella Rentheim. You slew the love that was in me. [Nearer. been with my goal in view. The act would have become dif- Do you understand what that means? The Bible speaks of a ferent. — Well and good - I have acquitted myself. mysterious sin for which there is no forgiveness. I could not Ella Rentheim (tenderly and beseechingly). Dare you say understand before what it might be. Now I understand. that so confidently, Borkman? The great, anpardonable sin is to slay love in a human heart. Borkman (nods). Acquitted myself as far as that goes. Borkman. And I did that, you say? But then comes the great, the crushing self-accusation. Ella Rentheim. You did it. I never quite knew, until this Fru Borkman. What is it? evening, just what it was that had happened to me. That you Borkman. I have squandered eight precious years of my deceived me, and turned to Gunhild instead, I took to be life upstairs there. The day I was set free, I should have common fickleness on your part, and the result of her heart- faced the world of reality, of iron dreamless reality. I should less intrigues. And I almost think I despised you a little have begun again at the bottom, and anew raised myself to in spite of all. But now I see the truth. You deceived the the heights — to greater heights than before – in spite of all woman you loved. Me, me, me! What was dearest to you that lay between. in the world you could put aside for the sake of gain. You Fru Borkman. It would have been to live the same life made yourself guilty of a double murder the murder of over again, believe me. your own soul and of mine! Borkman (shakes his head and looks at her significantly). The scene in which Borkman enters a plea Nothing new happens. But what has happened does not repeat itself. It is the eye that transforms the act. The new-born for his own defence occurs in the third act. eye transforms the old act-[breaking off]. Well, you don't For the first time in eight years he enters his understand that. wife's apartment, where the latter and her sister Fru Borkman (curtly). No, I don't understand it. Borkman. No, that is just the curse of it; I never found are together. a human soul who could understand me. Fru Borkman (turning to Ella). What does he want down Ella Rentheim [looking at him]. Never, Borkman? here with me? Borkman. Except one-perhaps—long, long ago. In the days Ella Rentheim. He would try to come to an understanding when I did not feel the need of being understood. Otherwise, with you, Gunhild. since then, never once. I have had no one early enough awake Fru Borkman. He never tried to do that before. to call me up-ring for me like a morning bell - warning me 40 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL 2 to cheerful work anew-and to assure me that I have not sinned After the departure of the boy in his quest beyond atonement. of the joy of life, the drama draws rapidly to Fru Borkman (with a scornful langh). And so you need outward assurance of that? its sombre but poetically impressive close. Borkom (with swelling anger). Yes. When the whole Borkman, who has left the confinement of his world croaks in chorus that I am a hopelessly broken man, apartment for the first time in years, is seized there are hours when I almost believe it (throwing his head back). But then my inmost consciousness rises up triumphant, with a sort of frenzy for the free air, and rushes and acquits me. from the house which the departure of his son It would hardly be fair to take this defiant has just left desolate. Although it is a winter pronouncement as an expression of Dr. Ibsen's night, and the earth is white with snow, he can- own opinion of Borkman's offence. Like all not be persuaded to return, and the fourth act strong dramatists, the author has too frequently takes place out of doors. At the end, Bork- been made chargeable with the sentiments and man and Ella Rentheim are left together, she opinions of the characters created by him. entreating him to seek shelter, and he declar- What we may, however, justly take as the au- ing that he will never again breathe the air of thor's personal message is the insistence upon the house that has so long confined him. Yield- individualism which is so marked in the scene ing to his stronger will, she follows him out just translated. No matter what a man may into the darkness of the forest, and the land- have done, he has a right to be heard as an scape shifts (as in the first act of " Parsifal”) “ individual, and commands a certain respect if with their progress. Finally, Borkman sinks he is strong enough to impress his individual down exhausted upon a rustic bench. He is a character upon the minds of those with whom dying man, but his senses are quickened to he is associated. unwonted acuteness, and he seems to enjoy a This consideration leads us to the statement fulness of life that he has never known before. of another of the leading ideas of the play. Borkman. Ella! Do you see the mountain ranges there, far over yonder, one behind the other. They rise, they tower. The young Erhart is an individual also, and There is my deep, my infinite, my inexhaustible kingdom. makes good his right to be respected as such. Ella Rentheim. Ah, but there comes an ioy blast from that He is beset by the claims of three persons, each kingdom, John. Borkman. That blast is the breath of life to me, it comes determined to exact from him what he is not like a greeting from my trusty spirits. I see them, the buried bound to give. The father would have him millions ; I feel the veins of metal, they stretch out their bent, share in the work of restoring a fallen reputa- branching, enticing arms toward me. I saw them before me like shades endowed with life — that night when I stood in tion. The mother would have him do much the the bank vault, candle in hand. You sought to be free then, same thing, although in a different independent again into the depths (stretching forth his hands). But I will and I tried to free you. But I could not. The treasure sank I way. The aunt would have him cling to her whisper it to you here amid the peace of night. I love you as on account of her care for his childhood. But you lie there deep and dark in the semblance of death. I love he impatiently shakes off these attempts to con- you, wealth yearning for life, with all your shining train of power and glory I love you, love you, love you! trol his activity, refuses to be bound by the Ella Rentheim (with quiet, growing feeling]. Yes, your influences of the older generation, determines affections are still set down there, John, they were always there. But up here in the light of day, there was a warm to carve out his own career, and seeks for hap- living human heart that beat for you. And you crushed that piness in following the dictates of his own de- heart. Ah, more than that - tenfold worse — for-for- sires. We may pity him for the infatuation Borkman (shivering as with the cold). For the sake of the that takes him from home in the company of kingdom, and the power, and the glory - you mean? Mrs. Wilton, a woman several years his senior, Ella Rentheim. Yes, I mean that. I told you this evening once before. You slew affection in the woman who loved you, and possibly we may despise him for his rejec- and whom you loved in return, - as far as you could love any- tion of any and all obligations toward those one (with upraised arm]. And therefore I foretell you this, who have reared and cared for him, but we John Gabriel Borkman, you will never win the prize you craved for that deed. You will never enter triumphant into must recognize that he, too, no less than his your cold and gloomy kingdom ! father, has the right of every individual to live Borkman (staggers to the bench and sits heavily down). his own life (the author uses this very phrase, I almost fear that you are right in your prophecy, Ella. Ella Rentheim (sitting beside him). You must not fear it, worn as it is, and gives it fresh vitality), to John. It would be the best thing that could happen to you. refuse to take upon his shoulders the burdens Borkman (with a cry, putting his hand to his breast]. Ah! for the existence of which he is in no way re- - Now it let me go. Ella Rentheim (shaking him). What was it, John ? sponsible. Borkman [falling against the arm of the bench). It was a “No man can save his brother's soul, hand of ice, that plucked at my heart. Or pay his brother's debt" Ella Rentheim. John, did you feel that icy hand for the first time now? might fairly be taken as the motto of this play, Borkman (muttering). No. No hand of ice. It was a hand as far as it is concerned with Erhart. of metal. [He sinks wholly down upon the bench.] 8 you sold it 1 1 - भी 1897.) 41 THE DIAL 21 a a Ella Rentheim (takes off her cloak and covers him with it). see themselves represented in the Great American Stay quietly where you lie. I go to bring you aid. [She takes Novel, this in itself argues that the proper time for such a step or two, stops, turns back, feels his pulse, and passes a novel has not yet arrived. An undue degree of self- her hand over his face. Then softly but firmly.] No, better consciousness will neither give us the right kind of au- so, John Borkman. Better so for you. [She wraps the cloak thor nor the fit material for him to deal with. It is to closer around him, and sits down in the snow in front of the be hoped that some day the desire to pose as the latest, bench.] and politically the best, product of civilization will in a Presently Fru Borkman appears, and finds her measure be outgrown, and that the American people, sister watching over Borkman's dead body. while conscious of the noble work they have been given Fru Borkman. So the night air killed him. to perform, will, because more sure of themselves, be Ella Rentheim. It must be so. less concerned than formerly about the opinions of the Fru Borkman. Him, the strong man. rest of the world. From a cosmopolitan point of view, Ella Rentheim. Will you not look at him, Gunhild ? there is something provincial in the idea that we must Fru Borkman. No, no, no. (With lowered voice.] He was have a Great American Novel to represent us in uni- a miner's son-he, the bank president. He could not breathe versal literature; for the truest literature is often the the free air. least national. We may have improved upon some of Ella Rentheim. It was rather the cold that killed him. Fru Borkman (shaking her head]. The cold, you say? The the world's old ways, but that hardly implies that we cold had killed him long before. need extraordinary means of interpreting ourselves to Ella Rentheim. And made shadows of us both, yes. mankind. If some of the national activities have so far Fru Borkman. You are right. failed to be adequately portrayed in fiction, one reason Ella Rentheim (with a sad smile). One dead man and two may be that they are not of the kind to furnish a suffi- shadows — the cold has done that. cient motive for a great novel. Fru Borkman. Yes, the cold in the heart. And now we It may, indeed, be doubted whether any people is, or may clasp hands, Ella. Ella Rentheim. Yes, I think we may now. can be, adequately represented by any one novel or even Fru Borkman. We twin-sisters, over his body, whom we by any one novelist. It seems that national life is too both loved. broad and complex to be properly dealt with within such Ela Rentheim. We two shadows - over the dead man. a compass, and especially so in the case of the compos- [Fru Borkman, behind the bench, and Ella Rentheim, be- ite national life of America. The author of such a work fore it, reach hands to one another, and the curtain falls.] would have to possess a breadth of knowledge, a reach The scenes which we have translated suffi. of imagination, a moral equipoise, and a literary art, that, in combination, are as rare as a Homer or a Shake- ciently set forth the leading ideas of the play, speare. Moreover, our national character is yet in its . although they leave untouched several impor- formative stage, and the best that our great novelist tant features in the development of its action. could do, in many directions, would be to represent gen- eral tendencies and traits of smaller or larger groups. Enough has been given, perhaps, to make clear Another difficulty that would beset him would be the con- the fact that this play is a more straightforward sciousness of the magnitude of his task; for in proportion and intelligible piece of work than Dr. Ibsen as he should think of the impression his work ought to has of late been wont to give us. It has pot make would he be disqualified for carrying it out suc- the tenderness of “Little Eyolf," nor bas it the cessfully: he would then represent, not American life, haunting symbolism of “Master Builder Sol- but his own ideas of such a life. Little good can there- fore come from considering what the Great American ness.” But it has a strength and a closeness Novel should contain-except the good that results from of texture in which those plays are somewhat the contemplation of an ideal possibility. The novelist lacking, and we should judge that it will prove in question — if be ever appears - will be a law unto peculiarly effective as an acting drama. An himself and will be inspired by the artistic capabilities of his subject rather than by its political and ethical English translation, presumably done by Mr. greatness. William Archer in his customary wooden way, The writer is in accord with many of the ideas ex- is announced for early publication in this pressed on this subject in The Dial, and he takes excep- country. tion not so much to anything therein affirmed as to a cer- WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE. tain habit of mind or point of view to which some of those ideas seemed to lend a color. ANDREW ESTREM. Clinton, Iowa, Jan. 5, 1897. COMMUNICATIONS. THE PRIMARY CONDITION OF UNDERSTANDING "THE GREAT AMERICAN NOVEL." WHITMAN. (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) In the discussion of this topic in recent issues of THE The reviewer in your columns of the recent publica- DIAL, it has been either asserted or assumed that a tions on Whitman by Mr. Donaldson and Mr. Burroughs typical American novel is an immediate possibility, that has fallen, it seems to me, into the pit dug for all who such a novel is desired by the American people in order seek to maintain what is called the judicial and critical that they may be “rightly understood and justified,” attitude towards Whitman: he has commended a poor and that the day of its appearance may be hastened by book and condemned a good one. Mr. Donaldson can our laying down principles for the guidance of the au- easily be proved untrustworthy in a hundred points. He thor. was, apparently, always out of focus, and never saw If there really is a desire on the part of our people to Whitman, the man, at all. The report he makes is a " 42 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL 9 wholly inadequate, sometimes false, and is one more all poems.” “I act as the tongue of you.” His own instance of the fact that one can see only what he has statement (reported in the Springfield “ Republican ") eyes to see. The study by Mr. Burroughs bas, on the is: “In my own poems, all concentrates in, radiates from, 3 other hand, the mark of intimate acquaintance with the revolves about myself. I have but one central figure, the man and of full comprehension of his work. Mr. Bur- general human personality typified in myself. Only I am roughs has satisfied the first condition imposed by Whit- sure my book inevitably necessitates that its reader trans- man upon his readers, and placed himself not only in pose him or herself into that central position, and become mental but also in emotional relations to his subject; the actor, experiencer, himself or herself, of every page, and his volume is vitalized by feeling and intuition. His every aspiration, every line.” The unique composition success is manifestly due to his deep and wide sympathy, of “Leaves of Grass” is hereby indicated. Other books his power to respond to a genuine personal call, his ca- remain standing on the outside of our identity, and con- pacity to absorb and be absorbed by a great personality. tribute only to our taste or knowledge; this book incor- His attitude toward other poets is determined, for the porates itself with the reader, passes into and becomes time being, by his devotion to the single object, a devo- body and soul, contributes health, pride, freedom, love, tion that is absolutely essential to interpretation. I consciousness. If the fusion of identities does not take think the reason for the general misapprehension of place, the words of the book are meaningless, its ego- Whitman springs from the extraordinary demands made tism displeasing, its announcements foolishness. Of all by the poet upon his readers for their personal sympathy the critics, the case of Mr. Gosse is most significant. - the same demand Christ made of the rich man to He visited Whitman at Camden, felt the charm of his leave all and follow him. My thesis, in short, is that personality, acknowledged his previous errors of judg- personal absorption is the price of understanding Whitman. ment respecting the man himself, but, retaining his pro- Christ's “ Follow me" is not more absolute than Whit- fessional habit toward the book, he persisted in his con- man’s “ Come, give me your hand.” When accepted with- clusion that the single merit of “ Leaves of Grass” was out reservation, without the hesitating, niggardly spirit a certain felicity of phrase. Wanting the democratic of criticism, “Leaves of Grass" inevitably arouses the attitude, he failed to perceive that every noble quality feeling of love and the desire of comradeship. I believe that was in the man appears in full measure in his book. it to be true that no one can read “ Leaves of Grass” When a new sun rises in the heavens, a single open eye with understanding who has not capacities for an ex- is worth for testimony all the closed eyes in the world. alted human brotherhood. Whitman makes lovers of Place by the side of the negative criticism, the report of his readers. As a matter of fact he exercises to-day an T. W. Rolleston: “First, we are made aware in him of influence unparalleled in contemporary history, an influ- the working of an intellect whose depth and compass ence like that maintained by Socrates over the young appears more and more astonishing the further we pen- men of Greece. And this is felt not only by those who, etrate into it. Second, we find in him a wealth of poetic like Mr. Burroughs, were his associates in life, but power whose beauty impresses us the more profoundly from far-off lands, wherever the book circulates — from and lastingly for the very reason that it is not made an Sarrazin in Paris, Symonds in London, Schmidt in Co- end and aim in itself. Third, the fit reader is brought penhagen, Rolleston in Leipzig, Gay in Melbourne, into relationship with something still more unusual and Popoff in St. Petersburg. The boundless enthusiasm valuable than either intellect or poetry -- he finds that manifested by these and other comrades is not an evi- an indescribable, magical, personal influence streams dence of uncritical mind and unbalanced faculty, but a forth from the leaves; he is not brought into contact with witness, rather, that the full response which the book a book, but with a man, with a friend, whose spirit, by requires has been rendered, that the human qualities nothing that we can call a doctrine, but by actual pres- contained in it have struck out a kindred life in others. ence, acts upon ours, strengthening, exalting, purifying, By so much as a reader remains cold, critical, disinter- and liberating." Oscar LOVELL TRIGGS. ested, before an object requiring the feeling of identity The University of Chicago, Jan. 12, 1897. and the desire of comradeship as the condition of under- standing, to that extent does he fail in his interpretation. This is a case where an author absolutely creates his MISS MOLINEUX'S “BROWNING PHRASE BOOK." own audience. The proof of this poet shall be sternly (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) deferred until his country absorbs him as affectionately The writer of the notice of the “ Browning Phrase as he absorbed it. Book” in The Dial for January 1 apparently does not 1 The assumption of a new attitude toward Whitman fully understand the plan of the book. The passage is necessary because he has fully freed himself from all from “The Ring and the Book” which he cites is to be old requirements and declared for new and enlarged found under Lover on page 150: modes of literature suited to the modern and the dem- “O lover of my life, O soldier-saint, ocratic. His book contains a life--not an intellect alone, No work begun shall ever pause for death!” but a complete, perfectly healthy, unconventional, un- It is also referred to in the Index three times under conditioned man; and not the mere statement of the Death, Pause, and Work; and under each the page on man, but a free, full rendering of his actual personality which the passage occurs is added. Of course a person in poetic terms. He himself is the theme of the poems. consulting the Index would have no difficulty in find- Democracy, philosophy, science, are not stated in theory, ing the passage in the body of the book. I presume but are concreted in his being. The aim of the book that most, if not all, of the other “choice quotations being to stimulate personality, its appeal is made almost mentioned by the reviewer could be found in the same wholly to the will and the moral nature. This pecu- way. liarity compels the reader to put himself not merely in The Index increases the value of the book greatly for mental but in emotional relations to the author. “When purposes of reference, while it keeps its bulk within I give, I give myself,” the poet says. “Stop this day moderate and inexpensive limits. and night with me and you shall possess the origin of The phrase under Pause which the reviewer cites > 9 1897.] 43 THE DIAL (“This recreative pause and breathing-while ") may be SOME DISPUTED HIBERNICISMS. slightly significant,” but it seems to me worthy of (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) inclusion among “quotable passages.” If the other pas- A little article by me on Irishisms, in the “ Atlantic sage had been entirely omitted from the body of the Contributors' Club,” bas called out some diverting dis- book, the reviewer's criticism would have been in point. cussions, which perhaps may be worth pursuing a little As no edition of Browning has line-number, the refer- ences in the book come necessarily to pages. The com- farther. One writer challenges particularly my instances of gyarden and gyirl, and cites Walker as authority, add- pact one-volume “Cambridge " edition is so neat, con- venient, and cheap, that students of the poet will be ing that “Walker in his Pronouncing Dictionary dis- tinctly adopts the pronunciation gyirl." « In fact,” likely to buy it even if they already own the sixteen- continues my critic, “Walker defends the injection of volume English or the six-volume “Riverside" edition. the y-sound after the letters c, 9, and k.” It may be I have tested the book in many ways, and have found that I have blundered, but if I have, I think I have at it eminently satisfactory. W. J. R. least blundered in good company. For I have always Cambridge, January 4, 1897. understood that gyirl, gyarden, cyar, etc., are to be re- garded as Hibernicisms, and — not to mention others - [The reviewer of the “ Browning Phrase-Book” Lowell so regarded them in his entertaining and instruc- is under no misapprehension as to the plan of that tive paper on the Yankee Dialect. work. Before writing the notice, he also had In regard to Walker it must be borne in mind that “ tested the book in many ways," during two months his pronunciation represents, in the main, the received of very frequent use while engaged in an undertak- pronunciation of the last century. For although his ing that would have made a really good work of the dictionary was published in this century, yet Walker kind of very great value. It is true, as Dr. Rolfe acquired his pronunciation in the latter half of the last states, that the passage whose supposed omission is century. No one, therefore, who is familiar with lin- criticised (“No work begun shall ever pause for guistic principles would cite a lexicographer of the eigh- teenth century or of the first decade of the nineteenth death”) is in the book; but it might almost as well as an authority for English pronunciation in the present not be there as to be placed under so inadequate year of grace. As well say at once that our language and blind a reference as Lover, instead of under has undergone no change in the course of the present either one of the obvious pivotal words Death, century - a thing which no student of English is pre- Work, or Pause. To illustrate suppose a Shake- pared to admit. I am aware that in the last century, speare Phrase-Book should insert the lines, and in the first quarter of the present, kyar for car and “The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, gyirl, etc., were of common occurrence, and perhaps were But in ourselves that we are underlings," even the jus et norma loquendi, but they are no longer the standard pronunciation either in England or America. under the catchword Brutus, and there only. The They are now antiquated and are generally considered case is precisely parallel when the citation in ques- Hibernicisms, perhaps because of their wide currency tion is placed under Lover and nowhere else. This among the uneducated Irish. (I do not include, of course, lack of a sense of pertinency is one of the things the educated Irish, though even some of them may have that make the book so disappointing. And we can- a predilection for the pronunciation in question.) not think that this defect is remedied by the single- I cite only one authority, whose words in a matter of word Index. The preface of the work speaks of this kind are presumably entitled to our respect, to this as a “novel feature"; the experiment can show that Walker's pronunciation cannot be taken as authoritative in questions of present-day pronunciation. hardly be regarded as satisfactory. Suppose, in the case under consideration, that the student, disap. (Vol. I., p. 206) says: “ As respects the particular usage Ellis, in his great work on English Pronunciation pointed in his search at the proper places through [kyart, keyind, skyarlet, skyi, gyard, gyuide, etc., for cart, the Phrase-Book, follows Dr. Rolfe's advice and kind, etc.] it is now antiquated in English. But in turns to the Index. He may then take his choice Walker's time it was so much the custom that he found between looking up, one by one, either the thirty- it impossible' to pronounce garrison and carriage with eight references under Death, the fifteen under the pure (g, k), without any inserted (i) sound.” Work, or the five under Pause, until by greater or I did not undertake in my brief article to explain the less good luck his will-'o-the-wisp chase is rewarded phonetics of the pronunciations which we now commonly by stumbling upon the right one. The addition of regard as Hibernicisms. I am of the opinion, though I a word or two from the context would have added have not investigated the subject thoroughly, that these but little to the work of the compiler, and, type antiquated pronunciations can be shown to reach back to the principle of Anglo-Saxon “ breaking," and so are being chosen judiciously, very little to the bulk of really survivals of an early palatalization. the volume. It is difficult to see any use in a single- EDWIN W. BOWEN. word Index, except as a curiosity for the linguist. Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, Va., Jan. 6, 1897. The reviewer's disappointment with this book was in proportion to his anticipations of its publication. The compiler's frank confession of the lapses and SIDNEY LANIER. losses of various kinds which involved a change of Music and song, twin passions without peer,- plan during the process of the book's evolution ex- These, sanctified by love, illumed thy life, Lanier. cites the reader's sympathy, but does not mend its O flute-voiced bard! thy soul shines yet more clear shortcomings when he applies to it for aid.— THE In God's Infinity. Sing on, Lanier! REVIEWER.] ALICE ELIZABETH Rich. 44 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL The New Books. erally agreed that the finest and most impres- sive thing about it was its outward ensemble ; and while the more general features of that ARCHITECTS AND ARCHITECTURE.* ensemble were evidently planned by Mr. Root, Extravagant praise and an occasional sug- we learn that his conception of the Fair “dif- gestion of what Matthew Arnold called “ a full fered much from the White City of memory.” habit of style” mar somewhat the general effect Miss Monroe gives a gracefully written outline of Miss Harriet Monroe's otherwise satisfac- sketch of what the Exposition might have been tory life of John Wellborn Root. Miss Monroe's architecturally had Mr. Root's ideals, or rather unbounded admiration for her relative is touch- his “initial preferences,” been carried out in ing and creditable in itself ; but had she tem- detail. It would have been, not a White City, a pered the expression of it, and limited herself but a City of Color; not a seemingly perma- to a sober account of Mr. Root and his work, nant city of counterfeit marble, but a frankly done throughout in plain prose, she would in ephemeral one of multiform parti-colored struc- our judgment have produced a better book and tures, rising, as it were, overnight “like an a more effective panegyric. But notwithstand- exhalation," and vanishing as swiftly when its ing the rather frequent poetic excursions of the purpose was served. sort referred to, there is a good deal of terse “The fundamental point in Root's creed as an archi- straightforward narrative in the volume - tect was sincerity: a building should frankly express its enough to help the judicious reader to a fair purpose and its material. . . . He wished to frankly idea of Mr. Root and of the value, influence, acter of the Fair: it should be a great, joyous, luxuriant admit in the architectural scheme the temporary char- a , and character of his work. midsummer efflorescence, born to bloom for an hour It is in discussing Mr. Root's work as an and perish — a splendid buoyant thing, flaunting its gay architect, rather than his character as a man, colors between the shifting blues of sky and lake, exul- that the author is at her best. Her chapters tantly, prodigally. ... Among all the tentative sketches on his “ Ideas of Modern Architecture,” « His day to day during these busy weeks, there is scarcely a of the Fair, or portions of it, which Root threw off from “ Work and its Results,” and on his share in the trace of a classic motive. On the contrary, there is Columbian Exposition, are critical and intelli- much that is unconventional or even bizarre, conceived gent, and will command the respect of profes- in a lyric mood with delightful freshness and spontaneity. sional readers. What Mr. Root did for the He was much pleased one day when an English artist, trained in the schools, but hospitable to new sugges- Fair is thus stated by Messrs. Charles L. tions, recognized what he was striving for in one of Hutchinson and Owen F. Aldis, both leading these drawings: You've got an exuberant barbaric • members of its committees. Says Mr. Hutch- effect there a kind of an American Kremlin,' he said, inson : • lots of color and noise and life.' . . . Root's possible decisions in points of detail are of course a mere matter “ You cannot overstate John Root's services to the of conjecture. . . . Staff, which had been used exten- Exposition. He wanted Jackson Park wben the land- sively in Paris, was not his preference for large struc- scape gardeners and nearly every member of the Com- tures, though it might have been his choice eventually mittee were opposed to it. In the beginning of the for a great deal of the work. He would never have enterprise, he saw very clearly, more clearly than all used it in imitation of marble, but he would have appre- others, how beautiful would be the effect of combining ciated its delightful temptations to gayety of modelling land and water in this park; and he persisted until and coloring But whatever the materials, his whole everyone else came around to his opinion. It was his heart was centred upon his hope of an American Fair mind, more than any other, which was felt in the initia- an architectural scheme which should express exuber- tive of the great enterprise.” antly our young, crude, buoyant civilization, and strike Mr. Aldis says: our note at last in the world's art.” “ John Root made the Fair until he died — or no, I must modify that, because Mr. Olmsted had a share in Few, we fancy, who carry in memory the it; I do n't know how great. From these two men came serene and classic beauty of the White City will the artistic impetus of the Columbian Exposition, and it regret that the phase of Mr. Root's architect- was carried out on the large lines they laid down.” ural scheme above outlined, with its showy Intelligent visitors to the Fair pretty gen. gimcrackery of the “American Kremlin ” * JOHN WELLBORN Root. A Study of his Life and Work. order, failed of realization. It must not be By Harriet Monroe. Illustrated. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin inferred that Mr. Root's aim at originality and & Co. his ambition of a national type of architecture THE STORY OF ARCHITECTURE. An Outline of the Styles in all Countries. By Charles Thompson Mathews, M.A. Illus- were of the sort that affects to despire the les. trated. New York: D. Appleton & Co. sons and ignore the conventions of the past. EUROPEAN ARCHITECTURE: A Historical Study. By He was the student and scholar, as well as the Russell Sturgis, A.M. Illustrated. New York: The Mac- millan Co. man of original gift. “ No true success," he a : 6 In Few, we faney 1897.] 45 THE DIAL > used to say, “comes to an architect who is not most beautiful thing ever erected in this country as grounded in the classics. Life is not long regards purity and distribution; while the gem for mod- enough for one to himself discover those laws of esty and simplicity among the more subordinate works bore the prosaic and uninspiring title of the Merchant beauty which thousands of years have evolved Tailors' Building." for architecture." These wise and clear words, weighed with the authority that belongs to prac- More technical and analytical in treatment tical achievement, may well be pondered by than the foregoing work is Mr. Russell Stur- those who idly preach the notion of a national gis's scholarly historical study of “European art whose roots shall strike no deeper than our Architecture.” The book is offered primarily own new and shallow soil. Miss Monroe's book as a guide to students intending to inspect for is fairly readable, and the more important part should also prove most helpful to readers whose themselves the buildings described in it; but it enthusiastic and at times an eloquent tribute to loquent tribute to conceptions of those buildings must be derived the memory of a gifted and genial man. Me- from photographs, etc. As to the latter class chanically, and notably in the matter of illus- of readers, Mr. Sturgis observes : “For those who cannot at once visit the monuments trations, the volume is a noble product. The which still exist in Europe, it may be said that their plates comprise mainly choice and characteris- position toward all European architecture is not unlike tic examples of the work of Mr. Root, of whom the position which the most favored of us hold with re- there is an attractive frontispiece portrait. gard to Greek and Roman architecture. Greek and Roman monuments have perished, and their loveliness Mr. Charles Thompson Mathews's “Story or grandeur can be appreciated only by a mental pro- cess of reconstruction. Somewhat in the same way the of Architecture” is a concise and serviceable stay-at-home student may get much comfort out of manual, profusely illustrated, the scope and aim photographs accompanied by trustworthy plans. To of which are fairly indicated in the title. The such students, also, this book is offered as a help in the book is a good example of the popular yet interpretation of their photographs.” instructive treatment of a technical theme; and The chapter headings are: “Grecian Archi- a “. we commend it to readers desirous of acquiring tecture”; “ Roman Imperial Architecture "; quickly and agreeably a fair general knowledge “ The Architecture of Europe, 350 to 750 of the history of “the most useful of the fine A.D.”; “ The Architecture of Europe, 750 to arts, and the finest of the useful arts.” That 1150 A. D.”; “ Architecture of Western Eu- history, properly speaking, begins at the point rope," 1150 to 1300 A.D.,—and so on down to where the idea of beauty, of harmonious distri- “ Architecture of Western Europe, 1665 to bution of mass, first influenced the work of the 1789 A. D.” The text is profusely sprinkled builder—all the previous unfolding of the craft with woodcuts ; and besides these there are nine belonging, as the author says, to archæology. full-page photographic plates of good quality. Beginning with the architecture of Egypt, Mr. The book is attractively made, and may be Mathews proceeds to consider in turn (con- commended without reserve to those for whom stantly keeping in view the influence upon each it is written. style of the three prime forces — climate, race, and religion) that of India, Indo-China, and Java; Eastern Asia ; Mexico, Central Amer. MR. HERBERT SPENCER'S FINAL VOLUME.* ica, and Peru; Assyria and Western Asia; Greece ; Etruria and Rome; the Byzantine. With the appearance of Mr. Herbert Spen- ; ; style ; Early Christian architecture; the Sara- cer's concluding volume of “ The Principles of cenic style ; the Romanesque style ; the Gothic Sociology” the end of a long journey is reached, style - ecclesiastical and secular; the Renais- and a noble monument, more enduring than sance. The volume closes with a brief review bronze, will keep alive the memory of a great of American architecture, in the course of which thinker to whom the world owes more than we the author observes of the World's Fair (after can yet comprehend. The preface to this con- quoting the statement of the President of the cluding volume of Mr. Spencer's “Synthetic Royal Institute of British Architects that “the Philosophy " is one of the most pathetic yet Court of Honor was the grandest thing archi- inspiring passages of literature. "It does not tecturally that the world had ever seen since complain nor moaningly expose personal weak the days of Pericles": ness, and it shows a lofty and serene spirit that “Concerning individual buildings, it seems to be gen- THE PRINCIPLES OF SOCIOLOGY, Volume III. By Her- erally conceded that the Fine Arts Building was the bert Spencer. New York: D. Appleton & Co. E. G. J. - 46 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL has so long toiled in “ leisure, parfaitlie,” ac- and lawyers, teachers and architects, sculptors, cording “to the plan that pleased his childish painters. thought,” or rather the plan of early manhood. Turning to the part now first presented in A quiet tone of exultation is in the words, “ It this complete form to the public, we find a may fairly be said that, if not absolutely in the treatise on the economic history of mankind. way specified, the promise of the prospectus Brief and condensed as is the statement, we en- has been redeemed.” This “invalid of seventy-joy the results of a comparison of the industrial ya six ” looks back on "six-and-thirty years which systems of all the races of mankind. The lit- have passed since the Synthetic Philosophy was erary form of this statement is clear, readable, commenced," and adds : and even pictorial. The illustrations from par. “I am surprised at my audacity in undertaking it, ticular peoples serve to illuminate the abstract and still more surprised by its completion. In 1860 my formulas of the philosophy. Of course the small resources bad been nearly all frittered away in final criticism of the data and of the judgments writing and publishing books which did not repay their expenses; and I was suffering under a chronic disorder, must rest with ethnologists and students of caused by over-tax of brain in 1855, which, wholly dis- culture-history, but the broad and comprehen- abling me for eighteen months, thereafter limited my sive method is one which expands the mind and work to three hours a day, and usually to less. How helps us to see the relations of our economic insane my project must have seemed to on-lookers, may be judged from the fact that before the first chapter of problems to the larger life of the race. One the first volume was finished, one of my nervous break- is impressed by the idea that there are laws downs obliged me to desist. But imprudent courses do of development, and that the social order is by not always fail. Sometimes a forlorn hope is justified no means capricious and unintelligible. by the event. Though, along with other deterrents. The introduction to this part of the work many relapses, now lasting for weeks, now for months, and once for years, often made me despair of reaching deals with the difficulties of developing an the end, yet at length the end is reached. Doubtless industrial system. Nature is a step-mother in earlier days some exultation would have resulted; which yields only what is earned. Chronic but as age creeps on feelings weaken, and now my war hinders the peaceful pursuits of agricul- chief pleasure is in my emancipation. Still, there is sat- isfaction in the consciousness that losses, discourage- ture. Human nature itself, formed by ages of ments, and shattered health, have not prevented me habit, is not quickly and easily adjusted to new from fulfilling the purpose my life." conditions. Provident habits, increased intel- The volume just from the press contains ligence and foresight, must be slowly acquired. three parts : Ecclesiastical Institutions, Pro- The tyranny of custom must be broken. But fessional Institutions, and Industrial Institu- forming forces have gradually removed obstruc- tions. The first part has been published in tions and developed momentum ; “until at book form, the second in journal articles, while length the speed has become such that the the third appears here for the first time and improvements which science and enterprise will probably excite the greatest interest and have achieved during this century are greater stir most debate. But the principles which in amount than those achieved during all past underlie the treatment have long been familiar centuries put together.” to the world in previous writings of the author. The chapter on the specialization of func- Under the bead of Ecclesiastical Institutions" tions and division of labor is necessary to the there is a discussion of the religious idea, logical order, and is happily written, but is medicine - men and priests, priestly duties of already familiar. This is true of the chapters descendants, the ruler as priest, the rise of a on acquisition and production and on distribu- priesthood, polytheistic and monotheistic priest- tion. The more highly developed systems are hoods, ecclesiastical hierarchies, an ccclesias- discussed under the titles “ auxiliary distribu- tical system as a social bond, the military func- tion,” “auxiliary exchange," etc. The close of tions of priests, the civil functions of priests, a chapter on inter-dependence and integration, Church and State, nonconformity, the moral after a masterly exposition of the natural influences of priesthoods, ecclesiastical retro- growth of our commercial system, brings out spect and prospect, and religious retrospect and one of the favorite ideas of the author. The prospect. Under “Professional Institutions modern world is clamoring for the " organiza- the author treats the evolution from the priestly tion of labor.” Men suppose that at present class of the professions of physicians and sur- labor is unorganized. They are blind to the mar- geons, dancers and musicians, orators, poets, vellous specializations and connections which actors, dramatists, biographers, historians, men the human race has already built up out of its of letters, men of science and philosophy, judges experiences. Then follows a rhetorical thrust 9) of > 1897.] 47 THE DIAL . which, like the needle of a wasp, carries the And human nature is transformed much more venom under the skin : “ A fly seated on the slowly than the dissolving views called Utopias. surface of the body has about as good a con- Socialism is curtly dismissed in a short chap- ception of its internal structure as one of these ter, and solemnly, bitterly, renounced with all schemers has of the social organization in which its works. All the more bitterly is it assailed he is imbedded.” because Mr. Spencer feels that it is gaining The various modes of the regulation of labor power and will lead back to despotism and an are traced according to the principles of the inferior type of man. But only temporarily. law of evolution from rude beginnings to the Here and there will arise self-governing, self- contemporary system. The industrial regula- reliant, self-supporting peoples, “ who have not tion has been differentiated from ecclesiastical been emasculated by fostering their feebles — and political control; has freed itself by slow peoples before whom the socialistic organization degrees from the extreme consciousness which will go down like a house of cards, as did that goes with a militant state of society; has passed of the ancient Peruvians before a handful of from paternal to patriarchal and communal Spaniards.” The volume closes with a repeti- methods, through guilds, slavery, serfdom, to tion of the belief expressed fifty years ago : free labor and contract. Mr. Spencer regards « The ultimate man will be one whose private re- the “wage system” as only relatively the best quirements coincide with public ones. He will be that manner of man who, in spontaneously fulfiling his own for our age; as very superior to the systems of nature, incidentally performs the functions of a social slavery, serfdom, and guilds, but as certain to unit; and yet is only enabled so to fulfil his own nature yield place to a higher form of organization by all others doing the like.” " better adapted to freedom and self-development. Thus is completed one of the most compre- “ The wage-earning factory-hand does, indeed, exem- hensive intellectual enterprises of our century. plify entirely free labor, in so far that, making contracts The reviewer refrains from obtruding his own at will and able to break them after short notice, he is criticisms in a brief notice. He may regard free to engage with whomsoever he pleases and when he pleases. But this liberty amounts in practice to little Mr. Spencer's religious attitude and his theory more than the ability to exchange one slavery for an- of philosophy as unsound, vague, and defective other; since, fit only for his particular occupation, he in vital points. He may object to his extreme has rarely an opportunity of doing anything more than individualism and his policeman theory of the decide in what mill he will pass the greater part of his State. A great army presents many points of dreary days." When Mr. Debs comes to quote this passage this illustrious author, we all owe him a debt of attack. But profoundly as we may differ from it will be called “ incendiary,” and out of its lasting gratitude. When the errors of his sys- context it may be so. The context also must tem have been exposed and corrected, and when be quoted : the gaps have all been filled, there will remain “ It seems that in the course of social progress, parts, the vast framework of a plan consistent as that more or less large, of each society, are sacrificed for the benefit of the society as a whole. . . . Men are used up of Aquinas and only somewhat less comprehen- for the benefit of posterity; and so long as they go on sive; and there will remain also the picture of multiplying in excess of the means of subsistence, there a broken man toiling away for thirty-six years appears no remedy." without surrender, even when almost in despair; Thus the wet - blanket of Malthusianism and there will remain the example of a man quenches the flame of the socialistic orator. whose words always expressed the actual state The depressing passage just quoted, how- of his mind with perfect transparency and ac- ever, must be read in connection with the hope- curacy, because he had nothing to conceal. He ful but moderate commendations of coöperation had no reverence for sham, and mapy of his and trade-unionism. Trade-unionism is rela- most severe attacks on the Church were de. tively justifiable in the transition from a mili- served and will leave the genuine elements of tant type of industrial society to a peaceful religion more conspicuous for the destruction type. Coöperation is the form of industrial of masks and counterfeits. He reserved his production and regulation for the future. But worship, “ mostly of the silent sort,” for that it is a distant future. Power which he called the Unknowable, but «The practicability of such a system depends on to whom his writings have ever, implicitly or character. Throughout this volume it has been vari- explicitly, ascribed the qualities of goodness ously shown that higber types of society are made pos- sible only by higher types of nature; and the implica- and justice which are centred in Jesus's ideal tion is that the best industrial institutions are possible of the Heavenly Father. only with the best men.” C. R. HENDERSON. 3 48 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL 9 a tion era. of letters. His successors discovered how effi- THE FIRST Two CENTURIES OF cient a means of attack upon them the press PRINTED BOOKS.* had become. It was Carlyle — was it not?— who said that It will readily be seen how great were the the value of a book was often measured by its problems of a publisher in that day. The busi- preface. This observation is peculiarly true of ness was in its formative stage. Mr. Putnam the second volume of Mr. Putnam's Books says : and their Makers." He would be an uninter- “ The business carried on by these early publishers ested reader indeed who could read this admir- differed very materially from that of their successors. able introduction and not be spurred to con- All the machinery of bookmaking had to be originated tinue; for in a few swift, comprehensive para- or created, while it was necessary also to establish chan- nels of distribution and through these to discover and graphs the author has summed up the character to educate a reading public which should absorb the pro- and value of the production and distribution of ductions of the new presses. The task of selecting the books in the two centuries immediately follow- works which were best adapted for the requirements of ing the invention of printing. The larger part the first buyers of printed books, of securing trustworthy of the volume is taken texts of these works, of editing these texts, and of super- with a consideration up of the men and the literature of the Reforma- vising their typesetting, called for a large measure of literary judgment and scholarly knowledge, combined with a capacity for organising and directing an editorial The Reformation was in part a consequence staff. There was also necessity for the gift of imagin- of the Renaissance. The expansion of human ation through which could be pictured literary condi- tions and creations, for which as yet there was no prece- interest and the spirit of free inquiry engen- dent. And finally, steps had to be taken for securing a dered in that period at last led men to ques- legal status for the new class of property that was being tion the highest of all authorities of the medi- | brought into existence” (p. 15). æval epoch — the church. This healthful skep- The last was peculiarly delicate and difficult to ticism was stimulated by interest in the classics, secure, owing to the large number of small and whence scholars worked back to the original intensely jealous states, especially in Italy and languages of the Book of Authority. But the Germany, and the suspicion of the church. Reformation was in part also a reaction from The Estiennes in France, the Kobergers in the Renaissance. The paganism of Renaissance Nuremburg, the Elzevirs and Plantin of the Italy finally had penetrated into the secret Low Countries, men like these filled the breach place of authority, the pontificate. Leo X. was of new requirement. Their high sense of honor suspected of averroism, with good reason. and scrupulous integrity as publishers might Again, the Reformation was independent of the put much of modern publication to the blush. Renaissance. Early movements for church re- Henri Estienne looked upon every error in form, like those of the Cathari and the Mystics, the page as a blemish upon his personal char- prefigured the spiritual upheaval of the church. acter. His son Robert was accustomed “to To Mr. Putnam, naturally enough, the Refor- hang by in the streets or in the precincts of mation is more a continuation of the purely the University proof-sheets of important works intellectual qualities of the Renaissance than which were passing through his Press, and to anything else. In a few excellent pages (pp. offer a reward for every error that might be 27–34) he points out the far-reaching and re- discovered” (pp. 21, 31). ciprocal influence the invention of printing and The influence of the Reformation began to the Reformation had upon one another. The tell early upon the young publishing business, press did more to democratize religion, which and soon was destined to absorb almost all of hitherto had been the possession of the priest- its publication. It is at this point that the class, than any other means. Finally the papacy subject inevitably reaches beyond the limits took alarm, for even the people at last came to originally given it. An understanding of the question the authority of the church. The The Reformation as it progressed in France and Renaissance popes had carried within their own Germany and England is essential to an ac- bosoms the very weapons which were to strike count of the work of the publisher-printers of them down. Leo X. was the last papal patron the epoch. The character of their publications * BOOKS AND THEIR MAKERS DURING THE MIDDLE AGES. was largely determined by their religious and A Study of the Conditions of the Production and Distribution political affiliations, and these very works were of Literature from the Fall of the Roman Empire to the Close to determine the character and quality of the of the Seventeenth Century. Volume II. (1500-1709). By George Haven Putnam, M.A. New York: G. P. Putnam's literature of the time. Sons. Little of this sort of history appears in Mr. 1897.) 49 THE DIAL Putnam's pages ; and yet it is essential to his Nuremberg” and “ Luther as an Author,” at plan. He does not even, in order to clear once one of the best and one of the weakest the ground before the reader, relieve him of portions of the book. Events in the moral the common but erroneous belief that the Ref- sphere, such as history is, do not take place ormation in France was not a German deriva- with the suddenness of phenomena in the geo- tive. The French Reformation had its origin logic world. The Reformation was a slow de- in France. What it would have become with-velopment, slower in Germany than elsewhere. out Luther, cannot, of course, be determined. An historian of the Reformation never would But it was born of rare spirits in France, and have written this paragraph, and one wishes was not a German exotic. Luther and Calvin Mr. Putnam had not: were the great captains of the Reformation; “ The downfall of imperial Rome, which (irrespective but Luther had a French precursor and had of the internal causes) was brought about by persist- been anticipated many times in Germany. He ent Teutonic onslaughts, terminated the period of the was not the first cry, nor the only cry of re- world's history which is, for convenience, called classic form ; but he was its clearest, loudest bugle-call. or ancient. In like manner, the overthrow of the world. wide domination of ecclesiastical Rome was brought In France that note was first sounded by a pro- about by the attack of the Teuton Luther, an attack fessor of mathematics and physics in the Uni- which, backed by the Teutonic forces of North Europe, versity of Paris, Lefèvre d'Etaples, who wrote developed into a revolution against Italian rule and in 1508 his “Quincuplex Psalterium,” which terminated the epoch of mediævalism” (p. 240). was printed by Henri Estienne. Mr. Putnam Luther was not the cause of the Reformation, makes only a meagre and indecisive allusion to but simply its greatest occasion. Hus and Lefèvre (p. 19). the Waldenses, Joachim of Flora, Tauler the Switzerland was the place of refuge for all Mystic, and Wesel, who had been professor outcast Protestants in the sixteenth century. at Erfurt, Luther's own college town, had Calvin was the genius and directive force of planted and watered Germany. There were this community. Mr. Putnam does full jus- seventeen editions of the German Bible before tice to this haughty thinker — for at heart Cal- for at heart Čal- Luther's translation, fourteen in High German vin, like Hildebrand, had a strong sense of his and three in the Low German language. Mr. own superiority and kept loftily aloof from most Putnam seems to have overlooked this, for he The “ Institutes is characterized as says, in writing of the Kobergers : “ Two Ger- “ the most important intellectual product of man versions of the Bible had been published the Reformation." It was Robert Estienne before this of Koberger in 1483, one in Stras- who had the honor of giving that great work burg and one in Cologne” (p. 159). Perhaps, to the world. “The publication of this author- though, Mr. Putnam means by the word “ver- itative edition of a book which belongs to the sions” to make the distinction into the High distinctive literature not only of the sixteenth and Low forms of the language. But even if century but of the world's history, was a fitting this be the case, there is still an error, for Stras- undertaking with which to close the labors of burg was not the only, nor the greatest, place the great publisher” (p. 55). The decline of ( of publication of the High German version, the Estienne publishing house was due partly and Cologne has to divide honor with other to the fact that the great Estiennes, Henri and cities also. But an error greater than this Robert, left no heir capable of continuing their occurs in the paragraph immediately before the work along the large lines laid down ; partly to l statement made above : the political interests which the Calvinist move- “In the year 1483, the year in which Luther was ment had developed. Moreover, much of the born, Koberger published his German Bible. The text prestige of the house had been in the scholar- was translated from the Latin of the Vulgate and was illustrated with woodcuts. I have not been able to as- ship of its masters. There could be no second certain what was the German idiom used for this version, - Thesaurus and no other editor like Henri but it was a form that never took any permanent place Estienne. The decline was not sudden, but it in the literature of the country. Luther, referring to was a decline. the Nuremburg Bible, declared that no one could speak Perhaps the best exemplification of the dif- German of this outlandish kind '” (pp. 158-9). ficulty which Mr. Putnam has encountered, In this passage Mr. Putnam has missed the that of an adequate grasp of the history which essential fact of Luther's claims as an author. is reflected in the books of which he writes, is A practiced historian would have discovered afforded by the two chapters upon German the identity of this German idiom which “never books and bookmakers, The Kobergers of I took any permanent place in the literature of men. > 50 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL the country.” As intimated above, there were over his great contemporary Aldus, who found ... no numerous editions of the Bible in the vernac- little difficulty in maintaining permanent satisfactory ar- ular before Luther's writing. They were re- rangements for the distribution of his books north of the Alps. Aldus was obliged to depend chiefly upon printed from a Middle High German transla- his direct correspondence with individual buyers among tion from the Latin Vulgate made in the four- the scholars of Europe, but Koberger secured larger teenth century by a person or persons unknown. results by utilizing the services of the book trade, the This, of course, was prior to the discovery of organization of which in France and Germany was now taking shape. He was himself, in fact, a bookseller as printing, but with the invention of movable types well as a publisher and printer, selling both to the book- the previous manuscript version gained new trade and at retail, and he was the first of the book- currency. When Koberger, in 1483, printed sellers of Germany, and possibly of Europe, to issue a his German Bible* he put upon the press this classified catalogue of current publications” (p. 151). Middle High German version, which then was Koberger was fortunate in his time, for he from one hundred to one hundred and fifty printed before the zeal of reform had startled years old. Luther's criticism, that “no one the church, and therefore had not to contend could speak German of that outlandish kind," with authority and censorship. But the great was perfectly just, saving only that the lan- concern passed away almost with the death of guage was its founder of date. The Middle High German tongue in * The happiest combination of humanism and - : the fourteenth century had not yet reached its the ideas of the Reformation was in Erasmus. term of development. This fact throws light This fact throws light Mr. Putnam has no more entertaining chapter upon Luther's true place as a Bible translator. than that upon Erasmus. Erasmus Erasmus is distin- He modernized the Bible for the German peo- guished by one peculiar success in which he is ple of his day, and, owing to his own literary superior to many writers even in these days of skill, the fortunate aid of the press, and the books he was the earliest writer after the growing interest of men in the Bible, he was invention of printing who made a profit by his enabled to crystallize the language. The New pen. Of the first Basel edition of The Praise High German of his day was the fullness of of Folly,” 1800 copies were sold in six months. development of the German language. Latin, German, French, and Dutch versions But if Luther did not create the German were printed. No less than twenty-seven edi. Bible, yet one form of literature, the pamphlet, tions were called for during the author's life. owed its origin and popularity to the stimulus Froben alone printed 1000: Aldus, 8000; he gave to the German mind. Luther's break Schürer of Strasburg, 1100; Bodius and Phil. with the humanists had tended to make the ippus of Paris, 3000. The “ Colloquia” German Reformation more popular than in reached 24,000 in a term of ten years, the de- France where the allegiance of the nobles to mand being increased by the rumor that the Calvinism made the movement half aristo- book was to be put upon the Index by the Pope. cratic. Mr. Putnam bas admirably described Luther never made any profit from his writings, the character and influence of these Flug- nor did he so seek. Mr. Putnam has a most schriften (pp. 161-2, 221–2, 240). Witten- instructive passage upon this question of au- berg caught the most of this profit. The aggre- thors' honoraria in the sixteenth century, which gate of pamphlets for the ten years (1513-23) almost tempts quotation (pp. 175-7). was 3113, half of which was printed in Witten- It is a little remarkable that a man so closely berg. The more dignified and larger works, identified with the humanists in England should however, were published by the great house of have found his publisher in Froben of Basel Koberger. instead of with the successors of Caxton. “Koberger's correspondence shows that he had agents Froben seems to have been like the church in or active representatives not only in the other book- Laodicea, neither hot nor cold, in which posi- centres of the empire, such as Frankfort, Leipzig, Vienna, Basel, Strasburg, and Cologne, but in more dis- tion of mind conscience and business seem to tant cities, with which business interchange must, dur- have been blended. ing the first years of the sixteenth century, have been “ After 1520 Froben prints no further books for subject to serious risks and to many interruptions, such Luther, although it is evident that an assured and as Paris, Buda-Pesth, Warsaw, Venice, Florence, Rome, increasing sale was being secured for these. It is prob- Antwerp, Bruges, and Leyden. In this matter of organ- able that he was influenced to this decision by the izing connections and distributing machinery through- counsels of Erasmus and in connection with his relations out the Continent, Koberger had a decided advantage to Leo X. It seems evident that Froben, while not a * There is a copy of this rare edition in the library of Union bigoted Romanist, had not been attracted by the doc- Theological Seminary in New York. trines of the Reformers. Irrespective of his long per- 1897.] 51 THE DIAL sonal association with Erasmus, it is probable that his It will be easily surmised, then, that one own scholarly temperament and direction of thought should look for suggestions as to the true char- would have brought him into sympathy rather with the views of the scholar of Rotterdam than with those of acter of Mr. Hare in the earlier portion of his the Monk of Wittenberg" (p. 191). work, and it may be remarked here that he Caxton is too familiar a personage to dwellshows an unusual candor in revealing what upon here; and space forbids more than allu- forbids more than allu- many men would conceal. The strange thing sion to the Elzevirs and Plantin. The reader about it is that Mr. Hare himself comes out of may run to Mr. Putnam's work for knowledge the ordeal unscathed, while his parents, uncles, of them. It is notable for the mass of infor. aunts, and other relatives, are less fortunate. His attitude toward the associations of his mation gathered together, as well as for the presentation thereof. The latter portion of the youth is one of constant complaint; and to some book is taken up with subjects of another sort, extent this attitude is justifiable. His early no more than the titles of which may be indi training and education were strangely misdi. cated here—Italy: Privileges and Censorship rected. His childhood was passed at a pretty Germany: Privileges and Book-Trade Regu- country-house called Lime, situated near Hurst- lations ; France: Privileges, Censorship, and monceaux, the former ancestral estate of the Legislation ; England : Privileges, Censorship, Hares. Here he grew up under the direction and Legislation ; The Development of the Con- of his aunt and adopted mother, Maria Hare, ception of Literary Property. The upgrowth a woman of saint-like character, but quite unfit of press censorship and the history of the Index to mother the boy she had adopted. It would Expurgatorius make an interesting theme, be hard to say whether he was most unfortu- and one of which Mr. Putnam is peculiarly nate in his home influences or in his school life. fitted to write. Liberty of the press and that after a succession of worthless tutors and larger liberty not yet wholly realized — inter- private schools, he at last, just two years before national copyright-grew out of the reaction entering Balliol College, Oxford, came under against repressive legislation. The author, in the instruction of the Rev. Charles Bradley, a a sense, has been more at home in the latter most eccentric man, but a thoroughly good part of the volume than in the first part. But teacher. The two years spent with him helped throughout there is evidence of scholarship, instruction, and to him Mr. Hare always felt to make up for the poverty of his previous industry, and that sympathy for his subject without which no writer can be at his best. deeply indebted for the beneficial influence he Mr. Putnam has been at his best. Palmam exerted on both his mind and heart. His course qui meruit, habeat. at Balliol College was begun in 1853 and fin- JAMES WESTFALL THOMPSON. ished in 1857. The college lectures he charac- terizes as the “merest rubbish," and of his , whole education he says: "About fourteen years of life and above £4000 I consider to have MR. HARE'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY.* been wasted on my education of nothingness.” Mr. Hare's autobiography tells the story of By this time Mr. Hare had begun those voy- the greater part of a long and not uneventful ages abroad which were to become such an ab- life. It covers the periods of childhood, youth, sorbing feature of his maturer years. After and early manhood, and closes with the year leaving Oxford, in 1857, he passed more ex- 1870, when the author had reached his thirty tended periods on the continent, and thus laid sixth year and had fairly embarked on his lit- the foundation for those entertaining Hand- erary career. The story of the first and second books which the modern traveller in Europe of these periods is told in great detail; that of finds so indispensable. The first work of the the third is told in less detail, and, unfortu- kind which he undertook was the “ Handbook nately, with less clearness, as its slight thread of Berks, Bucks, and Oxfordshire," written for is all but lost in a labyrinth of anecdote and John Murray the publisher, which is princi- reminiscence. It is for this reason that the pally worthy of note because it showed him author's account, as it draws to a close, is more what a book of this sort should not be. He like a history of men, women, and things, than was required to produce a work which he knew an autobiography. would be “utterly unreadable, though correct and useful for reference,” and it was probably * THE STORY OF MY LIFE. By Augustus J. C. Hare. In two volumes. With illustrations. New York: Dodd, Mead owing to his aversion for such work as this that he afterwards filled his guide-books with a > & Co. 52 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL home. ..: 6 wealth of pleasure and instruction. From this ridge would describe it. He is terribly altered, has lost point on, his life is largely a record of his the use of his hearing and almost of his speech, and cannot move from his chair to his bed. ... When he travels, though this record introduces the reader left Villa Landore, it was because Mrs. Landor turned to a very large circle of noted men and women him out by main force. It was a burning day, a torrid in England and elsewhere, and carries him summer sun. He walked on dazed down the dusty road, through much of what is best worth seeing in the sun beating on his head. His life probably was Europe. His vivid descriptions of the scenes saved by his meeting Mr. Browning, who took him Mrs. Story says that nothing ever more com- he visited and his impressions of the people he pletely realised King Lear than his appearance when he knew may form for some the most entertaining arrived, with his long floating white locks and his wild portion of his autobiography. far-away expression." Among the noted men of whom Mr. Hare When Mr. Hare went to Turin, in 1858, he at one time or another saw a great deal, and had long talks on art with Ruskin. As a child a with whom he was in some cases intimately ac- he had always taken great delight in drawing, quainted, were Wordsworth, Landor, Sterling, and this youthful devotion to art broadened Manning, Jowett, Tennyson, Maurice, Ruskin, and deepened as he grew into manhood. His Arnold, and others. He has told interesting mother had always counseled him to seek trath anecdotes about nearly all of these men, and rather than to strive vaguely after an unattain- . particularly about Landor, with whom he dined able excellence. She had also opposed his use once a week while the latter was living at Bath of color, believing that he had no right to it and he himself was a schoolboy at Lyncombe. until he could draw perfectly. His earlier work, “ Mr. Landor's rooms were entirely covered therefore, was usually done in pencil and sepia. with pictures, the frames fitting close to one another, While they were at Turin, Mrs. Hare gave leaving not the smallest space of wall visible. . . . He lived alone with his beautiful white spitz dog Pomero, some of her son's drawings to Ruskin to look at. which he allowed to do whatever it liked, and frequently “ He examined them all very carefully," writes to sit in the oddest way on the bald top of his head. Mr. Hare, “and said nothing for some time. He would talk to Pomero by the hour together, poetry, At last he pointed out one of the cathedrals at philosophy, whatever he was thinking of, all of it imbued Perugia as the least bad of a very poor col- with his own powerful personality, and would often roar lection.'” Mr. Hare continues : with laughter till the whole house seemed to shake. I have never heard a laugh like that of Mr. Landor - “One day in the gallery, I asked him to give me deep-mouthed Beotian Savage Landor,' as Byron called some advice. He said, · Watch me.' He then looked him — such a regular cannonade. He was the sanest at the flounce in the dress of a maid of honour of the madman and the maddest reasonable man in the world,' Queen of Sheba for five minutes, and then he painted as Cervantes says of Don Quixote. In the evenings he one thread: he looked for another five minutes, and then would sit for hours in impassioned contemplation; in he painted another thread. At the rate at which he was the mornings he wrote incessantly, to fling off sheet working he might hope to paint the whole dress in ten after sheet for the Examiner, seldom looking them over years; but it was a lesson as to examining what one drew afterwards. He scarcely ever read, for he only pos- well before drawing it." sessed one shelf of books. If anyone gave him a vol- It will be remembered that Coleridge gave ume he mastered it and gave it away, and this he did because he believed that if he was to keep the book and expression to a similar thought when he said be able to refer to it, he should not be able to absorb that the primary rule and condition for form- its contents so as to retain them. . . . He never bought ing a good style is “not to attempt to express any new clothes, and a chimneysweep would have been ourselves in language before we thoroughly ashamed to wear his coat, wbich was always the same know our own meaning." as long as I knew him, though it in no way detracted from bis majestic and lion-like appearance. But he was The above extracts must serve to illustrate very particular about his little dinners, and it was about one of the entertaining features of these vol- these that his violent explosions of passion usually took umes. Besides these impressions of noted men place. I have seen him take a pheasant up by the legs and women, there are a score or more of short when it was brought to table and throw it into the back of the fire over the head of the servant in attendance. stories which Mr. Hare has collected from vari. . . . At the same time nothing could be more nobly ous sources and set down here for the amuse- courteous than his manner to his guests, . . . and his ment of his readers. They are interesting in conversation, whilst calculated to put all his visitors at themselves, and some of them would form cap- their ease and draw out their best points, was always wise, chivalrous, pure, and witty." ital plots for novels ; but they detract slightly In a letter to his sister, dated May 22, 1864, from the unity of the work. There is also an unusual profusion of woodcuts and photograv- Mr. Hare wrote further regarding Landor : ures, and these add not a little to the pleasure “I have seen poor Mr. Landor several times. He has a small lodging in the Via della Chiesa, where he one gets from these books. * sits out the grey remainder of his evening,' as Cole- TULEY FRANCIS HUNTINGTON. 6 : 1897.] 53 THE DIAL while Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, Jahn and THE GERMAN STRUGGLE FOR LIBERTY.* Schill, and other patriots, play noble parts. As a Mr. Poultney Bigelow, in his “ History of contrast to these positive characters there is the the German Struggle for Liberty," has told the amiable Prussian king whose virtues combined story of the transformation of Prussia during with his sentimental weakness were more ruin- the eight years from the shameful defeat at ous to his country than all the plots and vio- Jena in 1806 to the first abdication of Napoleon. lence of his neighbors. The narrative moves The author's opportunity was a great one, for rapidly and in a rather sketchy manner ; there no period could be fuller of striking situations is little of detail except in relation to the queen, and contrasts or of interesting personalities, or for whom the author feels an unbounded ad- show more clearly the workings of social and miration that one cannot but share, although political forces. These he has developed in a he tires at length of the adjectives of enthusi- striking way, although, by the limitations of asm that accompany every appearance of the his plan, somewhat superficially; but in his heroine. opportunity lay the danger that has almost un- The author's philosophical point of view is done him. These situations and these person- that of violent hatred of aristocratic militarism, alities have taken hold of him so strongly that and a whole-hearted belief in the patriotism a he is not content to put them before his read- and soundness of the plain people, even of the ers and let them speak for themselves, but he Prussian peasantry that was not till this time forestalls all exercise of his reader's judgment raised from serfdom by the genius and power by the constant intrusion of his own, and espe- of Stein. “ No man is the worse for good blood cially by his ever-present adjectives. This may and thorough education ; but disaster is sure please the indolent reader who prefers ready-to overtake a state which holds that the great made opinions, but it is annoying to the thought- | body of the people is insensible to patriotism, ful one. Another fault is the labored spright- courage, and civic virtue. The years of servile liness that at last gets a little monotonous. This torment which Germany endured at the hands sometimes leads the author to use expressions of Napoleon after the battle of Jena should that are somewhat flippant. The “ dignity of make this lesson precious to her, as to all free history” has many sins to answer for, not the peoples.” And the facts the author narrates least of them a deadening dulness, but it would not only support his opinion, but furnish an keep a writer from using such an expression impressive warning to the Germany of today, as “a rickety old granny of a general," although where the same old spirit of aristocratic mili- that description fits the character. It is evident tarism seems to be again becoming dominant. that Mr. Bigelow's history is intended for the But the end of the nineteenth century is not general reader rather than the specialist, and the beginning; and the disaster, if it is allowed as a popular work it is distinctly valuable. A to come, will not result in national subjugation hundred will read it where one would undertake and acquiescence, but in the overthrow of the Seeley's “ Life and Times of Stein," and no haughty aristocracy, and in real popular gov- one who is unfamiliar with this period can read ernment. it without gaining a vivid knowledge of some Never was there a more astonishing collapse important aspects of the Napoleonic era, or of an apparently great power than that of without coming upon valuable truths that have Prussia in 1806. But a generation before, the their application to the Germany of our own little state had stood almost single-handed day. against the great powers of Europe ; now all The story is cast almost in the form of a resistance stopped after one ignominious defeat drama. The heroine is of course Queen Louise, by Napoleon's inferior army; fortified cities, beautiful, sweet, heroic. The prime villain well manned and furnished, were given up one is Napoleon, whose inherent cruelty, treach- after another at the demand of strolling bands ery, vulgarity, and selfishness are made to ap- of Frenchmen; neither king nor army made a pear on nearly every page. The subordinate single effort to stand against the conqueror. villain is the Czar Alexander, faithless and And now the selfish and heartless policy Prussia grasping. The principal hero is the sturdy had pursued during the past few years brought Blücher - unless Stein be put beside him ; - down upon her every humiliation that even the HISTORY OF THE GERMAN STRUGGLE FOR LIBERTY. By malignant ingenuity of Napoleon could devise. Poultney Bigelow. Illustrated with Drawings by R. Caton Woodville, and with portraits and maps. In two volumes. One's blood boils at reading of it all, even New York: Harper & Brothers. though he cannot deny that every insult and 54 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL I am . suffering was fully deserved. But out of this early the keynote of these volumes - to wit, a bump- humiliation and suffering arose a new Prussia, tious bourgeois conceit that is really marvellous. As whose burning patriotism overthrew the calcu- a fine specimen, we extract this : lations of Napoleon, and cooperated with the “ For the third time I enter New York Harbour. No vices and weakness success had developed in one meets me - no reporters, no friends. I steal about the city for a few hours, almost fearing to meet some his own character to bring about his downfall. one who might persuade me to linger — but no. « The Prussian of 1812 was not the Prussian of 1806. bound for Frisco; it is December 13, and on December 23 Queen Louise had lived and died; the spirit of Pestalozzi I am to occupy the pulpit of Trinity Church, San Fran- had worked in the common school; the serf had become cisco, the principal church in the city. My good Fran- a citizen ; the hireling soldier was now a volunteer; cisco friends, as soon as they knew I was coming West Stein and Hardenberg had awaked public confidence in in search of health, opened, as I may say, their hearts, the government; Scharnhorst had breathed the new homes, and churches to me. More than one pulpit was spirit into the army; Jahn had taught his athletic clubs at my disposal, but the Trinity Church Committee pre- that patriotism was not a thing to be ashamed of; the vailed, and secured me for two months. I was to preach boys of Prussia sang songs of German unity; the poets every Sunday night." and preachers of Germany talked of liberty; and the And, worst of all, Mr. Haweis is not unconscious of boys who were twelve years old at Jena could shoulder his egotism; for after one exhibition of it, he re- a musket in the year of grace 1813." marks : “But I feel the reader has a right to resent This transformation is the subject of Mr. Bige- this egotistical digression ; let him resent and pass low's book; it does not come within his plan to on." It is hard to speak with patience of two vol- tell how the long-suffering people, after their umes of experiences in America and Australasia, unspeakable sacrifices and sufferings, were de- all recorded in this vein of pugnacious and caustic prived of a great part of their reward, while conceit; but it is certainly about the most nauseat- the old aristocracy again took control of the ing farrago we have ever tasted. The travel is mere state that they had ruined. In his preface, globe-trotting and the talk mere chit-chat, and over however, he hints at a continuation of the work. all is writ an immense I. We hope that he will feel encouraged by the It is a great relief to turn from the rasping, stac- reception of the present volumes to proceed cato, egotistic manner of Mr. Haweis to the gentle , without delay. graceful, modest style of Mrs. Louise Chandler Moulton in her “Lazy Tours in Spain and Else- These volumes are put forth in excellent where." In these impressions of journeyings in cen- form, with twenty portraits and many interest- tral and southern Europe, Mrs. Moulton bas, to be ing illustrations. CHARLES H. COOPER. sure, only commonplaces to relate ; but, having the true literary touch, she beguiles us into reading with zest. One of the pleasantest sketches is the Lazy Tour in Spain,” from which we extract this anecdote TRAVELS IN MANY LANDS.* about a little beggar boy whom she kindly instructed in the English language. The reader, and still more the reviewer, will “With pennies I bribed him to say, 'I am a very bad hardly be conciliated by an author who opens his little boy.' He said the words slowly and solemnly, as work with the tart remark that “those who are if they were an incantation, without the most distant interested in me and my travels and observations idea of their meaning; and I heard him, weeks after- will read them, and the others can leave them alone." ward, startling subsequent visitors to the Cathedral with This remark, from the preface to Mr. Haweis’s vol- this formula." ume of “Travel and Talk," savors more of the Mrs. Moulton shows a real imaginative power, when, smartness of the street than of the amenities of the upon revisiting Nuremburg, and looking up to the literary world. However, the author strikes thus tall mediæval houses with their eye-shaped windows, #TRAVEL AND TALK. By the Rev. H. R. Haweis. New SYRIA FROM THE SADDLE, By Albert Payson Terhune. York: Dodd, Mead & Co. New York: Silver, Burdett & Co. LAZY TOURS IN SPAIN AND ELSEWHERE. By Louise TIMBUOTOO THE MYSTERIOUS. By Felix Dubois. Trans- Chandler Moulton. Boston: Roberts Brothers. lated by Diana White. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co. THE LAND OF THE CASTANET. Spanish Sketches. By MADAGASCAR BEFORE THE CONQUEST. By Rev. James H. C. Chatfield-Taylor. Chicago: Herbert S. Stone & Co. Sibree, F.R.G.S. New York: The Macmillan Co. ON THE TRAIL OF Don QuixOTE. By August F. Jacoaci. IN AND BEYOND THE HIMALAYAS. By S. J. Stone. Illus- Illus'd by Daniel Vierge. New York: Chas. Scribner's Sons. trated by Charles Whymper. New York: Edward Arnold. ON THE BROADS. By Anna Bowman Dodd. Illustrated by A CYCLE OF CATHAY OR CHINA, SOUTH AND NORTH. By Joseph Pennell. New York: The Macmillan Co. W. A. P. Martin, D.D., LL.D. Chicago: Fleming H. Revell IN THE VOLCANIC EIFEL. A Holiday Ramble. By Kath- Company. arine S. and Gilbert S. Macquoid. Illustrated by Thomas R. Town AND Bush. By Nat Gould. New York : George Macquoid, R.I. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. Routledge & Sons. A GIRL'S WANDERINGS IN HUNGARY. By H. Ellen DRAGONS AND CHERRY-BLOSSOMS. By Mrs. Robert C. Browning. Illustrated. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co. Morris. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. THE EDGE OF THE ORIENT. By Robert Howard Russell, IN SOUTH SEAS. By Robert Louis Stevenson. New York: New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Charles Scribner's Sons. 3 1897.] 55 THE DIAL she says: “The same eyes look furtively at me degree. The story of a fortnight's trip is well told from the many-storied roofs; the old houses nod in a quietly humorous vein. An abundance of bright sagaciously at each other across the narrow streets.” conversation, some mild adventure, and a bit of Another book of sketches is Mr. H. C. Chatfield- flirtation lure the reader to the very end. A main Taylor's “ The Land of the Castanet.” It is largely point of view is the aesthetic, and there are many a reprint of papers in “ The Cosmopolitan,” giving pleasant word-pictures of placid English landscape a light and agreeable account of the impressions of and simple folk. Some of Mr. Pennell's drawings a tourist in Madrid, Seville, Granada, and Gibraltar, are poorly printed, and as a whole they are hardly with some remarks on Spanish history, society, up to his usual mark. sport, the peasantry, and provincial towns. There “In the Volcanic Eifel” is another book of Eu- is little that is new or of remarkable interest; but ropean travel; but it has the advantage, unlike the such chapters as those on “ Provincial Towns" and sketchy book we have just noted, of treating only “ The Common People" contain some pleasant de- of a single and small section of country. In Rhen- scription. The style is quite fluent and correct, ish Prussia, between the Rivers Rhine, Moselle, and though we note occasional slips in English usage, as Rohr, is a high plateau known as the Eifel, the when the author speaks of Barcelona as having its southern part of which, being dotted with ancient “American prototype” in Chicago. The little vol- lava-beds and lake-filled craters, is called the “Vol- ume is shapely, and has the attractive appearance canic Eifel.” Though this section has long been which characterizes its publisher's books. studied by the geologist, it has been but little fre- Yet travellers will find in Another book on Spain, but of somewhat higher quented by the tourist. quality, is “On the Trail of Don Quixote," by Mr. this book a pleasant introduction to a quite unique Ā. F. Jaccaci . This work records, in a dainty and region. The work contains maps, a table of dis- graphic style, the impressions of an itinerary through tances, and numerous illustrations in the form of the province of La Mancha, “the most backward well-executed drawings. region in Spain,” “ arid, savage, Moorish.” The Miss H. Ellen Browning opens her book, “A Manchegans the author finds to be - Girl's Wanderinge in Hungary," with a personal “Half Moors, who, like the natives of Southern Italy, confession which is a fair sample of the author's are born for finessing. . . After learning, what they style, and which will doubtless attract some read- already knew, that I was a stranger (a term which ap- ers and repel others. plies to anyone not a Manchegan), they dangled a variety “ To begin with, let me confess that I belong to the of bait that should tempt me to disclose what manner of category of mouse-screeching' women; though I wear man I was and what I had come for. One imagines cloth knickers under my gown, and feel equally con- that if cats could, they would talk in just the way these temptuous towards an hysterical female’and a dowdy people did — slowly, with the same imperturbable glare bas bleu. Their day is over. I love the sea and the in their fixed, brilliant eyes.” mountains, and the frankó naturalness of the peasantry, The author visited Argamasilla, the Cave of Mon- but garlic and drunken men both disgust me. Swear- tesinos, El Toboso, and other spots made forever ing frightens me, particularly when there's anything famous by the adventures of the knight of the rue bluggy' about it. It turns me instantly into a mass of ful countenance, and he feels that shivering goose-flesh: perhaps it's the tone that does it “On his native soil Cervantes' book takes an added quite as much as the words.” pungency. How much it is of the country, how true to This book reminds one of “A Girl in the Carpa- life are the characters, description, and language, one thians," although not quite the equal for cleverness needs to live here among the people to know. There is and vividness. But Miss Browning makes the most a great charm in stumbling at all instants on things it of her mild adventures in an entertaining way, and has made familiar to us. For example, not only do the there is much pleasant description of wayside life inhabitants of certain villages of La Mancha dress to-day in the mediæval recesses of Hungary. like Sancho Panza, but all Manchegans are mines of old sayings in which the wisdom of generations is crys- With Robert Howard Russell's “ The Edge of talized into proverbs which, like him, they constantly the Orient” we return to the rambling sketch type use to sum up tersely a situation." of travel books now so common. Mr. Russell trips The author's graceful prose is fully supplemented lightly along Adriatic Austria, by maritime Turkey, by the delicate drawings of Vierge, so full of lights with a side visit to Damascus, and ends with a and air, and indeed, we notice that in views of rapid run through Egypt; and his main search interiors the open door is always emphasized. everywhere is for the picturesque in costumes, archi- “On the Broads,” by Anna Bowman Dodd, is a tecture, and landscape, in which he is to some extent sketch of a yachting trip along the manifold water- rewarded. Perhaps the best description in the book is of a view from Ragusa : ways of the Bure and Yare rivers, which, now nar- « On a bare, isolated rock, toward the north of Ra- rowing, now broadening, run through the level stretch of land between Norwich and the sea known gusa, towers the grim old fortress of San Lorenzo; and beyond, on a little point stretching into the sea, is the as “the Broads." Here in summer cruise yachts, luxuriant garden of the Conte Pozza, with its bowers wherries, barges, and yawls innumerable, freighted of roses and its wealth of tropical vegetation. Farther with English pleasure-seekers of both high and low on, toward the northwest, a little group of rocky islands, > 56 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL a which turn to purple shadows in the sunset, lift their bonded docks situated on the coast of an opulent conti- heads above the sea. Nowhere in the world is there a nent, with a sea of sand stretching before her upon more beautiful view, and nowhere in the world is there which the fleets of the desert come and go.” a more perfect example of an old mediæval town, with M. Dubois's route was down the Niger, and he was ancient walls and great battlements, deep moats and greatly impressed by this wonderful river. As strong towers, drawbridges and sally ports, from which, so visionary does it all seem, you half expect to see a Egypt is the “gift of the Nile,” so the French Sudan goodly company of King Arthur's knights ride forth on is the gift of the Niger. the quest of the Holy Grail." “ A most thorough and complete system of irrigation is formed to which man has not needed to put his band; In parts of this work we find too much history of and fertility is spread over thousands of square miles. the guide-book order. There is nothing of adven- The rise and fall of the waters is as regular as those of ture, unless we except the author's amusingly auda- the Nile, and an infinitely greater distance is covered. cious call on the Mushir of Damascus. The book At Mopti, for example, you can calculate in September has no map, but contains numerous illustrations of ninety miles from east to west inundated to a depth of interest. eight or nine feet.” Of still smaller calibre than the previous work M. Dubois has much also to say of the strange city is Mr. A. P. Terhune’s “Syria from the Saddle.” of Jenne on the Niger, which still retains the archi- This is a rather careless and flippant account, in tecture of Ancient Egypt and many elements of that civilization. The book contains numerous useful a gossippy journalistic style, of horseback excur- sions in various parts of Syria. However, the au- maps and illustrations, and is fairly well translated. thor's unconventional point of view lends a new “Madagascar before the Conquest,” by the Rev. aspect to some common experiences, and there are James Sibree, is practically an edition, brought some entertaining stories. Of these, quite the best down to the late French Conquest, of the author's is the account of a visit to a Latin monastery, where very good work entitled “ The Great African Mr. Terhune conversed in French with the Superior. Island.” Some footnotes revise to 1896. Though “We were interrupted by an Italian brother, who to some extent a general account, it yet has special leaned toward me with a wink, and said in English, reference to the capital city and its province, and to • Yes? Good morning! If you please ! Damn!' I the Hova tribe. While the missionary point of was surprised to hear this string of expressions in my view is evident, it is not over-emphasized, but much own tongue, and still more so on hearing the pleasantly information of all kinds is summarized on the cli- uttered curse. After looking about in pride at his own mate, zoology, botany, geography, customs, language, linguistic power, and noting the effect on the other folk-lore, etc. While not technical nor very thorough, brethren, the holy man relapsed into French, and said The the treatment appears to be fairly accurate. complacently, 'I have met Englishmen and Americans before, and, as you observe, I have learned a little of style is quite commonplace. While the book is their language. What I just said is one of your forms evidently designed for information rather than enter- of greeting, is it not ?'” tainment, a chapter on “Odd and Curious Experi- Of the English penetration of the Sudan from ences of Madagasy Life” has some diverting pas- the northeast we have of late heard much, and but sages — as, for instance, the description of a village very little of the French inroad from the northwest. church, built entirely on native plans, whose interior M. Felix Dubois supplies this lack in his “ Tim- decoration had evidently been suggested by a stray buctoo the Mysterious,” which tells in sprightly ace of clubs. Gallic fashion the story of a trip to the Queen City Mr. S. J. Stone's “In and Beyond the Hima- of the Sudan, and adds thereto a valuable histor- layas" is a sketch of various sporting trips after big ical account. Timbuctoo is a name surrounded by game in the mountain fastnesses to the north of a glamour of barbaric magnificence, which for M. India. The author evidently delights not in butch- Dubois was rudely dispelled on finding it a mass of ery, but appears to be a true sportsman; and hav- ruinous mud houses and straw huts, and its inhab- ing a genuine interest in wild animals, he records itants clothed in rags. But he soon discovered that some very good observations on their habits. We this dilapidation was an appearance only; within quote a description of ibex vigilance : these ruins were riches and luxury. The inhabitants « The most wide-awake animal in creation is cer- have for many years been so plagued by the pillag- tainly the female ibex, and she seems to exercise her ing nomads of the desert that “they transformed vigilence solely for the benefit of the ungrateful male, their garments and dwellings, and, ceasing to be who is by no means so watchful ; in fact, if he is old Timbuctoo the Great, they became Timbuctoo the and lazy, he keeps no lookout at all after having com- fortably laid himself up for the day. That duty falls Mysterious." Timbuctoo is the entrepôt to Sudan. to his mate, and admirably she performs it, uncomfort- “ Placed as she is at the outlet of a labyrinth of trib- ably perched on a jutting rock far above the rest of the utaries, creeks, and channels, at the point where the flock, securely sleeping on some soft patch of level or Niger bends abruptly from the western to its eastern gently sloping ground below, she lies keeping her tire- course, she offers an easy point of concentration to north less watch. The patient native or Kashmiri is used to and south. Here the Sudan can assemble her many her sentry duty, and after taking in the situation, he different products, and satisfy all her clients of the too falls asleep like the bearded males he is trying to north at the same time. Timbuctoo is like a port with circumvent; but the impatient Saxon fumes and swears 1 1 1 1897.] 57 THE DIAL in the intervals of studying the little animal through his a follower of Mark Twain — at a long distance. glasses. The case is perfectly hopeless; there is no However, the volume conveys a certain amount of nearer approach than a thousand yards, without instant information in a smart, dashing way, not uninter- detection for several hours to come at any rate; and the language that contaminates the mountain air is truly esting, though scarcely attaining the dignity of lit- erature. awful." Who that has read Robert Louis Stevenson's Among the animals which fell before the author's rifle were wild goats, especially the long horns, wild “Travels with a Donkey” has not felt that here was sheep, bear, yak, and musk deer. The story of the a master of travel-writing? From the most meagre chase is told in the blunt British style. The illus- materials, Stevenson, by the magic of his style, cre- trations by Mr. Whymper are excellent. ated a charming book. And what more attractive subject could Stevenson have than the South Seas ! In“ A Cycle of Cathay " we find a book which is We open the volume with eager expectations of de- decidedly not of a sketchy order, but a careful and light, and we close it in disappointment. The pecu- thorough-going account by a competent author, Dr. liar beauty of Stevenson's style is almost lacking in W. A. P. Martin, veteran missionary, linguist, and this book. Here indeed, Stevenson is more sociol- diplomatist. Dr. Martin has been for forty years ogist than stylist; and, further, it would seem that in direct touch with the process which has opened the touch of mortal illness had numbed his powers. China to the world, and his reminiscences have And yet, though we gain little artistic pleasure from much historical value. His remarks on the future the book, we find much of interest in the realistic of China are worth considering. He says that “the Russians are as confident of one day possessing descriptions of life in the South Seas, of a dying race and decaying customs, of funerals, festivals, Peking as they are of getting Constantinople. I and daily life; and the impression is far from pleas- expect to live to be governor of Pechili' (the metro- ant. Stevenson's descriptions of nature are also of politan province), said a young Russian in my hear- interest, and these few sentences from his impres- ing, at a legation dinner, or rather after dinner sions of the Fakarava atoll have a vivid and sombre - in vino veritas.” Dr. Martin regards opium- power. smoking as the great curse of China to-day, and “ I lay down to sleep, and awoke again with an un- this opinion has evidently been formed upon long blunted sense of my surroundings. I was never weary and unbiased observation. Much of the volume is of calling up the image of that narrow causeway, on no less interesting than instructive, particularly the which I had my dwelling, lying like a serpent tail to author's reminiscences of his early experiences as mouth, in the outrageous ocean, and I was never weary preacher and his capture by pirates. While this is of passing—a mere quarter-deck parade—from one side by no means a monumental monograph, it is yet a to the other, from the shady, habitable shores of the distinct addition the literature on China. lagoon to the blinding desert and uproarious breakers of the opposite beach. The sense of insecurity in such Dragons and Cherry-Blossoms," by Mrs. Robert a thread of residence is more than fanciful. Hurricanes C. Morris, is a light and chatty book depicting and tidal-waves over-leap the humble obstacles: Oceanus Japanese life from a very feminine point of view, as remembers his strength, and, where houses stood and in the descriptions of shopping, servants, meals, and palms flourished, shakes his white beard again over the costumes. While Mrs. Morris does not, in her very barren coral.” brief account, add distinctly to our knowledge of HIRAM M. STANLEY. things Japanese, she yet gives her impressions in a fresh and natural style that is pleasing. There is much that is entertaining, -as, for instance, this , description of a Japanese swell: BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. “I once saw an enthusiastic and progressive Jap “ The Complete Bachelor" (Apple- walking stolidly through the streets with a small stiff hat perched on the back of his head, with bis kimono ton) is a treatise on “Manners for own manners-book. turned up in the back, disclosing a pair of flannel under- Men,” by the author of the “As Seen drawers, white stockings, and laced American shoes, the by Him” papers, whoever he may be. The term whole gracefully consummated by a cane, which he swung “complete bachelor” embodies, in our view, a con- jauntily as be marched along. The conscious pride that tradiction of terms, but we will not carp at so small he took in this outfit was something delightful to see, a matter when dealing with a book that has occa- and the serious and possibly envious glances showered sioned us so much joy. So many knotty problems upon him by his friends showed that he was a centre of are solved for us, so much helpful counsel given, admiration." that gratitude must be the note of our criticism. The volume is prettily illustrated and manufactured. Why, one does not get half-a-dozen pages into the “ Town and Bush,” by Mr. Nat Gould, is a little volume before coming upon this salutary admoni- book chiefly concerned with town life in Australia. tion: “A gentleman will never be seen in public The author is an English journalist, for many years with characters whom he could not introduce to his a resident in Australia, and well known there as the mother or his sister.” Could anything be neater or author of several sporting novels. The style is far more moral than that? “In a chest with four from refined, and the author sometimes seems to be drawers, the bottom one should be used for under- a The Bachelor's a 58 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL a clothes, the top for handkerchiefs, hose, and ties, Life," there is little need of information concerning and the two intermediate for linen.” It is very com. this autobiography, because it is exactly what one forting to know this, and doubtless many a bachelor, might readily have expected it to be. When one hitherto incomplete, will rise up to bless the writer assures the public that admires Mrs. Ward that it who has saved him from the solecism of putting his will not be disappointed in her last book, enough linen in the lower drawer. “The pivotal points of has been said as far as mere information is con- a man are his hat, boots, and tie.” This is not quite cerned. If, however, it be thought the duty of a the idea of the poet, who admits that critical journal to render a judgment (and nowadays “ Virtue may flourish in an old cravat," there seems to be some doubt on this matter), if one but poet and prosateur seemingly agree in the must really place the work for posterity, we have proviso: no such easy performance. To concentrate difficulty But man and nature scorn a shocking hat." and achievement into one consummate moment, into One bit of advice, “ Remember, do not be a lingerer one triumphant epigram, we might say that this or a sitter,” deserves immortality among the coun- book should have been named “Chapters from an sels of Polonius. How easily it would fit into the Unwritten Life." Chapters we have, and interest- metre ing ones too, concerning Andover, Boston, Glou- “Neither a lingerer nor a sitter be." cester; concerning old companions on the Hill and Here are two sterling sentences that are alone later friends in the world of letters ; concerning vari- worth the price of the book : “ There are no rules as ous experiences, struggles, triumphs ; much about to how a man should ask a woman to be his wife.” Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, a noted literary figure in “ There is no code of etiquette established as yet her day, but as to Life, in any real sense of the for divorce.” One is apt to exclaim in either case, word, of herself or of anybody else, there is no more “ If there only were! But the world moves, and here than in any of Mrs. Ward's other books. Mrs. the inquirer of the twentieth century will doubtless Ward is still, as she always has been, an idealist of have a system of conduct formulated for his use the old school, the school of Ouida on the one hand upon these critical occasions. We must, however, and Ruskin on the other; an idealist of the kind pause to ask what these two pronouncements are that is sternly opposed to the realist with an impas- doing in a book that professes to show the path for sable bar between, an idealist before the fact. All complete bachelorhood to take. Their purpose may the literary surgings and seethings of the last twenty- be merely minatory, hinting at the dangers that five years, those cataclysms which have raised up always await him who departs from the ways that continents unknown and submerged what was once are properly hedged in by conventional codes. solid ground, the slow development amid jarring There is one dark paragraph devoted to the after- chaos of Naturalism into what we suppose is called noon suit, the mystery of which we have been un- neo-Idealism, - all this has left Mrs. Ward as it able to fathom. Here it is : « The afternoon suit found her, one who nursed lovely and noble dreams is more or less a luxury. Unless you frequent after- which rarely failed to reach the hearts of those noon teas, or make many afternoon calls, or act as unbucklered by the triple shield of a literary sense. an usher at weddings in any city but New York, From her first great success, the expression of her the frock coat is not, for the first three or four years visions of fulfilled desire, to her last, in that melo- of your career, an absolute necessity. In New York, drama of the new theology,” Mrs. Ward has writ- however, where calls are only made in the after- ten steadfastly by faith ; her work is the substance noon, it must form a part of your wardrobe.” We of things she has hoped for, the assurance of things had a horrid suspicion while reading this book that she has never seen. Of such a literary life, this the author might be “Ruth Ashmore "in disguise ; autobiography is a faithful record; and therefore but the last page sufficed to dispel it. Ruth would our triumphant epigram must be acknowledged never have admitted that “under great provocation wholly wrong, for nowhere could we get a truer the expletive damn' is tolerated by society, but it idea of Mrs. Ward than here. The book has her should be whispered and not pronounced aloud.” weakness, and her strength too; it has no place in When we came to that passage, we closed the book literature, but will find one in many hearts ; it will with a sigh of satisfaction, for we knew that we had doubtless be sniffed at by the critics, while the com- been communing with a man and a brother. mon people will read it gladly. It is not an easy task to speak ade- The books that have done most in The autobiography quately of Elizabeth Stuart Phelps's stimulating the literary instinct of of an idealist. into - Culture." “Chapters from a Life" (Houghton); the world, that have been preeminent but, fortunately, it is not really necessary to do so. guides to those who are careful as to self-cultivation, The chapters were read in a widely circulating peri- were written with slight idea of serving what turned odical before they appeared in book form, so that out to be their de facto usefulness. Books written the general reader is already pretty well aware of especially to superinduce culture are rarely so for- them. And even beyond the circle reached by tunate as these subjects of a happy diversion. In- “McClure's Magazine,” in that larger circle of the deed, we suppose that many would believe that the admirers of “The Gates Ajar” and “ A Singular | best disposition of temperament must be always so a The initiation 1897.] 59 THE DIAL a a largely the result of environment, that self-cultivation millan), a book named from the first of the sixteen alone can rarely attain even a respectable result. essays which hold together through being “contin- Without offering an opinion on this difficult matter, uations and exemplifyings of the conception of the we mention it as being suggested by Mr. H. W. art of life contained in the first essay and the title Mabie's “ Essays on Books and Culture” (Dodd, of the volume.” Such a volume should be read with " Mead & Co.), for here we have a book written with pleasure and profit by many; the gipsy element the distinct purpose of being, we might almost say, will be good for the scholar, the scholarly element a technical guide to a very difficult art, and yet hav- may improve the gipsy. Probably the scholar will ing much of the fortunate air of those dispensers benefit most: in many of the essays the balance has of involuntary education of whom we first spoke. gone as far to Nature as with many of us it goes in We conceive this to be the chief and almost the the other direction. There are a good many essays sufficient thing for the reviewer to say of the book, wherein the gipsy element flourishes alone, essays more especially as half the essays have already ap- on country works and days by Tweedside. The peared in one of the magazines. But although a highest praise to be given to such a book, Mr. collection of magazine articles is too often merely Buchan’s volume can hardly achieve; it gives us a gathering of what were better left where it fell, no new instinct wherewith to enjoy nature and no these magazine articles are vastly improved by be- new sense of the possibilities of life. Charming coming, as they really have become, a book. We We atmosphere, charming description and meditation, were a little surprised to see how much the separate yet weigh it over against the severely practical (as essays gained, in being put each into its place in the a really fine book can be weighed) and it seems just scheme and development of the author. As to the a little light. That is to say, the book pleases, but main point, then, the book is distinctly successful : we are much the same after reading it as before. we think it should do for many the service of initi- Mr. Buchan is evidently impractical, as everyone ation which it intends, nor will it be harmful to those should be; but he is not practical, too, as a great no longer neophytes in the sacred hierarchy of cul- man of letters is. This fact he indicates in his essay ture. On some minor matters we disagree with Mr. on “ Nature and the Art of Words." Here he had Mabie heartily, and sometimes these minor matters something definite to talk about; here the scholar grow in our mind to inordinate importance. For should for the moment have kept the gipsy under, instance, there are times when we cannot think with just so long at least as to allow him to say some- equanimity of one who speaks of the kind of reading thing by himself. But such was not the case, and which secures culture," or of “the culture element we have a summer's-day meandering about the sub- in anything. Mr. Mabie's views on culture (poor ject, for all the world as though 't were a hillside word with hateful and complacent currency thrust in Peeblesshire. upon it) are so sound and vital that we cannot form The old-fashioned phrase, “obliged of him the impression we should form of some The literati nf others who use such locutions. When we add that the town," or here more properly New England. Mr. Mabie speaks of production along spiritual Mrs. Fields in speaking of her book “ Authors and “the public,” may well be used of and artistic lines,” or of putting oneself “into heart- relations” with something or other, that he does not Friends ” (Houghton). Mrs. Fields has a fund of object to writing “gotten" or "in this connection," recollection and experience such as can belong to it will be seen that in discerning the really fine few others, and since it largely concerns people of quality of his ideas we have penetrated far beyond whom everyone is delighted to hear, her volume the hulls and patches with which he now and then will be eagerly read by many. Such a book is not sees fit to guard himself from the style-hating pop- to be considered as criticism ; we do not expect ulace, to whom his book offers a means of reform- any revision of opinion concerning Emerson, Long- ing from the error of their disposition. fellow, Tennyson ; what we expect, what is enough for us, is to share in a delightful personal intimacy Scholarship is still to-day, as it has with some distinguished men of letters. To tell the Scholarship always been, too much an affair of truth, people do not at present seem so eager to and Nature. books. True, Bacon called attention form opinions as to the value of this one or that; we to the fact that Nature had secrets also; but students want personal details, little memoranda of private have been apt to seek for those secrets in rather an life, literary gossip. But this last word, although indoor fashion. The student is too often a man of none too harsh for current popular tendencies, is not books alone. He used to sit in his pensive citadel to be rightly applied to the book in hand. Mrs. amid dusty tomes and huge folios, while now he Fields herself calls attention to the value of minor moves briskly about in vast libraries, consulting neat matters concerning great lives " which, if omitted, little dissertations and endless monographs would leave a gap in the picture. Therefore," she books, now pamphlets; still, in the catalogue all may goes on, we never tire of Whisperings,' and go as books. Ever has there been, however, a thin * Talks' and · Walks' and Letters’ relating to the trickle of tradition and fancy about the thought of friends of our imagination, if not of our fireside ; books and nature too. And this idea is the motive and in so far as such fragments bring men and of Mr. John Buchan's “Scholar Gipsies” (Mac- women of achievement nearer to our daily life, with- - once 6 6 6 60 (Jan. 16, THE DIAL a " no out degrading them, they warm and cheer us with compel entire acquiescence. The work is a note- something of their own beloved and human pres-worthy contribution to the literature of sane criti- ence.” We think, on the whole, that Mrs. Fields is cism of the academic type. right. One does gain a certain warmth of personal feeling from these recollections, letters, diaries, and The object of Miss Florence P. all of the what-not-else of personal life. One gains Appreciation Holden's “ Audiences ” (McClurg) a personal feeling, which, though it would tend to is to help people in general to form impertinence were it concerning current popular their artistic tastes to the point of appreciating good ities, receives a certain dignity and recognition from work. The word “audiences ” is an attempt to fill a the august figures of those who are its object. We gap in our language. We have borrowed such words need not comment upon the essays by themselves, as connoisseur, amateur, dilletante, to indicate a for they are for the most part already known from person especially interested in one or another art. their appearance in the magazines. Longfellow, But that was in an aristocratic period ; art is now Emerson, Holmes, Whittier, who were more the for the millions; we need a word more widely ap- intimates of James T. Fields than of his wife, Mrs. plicable. Mr. Marshall, in his “ Æsthetic Princi- Stowe and Mrs. Thaxter, who stood rather nearer ples,” used the word “observer,” and this word to her, and Tennyson and Lady Tennyson, are the seems to us rather better than “ audience,” for of subjects of the eight essays. the five commonly reckoned fine arts, three are always apprehended by the eye, while only one is An admirable Professor Benjamin W. Wells has usually apprehended by the ear'; literature may hand-book of written a “Modern French Litera- French literature. ture” as a companion volume to his stand aside, now that bards no longer recite their own works. But neither word is quite the thing, “ Modern German Literature” of a year or two ago and the problem still remains for the ingenuity of (Roberts). The plan of the work comprises a rapid the esthetician. When, however, the author adds survey, in three introductory chapters, of French lit- the sub-title, “ A few suggestions to those who look erature up to the nineteenth century, and a detailed and listen," the right point is touched, for the phrase study of that literature from Madame de Staël and is exactly descriptive of the book. There is, of Chateaubriand to such writers of our own day as M. Daudet, M. Brunetière, and Verlaine. In the chap- arts in their right relation to the world that might course, a place for a book which shall put the fine ters that make up the greater part of the book, “ enjoy them: the new-born kitten-like tumblings of mention is made of imitators or back writers, however too many of our art clubs and literary clubs are ephemerally popular, nor of any work that has not proof enough of that. But we rather fear that the literary imagination and artistic form, in order that present volume will not fill the want: the author attention may be concentrated on those writers who does not appear to have an accurate estimate of the stand for something, who mark progress or change.” needs of those for whom she is writing ; we cannot “In estimating their place and function,” the author comfortably imagine the result it may have on the goes on to say, “I have used freely the critical ap- average American who reads it, thinking that she paratus cited in the footnotes, but I have never ex- will thereby become more appreciative. We do not pressed a literary opinion that is not based on exam. regard Miss Holden as especially well-informed ination of the original work.” Thus far Professor upon the subject she treats, - although this is a Wells has been left to speak for himself. For our minor matter, for many people who do not know part, we will first testify to the evident sincerity very much about painting, for example, could tell and conscientiousness with which his work has been us a good deal that would help us to enjoy pictures. done, and add that he shows himself to be possessed Some suggestive remarks the book has, and several of the critical faculty in a high degree. The author's excellent illustrations, besides being pleasantly knowledge of his subject is wide and accurate, his printed and bound. instinct for good literary workmanship is sound, and his judgments are deserving of respect. More- The principles “ A First Book of Jurisprudence for over, the material thus brought together from many of English Students of the Common Law" different sources is of just the sort that a student of jurisprudence. (Macmillan), by Sir Frederick Pol- modern literature wants, and often finds it difficult lock, “is addressed to readers who have laid the to get at. We have little to say of the book in the foundations of a liberal education and are beginning a way of adverse criticis