m. And there is still
has been the frequent subject of epigram, from another difficulty, as serious perhaps as any, in the
Plato and Aristotle to Shakespeare and Dryden. requirement of treating as a group a number of
The problem thus suggested has been repeatedly individuals who have frequently so little in common
presented in recent years in the light of modern and who present such striking individualities and
psychological study; and it is as a strictly psycho- differences.
logical problem that Dr. Hirsch, the author of The author of Genius and Degeneration " brings
“Genius and Degeneration," proposed to treat it; to the discussion of this problem as keen and com-
although, as will appear presently, with a distinctly prehensive an insight into its nature and difficulties
timely motif. The useful discussion of the relations as any recent contributor to this field. He perhaps
between genius and insanity would seem to be de- does not add appreciably to our knowledge of the
pendent upon an understanding of what is meant by subject; but he presents the problem ably and
genius and what by insanity. The most various attractively. He points out the essential weakness
conceptions of genius have been entertained ; a of such theories as that of Dr. Lombroso, whose
great deal of hard thinking has been expended in conception of genius is so elastic that any divergence
drawing a distinction between genius and talent; from commonplaceness may be included in it, and
much of this seems to be dominated by a desire to who carefully checks up every personal foible and
keep the great man in a class sui generis, unap- trick of mind and body as a mark of mental instabil-
a


1897.]
123
THE DIAL
-
ity. The author shows clearly that the same outward his normal condition to the abnormal one the
traits may appear in the insane and in the genius; latter being characterized by the loss of all the
and yet these traits will be psychologically diverse. senses save touch, by a complete absence of all initia-
In the same way, two men may rise to eminence in tive in his movements, by a reduction to a state of
allied fields — Goethe and Schiller are the author's total automatism. His sense defects, however, are
favorite examples — and yet the psychological na- not real, not physiological, but of that complicated
ture of their distinction be entirely different. This mentally inhibited type characteristic of hysteria.
insistence upon the necessity of a comparability of With this as the extreme case, the author proceeds
the mental faculties involved in different kinds of to other similar cases, and then takes up an ex-
genius is important, and characterizes the entire tended series of observations of hypnotised hyster-
discussion. On the other hand, full recognition is ical subjects; the constant symptoms in these cases
given to the fact that morbid characteristics abound being some form of anæsthesia and the possibility
in the lives of great men.
To send the arrow to the of exciting subconscious action through the stimula-
highest mark, the cord must be stretched to its tion of the anesthetic surfaces. The phenomena of
utmost; and what wonder if it occasionally snaps ! distraction, of suggestion, and of automatic writing
Great men are to madness near allied, but the more are studied in some detail, and are further illus-
precise nature of this connection is still a perplexing trated in the presentation from the author's point of
problem.
view of the more generally recognized hypnotic phe-
Dr. Hirsch's volume is not wholly devoted to the nomena in normal subjects, - post-hypnotic sugges-
discussion of genius ; it is equally concerned with tion, negative hallucinations, suggested alterations of
the much-talked-of degeneration which is supposed personality, and the like; and finally the same prin-
to be a marked characteristic of our times. In this ciples of explanation are applied to the phenomena
respect the author takes up a position antagonistic of table-moving, rapping, and spirit messages.
to Dr. Nordau, and proceeds at considerable length, The main value of M. Binet's book, which sanc-
and with a long review of evidence, to show the tions the present translation, lies in its discern-
groundlessness of Nordau’s alarm. He has no dif- ing and unprejudiced collection of cases ; it is a
ficulty in exhibiting Nordau as a dilettante in psy- valuable reference book for those desirous of know-
chology, who applies his two lashes, degeneration ing the kind of work upon which the students of
and hysteria, without justice and without discrim- abnormal psychology, particularly in France, have
ination; but the tone of this discussion is too contro- been engaged within recent years. The subject
versial for the English reader. And although the treated is very abstruse and obscure, and it is no
chapter on Wagner and the chapter on Art and disparagement of the gifted author's endeavors to
Insanity make interesting reading, the work must say that the total outcome of his researches is unsat-
depend for its more permanent value upon the isfactory both in kind and amount. As a matter
earlier chapters dealing with Genius and Insanity. of method, as well as for other reasons, it would
unquestionably be better — as the sponsor of the
The general impression which the reader is likely | English edition, Professor Baldwin, points out — to
to carry away from a reading of M. Binet's “ Alter begin with those cases diverging least from normal
ations of Personality" will be that of a bewildering every-day experience, and gradually lead up to the
array of curious, interesting, and puzzling facts and complete dissolutions of personality. Had this been
cases; that, indeed, the mind of man is fearfully done it would have deprived the term “alterations
and wonderfully made. The central topic of the of personality” of its extreme and forbidding sig.
discussion is the nature of the subconscious and auto- nificance; and have made it clear to the reader that
matic mental activities; and the facts are derived when he goes on copying from a text by mere force
from the study of natural somnambulism, of mo- of habit while his mind is elsewhere, or fails to
mentary and protracted distraction, of the varied
hear the clock tick, but can afterwards resuscitate
phenomena of hypnotism, of the protean forms of the ticks from the subconscious, or cannot remember
hysteria, and of other obscure forms of nervous whether he has wound his watch or not and finds
derangement. The thesis to be supported by the that he has done so, but not consciously,- that in
analysis of cases is the existence of multiple person- these cases the perceiving and the acting agent is
alities, of various egos, at times successively, at somewhat different from the normal fully conscious
times simultaneously in one individual ; such per- self. The author has also laid himself open to the
sonalities being more or less ignorant of, and yet in charge of neglecting the accurate description of the
part connected with, one another. The array of conditions of his experiments,- a fault always seri-
evidence begins with the description of a few as- ous in scientific work, and particularly so in this field
tounding cases, which certainly seem to admit of no when the sources of error are so many and so dif-
other interpretation than that of a complete dissolu- ficult to avoid. A book including fewer cases, more
tion of the personality. The most interesting case accurately described, more systematically arranged,
is that of a French soldier who, in consequence of a more concisely treated, would certainly have created
bullet wound in the brain, developed a most astound- a stronger impression of scientific method and re-
ing aggregation of mental symptoms. At indefi- sults than is done by M. Binet's volume. Pioneer
nite intervals he passes within a few seconds from work, however, can never be architecturally perfect.
a


124
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
a
-
come.
It still remains for some discerning compiler to perimentalist, but clings to the special interpreta-
bring together the various facts of this fascinating tion of certain fundamental principles which is char-
but treacherous study, in a form at once scientific, acteristic of Wundt and his disciples; and to this he
attractive, and pedagogical.
adds an adherence to the traditional English Psy-
chology.” The result of this extremely definite
The problem which Professor Titchener attempts position, consciously and consistently maintained, is
to solve in his “ Outline of Psychology” is of great to make the work clear, exact in expression, system-
practical importance, especially in this country, atic, methodical. The reader cannot but feel that
where, perhaps more than in any other, attention is the author has strong convictions as to what is to
given to psychology as an educational discipline. be said, when and where it is to be said, and how it
This problem is the satisfaction of the demand for is to be said. Admirable as these characteristics
a clear, readable, scientific, and fairly comprehen- are, it is much to be feared that they will detract
sive elementary text-book for the student and gen- from the inspirational value of the work to the be-
eral reader. It can hardly be said that there is any ginner. In brief, the work lacks suggestiveness ;
general agreement, either as to the fact material or the outlines are too complete in itself, too severe and
the method of presentation, among the “Psycholo- unadorned. It may be said, however, and with
gies” of to-day. If one takes up a similar group truth, that this is precisely the point at which the
of text-books in physics or physiology, one finds a teacher should supplement his text-book. Notwith-
very marked similarity and concordance, the dif- standing these failings — and there are a few other
,
ferences being confined in the main to minor points peculiarities which might be mentioned in the same
of treatment and special emphasis of certain facts class—the work is thoroughly good and useful. It
or methods. Very likely the suitable text-book will is not an ideal text-book, but is in many respects as
emerge as the result of a process of selection from close an approximation to the ideal now entertained
among many and diverse trials; and for the present in the minds of the teachers of psychology as any
the professional psychologist and the interested recent writer has been able to prepare.
reader must be content to welcome every able con-
JOSEPH JASTROW.
tribution, and be thankful for so much of light and
aid as it may give. As a contribution both able
and useful, Professor Titchener's volume will un-
questionably find, as it deserves, a most cordial wel.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
In many ways it is the most serviceable
text-book of psychology from a modern scientific
The reviewer attacks Mr. Nathan
point of view that has been written.
The literature of
Haskell Dole's variorum edition of
Omar Khayyam.
The method is analytic, the main stress being laid
the “Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam,”
upon the discovery and description of the simplest published in two handsome volumes by the Joseph
elements of which mental life is composed ; and fol- Knight Co., with a feeling that the editor's task has
lowing this the combination and elaboration of these been not unlike that of “ breaking a butterfly," and
elementary processes into the varied activities of that all this ponderous enginery of annotation and
mind demand attention, while the connection of these illustration might better have been reserved for
with physiological conditions is considered, though some less modest and more voluminous poet. After
not prominently so, throughout. The experimental the volumes have been examined, the same reviewer
method is adhered to, and, indeed, the author claims is ready to “take back” whatever a priori objec-
to present only “the most important results of ex- tions he may have made, and to express instead
perimental psychology.” Bearing this in mind, it
Bearing this in mind, it something of the gratitude which he feels for a piece
is somewhat disappointing to find the really exper- of work so interesting and so thoroughly well done.
imental results treated in so step-motherly a fashion ; The edition proves its own justification and needs
it is true they are always cited, but their mode of no theoretical defence or apology. It consists essen.
citation would frequently seem to give color to the tially of three parts: an introduction, a variorum
:
view that the principles involved are established by text, and a collection of appendices. The introduc-
other facts and methods, and merely receive a cer- tion, which extends to 132 pages, is a historical and
tain acceptable, though not indispensable, corrobora- critical essay upon the fortunes of Omar in the
tion from the experimental evidence. That this modern world. It describes the various translations
impression is not intended is quite clear, and it very | into English, French, and German, and reproduces
likely results, similar to the equally unfortunate many interesting passages from the writers who have
absence of all mention of the sources of the experi- dealt with Omar, all the way from Dr. Thomas
mental data and of references to further informa- Hyde (1636–1703) to Mr. John Leslie Garner of
tion, from a desire for the greatest possible con- Milwaukee. It includes, among many other mat-
densation.
ters of interest, Professor Cowell's paper in the
As was indicated above, the psychological leaders “Calcutta Review,” with its curiously cautious rec-
are not yet in complete harmony as to either doctrine ognition of Omar's genius, and its specimen quat-
or practice; and Professor Titchener is in a measure rains, to which FitzGerald was so much indebted,
an adherent of a school within a school. He is an ex- as the following will illustrate :
"


1897.]
125
THE DIAL
a
"Oh heart, wert thou pure from the body's dust,
of any negative at all. We own that our idea of
Thou should'st soar, naked spirit, alone the sky;
spiritual growth is very different. We do not be-
Highest heaven is thy native seat,- for shame, for shame,
That thou should'st stoop to dwell in a city of clay."
lieve that spiritual strength is suffused about us
The introduction also includes several noteworthy be attained only as the reward of active and vigor.
while we lie in passive torpor; we think that it is to
critical discussions of Omar, and the passages in
FitzGerald's letters that relate to his own occupation
ous exercise. But we know so little accurately of
with the Persian poet. FitzGerald's paper on Omar
spiritual growth that we cannot be dogmatic as to its
conditions, and there is so much that is uncertain
then follows, and the text of FitzGerald's second
edition. The remaining half of the first volume
about sleep that it is not difficult to say, Why not
gives us the various translations of Nicolas, Boden-
this or that connection ? One point noted by
stedt, Graf von Schack, Whinfield, Mr. Michael
Mr. Bigelow is certainly significant of something.
Kerney, Mr. J. H. McCarthy, Mr. J. L. Garner, church. We think, however, that he is the first to
namely, the fact that people are apt to sleep in
and of FitzGerald in his first, third, and fourth edi-
tions. All the translations of a given quatrain are
detect any spiritual significance in the practise.
brought together upon two pages facing each other,
Mr. Bigelow would reverse Lear's order, “I'll
thus making easy the work of comparison. It is
pray and then I'll sleep,” for he thinks the little nap
extremely interesting to note the differences between
comes best at the beginning (p. 95). This view
these versions, of which as many as ten are in the
is at least a comforting explanation of a matter
which has heretofore been taken chiefly as a cause
case of some stanzas brought together. The sec-
ond volume of Mr. Dole's edition is wholly given
for mocking and scorn.
up to appendices, which term is in this case inter-
Professor N. S. Shaler, in his work
The making and
preted to include all manner of notes, illustrations,
protection of Am- entitled “ American Highways"
parallel passages from other poets, and bibliograph- erican highways.
(Century Co.), has presented an ac-
ical information. It is all reading of the most de- count of the public roads of this country, their un-
lightful sort for anyone who cares for Omar, and satisfactory condition, and the means and methods
our thankfulness to his editor increases with every of their renovation. The subject is well discussed
page. The work is creditable to Mr. Dole's learn- from its historic, economic, and engineering aspects,
ing, taste, and industry alike; it would be difficult and it is well that the community should be freshly
;
to improve upon it, and to most readers, who know aroused as to its interests and duties.
Within a
their FitzGerald's Omar and nothing more, the few years two valuable assistants have come to the
bringing together of all this literature will prove aid of Professor Shaler's “ highwaymen "; these are
nothing less than a revelation.
the stone-crusher and the road-roller, both operated
by steam. Aside from the important modifications
Mr. John Bigelow's work entitled in the practice of road-making which follow the use
The House of
“ The Mystery of Sleep” (Harper) of these machines, little can be added to the litera-
the Ivory Gate.
is what De Quincey would have called ture of this subject as it was developed in the early
Rhetoric, although the thesis which the book rec- part of this century, and as it was taught in at least
ommends does not seem to fall within that singular one American school of engineering forty years ago.
category, "the immense range of truths where The art of making a good road is well known, and
the affirmative and the negative are both true.” is easily formulated : Grade and drain your way;
The thesis in question is to the effect that sleep is crush and distribute your stone, and roll it down.
not merely a period for physical refreshment, but There is plenty of good road-metal in Massachusetts,
that its presumptive purpose is chiefly the admission in the form of trap, granite, and conglomerate;
of the soul to certain sacred mysteries, “ for the re- there, the bones of old Terra protrude through the
ception of such spiritual instruction as we may be scanty soil in picturesque profusion, even where the
qualified to receive there” (p. 133). Mr. Bigelow native gravel needs no epidermal protection. But
does not seem desirous of establishing this point to what can be done in the great central plain stretch-
a certainty; he plays the part of De Quincey's ing from Pennsylvania to Colorado, where areas
rhetorician, who “exhibits his art by giving an im- much larger than Switzerland, which Professor
to , the
Shaler refers to as a worthy example for emulation,
are utterly destitute of rock? Or where in areas
the other, as to leave it practically under the pos- equally broad the only rocks are decayed limestones,
session of a one-sided estimate.” Not that we be- or sandstones of even less cohesion? In America,
lieve that in this age of rigid scientific proof many the highway has lost much of its commercial con-
minds will be left under the possession of the esti- sequence, and has become a luxury to be enjoyed
mate in question ; but such is the purpose of the by the users of the pleasure wagon, the bicycle, and
writer. Mr. Bigelow's book is practically an ampli- the coming motor. Its commercial importance has
fication of the statement, “I have noted various faded under the supremacy of the railway and be-
things about sleep which lead me to think that it fore the growing distribution of the electric tram.
may be a time for spiritual growth." Where the It has to contend with the same silent influences
affirmative is so tentatively put, there is little need which have banished the Conestoga wagon, the
steadily from all thoughts or images which support are
>


126
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
9
Charles II.
literature.
Concord stage, and the draft horse, which have and little information. His work, we should have
opened forever the turnpike gates, and have left to said before, is confined to the Scotch Ballads : it
many a once noted wayside inn only the remem- makes a volume of the “ Famous Scots" series. It
brance of the prosperous days when a perennial
was very
well to include such a volume in the series :
stream of travellers enjoyed its exuberant hospitality. perhaps " famous” is hardly the word for the un-
known authors of these well-known ballads, — but
Gossip about
Peter Cunningham left behind him although they did little for their individual fame,
several works of value and several they certainly did much for the fame of their country.
and his mistresses. which were more amusing than any-
thing else. “The Story of Nell Gwyn" (Francis
The present currency in literature of
Early Scotch
the Scots dialect gives a more gen-
P. Harper) is of the latter class. It has long been
eral interest to Professor William
out of print, and is now republished with a sketch
of the author's life, a few notes, and some good
Hand Browne's “ Early Scottish Poets” (Johns
portraits. We confess to a feeling that it would
Hopkins Press) than it would otherwise possess.
have been quite as well to have left the book where
The book is a publication of what has long existed
it was. Antiquarians or students could always get
in MS. for the use of Professor Browne's classes,
at it; and as for popular interest, we are inclined
and is intended chiefly for students of Scottish lit-
to think that the Restoration has declined in popular
erature and dialect. It gives selections from Scotch
interest of late. Restoration plays will probably poetry from Barbour to Lyndsay, with an introduc-
continue to have a value to the collector, and Pepys
tion, notes, on the poets and on the texts, and a glos-
will probably never be deserted. But we suspect
sary. Being practically on the same general plan as
that there are now but few who care much for anec-
Zupitza's Uebungsbuch, it has, even for the student,
dotes of Charles II. and Nell Gwyn, Moll Davis,
the same difficulty as that excellent work,—namely,
Louise de Querouaille, the Countess of Castlemaine,
that it pushes brevity and conciseness to such an
and others of their kind. Mr. Cunningham notes
extreme as to impair its usefulness a little, except in
as the “true apology for this story” the testimony
the hands of a competent teacher. The student of
of Cibber, who says that Mrs. Gwyn had less laid
Middle English, however, will find the book some-
to her charge than the king's other mistresses, that thing of a necessity, for it is a most convenient
basis for work, and, so far as it goes, thorough and
she never dabbled in politics, that she was not un-
faithful but had a “particular, personal inclination
accurate. The more general reader may be glad
for the king.” This speaks well for Mrs. Gwyn,
of an opportunity to see the practical evidences of
but surely not so well as to make one yearn to
Scotch literature at a time when there was a literary
know more of her. But if anyone wishes to know
language in North Britain far more distinct than
that which exists to-day.
Nell Gwyn and her time fairly well without bur-
dening the memory, we offer him the story that she
A history of Italy with its almost
gave the King the name of Charles III. because he
Short History inextricable tangle of petty national
was the successor of Charles Hart and Charles of Italy.
and international complications, in
Sackville.
less than five hundred small pages, to be of any
In “ The Balladists” (imported by great forces at work throughout Europe shaping its
value at all must be either a profound study of the
Scribner) Mr. John Geddie has suc-
poetry.
institutions during the past fourteen centuries, and
ceeded very happily in a somewhat
difficult task. Everybody knows that ballad poetry,
their special manifestations in this central land, or,
on the other hand, a clear and concise statement of
although in itself a simple and popular thing, offers
a glorious opportunity to the specialist
. And although people. Miss Kirkland, in the
latest addition to her
the annals of that richly endowed but unfortunate
an old ballad may be a pure delight to the apprecia-
series of Short Histories (McClurg), has attempted
tive, it may also give occasion to the most arid and
the latter task, and with at least fair success. The
tortuous mouthings. Mr. Geddie gives us a taste of
his quality in his preface; he says that instead of general reader will find in this book perhaps the
studying out the original or most authentic reading curred in that peninsula whose priceless contribu-
best complete account of the events that have oc-
in any particular case, he has purposely taken that
tions to the world's civilization make its history of
which best pleased his ear or clung most closely to
his memory. Hence we have not a strictly scholarly development of national unity during the present
treatise, but a more intimate account, written as
much from the heart as from the intellect, and to
century, and this part is by far the most interesting
the heart as well. To such a treatment almost any.
because of its greater fulness.
thing may be forgiven (except ignorance or inac-
The chief business of the journalist
curacy, on which points Mr. Geddie would seem to
is, somebody says, to make himself
in lighter vein.
be quite blameless), provided only the treatment is
readable ; and no one is likely to find
successful, as is here the case. Mr. Geddie has Mr. Archibald Forbes lacking in this alleged car-
made an attractive book on an attractive subject, a dinal merit of his craft. The little volume entitled
subject on which everybody has many associations "Camps, Quarters, and Casual Places” (Macmillan)
a
Miss Kirkland's
Scotch ballad
Archibald Forbes


1897.]
127
THE DIAL
"
"
>
contains some capital and characteristic examples of
Tutorial Series" a text-book of « The Tutorial Chem-
Mr. Forbes's lighter work. There are nineteen
istry, Part I.,” by Messrs. G. H. Bailey and W. Briggs.
papers in all, reprinted largely from the “ Nine- Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. publish the “Outlines of
teenth Century," the “Contemporary Review,"
Electricity and Magnetism," a clear and logical treatise
by Professor Charles A. Perkins.
“McClure's Magazine," etc. The themes treated
are widely diversified, as may be inferred from such
Some fifty pages of Robinsons usher in the new vol-
ume (the forty-ninth) of the “ Dictionary of National
titles as “German War Prayers,” “ A Version of
Biography ” (Macmillan), and some fifty pages of
Balaclava,” “Christmas in a Cavalry Regiment, Russells stand guard at the end. The greatest literary
“My Native Salmon River,” « The Inverness • Char- name included is that of the Rossettis, of whom Dr.
acter' Fair," “ The Military Courage of Royalty,” Richard Garnett writes with knowledge and sympathy.
and so on. The sketches are all lively and graphic, George Romney is the subject of another important
and may serve to while away an evening or two not
article. Mr. C. H. Firth's account of Prince Rupert is
unprofitably.
the longest biography included in this volume.
In “The Gases of the Atmosphere"
A number of German text-books have recently been
The elements
( Macmillan ), Professor Ramsay,
published. The American Book Co. have a “First Year
of the air,
in German," by Professor I. Keller, and Storm's “Im-
of University College, London, de-
mensee,” edited by Mr. F. A. Dauer. Messrs. D. C.
scribes, in a style both popular and scientific, the Heath & Co. send us « Köpnicker Strasse 120," by
denizens of that invisible realm, the air. The suc- Herren Moser and Heiden, edited by Professor B. W.
cessive steps by which the constituent elements of Wells; and Goethe's “Iphigenie anf Tauris,” edited
the atmosphere have been discovered, isolated, by Professor Lewis A. Rhoades. Messrs. Ginn & Co.
measured, weighed, and their properties ascertained, publish a volume of “ Tales from Hauff," edited by Pro-
are explained to the intelligent lay reader as well
fessor Charles B. Goold. Last of all, a selection of
as to the trained chemist. Two subjects receive
“German Scientific Reading,” made by Professors
H. C. G. Brandt and W. C. Day, comes to us from
especial attention. The first is the almost forgotten
Messrs. Henry Holt & Co.
phlogiston, which, like the inter-planetary ether of
to-day, was only a creation of the philosophic imag- Heilprin, is a “ first book of geology” published by
“ The Earth and Its Story,” by Professor Angelo
ination, devised to explain difficulties otherwise Messrs. Silver, Burdett, & Co. It is a very elementary
apparently insoluble. For a century the ideal phlo- treatise, highly readable, and provided with satisfactory
giston was a stumbling-stone in the path of chem- illustrations. The American Book Co. publish an“ Ele-
ical discovery, which vanished only when chemistry mentary Meteorology,” by Dr. Frank Waldo, designed
was subjected to accurate experimentation, chas- for high schools and colleges. The suggestions of the
tened by mathematical methods. The other topic is
Committee of Ten have been taken as the basis of this
work.
the discovery and accurate determination of argon,
“ Problems in Elementary Physics," by Mr.
the latest-found constituent of the air.
E. Dana Pierce, comes from Messrs. Henry Holt & Co.
Messrs. Ginn & Co. publish a “ Laboratory Manual of
Inorganic Chemistry," by Mr. Rufus P. Williams; and
a handbook of “Inorganic Chemical Preparations,” by
Dr. Frank Hall Thorp. Both of these books are ad-
BRIEFER MENTION.
mirably planned for high school use.
English texts for school use multiply apace.
We Mr. Andrew J. George has just published a school
have recently received two editions of “The Princess,"
volume of “Select Poems of Robert Burns" (Heath),
one edited by Professor Woodberry (Longmans), the putting to good account his long experience as a teacher
other by Mr. A. J. George (Heath). In the “Athenæum and as an editor of annotated texts. He gives us a
Press Series " (Ginn), we have “Sartor Resartus," careful preface, over two hundred pages of the poems
edited by Professor Archibald MacMechan, and a vol- and something like a hundred pages of notes. He
ume of selections from Steele, edited by Professor G. R. makes extensive use of brief extracts from those writers
Carpenter. The same publishers put forth Spenser's who have dealt critically with Burns, wherein he does
Britomart," a volume of passages from the · Faery wisely, for such extracts are of great value to students.
Queene,” edited by Miss Mary Ē. Litchfield. In the The note of enthusiasm for his subject is possibly a
« Riverside Literature Series" (Houghton), we have little strained, but few writers who take up Burns for
four scattered books of Pope's “ Iliad," and Burke's criticism quite keep their balance, and Mr. George errs
speech on “Conciliation,” the latter edited by Mr.
in good company.
Robert Anderson. We get a good deal more of Burke Professor Edward B. Poulton, of Oxford, England,
in the volume of “Selections " made by Professor Bliss issues in the “Century Science Series ” (Macmillan) an
Perry for Messrs. Henry Holt & Co., as good a book of account of Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural
its sort as one could wish. Finally, the American Book Selection, which is a model of clearness and brevity. It
Co. publish Carlyle's essay on Burns in a small volume, is at once a memoir of Darwin, a lucid statement of the
with a few notes.
theory which bears his name, and a history of the pro-
The Macmillan Co. publish a new and extended edi- cesses by wbich the theory was evolved. The elements
tion of the admirable" Physiology for Beginners” that of power are portrayed that won, almost against their
we owe to the collaboration of Professor Foster and will, the support of Lyell and Huxley, Hooker and Asa
Dr. L. E. Shore. The same publishers send us a Gray, and within less than twoscore years have assured
“ Hygiene for Beginners," by Dr. Ernest S. Reynolds. the world-wide recognition of Darwin as one of the fore-
Messrs. Hinds and Noble publish in their.“ University most discoverers of the closing century.
"
2
66
66


128
(Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
"
-
“ The Cambridge Modern History.” The first volume,
LITERARY NOTES.
dealing with the Renaissance, will probably be ready in
Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. announce a series of " Lives
two or three years.
of the Great Explorers,” by well-known writers.
The authorities at Harvard are gradually increasing
The long-expected critical study of Shakespeare by
the courses offered in their Summer School, and widen-
Dr. Georg Brandes, in Mr. Archer's translation, is again
ing the scope of the instruction. During the early years
announced for early publication by the Macmillan Co.
of the school's existence, only a few elementary courses
“The Story of Extinct Civilizations of the East,” by
in science were taught, but the list of courses to be given
Mr. Robert E. Anderson, is published by Messrs.
in 1897 contains the names of thirty-four courses in arts
D. Appleton & Co. in their “ Library of Useful Stories."
and sciences, embracing almost all the subjects taught
The “Cambridge” Lowell is to be published imme-
at the university. Modern languages are represented,
diately by Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. It will
as well as the classics, history and civil government,
present all the poems in a single volume, uniform with
psychology, pedagogy, mathematics, topographical sur-
the “Cambridge” Longfellow, Whittier, and Holmes.
veying, and the whole range of sciences.
Dr. Elliott Coues has been engaged upon, and Mr.
The Macmillan Co. publish Maria Edgeworth's “ Be-
linda,” with an Introduction by Mrs. Anne Thackeray
Francis P. Harper is to publish, “The Journals of
Ritchie and illustrations by Miss Chris Hammond, in
Alexander Henry the Younger, and David Thompson,"
their handsome series of Illustrated Standard Novels."
an important work of exploration of the West in the
early years of this century. Dr. Coues writes of the
“St. Ives," the last — up to date — of Stevenson's
author of this work in the following terms: “Henry was
posthumous works, will begin as a serial in the March
number of “McClure's Magazine.” It is a love-story
a fur trader among the Indians, and a partner in the
Northwest Fur Company. His daily Journal opens in
and tale of adventure, left “all but complete" at Stev-
1799, and ends with his death in 1814. He was a
enson's death.
remarkable man — a keen observer and accurate re-
“ The Chronicles,” edited by Professor R. G. Moulton,
corder, and preëminately a man of veracity in the writ-
is published by the Macmillan Co. in “The Modern
ing of his Journal, concealing nothing, not even palliat-
Reader's Bible.” The same publishers send us Jonson's
ing anything. His diary may be compared with that of
“Every Man in his Humour,” in the pretty series of
Samuel Pepys in many respects. It throws a flood of
“ Temple Dramatists."
new light on the actual life of those hardy. Northmen'
A thoroughly revised edition of Lanier's “ The En- without artificial coloring or sentimental romanticism.
glish Novel," printed from new plates and including The stirring incidents and clear-cut picture of life in
several passages that have not been printed before, is the wilderness holds the reader's attention from begin-
now published by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons. Mrs. ning to end. As a piece of contemporaneous history it
Lanier has prepared this edition for the press.
is simply invaluable. Nothing like it exists either in
Messrs. T. Y. Crowell & Co. have in press a new and print or in manuscript.”
revised edition of Cary's version of Dante's “ Divina
Commedia,” together with Rossetti's translation of the
« Vita Nuova," edited by Professor L. Oscar Kuhns of
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
Wesleyan University, with explanatory notes and
February, 1897 (Second List).
duction. The work will be illustrated.
Animate World a Unity. Albert Gaudry. Popular Science.
A series of volumes made up entirely from the origi- Athletics for Women. Sophia F. Richardson. Pop. Science.
nal sources of American history is announced by the
Automatism, Interpretations of. W. R. Newbold. Pop. Sci.
Macmillan Co., under the general title “ American His-
Being, Plural States of. Alfred Binet. Popular Science.
Bird Lore and Bird Love. Sara A. Hubbard. Dial (Feb. 16).
tory told by Contemporaries ” and the editorship of
British Democracy Conservatism. W.E. H. Lecky. No. Am.
Professor A. B. Hart. The initial volume, “Era of
Bryce, James, on Armenia. 0. T. Morton. Dial (Feb. 16).
Colonization - 1492 to 1689,” is promised for April. Californians, Some Primitive. Mary S. Barnes. Pop. Science.
The first number of “The Expositor," the new theo- Condemnation of Criminals not Punishment. Pop. Science.
logical monthly published by Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co., Confederacy, The, Why It Failed. Century.
has just reached us. Dr. Robertson Nicoll is the En-
Cooper, Fenimore, and Mark Twain. Dial (Feb 16).
glish editor, and his American associate is Dr. Charles
Copenhagen, Battle of. A. T. Mahan. Century.
Cuthbert Hall. The magazine is attractive in appear-
Europe, Racial Geography of. W. Z. Ripley. Pop. Science.
Folk-Tales, Recent Books of. Fred'k Starr. Dial (Feb. 16).
ance, and contains a variety of articles some popular
French Navy, The. M. Georges Clemenceau. No, American.
and some purely scholarly — by well-known writers. French President, Powers of the. Hannis Taylor. No. Am.
A correspondent writes us that Mr. Aldrich's
poem
of Gunning, W. D., Scientific Work of. Popular Science.
“ Judith and Holofernes,” reviewed in the last issue of
Indian Wampum Records. Horatio Hale. Popular Science.
THE DIAL, is incorrectly spoken of as “new.” The
Jesuit Relations, The. B. A. Hinsdale. Dial (Feb. 16).
Lover, Samuel. Fanny Schmidt. Century.
poem is new in its present form and under its present
Medical Experts and the Homicide. H. S. Williams. No. Am.
title, some lyrical interludes, etc., constituting about
Monotypes. William A. Coffin. Century.
a hundred and twenty out of its thousand lines, as stated New Epoch and the Currency. G. S. Morison. No. American.
in the author's introduction, having been printed about New York, Places in. Mrs. S. Van Rensselaer. Century.
ten years ago under the title “Judith.”
Philippine Islands, The. John Barrett. North American.
We have heretofore refrained from mentioning the
Psychology, Modern Problems of. Jos. Jastrow. Dial (Feb. 16).
great coöperative work upon modern history planned by
Schopenhauer, Philosophy of. W. M. Payne. Dial (Feb. 16).
Shakespeare in France. Dial (Feb. 16).
Lord Acton, because only the vaguest announcements of
Speculation in Damage Claims. Parmalee Prentice. No. Am.
the project have reached us until recently. It seems, Spencer, Herbert. William H. Hudson. Popular Science.
however, that preparation of the work is assured, that it South Africa. John Hays Hammond. North American.
will extend to twelve volumes, and that it will be called Woman Suffrage in England. Lady Dilke. North American.
-


1897.]
129
THE DIAL
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 51 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
"Illus-
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Literary Anecdotes of the Nineteenth Century: Contri-
butions towards a Literary History of the Period. Edited
by W. Robertson Nicoll, M.A., and T. J. Wise. Vol. II.;
illus., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 493. Dodd, Mead & Co. $8.
The Early
Correspondence of Hans von Bülow. Edited
by his Widow; selected and trans. by Constance Bache.
With portraits, large 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 266. D.
Appleton & Co. $4.50.
English Prose: Selections with Critical Introductions by
Various Writers, and General Introductions to Each
Period. Edited by Henry Craik. New library edition ; in
five vols., 12mo, gilt tops. Macmillan Co. Boxed, $7.50.
Guesses at the Riddle of Existence, and Other Essays on
Kindred Subjects. By Goldwin Smith, D.C.L. 12mo,
pp. 244. Macmillan Co. $1.25.
Essays. By George John Romanes, M.A.; edited by C. Lloyd
Morgan. 12mo, pp. 253. Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.75.
An Editor's Retrospect: Fifty Years of Newspaper Work.
By Charles A. Cooper, editor of the “Scotsman." 8vo,
uncut, pp. 430. Macmillan Co. $4.
The English Novel: A Study in the Development of Per-
sonality. By Sidney Lanier. Revised edition ; 12mo,
pp. 302. Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.
American Orations. Edited by Alexander Johnson ; re-
edited, with Notes, by James Albert Woodburn. Vol. III.;
12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 416, G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.25.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
Belinda. By Maria Edgeworth ; with Introduction by Anne
Thackeray Ritchie. Illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 485.
trated Standard Novels." Macmillan Co. $1.50.
A Harlot's Progress. By H. de Balzac ; trans. by James
Waring; with Preface by George Saintsbury. Vol. II.;
illus., 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 280. Macmillan Co. $1.50.
The Last Essays of Elia. By Charles Lamb. With por-
trait, 24mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 258. “Temple Classics."
Macmillan Co. 50 cts.
Every Man in his Humour. By Ben Jonson ; edited by
W. MacNeile Dixon. With portrait, 24mo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 144. "Temple Dramatists." Macmillan Co." 45 cts.
HISTORY.
The History of Greece. By Adolf Holm; trans. from the
German. Vol. III., The Fourth Century B. C. up to the
Death of Alexander; 8vo, gilt top, pp. 456. Macmillan Co.
$2.50.
Books and their Makers during the Middle Ages. By
George Haven Putnam, A.M. Vol. II., 1500–1709; 8vo,
gilt top, pp. 538. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.50.
A History of the Hebrew People from the Division of the
Kingdom to the Fall of Jerusalem in 586 B.C. By Charles
Foster Kent, Ph.D. With maps, 12mo, pp. 218. Charles
Scribner's Sons. $1.25 net.
The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents. Edited by
Reuben Gold Thwaites. Vol. III., Acadia, 1611-1616;
illus., 8vo, gilt top, uncut. Burrows Brothers Co. $3.50 net.
The Story of Extinct Civilizations of the East. By
Robert E. Anderson, M.A. Illus., 18mo, pp. 213. "Library
of Useful Stories." D. Appleton & Co. 40 cts.
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
Pickle the Spy; or, The Incognito of Prince Charles. By
Andrew Lang. Illus., large 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 342.
Longmans, Green, & Co. $5.
The True Life of Capt. Sir Richard F. Burton, K.C.M.G.,
F.R.G.S., etc. By his niece, Georgiana M. Stisted. With
portrait, 12mo, pp. 419. D. Appleton & Co. $2.
The Yoke of Empire: Sketches of the Queen's Prime Min-
isters. By Reginald B. Brett. With portraits, 12mo,
uncut, pp. 202. Macmillan Co. $1.75.
Hours with Famous Parisians. By Stuart Henry. 16mo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 227. Way & Williams. $1.25.
Maria Theresa. By Rev. J. Franck Bright, D.D. 12mo,
Foreign Statesmen." Macmillan Co. 75 cts.
Julian M. Sturtevant: An Autobiography. Edited by
POETRY.
The Year of Shame. By William Watson; with Introduc-
tion by the Bishop of Hereford. With frontispiece, 16mo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 75. John Lane. $1.
The Incas, the Children of the Sun. By Telford Groesbeck;
with Preface by Clements R. Markham; illus. by Eric
Pape. Large 8vo, gilt top, pp. 75. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Boxed, $2.
FICTION.
On the Face of the Waters: A Tale of the Mutiny. By
Flora Annie Steel. 12mo, pp. 475. Macmillan Co. $1.50.
Phroso: A Romance. By Anthony Hope. Illus., 12mo,
pp. 306. F. A. Stokes Co. $1.50.
For the White Rose of Arno. By Owen Rhoscomyl. 12mo,
pp. 324. Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.25.
Mademoiselle Blanche. By John D. Barry. 12mo, gilt
top, uncut, pp. 330. Stone & Kimball. $1.50.
The Red Scaur: A Novel of Manners. By P. Anderson
Graham. 12mo, pp. 360. Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.25.
Urban Dialogues. By Louis Evan Shipman ; illus. by Gib-
son. 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 115. Stone & Kimball. $1.25.
The Career of Candida. By George Paston. 12mo, pp. 289.
D. Appleton & Co. $1.
That Affair Next Door. By Anna Katharine Green (Mrs.
Charles Rohlfs). 12mo, pp. 399. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.
Lady Bramber's Ghost. By Charles Charrington. 16mo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 141. Stone & Kimball. $1.25.
A Sturdy Beggar. By Charles Charrington. 12mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 163. Stone & Kimball. $1.25.
Mannie Brown, that School Girl ; and, Edward Kennedy,
that College Boy. By Mildred Rutherford. With fron-
tispiece, 12mo, pp. 148. Buffalo : Peter Paul Book Co. $1.
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE.
Travels in West Africa: Congo Français, Corisco and Cam-
eroons. By Mary H. Kingsley. Illus., 8vo, uncut, pp. 743.
Macmillan Co. $6.50.
Fifty Years' Reminiscences of India: A Retrospect of
Travel, Adventure, and Shikar. By Colonel Pollock, Ma-
dras Staff Corps. Illus., large 8vo, uncut, pp. 341. Ed-
ward Arnold. $4.
On Many Seas: The Life and Exploits of a Yankee Sailor.
By Frederick Benton Williams; edited by his friend,
William Stone Booth. 12mo, pp. 417. Macmillan Co. $1.50.
With the Trade Winds: A Jaunt in Venezuela and the
West Indies. By Ira Nelson Morris. Illus., 16mo, pp. 157.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.25.
THEOLOGY AND RELIGION.
Contemporary Theology and Theism. By R. M. Wenley,
D.Phil. 12mo, pp. 202. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.25.
Christian Life in Germany as seen in the State and the
Church. By Edward F. Williams, D.D. 12mo, gilt top,
pp. 320. Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.50.
ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, SOCIAL STUDIES.
The History of Economics. By Henry Dunning Macleod,
M.A. 8vo, uncut, pp. 690. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $4.50.
Dictionary of Political Economy. Edited by R. H. Inglis
Palgrave, F.R.S. Vol. II., F-M; large 8vo, uncut, pp. 848.
Macmillan Co. $6.50.
Household Economics: A Course of Lectures. By Helen
Campbell. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 286. G. P. Putnam's
Sons. $1.50.
The English Constitution: A Commentary on its Nature.
By Jesse Macy, M.A. 12mo, pp. 534. Macmillan Co. $2.
Juvenile Offenders. By W. Douglas Morrison. 12mo,
pp. 317. “Criminology Series." D. Appleton & Co. $1.50.
Rich and Poor. By Mrs. Bernard Bosanquet. 12mo, uncut,
pp. 216. Macmillan Co. $1.50.
PSYCHOLOGY.
Habit and Instinct. By C. Lloyd Morgan, F.G.S. With
frontispiece, 8vo, uncut, pp. 351. Edward Arnold. $4.
ART.
The Decorative Illustration of Books, Old and Now. By
Walter Crane. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 335. “Ex-
Libris Series." Macmillan Co. $3.50 net.
George Cruikshank's Portraits of Himself. By George
Somes Layard. Illus., large 8vo, uncut, pp. 98. London
W. T. Spencer.
J. M. Sturtevant, Jr. Illus., 12mo, pp. 349. F.H. Revell
Co. $1.25.
pp. 224.


130
(Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
AUTOGRAPH. LETTERS OF CELEBRITIES and
DEALER IN
BOOK PLATES. for .
WALTER ROMEYN BENJAMIN, 287 4th Ave., New York City.
H. WILLIAMS, No. 25 East Tenth Street, New York.
MAGAZINES, and other Periodicals. Sets, volumes, or single numbers.
THE PATHFINDER - the national news review for BUSY PEOPLE.
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of 13 weeks, 15 cts. Cheapest review published.
Address PATHFINDER, Washington, D. C.
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by the Easy Chair's friend and fellow-laborer in letters, Dr. Titus M.
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agreement. Address Dr. TITUS M. COAN, 70 Fifth Ave., New York.
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1897.]
131
THE DIAL
THE STORY OF THE MASTERPIECES,
By CHARLES M. STUART,
CONTAINS BEAUTIFUL HALF-TONED REPRODUCTIONS OF
1. The Immaculate Conception; Murillo. II. The Adoration of the Shepherds; Correggio.
III, The Sistine Madonna ; Raphael. IV. The Transfiguration ; Raphael. V. The Last Supper;
Leonardo da Vinci. VI. The Descent from the Cross; Rubens. VII. The Assumption of the
Virgin; Titian. VIII. The Last Judgment; Angelo.
WITH A DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY OF EACH,
Square Quarto. Ornamental Cloth. Stamped in Gold. Printed on Heavy Enameled Paper. Gilt Top.
Price, in Box, postpaid, $1.50.
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132
(Feb. 16, 1897.
THE DIAL
HENRY HOLT & CO.,
29 West Twenty-third Street,
NEW YORK.
NEW BOOKS.
A REMARKABLE TRIBUTE
TO A REMARKABLE BOOK.
TELEPATHY AND THE SUBLIMINAL SELF.
Hypnotism, Automatism, Dreams, Phantasms, and Related
Phenomena. By Dr. R. OSGOOD MASON. With a copy of
a portrait made while in a trance by a person who had never
painted before. 12mo, $1.50.
A book accurate enough for scientists and simple enough for lovers
of "ghost stories." On a thread of theory and discussion, Dr. Mason
links many startling examples from his own professional experience and
from the Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research.
A DIPLOMAT IN LONDON.
Letters and Notes (1871-1877). Translated from the French
of CHARLES GAVARD. 12mo, $1.25.
M. Gavard left Paris in 1871, just before the entry of the Prussians.
He was in the French Legation to the Court of St. James for seven years.
He took part in many “functions " and visited many great houses, and
his account of the every-day life of the English aristocracy is most inti-
mate, and brightened by humor and satire. He also met, among others,
the Rothschilds, Gounod, the Empress of Germany, and the Czar. He
writes much on Bismarck. He describes a meet, many receptions,
dinners, and balls, the theatres, the slums, a sham battle, a great fire,
the dissolution of Parliament, the review of the troops from Ashantee,
Livingston's funeral, etc.
Second Edition of
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essay well calculated to startle the readers, es-
for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application; pecially the older readers, of that conservative
and SAMPLE Copy on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATEs furnished
magazine. The essay in question is from the pen
on application. All communications should be addressed to
THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago.
of a new writer, and is nothing less than a frank
revaluation of the work of Emerson. Discard-
No. 257. MARCH 1, 1897. Vol. XXII. | ing, as far as possible, all traditional judgments,
the attempt is made to estimate, from the
CONTENTS.
broader because more cosmopolitan standpoint
of these latter days, and in the light of a fuller
THE REVALUATION OF LITERATURE . . 137 knowledge than was in the possession of an
DIALECTAL SURVIVALS FROM CHAUCER.
earlier generation, the value of Emerson's con-
Calvin S. Brown
139 tribution to American thought and American
COMMUNICATION .
141
literature. Some of the conclusions reached
Democratic Criticism, Oscar Lovell Triggs.
by the critic are so far at variance with those
CURIOSITIES OF LITERARY HISTORY. E.G. J. 142 that have long been seemingly crystallized in
the histories of our literature that one rubs his
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN EUROPE.
James Westfall Thompson .
145 eyes at the iconoclastic utterances, and wonders
"THE ARCH-AMATEUR OF ALL HISTORY."
if anything is sacred to these daring young men
Percy F. Bicknell.
148 who are so busily engaged in bringing us new
MODERN APPRECIATIONS OF THE STAGE.
lamps to exchange for our old ones. It is not
Anna Benneson McMahan
149 that the essay betrays animus, or is in any offen-
THE CHURCH, PAST AND PRESENT. Ira M.
sive sense an attack upon a great and cherished
Price
150 | reputation, but rather that its writer has set
Locke's The Age of the Great Western Schism.- about a de novo exposition, and has freed him-
Wakeman's Introduction to the History of the Church
self from the trammels of the conventional
of England.-Mason's The Principles of Ecolesiastical
Unity.-Abbott's Prophets of the Christian Faith. phrase and the conventional attitude. When
THE REMINISCENCES OF A FAMOUS MAESTRO.
we remember the indignation aroused in certain
Grace Julian Clarke .
152 quarters less than fifteen years ago by the very
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne
163 qualified and cautious strictures of Matthew
Mrs. Steelo's On the Face of the Waterg.-Miss Mac- Arnold upon our beloved philosopher of the
leod's Green Fire.- Lucas Malet's The Carissima.- transcendental, it is a noteworthy sign of the
Burgin's Tomalyn's Quest. — Kernahan's Captain
Shannon. - Haggard's The Wizard. — Thompson's
times that the indigenous “ Atlantic " should
A Court Intrigue.- Miss Brooke's Life the Accuser. open
its
pages
to an estimate of Emerson com-
-Mrs. Fraser's Palladia.- Pemberton's A Puritan's
pared with which the Arnold essay marks almost
Wife.-Taylor's On the Red Staircase.- Mrs. Good-
win's White Aprons. — Miss Seawell's A Virginia
the extreme of laudatory and reverent handling.
Cavalier.- Morgan's John Littlejohn, of J. – Ross's It is not our present intention to examine
The Scarlet Coat.
this newest interpretation of Emerson, or even
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
to express any very decided opinion upon its
Mystery of Cell-life. — Study of Fishes, living and
fossil.— Foundations of modern Ichthyology.- Pari-
fairness, either in detail or as a whole. We
sian lions at their play. - Bohemia Felix. — A book
doubt, indeed, if Emerson's warmest devotees
for spare moments.- A readable text-book on rhet-
in the past have ever given full expression to
oric. The latest book on Southern California.
Some recent ecclesiastical bibliography.
their real thought, or at least to the whole of
their thought, upon the subject. Their pane-
BRIEFER MENTION .
159
gyric must have been accompanied by some
LITERARY NOTES
160
mental reservations, for upon certain sides Em-
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
161 erson's mind was curiously limited, and in very
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
161 obvious ways. But we may profitably seize the
a
.
.
-
156
.
.
.


138
[March 1,
THE DIAL
66
a
occasion for the purpose of a few reflections alive. It may usually be found that in such
upon the provisional character of all contem- unheeded utterances there is a note of convic-
poraneous literary judgments, and upon the tion, a sense of absolute certainty that time will
necessity of such revaluations as the one now prove them to have been right. When we come
in question, before anything like finality can be upon such judgments, and realize, with our bet-
hoped for. Can we never know, one is apt to ter light, how well-founded they were, we find it
cry somewhat despairingly, can we never really almost impossible to understand how they could
know whether the men of our own time, who so have spent their force unechoed. We also learn
tower above the crowd, and to whom we bring that a genuine critical idea, however long may
the incense of our hero worship, are in fact be the period of its gestation, emerges into
men of stature fit to stand among the chosen of active life in the end. Nothing could be more
history? We can see that they are taller than instructive for us, if we would escape the tyr-
?
the men about them, and can we not get their anny of the subjective criticism” that so colors
figures in such perspective with the figures of and distorts the popular judgments of every
other generations that we may know how they period, than a careful study of the thought of
will stand in the retrospective view of our de- those men of the past whose intellectual habit
scendants ? Such questions as these are con- has enabled them to anticipate the verdict of
stantly arising in critical minds strenuous after posterity ; nothing could be more helpful than
absolute truth, and the attempt to answer them the endeavor to acquire something of their tem-
in the affirmative is as constantly baffled. per, and to transfer our standards to their ob-
Yet there are ways, if one will but seek them, jective plane.
in which our judgment of the men living in our In our age, however, the question which con-
midst may be in a measure purified and brought fronts us is the question of deciding upon rel-
into rough conformity with the judgments that ative values rather than that of discovering
will be recorded by posterity. If we would neglected genius. There are so many voices
escape from the error of the personal equation, to-day, and so many organs of opinion, so strong
,
we may do so in part by cultivating a tolerance a determination to let no new talent bud unde-
of opinions not our own; if the national or tected, and so intricate a critical apparatus for
racial equation be (as it nearly always is) a the exploitation of every new literary develop-
source of error, we may largely eliminate it by ment, that the world is far less likely than for-
consulting the judgment of intelligent men of merly to pass the strong man by, and the real
other nations and races. But if we adopt the critical danger lies in what has been wittily de-
chauvinistic attitude in such matters, our case scribed as the “ cygnification of geese.' But
is quite hopeless. If we call all rational and time may be trusted to set these false classifi- .
balanced criticism that comes from abroad mere cations right, and that very speedily; while we
“condescension in foreigners," — if, what is may with equal confidence depend upon that
worse still, we reply to every adverse English or potent agency for the readjustments and the
Continental comment with a childish tu quoque, regroupings that determine for the reputations
,
- we simply wrap ourselves up, head and all, of the hour their final stations in the pantheon
in the mantle of provincialism, and barter our of fame.
critical birthright for a little applause from the The day seems to have come to attempt some
meaner spirits of our own day and our own such readjustment of the positions of our older
Little Pedlington. There is more truth than is American writers, and the essay which has fur-
commonly realized in the saying that we may nished us with our text is in this respect timely.
find a sort of contemporaneous posterity in for- Its very title reminds us that it is now sixty
eign opinion. Then, to approach the problem years since the traditional estimate of Emerson
from another point of view, we find that in was given shape, and sixty years means two
nearly all the cases in which some great writer generations. One who follows the deeper cur-
has been ignored by contemporary opinion, rents of opinion can hardly fail to have ob-
there have not been lacking in his own time a served that recent years have placed us in a
few clear-sighted critics who have discerned the more critical attitude toward the great men of
true quality of the neglected genius. Preach- our literary past, and that the old unquestioning
ing to deaf ears in their own generation, these acceptance has given place to a more searching
critics have found honor in the next, and shared and objective examination of their quality. As
in the posthumous praise that has come to the a result of this development of our critical
poets who got scant praise while they were temper, some men have gained and others have
-
a
a
a


1897.]
139
THE DIAL
9
:
lost. Lowell and Whittier bave, we should say, Faëry Queene,” the period represented in the former
gained distinctly; and Hawthorne (considering article.
his finest work) has still better stood the test Some of these forms occurring in Chaucer - such
of time. On the other hand, Emerson, consid-
as aferd, contrarie, fift, sixt, pore- - were discussed
ering the fetichism of which he was long made
in the preceding paper relating to Spenser, and will
receive no further notice here.
the subject in certain quarters, could hardly
fail to lose, just as Longfellow and Bryant instead of against
. This usage is not uncommon in
Again is often used in dialect as a preposition
have lost. The friends of Lanier have almost
Chaucer and in Middle English.
made good his title to a place among our major "Which is agayn your lawes roverence."
poets, while the friends of Parkman have been
(Pr. T., 112.)
quite successful in securing for him the highest Marlowe's “Edward II.” (printed 1598) furnishes
rank among our historians. As for the two the following example:
men of genius at whose names American opin. So agains, another form of the same word, still
“Libels are cast again thee in the street."
ion has long looked askance, while European
opinion, has been lecturing us in clamorous
common, occurs in Chaucer. The following quota-
tion (Ph. T., 180–3) contains both forms:
fashion upon their greatness, we must say that
“How that a knight, called Virginius,
the critical issue is still uncertain, with the
Agayns the lawe, agayn al equitee,
odds rather in favor of Poe and rather against
Holdeth, expres agayn the wil of me,
Whitman. But in these two cases, feeling is
My servant, which that is my thral by right."
Axe for ask is still common among ignorant
probably even yet too strong for judgment, and
people. It has an unbroken history from Anglo-
we shall have to wait until we get into some
Saxon days down to the present time. The Anglo-
future generation "where beyond these voices
“
Saxon verb is acsian and axian as well as ascian.
there is peace" before we shall know the defi.
In Layamon's “ Brut,” lines 8217-8, we have
nite status of either our enfant terrible or our
"Yif her is æni cniht
“good gray poet.” For one feature of the
The of Eueline axeth riht."
critical reconstruction now in full swing we
Langland's “ Piers the Plowman,” IV., 103, reads :
" For Mede hath made me amendes; I may namore axe.
may all be devoutly thankful, and that is the
The Wycliffe Bible employs the form often, as for
growing tendency to break down the artificial
example in Matthew II., 8, “Go ye, and axe ye
barrier between American and - British” lit-
bisili of the child.” Examples abound in Chaucer:
erature, the growing realization of the fact
“And for my werk right no-thing wol I axe."
that, as men of essentially one blood and one
(Ph. Tư, 24.)
speech, Englishmen and Americans are at work A later example is : “My lady axes you, when you
in the production of a common literature. De-
will take possession of your house." (" Three Ladies
spite the occasional mouthings of literary jin-
of London," printed 1584.) This word is no longer
goes upon both sides of the Atlantic, the lesson
in good use, but is still heard in both England and
America.
is now fairly well learned that the standards by
which we judge a Tennyson and a Wordsworth
Bad was formerly compared bad, badder, baddest.
a
For an example of the comparative, see Chaucer's
must be the same as the standards by which we
Squieres Tale,” line 224:
estimate the worth of a Lowell or an Emerson.
“They demen gladly to the badder ende."
For an example of later date (about 1664) see
Henry More's “ Mystery of Iniquity,” “ It will bring
in a Principle of badder consequence.” I do not
DIALECTAL SURVIVALS FROM
remember to have heard badder used otherwise than
CHAUCER
humorously.
In a former number of THE DIAL (Jan. 16, 1894)
Fer of the Middle English (Mod. Eng. far), used
the writer took occasion to point out several dia- both adjectively and adverbially, may be mentioned
lectal forms which have survived from the English
here as the ancestor of our fur, careless pronuncia-
of Spenser's time, citing examples from Spenser in
tion for far. In the following it is used as an ad-
each case. Recently, in reading the complete works jective:
Fer ben thy freendes at thy grete nede!”
of Chaucer, notes were made of striking forms. It
(M. of L. T., 560.)
must, however, be remembered that in reading and in the following as an adverb:
Chaucer one is often too much absorbed in the story
“Til finally she gan so fer espye."
to think of philology or to make notes. It is not
(Pr. T., 139.)
supposed, then, that this list is complete. Taking "It is compared fer, ferre, ferreste. An example of
the year 1390 as near the middle of Chaucer's
the superlative from Chaucer is :
period of fruitfulness, we thus go back to a time “The ferreste in his parissh, muche and lyte."
two hundred years before the publication of “The
(Prol., 494.)
a


140
[March 1,
THE DIAL
7
For to with the infinitive is common in Chaucer: And so in modern dialect; for example, " Brer B'ar,
“Than longen folk to goon on pilgrimages,
he holp Miss Meadows bring the wood” (“Uncle
And palmers for to seken straunge strondes."
Remus," 112). Tennyson uses the form several
(Prol. 12, 13.)
times, as in “Guinevere,” 45:
Compare “Hamlet," III., I., 175 :
“So Sir Lancelot holp
“ Which for to prevent,
To raise the Prince, who rising twice or thrice
I have in quick determination
Full sharply smote his knees, and smiled, and went.”
Thus set it down."
The l is omitted as I have heard the word pro-
and the King James Bible, “What went ye out for
nounced, that is, it is pronounced exactly as hope.
to see?” retained in the Revised Version. The
I have even heard help called hep.
refrain in “Swing Low, Sweet Chariot,” is
Learn is used once in Chaucer for teach. See
Coming for to carry me home."
“ The Chanouns Yemannes Tale,” line 195 :
Gret for great is a mispronunciation sometimes
“Thus was I ones lerned of a clerk,"
heard. Compare Chaucer :
that is, taught by a clerk. It was more frequently
“And therfor god gret wreche upon him sente."
80 used by Shakespeare:
(Monkes T., 223.)
“Come, civil night,
“A love-knotte in the gretter ende ther was.”
Thou sober-suited matron, all in black,
(Prol., 197.)
And learn me how to lose a winning match."
"Her gretteste ooth was but by seynt Loy."
(R. and J., III., II., 12.)
(Prol., 120.) The mistake is common enough now.
The use of guess in the sense of suppose, think, Lever (comparative of lief, A.-S., leof) was fre-
judge, is now considered objectionable. This was quently used by Chaucer:
the usual meaning of the word in Chaucer's time: "He hadde lever him-self to mordre and dye
“Of twenty yeer of age he was, I gesso."
Than that men shulde a lover him espye."
(Prol., 82.)
(L. of G. W., 1536–7.)
and it retained this meaning down to recent date. The following example is from Spenser (F. Q., I.,
Here is an example from Sheridan's “School for IX., 32, 9):
Scandal,” III., II.: “Well, then, Mr. Trip, you have
“For lever had I die then see his deadly face."
a pleasant sort of place here, I guess?
In late English rather with had has taken the place
He is used as a substantive in the following pag-
of lever. I am not sure that I have heard the form
used other than humorously. Tennyson often em-
sage:
“And nat so sone departed nas
ploys the form liefer; for example:
That he fro him.” (H. of F., 2068-9.)
“Far liefer by his dear hand had I die."
As also in Shakespeare; for example:
(G. and E., 68.)
“ Ill bring my action on the proudest he
Set is often confused in modern English with sit.
That stops my way in Padua."
In Chaucerian English seten was the past participle
(T. of the S., III., II., 236.)
of sitten. Compare "Legend of Good Women,"
The evolution of the meaning of heap is interest- 1109:
ing. In Anglo-Saxon it meant a multitude, crowd,
“And with the queene whan that he had sete."
as in “ Elene," 549 :
Langland uses the form in the past tense (P. P.,
“Tha cwom thegna heap
XIII., 98):
To them heremethle.”
“And I sete stille, as pacience seyde."
[Then came a multitude of men (a heap of thanes) to the
people's assembly.]
Squire is a square, a carpenter's tool, in the fol-
In Chaucer (Prol., 575) we have
lowing quotation :
“The wisdom of an heep of learned men,"
“Now, Thomas, leve brother, lef thyn ire;
Thou shalt me finde as just as is a squire."
and in Shakespeare (King H. V., IV., V., 18):
(Som. T., 381-2.)
“Let us in heaps go offer up our lives
And in Spenser's “ Faëry Queene,” II., I., 58, 1-2:
[Unto these English, or else die with fame.]”
Later we find the meanings of a great many, a large
" But Temperaunce,' said he, 'with golden squire
Betwixt them both can measure out a meane.'
number, a large quantity; and at present a pile, a And in Shakespeare's “Winter's Tale," IV., IV.,
mass. Colloquially the word bas at present the
348 :
meaning a great many, great deal, much. It is even *** One three of them, by their own report, sir, hath danced
said to be a synonym for very, but I have never before the king ; and not the worst of the three, but jumps
heard it in that sense.
twelve foot and a half by the squire."
I have heard the instrument so called.
Holp, used as past tense and past participle of
help, is from the Anglo-Saxon holpen, past participle
One sometimes hears sistren from ignorant peo-
of the verb helpen. From the past participle it ple, especially in connection with brethren,“ brethren
and sistren." Compare Langland (P.P., V., 627):
came to be used as the past tense also.
"Now voucheth sauf that I may you devyse
“And there aren sevene sustren that serven treuthe evere."
How that I may been holpe and in what wyse."
And Chaucer (H. of F., 1401):
(Frk. T., 315-6.)
"And hir eighte sustren eke,
It occurs not infrequently in Shakespeare:
That in hir face semen meke."
“Let him thank me that holp to send him thither."
Tother (the tother that other) was not uncom-
(Rich. III., I., II., 107.) mon in Middle English:
>
:


1897.]
141
THE DIAL
“He shal not rightfully his yro wreke
Or he have herd the tother party speke."
COMMUNICATION.
(L. of G. W., 324–5).
DEMOCRATIC CRITICISM.
“But if ony smyte thee in the right cheke, schewe to him
also the tothir." (Wycliffe, Mat., V., 39.)
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Whatsomever is found in the “ Romaunt of the
The reference by Mr. Cook to Matthew Arnold and
Rose," line 5041 (the authorship need not concern
his critical principles, in your issue of February 1, re-
minds me of the remark made by Mr. Arnold, when, on
us here):
“But what-som-ever wo they fele,
a visit to Boston, he was asked if he knew Whitman.
They wol not pleyne, but concele."
With languid drawl, slow-rising eyebrows, and hardly
concealed scorn, he answered: “No, I do not read his
Compare James VI. of Scotland (afterwards James
works. But what does Longfellow think of him ?” If
I. of England), “Revlis and Cavtelis of Sc. Poesie,” he had been told what Thoreau said of Whitman, “He
III.:
is Democracy,” would he not have repeated the com-
"And finally, quhatsumover be zour subject, to use vocabula ment of Alfred Austin: “I really think he is Democ-
artis, quhairby ze may the mair vivelie represent that per- racy; being, like it, ignorant, sanguine, noisy, coarse,
soun, quhais pairt ze paint out."
and chaotic”? There is something pathetic in the inca-
The following example is from "Uncle Remus," 64: pacity of these and other critics of an aristocratic cul-
“ Brer Rabbit aint see no peace w'atsomever.” ture to deal either with Whitman or the world-forces
.
Wrastle is old. Compare Layamon (Brut, playing in and through him. Mr. Arnold treated Amer
ica with persistent and varied scorn. To the signifi-
1871–2):
cance of democracy he was insensible; its vision was
“Ther wes muchel folc
At there wrastlinge."
denied him. He is confessedly the critic of the past,
the spokesman of the feudal world that is “ dirged by
And Chaucer (Prol., 547-8):
Tennyson's sweet sad rhyme."
"That proved wel, for over-al ther he cam,
The issue of this discussion of Whitman is, I submit,
At wrastling he wolde have alwoy the ram."
just at this point. Are aristocratic or democratic modes
And Shakespeare (A. Y. L. I., I., 1): “Was not of criticism to prevail in the New World ? Are we to
Charles, the duke's wrastler, here to speak with me?”
form our methods on the lines of a culture that is nar-
row, intellectual, exclusive, or of a culture that is com-
Year is often found in Chaucer with the same
prehensive, social, inclusive ? The tendency of modern
form for the plural as for the singular. The Anglo- criticism, under the combined influences of science and
Saxon neuter gear had the same form in the nom- democracy, is to substitute relative for absolute stand-
inative plural as in the nominative singular, just as ards and the personal for the impersonal point of view.
had the words for deer, sheep, and swine. These Aristocratic criticism estimates literary values according
latter words have come on down to us with no dis- to absolute standards. Scientific criticism is content
tinction of number, whereas year has taken the s
with description, interpretation, and the study of the
of the masculine to form its plural. Compare Lay-
progress of ideals. Democratic criticism records a per-
amon (Brut, 301-2):
sonal experience. The one starts from an objective
form, the second from an objective content, the third
“He was fiftene yer old
from a subjective effect. The end of the one is "good
Tha he to wode ferde."
taste"; of the second, knowledge; of the third, charac-
And Chaucer (Prol., 601):
ter. The significance of Mr. Burroughs's study of
“Sin that his lord was twenty yeer of age."
Whitman is that it is genuine democratic criticism; it
See also the example quoted above under guess.
is the record of a vital experience, the statement of an
Compare also Shakespeare (Temp., I., II., 53):
enthusiasm and a passion. It has heart, and the words
burn; it has head, and the thoughts strike.
"Twelve year since, Miranda, twelve year since
The limitations of the relative and the subjective are
Thy father was the duke of Milan, and
A prince of power."
to be overcome, not by restricting the personal view, but
by its extension. Democratic criticism is firmly based on
The clown in “Hamlet” (V., I.) also uses this form:
character. That is best in art which is best to the best
“ He will last you some eight year or nine year; a person. The best person is the one with the widest
tanner will last nine
year.”
æsthetic field. The problem of sanity and permanency
In conclusion may be mentioned three proper
in critical judgment is solved by making an absolutely
names which have, besides the usual pronunciation,
inclusive critic. The content of another of my critics,
Mr. Watson, to limit his field of possible pleasures, is
an abreviated one, as is shown by the meter such as
deplorable. Democracy arrives at its result not by nar-
is now heard colloquially. Antony is reduced to
rowing the interest but by expansion of sympathy till
Antny, as in “ Legend of Good Women," 657 :
the individual includes the multitude. Given an abound-
“And when that Antony saw that aventure.”
ing personality, it is as easy to in balance on the
As also in Shakespeare. Caunterbury is pronounced circumference of a circle as at the bounded centre. The
Caunterb'ry, as in the “Prologue,” line 22:
insanity of an “extreme Whitmanite” is to be corrected
“Redy to wenden on my pilgrimage
by seeking madness — if you will have it so — in a hun-
To Caunterbury with ful devout corage."
dred other directions. Balance Whitman's heat by
Jerusalem is apparently reduced to J'rusalem in
Emerson's ice. Professor Cook is right in living in the
the “Prologue,” line 463 :
whole of literature; but let him not carp at enthusiasm
and power. He has read Mr. Burroughs to little effect
"And thryes hadde she been at Jerusalem.”
if he is not aware of his capacity to respond to myriad
CALVIN S. BROWN. appeals. The theory of the “sponge” is not so simple
G
you


142
(March 1,
THE DIAL
6
a
as it appears. Said Balaustion, an ideal critic of the
democratic type, “ Poetry is a power that makes.” It
The New Books.
is a power that energizes, so transmuting the reader that
he shares the poet's privilege and brings forth new
good and beauty. To be a “sponge” is to be alive in
CURIOSITIES OF LITERARY HISTORY.*
every faculty, to have the greatest possible total of ideal
In THE DIAL for March 1, 1896, we re-
activity—the fullest sensory experience, the most com-
prebensive intellect, the warmest emotions, the most
viewed at length the initial volume of Dr. Nic-
vivid imagination, the freest play of the creative will. It oll's “ Literary Anecdotes of the Nineteenth
is to be capable of inspiration, of receiving the whole of Century,” and set forth the aim and scope
of
life that art affords. Democratic criticism takes for its
the projected series of six volumes. Volume
function the exploitation of the theory of the "sponge
II. is now at hand, and it sustains the fair
in just such books as Mr. Burroughs has written.
Mr. Watson asks, “Why shall we not remain critical promise of its predecessor. The pièce de résist-
when we read Leaves of Grass' as much as when we ance of the book is ostensibly the section en-
read · Paradise Lost'?" For the reason that to remain titled “The Building of the Idylls.” This
critical (in Mr. Watson's sense) is to remain on the out-
chapter deals exhaustively with the develop-
side of “Leaves of Grass.” This is the most human
book in the world - it is almost pure personality. It
ment of Tennyson’s “ Idylls of the King,” and
radiates love and adds to the being. John Addington
embodies descriptions of Eneid and Nimue”
Symonds spoke of bis inability to treat critically a book (1857), “ The True and the False” (1859),
whose essence had entered into the very fibre of his “ The Last Tournament” (1871), and other
being." In Whitman,” says Professor Cook, “ the ob- Tennysonian “trial books,” particulars of which
ject becomes one with the thinker, in Shakespeare the
thinker becomes one with the object.” This simply
have not heretofore been satisfactorily recorded.
describes a difference in method and is a disparagement Few students, perhaps, have realized the extent
of neither. Whitman was a transcendental philosopher, to which the late Laureate altered, re-wrote,
Shakespeare was not. It was Whitman's purpose to
and re-cast the various portions of his master-
fuse the objects of the universe with bimself and through
himself with his readers; or, as he expresses it
work - latterly with the intent of welding the
“To compact you, ye parted diverse lives,
several separate Idylls into coherent epic form.
To put rapport the mountains and rocks and streams Another section of considerable bibliographic
And the winds of the north, and the forests of oak and pine,
interest is that headed “A Contribution to
With you O soul."
In an early review of his poems their method is clearly
the Bibliography of the Writings of Algernon
described: “ He never presents for perusal a poem
Charles Swinburne.” Many of Mr. Swin-
ready made on the old models, and ending when you burne's poems and essays have been printed in
come to the end of it; but every sentence and every pas- short numbers and in pamphlet form, and some
sage tells of an interior not always seen, and exudes an
of these separate prints are of extraordinary
impalpable something which sticks to him that reads and
provokes him to tread the half-invisible road, where the scarcity. At least one of them, , “Siena," has
,
poet, like an apparition, is standing fearlessly before. been reproduced in an unauthorized way, and
If Walt Whitman's premises are true, then there is a copies of the reprint have been fraudulently
subtler range of poetry than that of the grandeur of acts sold ag examples of the original issue. The
as
and events as in Homer, or of character as in Shake-
usefulness to students and collectors of this
speare. It is the direct bringing of occurrences and
persons and things to bear on the listener or beholder, carefully compiled list is obvious. Besides
to reappear through him or her; and it offers the best the titles cited above, the volume contains :
way of making them a part of him or her as the right “Three Letters Concerning Ruskin's Notes
aim of the greatest poet.” This is but another state-
on the Construction of Sheepfolds,' by the Rev.
ment of the theory of the “sponge.” Mr. Burroughs is
the only one thus far who has completed and published
F. D. Maurice,"together with an Introductory
the interior poem. Whitman's works cannot be made to
Note by Dr. Furnivall and extracts from letters
operate to any other end than that for which they were of Mr. Ruskin touching the discussion ; “ The
designed. Whether Whitman is superhuman, or only Adventures of Ernest Alembert," a fairy tale
human, is outside the discussion. The necessity of ab-
written at fifteen by Charlotte Brontë; “ Eliza.
sorption does not inhere in the nature of the man but of
the method. Like Emerson and other interior men,
beth Barrett Browning, and her scarcer Books”
Whitman is protected from misconceptions by the mode - including descriptions of “The Battle of
in which be has embodied himself in form. One open Marathon " (1820), “An Essay on Mind, with
eye is worth all the closed eyes in the world.
Other Poems" (1826), “ Prometheus Bound,
It was not my function to review Mr. Donaldson's
book. I do not object to it for what it is not, but for
Translated from the Greek of Æschylus, and
what it is. Mr. Harper ought now to publish a treatise
Other Poems" (1833), “ Poems ” (2 vols.,
by Mr. Watson, and another by the writer of the scurri-
lous reviews on Whitman for « The Nation."
* LITERARY ANECDOTES OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.
Contributions toward a Literary History of the Period. Ed-
OSCAR LOVELL TRIGGS.
ited by W. Robertson Nicoll, M.A., and T.J. Wise. Volume
The University of Chicago, Feb. 20, 1897.
II. Illustrated. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
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Point” (1849); “ A Disentangled Essay" on Tupper
9
a
a
1844), “Sonnets ”
(From the Portuguese, for these there is no more benefit to be derived
1847), “The Runaway Slave at Pilgrim's from Bacon or Shakespeare than from Martin
" (
Tupper or Ralph Waldo Emerson." Strange
Carlyle (disengaged portions of an essay writ- collocation! How far the author of this pre-
ten jointly by R. H. Horne and Mrs. Browning cious dictum grew away in riper years from his
for Horne’s “ A New Spirit of the Age"); juvenile estimate of Emerson, the readers of
“ Mrs. Browning's Religious Opinions,” as ex- his admirable Miscellanies know. Among the
pressed in three letters to William Merry, Esq.; ana we note some interesting epistolary scraps
“ Two Poetical Epistles” (heretofore unpub- by George Eliot. The following, concerning
lished) by Crabbe ; a laudatory review of marriage, was written to an early school friend
George Meredith's “ The Shaving of Shagpat, in 1845 :
written by George Eliot for the “Leader," “What should you say to my becoming a wife ?
Jan. 5, 1856 ; "An Open Letter to Ralph Should you think it a duty to ascertain the name of the
Waldo Emerson,” by W. S. Landor, a brochure
rash man that you might warn him from putting on such
a matrimonial hair-shirt as he would have with me? I
called forth by Emerson's rather blunt com-
did meditate an engagement, but I have determined,
ments on the “Grand Old Pagan ”in bis “ En- whether wisely or not I cannot tell, to defer it, at least
glish Traits"; "John Keats : Addition and for the present. My health is not of the strongest -
Subtraction"; "The Angel in the House," a
dreadful headaches come now and then to me as well as
sketch of Mrs. Coventry Patmore - a gracious,
to the rest of mankind, but idleness is my chief disease,
and my most salutary medicine the exhortation, Work
serenely beautiful lady, of whom, it may be
while it is day.' I and my father go on living and lov-
remembered, Mrs. Carlyle kindly said that ing together as usual, and it is my chief source of hap-
“she was always trying to look like a medal- piness to know that I form one item of his. ... Per.
lion "; a description of and extracts from “ An haps you would find some symptoms of age creeping
over me if you were with me now, and you would accuse
Old Commonplace Book of Edward Fitzger-
me of being too old for five-and-twenty, which is a suf-
ald's"; a brief account of a singular humorist, ficiently venerable sum of years in the calendar of young
William Cory, an Eton master and author of ladies generally. But I can laugh and love and fall
“ Ionica”; “ The Suppressed Works of Rud-
into a fit of enthusiasm still, so there is some of the
yard Kipling ”- mainly passages from a little youthful sap left.”
—
volume of selections from Mr. Kipling's early A letter (1840) from Carlyle to the editor of
contributions to Indian Journalism, entitled the “ Dumfries Herald,” touching the reviews
· Letters of Marque" (the book circulated for of his “ French Revolution,"contains a passage
some weeks in India, and was suppressed by in vigorous Carlylese that is worth quoting :
the author as too immature); a letter (1893) “ You spoke rightly of my Edinburgh Reviewer; a
from Mr. Philip James Bailey, in which the dry, sceptical
, mechanical lawyer (one Merivale, I hear),
author of “ Festus” energetically repudiates
with his satchel of Dictionaries dangling at his back
the title of " father of the Spasmodic School ";
with the heart of him torpid or dead, and the head of
him consequently not alive. His notion of Robespierre's
Tennysoniana,” consisting of personal recol- religion 'struck me, as it does you, as the product of a
lections of the poet and his family, together heart dead. Kill the heart rightly, no head then knows
with some particulars of his dealings with his rightly what to believe; has then any right sense of true
publishers, and a letter from Mr. J. W. D’Al-
and false left in it! . . . But it does not equal a third
thing which I found in that article, which I wonder no
beville (reprinted from the “ Bookman of
Iconoclast, radical or other, took note of; this namely:
December, 1892) regarding the origin of “Riz- that • hunger' is universal, perennial and irremediable
pah.” The volume closes with thirty odd pages among the lower classes of society - unknown only
of ana, wherein the reader may find recorded among the horses and domestic animals; that enlight-
ened and liberal government means a judicious combin-
many interesting scraps of literary memorabilia
ing of those who are not hungry to suppress those who
and curiosities of literary opinion. Emerson are, and lock them up from revolting! The pigs are
fares rather ill in this section. We find, for to die, no conceivable help for that; but we, by God's
instance, Mr. Ruskin saying of him, in a letter blessing, will at least keep down their squealing!! It
addressed to Alexander Ireland (1883), “I
struck me as the most infernal proposition, written down
in that cold way, I had ever had presented to me in
have never cared much for Emerson, he is little
human language — unattended with its fit corollary, the
more to me than a clever gossip, and his ego- duty of universal simultaneous suicide,' and a giving
ism reiterates itself to provocation ”; while Mr. up of this God's creation on the part of Adam's race as
John Morley is recorded as having said, in a
a bad job!”
youthful lecture on “Reading” and à propos of a Passing to “ Tennysoniana,” we find some
class of readers whose only “object is to drench pleasant jottings by Mr. Robert Roberts. In
the mind in a certain quantity of words," that an interview ten years ago with the aged Parish
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6
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Clerk of Bag Enderby, Mr. Roberts asked his wall. He started but recovered himself, and asked the
interlocutor if he could remember anything solitary inhabitant where he obtained that sword. The
about Tennyson.
answer did not prove satisfactory; or, as this was long
anterior to the advent of the modern interviewer,'Mun-
“ Tennyson,' said he. •D'ya meän tha owd doctor?'
go's question was naturally resented as an unwarrantable
Said I, •Not the doctor particularly, but any of the intrusion into the privacy of domestic life. But, what-
Tennyson family.' He replied, Tha doctor was a fine ever the cause, there ensued a short and sharp conflict
owd gentleman. I remember on 'im dying. It's a -the sudden crack of a pistol, 'alarums and excursions”;
strange long time agoä, an' be 's in a fine big tomb ageän finally Mungo snatched the weapon from its place and
the church. I asked, “Do you remember any of the (slew him with the sword.' So he regained possession
family, any of the sons Charles or Alfred ?' He
of his long-lost trusty blade. The sun set: or threw his.
began to think, stared vacantly, and as the past dimly slanting beams over the prairie — or something of that
rose before him, said, Y-e-e-s, I do remember Muster sort — as Mungo departed from the scene of the fray."
Halfred, sewer-ly; he wus alus walkin' about tha lanes
and closins wi' a book in 'is 'and; but when he grew up
Another contributor to Tennysoniana has
he wornt at 'oäm much; assiver he went up to Lunnon some pleasant things to say of the laureate's
or some big place, and when he yeust ta cum 'oäm for a mother — a tiny woman of dainty, fairy-like
- a
bit one o’tha servants teld me he yeust ta goä upstairs mould, who used to speak with pride of her
in a top room, an' 'ang a mat ower 'is doär. I doant
thirty-six feet of sons.” A marked charac-
kna' what fur, but they said he did n't want ta 'ear noä
noise."
teristic of Mrs. Tennyson was the impartial
The principal facts as to “ Muster Halfred” | loyalty with which she stood by all her children.
When an enthusiastic hero-worshipper once
gathered from other villagers amounted to the
said to her, “How proud you must be of
one that “’e wur always dawdlin' about wi' a
Alfred ! ”the gentle lady thoughtfully replied :
book," whereas, according to local notions, such
“Yes ; but Charles and Frederick have written
a young fellow ought normally to have been
very beautiful verses too."
rabbiting or rat-baiting, or indulging in some
An extract from Dr. Furnivall's pleasant
other sport suitable to his years and station.
account of his first meeting with Mr. Ruskin,
Very different, as we remember, from these
at an - At Home" at the house of a London
bucolic memories of young Tennyson were those
friend in 1848, may serve as a fitting close to
once gathered in a similar way of Keats - one
rustic witness, when severely cross-questioned dorian orthography:
our quotations. We preserve the writer's Lan-
by a fair votary of the poet, managing to fish
“ After a short chat with the wife, I saw the door
up from the depths of a reluctant memory the open, and John Ruskin walkt softly in. I sprang up.
discouraging fact that “ Muster Keats 'e wur to take the outstretcht hand, and then there began a
fond o'fightin', an' wur a main ’and at punchin' friendship which was for many years the chief joy of my
'eds.” As Keats's readiness to resort to na-
life. Ruskin was a tall sligbt fellow, whose piercing
ture's weapons was proverbial, the description
frank blue eye lookt through you and drew you to him.
A fair man, with rough light hair, in a dark-blue frock
was probably pretty accurate.
coat with velvet collar, bright Oxford blue stock, black
Mr. Roberts was the fortunate owner of one trousers and patent slippers — how vivid he is to me
of Tennyson's earliest productions — a tale
a
still! The only blemish in his face was the lower lip,
written by him when a boy, and seemingly un-
which protruded somewhat: he had been bitten there
by a dog in his early youth. But you ceast to notice
der the joint inspiration of Fenimore Cooper this as soon as he began to talk. I never met any man.
and G. P. R. James. It consisted of a half- whose charm of manner at all approacht Ruskin's.
dozen octavo leaves, cased in brown wrapping Partly feminine it was, no doubt; but the delicacy, the
paper, with the title, “ Mungo the American,”
sympathy, the gentleness and affectionateness of his
way, the fresh and penetrating things be said, the boyish
written in a hand suggestive of pot-books and fun, the earnestness, the interest he showd in all deep
hangers, on the cover. At the foot of the leaf matters, combined to make a whole which I have never
was inscribed the name of the “publishers,"
seen equalled. Association with Ruskin was a continual
Longman & Co.! Says Mr. Roberts :
delight. And when one got him to show his Tarners to
charming women like Mrs. Wm. Cowper . . . and the
“It is many years since I glanced through it, and
like, it was indeed a pleasure to see him and them; the
therefore my recollection is somewhat misty, but plot pictures had on those days fresh color and fresh light."
there was none; it was merely an incident, and related
Dr. Nicoll's work thus far bids fair to equal
how Mungo was traversing the mighty Prairie and lost
his sword (a rather unusual thing one would think). He in freshness, variety, and intrinsic worth of
wandered about in great agitation, searching for it amid matter his well-known “Literary Anecdotes
poetical surroundings, but all in vain. A considerable
of the Eighteenth Century," the exemplar of
time elapsed, and again Mungo was journeying in a wide
waste land, when he espied a hut, toward which he has-
the present series. The bibliographic element.
tened for guidance or for water. As he stood in the
is of special value; and while one or two of the
doorway, he beheld his sword hanging upon the opposite
sections — for instance, the sketch of Cory and
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1897.]
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E. G. J.
O
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the extracts from Fitzgerald's Common-Place bind them. The people did the work. But the
Book — seem relatively of rather slender inter- governments took the credit unto themselves.
est, there is nothing in the volume absolutely Outwardly, after 1815, the old lines were re-
suggestive of padding. The facsimiles of holo stored as much as possible, for governments are
graphs and the reproductions of rare title- conservative. Yet beneath were the great coils
pages, etc., are interesting and well chosen. of things intense, elemental, national, which the
Of the one thousand copies of the work to be spirit of revolution had waked to perish never.
printed, two hundred and fifty are for America; The Vienna Congress cheated the people out
and these will doubtless promptly find their of almost everything for which they had poured
way to the shelves of lovers of literary rarities. out their blood and treasure. If the settlement
suited the potentates, what matter to the peo-
ple? “People” was a sinister word to them,
•
too suggestive of the hot days of '89. Under
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN EUROPE.*
the parole of “ legitimacy the coinage of
Talleyrand's fertile brain — the powers of
The author of “ The Historical Development Europe fabricated the states of Europe. In
of Modern Europe ” remarks in his preface : this continental gerrymander, historical ante-
“There are two methods of writing the history of
cedents, language, religion, race, were all dis-
Europe since 1815, one or the other of which will be
employed according to the purposes of the writer. The regarded. Apportionment was by population
first of these is to treat events more or less chronolog-
and taxability. Ecclesiastical states having
ically, by passing from country to country, from national more immunity than others, Austria and Ba-
to international affairs, not so much with regard to con- varia quarrelled. Alsace and Lorraine could
tinuity of treatment and unity of subject as from a desire
not be restored to Germany. Even Gentz, the
to keep the history of all the European states at a con-
stant level. A different method [is] that of treat- publicist, thought Prussia narrow-minded to
ing separate movements and subjects — such as the want it. The future was to prove that Germany
European political system, the Restoration in France, and all Europe would have profited by the re-
the July Monarchy, the liberal movement in Germany, storation. Germany lost Metz and Strasburg,
as logical wholes, carrying each forward to its issues
while Russia gained Odessa. Poland was given
before turning to others.”
to Russia. Saxony, for its betrayal of the Em-
The latter impression is left upon the reader's
mind, as the present review may show, in the pire, was halved to Prussia's advantage. Norway
case of Professor Andrews's work. He gets Denmark had more in common ; while German
was forced to stay by Sweden, although it and
view of events in cycles ; certain similar pur-
Schleswig-Holstein was wrested from Germany
poses actuate men everywhere, producing sim-
ilar results in countries often remotely apart. Holland were united, though the union was as
and saddled upon Denmark. Belgium and
The unity of Europe's political life in this cen-
tury, its continuity and the close relation of the
full of explosive possibilities as a mixture of
saltpetre and charcoal. Austria resumed sway
history of the separate states, are realized.
The Nineteenth Century began in 1789. Its
over Lombardy, and a suzerainty, through its
ducal houses, over the most of Italy. Thus
bistory is the history of the development of
what was creative in the French Revolution by the sovereigns who thought thus to secure
was the seed of revolution ingeniously planted
The French Revolution was more than French.
their thrones. The germs of three wars and
It was universal. It gave the death-blow to
.
feudalism ; substituted equal justice for privi- ment; and the end is not yet.
many
more revolutions were in the arrange-
lege; the national idea for monarchic, feudal,
and ecclesiastical forms of government. The
Germany fared worst, and Austria best.
Metternich had the advantage of being clear
tide of popular right broke over the middle
walls of class antagonism, as waves over a sea-
in his own mind. He dextrously made use of
the jealousy of the smaller states of one another
wall. When the people of Europe realized that
Napoleon's heel was treading down the free latter favored a national federation, but her
and their greater jealousy of Prussia. The
ideas in government and society upon which he
himself had been raised to power, then the peo-
statesmen had not yet breadth of vision enough
ple burst the bonds with which he sought to
to see that her greatness lay in the divorce of
Germany and Austria. It remained for Big-
*THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN EUROPE, marck to see that. Prussia was unwilling to
from the Congress of Vienna to the Present Time. Volume I.,
1815-60. By Charles M. Andrews. New York: G. P. Put-
see the empire revamped for Austria's glory,
nam's Sons.
but her unsettled purposes ruined Prussia's


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present chances. But the Austrian minister's cabinet assailed by a body of representatives
ambition to make Austria first, overleaped because the executive was not royalistic enough!
itself. He did not see that in the reduction of The 21st of January, the anniversary of Louis
Prussia to a subordinate place in the Confed- XVI.'s execution, was made a memorial day.
eration, he had put a drag upon Austria too. The legislature passed a set of laws of which it
The history of Europe for the next genera- was said that“ one half France may arrest the
tion was to be an effort to undo the wrong of other half and try it before an extraordinary
1815. The most political life upon the conti-court.” The Jesuits were restored, schools put
nent was in France. Not that that life was under church control, mortmain renewed, the
recognized in law; it was there in fact. The emigrés were brought back and reimbursed at
national pride was not exhausted. On the con- enormous expenditure. In the face of such
trary, the sting to French pride by the spec- reactionary zeal Europe felt safe in withdraw-
tacle of a government imposed by the sword - ing the army of occupation in 1818. The next
and that too of a foreigner, at least so far as election proved the artificial expression France
sympathy with the new spirit of France was had worn. The Liberals got twenty-three of the
concerned,— quickened the nation's sensibili- fifty-five seats, among them being Lafayette.
ties. Hitherto France's government had been Richelieu resigned. Decazes, a moderate roy-
of her own making: even the Terror and the alist, succeeded. The mixture of parties was
Cæsarism of Napoleon. The Bourbon Restora-complex and peculiar. An element headed by
tion was not thus. Yet it had to be so. There Guizot held that the Liberals would be too lib-
were no positive elements in France upon which eral, and that they — the so-called Doctrinaires
to build. The Revolution had been mainly a - would be called upon to take the govern-
destructive force. When Napoleon was gone, ment. Thus the Liberals were the real Doc-
there were only the remnants of former parties trinaires, and the so-called Doctrinaires were
jealous of one another and unable to unite upon the party of practical politics. The fact that
any policy. Hence a government had to be no one of the parties, however, had a positive
imported — a government sure of its seat only programme was a danger to France.
so long as the negative elements failed to com- In Germany, the people had fallen back into
bine.
the depths, spent and exhausted, after the War
Light for New Europe gleamed — and there
- and there of Liberation. The nation had risen above
faintly — in England. Even across the chan- itself: its fall was the greater. Moreover, the
nel, reaction prevailed. Suspension of the right settlement of 1815 had left no most powerful
of habeas corpus, censorship of the press, gag-
state to take the lead. Austria and Prussia
.
laws, propped a Tory régime. But England's were balanced, and particularism reigned every-
was a government of law. England was the where. Again, the mind of Germany was not
hearth of constitutional liberty. Her people adapted to grasp political ideas and give them
were intelligent, and would have been thrifty if concrete manifestation in institutions. The ex-
they could have had the chance. Moreover, altation of 1813 remained as a mental quality
the land had never felt Napoleon's heel. There when political life was in the depths. Sentiment
.
was no hope for the association of England and and imagination - Romanticism – reigned.
France, however, for a Bourbon could
not strike What Germany needed was force, rude phy-
hands with a Briton without compromising his sical force, to shake it from its trance. The
position, without acknowledging the supremacy policy of “ blood and iron ” had to come. The
of the law; and Louis XVIII., in ignoring the salvation of Germany lay with Prussia, but as
constitution of the provisional government and yet she knew not her mission. But if Prussia
substituting one of his own, had practically had no clear political policy, the Zollverein
affirmed that he owned the crown and the na- inspired by her was to give Germany a germ
tion too. Tallyrand's fall in the autumn of 1815 of economic unity destined to become political
prevented any possibility of French and English in character. The weakest point in Prussia,
affiliation. Richelieu was honest, but a man of however, was the fact that by her development
little talent. The real control of the government's she was absolute in law, in thinking, in train-
policy was in the hands of the Count d'Artois, ing; hence her conduct depended in largest
an ultra-royalist. The Chamber of Deputies part upon the character of her sovereign, and
was so royalistic that it was impossible to find he was weak.
any other sort of man. Europe stood amazed at Curiously enough, though, the first real blow
the spectacle of an ultra-royalistic crown and to this rigid and reactionary condition of things


1897.]
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was to come through events in Spain, just as done with Greece. Russia could not hope to
the first resistance which Napoleon could not acquire Turkey yet, and therefore proposed a
crush was also found in Spain. In Spain, Fer- number of half-sovereign states under Ottoman
dinand VII., as infamous a king as ever sat suzerainty. Metternich opposed such a crea-
upon a throne — a seat restored to him by the tion, as it would weaken Turkey and give op-
Holy Alliance—had restored the old things to portunity for Russian interference. From this
—
such a degree that even the Inquisition was time Austria and Prussia parted. The Holy
reëstablished. Spain was too dead to respond, Alliance had carried in its own bosom the
too craven to protest. What in a living state weapons of its own destruction. What was left
is a public calamity-outside intervention-in of it was shot to pieces at Navarino. Austria's
Spain's case alone could prevail. Spanish des prestige was tarnished. Prussia's economic
potism naturally had nothing in common with policy was paving the way for constructive
English reign of law. Yet it was England that statesmanship. Peel and Grey and Goderich
was to make her influence felt in the peninsula. in England were leading reform measures.
The event which brought this about was the Already the globe was cracked. In the Revo-
· revolt of the South American colonies. Spain lution of 1830 in France, in the cleavage be-
demanded that as Europe had crushed the spirit tween Belgium and Holland, in the Reform
of '89, so now it should unite to crush the ris- Bill of 1832, the people emerged. The force
ing revolution across sea; in other words, that that had lain dormant and crushed was raised
the principles of the Holy Alliance be applied up. The people were raw and crude but gen-
in South America. This reaction, as a world- uine. They rose from their parcoticized slum-
comprising idea, alarmed Great Britain. Mean-
ber of nearly twenty years and rubbed the sleep
while, the fire of revolution leaped to Italy and
from their eyes.
Greece. In France, the murder of the Duke The next eighteen years was to be a transi-
of Berry, the sole representative of the Bourbon tion period — a period of oscillation between
family apart from the king, produced renewed the governments and the people. Things were
reaction, and an ultra-royalist ministry came most stable in England, most unstable in
into power. Villèle determined to succor Spain, France. In Germany liberalism was on the
partly to sustain the principle of “ legitimacy, increase, Metternichism on the decline. The
partly to divert the excited passions of the influence of the personal character of Prussia's
French from the consideration of matters at ruler was to hinder German development until
home, partly to restore national prestige, always the regent succeeded as King William I. in
military in its expression. While Austria 1862. But the revolution of 1848 was decisive
crushed Italy, Angoulême, on the 27th of for Europe. Two centres remained out of the
March, 1823, entered Spain. England was too old despotism, " the camp of Austria's army
cautious to interfere directly. Canning had no and the court of Russia." Race divisions in
mind to expend money and men in support of Austro-Hungary, political complications in
so uncertain a thing as Spanish liberalism. But Germany, lack of efficient leadership in Italy,
the indirect blow he delivered Spain and the defeated successful revolutions there. But the
Holy Alliance was more positive than armed “ Wonderful Days" of '48 were not a mirage
intervention could have been. By a stroke of nor a haze upon the horizon. - The effects
his pen, the British government recognized the were not lost. Things which had been visions
revolted Spanish-American republics. That act became realities. Political interest and new
of renunciation of the existing political princi- life were aroused. The Revolution gave a vivid
ples of Europe isolated Great Britain. The Eu- sense of unity to both Italy and Germany. It
ropean constellation was broken. It was the first frightened governments, liberalized their policy,
successful protest against Metternichism. The by showing how insecure was their foundations.
restoration of Ferdinand was a success on the It showed the people their weakness, the dan-
surface only. The spectacle of such a ruler ger of race prejudices, and the futility of the
as Ferdinand VII. reigning “ by the grace of revolutionary and radical methods. It brought
God” shocked the sense of Europe. The Greek to the front as leaders of unity and liberalism
Revolution accentuated this just horror. Turk- men of greater diplomatic and administrative
ish atrocities and Greece's heroic struggle ability. Already are Bismarck, Cavour, and
awakened unbounded sympathy. Conquest of Deák prominent in their respective places."
Greece at last became impossible. Vienna and If the second volume of The Historical
St. Petersburg disagreed upon what should be l Development of Modern Europe” tells of the


148
[March 1,
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completion of the processes sketched in this very few errors, whether of author or printer,
review - of Bismarck's blood and iron," of
“
to be found in the entire work. The first half
Cavour's tireless endeavors for a free and of the book is principally taken up with the one
united Italy, of Hungary's struggle for recog- absorbing love-affair of Kenelm's childhood,
nition — in so interesting a way as this first youth, and early manhood, and with the secret
volume has told us of the beginnings of the marriage of the faithful lovers and the compli-
century, the reading public which is fond of cations resulting therefrom. The lady was the
contemporary history will watch and wait its peerless Venetia Anastasia Stanley, daughter
appearance with impatience.
of Sir Edward Stanley; and as the whole story
JAMES WESTFALL THOMPSON. of their love and marriage is as interesting as
a modern novel, we will not spoil it for the fu-
ture readers of the book by giving details.
Sir Everard Digby, Kenelm's father, was ex-
66 THE ARCH-AMATEUR OF ALL HISTORY."* ecuted in 1606 for complicity in the Gunpowder
Author, naval commander, diplomatist, phi.
Plot. After two years at Oxford, Digby was
induced to go abroad by his mother, who sought
losopher, mystic,-- all of these, and more, was
Sir Kenelm Digby. His epitaph proclaims him
thus to make him forget Venetia Stanley. The
young man, not yet eighteen years of age, went
“Digby the great, the valiant, and the wise ;
first to Paris, and thence to Angers, to escape
This age's wonder for his noble parts,
Skilled in six tongues and learned in all the arts." the plague. But having here attracted the too
Lord Clarendon said of him : “ He was a man
favorable notice of the queen-mother, Marie
of a very extraordinary person and presence, de Medicis, he avoided her importunities by
which drew the eyes of all men upon him, which spreading a report of his death and proceeding
were more fixed by a wonderful graceful behav- to Italy. Two years were spent in Florence,
iour, a flowing courtesy and civility, and such and then he was invited to Madrid by his kins-
a volubility of language as surprised and de- man, Sir John Digby, Earl of Bristol, who was
lighted.” Henry Stubbes called him “ the very
at that time English ambassador to the Spanish
Pliny of our age for lying ”; his contemporaries court. Prince Charles and Buckingham arrived
agreed in their admiration of his varied accom-
at Madrid a few days after Digby's coming,
plishments and brilliant conversational powers ;
their mission being to obtain the hand of the
and his latest biographer, in his final estimate Infanta for the young prince. The nearer view
of the man, characterizes him as a gifted ama-
of the Spanish court, of Spanish diplomacy,
teur,“perhaps the arch-amateur of all history." and of the characters of Prince Charles and the
An interesting character he certainly was, Duke, which the author here gives us, drawing
and the present life of him, by “one of his de principally from Digby’s “ Private Memoires,
scendants,” is very good reading indeed. The is valuable, and forms the most interesting, if
brief and modest preface predisposes one in the not the most important, part of the book. Bits
author’s favor. The lack of any satisfactory of love and intrigue, too, are not wanting to give
biography of Digby is pointed out, and the hope spice to the narrative.
expressed that if the present attempt to supply The return to England, the knighting of the
one shall prove a failure, it may yet stimulate young wanderer, his secret marriage to the
“able writer, languisbing for want of a
matchless Venetia, his wonderful experiments
subject, to produce a really brilliant biography with the “sympathetic powder,"and the account
of Sir Kenelm Digby.”
of other chemical nostrums believed in by the
A foot-note tells us that Digby was born in credulous would-be discoverer, follow next in
1603, although in the body of the book (p. 129) order. And then, being upbraided by his noble
we read that certain things happened in 1624, relative, the ex-ambassador, for nursing “a
“when he was of the age of nineteen.” But servile affection which, wheresoever it entereth,
is a clog to generous spirits and freezeth all
stated that he died in 1665," at the age of sixty- heroic thoughts in their very births,” Sir
two,” and as other authorities agree in giving Kenelm resolved to embark on an enterprise
1603 as the year of his birth, we conclude that which should be worthy of a gentleman of his
the statement on page 129 forms one of the parts and valor, and clear him from any impu-
tation of indolence. Accordingly, with the
* THE LIFE OF SIR KENELM Digby. By one of his De-
scendants. With Illustrations. New York: Longmans,
royal permission, he equipped a small fleet and
Green, & Co.
set sail for the Mediterranean on a privateering
a of
some
as in the concluding portion of the work it is is


1897.]
149
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>
a
-
>
we
was
6
cruise, in which he captured some considerable histories of England, memoirs, and letters. The
prizes, won a victory over the French and volume under review contains good reproduc-
Venetian vessels in the harbor of Scanderoon, tions of two portraits (one by Vandyck) of Sir
and finally returned to England with much Kenelm, one of Sir Everard, and one (by Van-
pelf and not a little renown. “In that drowsy dyck) of Lady Venetia Digby, together with a
a
and inactive time,” says Clarendon, the victory view of Gothurst, Sir Kenelm's early home.
at Scanderoon “was looked upon with general | Paper and print are all that a fastidious biblio-
estimation." The author of the present biog- phile could desire, and one needs but to open
raphy, however, does not attempt to makė Sir the book to become interested. We only regret
Kepelm out as much better than a pirate in that the author has so carefully concealed his
this expedition, and he seems entirely right in identity. Beyond the fact that he is one of
this view of the case.
Sir Kenelm's descendants, that he is - accord-
-
The latter part of the book — treating of ing to the title-page — the author of “The Life
Digby's repeated banishments and recalls, his of a Conspirator” (Sir Everard Digby), “A
examinations for alleged connection with the Life of Archbishop Laud,” “ The Life of a
popish recusants, and his imprisonment at Prig”— and hence of all the other engaging
”
Winchester House — is of less general interest little volumes from the “Prig's” pen
than the earlier chapters, and may be dismissed know nothing, except that he signs the preface
with a few words. This portion is important, to this book with the initials “ T. L.” Perhaps
however, as affording a view of the man which some reader more skilled than the reviewer in
is not in all respects flattering, much as the such matters can throw light upon the question
reader might wish the contrary. But, as the of his identity. PERCY F. BICKNELL.
writer
says,
“ human nature is human nature,
and Sir Kenelm was essentially human ; he
no great saint, he was naturally of a diplomatic
disposition, he was a courtier, and he had what
MODERN APPRECIATIONS OF THE STAGE.*
is called a keen eye to the main chance.'
After all the vicissitudes of a somewhat
The attitude of the public mind toward the
drama” and “the stage" has presented some
stormy career, he died peacefully at his own
home in Covent Garden, where, until the last,
curious phases. For two hundred years En-
he was wont to gather scientists and scholars glish-speaking peoples pointed to Shakespeare,
about him, and where, another writer tells us,
writer of plays, as the greatest of all writers ;
he often “wrangled" with Hobbes. He was
on our literature of the stage we based our
one of the founders of the Royal Society, and
claim to ownership of the world's greatest lit-
was a member of the council at the time of its
erature; yet at the same time the stage itself
incorporation in 1663. Throughout his life he
was shunned by pious folk and condemned by
church and council, and the poor players were
was possessed of an active and inquiring mind,
and was a shrewd observer of natural phenom- placed under social ostracism, sometimes even
ena, although he was a scientific amateur rather denied sacraments, funeral rites, and marriage
than a man of science. Devoting himself seri- by the clergy. It is very different in our day.
While the drama as a form of literary expres-
ously to astrology and alchemy, his credulity
led him into many absurdities. But he held in sion is cultivated but little and without striking
high esteem Bacon, Galileo, Gilbert, Harvey, success, the stage and the actor were never so
and Descartes, and is said to have been the
much honored. Although no great writer en-
first to notice the necessity of vital air, or oxy profession of actor is steadily growing in favor
riches contemporary dramatic literature, the
gen, to the life of plants.
(See his «
Vegeta-
tion of Plants.")
with the educated classes. The most eminent
The sources drawn upon by his biographer of living English actors is honored with knight-
are, in the main, Digby's own “ Private Me hood and Sir Henry Irving is invited to lec-
moires,” which bring his life down to 1629, and
ture at the high seats of learning both in En-
have been edited, with a long introduction, by gland and America, choosing for his theme the
Sir Harris Nicholas ; Wood's “ Athena Oxon. praise of his art; an English clergyman a few
ienses,” the “Biographia Britannica,” Aubrey's * SHAKESPEARE'S HEROES OF THE STAGE. By Charles
“ Letters" and " Lives,” Lodge's “ Portraits,”
E. L. Wingate. New York: T. Y. Crowell & Co.
FAMOUS AMERICAN ACTORS OF TO-DAY. Edited by Fred-
the “Crosby Records," the “State Papers,"
66
9
eric E. McKay and Charles E. L. Wingate. New York:
Digby's own miscellaneous writings, and various
T. Y. Crowell & Co.


150
[March 1,
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>
-
years ago dedicated a memorial window to art in the matter of historical accuracy and
Shakespeare in a London church, and still appropriate costume than these pictures. For
more recently an American “ divine” delivered example, here is Quin as Coriolanus, dressed
the address at the opening of a new theatre. in a tunic with flaring hoop-skirts, and his head
Play-houses multiply rapidly; and the week- surmounted with plumes two feet high ; and
day audiences at a first-class theatre are as intel Garrick as he played Lear, in a ruffled waist-
ligent, as well-mannered, and probably as vir- coat, knickerbockers, and silk hose. The seri- .
tuous, as the Sunday audiences at the churches. ous student will regret that so much space has
Sir Henry Irving defines acting as “the art been given to anecdote and green-room gossip;
embodying the poet's creations, of giving them although these chatty features may give the
flesh and blood, of making the figures which work a certain popularity of a temporary kind,
a
appeal to your mind's eye in the printed drama a different handling of the material and more
live before you on the stage.” He regards the dignity of treatment would have given it a lit-
actor as the complement of the author, not erary and critical value which it now lacks.
merely his translator ; apparently, he ranks the The collection of “ Famous American Ac-
art of reproduction of character not far below tors” includes those who have died recently,
the art of original creation of character. as well as those still living. The lives here
With this new dignity accorded to the actor's recorded are, most of them, of a high, clean,
calling comes a new interest in actors, espe- noble, and inspiring order. With such person-
cially in actors of Shakespearian rôles. We alities as Joseph Jefferson, Edwin Booth, Mme.
desire to supplement the dicta of the critics - Modjeska, and Lawrence Barrett as subjects,
even such critics as Lamb, Hazlitt, Coleridge, and such writers as Henry A. Clapp, Philip
and Schlegel — by the record of such actors as Hale, “Dorothy Lundt," Laurence Hutton,
Garrick, Kean, Kemble, Macready, Booth, and George Parsons Lathrop to deal with them,
Irving, men of high imagination, who have we have a book of much literary and critical
made life-long studies for their impersonations value, albeit a large number of lesser names
of Hamlet, Shylock, Macbeth, or Lear, in order have been admitted that might well be spared.
to present these “in their habit as they lived." The work ought to do much to clear the actor's
But, alas! as has been so often pointed out, no calling from such odium as may still linger
other art is so fleeting as that of the actor. about it, for not many professions could make
While all other artists may leave behind them a better showing of genuine and conspicuous
lasting memorials of their genius, the player's virtue.
ANNA B. MCMAHAN.
work vanishes with his disappearance from the
stage, and survives only in the recollection of
the few who have seen and heard him.
To collect and preserve some of the records THE CHURCH, PAST AND PRESENT.*
of the great actors and actresses of the past
There is no more interesting section of church
and present is the worthy undertaking of Mr.
Charles E. L. Wingate, in a series of entertain: history from several points of view than that of
ing volumes. Following soon after his earlier
the fourteenth century. “The Great Western
work, “ Shakespeare's Heroines of the Stage,”
Schism” is an uncovering of some of the deep-
come two other volumes, " Shakespeare's He-
est schemes of ecclesiastical corruption and
roes of the Stage ” and “Famous American infamy ever known in the Church of Rome.
Actors of To-day” - the latter bearing also
Dr. Locke gives us, in his volume on this topic,
the name of Frederic Edward McKay as asso-
a popular and of course very much abbre-
ciate editor, the sketches (forty-two in number)
viated recital of the chief events of this cen-
being contributed by different hands, mostly *TEN EPOCHS OF CHURCH HISTORY. Edited by John Ful-
dramatic critics of leading newspapers. Othello,
ton, D.D., LL.D. Volume VIII., The Age of the Great
Western Schism. By Clinton Locke, D.D. New York: The
Lear, Shylock, Coriolanus, Macbeth, Hamlet,
Christian Literature Co.
Richard III. are the “Shakespeare Heroes," AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH OF
and the book tells something about every actor
ENGLAND, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. By
Henry Offey Wakeman, M.A. New York: The Macmillan Co.
of prominence in these rôles from the days of
THE PRINCIPLES or ECCLESIASTICAL UNITY: Four Lec-
Burbage and Betterton to the present. Also, tures Delivered in St. Asaph Cathedral, on June 16-19 (1896).
the author has taken great pains in collecting By Arthur James Mason, D.D. New York: Longmans,
Green, & Co.
rare portraits ; and nothing could be a better
THE PROPHETS OF THE CHRISTIAN FAITH, Edited by
commentary on the advance of the histrionic Lyman Abbott, D.D. New York: The Macmillan Co.
a
66
:


1897.]
151
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tury, carrying the narrative through the coun- A full index completes the volume. The pub-
cil of Basel. The “ Babylonic captivity ” of lishers also have done their part in making a
the papal see to Avignon, then the double- handsome and useful book.
headed church, the clashings, the bulls and This is the day of unions - commercial,
counter - bulls of contemporaneous popes, the social, labor, and not quite-ecclesiastical. Dr.
great councils of Pisa, Constance, and Basel, Mason, in his work on “The Principles of
,
constitute a panorama of the degradation and Ecclesiastical Unity,” has set for himself the
corruption of ecclesiastics, and the almost fruit- task of telling how he thinks this union can be
less efforts at reform, such as shocks the good consummated. Lecture I., on the “ Duty of
sense and the moral consciousness of purely Unity,” is a practical rebuttal of the Pope's
political bodies of this century. Dr. Locke's
Dr. Locke's encyclical ad Anglos, and a weak discussion of
general outline is well sketched, though it is the duty of unity as based on the teachings of
somewhat humiliating to find him so frequently Scripture. Lecture II., on the internal prin-
falling into the use of colloquialisms and almost ciple of unity, is simply the fact that in Christ
slang phrases to express himself. The more all are brethren, hence should be working
of such clear-cut outlines the better. They give toward the same end with one purpose. Lec-
the popular reader an appetite which can be ture III. reveals the attachments of the lec-
appeased only by further indulgence in works turer. The external principle is the fact that
on the same period.
the Church of England, the Roman Church,
The mighty influence of the Church of En- and the Greek Church possess the only author-
gland during the last thousand years demands ized ordained ministers; and that true union
more than ordinary notice in church history. would mean the lifting of all dissenting bodies
Mr. Wakeman has undertaken, in his book of to the high plane of accepting ordination at the
500 pages, to introduce the reader to the his- hands of the Church which has preserved from
tory of that body from its origin to the present the beginning an unbroken succession of author-
day. It is not a manual or a text-book in form ized and ordained clergy. He even goes so far
or style, but is written in a running narrative.
as to say:
The chapters are not long, are well condensed, “In a country where there is an authoritative Church
and charmingly written. There is just enough -a church which has not apostatised from the faith and
of incident or anecdote mixed in the pictures which imposes no terms of communion with which it is
to give them a delightful fascination. The
sinful to comply -- there, for any group of Christians
reader finds just what he expects in the line of
who have received no commission (in succession from
apostolic times ] for the purpose to take upon them
Episcopal prejudices. Though remarkably free the office of ordaining, is, I will not say inexcusably or
for a churchman, he sometimes falls into the necessarily wicked, but essentially anarchichal” (p. 90):
spare of special pleading. One of the striking
“ It would be faithless and disloyal to quit this church”
sections of the book is that dealing with the
(p. 91).
ecclesiastical eruptions and disruptions of the
This is the spirit in which the lecturer pro-
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Inquisition poses the union, “ You join us and we'll unite,
under fire and flame, persecution by torture and and form a union.” Such a proposition is ab-
torment, and worse than death-pangs, were the surd on the face of it. Only the Church of
results of adopting and maintaining heretical
Rome and her western cousin are possible allies
views on ecclesiastical, and almost on political, of such a body. To Protestant Christendom
questions. The marvel is that the church could he openly says, “ Accept our tenets, and there
be both the executioner of spiritual men and will be union.” It is wasted time, empty words,
the conserver of spiritual truth. But out of
But out of and only a clanging cymbal, to be haranguing
,
this dead formalism, not many years hence, audiences in this fashion.
sprang the life element of the dissenters which Why “The Prophets of the Christian Faith "
not only stirred England to its foundations, but in the title of Dr. Lyman Abbott's volume ?
galvanized the old church into a new life, and Fifty as noble saints might have been chosen
became a mighty force in the foundation of as those here described. Dr. Abbott gives us
modern church history. Mr. Wakeman gives the old well-known and popular definition of a
us vivid and thrilling descriptions of some of prophet. The prophets" discussed are Isaiah,
those events, which will stimulate readers to Paul, Clement of Alexandria, Augustine,
search out the larger works to find satiety. The Wycliffe, Luther, Wesley, Jonathan Edwards,
book is provided with an admirable chronolog Bushnell
, and Maurice, by such writers as Drs.
ical table covering eleven closely printed pages. I Dods, Matheson, Harnack, Farrar, Fairbairn,
a


152
[March 1,
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Munger, and Allen. The pictures of Isaiah, the lower G; and although she suffered from intense
Clement, and Maurice are quite inadequate.
nervousness at such a marvellous feat, considering that
her voice was practically a contralto, she acquitted her-
The rest of them are fairly good characteriza-
self so brilliantly of the passage in question that her
tions of the views and place of each man in his
audiences on every occasion of her singing the music
day. The one value that such symposiums were stirred to the greatest enthusiasm.”
possess is the stirring up the reader to study It was for Piccolomini that Arditi composed
biography, especially that of leaders in the past. his famous “ Il Bacio,” in 1859, which, while
There is little or nothing of permanent value it has made fortunes for several others, has
in such necessarily meagre portrayals. netted the author just £50. Some amusing
IRA M. PRICE. incidents are given in connection with this song,
the title of which was suggested by Madame
Arditi.
Of Christine Nilsson, who made her London
THE REMINISCENCES OF A FAMOUS début in “La Traviata," in 1867, he writes :
MAESTRO,*
“Nilsson's singing reminded me greatly of Angiolina
Musical people, and many others, know that
Bosio, her brilliant fioriture being delivered with the
same exquisite grace and refinement that characterized
Signor Luigi Arditi is one of the most popular the style of the Italian artist. Everything was in favor
orchestral conductors of Italian opera in the of the young Swedish artist,- her youthful freshness
world. Born seventy-four years ago, at Cres- (in itself a priceless charm); a definite individuality;
centino in central Piedmont, and always turn-
her slight, supple figure, which lent itself to the draping
of
any
classical robe; and above all, the voice, of exten-
ing affectionately to the beautiful land of his
sive compass, mellow, sweet, and rich."
nativity, Arditi is yet an American citizen. He
The artist who receives the largest share of
married, in 1856, a lady of Richmond, Va., and
attention in this book is Adelini Patti, with
has since regarded this as his adopted coun-
whom Signor Arditi's acquaintance began when
try. He speaks of it always with the enthu-
siasm of the lover: what pleases him, pleases
the prima donna was only eight years old. His
him very much; but his praise, though never
account of their first meeting is as follows:
“ Madame Salvador Patti, Adelina's mother, was
half-hearted, seems judiciously bestowed, and
anxious that I should hear the child sing, and so she
his criticism is always good-natured. He writes brought her little daughter to my rooms one day. [This
with a good command of English, in so natural was in New York.] Bottesini and I were highly amused
and easy a style that one is seldom reminded to see the air of importance with wbich the tiny song-
that a foreigner holds the pen.
stress first selected a comfortable seat for her doll in
such proximity that she was able to see her while sing-
Signor Arditi has conducted operas in all
ing, and then, having said, La, ma bonne petite, attends
the great cities of this country and Europe, and que ta Maman te chante quelque chose de jolie,' she
nearly all the great singers of the past fifty demurely placed her music on the piano, and asked me
years have either made their débuts or sung
to accompany her in the rondo of Sonnambula.'
under his baton. His reminiscences, therefore,
“How am I to give an adequate description of the
effect which that child's miraculous notes produced upon
present many charming sketches and anecdotes
our enchanted senses? Perhaps if I say that both Bot-
of world-famous musicians and other noted peo- tesini and I wept genuine tears of emotion, tears which
ple with whom he came in contact. Of Alboni, were the outcome of the original and never-to-be-for-
with whom he appeared in the United States
gotten impression her voice made when it stirred our
innermost feelings, that may, in some slight measure,
in 1850, he says:
convince my readers of the extraordinary vocal power
“She was a most charming and amiable woman, and and beauty of which little Adelina was, at that tender
it was impossible to know her without liking and re- age, possessed. We were simply amazed, nay, electric
specting her. Unlike many prime donne I have since fied, at the well-nigh perfect manner in which she de-
known, who find it hard to stand the wear and tear and livered some of the most difficult and varied arias with-
trying ordeal of rehearsal and study of opera without out the slightest effort or self-consciousness."
losing their serenity of temper, Alboni was a veritable Signor Arditi has made many tours with Patti,
-.
... Singing was a second nature to her. She loved
and is her warm friend and admirer. Surely
her work, and revelled in her triumphs. Her vocal the most delightful house-party that one ever
compass was perfectly marvellous. I wrote some vari-
read about was that extending over four weeks,
ations for her once, wherein she trilled on the high B
flat with the greatest facility, immediately passing to
which the Arditis spent with Count Nicolini
and his wife at their Craig-Y-Nos home in
*MY REMINISCENCES. By Luigi Arditi. With numerous August, 1889. The account reads like a page
Illustrations, Facsimiles, etc. Edited and compiled, with
Introduction and Notes, by the Baroness Von Zedlitz. New
from the Arabian Nights."
York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
Space will not permit further quotation from
>


1897.]
153
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>
a
-
the reminiscences of great singers - Sontag,
Sontag, desires — fall in with our searching psychological
---
Grisi, Mario, Bosio, Guiglini, Titiers, Viardot, proclivities and our envisagement of ethnological
and many others—that crowd the pages of this
distinctions as none of the older generations can
fascinating volume. Its interest is much en.
possibly do, and for us, at least, they make both the
hanced by the numerous illustrations. The
Indian and the Anglo-Indian seem alive. Compar-
ison between the two writers is an idle task; each
editor of the work, the Baroness von Zedlitz,
has his gifts and his limitations, and little need be
has performed her task well, giving in the Intro-
duction a short sketch of Arditi's early life, up
said beyond the statement that one is in no sense
an imitator of the other. Certainly, Mrs. Steel
to the year 1846, when he first crossed the ocean, could not do Mr. Kipling's most characteristic things,
and in the Notes adding interesting details to and equally certainly Mr. Kipling could not write
the author's own narrative of his subsequent a long novel having the close texture of Mrs. Steel's
career.
GRACE JULIAN CLARKE.
book, and sustained, as that book is, upon an almost
epic level. So much for the inevitable coupling of
the two names ; let us now try to see something of
what Mrs. Steel has done. In the first place, it
RECENT FICTION.*
must be admitted that her work is faulty. There
is nothing pellucid about the stream of her narra-
It is a rather remarkable fact that what are un- tive, which rushes along over a rough bed, and has
questionably the two greatest novels of the present many whirling eddies. The transitions from scene
season should be works of historical fiction. One
to scene are so abrupt that the plan of the whole has
of these novels, the Polish “Quo Vadis,” we re- a patchwork effect, and many of the paragraphs
viewed some weeks ago ; the other, “On the Face must be reread before one can find out their mean-
of the Waters,” calls for our chief attention in the ing or what they are about. The style is not only
present survey of recently-published novels. We unpolished, but even lapses into gross solecisms, as
have heretofore expressed the opinion that, as a de- in the frequent use of locutions which make "like"
lineator of Indian life, Mrs. Steel stands, not ex- do duty as a conjunction. These are not promising
actly as a rival of Mr. Kipling - for her elaborate phrases with which to begin the characterization of
—
compositions are as unlike his flash-light photographs a great novel, yet great — in the sober sense of that
as they could possibly be — but as Mr. Kipling's overworked word — this novel undoubtedly is. For
peer among workers in this comparatively new im- its faults are but surface-faults, after all, and, to
aginative field. Of course, there were great men revert to our metaphor, the stream has volume and
before Agamemnon, and good books about India depth, and the strength that they imply. In the
were written before Mrs. Steel and Mr. Kipling first place, it has one of the greatest themes that
were born, but these two writers satisfy our modern history can offer the theme of those months of
terror that forty years ago prepared for English-
* ON THE FACE OF THE WATERS. A Tale of the Mutiny.
By Flora Annie Steel. New York: The Macmillan Co.
men so splendid a heritage of heroism that the mem-
GREEN FIRE. Romance. By Fiona Macleod. New York: ory of the Mutiny even to-day thrills through and
Harper & Brothers.
through every man of English race. This note of
THE CARISSIMA. A Modern Grotesque. By Lucas Malet. heroic passion and pride informs Mrs. Steel's work
Chicago: Herbert S. Stone & Co.
from beginning to end. She does not gloss over the
TOMALYN'S QUEST. A Novel. By G. B. Burgin. New
York: Harper & Brothers.
faults of English rule in Hindostan, nor does she
CAPTAIN SHANNON. By Coulson Kernahan. New York:
attempt to conceal the amazingly impolitic course
Dodd, Mead & Co.
of conduct that led to the outbreak, but she does
THE WIZARD. By H. Rider Haggard. New York: Long- understand how richly English devotion made atone-
mans, Green, & Co.
ment, during that fateful summer of 1857, for the
A COURT INTRIGUE. By Basil Thompson. New York:
errors of English policy, and, in this sense, Mr.
D. Appleton & Co.
LIFE THE ACCUSER. By E. F. Brooke. New York:
Kipling's
Edward Arnold.
“If blood be the price of admiralty,
PALLADIA. By Mrs. Hugh Fraser. New York: The Mac-
Lord God, we ha' paid in full !"
millan Co.
might be taken, mutatis mutandis, as the motto of
A PURITAN'S WIFE. By Max Pemberton. New York: her work. In the second place, Mrs. Steel makes
Dodd, Mead & Co.
us understand, as no novelist before her has suc-
ON THE RED STAIRCASE. By M. Imlay Taylor. Chicago:
A. C. McClurg & Co.
ceeded in doing, the Sepoy point of view. She knows
WHITE APRON8. A Romance of Bacon's Rebellion : Vir what the religious fanaticism of Brahman and Mo-
ginia, 1676. By Maud Wilder Goodwin. Boston: Little, hammedan meant at the time of the Mutiny, with
Brown, & Co.
how deep a sense of wrong the native was filled as
A VIRGINIA CAVALIER. By Molly Elliot Seawell. New
he contemplated the assaults of the foreigner upon
York: Harper & Brothers.
the most sacred traditions of his faith, what was the
John LITTLEJOHN, OF J. By George Morgan. Philadelphia :
J. B. Lippincott Co.
play of the Oriental mind — in some respects child-
THE SCARLET Coat. By Clinton Ross. New York: Stone ishly simple, and in others subtle beyond any occi-
& Kimball.
dental comprehension - upon the events connected
:


154
[March 1,
THE DIAL
a
men
66
with the fastening upon British India of the yoke of bathes the isles in a flood of golden light, and puts
the despised but feared foreigner. It is in the two upon sea and land a veil as of ineffable mystery."
features above set forth, and in the way in which The example is a typical one, and illustrates the
they are balanced and given each its due value, that haunting beauty that may be given a simple sentence
the
power of this novel chiefly consists. It does not by the harmonious collocation of a few congruous
deal with the whole history of the Mutiny, but solely epithets and the melodious arrangement of a few
with the siege and capture of Delhi. Cawnpore vowel-sounds. Miss Macleod's story is in keeping
and Lucknow are referred to only in an incidental with her style; it is an exquisitely-wrought study,
way ; the names of Lawrence, Campbell, and Have- rich in imaginative quality, and touched with enough
lock are barely mentioned ; John Nicholson is its of passion to give it life. It is something like the
one conspicuous historical hero. But, within its work of “Loti” at his best, with the Celtic dimness
limits, the book is history in a very exact sense. of atmosphere, the Celtic sense of the brooding fate
" The reader may rest assured that every incident that shapes the lives of men.
bearing in the remotest degree on the Indian Mu- Another sharp contrast is offered by “ The Car-
tiny, or on the part which real men took in it, is issima,” the next book upon our list. Here, too,
scrupulously exact, even to the date, the hour, the there is something of the sense of brooding or im-
scene, the very weather. Nor have I allowed the pending fate, but the effect is grotesque (as the au-
actual actors in the great tragedy to say a word thor clearly intends it to be) rather than tragic. The
regarding it which is not to be found in the accounts book is a study of character, as exhibited by a group
of eye-witnesses, or in their own writings.” As for of five or six people summering together in a Swiss
the fictive part of the book, the chief interest lies in hotel. The analysis is extremely well done, so well,
the fortunes of the English woman who remains in fact, that the occasional interpositions of the
secreted in Delhi during the siege, and in the two writer for the purpose of explaining her characters
her husband and the stranger whose fortunes are quite unnecessary, and rather irritate than help
become so strangely linked with hers — who illus- the reader. The heroine is a very modern young
trate anew the old idea that a great occasion may woman, and one is likely at the end to agree with
make a hero out of the most contemptible material. the opinion expressed by the speaker in the “ Pro-
These three figures are triumphs of portraiture, and logue,” that “compared with even a superficial com-
show the creative powers of the writer to be upon a prehension of the intricacies of her thought and
plane with her conception of the essential spirit of the conduct, the mastery of the Chinese language would
history concerned. The alluring poetic title of the supply an airy pastime, the study of the higher
novel is thus explained : “I have chosen it because mathematics a gentle sedative.” The interest of
when
you
ask an uneducated native of India why the the story as a whole is considerable and is well sus-
Great Rebellion came to pass, he will, in nine cases tained, but its real strength lies in the finish of the
out of ten, reply, ‘God knows! He sent a Breath workmanship, in the innumerable touches of humor,
into the World. From this to a Spirit moving on
'
of epigrammatic wisdom, and even of cynical ob-
the face of the Waters is not far.” The controlling servation, with which its pages sparkle. It is a ripe
artistic impulse which led to this felicitous choice of book, but with the flavor of the hot-house, and the
a title has been with the author throughout her work, suggestion of what come after ripeness, both to fruit
and has made of it, despite all surface defects, a and to society.
novel of quite extraordinary value and vitality. The reader of “Tomalyn's Quest” should be
In comparison with a work like the above, the prepared for all sorts of surprises. The writer has
best of everyday novels must seem tame and com- evidently made it a point of honor that the interest
monplace, and the rest of those that we have grouped of his story should never be allowed to lag, and it
in the present review may be dismissed with very never does. Tomalyn is an ingenuous young En-
brief mention. Since the contrast must be marked glishman who goes to Constantinople as private sec-
in any case, we may as well make it as marked as retary of one Tompkins Pasha, an officer of the
possible by placing Miss Macleod's “Green Fire" Turkish army. His quest is “experience," and he
next upon our list. It is by no means intended to gets it in the shape of Russian intrigue, Armenian
say that this book is as poor as its predecessor is villainy, and the coquetry of a female spy who finds
good, but merely that the qualities of Celtic imagi- him an easy victim. The story is really very graphic
nation which it displays in such abundant measure and entertaining, although it strains credulity now
are as remote as anything well can be from Mrs. and then, most of all, perhaps, when in the end the
Steel's dramatic ac ies. The amiest moon- beautiful but wicked heroine, in an hour of impulsive
light and the most fervent sunshine are not further penitence, allows her skin to be transplanted to an-
apart than two such books are in spirit, to say nothing other face— for a consideration. This is, to say the
of fact. The style of “Green Fire” alone makes least, a startling way of smoothing matters for Tom-
the reading of the book a pleasant task, and yet the alyn, since the other face is that of the heroine's
effect, almost magical at times, is produced by sim- rival, who is (before the operation) good but not
ple means. Take such a sentence as this for ex- beautiful. The book is well provided with local
ample: “St. Martin's summer came at last, and color, which is applied with boldness and an eye for
with it all that wonderful, dreamlike beauty which artistic effect. We are many times reminded of
a


1897.]
155
THE DIAL
as this.
е
)
9
a
Mr. Kipling's methods of treatment and characteri- ence upon the psychological, so evident a determina-
zation, which statement is perhaps the most illumi- tion to get into the deep parts of character and life,
nating one that may be made in so brief a review that description and dramatic action are sacrificed,
and soul-dissection becomes nearly everything. The
The amateur detective story will always have its story is of English provincial life, and has a gray
charm for the reader who looks to a story book for coloring not unlike that to be found in the novels of
nothing more than diversion or recreation, and the “Mark Rutherford.” In spite of its faults, the book
variations to be played upon this theme are prac- is well worth reading, and contains two or three
tically inexhaustible. Mr. Kernahan's “Captain scenes of singular power.
Shannon ”is a capital book of its kind, and tells of There is no lack of excitement in Mrs. Hugh
an Irish dynamiter, finally run to earth after hav- Fraser's “Palladia,” but the incidents are strung
ing committed several outrages and caused the together without much regard for symmetrical ar-
death of some hundreds of innocent people. If the rangement, and a sort of nightmare effect is pro-
reader be not too critical of details, and have not duced by this jumble of Balkan intrigue and English
too keen an eye for the minor points of construction, country life and oriental trickery. When the inter-
we can assure him that this novel will provide an est seems about to lag, a dynamite explosion or an
hour or two of acceptable entertainment, and more assassination is introduced to enliven the situation,
than that the author never intended to provide. and all goes well again at least for a time. Pal-
If Mr. Rider Haggard ventures to tempt fortune ladia, the heroine of this many-colored romance, is
with many more books of the sort that he has given an attractive figure, and her character and fortunes
us of late, he will lose the slight claim he has hith- give a certain unity to what without her would be a
erto had to be considered seriously. “The Wizard,” hopelessly incoherent series of episodes. The scenes
the latest of his romances, is stucco-work of the in which the oriental prince figures display a con-
cheapest description, and displays an imagination so siderable degree of insight into the oriental mind,
poverty-stricken that we wonder at its publication. and can hardly have been drawn from an imagina-
The theme is a fine one that of the conversion of tion unaided by actual contact with the life which
a fierce African tribe by a missionary who pays for they depict.
his devotion with his life - but it is so handled that Shall we never have done with historical romances
we never for a single moment experience the emo- of the Civil War and the Restoration? So many
tional thrill that might so easily have been made to such have come to us during the past five
years
that
accompany the presentation of such a subject. Mr. we have lost track of the count, and here is Mr.
Haggard has in his day written about a great many Max Pemberton with “A Puritan's Wife," which
tiresome savages, but never before quite so ineffec- again fixes our attention upon the period in question,
tively as in the present instance.
and again strings together a lengthy series of adven-
“A Court Intrigue” is the story of an English- tures and escapes. The year is that of the Plague,
man on a holiday in Brittany. Stopping for the
. Stopping for the and the hero is a Cromwellian refugee who has re-
night in an out-of-the-way place, he comes upon as turned to England, after five years of life in France,
queer a collection of people as could well be imag- hoping that the hue and cry will no longer be raised
ined. An exiled king and his followers are found against him. It is not a very successful story, as
in possession of a country house, where they have such stories go, and drags a good deal toward the
established themselves and set up a semblance of a close.
court. The doings of these people are strongly sug- “On the Red Staircase " is a well-planned and
gestive of Alice in Wonderland, and the reader is well-written story of seventeenth-century Russia.
not altogether unprepared to learn that the king is The scene is Russia, and the time is the exciting
royal only in his imagination, being in reality a sim- period of the childhood of Peter the Great. One
ple lunatic, sent to this remote refuge for treatment. gets an extremely vivid picture of the anarchy into
His followers are in like case, and all have been left which Russia was plunged by the contending fac-
to their own devices and delusions by the proprietor tions that sought for power after the death of the
of the establishment, a swindler who has pocketed Tsar Alexis, and is at the same time privileged to
his fees and decamped. No such trifling things as follow the course of a romantic love-story quite ab-
probabilities are ever taken into consideration by sorbing in its interest. The quality of the narrative
the author of this story, and the work is a mere is a little thin, but it has abundant action, and the
jumble of dull and incoherent episodes.
plot is deftly worked out to a satisfactory conclusion.
“ Life the Accuser” is an exasperating book be- “White Aprons” is a pleasing romance of the
cause it is so good in some respects that its defi- Old Dominion, the date being 1676, and the histor-
ciencies in others are glaring. For one thing, the ical setting being provided by the episode of Bacon's
author can write such good English, and is so con- rebellion against Governor Berkeley. The book is
scious of the fact that she makes stylists of all her essentially a love-story, and its interest centres about
characters, whatever their condition in life. For a young follower of Bacon, who, after the death of
another, she is absolutely without humor, and the his leader and the suppression of the revolt, is sen.
sustained seriousness of her story is rather depress- tenced to death. His sweetheart thereupon makes
ing. Then there is everywhere 80 strong an insist- bold to cross the seas, and solicit a pardon from the
a
9)


156
[March 1,
THE DIAL
King. As she conveniently happens to be a niece of published by the Macmillan Co. in the “Columbia
one Samuel Pepys, her brief stay in London is full University Biological Series.” An historical sketch
of incident, and brings her into contact with Dry- of the cell-theory and a discussion of its relation to
den, the Duke of Buckingham, and Mr. Godfrey current views of evolution and inheritance precede
Kneller. The latter even paints her portrait, which, the full treatment of the structure and organs of the
we are assured, may still be seen in the National cell and the complicated mechanism of cell-multipli-
Gallery. We should add that her head is not turned cation. The ultimate structure of protoplasm, the
by all these attentions, and that she returns with the physical basis of life, is reviewed in the light of the
royal pardon just in time to save her lover from the investigations of Bütschli and Strasburger. Living
hangman. The story is charmingly told, and shows matter is not a single chemical substance, but a
an increase of strength over Mrs. Goodwin's earlier mixture of many that are self-perpetuating without
romance of colonial history.
the loss of their specific characters. The open ques-
Miss Seawell's “A Colonial Cavalier” is a dis- tion is whether these substances are localized in dis-
appointment. It looks like a novel, but we speedily crete bodies aggregated to form the cell, as cells
discover it to be nothing more than an account of unite to form the body, and whether these ultimate
George Washington's boyhood and early manhood, particles, if they exist, lie within the reach of the
written in goody-goody style, with the moral stick microscope. The chapters which deal with the sub-
ing out everywhere. It seems to be intended for ject of the sex.cells, their intimate structure, and
youthful readers, and they may possibly accept it the phenomena which precede, attend, and follow
for the sake of the fighting, but its language is too their union in offspring, will be of prime interest to
prim and stilted for them to find it really enjoyable. the lay reader who wishes to gain an understanding
General Washington appears as a figure, although of the basis and bearings, the strength and the weak-
not very prominently, in Mr. George Morgan's ro- ness, of Weismann's theory of heredity. The chem-
mance of the Revolutionary War. The Valley ical relations and the physiological activities of the
Forge period of our national fortunes is the subject cell receive passing notice. The book closes with a
of this story, which shows something of the seamy discussion of the broader problems that lie at the
side of the American struggle for independence and outposts of cell research. What is the guiding prin-
of the factious spirit that mars the history of Amer- ciple of development that correlates its complex
ican patriotism in those its darkest hours. As a phenomena to a definite end? This unknown factor
corrective of such decorous chromo-history as Miss in development is involved in the structure of the
Seawell gives us, the book has a certain value, but germ plasm inherited from foregoing generations ;
considered as a romance, we do not know when we but what this structure is, and how it has been ac-
have read a more shapeless and incoherent produc- quired, are at present beyond our ken. Despite all
tion. It is almost impossible to follow the thread of our theories, we no more know how the properties
the narrative, and quite impossible, we should say, of the germ plasm involve those of the adult, than
to take a real interest in any of the characters. we know how the properties of hydrogen and oxygen
Still another story of this period comes to us, with involve those of water. The study of the cell has
“The Scarlet Coat” for a title, and Mr. Clinton widened rather than narrowed the enormous gap
Ross for the author. The story is in marked con- that separates the lowest forms of life from the inor-
trast to the one just mentioned, for it is clean-cut ganic world. A popular treatment, a pleasing style,
in style and structure, and extremely interesting. abundant illustrations, and a full glossary assist the
The events leading up to, and clustering about, the uninitiated reader of this volume to an understanding
siege of Yorktown, are the subject matter of the of the technical side of the topics discussed. No
story, and we are introduced to both Cornwallis and single book better illustrates the trend of biological
Washington. The love-story intertwined with the investigation in the past decade.
history is in charming taste, and altogether the book
makes a distinctly pleasant impression.
Another volume in the “ Columbia
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
Study of Fishes,
University Biological Series" is by
living and fossil.
Dr. Bashford Dean, whose subject is
“ Fishes, Living and Fossil.” Dr. Dean has given
a very accurate and readable account of the struc-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
ture and evolution of the outlying and ancestral
Biological research in recent years types of the fishes. The chapters relating to the
Mystery of
Cell-life.
has been largely devoted to the struc- lampreys, sharks, and their fossil allies, are thor-
ture and activities of the cell. This oughly excellent, and the account of the develop-
unit of living matter has been explored for the secret ment of the organs of fishes is in general very sat-
of heredity and the key to the mystery of growth isfactory. The chief criticism that suggests itself
and differentiation. Professor Wilson of Columbia lies in the expectations aroused by the title. The
University has rendered a valuable service in pre- typical fishes, or Teleosts, including ninety-five per
paring for the student and the general reader a crit- cent of the existing species of aquatic vertebrates,
ical summary of the most recent work in this field, are very inadequately treated. Among the true
in “ The Cell in Development and Inheritance,' fishes are very great modifications of form and struc-
a


1897.]
157
THE DIAL
a
Bohemia
Felir.
and as
)
>
a
ture, and many notable lines of evolution, of which made, thanks chiefly to the untiring energy of Pro-
this work gives scarcely a suggestion. The true fessor Jordan and his associates, Professors Gilbert
fishes are treated by Dr. Dean as constituting a and Eigenmann. All this excellent work of revision
single order, within the limits of which no essential of the earlier systematic attempts has greatly facili-
variety is observed, except certain oddities produced tated my task.” In style and typography, Boulen-
by peculiar conditions of environment. No refer- ger’s Catalogue is a model. It is gratifying to note,
ence of importance is made to the taxonomy of the at a time when the activity of naturalists is being so
bony fishes, or to the anatomical studies on which largely directed into other channels, that systematic
their classification rests. In the Bibliography, the zoology is represented by one of the noblest pieces of
references to the embryology and anatomy of the scholarship since animals were first ranged in order.
lampreys, sharks, and lung-fishes are very complete
Mr. Du Maurier lost a chance when
and accurate ; but that on the bony fishes is very
he did not call his second novel “ In
far from sufficient, many of the most important
Bobemia without Moscheles.” Pog-
memoirs being omitted—as, for example, Professor
Cope's memoir on the osteological characters of the
sibly that title would not have appealed to the pub-
orders of fishes in a paper on the “ Fishes of the
lic a few years ago, but it would do so now;
Lesser Antilles." So far as taxonomy is concerned,
to posterity, we will leave the matter open. As for
the references are almost valueless. Thus, of some
the work now in hand, “In Bohemia with Du Mau-
three hundred papers by Dr. Gill we have reference
rier” (Harper), by Felix Moscheles, we know of noth-
only to one popular article. Jordan and Gilbert's ing quite equal to it, except the book which Shan-
elaborate “Synopsis of the Fishes of North Amer.
don wanted Captain Sumph to get together from his
ica” is superseded by “Jordan and Guilbert: Manual experiences,— Captain Sumph, who began, “I re-
of the Vertebrates of Eastern N. A., McClurg, Last
member poor Byron, Hobhouse, Trelawney, and
Edition,”- an elementary treatise with which Dr.
myself.” We have here a sufficient reason for Du
Gilbert has had nothing to do. The work is, as
Maurier's having omitted Mr. Moscheles where he
indicated by the author, but“an introductory study”;
inserted Mr. Whistler. To speak of the matter seri-
and the general work which shall do justice to the ously, however, it is a pity that somebody did not
structure, evolution, and classification of the true
persuade Mr. Moscheles to make simply a book out
fishes, is yet to be written.
of his collection of Da Maurier's early caricatures,
and then to print it privately for a few friends. They
The foundation of the modern science
are not the best of caricatures, but we suppose every
Foundations
of modern of Ichthyology rests on Dr. Albert line of a master ought to be preserved, though surely
Ichthyology.
Günther's Catalogue of the Fishes of everything need not be popularised. As it was, Mr.
the British Museum (eight volumes, 1859 to 1870). Moscheles endeavored to use the sketches as illus-
With all its faults — and these are many
this trations of his own reminiscences, a matter wherein
monumental work has been of inestimable service his powers are fatally handicapped by comparison.
to every student of fishes, and it has been the key- His companion in Bohemia did have precisely the
stone to the science of which it treats. The Second gift necessary to put into actual forms his recollec-
Edition of this Catalogue, under the hands of Dr. tions of the past, and to make them roseate and of
G. A. Boulenger, promises to mark as great an ad-
a glamour charming to the world. This power Mr.
vance over the work of Dr. Günther as Günther's Moscheles lacks; and hence his reminiscences are
work marked over the chaos that preceded it.
not such as to make us wholly sympathize in his
Dr. Boulenger brings to his task a thorough train-delight in recollection. We might quote many pas-
ing in the discrimination of species, a sound judg- sages to give an idea of his manner, but we believe the
ment; a freedom from personal or national preju- distilled quintessence may be found in the following:
dices, and an accuracy in detail which places him
“ These occasions were productive of a great num-
in the very front rank of taxonomists. So far as ber of drawings and sketches, illustrating our little
any man can say the last word in matters of this adventures, and all plainly showing that the inci-
kind, he is prepared to say it. Every part of the
dents recorded occurred to us at that pleasant time
work shows the most conscientious application, and
of life when bright illusions and buoyant spirits lead
if the author is spared to finish this task he will have the way, and when sorrow itself has more of the
placed his name as an ineffaceable stamp on the his- rose-colour than many a rose of later day” (p. 45).
tory of every group of fishes. A feature of especial What a funny Bohemia it must have been while he
value is in the attention given to the osteology, on
was in it, and how Du Maurier must have enjoyed
which classification in this group must ultimately being with him!
rest. Dr. Boulenger has been generous in his recog-
Mr. Stuart Henry's “Hours with
nition of the work of others. Concerning American
at their play.
Famous Parisians” (Way & Will-
fishes, he says: “It is especially in North American
iams) fills a long-felt want. It is a
Ichthyology, which was in an utterly confused state translation, or say a paraphrase, of “ Nos Contem-
when the First Edition of this work was prepared, porains chez Eux”. those photographs of famous
and when no materials were available in any Euro- Parisians sitting overwhelmed by their home sur.
pean museum, that the greatest progress has been roundings, which used to be common in the shop-
-
-
Parisian lions


158
[March 1,
THE DIAL
-
-
"
windows of Paris, and may be still. For instance, as perhaps too trivial. In these thirteen papers we
in the photograph you saw Verlaine sitting in a café have something on as many books; a little com-
with absinthe before him ; 80 does he appear in the ment, a few extracts, and all good. As to the best
book. Really, however, Mr. Henry has not para thing in the book, it is hard to decide between the
,
phrased the photographs — be has vitascoped them; remedy for the scorpion's bite in Jonson's "Wonder-
the famous Parisians move about and do character- ful Things of Nature," _" If he (the person bitten]
istic things. In the photograph Verlaine always sit upon an Asse with his face toward the tayl, the
sits with his head thrown back and a kind of blink. Asse will endure the pain and not he,” — between
In the book we have just the same background, but this unkind remedy and the piece of folk-lore re-
Verlaine wakes up, writes poems, limps, looks at ported from Brazil in Blaea's Atlas, to the effect
Mr. Henry, and finally “moves out of the front that “the newly-married couple occupy a bammock
door.” Such is the power of words, as was long of network; the father of either of them takes the
since discovered by Lessing; they are infinitely opportunity of their slumber to cut with a sharp
more amusing than photographs. Mr. Henry shows stone the cord suspending it - a necessary precau-
.
us interiors devoted to M. Zola, M. Anatole France, tion, as they believe, to prevent the future progeny
Mlle. Yvette Guilbert, M. Bougereau, and many having tails, which but for this operation they would
another of whom we have often heard, and we see naturally have.” Sir Herbert is a man of humor
just who and what they are. This marvel he accom- and of scholarship; perhaps his good traits are fur-
plishes partly by his mastery of style. Mr. Henry ther explained by his appreciation of sport and
has captured for himself the modern style, the sports - it goes without saying that he appreciates
curiosa felicitas style which we have all admired golf. And although the books that please him and
from a distance: he has lassood it and removed us are not, so far as this collection is concerned,
enough verbs to prevent its escape, and then has sporting books, yet there is in his dealing with them
made it his own by inoculating it with a mixture of that fine temper that comes from a due admixture
Gallicisms and French words. He is almost a con- of the study and the open world. So we commend
the
temporary book ,
therefore very amusing. He gives no literary infor- and yet have not at hand either Adam Petrie's
mation as such, but conveys an excellent idea of the “Rules of Good Deportment," Bulwer's “Artificial
men of letters, as of the others, by means more Changeling," or "The Acts of the Scottish Parlia-
agreeable and cleverer. In fact, in this respect the ment.'
book is almost as good as “ Letters to Dead Au-
thors.” So it fulfils every requisite: it deals with
Text-books in English rhetoric and
matters we all long to know about, it deals with
composition bave so multiplied of re-
them to most satisfying results ; and then its style favor must possess extraordinary merit if its publi-
cent
years
that a new candidate for
we cannot somehow get away from that lovely
style. Madame Bernhardt “ripples forth in a key
cation is to find justification. Such merit is, how-
of lyric and pearl: Bonjour, monsieur.” It is a
ever, disclosed by an examination of the “Construc-
most delightful book : the chosen few will appreci- tive Rhetoric” (Holt) just put forth by Professor
:
Edward Everett Hale, Jr. The word “construc-
ate it at its real worth, and the unelect will read it
with immense interest and edification. No one need
tive" strikes the keynote of the book; for the au-
avoid it. Mr. Henry allows himself to neglect some
thor never loses sight of the fact that men should
of the directions of the activity of M. Catulle Mendes study rhetoric to learn the art of acceptable writing,
rather than to acquire a smattering of linguistic
although it must be confessed that he does give rather
an adequate idea of the masterpiece of M. Marcel
science or even to fortify the culture with a body of
æsthetical canons.
Prêvost.
So we find in the present trea-
tise exercises of all sorts and in great abundance,
We will own to feeling somewhat exercises that have stood the test of class-room work
A book for
disgusted on finding that the books and given ample proof of their helpfulness to both
which whiled away Sir Herbert Max- teacher and student. We have never seen a more
well's “ Rainy Days in a Library” (Francis P. stimulating and searching series of tests than are
Harper) were books of which we had heard not even here offered, and the student who conscientiously
the names. Our chagrin was somewhat lightened works through them will get both a start and an
when we discovered, on going on, that some of the impetus along the path that leads to the mastery of
books were really not unknown to us, and that it effective discourse. But the author does not let us
was very pleasant to make acquaintance with the forget that art is long, and notes that to do all the
rest. The author of these
papers
thinks that many
exercises in the book would mean the writing of
books which delight us when we read in bed would only about twenty thousand words. “Anyone who
not do so well for sober daylight. But even in would acquire a good style must write as much as
broad day there are times when one wants merely that in a month, and so on every month for a good
to be amused and “seduced into caprice.” A wet while. In other words, no college course will give
morning in a country-house library,-at such a time much more, even in the way of practice, than an
and place one appreciates things otherwise regarded | idea of how to proceed.” Another thing should be
A readable
tert-book
on Rhetoric.
>
spare moments.
a


1897.]
159
THE DIAL
6
on Southern
a
said of Professor Hale's book. It is the product of purpose of supplying" an urgent need for a popular
a mind so finely-tempered, so wide in its range of history of the Christian Church for English-speak.
interests, and so quick to connect literature with life, ing Protestants.” The Rev. George H. Dryer, D.D.,
that it is actually readable, just as a volume of the author of “History of the Christian Church
essays is readable ; and we are inclined to think its (Curts & Jennings ), evidently intends that stress
pedagogic quality all the better for this fact. It is, shall be laid upon the word “popular”; his attempt
after all, a little absurd that the books which pro- is to provide a history to be read by young people's
fess to teach the writing of attractive English should societies and to find a place in Sunday school and
be (as most of them are) quite unattractive them- home libraries. In expressly addressing Protestants,
selves, and that because of their pedantry and exces- Dr. Dryer's success in popularizing Church history
sive formalism of presentation. Such books illus- must be looked for among the former class.— The
trate“ the delicate sarcasm of print” far better than Rev. William Bright, D.D., who is Professor of
the one before us,—although the author, too modest Ecclesiastical History in the University at Oxford,
by half, applies this deprecatory phrase to his own has been an industrious and persistent writer of
production.
papers and reviews upon historical subjects, chiefly
The latest book
The latest, and in some respects one
polemical. He has recently gathered up these arti-
of the best, of the many works on cles, and other papers written for like purposes,
and
California.
Southern California is the little vol- revised and expanded them into form for a volume,
ume published by the Lippincott Co. with the title,
which receives the title of the first essay, « The
“ Two Health - seekers in Southern California." Roman See in the Early Church" (Longmans).
Though lacking the graphic descriptions and the The volume contains, besides, papers anent St. Am-
picturesque effects that one finds in the more ex-
brose and the Empire, Alexandria and Chalcedon,
tended and pretentious works of Mr. Warner and the Cburch and the “ Barbarian" Invasion, the
Mr. Finck, this book of a hundred and fifty small Celtic Church in the British Isles, and the English
pages has the advantage of compactness and low Church in the reign of Elizabeth. It is a valuable
price, and presents a good deal of varied informa- addition to a theological library. – Doubtless the
-
tion of much practical value to the prospective health intention of the Christian Literature Company, in
seekers to whom it is addressed by the two members their series of " Ten Epochs of Church History," is
of the class who have gone before and now send to popularize a knowledge of that department of
back this carefully-studied and instructive report. historical study. In every other respect but this, a
The two are Dr. W. A. Edwards, a Philadelphia wise choice was made in assigning the “Epoch of
physician, who has lived eight years in Southern
the Ecumenical Councils" to the Rev. William P.
California, and Miss Beatrice Harraden, who has Da Bose, S.T.D., of the University of the South.
lived there two and a half years. The latter's con- The subject is treated by him from its philosophical
tribution to the work is slight, consisting of two some- side,- its Christology, as he calls it. The book is
what unrelated chapters on Southern California in likely to have a wide reading among theologians,
general and on “Out-door Life for Women,” which and may be found provocative of some controversy.
are well worth reading. The more substantial and
scientific portions — those dealing with questions of
climate and health, as well as with many practical
BRIEFER MENTION.
considerations of vital concern to invalids and others
The lives of Richelieu and Philip Augustus, in the
looking toward Southern California as a refuge or
a home are contributed by Dr. Edwards. The
“Foreign Statesmen Series " (Macmillan), are timely
facts regarding climate, evenness of temperature,
biographies. Everyone is ready again to read of the
great cardinal who “made his master the first man in
etc., are very fully given, and supported by official
Europe but the second man in France," so that Mr.
tables; and the showing certainly appears to justify Lodge's book is justified of its appearance. The same
the highest opinion of this favored region. The remark is applicable to Mr. Hutton's “ Philip Augustus,
offsets and drawbacks in the case seem to be pre- although for a precisely opposite reason. It is worth
sented with fairness, and with no attempt to hide or
while to read of Richelieu because he is so well-known;
belittle whatever disadvantages may exist, and which
it is worth while to read of Philip II. because he is not
familiar
in the nature of things may be expected to make
at least to English readers.
even Southern California not quite an earthly Para-
Prof. Israel Abraham's point of view in “ Jewish
dise. Tourists to California, or the many persons,
Life in the Middle Ages "(Macmillan) makes his exhaus-
tive study of the structure of mediæval society among
sick or well, who are thinking of going there some-
the Jews remarkably profitable reading. His thesis is
time, may read the book with interest
and profit.
that civilization is responsible for the Jew as seen to-day;
From the number of volumes on one
that the Ghetto transformed him. He shows that in the
Some recent
ecclesiastical
early mediæval epoch the Jew was a creature of con-
or another phase of the history of the
bibliography. Christian Church, one would suppose
siderable privilege and showed a tendency to cast in his
lot with the life of the new nations then in process of
that department of literature already full to over- formation. But the intolerance of the Church from the
flowing. It seems odd, therefore, to find a new vol.
twelfth century onward, and the avarice of the strong
ume in this well-worked field put forward for the monarchies which had grown up in France and England,
"
9


160
[March 1,
THE DIAL
thinks) the autobiography of the historian in the form The Open Court Publishing Co. have brought out a
finally drove him to defensive organization. He became
a pariah in society; and the Ghetto, with its intricate
LITERARY NOTES.
combination of social, economic, and religious elements,
Professor C. G. D. Roberts has taken up his residence
was the result, out of which, as out of a crucible, the
in New York, and associated himself with the editorial
Jew came forth a different creature.
management of “The Illustrated American."
The recent publication of the Gibbon manuscripts has
Freytag's library, comprising over seven thousand
directed some attention to the woman whose skill did so
volumes on the history of civilization in Germany, has
much to fashion (and to mar, as Mr. Frederic Harrison
been secured for the Frankfurt Public Library.
that it has hitherto had. This fact gives a certain time-
liness to “The Girlhood of Maria Josepha Holroyd”
translation, by Mr. O. W. Weyer, of Richard Wagner's
(Longmans), a handsome volume made up, for the most
interesting novelette, “ A Pilgrimage to Beethoven.”
part, of letters written by that brilliant woman during
Mr. Henry N. Ellacombe's “ The Plant-Lore and
the last quarter of the eighteenth century.
Garden-Craft of Shakespeare" is now published in a
handsomely illustrated new edition by Edward Arnold.
Sir Joseph D. Hooker bas done a piece of good service
to the history of modern science in editing the “ Journal
The American students in Berlin arranged a Lowell
of the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks” (Macmillan).
anniversary celebration for the nineteenth of last month.
Banks was the companion of Captain (then Lieutenant) addresses by Dr. Alois Brandl and Professor James T.
Ambassador Uhl presided, and the programme included
Cook in his first voyage round the world (1768–71),
Hatfield.
and his journal is of great interest, even to readers of
the present day. It emphasizes, as the editor remarks,
Mr. Laurence Hutton's “Literary Landmarks of
the position of Banks as “ the pioneer of those naturalist
Florence” (Harper) is the fifth volume in a well-known
voyagers of later years, of whom Darwin is the great series of pleasant books descriptive of the haunts of
example.” The volume is printed in handsome, almost
famous people. Dante, Savonarola, Galileo, Landor, and
sumptuous, library style.
the Brownings are its principal figures in this volume.
Recent English texts include three numbers of the
The publication of “ Modern Art,” which for the past
“ Riverside " series (Houghton), all edited by Professor
two years has been issued by Messrs. L. Prang & Co. of
W. P. Trent, and containing, respectively, Macaulay's
Boston, has passed into the hands of Mr. J. M. Bowles,
essay on Milton, Addison, and Johnson and Goldsmith. who has been the editor of this excellent periodical from
Professor Trent's work is always well done, and we can-
the beginning. Boston will continue to be the place of
not recommend these books too highly. Messrs. Silver, publication.
Burdett & Co. publish texts of “The Tempest” and “A Mr. James Lane Allen's long-expected novel, “ The
Midsummer Night's Dream,” both edited by Dr. Homer
Choir Invisible,” will be published this month by the
B. Sprague. “Macbeth,” edited by Dr. John M. Manly, Macmillan Co. Mr. Allen will be in Chicago, as the
is a volume in the series of Longmans'« English Classics.” guest of the Twentieth Century Club, on the sixth of
Messrs. Allyn & Bacon publish “ As You Like It," ed- March, and will read a paper entitled "Seven Waves of
ited by Mr. Samuel Thurber. Finally, we may mention
Literature.”
a pamphlet of helpful “ Analytic Questions” on “ Julius “A Previous Engagement," a comedy by Mr. W. D.
Cæsar," by Professor L. A. Sherman, published in Lin- Howells, and “Six Cups of Chocolate," “ freely En-
coln, Nebraska, by Mr. J. H. Miller.
glished " by Miss Edith Matthews from the German of
The volumes that have thus far been issued in the little Herr Schmithof, are two numbers of a new pamphlet
series of “ Temple Classics ” (Macmillan) are as dainty
series of drawing-room plays published by Messrs. Har-
and charming specimens of bookmaking as could well
per & Brothers.
be imagined. Paper, typography, and binding are all • The Yellow Book " for January opens with a poem
in the best of taste; and the editing, under the general by Mr. William Watson, and continues with contribu-
supervision of Mr. Israel Gollancz, is judicious and un- tions by Mr. Henry James, Mr. Henry Norman, Mr.
obtrusive. Soutbey's Life of Nelson, Wordsworth's Kenneth Grahame, Miss Evelyn Sbarp, Dr. Richard
Prelude, Browne's Religio Medici, Swift's Gulliver's Garnett, and other good writers. The “ art” of this
Travels, and Lamb's Essays of Elia, have already ap-
volume is varied, but not particularly striking.
peared in the series; and Malory's Morte d'Arthur, Dr. W. H. Tolman, Secretary of a Mayor's Committee
Bacon's Essays, and Florio's Montaigne in six volumes, of New
York City, has issued an admirable « Report on
op
are promised for early publication. The low price and Public Baths and Public Comfort Stations." He gives
general excellence of this series should make it even the history of the movement to establish and maintain
more popular than the “Temple Shakespeare,” which publie bath-houses, laundries, lavatories, and comfort
has enjoyed a sale of over half a million copies.
stations, in Europe and at home. The report should be
A beautiful specimen of Japanese book-making, and in every public library, and in the hands of advocates of
at the same time a work of considerable literary interest, sanitation and morality in towns.
comes to us from Tokyo, under the title “Poetical No more fitting memorial of a great scholar could
Greetings from the Far East.” The book is a small possibly be planned than the library which it is pro-
anthology of Japanese poetry, originally a German posed to place in the English Department of Harvard
adaptation made by Professor Karl Florenz and now University in honor of the late Professor Child. Sub-
translated into English by Mr. A. Lloyd. The printing scriptions to the amount of nearly ten thousand dollars
is on delicately tinted crêpe paper, and each page is for the endowment of this Library have already been
embellished with drawings by native Japanese artists. received, and the amount should be materially increased.
These designs are reproduced in colors, so beautifully Only the income of the endowment will be expended for
printed as to have the appearance of being painted by the purchase of books. Mr. J. H. Gardiner, Cambridge,
hand. T. Hasegawa, of Tokyo, Japan, is the printer and will be glad to receive gifts of either money or books
publisher of this interesting and artistic little volume. for this worthy object.
9


1897.]
161
THE DIAL
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
March, 1897.
African Great Black Nation, Last of an. P. Bigelow. Harper.
Arbitration Treaty, The. John Fiske. Atlantic.
Arbitration Treaty. F.R. Coudert and T.S. Woolsey. Forum.
Arditi, Luigi, Memoirs of. Grace J. Clarke. Dial.
Astronomical Progress of Century. H. S. Williams. Harper.
Banderium of Hungary, The. R. H. Davis. Scribner.
British Museum Manuscript-Room, The. Lippincott.
Church, The, Past and Present. Ira M. Price. Dial.
Classics, Rational Study of the. Irving Babbitt. Atlantic.
Cleveland and the Senate. James Schouler. Forum.
Cleveland as President. Woodrow Wilson. Atlantic.
Congressional Library, The. A. R. Spofford. Century.
Congressional Library, The New, Decorations in. Century.
Deserts of Southeast California. J. E. Bennett. Li pincott
Digby, Sir Kenelm. Percy F. Bicknell. Dial.
England's Industrial Supremacy. S. N. D. North. Forum.
Europe, Modern, Development of. J. W. Thompson. Dial.
Factory, Business of a. P. G. Hubert, Jr. Scribner.
Farming under Glass. G. E. Walsh. Lippincott.
Fiction, Recent Books of. W. M. Payne. Dial.
Fisheries, New England Deep-Sea, Decadence of. Harper.
Gage, Lyman J. Moses P, Handy. Review of Reviews.
Gibbon, New Letters of. Frederic Harrison. Forum.
Giving, Large, Art of. George Iles. Century.
Grant, Campaigning with. Horace Porter. Century.
Greece, American Excavations in. J. Gennadius. Forum.
Greece, Modern. John Stuart Blackie. Forum.
Inauguration Scenes and Incidents. J. B. Bishop. Century.
Indians, Naming the. Frank Terry. Review of Reviews.
Kangas, Present and Future of. W. A. White. Forum.
Kipling as a Poet. W. D. Howells. McClure.
Legislative Shortcomings. Francis C. Lowell. Atlantic.
Letters, Good, Some Writers of. R. Cortissoz. Century.
Literature, The Revaluation of. Dial.
Literary History, Curiosities of. Dial.
Lithograph, Master of the. E. R. Pennell. Scribner.
London, C. D. Gibson. Scribner.
Marquand, Henry G. E. A. Alexander. Harper.
Medical and Surgical Triumphs, Recent. G. F. Shrady. Forum.
Mexico of To-day. Charles F. Lammis. Harper.
Naval War, Preparedness for. A. T. Mahan. Harper.
Nelson at Trafalgar. A. T. Mahan, Century.
Normal Times, What Are ? E. V. Smalley. Forum.
Pennsylvania Surnames, Origin of. L. O. Kuhps. Lippincott.
President, Official Cares of a. C. C. Buel. Century.
Stage, Modern Appreciations of the. Dial.
Taxation. Perry Belmont. Forum.
Telegraphing without Wires. McClure.
Torrey Bankrupt Bill, The. Jay L. Torrey, Forum.
Travel, The Art of. L. M. Iddings. Scribner.
Trusts, Good and Evil of. A. T. lley. Atlantic.
Vanity, Innocuous. Ellen Duvall. Lippincott.
Venus and Recent Discoveries. Percival Lowell. Atlantic.
Victoria's Reign. W. T. Stead. Review of Reviews.
Poetical Greetings from the Far East: Japanese Poems.
From the German Adaptation of Dr. Karl Florenz by A.
Lloyd, M.4. Illus. in colors, 12mo, pp. 98. Tokyo, Japan :
Printed and published by T. Hasegawa.
A Previous Engagement: A Comedy. By W. D. Howells.
Illus., 18mo, uncut, pp. 65. Harper & Bros. Paper, 50c.
Six Cups of Chocolate: A Piece of Gossip in One Act.
Freely
Englished from a Kaffeeklatsch of E. Schmithof by
Edith v. B. Matthews. 18mo, uncut, pp.
32. Harper &
Bros. Paper, 25 cts.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
The Writings in Prose and Verse of Rudyard Kipling.
"Outward Bound” edition. Vol. I., Plain Tales from the
Hills ; Vol. II., Soldiers Three, and Military Tales. Each
illus., 8vo, gilt top, uncut. Charles Scribner's Sons. Per
vol., $2. (Sold only by subscription.)
HISTORY.
A Diplomat in London: Letters and Notes, 1871 - 1877.
Trans. from the French of Charles Gavard. 12mo, pp. 328.
Henry Holt & Co. $1.25.
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
Martin Luther. By Gustav Freytag; trans. by Henry E. O.
Heinemann. Illas., large 8vo, gilt top, pp. 130. Open
Court Pub'g Co. $1.
POETRY.
Hymns and Sonnets. By Eliza Scudder. 16mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 54. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.
The Priest's Temptation. By Ed Porter Thompson. Illus.,
16mo, pp. 91. Louisville : Lewis N. Thompson & Co.
FICTION
The Spoils of Poynton. By Henry James. 12mo, uncut,
pp. 323. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.50.
The Last Recruit of Clare's: Being Passages from the Mem-
oirs of Anthony Dillon. By S. R. Keightley. Illus., 12mo,
pp. 299. Harper & Bros. $1.50.
A Minion of the Moon. By T. W. Speight. Illus., 12mo,
uncut, pp. 231. New Amsterdam Book Co. $1.25 ; paper,
50 cts.
Bound in Shallows. By Eva Wilder Brodhead. Illus.,
12mo, pp. 271. Harper & Bros. $1.25.
In the Old Herrick House, and Other Stories. By Ellen
Douglas Deland. Ilus., 12mo, pp. 282. Harper & Bros.
$1.50.
A Bride from the Bush. By E. W. Hornung. 18mo, gilt
top, uncut, pp. 235. Charles Scribner's Sons. 75 cts.
A Pilgrimage to Beethoven: A Novel. By Richard
Wagner; trans. by Otto W. Weyer. With portrait, 8vo,
uncut, pp. 39. Open Court Pub'g Co. 50 cts.
Fountenay, the Swordsman: A Military Novel. By
Fortuné du Boisgobey ; trans. by H. L. Williams. 12mo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 325. Rand, McNally & Co. $1.25.
Arrested. By Esmé Stuart. 12mo, pp. 320. D. Appleton
& Co. $1.; paper, 50 cts.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
In the
Land of Tolstoi: Experiences of Famine and Misrule
in Russia. By Jonas Stadling and Will Reason. Illus.,
large 8vo, pp. 286. Thomas Whittaker. $2.
Literary Landmarks of Florence. By Laurence Hutton.
Illus., 12mo, pp. 81. Harper & Bros. $1.
THEOLOGY AND RELIGION.
Immortality and the New Theodicy. By George A.
Gordon. 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 130. Houghton, Mifilin
& Co. $1.
ART.
Greek Art on Greek Soil. By James M. Hoppin. Illus.,
8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 254. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $2.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 28 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
GENERAL LITERATURE.
The Plant-Lore and Garden-Craft of Shakespeare. By
Henry N. Ellacombe, M.A. New edition ; illus., 8vo, gilt
top, uncut, pp. 383. Edward Arnold. $3,50.
An Essay on Comedy and the Uses of the Comic Spirit. By
George Meredith. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 99. Charles
Scribner's Sons. $1.25.
The Thackerays in India, and Some Calcutta Graves. By
SCIENCE.
Researches upon the Antiquity of Man in the Delaware
Valley and the Eastern United States. By Henry C.
Mercer. Illus., 8vo, pp. 178. • Publications of the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania." Ginn & Co. $2.
Telepatby and the Subliminal Self: An Account of Re-
cent Investigations Regarding Hypnotism, Automatism,
Dreams, Phantasms, and Related Phenomena. With fron-
tispiece, 12mo, pp. 343. Henry Holt & Co. $1.50.
Sir William Wilson Hunter, K.C.S.I. 12mo, gilt top, un-
cut, pp. 191. Henry Frowde. $1.
At Random: Essays and Stories. By L. F. Austin. With por-
trait, 12mo, gilt top, pp. 263. Ward, Lock & Co. $1.25.


162
[March 1,
THE DIAL
TO CHRISTIAN WRITERS.
Desiring to secure a religious story of superior
merit, we offer ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS
in Cash for the best MS. submitted to us before
September 1, 1897, and FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS for the second best MS., each to be from sixty thousand to sixty-five
thousand words in length.
PURPOSE OF THE BOOK. - It is customary for Sunday-school teachers and officers to make gifts to their scholars at
the Christmas season. This Company aims each year to take advantage of this by offering them, for the purpose, a book of
superior attractiveness and merit - one that will be unrivalled as a gift, and which will prove a powerful factor in elevating
and moulding the heart and life of the reader. Of “Titus,"
ou
$1000.00 FOR A STORY
one million copies. "The Wrestler of Philippi," published for
the holidays of 1896, has had a very large sale. The $1000.00 book accepted we shall bring out for 1897. The $500.00 book,
if one of sufficient merit is secured, will be published for the season of 1898. The book should help the reader to the best
conception of this life and true living of it. It will be judged upon its literary merits and forcefulness for this purpose. The
widest liberty will be given writers as to plot.
THE PLAN.-Each MS. will be given a number. A receipt will be sent to the author, stating the number assigned. All
MSS. will be submitted (without authors' names) to three competent judges. Judges will not be asked to examine MS. written
in pencil or otherwise improperly prepared. Payment will be made for the best two books received, without reserve, on com-
pletion of examination, and not later than October 30, 1897.
WHY UNDERTAKE WRITING. — There is seldom such an opportunity offered a writer for both usefulness and gaining
a wider reputation. Few religious story books reach a sale of more than five or six thousand. We can insure a sale of at least
half a million. With such an incentive and purpose you should find greater inspiration in writing. If your book is not con-
sidered the best, or second best, you will still have as good a chance as otherwise of selling it to some other publisher - and
most books are written and a publisher afterwards sought. For circular giving further particulars, address
Book Department, DAVID C. COOK PUBLISHING CO., 36 Washington St., Chicago.
&
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For DESCRIPTIVE PAMPHLET, apply to
M. CHAMBERLAIN, Cambridge, Mass.


1897.]
163
THE DIAL
IS
American scholar-
Houghton, Mifflin and Company's The New and Enlarged Edition of
NEW BOOKS.
JOHNSON'S
THE CHIEF END OF MAN.
Universal Cyclopædia,
By GEORGE S. MERRIAM, author of “The Story of
William and Lucy Smith,” etc. Crown 8vo, gilt top, Prepared by a corps of Thirty-six Eminent Scholars as De-
$1.50.
partment Editors, and nearly Three Thousand Contribu-
This book is an attempt to show the nature and method of
the spiritual life, as it manifests itself in new clearness and
tors, under the direction of
beauty after the old foundations of dogma and miracle bave CHARLES KENDALL ADAMS, LL.D.,
passed away. It is in part a rapid survey of our spiritual
ancestry," in the classic, Jewish, and Christian lines; it in-
President of the University of Wisconsin,
cludes an exposition of the ideal of to-day," and it makes
as Editor-in-Chief,
familiar and homely application of the new yet old truths as
daily bread."
NOW READY FOR DELIVERY.
A BIRDS-EYE VIEW OF OUR CIVIL WAR.
By THEODORE A. DODGE, author of “Great Captains," Every department of knowledge is covered under about
etc. With New Maps and Illustrations. Students' Fifty Thousand Titles. The Pronunciation of difficult
Edition, thoroughly revised. 12mo, $1.00 net. names is marked. Etymologies are given and in controver-
This is a new edition, at a popular price, of a book which sial subjects both sides have a bearing. The whole work is
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which he must have in order to present it in a scholarly and scientific manner.”- Critic (Feb. 6, 1897).
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“A work which it wonld be difficult to overestimate."-J. H. Dulles, Librarian, Princeton Theological Seminary.
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invaluable mass of materials within the reach of many college libraries and individual workers."- H. R. Adams, Professor
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“Realizes all my expectations of the work, and I expected much. Your editor's knowledge in the field of history covered
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of the publication there is nothing but praise to be spoken. The most important historical undertaking of recent years."'.
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The first volume shows a grasp of the subject that inspires confidence. The works are becoming more and more difficult
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[March 16,
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1897.]
171
THE DIAL
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172
[March 16, 1897.
THE DIAL
The Macmillan Company's New Books.
1
1
JUST READY.
VOL. I. NEARLY READY.
ROCKS, ROCK-WEATHERING, AND SOILS. AMERICAN HISTORY AS TOLD BY
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CONTEMPORARIES.
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Vol. IV. WELDING OF THE NATION. (1846-1896.)
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To follow.
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>


1
THE DIAL
i
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
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THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago.
No. 258.
MARCH 16, 1897.
Vol. XXII.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
A WORD FOR MINOR POETRY.
173
A COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION OF POETS.
Charles Leonard Moore .
175
• 177
COMMUNICATIONS
The True Critical Attitude. Edward E. Hale, Jr.
“Learn” for “Teach” in Tennyson, John Albee.
A Systematic Study of American Dialect. 0. F.
Emerson.
.
.
TWO NEW BOOKS ON WASHINGTON. B. A.
Hinsdale .
178
Wilson's George Washington. — Ford's The True
George Washington.
PARTY POWER IN EUROPEAN GOVERNMENTS.
Henry E. Bourne . .
180
A WORD FOR MINOR POETRY.
The flood of verse that is produced in these
latter days, and that somehow finds its way into
print, offers a subject for serious reflection to
the student of literary phenomena. Nothing
like it was ever known before, since there never
before was a period in which mastery of the
elementary technique of verse was so common
a possession among workers with the pen.
Every now and then we learn with surprise
that some famous scholar, whose reputation
rests upon strictly prosaic achievements, has
often had recourse to the composition of poetry
as a recreation, and has long been dabbling in
the art of rhyme and metre unknown to any
but his most intimate associates. A few years
ago, Mr. Lecky published a volume of verse
that delighted all of its readers except those who
based their sapient judgment upon the a priori
grounds that so great a historian could not pos-
sibly have the poetical gift; and it was only
the other day that a posthumous volume by the
late Professor Romanes showed us that the sci-
entific habit of thought by no means precludes
possession of the sympathies and the sensibili-
ties that are requisite for the production of
very acceptable verse. Even the dry light in
which the world appeared to a man of Huxley's
temperament did not prevent him from penning
one of the most striking of the many poetical
tributes evoked by the death of Tennyson.
Then, besides the occasional men of eminence
in other intellectual fields who from time to
time surprise us in this agreeable way, there
are the writers
a very numerous host — who
have no other distinction at all, but who every
year swell the list of those who must be reck-
oned with when we estimate the choral forces
of English song, far removed as they may be
in both aim and achievement from the select
ranks of the soloists.
The existence of this choir invisible - that
is, invisible to the gaze of the general public-
is a fact persistently borne in upon the con-
sciousness of the closer student of contempo-
rary literature. The reviewer of books, in par-
ticular, whose task it is to make some sort of
assessment of from one to two hundred volumes
of new verse every year, is acutely aware of
this multitude of singing voices, and, unless he
MORE PSYCHIC RESEARCH. Joseph Jastrow . . 181
.
AN ENGLISH WOMAN IN WEST AFRICA.
Hiram M. Stanley.
183
.
THE ORBIT OF FAITH, John Bascom
184
Cardinal Gibbons's The Ambassador of Christ. -
Archbishop Ireland's The Church and Modern So-
ciety. — Wenley's Contemporary Theology and The-
ism.- Gordon's Immortality and the New Theodicy.
-Smith's Guesses at the Riddle of Existence.-
Harald's The Knowledge of Life. - Lee's The
Shadow Christ.
-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
186
The theory of beauty. — “Monologues of a homeless
snail."- Our pleasant Canadian neighbors.- An old-
time author of Baltimore.- A dictionary of political
economy. - A bracing volume of history sketches.-
The new life of Captain Burton.- A Danish disciple
of Tolstoi. – A student of colonial parsons. — The
training of criminals.
-
BRIEFER MENTION .
190
.
.
.
SPRING ANNOUNCEMENTS: A Classified List of
Five Hundred Forthcoming Books
191
.
.
LITERARY NOTES
196
.
.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
197
.
.


174
[March 16,
THE DIAL
a
a
66
be hopelessly committed to a standard of judg- denied the power to fashion epics or dramatic
ment impossible to apply in such cases, is bound, tragedies. When we
in simple fairness, to recognize the sweet and
“Read from some humbler poet,
sincere quality of many of the notes sounded,
Whose songs gushed from his heart,
As showers from the clouds of summer,
although he knows well enough that these notes
Or tears from the eyelids start,"
will never penetrate very far into the popular
we are not justified in measuring him by the
consciousness. If he be honest, his attitude
standard of Milton and Shakespeare, but should
toward these bards struggling to make them.
rather ask: Does he accomplish what he has
selves heard will not be inspired by a fine Hora-
sought to accomplish; is there a natural bal-
tian scorn of poetical mediocrity so much as
ance between gift and utterance; has he power
by the feeling that a good deal may be said
to stir the springs of emotion at his own spir-
in behalf of poetry that is not too bright and
itual level and upon his own terms ? Some
good for human nature's daily food. There are
years ago, Mr. Slason Thompson published a
hours — and many of them — in our lives when
collection of the minor poetry that, in news-
we are content to browse upon the meadow-
paper and magazine, had appealed to him for
lands of song, and leave the peaks unscaled.
Even the poets that dwell upon the lowest slopes « The Humbler Poets," and was in conse-
a score of years past. He styled his collection
of Parnassus may offer some food for our spir- The Humbler Poets,” and was in conse-
quence, we believe, the recipient of more than
itual sustenance.
one indignant remonstrance from versifiers who
The term “minor poetry
” is of compara-
tively recent origin, and indicates a definite thought themselves anything but humble. But
the fact that a “humble” or minor poet
very
realization of the fact that there is a difference,
should be too proud to accept the ascription,
not of degree merely, but of kind, between the
singer of the age or the race and the warbler
proves, as far as it proves anything, that the
remonstrant does not deserve the title of poet
of the hour or the coterie. The distinction
in
between the two is reasonably well marked, taken as to make his work relatively a failure.
any sense, that his aim has been so far mis-
although in the nature of the case no hard and
fast line of demarcation can be drawn. There lection, Mr. Thompson said fittingly: “There
Speaking of the hedgerow poems” of his col-
are always some poets “on promotion," as it
come hours to every lover of poetry when he
were, poets whose place we cannot quite deter-
wishes for some simple and heartfelt lay,'
mine because of the heated controversies occa-
something that shall speak from out a mind
sioned by their work. Whitman, for example, feeling the everyday cares of life amid the mul-
was for many years in this condition of sus-
pense, and now, long after his death, it is quite masters proudly stooped.'” Something of this
titude, and not from the heights to which the
impossible to say whether he is a minor or a
feeling, expressed with more of elaboration, and
major poet. Mr. Kipling may be taken as a
based upon more broadly philosophical grounds,
living illustration of this uncertainty of classi-
fication. Then there are occasionally mute
may be found in the preface to “ A Treasury
of Minor British Poetry" (Arnold), recently
inglorious Miltons, as far as the larger public is
concerned, who nevertheless are both vocal and published by Mr. J. Churton Collins. Here we
are told that:
glorious in the estimation of the cultured few.
“ It is in the minor poetry of an age that contempor-
But the distinction between major and minor
ary life impresses itself most deeply, and finds perhaps
poets is worth making, in spite of the difficulty its most faithful mirror. In the great masterpieces of
of dealing with a few exceptional reputations, poetry that life is presented in an ideal light, and in
and it is coming to be seen more and more
relation to ideal truth. What belongs to a time is sub-
ordinated to what belongs to all time, what is actual to
clearly that the minor poet has a mission and an
what is typical, what is local to what is universal. There
utterance of his own; or, to supply a concrete
is, moreover, in genius of the higher order a dominant,
illustration, that Mr. Dobson is in no sense a despotic individuality which tempers and assimilates
a rival of Mr. Swinburne, but rather a worker the material on which it works to its own potent idio-
in different materials, shaping them to different, syncrasy.”
and, in a way, to equally successful ends. The author then goes on more specifically to
If this position be well taken, it will follow say that in Langland, not Chaucer, " the En-
that there is no reproach in the title of minor gland of Edward III. becomes fully articu-
poet. We do not think slightingly of the blue- late," and that neither Spenser, nor Shake-
bird because it is not an eagle, nor do we wrong speare, nor Milton, completely reflects the En-
the singer of simple lyrics because he has been | gland of the period in which he lived.
>


1897.]
175
THE DIAL
you to take
9
-
-
“ It is otherwise with the minor poetry of any par- impassioned utterance of great thought. Lowell is
ticular era.
Here for the eclecticism, if we may so ex- even more confusing. He is like the universe, in that
press it, of the great masters the age itself finds a
he has his centre everywhere and his circumference
tongue. For the voice which speaks in these poets is
nowhere. He is capable of laying down a half-dozen
the voice of the nation, of the courtier, of the statesman,
contradictory doctrines in a single essay, and leaving
and man of affairs, of the scholar, and litterateur, of the
Churchman, of the man of pleasure, of the busy citizen,
choice. Mr. Theodore Watts has
your
of the recluse, of the soldier and sailor, of the peasant,
tried to give us a distinction by which we may group
of the mechanic, and of women of all classes and of all poets in his relative and absolute visions.” But,
callings. What is moulding, what is colouring, what is alas, one suspects that all “vision” is relative.
in any way affecting the life of the time has its record The main contention in modern criticism is in
here. Is the pulse of the nation quickened or depressed; regard to the respective value of matter and form.
are imagination and passion, or fancy and sentiment, or A recent editor of Catullus says that “to conceive
reason and reflection in the ascendant, is the prevailing simply and express vividly is the whole end of art,"
tendency in the direction of simplicity and nature, or
and that “the secret of immortality can be learned
towards ingenuity and art, is the moral tone in society
better from Catullus than from anyone else.” On
high or low, is the period a period of progress, or of
decadence, or of transition,— the answer to all this may
the other hand, Goethe uniformly condemns the
be found, and found in detail, in our collections of minor preoccupation with style, and decides that if one has
poetry.”
something to say the rest will follow. Mr. Swin-
burne selects one quality of expression - rhythm -
and makes that the pivotal point: “A poet must
A COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION
sing.” And so the whole question is a muddle.
OF POETS.
I can imagine a sort of deified schoolmaster to
whom all the books of the world should be sent up
It is amazing how few serviceable sign-posts or for examination, and who, after turning over in his
blazed paths the criticism of twenty-five centuries mind the component parts of good literature, should
has furnished for the wayfarer in the realm of liter- mark them accordingly. The first quality that
ature. By dint of ceaseless comparison, the older would
engage
his mind would doubtless be expres-
writers have got established in some sort of rank, sion, diction, style,— name it as you will. To a cer-
though this is always subject to revision; but for tain extent, style is weight of matter; for the gift
newer writers we are reduced to the kind of phrase- hinges largely on the amount you can express or
ology we find in the margins of books in a public imply in little. But not altogether,— in spite of the
library,- shadowy glosses which strive to stand up Goethean doctrine that if you have your matter
against the dignity of the text by the prop of exclama- ready the style will come. It will, if you are born
tion marks. It is possible that criticism is a failure ; that way. The girl who received from the fairy
that we cannot analyze the charm of a poet, any the gift of uttering pearls and diamonds every time
more than we can dissect a beautiful woman and she opened her mouth, probably did not differ greatly
find out the secret of her power; that the true atti- from her unhappy sister who could only speak toads
tude in either case is to say, “ You are beautiful ; and frogs. Lucretius describes his primordial atoms
your grace
fills
my
I love you!” But the game as of various kinds : some were round and smooth,
of criticism is delightful, even if played without rules. and these, flowing off from each other, formed the
Perhaps the most valuable distinction ever made air; some were square and rough, and these, coal-
in criticism is De Quincey's, or rather Wordsworth's, escing closer, produced the water; and others had
separation of the literature of knowledge" and little hooks attached to them, and out of these the
the “ literature of power.” That distinction is cer- solid structure of the world was built. Well, the
tain — though in many authors the line cannot be gaseous, watery, and solid structures of literature
accurately drawn. Lessing's demarcation of the are built up out of words which possess character-
provinces of poetry, painting, and sculpture, is of istics in common with the atoms of the Latin poet.
course invaluable, and might be carried farther. My examiner would therefore accept style as the
Aristotle's “imitation of life" and Arnold's “criti- first necessity of literature, and might set down a
cism of life” both fail to serve us, the one being too hundred marks for perfection in it.
broad and the other too narrow. In Arnold's case, The second requisite he would decide to be crea-
indeed, it is curious to study the fluctuations of tive power. Looking into this power closely, he
opinion about the chief good in poetry, which he fell would see that some authors are better in creating
into at various periods of his life. In the preface men and some in setting forth women.
Still more
to his poems, he decries the care for expression, and closely considered, he would see that there are some
declares for creative art, the description of noble great poets — notably Lucretius, Wordsworth, Shel-
actions, as the main thing to seek for. A little later, ley – who had little force in human portraiture, but
in the Essays on Guerin and Celtic Literature, it is had a gift of embodying universal nature in a sense
mainly style that takes his fancy, “natural magic which may be called creative. If, therefore, he
and the like. Toward the end of his life he grav- allowed a hundred marks to the whole quantity of
itated to the "grand style,” which, if definite mean- creativeness, he would assign a third of this number
ing can attach to the phrase, seems to imply the to each of the sub-divisions. He would remark, too,
a
soul;
-


176
[March 16,
THE DIAL
66
that creative force seems to come from the heart but of the four I am considering you give the broad-
rather than the brain, and that accordingly the great est, most elemental effects. Twenty-five again.
authors love their bad characters equally with their Then, turning to Dante, he would say: “Your men
good ones ; and he would be inclined to mark very are tremendous, and your women the most intense
low those modern novelists who go on a different and concentrated figures the world knows. You
principle and seem to think that a large proportion paint the night of nature rather than its day, and
of their personages ought to be in the penitentiary.only as night or twilight is more monotonous than
The third requisite would be thought. My imag- day are you inferior to Homer. Take ninety for
inary critic would see that there is a difference your total for creative power.” Then to Shake-
between width of thought and depth of thought,- speare: “You are unequalled in scope and variety
that English literature is wider than French, and in all art. Your women have been reproached for
German than English. I suppose there is no stu- sameness; but 't is a wide range from Cleopatra to
dent who has not remarked, on going from English Lady Macbeth, from Lady Macbeth to Constance,
to German books, that he had got into a wider from Constance to your innumerable individualized
horizon and one with windows in it. The critic young girls. You paint nature as a background to
would therefore divide his hundred marks for this humanity. All in all, you must take the same mark
branch into two equal parts.
as Dante.” Last, he would say to Goethe: “You,
The fourth important qualification for greatness sir, have painted a dozen women, one devil, and
is mass, quantity. A single mountain may have the practically no men none at least that an appren-
same height and be of the same kind of rock as a tice would not be ashamed of. You have put off
range; but it would be absurd to make them equally the wild demonism of nature, and altogether your
important.
mark must be about seventy."
Having settled his preliminaries, my examiner As to depth of thought, he would say to Homer
would proceed to put them into use. For this pur- as the Egyptian priest did to Solon : “You Greeks
pose, he might take up the four accepted masters of are children.
The Scandinavian skalds were pro-
the world, and mark them in the various excellences found beside you. If shallow, your thought is wide.
he had proposed. And first, as to style, he might Marked seventy-five in this branch.” To Dante :
say to Homer: “You are still the enchanter of man- “ You are the deepest of mortals, and the narrowest.
kind. Your verse is as musical and as picturesque Seventy-five for you also." To Shakespeare : “You
as when it rolled and lived before the Greeks. The possess in perfect balance the all-embracing and all-
one dominating quality in your poetry is splendor. revealing thought.” To Goethe: “You are as wide
The sun never seems to set in the Iliad or Odyssey." as the world; all races and kinds of men speak
And to Dante and Shakespeare, he would say: “In through you. But they do not speak so powerfully
this you are his equals. Not any of those poets as in Shakespeare. One hundred, then, for him;
who have been specialists in style and little else, not for you, ninety.”
Catullus or Keats, can match you.” But on Goethe As for mass of important work, this factor, while
he would turn a melancholy eye,
6. Well,
a necessary element in greatness, is hardly of equal
sir, you see what comes of despising style. You value to the other three requisites. My examiner
have no style. On a plain matter, such as a song would perhaps give fifty points to Shakespeare as
or a ballad, you do well enough, though even here the highest; forty to Goethe, and twenty-five each
Burns or Heine can beat you. But for the light- to Homer and Dante.
ning phrase, the wheel revolving so rapidly that the Here I would take leave of my competitive ex-
spokes disappear and nothing is left but a burning cir- aminer,—if only for fear that his presumption might
cle, there you are nothing. And your whole works, get me into trouble. But I cannot forbear tabulat-
great as they are, are as formless as polyps. No, ing the above results with some others arrived at by
your three brothers must each get the mark of
per- the same methods, and so have done.
fection, one hundred, for this business ; but you can Homer
275 Catullus.
125
consider yourself lucky if I put you down for fifty."
Dante
290 Horace
145
Shakespeare
340 Shelley
Taking up the question of creative power, he
Goethe
Keats
would say to Homer: “You had the luck to come Author Book of Job
220
Wordsworth
first, and you are credited with having named the Æschylus
255 Leopardi
170
sons of men.
Pindar
But, honestly, you have omitted a
170 Milton
215
Aristophanes
175
vast number. The whole tribe of comedy escaped
Gray
Cervantes
Hugo.
you. Humor knows you not. Imagine a world Chaucer.
175
Burns
without Falstaff, or Don Quixote, or Tartuffe! Still, Moliére
215 Heine
160
if do not run in every race you are first where Virgil
you
Byron
160
you compete; there is no other such splendid image Every critic, of course, would get a different re-
of youth in literature as Achilles, and your Nausicaa sult in each division and sub-division, according to
is the clearest, freshest girl in poetry. Take twenty- this method; but these would at least serve as fences
five each for men and woman. There remains your to prevent opinion from huddling into one corner,
embodiments of nature. You are not a master of and possibly compel an approximately true result.
incarnation in this kind, as is Lucretius or Shelley,
CHARLES LEONARD MOORE.
and say:
a
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
250
163
155
173
.
.
.
.
.
•
.
.
.
0
.
215
115
165
160
.
.
.
.
180


1897.]
177
THE DIAL
a
reader for a scolding. I fear there would be little satis-
COMMUNICATIONS.
faction in either case, for Tennyson's use of learn for
teach in the passage which I am about to quote seems to
THE TRUE CRITICAL ATTITUDE.
have been deliberate and intended. In the second stanza,
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
or division, of “Merlin and the Gleam” these lines occur:
Everyone was relieved when it appeared, from recent
“Mighty the Wizard
numbers of THE DIAL, that Mr. O. L. Triggs had helped
Who found me at sunrise
your Whitman reviewer out of the pit which is ready
Sleeping, and woke me
for everybody who writes about Walt Whitman.
And learn'd me Magic."
When your reviewer has bad one or two more escapes I quote from the first English edition of “ Demeter
of this kind, he will be convinced that his own method
and Other Poems,” 1889. In Houghton and Mifflin's
of criticism is futile and that he must become absolutely Household Edition, complete, the word appears in the
and unswervingly absorbed. He will doubtless learn in
same form, apostrophe and all. It is a small yet singular
time that to understand or appreciate anything you must matter, which perhaps Professor Brown can make plain
surrender yourself to it entirely, and, for the time being, - or relegate to a dialectal survival. JOHN ALBEE.
judge everything else by that one thing. As Mr.
Triggs so excellently points out, there is only one way
Pequaket, N. H., March 4, 1897.
to criticise Walt Whitman,— translate all life and all
literature into terms of Whitman, and then express A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF AMERICAN DIALECT.
Whitman in terms so acquired. But Mr. Triggs might
(To the Editor of The DIAL.)
have added that this is the only way to criticize any- At a recent meeting of the American Dialect Society,
thing. Dismiss former standards, get wholly absorbed a committee was appointed to supervise the reading of
in what you are to judge, look at everything from the
American books, for the purpose of collecting all words
point of view so gained, and then express your views.
and uses of words not yet recorded in dictionaries. This
This is the only true criticism of literature or of life;
is part of the larger work of the Society in gathering
although I do not know that before Mr. Triggs anyone all dialectal material which represents spoken and writ-
ever stated it quite so definitely.
ten usage in America. Such material will be eventually
For my part, excellent as is his theory, I could wish
incorporated, it is hoped, in a compendious American
that Mr. Triggs were a little more of a middle-of-the-
Dialect Dictionary, similar to the English Dialect Dic-
road Whitmaniac in practice. I am thinking of those
tionary now in course of publication.
passages in his letter where he sees fit to explain Walt
The reading of American books for this purpose has
Whitman by references to Christ and Socrates, argum
already begun, but the committee desires to secure more
menta ad hominem which I must take leave to call clap- volunteers for this great and important undertaking.
trap. That is not absorption in Whitman. Whitman
The books to be read include especially all dialect novels,
does not interpret himself by Christ and Socrates: he
as well as dialect stories and sketches in magazines or
interprets them by himself; and so does Mr. Triggs, or
special volumes. Besides, American books of all sorts,
else what he writes on Whitman criticism is pretentious particularly books of early date, may furnish valuable
rhodomontade. Let us not imagine such a thing. Mr. material. Anyone who wishes to assist in the reading
Triggs is a comrade of the right sort: there is nothing is invited to address the chairman of the committee,
"cold, critical, disinterested” about him: although he
stating the book or books he wishes to undertake, or
does shrink from going to the logical length of his theory. asking for assignment of reading. Such volunteers will
I, however, have no such hesitation, and I beg space in receive a circular of directions, describing a simple and
your valuable columns to lay down the following truths:
uniform plan of collecting and reporting dialect words.
1. There is no such thing as criticism of Walt Whit-
The committee hopes to secure the coöperation of
man (or anyone else), or, rather, if there is it is cold,
teachers of English or other languages in colleges and
hesitating, niggardly, judicial, negative, professional, schools, of clergymen, and of people of leisure who
and no one need consider it; or, more plainly, if you do
are interested in observing peculiarities in language.
not wish to take Walt Whitman on his own terms you
The assistance of all such, as well as of any others who
must not read his books.
are willing to undertake the reading, is earnestly solic-
2. There is nothing but appreciation, which must be ited. The importance of such an enterprise need not be
deeply and widely sympathetic, without reservation,
urged. The undertaking should appeal to all Ameri-
boundlessly enthusiastic, emotional, and various other
cans, as contributing to settle the relations of English in
things,- in fact, absorption.
Britain and America, and as showing the growth and
3. There is (as everyone knows) but one Walt Whit-
development of the language upon American soil. Be-
man: it is not so generally understood that, although
sides, the Dictionary which will doubtless grow out of
he has a good many prophets, there is but one who is
the work of the Dialect Society will be a reliable com-
the true genuine article. EDWARD E. HALE, JR. pendium of American usage, useful not only to this
Union College, March 6, 1897.
generation but to coming ones.
The committee in general charge of the work consists
“LEARN" FOR “TEACH” IN TENNYSON. of Professor Benjamin I. Wheeler of Cornell University,
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Mr. E. H. Babbitt of Columbia, and the chairman, whose
I was much interested and instructed by Professor
name appears below.
O. F. EMERSON.
Brown's article in your last issue, on “ Dialectal Sur- Western University, Cleveland, Ohio, March 8, 1897.
vivals from Chaucer.” In one of his examples he cites
the verb learn used for teach. I am curious to know
what he would say if he found that same use in Tennyson, NEARLY twenty-seven thousand books were published
- whether he would read that now mighty shade a last year in Japan, about twenty thousand of them being
lesson in English grammar, or call up printer and proof- either translations or compilations.


178
[March 16,
THE DIAL
The New Books.
tradition of the Presidency. At present, when
official dignity is sometimes forgotten and some-
times remembered only to be condemned, this
Two NEW BOOKS ON WASHINGTON.* admirable chapter could hardly be too widely
New books on Washington, if well written,
read. How much Washington's efforts in this
are always to be welcomed. They show that particular direction had to do with making the
interest is felt in the man, not only by authors
new government successful, Professor Wilson
and publishers, but by readers also, for without
hints rather than expressly states in the fol-
readers publishers would not publish books on
lowing passage:
such a theme or authors write them. We can
“While he waited to be made President, he called
upon every Senator and Representative then in attend-
hardly think of a sign more hopeful for the
ance upon Congress, with the purpose to show them
country than a well-grounded belief that the
upon how cordial and natural a basis of personal ac-
readers of the country, and particularly the quaintance he wished, for his part, to see the govern-
young people of the country, are deeply inter- ment conducted; but the oath of office once taken, he
ested in the really great men that the country
was no longer a simple citizen, as he had been during
those two days of waiting; the dignity of the govern-
has produced. Our best educators are men, ment had come into his keeping with the office. Hence-
not dogmas, principles, or systems. The belief forth be would pay no more calls
, accept no invitations.
he
just referred to, the frequent appearance of on a day fixed he would receive calls; and he would
On
such books as the two now before us tends to
show himself once a week at Mrs. Washington's general
receptions. He would invite persons of official rank or
create or strengthen. If the present period in
marked distinction to his table at suitable intervals.
our national history is attended by the peculiar There should be no pretense of seclusion, no parade of
dangers that some people think, it would be inaccessibility. The President should be a republican
hard to imagine anything that would tend more
officer, the servant of the people. But he would not be
common. It should be known that his office and au-
directly to make the nation strong to overcome
thority were the first in the land. Every proper out-
these dangers than a general appreciative study
a general appreciative study ward form of dignity, ceremony, and self-respect should
of the life, character, and work of Washington. be observed that might tell wholesomely upon the imag-
The two books referred to, while both good ination of the people; that might be made to serve as a
of their kind, are quite different in character.
visible sign, which no man could miss, that there was
Professor Wilson's ten chapters bear the head-
here no vestage of the old federal authority, at which it
had been the fashion to laugh, but a real government,
ings : “ In Washington's Day,” “ A Virginia and that the greatest in the land.”
Breeding,” “Colonel Washington,” » Mount One is glad to know that such writing as this
”
“
Vernon Days," "The Heat of Politics," "Pilot-
,” «
ing a Revolution,” “General Washington,
commands the large audience of one of the
a
“The Stress of Victory,” « First in Peace" great magazines of the country.
“ ,
The First President of the United States."
The second of our two books excites a dif-
These titles do not suggest a symmetrical, all-ferent class of reflections. One of our best
around work on their subject, but rather a series
students of American history, the late Professor
of studies of some of the greater and more
Alexander Johnston, after remarking upon the
interesting phases of the man. And such is
intense opposition that the Constitution of the
the fact ; the volume is made up of magazine United States encountered at the time of its
articles. While it is not what the author would ratification - an opposition so great that the
produce if setting himself to the production of change of two votes out of sixty in New York,
a life of Washington rather than to a series of
of five votes out of a hundred and sixty-eight
effective studies of him, it is still well worthy
in Virginia, and of ten votes out of three hun-
of commendation to the reading public. The dred and fifty-five in Massachusetts would have
matter is well chosen, a sense of proportion is
defeated it — says:
observed, and the literary workmanship is good.
“ It is not a little odd to notice how rapidly this
The book is rather rich in quotable passages.
intense opposition was supplanted by what Von Holst
has called the worship of the Constitution.' Within
We have been particularly interested in the
four years after its formation, and in the second year
last study, which recounts how Washington after its ratification, its original opponents had begun to
strove to establish what we may now call the pose as friends of the Constitution; and from that day
to this the chorus in praise of its general scheme and of
* GEORGE WASHINGTON. By Woodrow Wilson. Illustrated its details has been swelled higher by every minority
by Howard Pyle, Harry Fell, and others. New York: Harper
which has found here its last and strongest bulwark
& Brothers.
against the power of the majority.”
THE TRUE GEORGE WASHINGTON. By Paul Leicester Ford.
Philadelphia : J. B. Lippincott Co.
Something like this might be said of Wash-


1897.]
179
THE DIAL
ington. Nearly driven from the command of people or nation is accomplished in, or at least
the army in 1778 by a politico-military cabal; is attended by, a state of mind that is favorable
factiously and almost successfully resisted in cer- to the idealizing process. The attainment of
tain leading features of his policy as president; nationality is a great gain ; it bas cost labor
maligned in office as few Americans have been and sacrifice ; somebody must be entitled to
maligned, and followed to the retreat of Mount gratitude; the tendency to individualization
Vernon in 1797 by a loud volley of vitupera- points to a person or to persons as the proper
tion,— he was no sooner in his grave than the recipients of this gratitude whenever the facts
opinion rapidly culminated which found its will at all permit it, such seems to be the
fittest expression in the famous phrase, “ First nature of the process. In the present case, the
in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of great qualities of the man canonized facilitated
his countrymen.” Appreciation, in fact, went
, the operation.
so far that long ago it became as treasonable We do not, therefore, think it so strange
for an American to question the supreme wis- that“ the keen, practical American of to-day
dom and virtue of Washington as it was to chould canonize his Washington and Lincoln.
doubt the absolute perfection of the Constitu- The time may come when he will cease to can-
tion. And was not the Constitution a work of onize new heroes, but there is little occasion to
"divine inspiration "? Of course Washington think that he will ever uncanonize the old ones.
does not stand alone in this respect. Think of Even such realistic books as Mr. Ford's will
Lincoln in 1864 and in 1897! Nor is the produce little effect upon the popular mind.
idealizing of men peculiar to our times or to And why should they? The historical critic
the United States. Mr. Ford finds examples of will say something about “the truth of history";
it in the legends of the East, the folk-lore of but it would not be hard to prove that the great
Europe, and the traditions of the native races national idealizations of history, so far from
of America. He even assumes that the myth-being sources of evil, are rather sources of great
ology which “the keen, practical American of good. Mr. Ford is not of this opinion; at least
to-day " creates is akin to the process that gave he asks whether, in the case of Washington, we
the world Jupiter, Wotan, and King Arthur. have not lost more than we have gained, both
It is only in a very remote sense, if at all, that in example and in interest. Holding that
a parallelism can be said to exist between these opinion firmly, he seeks “to humanize him,"
ancient creations and our
national hero. But to make him a man rather than a historical
Mr. Ford is nearer the truth when he says: figure”; but he restores our confidence when
“ By a slow evolution we havo well-nigh discarded he assures us that, as the result of his investi.
from the lives of our greatest men of the past all hu- gation, he thinks Washington greater than he
man faults and feelings; have closed their greatness in
glass of the clearest crystal, and hung up a sign,
Do thought him before he entered upon his hu-
not touch. Indeed, with such characters as Washington, manizing ” work.
,
Franklin, and Lincoln, we have practically adopted the We have taken so much space with these
English Maxim that The King can do no wrong.' In general reflections that little remains in which
place of men, limited by human limits, and influenced
to speak of the book itself. We have found it
by human passions, we have demigods so stripped of
haman characteristics as to make us question even
distinctly readable. Under the heads “ Family
whether they deserve much credit for their sacrifices and Relations,” « Physique,” « Education,” “ Rela-
deeds.”
tions with the Fair Sex,” « Farmer and Pro-
It is no doubt true that the canonizing pro- prietor,” “Master and Employer,”_ “Social
” “
cess has been more active for the last hundred Life," “ Tastes and Amusements,” “ Friends,”
years in the United States than in the old coun- “Enemies," "Soldier,” “Citizen and Office-
tries of Europe, and for the best of reasons. To Holder,” the author groups a great amount of
a degree, human experience is transmitted from information, and largely out-of-the-way informa-
generation to generation, and from country to tion, that is interesting and much of it valuable.
country; in a sense, the world grows old together. Often this information is conveyed in the form
But there is good cause for thinking that every of quotations from Washington's own pen. It is
new people which attains to a distinct national not impossible that some of the information con-
existence and life, no matter how dependent it veyed will be shocking to the old-fashioned wor-
may be historically upon others, must have a shipper of the Father of his Country, as when,
little mythology of its own. Abused as the for example, he comes upon the accounts, of
term may be, there is such a thing as a national some of Washington's first ventures in politics.
psychology; not only so, the birth of a new Mr. Ford also thinks it probable that Wash-
66
66
"


180
[March 16,
THE DIAL
one
ington partially outgrew, in his more mature Among these, he singles out the phenomena of
years, the disability that the Rev. Mason L. parties, which he believes have not received the
Weems accredits to him, of being unable at the attention they deserve. His particular aim, ac-
age of six to tell a lie. But interesting and valu-cordingly, is to study the relation of their de-
able as Mr. Ford's book is, we hope he does not velopment to the actual structure of govern-
think for a moment that it really presents the ment. For this purpose, after describing the
true Washington to the reader's eye. He has chief institutions of each country, he enters
gathered, with great patience and industry, a largely into the recent history of parties and
mass of very valuable material, which also he has into the more significant features of party life.
worked up in good literary form ; but he does In his description of the political organiza-
not present, and perhaps did not intend to tion of France, Mr. Lowell has made unusually
present, any full or complete picture of the real intelligible the causes for the peculiar Conti-
Washington. A mass of disjecta membra does nental distinction between private law and pub-
pot constitute a man.
B. A. HINSDALE.
lic or administrative law. A simple illustration
will make the importance of this distinction
clear. If in England or the United States a
citizen suffers wrong at the hands of officials in
PARTY POWER IN EUROPEAN
the supposed performance of their duty, he
GOVERNMENTS.*
may obtain redress in the ordinary courts. In
In the recent literature of government there
most European countries, on the contrary, the
is a curious note of uneasiness. The old con-
ordinary courts have no jurisdiction over such
viction that autocratic power must everywhere matters, which are assigned to special adminis-
yield to popular sovereignty, made effective
trative courts. Writing of France, Mr. Lowell
through some form of the parliamentary plan, says that any attempt on the part of the ordi-
is becoming sensibly weaker. It once seemed nary courts to judge administrative acts, and
just to estimate the maturity of any people's thus pass on questions of public policy," would
“
governmental institutions according to the de-
be regarded as an invasion of the province of
in which they approximated the system so
the executive.” Thus there is in France “
gree
skilfully built up in England. As a popular law for the citizen and another for the public
impression, this has been largely due to the
official.” In explaining historically the con-
difficulty of gaining comprehensive views of the
trast between English and French practice, Mr.
political conditions which obtain outside of
Lowell is led to discuss the growth in France
America and England. Living in an intellec-
of the doctrine of the separation of powers.
tual atmosphere, filled, as it were, with the par-
While what he says is on the whole true, has
liamentary idea, it has been hard to conceive
he not misunderstood the reasons which led the
of a different state of affairs except as tempo-
Constituent Assembly in 1789 to proclaim, in
rary and transitional in character.
the Declaration of the Rights of Man, that a
By his volumes on “Governments and Par- society in which the separation of powers is not
ties in Continental Europe,” Mr. A. Lawrence
defined has no constitution at all? From the
Lowell has greatly facilitated the comparative debate, August 26, on this famous principle, it
study of institutions and has thus supplied a
is evident that the leaders of the Constituent
much needed corrective. Mr. Lowell's work
did not have in mind possible encroachments
covers France and Italy; Germany, including
on the part of the judiciary. They were affirm-
the Empire, Prussia, and many of the smaller ing the doctrine in order to limit the power of
states; Austro-Hungary, and Switzerland. His the executive, not in order to facilitate its action.
method of presenting his subject requires a few
The words of the Archbishop of Aix are espe-
words of explanation, for he has given us some-
cially significant. After remarking that unless
thing better than a digest of half a dozen Eu-
the legislative power was separated from the
ropean constitutions. He starts from the fact executive a despotism would be created, he
that it is often impossible to understand the
added : “ The agents of the executive would
actual operations of government without con-
never make laws except to their own advantage
sidering many things not suggested by the
and would never execute the laws against their
mechanism provided in the fundamental law. advantage.” In other words, the men of 1789
could not have had much sympathy with the
* GOVERNMENTS AND PARTIES IN CONTINENTAL EUROPE.
By A. Lawrence Lowell. In two volumes. Boston: Houghton, exemption of officials from the legal conse-
quences of executive acts.
:
Mifflin & Co.


1897.]
181
THE DIAL
Mr. Lowell, in his chapters on Italy, dis- be unfulfilled, and that Germany would long
cusses the same legal distinction and the man- remain an administrative despotism. But at
ner in which it renders easy arbitrary executive the end of his discussion Mr. Lowell concludes
action. The Italians are even more inclined that “popular government in Germany is
than the French to encourage government by neither probable or desirable.” He does not
ordinance. Parliament has, says Mr. Lowell, think ministerial responsibility is possible under
“ a habit of delegating legislative power to existing arrangements. These give the Bundes-
the ministers.” For example, the final text of rath, a comparatively inconspicuous body, more
the recent criminal code was not submitted to actual power than the Reichstag, which does
the Chambers at all
, since they had authorized little except consider bills which the Chancellor
the government after the preliminary debates and the Bundesrath have prepared. Since it is
to complete and enact the code, harmonizing it through the Bundesrath, as the council of the
with previous statutes. Indeed, there is in federated States, that Prussia exercises her
Italy a “ marked contradiction between the the supremacy, any attempt of the Reichstag to
ory and practice of government; for there is a control the imperial cabinet and to overshadow
strong ambition to be abreast of the times and the Bundesrath would seriously endanger the
a general belief in the principles of personal Prussian hegemony and would meet with deter-
liberty; but the actual condition of the nation mined resistance. Moreover, as the chancellor
has made it impossible to live up to these stand- of the empire has, with the exception of a por-
ards."
tion of Caprivi's administration, been also the
The difficulties of parliamentary government President of the Prussian council, he could not
in France are much discussed, and yet each be responsible at once to the Reichstag and
new diagnosis is anxiously scanned, to discover, Landtag. The separation of the two offices
if possible, the source of the political evils would, however,— and actually did from 1892
which threaten the great Continental Republic. to 1894, - make the pursuit of a harmoni-
Mr. Lowell remarks that there has been in the ous policy in Prussian and Imperial affairs diffi-
Chamber of Deputies recently a tendency away cult.
from excessive subdivision into groups and Much that Mr. Lowell says about the minor
toward the formation of two parties. It is the governments of Germany will be new to his
group evil which is largely responsible, of readers, since these governments are rarely
course, for the dangerous ease with which min- described. His study of the race problem in
istries are overthrown. But Mr. Lowell has | Hungary is instructive. There is also a val-
made the insecure position of the French cab uable chapter on the practical working of the
inet still more intelligible by his explanation of referendum and initiative in Switzerland. He
the influence of the committee system. The finds the referendum rather unpopular.
committees are chosen, in both Senate and
HENRY E. BOURNE.
Chamber of Deputies, by the various Bureaux,
each bureau having a member on every com-
mittee, and two or three members on the large
committees. As the make-up of the bureau is
MORE PSYCHIC RESEARCH.*
determined by lot, and as the bureau is renewed
each month, it is obvious that any given com-
The only serviceable function performed by
mittee may be politically hostile to the ministry
Dr. R. Osgood Mason's work on “ Telepathy
The ministry may therefore be
and the Subliminal Self” is to give an oppor-
forced to see its favorite legislative measures
tunity to those who care to know something of
amended quite without its sanction. It can
the observations and views of “psychic re-
rarely count upon continued friendly coöpera-
searchers" to acquire such information with a
tion. And yet it cannot decline its responsi-
reasonable expenditure of energy. The author
bility in the initiation of legislative measures,
is perfectly convinced that telepathy, or the
any more than it can decline to be responsible communication of mind with mind without the
for the administration.
use of the ordinary channels of sensation, is as
The admirers of the parliamentary system thoroughly established as the laws of the solar
will get very little comfort from Mr. Lowell's
* TELEPATHY AND THE SUBLIMINAL SELF: An Account of
pages on Germany. They have ordinarily been Recent Investigations Regarding Hypnotism, Automatism,
unable to believe that the glowing promises of
Dreams, Phantasms, and Related Phenomena. By R. Osgood
Mason, M.D. With frontispiece. New York: Henry Holt
the constitutional struggles of the past would
>
in power.
& Co.


182
[March 16,
THE DIAL
a
-
system, and when universally accepted will totally perverse conception of the logic of sci-
prove as beneficial to man's conception of the ence; they fail to realise that their analogies are
universe as any of the great contributions to irrelevant because the logical problem involved
knowledge. Further, the subliminal self- in the several cases is utterly different. A car-
which is our ordinary semi-automatic sub-con- load of evidence of one kind is not worth as
scious action separated out from the rest of our much as a thimbleful of another kind.
mental complex and elevated to the dignity of In still another way is the tendency of such
an alter and a better ego is the active and writings as Dr. Mason's an undesirable one.
efficient agent in telepathy, in phantasms, in He speaks of these investigations of alleged
automatism, in hypnotism, and all the trans- supernatural powers as the results of the new
“
cendental manifestations of our souls.
psychology," as “ experimental psychology”;
This is the point of view of the book and the notion is spread abroad that the mod-
point of view shared by a considerable number ern study for which college professorships are
of mankind; and granted its correctness, the maintained is mainly concerned with such spec-
account of the phenomena given by Dr. Mason ulations. The professor is supposed to be devot-
must be pronounced clear, concise, and plausi- ing all his energies to collecting cases of coin-
ble. From a scientific point of view, the work cidences and ghosts and trance utterances, and
is extremely weak, and its tendencies perni- the like, and is constantly assailed privately
cious. “Psychic Research” is a conglomerate and publicly by wearisome and meaningless
term including a variety of phenomena, some of stories of commonplace coincidences, and by
which stand upon an entirely different footing demands for explanations of personal idiosyn-
from others, and the study of no two of which can crasies and experiences. Of course modern
be successfully pursued by the same methods. psychology deals with very different problems,
Hypnotism, dreams, and some of the phenomena and is founded upon very different methods
of automatic action, have been thoroughly es- and interests ; the psychological laboratory is
tablished by the same kind of evidence as led to not a seance hall; and the psychic experiences
the recognition and study of the various kinds are a great bore to the professor. None the
of insanity. The evidence for telepathy and less, the popular impression — which, in our
veridical dreams and phantasms is wholly dif- democratic environment at least, is not to be
ferent in its logical force ; and, what is equally ignored-goes forward that this is psychology;
important, the interest in them is a funda and the interests of an essential and potent
mentally different one. The interest in the factor of modern knowledge are endangered.
study of abnormal mental phenomena is thor- A popular interest in mental phenomena is in
oughly legitimate ; but the popular interest, itself most desirable ; but the interest should be
which must be constantly fed by startling coin-expended upon the significant and ever-present
cidences and nibblings at the occult, is in the phenomena of our mental make-up, and not be
search for transcendental laws that will bring wasted in sentimental strivings for the occult.
back the days of miracles and reveal the secret Why exhaust one's energies in trying to fly,
,
passage to Nature's storehouse. This is an when the things of our desire are within easy
unwholesome interest. In Dr. Mason's book, access of journeys by foot !
as in most books of this kind, all these various "Ich sag' es dir: ein Kerl der speculirt,
phenomena are jumbled together and treated
Ist wie ein Thier, auf dürrer Heide
Von einem bösen Geist im Kreis herum geführt,
as though they were equally “occult,” equally
Und rings umher liegt schöne grüne Weide."
unrelated to other forms of knowledge, and
JOSEPH JASTROW.
could only be established by appeals to endless
narratives by persons whose character is above
suspicion, and who are perfectly certain that
they gave no indications of their thoughts, and The London Bookman" says: “The Clarendon press
that no one could possibly know this or that
has undertaken a work of important magnitude and
detail of their lives, and so on, and so on. To
scope in the complete edition of the classics of Great
Britain. The form of the volumes, it is said, will be
this is added, for the benefit of the skeptic, the the best that modern presswork can give. It will be
moral lesson to be drawn from the fate of those interesting to follow the discussion of the works which
who refused to look through Galileo's telescope, may properly be placed among the classics of the lan-
and the fact that most great laws and teachings
guage, especially when it comes to the consideration of
had a hard struggle for acceptance. The dif-
prose. The edition will be brought out under the au-
spices of the most competent literary authorities of the
ficulty with those who reason in this
way time, from whose judgment there will be no appeal.”
:
is a


1897.]
183
THE DIAL
wave.
life. If a man were knocked on the head with a club,
AN ENGLISH WOMAN IN WEST AFRICA,*
or shot with an arrow, the cause of death is clearly the
If a visitor from Mars should take a trip malignancy of the person using these weapons; and so
it is easy to think that a man killed by a fallen tree, or
round our sphere, and on his return home
by the upsetting of a canoe in the surf or in an eddy in
should report his most important observation the river, is also the victim of some being using these
as to the state of affairs on Earth, this would things as weapons.”
doubtless be the fact that the people of one This certainly is an interesting and suggestive
small corner are fast spreading over and sub-point of view, and the whole treatment of the
duing the whole planet. That the globe is be subject is worthy of careful attention.
ing Europeanized is certainly the most salient However, by far the most interesting por-
fact, and the most significant, of our time. This
tion of this book to many readers will be the
great migration and conquest, which has been graphic description of Miss Kingsley's journey
going on for four centuries and may continue from Kangwe to Agonjo, in large part over
for four more, so dwarfs all previous historic territory never before crossed by a white man,
events that even the extension of the Roman much less by a white woman. This journey,
Empire seems but a ripple compared to a tidal
a
made through forest, swamp, and river,-afoot,
and also alone, save only for a few natives, and
The continent which is now most exploited these mostly cannibals,-certainly marks Miss
by Europeans is undoubtedly Africa, and hence Kingsley as the most plucky of womankind.
it is a centre of interest both for what it is and Even in the haunts of gorillas and cannibals,
for what it has been. Scientific observers feel she is quite undismayed. One night, in a can-
that the indigenous life of Africa, animal and nibal's hut, she awoke and noticed a suspicious
human, is about to pass away, or lose its prim- smell.
itive character; and so all haste must be made “Knocking the ash-end off the smouldering bush-light
to study the fast-perishing types. Miss Kings that lay burning on the floor, I investigated, and tracked
ley enrolls herself as such an observer, when
it to those bags, so I took down the biggest one, and
she announces in her book of “ Travels in West
carefully noted how the tie had been put around its
mouth; for these things are important and often mean
Africa ” that her " chief motive for going to a lot. I then shook its contents out in my hat, for fear
West Africa ” was to study “the African form of losing anything of value. They were a human hand,
of thought.”
three big toes, four eyes, two ears, and other portions
The most important chapters in this book only so so, and shrivelled. Replacing them, I tied the
of the human frame. The hand was fresh, the others
are those on Fetish. Here the author shows a
bag up, and hung it up again. I subsequently learnt
thoroughly scientific temper, with much pene- that although the Fans will eat their fellow friendly
tration and judgment; and the result is a dis- tribesfolk, yet they like to keep a little something be-
tinct contribution to anthropology and specially their character I learnt from Wiki; and, though it's to
longing to them as a memento. This touching trait in
to the science of religion. Her inquiries con- their credit, under the circumstances, still it's an un-
vince her that religion begins neither in the pleasant practice when they hang the remains in the
worship of nature por of the dream-world, but bedroom you occupy, particularly if the bereavement in
“ lies in man's misfortunes."
your host's family has been recent.”
“ There can be little doubt that the very earliest hu- Miss Kingsley is rather condemnatory of
man beings found, as their descendants still find, their missionaries, though she looks upon the Mission
plans frustrated, let them plan ever so wisely and care- Evangélique with much favor. West African
fully; they must have seen their companions overtaken by
death and disaster, arising both from things they could see
traders she regards as an unjustly abused class.
and from things they could not see. The distinction be- She speaks very highly of the administration
tween these two classes of phenomena is not so definitely of Congo Français, and regards M. de Brazza
recognized by savages or animals as it is by the more as “the greatest of all West African explorers."
cultured races of humanity. I doubt whether a savage
depends on his five senses alone to teach him what the
She also has a good word to say for the much
world is made of, any more than a Fellow of the Royal impugned veracity of Du Chaillu.
Society does. From this method of viewing nature, I Though Miss Kingsley, as befits a niece of
feel sure that the general idea arose — which you find Charles Kingsley, shares in his interest in nat-
in all early cultures—that death was always the conse- ural phenomena, she is far from possessing his
quence of the action of some malignant spirit, and that
there is no accidental or natural death, as we call it; aptitude for literary style. She fairly blurts
and death is, after all, the most impressive attribute of
out her remarks in the most abrupt and des-
perate fashion; and the book is further marred
* TRAVELS IN WEST AFRICA. Congo, Français, Corisco,
and Cameroons. By Mary H. Kingsley. New York: The
by coarse flippancy and jocular smartness of a
Macmillan Co.
low masculine type. However, she is always


184
[March 16,
THE DIAL
a
>
terse and vigorous, and by pure good luck some- logical development of them. It is, and was intended
times attains for a few sentences to a really good to be, a book of practical persuasive power. This
descriptive style.
much must be conceded in recognition of its noble
On the whole, notwithstanding that some of quality. We are compelled, however, as one well
the earlier and later chapters are "padding,”
outside of its ecclesiastical atmosphere, to feel that
this work impresses us as a strong, original,
this most friendly voice of admonition comes from
a period and a method well behind us. It fails to
veracious, and important book, and we trust
recognize fully either the peculiar strain of our time
that Miss Kingsley will publish further results
or its peculiar inspiration. It is as if a son who had
of her studies of the West African man and his endured strange temptations, and caught unusual
country. The illustrations are good, and the glimpses of truth, should return to the home of his
appendices are valuable ; but we regret the ab- childhood and hear once more from the lips of his
sence of a map. HIRAM M. STANLEY.
venerable father the well-worn precepts of his youth.
He might listen to them reverently and profitably,
and yet feel that they did not probe his soul to the
bottom.
THE ORBIT OF FAITH.*
Archbishop Ireland has been for a long time one
of those who have helped us to associate an earnest
If we put “ The Ambassador of Christ," by Car. public spirit with high ecclesiastical position. It is
dinal Gibbons, at the perigee in the revolution of
a rare combination. The present volume, “The
religious belief as nearest in its own feeling to the Church and Modern Society,