. She wants to transcend the past and "the immoral union is the one that results in
clear the ground for a sounder feminism after the bad and irresponsible parenthood.” The latter
war. She is unsparing of the tactics that lead herself scolds the unprogressive woman and ad-
women into education and professional studies mits that the mother is often the real enemy in
rather than into business and industry. Her the home. Her defect consists in being too abso-
argument is that a dependent class must become lute. Surely the family group should be con-
economically influential before it can hope for served where the home means “sympathetic
political power. Women in England (she writes relationships of mutual affection." But the
as an Englishwoman) would long since have had younger feminists are more realistic in seeing
the vote if feminist capital and ability had been that where the family means uncongenial rela-
urged to produce woman business and industrial tionships that fact should be recognized without
leaders instead of political agitators and routine sentimentality and provided for. Mrs. Gallich-


10+
(August 16
THE DIAL
an's book moves too much in the realm of con- of the present Kaiser, leaving the Crown Prince
ventionalized emotions. Yet she is with the in charge of the German Government; yet how
younger feminists in advocating other forms of often do we hear from our newspapers, our
sex-partnership besides marriage. And she is clergy, our college professors, from all the lead-
firm in her insistence that the State and industry ers of American thought, that if we could only
regulate women's work to the needs of her phys- get rid of William II, then all the world's
ical functions. If women are to take their place troubles would disappear overnight! And this
everywhere, as they must after the war, the con- bit of idiocy is typical. Unprepared for war as
ditions of their labor must be revolutionized. we were in a military sense, we were even worse
The newer feminism seems quite willing to admit off in intellectual preparedness. We knew very
sex-differences and to make the most out of them, little of Germany before the war, and we know
both for personal values and for the adjustment practically nothing of what has been going on
of men's and women's work. The old fierce in that country since August, 1914. Our con-
denial of women's sex-disability was a tactic in ception of the whole war is confined to some
the struggle for equality. The abandonment of trite phrase, such as “democracy against autocra-
sex-antagonism and of the denial that women's cy.”—the constant repetition of which will hurt
functional differentiations count, indicates that nobody so much as ourselves. In view of this
this later feminism is so sure of itself that it can deplorable situation, it is fortunate that Mr.
dispense with these old vital myths.
Ackerman has written this book; it is a book that
Mrs. Gallichan's book will break no bones. every American, and especially every American
Its style is verbose, and the scientific chapters liberal, should find of the greatest value.
could have been left for abler hands. She is in- Mr. Ackerman was the representative of the
teresting, however, as a transition stage from United Press in Germany from March, 1915
the old absolutes to a pragmatic feminism like (shortly after the submarine campaign was first
Miss Meikle's. I do not know Miss Meikle's started) until the spring of this year, when he
background, but her book is immensely capable left in company with Ambassador Gerard. Dur-
and provocative. It is so novel in its scathing ing those two years he naturally acquired a
wit and its high good humor of irreverence that wide knowledge of conditions in Germany and
I can imagine it taken with some resentment by Austria, while no less a person than our Am-
the more studious American feminists. Fortu- bassador has said that he was “one of the two
nately the discussion is of England, and there is American correspondents whose dispatches re-
admiring comment on women's social and public mained uncolored by German prejudice." But
achievements in the United States. This should though he remained unprejudiced in their favor,
alleviate any smart left by the pugnacious attack Mr. Ackerman was not unsympathetic with the
on the “educated" woman and the experiment- German people, and particularly with their striv-
alist.
RANDOLPH BOURNE.
ings toward liberalism. What he has to say of
the Germany democracy is therefore worthy of
the most careful attention. The present book
Liberal Germany and the War
is his account, somewhat journalistic in its char-
acter, but apparently careful and accurate, of
GERMANY: The Next Republic? By Carl W.
the liberal forces in Germany as he observed
Ackerman. (George H. Doran Co.; $1.50.)
them.
Toward the close of this book, Mr. Ackerman At the very beginning of the war, we are
writes: "The people of the United States are told, there was a great struggle in Germany be-
better informed about the war as a whole than tween the liberals and the militarists. While
are the people of any European country.” This members of the latter party, which included von
may be the case—indeed, it would be a pity if it Moltke, von Tirpitz, von Falkenhayn, the
were not-but yet there is much still to be hoped Krupps, and the Rhine Valley industrial leaders,
—
for. When one listens to the absurd statements were clamoring for war and an immediate inva-
in regard to Germany which are made even by sion of Belgium, the liberals, under the leadership
educated people, he must wonder what persons of von Bethmann-Hollweg, were urging the
who were less "well informed” would say. For Kaiser to heed the proposals of Sir Edward Grey
example, probably the worst thing that could for a Peace Conference. Mobilization was thus
happen for Germany, for peace, and for democ- delayed for three days. For this, Bethmann-
racy throughout the world would be the death
Hollweg never has been, and never will be, for-


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THE DIAL
given by the military authorities. “This internal people were prepared for war with America. Re-
fight became Germany's bitterest struggle and peated attempts were also made by the militar-
from time to time the odds went from one side ists to oust the Chancellor, but in vain. During
to another. The army accused the diplomats of this period, too, the economic conditions in
blundering in starting the war. The Foreign Germany became steadily worse. People be-
Office replied that it was the lust for power and gan to be dissatisfied with the course of the war.
victory which poisoned the military leaders that At length the liberals, led by the Socialists, com-
had caused the war." Belgium was invaded against pelled the Chancellor to make his 'celebrated
the counsel of the Foreign Office. The Allies peace proposals of December 12. In due time
have said little about this crime which the Ger- the Allies sent their reply, with its impossible
man liberals, particularly the Socialists, did not terms. This finally threw the whole people over
say at first, but the force of circumstances com- into the arms of the militarists.
pelled them to acquiesce. Internal dissension Nothing which had happened during the year so
therefore existed in Germany from the very be-
solidified the German nation as the Allies' replies
to Berlin and President Wilson. It proved to the
ginning of the war.
German people that their government was waging a
As time went on, a number of events, includ- defensive war because the Allies demanded annexa-
ing the battle of the Marne and the destruction tion, compensation and guarantees, all of which
meant a change in the map of Europe from what
of German commerce, conspired to strengthen it was at the beginning of the war. The interests
the hands of the military party. But not the which had been demanding a submarine campaign
least of these aids to militarism was the oft-re-
saw that their opportunity had come. They knew
that as a result of the Allies' notes the public would
peated epithet of "Huns and Barbarians" which
sanction an unrestricted sea warfare against the
their enemies applied to them. This cut the
whole world if that was necessary.
Germans to the quick; it hurt them worse than
Even after this, Ambassador Gerard made
any military defeat could have done, and drove strenuous efforts to prevent the impending vic-
them into frenzy. They replied to it with the tory of the militarists. But it was then too late:
cry "Gott strafe England”; so when von Tirpitz
the die was cast. The people were ready to
announced the submarine campaign, it met a
accept the motto Lieber ein Ende mit Schrecken
popular demand. This campaign went on until
als ein Schrecken ohne Ende (better an end with
the Lusitania was sunk, and President Wilson terror than a terror without end). On Janu-
began sending his notes to Germany.
ary 30, the German government announced the
The public discussion which resulted [from these
resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare.
notes] was greater than that which followed the first A few days later, America broke off diplomatic
declarations of war in August 1914. The people, who
relations, and subsequently declared war.
before had accepted everything their Government
said, began to think for themselves. One heard al- Such is a summary of Mr. Ackerman's account
most as much criticism as praise for the Lusitania of the struggle between the two factions in the
incident. For the first time the quarrel, which had
German Empire. Every page of it must give
been nourished between the Foreign Office and the
Admiralty, became nation-wide and forces through- food for thought to every American liberal.
out Germany lined up with one side or the other. More clearly than anything that has yet ap-
The liberais were not able to stop the submarine peared in this country, it tells us what the lib-
campaign at once, however, and presently the eral forces in Germany are. Though these
Arabic was sunk and the Sussex torpedoed. As forces are now in defeat, they must still continue
a result of these crises, the matter was laid to exist, and we are here given more than one
before the Kaiser himself, who decided in favor valuable hint as to how we may best coöperate
of Bethmann-Hollweg and the liberals. Von with them.
Tirpitz and von Falkenhayn had to go: the In many passages the author bears eloquent
liberal forces were now in control. “Washing- testimony as to the aid which these liberals have
ton for the first time began to see that eleven already derived from America, and particularly
months of patience was bearing fruit."
from President Wilson's notes. "I believe," he
During the "period of new orientation" which writes, “that the United States, by two years
followed, the reactionary forces were not idle, of patience and note-writing, has done more to
however. The hate campaign against America, accomplish the destruction of militarism and to
which had been started soon after the Lusitania encourage freedom of thought in Germany than
affair, was redoubled. President Wilson was the Allies did during nearly three years of fight-
singled out for especial attack; it was said that ing. The United States helped the German
we never had been really neutral; the German people think for themselves.” The American


106
(August 16
THE DIAL
notes were therefore most effective in aiding the you are blue in the face, but that will not beat
victory of the liberals and the dismissal of von them,” but this very act of damning makes it
Tirpitz, but it is a pity that the American gov- the harder to defeat them. Mr. Ackerman says
ernment did nothing to coöperate with them explicitly that the Allies' cry of "Huns and Bar-
when they were in power. Though Mr. Acker- barians” helped materially in making the Ger-
man does not say it expressly, he makes it mans accept the original submarine warfare and
abundantly clear that at every point the United the destruction of the Lusitania. It is equally
States then did exactly what the most reactionary clear that the only way to put an end to Prus-
forces in Germany hoped and prayed that it sianism is to coöperate with the many persons
would do. During the period of liberal ascend- in Germany who are even more anxious than
ancy, the United States did nothing to make we to see its finish.
England stop interfering with the mail: the So all in all, it seems that the most effective
author says that the Admiralty prevented his pub- enemy of democracy in the world to-day is the
lishing what few things he did manage to get, American “patriot" who loudly hopes that an
so that they might complain that all news be-
American army will soon set foot in Germany,
tween the two countries had to go by London.
Like the Paris conference on a "war after the
In notes to Great Britain, the United States had
war," and the Allies' peace terms, such persons
characterized the British blockade as “illegal and
are a veritable God-send to the Prussian mili-
indefensible," but nothing was done to break it;
tarists. And not only do they force the German
the German reactionaries blocked all Ambassador
liberals into the arms of the militarists, but the
Gerard's efforts to get out some dye-stuffs, that
two British failures on the Somme show con-
might the
“British piracy.” Mr. Ackerman quotes one of clusively that such an event would require a mil-
the leading German militarists as saying that if
itary machine on our part of such gigantic pro-
America would only declare war, "everybody in
portions that it would crush out whatever
the German navy would throw his hat into the
democracy we have in our own country. We
air.” But what we might have done is a use-
might better devote our energies to persuading
our allies to renounce certain of their exagger-
less question. We must rather ask how we can
ated ambitions-in which our entrance into the
most effectively aid the German liberals now.
On this point, Mr. Ackerman seems to be
war has so far apparently encouraged them. If
inconsistent with himself. Though having said
the United States should accept the Russian
formula of "no annexations, no indemnities," it
repeatedly that nothing strengthened the German
militarists so much as the Allies' talk about a
would be a more severe blow to Prussianism
than would be the annihilation of several army
"crushing defeat," he now says the same thing
himself—in the hope of throwing the people over
corps: it would be a blow directly at the mili-
into the hands of the liberals! It may be that if
tarists, and not at the unfortunate "German
the present militarists are “defeated and discred-
people” who compose the army corps, and for
ited," as he urges, the people will then establish
whom we profess only friendship. Let us hope
a democratic government and live peacefully ever
that President Wilson still holds to his lofty
after; but it is hard to think of another case in
ideal of a "peace without victory."
history where a military defeat has had such
WARD SWAIN.
effects. A more probable result would be that
which followed the battle of Jena. Germans
would spend their money for military prepared-
An Essay in Misunderstanding
ness more gladly than ever, for they would then
The NOTE-BOOKS OF SAMUEL BUTLER. Selected
have a legacy of hatred greater than that left
and Edited by Henry F. Jones. (E. P. Dutton &
by Louis XIV and Napoleon. The present mil- Co.; $2.)
itary leaders might be "discredited,” but more Samuel Butler somewhere suggests (I believe
efficient ones would be sought. Liberalism wou it is in his "Alps and Sanctuaries") that no less
be permanently banished for having betrayed the interesting and important than Locke's famous
Fatherland in its supreme hour of need.
"Essay Concerning the Human Understanding'
Moreover, we must now see clearly the sui- would be an Essay Concerning the Human Mis-
cidal nature of an unrestrained and undiscrim- understanding. We do not sufficiently realize, he
inating vituperation of all Germans. Not only remarks, the part which illusion has played in our
is it true that "you can damn a German until development. How different would life be but for


1917]
107
THE DIAL
the ability to do as the poor Ticinese woman did think of the moon as an object swinging in a
who, transplanted from Ticino to London, was circle at the end of a string is not different in
found kneeling in prayer before a dentist's show- principle from thinking of an object so swinging
case in Hampstead Road, mistaking the show- as a moon. Each is misunderstanding "in the
case for a roadside oratory and the artificial grand style.” An Essay Concerning the Human
teeth for the relics of a saint. The power of Misunderstanding might therefore comprise two
adaptation to varying circumstances is a prime volumes, after the manner of Locke's work-
requisite for evolution, physical and mental, and one, let us say, on Simple Misunderstanding, and
the power of adaptation is mainly dependent the other on Misunderstanding Extraordinary.
upon the capacity of thinking certain new things Butler did more, however, than suggest a
sufficiently like others to which we have been title and offer a few hints to the possible author
accustomed for us not to be so much incommoded of such a work. In a sense he was forever writ-
that habitual response becomes impossible. The ing chapters of the book. Butler's life was one
power to take things in such manner that a long essay in misunderstanding in the present
modified habit and eventually a new structure sense) and all his books bear testimony to the
becomes possible is the power to mistake them; fact. It used to be a boyhood stunt to stand on
as the power to fuse ideas in a process of thought your hands and see the world upside down.
is the power to confuse them.
Butler knew the trick well and did a deal of
So Butler. To stop here, however, would be walking on his hands through our world of
to treat of but one aspect of the human misun- conventions, intellectual, moral, ästhetic, and
derstanding. Progress has depended not only religious. His books are integrated visions of the
upon the ability to mistake a new object for an world thus viewed—“The Way of All Flesh,”
old one, but also upon the ability to see an old of marriage and the family; "Erewhon," of the
;
object in a new light. It was important for the daily life of the English-speaking world; “Life
Ticinese woman to mistake teeth for the relics of and Habit" and "Evolution, Old and New," of
a saint, but it was important for Luther to mis- Darwinism; "The Fair Haven," of Christianity.
take the relics of a saint for teeth. And accord-
But he came very far from compiling into reports
ing to the psychologists, the essential difference all he saw. “One's thoughts fly so fast," he
between the human and the animal intelligence said, “that one must shoot them: it is no use
is just this ability to recognize and deal with new trying to put salt on their tails.” The “Note-
aspects in old situations.
Books” are a museum of thoughts thus caught
In their superficial manifestation there is this on the wing, singly or in Alocks. One cannot
difference between the two types of misunder- promise that the visitor, whoever he be, will find
standing: it is the most common thing in the the exhibit to his liking. On the contrary, few
world to accept a new object, providing only it will agree entirely with the curator's sense of
is not too new, as a repetition of the object it values, and many will deeply resent the low esti-
resembles, while it is a mostrare thing to see mate placed upon common favorites. One may,
anything novel about an object that is well however, safely assure all comers of the com-
known. But more profoundly considered both plete absence of anything cheap, commonplace, or
processes are equally unusual. In the one case artificial.
as in the other the native dulness of mortals But to let go of this figure before it goes too
justifies Isaiah's complaint, “They see many far, and to return to the “Note-Books” as a
things, but do not observe; their ears are open, record of extraordinary ability in seeing and
but they hear not." Only the very exceptional thinking contrary to conventional models, I may
mind perceives, in any comprehensive sense, the as well admit, first as last, that I believe it im-
strange as if it were familiar or the familiar as possible to convey in a review a fair idea of so
if it were strange. So it takes a Franklin to see remarkable a book. How shall one carry over
a storm cloud as a Leyden jar, and a Watts to its freshness, its humor, its honesty, its kindliness,
discover a steam engine in a teakettle; while a its independence? And the versatility of the
folk-song waits to be heard as a symphony until man! Biology, painting, metaphysics, music, re-
the coming of a Beethoven. And for the very ligion, politics, poetry, morality,—but why go
good reason that mistaking the new for the old on?-and always an idea, not a phrase ; always a
or the old for the new constitutes not two unique voice, not an echo. Theoretically it is really im-
processes, each working after its own fashion, possible that one man should be the author of
but one process facing in two directions. To such a book. That one man was, is only another


108
(August 16
THE DIAL
do so.
instance of life's disdain of logic. And how to save the interests of age. It is, however, a .
transmit the flavor of such tales as “Homer's central doctrine in Butler's view of life. Rub
Hot and Cold Springs"? I give it up. Let
Let him anywhere and you soon lay bare the con-
the reader be content or, rather, let him be dis- viction that much of human misery and failure
content with a few citations and straightway go is directly traceable to the family. "I believe,"
to the book itself.
he says in the “Note-Book," "that more unhappi-
Compare the cant and affectation of the re-
ness comes from this source than from any other
ligious idiom we are taught from our youth with -I mean from the attempt to prolong family
the freshness and naturalness of Butler. His
connection unduly and to make people hang to-
note headed “God and the Devil” may serve as
gether artificially who would never naturally
an example:
The mischief among the lower classes
God's merits are so transcendent that it is not sur-
prising his faults should be in reasonable proportion.
is not so great, but among the middle and upper
The faults are, indeed, on such a scale that, when classes it is killing a large number daily."
looked at without relation to the merits with which
That his attitude on family ties is, again, not
they are interwoven, they become so appalling that
people shrink from ascribing them to the Deity and due to poverty of feeling is clear from the char-
have invented the Devil, without seeing that there acteristic note which appears in the chapter on
would be more excuse for God's killing the Devil,
and so getting rid of evil, than there can be for his
“The Life of the World to Come.”
failing to be everything that he would like to be. I have often told my son that he must begin by
For God is not so white as he is painted, and he
finding me a wife to become his mother who shall
gets on better with the Devil than people think. The
satisfy both himself and me. But this is only one of
Devil is too useful for him to wish him ill and, in
the many rocks on which we have hitherto split. We
like manner, half the Devil's trade would be at an
should never have got on together; I should have had
end should any great mishap bring God well down
in the world. For all the mouths they make at one
to cut him off with a shilling either for laughing at
another they play into each other's hands and have got
Homer, or for refusing to laugh at him, or both, or
on so well as partners, playing Splenlow and Jor-
neither, but still cut him off. So I settled the matter
kins to one another, for so many years that there
long ago by turning a deaf ear to his importunities
seems no reason why they should cease to do so. and sticking to it that I would not get him at all.
Yet his thin ghost visits me at times and, though he
Nor was Butler's heresy due, as is often the
knows that it is no use pestering me further, he looks
case, to spiritual poverty. It was exactly the
at me so wistfully and reproachfully that I am half-
profundity of his spiritual convictions that mo- inclined to turn tail, take my chance about his mother
tivated his disdain of the conventional religionists.
and ask him to let me get him after all. But I should
show a clean pair of heels if he said “Yes."
What better expression of the religious attitude Besides he would probably be a girl.
can be given than is found in his paragraph on
But it was rash to venture upon quotation.
“Blasphemy"? He writes:
And now in profusion I give that up too. For
I begin to understand now what Christ meant when
what should one select from chapters of notes
he said that blasphemy against the Holy Ghost was
unforgivable, while speaking against the Son of Man
on "Truth and Convenience," "A Painter's
might be forgiven. He must have meant that a man Views on Painting,” “Written Sketches," "Han-
may be pardoned for being unable to believe in the
del and Music,” “Higgledy-Piggledy," and
Christian mythology, but that if he made light of that
spirit which the common conscience of all men, what-
twenty others? Why, there are books in the
ever their particular creed, recognizes as divine, there fifteenth chapter alone, where Butler's unused
was no hope for him. No more there is.
titles and subjects are collected. Consider, for
The same frankness characterizes Butler's ut-
instance, the possibilities of "The Diseases and
terances on the relation of parent and child. His
Ordinary Causes of Mortality among Friend-
philosophy, voiced in "The Way of All Flesh,"
ships.” And I know of nothing written on
is there summed up in a remark by the way: painting so intimate as chapter nine. It is paint-
Why should the generations overlap one another at
ing become articulate in speech. One appears
all? Why cannot we be buried as eggs in neat little
cells with
twenty thousand pounds each
to be in the very midst of the process, one smells
wrapped round us in Bank of England notes, and the oils, one sees the colors laid on, one invol-
wake up, as the sphex wasp does, to find that its papa
untarily avoids coming into contact with the fresh
and mamma have not only left ample provisions at its
elbow, but have been eaten by sparrows some weeks
paint. And there are the notes on music and
before it began to live consciously on its own account. on the master whom Butler worshiped from his
This is a hard doctrine for most of us, trained twelfth year onward, and who inspired his com-
as we are to accept the divine right of parents, positions. “Handel is so great and so simple that
and ever ready to sacrifice the ideals of youth no one but a professional musician is unable to
ten
or


1917]
109
THE DIAL
understand him." It is fitting that the last thing to a different social state. While the suggestion
in the “Note-Books” should be one of the son- of "family prayers” with passages from the
nets on Handel:
“Note-Books” as scripture readings, would doubt-
Father of my poor music—if such small
less have appealed to Butler's sense of humor,
Offspring as mine, so born out of due time,
the scheme is so contrary to his spontaneous spirit
So scorn'd, can be called fatherful at all,
Or dare to thy high sonship's rank to climb
that one must apologize for even having thought
Best lov'd of all the dead whom I love best,
of it in connection with him. And what I meant
Though I love many another dearly too,
You in my heart take rank above the rest;
to say was after all that the book is delightful
King of those kings that most control me, you,
and stimulating, whether read in snatches or in
You were about my path, about my bed
continuity, and that it wears well.
In boyhood always and, where'er I be,
Whate'er I think or do, you, in my head,
What can be done by certain vested interests
Ground-bass to all my thoughts, are still with me; to damn an original author is illustrated by But-
Methinks the very worms will find some strain
ler. In the analysis of the sales of his books one
Of yours still lingering in my wasted brain.
discovers that from only one of them, “Ere-
There are people no doubt who could read
whon," did he have any financial profit. The
Butler and remain unimpressed, for there is reason for this lack of popularity may be given
absolutely no display of erudition in his work. in Butler's own words:
There are others, I suppose, who could read him
I should have liked notoriety and financial success
with interest and get away untouched, for some well enough if they could have been had for the ask-
intellects are Leibnizian monads, having no win- ing, but I was not going to take any trouble about
them and, as a natural consequence, I did not get
dows. To thinking men and women, however,
them. If I had wanted them with the same passion-
providing they are not too old in spirit, Butler ate longing that has led me to pursue every inquiry
speaks with vital directness. Not that he formu- that I have ever pursued, I should have got them
fast enough.
lates a philosophy or solves problems or teems
One reason, and that the chief, why I have made no
with information. Exactly not that. In read- noise, is now explained. It remains to add that from
ing Butler one's growth is not by apposition but
first to last I have been unorthodox and militant in
every book that I have written. I made enemies of
by intussusception. One does not accumulate;
the parsons once for all with my first two books.
one expands. One does not become a little But- [“Erewhon” and “The Fair Haven.”] The evolution
ler but a larger self. That is why if one had
books made the Darwinians, and through them the
scientific world in general, even more angry than
to choose between going to Butler and going to “The Fair Haven" had made the clergy so that I
college, one might do worse for one's soul than had no friends, for the clerical and scientific people
choose the less expensive course.
rule the roost between them.
For Butler
I have chosen the fighting road rather than the
has a way of decreasing that the reader may in- hang-on-to-a-great-man road, and what can
He is not anxious for his standing, what who does this look for except that people should try
position he shall hold, what honors he shall re-
to silence him in whatever way they think will be
most effectual?
ceive, what reputation he shall acquire. And be-
"Ages, like rulers," Kuno Fischer once said,
cause he prefers to determine what he shall be
"have a way of withholding audience to those
interested in rather than take his cue from the
who would speak to them until it suits their
authorities; because he insists upon seeing clearly convenience to listen.” Butler's turn has come.
and for himself, in spite of religious and scien-
He is being heard, and he will be heard more.
tific orthodoxy; because he strives to voice his And as he is understood, his voice will join those
views naturally and honestly, even if this entails others which to-day are challenging the vested
serious losses; finally, because he speaks out of interests—church, college, state-interests which
contact with life and with creative activity
with creative activity combined in his day and combine in ours to
rather than out of an artificial academic at- silence all heralds of a new order. Reading
mosphere, acquaintance with Butler means spir- Butler should be an encouragement to all who
itual regeneration. The “Note-Books” especially
are struggling to maintain their moral and in-
would do admirably for a radical's book of devo-
tellectual integrity in the midst of widespread
tions. A paragraph read of a morning as a insanity. If, however, I were running the uni-
basis for meditation, and a larger portion in the verse, Butler would have been introduced to
same spirit for Sundays, may therefore be recom- our age not by Bernard Shaw but by William
mended to socialists and others who look forward James.
M. C. OTTO.
a man


110
[August 16
THE DIAL
ON
The Scammon Lectures We only wish he might have had a somewhat
broader canvas on which to project his picture,
Six LECTURES ARCHITECTURE. By Ralph and find it hard to understand why he should
Adams Cram, Thomas Hastings, and Claude
not have been invited to deliver the entire course
Bragdon. The Scammon Lectures for 1915.
(Published for the Art Institute of Chicago by
of Scammon lectures for 1915, instead of only
the University of Chicago Press; $2.)
a third of it.
To trace the history of Gothic architecture in Mr. Thomas Hastings was doubtless chosen
the course of two lectures, would be no small as a representative of the Renaissance, to balance
undertaking, even were one to confine himself Mr. Cram as champion of the Gothic. It can
to the simplest, most straightforward account of hardly be said, however, that he presents a very
the rise of the style and its subsequent develop- strong brief for his cause. For if it be true,
ment. But, nothing daunted, Mr. Ralph Adams as Mr. Hastings premises, that "style in its
Cram, who believes that, “to understand a style, growth has always been governed by the univer-
it is necessary to do more than scrutinize its sal and eternal law of development"-something
material elements, determining by scientific meth- which is entirely untrue in any absolute sense-
ods its line of stylistic descent and the peculiar- then he has already pronounced the harshest
ities of its organic mechanism,” sets out, in possible judgment upon Renaissance architec-
precisely that space, to interpret the spirit as well ture, which is the most striking violation of the
as the form of the supreme architecture of the above rule the history of art has to offer. In-
Middle Ages, and to relate this, however sum- stead of being, as implied, a continuous growth
marily, to the entire social, political, cultural, or evolution from Gothic architecture, as the
and spiritual life of the period.
Gothic itself actually was from the Roman,
Needless to say, the results are somewhat through the Romanesque, the new style, born
sketchy. To accomplish his purpose he prac- overnight in a renewed perception of the beauty
tises startling rétrécissements of architectural and grandeur of the antique world, was a total
history and summarizes the evolution of the denial and repudiation of the old—a break with
characteristic features of Gothic construction- the immediate past as radical and abrupt as that
ribbed vault, domed vault, compound pier, archi- return to the Gothic which Mr. Hastings so de-
volt, Alying buttress, pointed arch, and so forth, plores in the early Victorian era and in our
in paragraphs bristling with names, dates, and own day.
technical terms. The effect is sufficiently cryp- Moreover, far from appearing in response "to
tic even on the printed page, and one can only the needs of a new civilization,” as he seems to
imagine the impression that must have been think, Renaissance architecture was, itself, one
produced upon Mr. Cram's hearers—mainly in- of the most potent factors in creating this civili-
telligent laymen, no doubt—by such a passage as zation, which, in certain material aspects at all
that dealing with the development of the chevet, events, was markedly inferior to its predecessor.
for example, from the Syrian builders of the One of Mr. Hastings's questionable dicta is that,
dioceses of Damascus and Antioch, to those who "in order to build a living architecture, we must
completed the process in the great churches of build as we live.” But it is a fact that the men
Rheims, Bourges, Chartres, and Westminster, of the Renaissance, intent only on reviving the
or by such a bit of engineering jargon as the fol- classic splendor, lived rather as they built, and
lowing:
thus lived very badly indeed for several genera-
Between the two types we are considering, the ques- tions, as compared with their medieval ancestors,
tion was live load versus dead loads. The basilica the practical conveniences of whose castles, as
was inactive; its small nave arches had little thrust
Mrs. Putnam has shown in her delightful book
and its apse semi-dome also; the great triumphal
arch to the choir was the only thing that was se-
on “The Lady," greatly surpassed those of the
riously active.
Renaissance palazzo.
Yet the treatment, on the whole, is stimulat- All this, of course, is not to say that the
ing and suggestive. No one in the world to-day Renaissance is not justified as a great historic
-certainly not in this country--is, perhaps, bet- school of architecture, but simply that Mr. Hast-
ter qualified than Mr. Cram to interpret the ings has not chosen the right way to justify it.
Gothic spirit, not only in architecture and the The confusion in his thought seems to arise from
allied arts, which, as he says, make a single syn- a certain conflict between his training and his
thesis with it, but in all that pertains to the practical aptitudes. Recognizing implicitly but
culture and civilization of the Middle Ages. one mode of architecture—the "organic," as Mr.


1917]
111
THE DIAL
Claude Bragdon calls it-he is obliged to con- prophecies of future wisdom. In truth the edi-
tend that the Renaissance is no less structural tors hold themselves ostentatiously aloof from
and developmental in its origin than the Gothic, their production. This is not a brief for state
or else completely throw over the school in which socialism, they announce. “Our object has been
he received his education. Mr. Bragdon, it rather to provide the reader with the most im-
seems to us, comes much closer to the truth in portant data, so that he may be equally free to
his first lecture—the fifth in the volume—where reach a conclusion for or against collectivism."
he recognizes two distinct architectural modes, There is however a false suggestion in this
instead of one only.
object, as stated, because of the implication that
"When we
come to consider architecture arguments for or against collectivism are inher-
throughout the world and down the ages," he ent in the compiled documents. Yet the selec-
writes, continuing a contrast between nature and tions that follow are not records of the success
man's work, or art, "we find it bisected by a or failure of collectivism but exhibit largely the
like inevitable duality: either it is organic, fol- form and extent of state operation of industry,
lowing the law of nature again; or it is ar- with little data upon which the interested reader
ranged, according to some Euclidian ideal may base an approving or disapproving judg-
devised by proud-spirited man. In other words, ment.
it is either cultivated, like the flower; or it is One may be inclined to feel that in so vital a
cut, like the gem.
controversy as the present world conflict be-
The Renaissance, which is the type of the tween receding individualism and oncoming col-
latter, has, therefore, its place in the psychologic lectivism such an array of statistical information
order no less than the Gothic, which is the type should be humanized by intermittent emotional
of the former, though on a distinctly lower level outbursts. Finance, Agriculture, Transportation,
from the standpoint of creative art. And choice and Commerce are paraded before the reader
between them, or the tendencies which they rep- under the flags of all nations; but there are no
resent, will always be primarily one of funda- brass bands. Rank upon rank pass in review:
mental taste or mental constitution.
Central Banks and methods of control in the
WILLIAM ASPENWALL BRADLEY.
United States, Great Britain, Germany, Russia,
Hungary, Japan, New Zealand, and Australia.
Postal Savings Banks, showing increases in num-
The Collectivist Advance
ber of depositors, size of average deposit, and
amounts of total deposits. Land Reclamation
STATE SOCIALISM PRO AND Con. Edited by Wil-
and Development, with total cost and acreage.
liam English Walling and Harry M. Laidler. Forestry, Roads, Fisheries, Water Power, Canals,
(Henry Holt & Co.; $2.)
Shipping, Railways, Telegraphs, and Telephones.
To seasoned travellers or advanced students The monotonous columns of legislative and ad-
of the socialist state Messrs. Walling and Laidler ministrative product seem as endless and all-con-
have furnished a “handy_guide” in “State So- quering as the German horde pouring into North-
cialism Pro and Con.” The major part of this
ern France.
work, over six hundred pages, consists of "offi- There is something in the extent and power
cial documents and other authoritative selections of these mobilized statistics that demands an emo-
-showing the world-wide replacement of private tional reaction even from a neutral. Is collectiv-
by governmental industry before and during the ism marching to a world triumph or to a world
war." The relation of these documents to the defeat? Will it capture Paris, or almost reach
editors' theme is presented in an admirable in-
its goal and then, retreating sullenly, dig itself
troduction wherein attempt is made to prevent into hostile soil and hold for decades—even cen-
confused thinking through confusion of terms. turies—the ground won in the first rush of
The nicety of phrasing in this introduction world war?
gives fair warning to mere sightseers that there It is no criticism of the editors of "State So-
will be little excitement for them in the suc- cialism Pro and Con” that they do not even
ceeding pages. The tired business man and the attempt to answer these questions. It is rather
culture club sociologist will not find those pal- the most sincere compliment that their "source
atably inaccurate generalizations with which to book" is so impressive in its array of facts and
impress a dinner partner. There are no daylight figures that it stirs deeper curiosity. One feels
criticisms of contemporary folly or moonlit that the editors themselves must have a Conclu-
a


112
(August 16
THE DIAL
sion as well as an Introduction to their com- We cannot escape the problems of labor and
pilation. Of course a Conclusion on so vast a capital or the problems of the feminine, eternal
subject would be full of half-baked, utopian, or transitory, and the pleasantest way to put in
illogical, and unwarranted ideas, and therefore a some sort of order the part of your mind which
choice subject for critical review. It is truly un- is occupied by these problems is to watch the
gracious for the editors of the present volume to novelists play with them. And if the players
exercise such restraint of personal opinion as to are intently sober, the play is not on that
give no opportunity for the reviewer to be clever account less delightful to the onlooker.
at their expense. He is forced to acknowledge Mrs. Austin is a practised, dexterous player.
that within the self-imposed limits of their work Sometimes consciousness of her dexterity leads
they have succeeded in presenting a unique and her into over-elaborated phrasing; you become
adequate record of the world-advance of col- so interested in watching her juggle her racket
lectivism.
that you forget to see where the ball goes. But
A chapter on "Municipal Ownership," edited most of her strokes are swift and sure. She is a
by Mr. Evans Clark, surveys that field briefly, wise woman with an affectionate understanding
effectively, and with consistent impersonality. of young people, and a gently satirical sense of
“State Socialism Pro and Con” is not recom-
their follies. The characterization of Virginia,
mended for hammock hours. But as a handy the vague and restless radical, is excellent. Any
reference volume for the serious-minded it will veteran Socialist will recognize his younger com-
save many days of searching through technical rades (but not himself, of course) in Virginia
libraries for data on collectivism.
and her friends who bandy half-understood
DONALD R. RICHBERG. catch-words. The great social and commercial
plot behind these children is strongly handled
and conveys more than any other American fic-
Honest American Fiction tion since Frank Norris of what Mrs. Austin
calls the "epic quality of the west.” For one
The FORD. By Mary Austin. (Houghton Mif-
thing I am deeply grateful: Mrs. Austin does
Ain Co.; $1.50.)
GOLD MUST BE TRIED BY FIRE. By Richard
not try to settle the strife between the capitalist
Aumerle Maher. (Macmillan Co.; $1.50.)
“interests” and the agrarian "interests" by
THÉ STRAIGHT ROAD. (George H. Doran Co.;
marrying the children of the contesting parties.
$1.50.)
Such an obvious solution seems to me to spoil
THE EMPTY HOUSE. (Macmillan Co.; $1.40.)
EDITH BONHAM. By Mary Hallock Foote. the reality of two of our novels. In “Gold
(Houghton Mifflin Co.; $1.50.)
Must Be Tried by Fire" Mr. Richard Aumerle
HIS FAMILY. By Ernest Poole. (Macmillan
Maher marries his attractive working girl to
Co.; $1.50.)
SECOND YOUTH. By Allan Updegraff. (Harper the son of the mill-owner. As the publishers
& Bros.; $1.35.)
say, this does "bring the volume to a pleasing
Mrs. Austin says in “The Ford”: “Some-
close,” but I have a feeling that things do not
body who has the interest of the feminist move- happen so. The real strength of the novel is
ment at heart ought to think out a formula by the dramatic picture of the industrial wars, the
which an earnest young man can readily convey war between the workmen and the owners, and
to an equally earnest young woman that, while
the war between the independent mill and the
he knows, of course, that she means absolutely trust. Those wars which are going on all the
everything she says, he knows at the same time time, are second in interest only to the military
that she doesn't
anything.. . . it
war, and in the long run are not second to it
must be a situation frequently cropping up in in importance. It is a fact in life (and there-
these days when young women are nothing if fore a proper theme in fiction) that against the
not earnest.” Most of the young women in the immense background of industrial and military
novels here commented on are dead in earnest, contest lovers play their individual comedies and
live in earnest; and the authors, except one, are tragedies. But in the tumult wedding bells
intently serious. In spite of an estival desire to make but a thin tinkling music, and a kiss is a
escape responsible thinking, I find their serious-
minor episode, not a climax. The marriage of
ness commendable, strongly enough supported on the mill girl does not thrill me, but the fire that
narrative structure and sufficiently mitigated by tried her is real fire.
humor to amuse me in a hammock or console In "The Straight Road," an anonymous
me when one sheet is too heavy to sleep under. novel, the heroine becomes a hop-picker on a
mean


1917]
113
THE DIAL
an
a
ranch belonging to her lover's father. Here outcome of the circumstances. Here is at least
again the solution is too easy. Montague and one wedding in our new novels to which I give
Capulet may marry and by young love and young a reviewer's benediction. The contest under
death heal the breach between the families; they unusual circumstances between the man and
live in the same society and their encounter is the woman, both endowed with strong wills
plausible. But to marry an I. W. W. striker and honest minds, is firmly drawn. Mrs. Foote
to a son of plutocracy and to bring it about that is one of our veteran novelists and she knows
this particular striker should happen to go to her business. I ask, however, with due respect
the particular hop field owned by the cruel whether the book should not end on page 321,
aristocrat who had separated the girl from his whether the postscript is not superfluous.
son-well, that is asking too much of the most A novelist who is not yet a veteran, but is
acquiescent credulity. And the unlikelihood is going to be if the gods spare him, is Mr. Ernest
not lessened by the fact that the girl is not of Poole. Of recent novels by the younger Ameri-
the working class but a gentlewoman in reduced can writers "His Family” is the best I have
circumstances, and the fact that the son of the read. "The Harbor" was promising. "His
rich man is in revolt against his father and in Family” is an achievement, almost a mature
sympathy with the workers. The story of the achievement. It is not quite mature, because
strike itself is told with conviction. An I. W. Mr. Poole sometimes allows himself to write
W. reporter would be glad to write with so with amateurish awkwardness which
much vigor of phrase and emotional appeal. trained hand would correct. “A small demure
And the woman's experiences before she becomes woman of thirty-five, with light soft hair and
a hop-picker, her struggles to earn a living and clear blue eyes and limbs softly rounded, the
keep straight on a world dominated by the pred- contour of her features was full of approaching
atory male, seem to be real adventures and not maternity.” “Of medium height and a wiry
special pleading. It is a book which any good build, his quick kindly smile of greeting did not
craftsman would be willing to sign, and I can- conceal the fine tight lines about his mouth and
not see the reason for anonymity. I look with between his eyes.” “The house was one of
suspicion on publisher's statement that dozen others.” "Listening from his study,
"obviously the author of this startling narra- again the feeling came to him of her fresh and
tive
would not, and could not, sign abundant vitality." Such sentences betray the
the manuscript," but I am willing to connive writer who has not learned what any artist
with him in advertising the book by exciting born with Mr. Poole's sense of beauty can learn
curiosity about it.
by thoughtful labor. In the substance as well
Another anonymous novel is “The Empty as the style are signs of the author who is not
House." It deals with another problem of yet artistically grown up, commonplace reflec-
woman: the wealthy woman whose husband is tions on life, the saying of things that need not
absorbed in business, who has no children be said, and saying them too often. Having
because she does not want them, and who does established by his title and by the relationship
not get much happiness out of an apparently of his characters that the theme of the book is
prosperous life. It is a vivacious story with an "Family," the continuity of life through the
air of determination to speak out and tell the generations, Mr. Poole repeats the theme many
truth. What it tells is interesting. But after times without variations; thereby he loses the
all it does not tell very much. The manner is power of suggestion and gives the impression
sometimes irritating, if the reader is over- of an impoverishment of ideas in a book which
sensitive to literary manner. In trying to sound is rich and vital. For, to have done with quarrel-
human and natural the author makes ing, it is a rich book, full of the stuff of life.
unnecessary sacrifice of sentence-construction. Roger Gale is the finest old father of a family
However, she does give the effect of a woman since Silas Lapham, of whom in many ways he
talking plain talk, and she is worth listening to. reminds me. And the resemblance, or, if the
The childless woman in Mrs. Mary Hallock resemblance is not as close as I think, the
Foote's "Edith Bonham" finds her consolation in recollection is a compliment to Mr. Poole. For
the care of another woman's children after their Mr. Howells is a master in the portraval of
mother's death. She wins an extra reward for
elderly men.
Silas Lapham and Judge Kenton
her devotion by marrying the children's father, are his best characters. (The young people are
which is a good old-fashioned ending, a natural not so well done; Mr. Howells is afraid of their
the
an


114
[August 16
THE DIAL
passions.) Mr. Poole keeps his elderly man addresses whose modesty and graphic power
the central figure in the book, and hangs about will surprise no one who has read his book.
him the three several stories of his daughters, The book is a cheerful record of this soldier's
each one of which is a good story in itself. The
life as he lived it from day to day. Every page
girls and their young men are distinctly character-
of it is alive with color—the jolting rides in
ized and live their own lives, as independent of
cattle trains, the mud of the trenches, the "coo-
ties” (tiny insects on whom Tommy wages con-
the author (when he lets them alone and does
stant petty war), the good-humored quarrels
not rub his theme into us) as they are inde-
over rations, the rude play which Empey wrote
pendent of their perplexed and affectionate old
during two weeks in "rest billets” back of the
father.
line, the solemn service over a comrade's grave.
A glass of light wine to go with the rather One of the many stirring incidents of the book
serious novels we have been consuming is Mr. is the story of the coward who "came back."
Allen Updegraff's "Second Youth." In Amer- Condemned to die at 3:38 in the morning for
ica we have not enough of this sort of light-
desertion he found himself freed by a German
handed humor. There is a touch of farce in
bullet which killed his guard, and rushing to
the front, took charge of a machine gun whose
the postulated situation, which you have to
crew had all been killed, and turned it on the
grant and are very willing to grant. Once that
enemy in time to save his own company from
is granted or accepted, you move along in a annihilation. As his comrades were returning
romantic adventure which is conducted in the
he fell with a bullet in his brain. The court's
true spirit of comedy. The material is of the order was duly carried out, for the hour was
quality that ought to make good plays, and I 3:38.
hope that some time, many times, Mr. Upde- Such a book may well become one of the best-
graff's humor and gay feeling for the human sellers. Its story never flags. It is human and
being will be found combined with whatever
the men who fill its pages are simple children,
brave without heroics, tender-hearted, loyal, and
other talents are necessary to write for the stage.
enduring. The author is merely one of them,
Јону MACY.
modest as they are and with a narrative power
that is impressive. His book will appeal to young
and old alike, to all who love pathos and humor,
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
great deeds, and manly men, and no reader will
put it down without being glad that someone
OVER THE Top. By Arthur Guy Empey.
Putnam's; $1.50.
put a writer in the trenches.
"It is the real stuff.” For once the publisher's
The Man in Court. By F. DeW. Wells.
urgent description does not exaggerate; for in Putnam's: $1.50.
this unpretentious volume is caught at last the
soul of Tommy Atkins. A voice has risen from ject with humorists and other men of purpose,
The law's delay has long been a favorite sub-
the trenches that speaks his language. From
not to omit mention of the modern reporter.
the ranks has come an intelligence, hardly con-
The present author has chosen the straight-
scious even of itself, that has looked into the forward descriptive method, and in knowledge
simple heart of the soldier, and has seen there of the subject is well fitted for his task. He has
the loyalty and courage, the grim humor, the attempted simply to bring his reader into touch
boyishness, the playfulness, --above all, the mod- with the everyday workings of courts in this
esty of men who do not know that they are country, and thus to leave him with certain in-
heroes. And yet this soldier-author deals little evitable conclusions. It is a sorry story, though
in reflection. He has held the mirror up to not ungraciously told. Starting with a descrip-
human nature as he has found it in the English tion of the drab scene of a Night Court where
private soldier and the reader has but to look the "visitor leaves with a sense of having his
in and see.
social values overthrown," Judge Wells takes
Mr. Empey is a young American who could his reader through a variety of court proceedings,
not wait for his country to come in. He left under such chapter titles as “The Anxious Jury,'
his home in New Jersey early in the war, went “The Strenuous Lawyer," "The Worried Cli-
to London and enlisted, saw a year and a half ent," "The Confused Witness, " and "Those
of real fighting and came back to England more Technical Objections.” The descriptions are
dead than alive, after having lain wounded for clear and are enlivened by occasional touches of
thirty-six hours in No Man's Land. Honorably humor, usually through the telling of some odd
discharged as no longer fit for active service, he incident. The book ends with a chapter called
is now back in his home country, making public "Looking Backward," in which the author
>


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1917]
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115
shows the present legal machinery broken down greater purpose be to provide great playgrounds
by 1947, and all law business carried on by for the public? If they have a dual purpose, then
Judicial Corporations, just as real-estate titles the thought at once arises that at present they
are now certified by Title Guarantee companies. are hardly impartially distributed, the eastern,
Unfortunately for so sincere and sane a work, central, and southern states being almost wholly
the style lacks grace, and the argument drags neglected. Of course there are city and state
at times. That the facts are interesting for all parks, but these are never on the scale that thrills
that, is no small tribute to the author.
the imagination as the national parks do. Mr.
Mills himself names several spots in these less-
THE IDEALS OF PAINTING. By J. Comyns
favored sections which he considers fitted to be
Carr. Macmillan ; $2.
parks: the Dunes, a portion of the South Caro-
“This volume," says the prefatory note, "lays
lina shore, the Mammoth Cave region, and
no claim to original research, nor does it affect
several others.
to furnish an exhaustive record of the life and
The bulk of the book is given over to an ex-
work even of the more eminent masters of mod-
haustive treatment of all the national parks.
ern Europe. Its purpose is rather to assist those
The peculiar natural beauties of each are de-
students who desire to obtain a general view
scribed with considerable detail; the history of
of the movement of painting from the time of
their discovery and final change into parks is
Giotto to the present day; and to compare and
told; and a clear explanation of their natural
contrast the spiritual ideals that have been pur-
phenomena given. This valuable matter, the
sued and perfected in the work of separate schools
reading of which is almost necessary for real en-
laboring under the dominating impulse supplied
joyment of these great scenic playgrounds, is
by individual genius.” Mr. Carr carries out his supplemented by a splendid appendix, which gives
purpose in a pleasant, ambling manner which
everything in the way of information regarding
makes his book very different from most hand-
access to the parks, hotels, trips, camping facili-
books of art. He surveys in turn the "ideals”
ties, costs, etc., that a possible visitor might want.
of Italy, Flanders, Germany, Holland, Spain,
France, and England, but just what the "ideals” PLAYS AND PLAYERS: Leaves from a
are the reader cannot clearly discern. There is Critic's Scrapbook. By Walter Prichard
any amount of interesting detail, comparison,
Eaton. Stewart & Kidd; $2.
analysis, and assertion; but no pattern of a theory Mr. Eaton groups the play reviews in this
of life, related in specific ways to the theories book in three sections—American Plays, Foreign
of life of the others, emerges for any one of these Plays, and Shakespearean Revivals; and there is
lands. Mr. Carr has missed an opportunity; for a fourth section made up of short essays on
the arts of peoples, far more than their philoso- topics connected with drama and the theatre.
phies or religions, incarnate their essential spirit It is worth noting that the section on American
and outlook. Its designation afresh in terms of plays is by far the longest; our theatres are de-
the pictorial art is a desirable thing, and if Mr. pending less and less on translations and adapta-
Carr fails of it, it is because of his deference to tions. It is encouraging, too, to find so many
the tradition of criticism. His spontaneous judge relatively good plays in the American list-
ment seems robust enough to have achieved it, “The Piper,” “Kindling,” “As a Man Thinks,”
and will perhaps lead him to try again.
"Kismet," "The Yellow Jacket,” “Romance,"
"The Unchastened Woman." The foreign plays
YOUR NATIONAL PARKS. By Enos A. discussed include "Hindle Wakes," "The Pi-
Mills. Houghton Mifflin ; $2.50.
geon," "Justice," "The Legend of Leonora,"
"The Piute Indians have a legend which says
“Androcles and the Lion," and "The Weavers."
that just at the close of creation the woman was
On the whole, we need not be ashamed of the
consulted. She at once called into existence the
American showing; if we have no master to set
birds, the flowers, and the trees." Thus writes
Thus writes against Galsworthy, Shaw, or Hauptmann, we
Enos Mills at the beginning of one of his chap- tinguished beauty, as likely to be of permanent
have in “The Piper” a play of rare and dis-
ters. He believes thoroughly in that kind of
interest as any in either list; and the other
woman and he believes also in learning to love
American plays represent genuine achievement
the things she called into existence and in creat- both in realism and in romance. Easy and col-
ing islands of safety for them, which are also loquial in style, Mr. Eaton's criticism is nearly
pleasure grounds for human beings. This brings always suggestive or constructive, and custom
up the question that rose in our mind when we has not staled his gusto. To the general reader
examined his book. Are the national parks perhaps the most interesting part of the book
created alone for preserving and exhibiting our will be the last section, with its lively discussions
country's marvellous wonders, or should their of what constitutes a good play, personality in


116
[August 16
THE DIAL
acting, and the new art of the theatre. The THE BOOK OF CAMPING. By A. Hyatt
volume ends with a well-told and significant Verrill. Knopf; $1.
bit of theatrical history—the story of the Wash- This instructive little book aims to supply
ington Square Players.
the beginner's need for a primer in woodcraft,
and in the main it succeeds in its purpose. It
PROFILES FROM CHINA. By Eunice Tiet-
contains much useful information for the neo-
jens. Ralph Fletcher Seymour; $1.
phyte camper and is especially valuable for its
A good deal of the discussion as to whether practical hints about camp sites, camp house-
free verse is really poetry has seemed futile to keeping, cooking, and accidents. At times, in its
the reviewer: the arguments pro and con have efforts to be superpractical, it overshoots the
led into so many blind alleys or else have been mark. No old woodsman, for example, would
so absurd as to be simply amusing. One won- call lean-to's or shacks of evergreen boughs or
ders why all these heated antagonists cannot ac- bark, whose construction is minutely described,
cept this new poetic expression for what it is, "comfortable permanent summer camps.” He
and neither judge it by its worst examples nor knows them for stuffy insect-traps. To him the
argue that it takes the place of metrical verse. directions for homemade traps and moccasins are
Many prose poems, expressions of single sensa- reminiscent of the days when he really believed
tions or short stories, cannot be brushed aside as all that was set forth in Dan Beard's “Ameri-
trivialities. They have distinct and decided can Boy's Handy Book." This fault—the fault
charm.
of telling how to make clumsy things that can
Among those which deserve to be cherished better be bought-often gets into "how-to" books.
are Mrs. Tietjens's “Profiles from China.” The However, if salted with the knowledge that the
poems are distinguished first by their almost un- old camper's first rule is "Be comfortable sensi-
failing subjectivity. The writer nearly always bly," this little handbook will be very valuable to
interprets each sight in terms of her own reac-
the novice.
tion. The poetry is personal, intimate, confiden-
tial. We do not mean that it is autobiographical,
RUSSIAN MEMORIES. By Madame Olga
but that Mrs. Tietjens quickly establishes a
Novikoff. Dutton; $3.50.
close relation between herself and the reader. Madame Novikoff's strong reassertion of the
She sees dirty, crowded China with a quick eye, might and the right of Russian imperialism
and puts it before us with its gods and beggars, strikes a startling note in the revolutionary at-
walls, women and dandies, rickshas and camels mosphere of to-day. She is said to have been
-all portrayed with humor, fear, sympathy, in great part responsible for the Anglo-Russian
pathos, irony, and imagination. That is, it is alliance of the present war. It was a peaceful
weighted with an emotional appeal and lively alliance she strove for during forty years, but
imagery. We quote from one of the most beau- she is none the less satisfied that a common foe
tiful.
should have brought the two countries to a closer
The Most SACRED MOUNTAIN
understanding. Her activities won from Dis-
raeli the doubtful compliment implied in the
Space, and the twelve clean winds of heaven,
And this sharp exultation, like a cry, after the slow title "The M. P. for Russia in England." Of
six thousand steps of climbing !
a more friendly nature was the praise bestowed
This is Tai Shan, the beautiful, the most holy.
upon her by Carlyle, Kinglake, and Froude, as
Below my feet the foot-hills nestle, brown with Aecks well as by Gladstone, who took her side during
of green; and lower down the fat brown plain, the tide of Turkish feeling in England during
the floor of earth, stretches away to blue in- the '70's.
finity.
At the time of the Turkish atrocities in Bul-
Beside me in this airy space the temple roofs cut their
slow curves against the sky,
garia, her brother, Nicholas Kiréeff, arming him-
And one black bird circles above the void.
self with relief money and hospital materials,
hastened to do his bit in behalf of the southern
Space, and the twelve clean winds are here;
Slavs. Becoming fired with enthusiasm for their
And with them broods eternity—a swift, white peace,
a presence manifest.
cause, he joined the Serbian ranks as an officer,
The rhythm ceases here. Time has no place. This and was shot in the first charge. His fame im-
is the end that has no end.
mediately spread; he was acclaimed a hero
throughout Russia and the Balkans; and thou-
But I shall go down from this airy space, this swift
white peace, this stinging exultation;
sands followed his example as volunteers. But
And time will close about me, and my soul stir to to his sister's distraught mind it was England
the rhythm of the daily round.
that had killed him. "It is England," she wrote,
Yet, having known, life will not press so close, and
"who prevents our Government from helping
always I shall feel time ravel thin about me;
For once I stood
our brethren in the Balkans." Upon reflection,
In the white windy presence of eternity.
she saw that the remedy for such blunders in the


1917]
117
THE DIAL
a
future would be a better understanding between self says: “This is the end, for the moment, of
her country and England, and to this end she all my thinking, this is my unfinal conclusion.
devoted all her energies, her unfailing charm, There is no reason in tangible things, and no
and her capacity for sympathy and comprehen- system in the ordinary ways of the world. Hands
sion. At a time when Lord Beaconsfield and the were made to grope, and feet to stumble, and
larger part of England were speaking in the the only things you may count on are the un-
highest terms of their ally, Abdul Hamid, “whose accountable things. There are no reasons except
every impulse is good,” her self-imposed mission reasons you and I don't know. But if
was none of the lightest; nor was Disraeli's epi- the things which I know in spite of my education
thet the most discourteous she received. The were false, if the eyes of the sea forgot their
period was one of which modern Englishmen are secret, or if the accent of the steep woods became
little likely to boast, so that some of her retro- vulgar, if the fairy adventures that happen in
spective bitterness is perhaps unnecessary.
Her my heart fell flat, if the good friends my eyes
"Memories" include, besides political material, have never seen failed me—then indeed should
reminiscences of the musicians and writers of the I know emptiness, and an astonishment that
day, and of other prominent men and women in would kill."
the two countries. Since it is a chapter of na- No account of the book would be complete
tional life that is perhaps closed, it gains in that did not mention the war, for the war is
interest at this time. The author has apparently through it, beneath it, part of its very making,
spent little time on the ordered preparation of and yet always unobtrusive. The war is a hu-
her book, but her manner of writing is invari- morous thing, it is a commonplace thing, it is an
ably engaging and intelligent.
overwhelming, Aat, disillusioning thing that de-
scends and robs the world of all hope and of all
light. Perhaps it is superfluous to add that Miss
NOTES ON NEW FICTION
Benson is a writer of unusual skill. She is, how-
ever, something more than brilliant, humorous,
Imagine a book that starts like an essay on
and fantastic. What this something is, she sends
modern philosophy, continues like a confession,
out a challenge to the individual reader to dis-
goes at a bound into fiction, shifts into the man-
cover.
ner of a Kipling fairy tale, and ends in perfect
Perhaps F. T. Wawn's "The Joyful Years"
consistency with them all. Such is Stella Ben-
is best described as a first-rate, second-rate novel.
son's "This Is the End" (Macmillan ; $1.35).
It is one of those stories of solid worth which
One may take it quite literally, and remain
only the English writers seem able to produce.
puzzled by a few various matters. It is fairly
On every page there is evidence of the trained
safe to say that however one takes it there will
thinker and writer who has observed life. There
still be puzzling things about it. What a reader
is never a hint of "inspiration,” none of the
gets from it, after all, will be in proportion to
slovenliness of the “divine fire.” At the start
the imagination, sympathy, and intelligence that
he brings. Was it Sainte-Beuve who maintained
one meets several interesting people, and having
found them to be genuine people and not "char-
that in reading over old papers one never finds
acters," one settles comfortably back, knowing
more than half the matter in print? The other
half lies in the minds of contemporary readers
that whatever happens will make interesting read-
ing. There is a middle-aged journalist with a
and constitutes by no means the least effectual
whimsical philosophy and a delicious cynicism;
part. Every significant book stimulates its read-
there is a young woman who is mildly rebellious
ers to the office of participant; Miss Benson's
toward the British respectability of her family;
does so in a peculiar degree.
then there is a young clerk of excellent family but
One imagines that Miss Benson must be some-
with no prospects, and against him there is the
thing like her own Jay. For Jay "was a per-
son who took nothing in the world for granted, Of course there is nothing new in the situation,
successful Official, his employer and rival in love.
but as she had only a slight connection with the
but there is much that is new in the way the
world, that is not saying very much. Nothing various characters develop under that situation. It
ever embittered Jay, not even her own pessimism. is this avoidance of effort at originality in plot
There is a finality about bitterness and Jay was
which is so admirable, for the true artist finds his
never final.” You may look upon Jay's secret
material in character rather than situation and is
story as "an imaginary hieroglyphic," if you will;
as much interested in what his people think as
you may look upon Miss Benson's story as a fan-
in what they do. It is worth remarking, in
tasy, an extravaganza, a symbol, or a subtle com-
passing, that although the war plays a part in
ment upon contemporary life. It is all these in
the story, it is handled with some perspective.
part, and therefore people will enjoy it for dif- The book may be recommended for those who
ferent reasons and in different ways. She her- enjoy a good story well told. (Dutton; $1.50.)
(6


118
(August 16
THE DIAL
CASUAL COMMENT
OF
Whenever the reviewer finds a subject that is
commonly a novelist's excuse for sensation, actu-
ally treated with relative truth and soberness,
his impulse is to give the author hearty accla-
mation irrespective of the real value of his per-
formance. Joseph McCabe, in “The Pope's
Favorite" (Dodd, Mead; $1.50), has succeeded
in giving a truthful representation of the reign
(one can call it no less) of Alexander VI, the
Borgia Pope. His knowledge of the times has
perhaps led him a little astray as far as narrative
unity is concerned; his story is more an incidental
description of the lives and deeds of that notorious
personage, his favorita Giulia, and the papal
"nephew" and "niece," Cesare and Lucrezia,
than it is a properly conducted plot. But by
smashing 'a number of cherished traditions con-
cerning Rodrigo Borgia, he represents him as a
really very possible sort of person. If the title
cause the reader to expect a book that he will
conceal behind a magazine in public, he will be
misled. It is hardly pour les jeunes filles, neither
is it for the sensation seekers. It is simply a
good historical novel—one of the best that it has
been our luck to see in a long time.
Why cannot authors get together a bit in this
matter of plot and setting? Why must we be
subjected invariably to a Broadway plot in a
Broadway setting, and to an Alaskan plot in an
Alaskan setting? Stage a Baroness Orczy story
in the Yukon, for instance, and you might have
something rather piquant. These dispiriting re-
flections are caused by the perusal of a new snow-
and-primitive-man tale entitled "The Yukon
Trail,” by William MacLeod Raine (Houghton
Mifflin; $1.35). It will be all the same to you
whether you read this novel or any one of half
a dozen of the same variety of the present sea-
son.
It is a fairly plausible, well-planned yarn
that clings to the traditions of its type and its
setting.
One seldom encounters a book which may be
added to the group of which "Huckleberry Finn”
and “The Story of a Bad Boy" are the classics.
Although Edward Bellamy Partridge by no
means approaches those two stories in "Sube
Cane" he has nevertheless written an authentic
story of boyhood. It is quite true that "Sube"
is “all boy.” His is the ingenuity and ingenu-
ousness of adolescence and those who have a
furtive sympathy with the innate genius for mis-
chief which characterizes youth will find a hu-
mor which does not tax their credulity or
patience. The author knows the psychology of
boys and has written a story in which there is a
genuine appreciation of a boy's character and
mind. (Penn; $1.35.)
The TENTACLES MR. HEARST have
reached out and have gathered in another repre-
sentative periodical. The International Maga-
zine Company, which has already appropriated
the "Cosmopolitan" and "Harper's Bazar," is
now reported as having closed in on "Puck."
Having conquered the library table and the bou-
doir, Mr. Hearst is now to conquer the barber
shop. The library table, thanks to him, is not
what it once was, nor is the boudoir; so why
should one expect the barber shop to remain un-
changed? The Hearstian breeze wafts itself
over flowery banks stealing and giving odors,
and often making two odors, or two dozen-
though of a pungent sort not hitherto known or
relished-grow where but one grew before. The
man who is waiting two or three minutes for
the next vacant chair was well worth going
after. He is many, and in those two or three
minutes he may be able, if taken decisively in
hand (as he doubtless will be), to come to im-
portant determinations in matters of statesman-
ship and of sociology. The saloon as a political
molecule threatens to pass: welcome the newer
and better (or different) political molecule, the
tonsorial parlor.
THE GROWING TASTE OF THE JAPANESE FOR
READING continues to excite wide remark. Less
than fifty years ago literature was the interest
of the few: the “Daigaku” and the “Rongo,"
two classics setting forth Confucian precepts,
were held to be sufficient intellectual food for
the average samurai child. To-day not the sec-
ond-hand book shops of London or of New York,
not the quais of Paris can compete with the Jimbo
Cho, in the student quarter of Kanda. English
titles are first in number, as the English language
is learned by all students in the higher schools,
and as all foreign literature is likely to be studied
through English translations. Among British
authors themselves, Shaw, Wilde, Conan Doyle,
Tagore, and Gordon Craig are prominent.
Among Continental authors Nietzsche, Ibsen,
Eucken, Schopenhauer, Maupassant, Verlaine,
and Maeterlinck have their following. Among
the novelists, the Russians enjoy the inside track
–Turgenev, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Gorky. Japan
regards the Russians as tremendously vital and
expressive; and as Japanese canons of good taste
forbid too open an indulgence in the feelings, this
stoic people finds a sort of vicarious self-expres-
sion through the willing Muscovites. As is
shown by the names cited, the Japanese prefer-
ence is for the moderns of the Occidental world,
not for the long-established classics. Even the
cubists and futurists enjoy a welcome. Taste


1917]
119
THE DIAL
Auctuates, of course; but it may be said, in a the latter is the true reading; witness the recent
general way, that, at present, it runs more to the volumes of soldier slang, the recent examples of
sober and serious than it did not long ago. soldiers' songs: the former briskly fending off
Books of psychological, ethical, and political in- all approach to the feelings, the latter, often
terest have succeeded the licentious stories for- ribald and silly, never dignified, never patriotic.
merly so much in vogue. The censor has been Perhaps the reactions of our own troops will
busy among Maupassant, Flaubert, Tolstoy, and soon throw additional light on the emotional
Kropotkin-as the result, possibly, of love trage- make-up of English-speaking peoples in times of
dies which have involved several of the “new” patriotic service and of danger.
men and women. “New women" writers and
authors of stories of geisha intrigues tend more
and more to be neglected. The corrective even
A NEW WAY OF PUTTING TOGETHER ENCY-
runs farther: among periodicals all kinds of tech-
CLOPÆDIAS has been devised. It is the plan so
nical magazines are reported to be in great de- long pursued in the putting together of world's
mand; and the most widely circulated of all are
fairs: on the basis of the country. Harper and
those which address themselves to woman and
Brothers are to issue an encyclopædic library of
the home.
twenty-four special encyclopædias, each compris-
ing six volumes and each devoted to a particular
PRESIDENT WILSON IN FRENCH—such is the
race or nation or region. The first set deals with
promise conveyed by the announcement that his
the Slavonic race. The set to be devoted to the
“History of the American People,” in five vol-
United States will be, it is promised, the most
umes, is to be published in France and the French
colonies by Bossard, of Paris, under arrange-
comprehensive and detailed account of us yet at-
tempted. The necessary financial backing for
ment with Harper & Bros., the President's
,
this extensive enterprise is furnished by Mr.
American publishers. The translation is to be
Adolph Lewisohn, of New York, and the edi-
made by Professor Roustan, of the Lycée Louis-
le-Grand, and the introduction will be written
torial supervisor will be Dr. Isidore Singer, as-
by Emile Boutroux, of the French Academy.
sisted by a board selected from the faculties of
Some of the President's critics have noted that
various American universities. It is understood
his long series of state papers, through the past
that Mr. Lewisohn has taken this means of com-
three troubled years, were penned quite as much
memorating the fiftieth anniversary of his ar-
with a view to history as to the crisis they dealt rival in this country. A set of books may be
with: his concern for style helped make it seem as enduring and satisfactory a memorial as the
that he was writing with an eye to posterity.
chain of library buildings in which they may
If the opinion of the foreign peoples of our own
find themselves housed.
day may be considered as constituting a kind of
contemporaneous posterity, the President will be
able to appraise the extent and quality of his
WILL THE OBER-AMMERGAU Passion PLAY
own future fame before he quits this present
SURVIVE? Or, more specifically and immediately,
will it revive for 1920?
sphere.
No war within man's
memory has imperilled this ancient observance
AN OUTSPOKEN AND CHARACTERISTIC ESTI- at the heart of the Bavarian highlands until the
MATE OF THE RECRUIT can be picked up from present one.
Late visitors to the village speak
Captain Agate's new book, "L. of C.” (Lines of of it as a haunted place, struggling to live on in
Communication). Says he: “The man who en- memories of the past—a past more tender of
lists for his sweet country's sake is a bit of a
long-established tradition than the iconoclastic
nuisance who should have been born a leading days which we now endure. They report that
article. The man we most want is he who en- the spirit which made and kept the play is lack-
lists for a lark, or because everybody else is ing, as well as the cast. Anton Lang, the
enlisting, or for a jumble of reasons, or for no "Christus," renouncing his dream of a pilgrimage
reason at all.” The reader may gloss such a to the Holy Land after the return of peace,
pronouncement according to his own nature and has been called to the colors, following the
taste. Some will gather the idea that the humble “John the Baptist” and other participants into
private is best, in the English army, as in the the strife. A new world will emerge, with gains,
German, when he does not exercise his mind, let us hope; with losses, assuredly; and the pious,
or when he has no mind to exercise. Others remote institution dating from the seventeenth
will see a left-handed compliment, based on ad- century may be among the things to the sacrifice
miration for the man who minimizes emotion, of which the coming day will have regretfully
even if he be emotionally hidebound. Perhaps to adjust itself.
a


120
(August 16
THE DIAL
NOTES FOR BIBLIOPHILES
[Inquiries or contributions to this department should be ad-
dressed to John E. Robinson, the Editor, who will be
pleased to render to readers such services as are possible.)
Literature should be a
living source of
inspiration and pleasure
ENGLISH
LITERATURE
AN INTRODUCTION AND GUIDE
TO THE BEST ENGLISH BOOKS
A HANDBOOK FOR SCHOOLS AND READERS
By EDWIN L. MILLER, A. M.
Principal Detroit, Mich., Northwestern High School
78 unusual illustrations. 597 pages. Map
and charts. Large 12mo. $1.60 net
on
The Needed Quality
The quality of a manual on English Lit-
erature is probably more important than
that of any other book in use. Literature is
nothing, if it is not a living source of in-
spiration or pleasure,—it cannot be taught
as a dead language, or a mathematical
formula. With this in mind Professor Miller
planned his new text-book.
What Sometimes Happens
It is generally acknowledged that the
reading habit is often greatly weakened
sometimes completely destroyed in the
schools. Tennyson knew this and despaired
upon learning that “Enoch Arden” had been
adopted for class-room study. Dates and
places are important but less important than
the ideals, ideas and purposes of the great
writers as shown in their works. Too often
the boy's or girl's study of fact obscures the
core of the subject—the beauty, the stimu-
lus. How often is this the fault of text-
books,—the introduction to a live matter
through a dead medium?
What Should Be the Object
The object of text-books in English Liter-
erature should be to stimulate readers to a
love and appreciation of the best and to
lead them into the habit of reading the good
and great books for enjoyment as well as
learning. This new book by Professor Miller
has been planned throughout with this in
mind. The pages are not burdened with
facts but with stimulating ideas. Emphasis
is laid upon forces and influences not upon
dates. During the preparation of the book
the author gave careful consideration to
every important pedagogical principle.
Isn't that the right sort of book for in-
troducing young people to the vast field of
Literature which is intended for the inter-
pretation and enrichment of life?
Pictures by several famous authors have come
into the possession of Patrick F. Madigan, of 561
Fifth Avenue, New York. Among them is a
sketch of Marie Antoinette by William M.
Thackeray, who for years worked with brush
and palette in Paris, and who, it will be recalled,
waited on Charles Dickens in the hope that he
might be employed to illustrate the “Pickwick
Papers.” Another sketch is by Dickens, the head
of a young Spanish girl, which he drew for the
album of his sister, Laetitia, afterward the wife of
his friend Henry Austin. It is in colors.
There is a drawing by Victor Hugo of a
mediæval stronghold, with black towers and pinna-
cles. Hugo was an artist of considerable merit.
Some of his productions were made with cigar-
ends smeared with ink. During his residence in
Germany he sketched upon the walls of his bed-
room,
the table linen, on the backs of
letters and tradesmen's bills. Alfred Tennyson,
at Farringford, passed leisure moments at the
easel. The painter Watts urged him to continue
this work, saying, "Add a dash everyday and you
will soon have a picture.” Several early sketches
by Tennyson, some of them with his autograph,
have been sold at public auction. The Tennyson
drawing in Mr. Madigan's possession is of a
ruined castle.
Robert Browning is another author who is
represented. His sketch is a study of three Rus-
sians standing in front of a building; he sent this
drawing from the Continent to several members of
his family. Browning devoted a great deal of his
time to obtaining odd effects with his impromptu
pictures. One of his diversions was roasting
brown paper over a candle to produce weird
results. There is a sketch also by Charles Kings-
ley, whose skill with the pencil was unusual, and
who at one time founded and taught a drawing-
class at Bideford. Many examples by him are
scattered among his friends, their heirs, and suc-
The present sketch is a clever study of
a fisherman.
Readers of the "Just So Stories" know that
Rudyard Kipling is an artist of an uncommon
order. Among Mr. Madigan's sketches is a draw-
ing of a tiger's head by Kipling. William S.
Gilbert, author of the “Bab Ballads,” “Pinafore,”
and other successful works, is represented by a
sketch of a witch. Henry W. Longfellow has a
drawing of himself, made while he was a student
at Göttingen, Germany, and intended for “S. L.,
presumably Samuel Longfellow.
George D. Smith, of New York. paid about
twenty-five thousand dollars for eight Portolano
manuscripts and works in the sale of the sixth
portion of the famous Henry Huth library at
Sotheby's, in London. One of the manuscripts
appears to have been executed by an Italian
geographer, but to have been intended for a
Spanish or Portuguese navigator, as the route on
one of the maps starts from Lisbon, and another
route is marked from the same place across the
cessors.
J.B. LIPPINCOTT CO.
PUBLISHERS
PHILADELPHIA


-
-
--
1917]
THE DIAL
121
THE
CENTURY CO.
OFFERS
IN
THE
WORLD
By
Maxim
Gorky
a
Isthmus of Panama. The southwest coast of
South America is left blank, which would fix the
date as not later than 1525 or 1530. The Island
of Rhodes is still marked as belonging to the
Knights of St. John, though it was taken by the
Turks in 1522, but it is probable that the conquest
by the Turks was then looked upon as only tem-
porary. Another manuscript consists of eighteen
maps, seven of which relate to both North and
South America. In the map of Africa the source
of the Nile is made to appear to be two large
lakes in the centre of the country. Loosely
inserted are a large pen-and-ink drawing of a plan
of Mexico and two tracings. A third manuscript
is preceded by an almanac and contains a great
portion of the coasts of North and South America.
On a fourth chart are laid down the coast lines of
the Americas with names of the places of "Nou-
velle France," "Nova Anglia,” "Maryland," "Vir-
ginia,” “Terra Florida,” “Nova Hispania," "Iuca-
tan,” and “Honduras.”
An illuminated manuscript on twenty double
sheets of vellum forms an atlas of the whole world
as known at the end of the sixteenth or beginning
of the seventeenth century, including the discoveries
in America. It is beautifully executed with an
ornamental border around each map. The last
three sheets are occupied by an almanac and
astronomical calculations and directions. It came
from the library of the Archbishop of Toledo.
The arms of Portugal and Spain are emblazoned
on each map. Another Portolano, printed at
Venice in 1490, is divided into two parts. The
first has a separate colophon. The work is the
first edition. It is cited by Panzer and Hain,
but it is evident that neither of them had ever
seen it. The authorship is ascribed to Aloisio
Cadamosto, the famous navigator and companion
of Prince Henry of Portugal. It was reprinted
under his name at Venice in 1806.
Gabriel Wells, of New York, recently obtained
about three hundred unpublished letters of the poet
James Whitcomb Riley. They are all addressed to
Miss Clara L. Bottsford, with whom Riley was
in love. She was a school teacher whose home
was at Philadelphia, Ind., near Greenfield. The
letters begin in 1877 and continue to 1885. They
were written at the rate of about three a week.
In them Riley gives interesting details of his life.
He speaks of his lecture tours, his career as an
author, and other matters. Some of the letters
are humorous and others are pathetic. In the
final letter Riley announces that the engagement
between them is broken off. He speaks of Miss
Bottsford's conduct toward him, and says that he
now realizes that their love-making was all a
dream. He tells her that she is not worthy of
his love. He asks her to return all the letters he
has written to her and promises to send back all
that she has written to him. Miss Bottsford
subsequently married a saloon-keeper. She is now
dead.' Besides teaching school she wrote poetry,
some of which appeared in the Indianapolis
"Journal.” In his letters Riley speaks of her
poems and suggests some corrections and altera-
tions. She did not return the letters as he asked.
Mr. Wells has since sold the letters to a collector
interested in the publication of such material.
A second volume of autobiography, continu-
ing the account begun in "My Childhood,”
and telling how he worked as doorboy in a
shoe store, assistant in an ikon shop, helper in
an architect's office, cook's assistant on
Volga steamboat, etc.
Important as a revelation, through the eager
wide-awake eyes of a boy, of the life of all
lower Russia. Standing in its midst, young
Gorky looks around and reports the world
bounded by his varying horizon, always with
passionate sincerity, and often with flaming
beauty.
Three things are of paramount interest in
his story: the men with whom he came into
contact and their influence in his mental and
moral attitude toward life; the books with
which, during the impressionable adolescent
years, he fed his imagination to forget the dis-
agreeable work-a-day world; and that marvel-
ous old woman, his grandmother, of whom it
has been said that “she has the values of a
Rembrandt."
8vo, 507 pages. Price $2.00
THE RECONSTRUCTION
OF
POLAND AND THE NEAR EAST
By Herbert Adams Gibbons
The peace of the world will be endangered
unless at its close a just settlement is made.
What of the Poles? Without a national gov-
ernment for decades, victims of countless cruel
and ingenious devices planned to make them
despair of ever again having such a govern-
ment, much of their best blood scattered
abroad by emigration, yet Poland on its own
old territorial grounds is more numerous,
richer, and abler than it ever was. Mr. Gib-
bons brilliantly states the case for Poland, and
forecasts what should, and may, come to her
at the great settlement.
The situation in the Near East, including
not only the Balkan States but also Turkey
and Italy, Mr. Gibbons treats authoritatively,
pointing out the fundamental bases of a just
settlement.
12mo, 218 pages. Price $1.00
At All Bookstores
THE CENTURY CO., New York


122
[August 16
THE DIAL
NOTES AND NEWS
“AT MCCLURG'S”
It is of interest and importance
to Librarians to know that the
books reviewed and advertised
in this magazine can be pur-
chased from us at advantageous
prices by
Public Libraries, Schools,
Colleges and Universities
In addition to these books we
have an exceptionally large
stock of the books of all pub-
lishers - a more complete as-
sortment than can be found on
the shelves of any other book-
store in the entire country. We
solicit correspondence from
librarians unacquainted with
our facilities.
LIBRARY DEPARTMENT
A.C. McClurg & Co., Chicago
Of the contributors to the present issue, Bayard
Boyesen is chiefly known as a writer on art. His
close association with Mr. Spingarn enables him
to write with unusual authority on the work of
one of the ablest of our American critics.
Edward Sapir, who is interested in using his
scientific knowledge to illuminate literary criticism,
is head of the division of anthropology of the
Geological Survey of Canada. He was educated
at Columbia University.
Ward Swain was educated at Columbia Univer-
sity and the University of Paris, specializing in
history and sociology,
M. C. Otto is a teacher of philosophy at the
University of Wisconsin.
Donald R. Richberg is a Chicago lawyer who has
done effective work for the cause of political lib-
eralism in the Middle West. He has associated
himself, both as writer and speaker, with the move-
ment for a more progressive organization of our
industrial and social life.
Who is Martie?
She wanted to live, and so she went out
more than halfway to meet life, came to
grips with it, and finally emerged
“Martie
The Unconquered”
The publisher regrets to announce the resignation
of Mr. Travis Hoke, who has been associated with
The Dial since its change of management. Mr.
Hoke has accepted a responsible position with the
publishing firm of Reilly & Britton, of Chicago,
having been placed in charge of advertising and
manufacturing. He is succeeded by Miss Mary
Carlock, who has been engaged in journalism since
her graduation from the University of Chicago.
One hundred years ago this summer Harper &
Brothers published their first book.
On August 18 the George W. Jacobs Co. will
publish “The Flag,” by Homer Greene, a story of
an American in the Foreign Legion.
Announcement is made that Messrs. Doubleday,
Page & Co. have acquired the rights to the com-
plete and authorized works of Walt Whitman.
The $100 prize offered by Doubleday, Page & Co.
for the best essay on William McFee's novel,
“Casuals of the Sea,” has been awarded to Wilson
Follett.
A. C. McClurg & Co. announce a book for
lovers of the dune lands: “The Sand Dunes of
Indiana,” by Dr. E. Stillman Bailey. There are
many pictures.
A forthcoming book is Ernest Peixotto's "A
Revolutionary Pilgrimage,” to scenes made famous
in our war for independence. It comes from the
press of Charles Scribner's Sons.
Messrs. Little, Brown & Co. have just pub-
lished “The Lookout Man," by B. M. Bower, and
"Amarilly in Love,” by Belle K. Maniates, author
of "Amarilly of Clothes-Line Alley.”
Howard Brubaker, whose amusing story of boy
life, "Ranny," was a July offering through Harper
& Brothers, was born in Warsaw, Indiana, and
is now one of the editors of “Collier's Weekly."
The honorary degree of Doctor of Civil Laws
was conferred upon Archibald Henderson by the
University of the South at the commencement, June
12, in recognition of his work as "author, critic, and
historian."
She is the heroine of Kathleen Norris's
new novel of that name, and epic of
American womanhood, in which every
woman will find much of herself, and
every man a newunderstanding of woman-
kind. Mrs. Norris says: "The story of
Martie is the most serious literary effort
I ever made." ("Martie The Uncon-
quered," by Kathleen Norris. Illustrated.
Net, $1.35.)
At All Booksellers
Published by
DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY
GARDEN CITY
NEW YORK


1917]
123
THE DIAL
|
--
“In These Latter
Days"
An Exposition of the Times
BY HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT
Published by The Blakely-Oswald Co., Chicago
At the bookstores, $2.
Two years ago, while the cry was peace at any
price, Mr. Bancroft wrote, “Better the United
States should join the Allies than that Germany
should win.” He said also, then as now, Beware
of Nippon; beware of breeding Japanese in Amer-
ica for American citizenship; safeguard China;
hold the Pacific; elevate public morality; purify
government,-in a word Americanize America,
and this ever with renewed hope thanking God
for the wisdom and power to fight for the honor
and integrity of the nation.
"The Interlopers”
"Egotism in German Philosophy," by George
Santayana, which was reviewed in the last issue
of The DIAL, is an importation of Charles Scrib-
ner's Sons. The English publishers are J. M.
Dent & Sons.
Carroll Dana Winslow, author of "With the
French Flying Corps" (Scribner's Sons), has left
the French service, in which he won distinction as
an officer, to become a captain in the American
Aeroplane Service.
One of the best war stories ever written was
"The Red Badge of Courage," by Stephen Crane.
A new edition is now being published by D. Apple-
ton & Co. with a foreword by Arthur Guy Empey,
author of "Over the Top.”
"Business Statistics," compiled by M. T. Cope-
land and published by the Harvard University
Press, deals with records kept in everyday business,
and is the first discussion of statistics prepared for
the use of chief executives.
Miss Leona Dalrymple, fortunate author of
"Diane of the Green Van" and of “The Lovable
Meddler," has written a new book, “Kenny,” now
announced by the Reilly & Britton Co. It is a story
of New York studio life.
Professor Edward H. Hale, of Union College,
Schenectady, N. Y., is preparing a two-volume
work containing the life and letters of his father,
Dr. Edward Everett Hale, to be published in the
autumn by Little, Brown & Co.
Heinemann of London has for autumn publica-
tion, among others, two books by John Galsworthy
--his new novel "Beyond” and a collection of his
short stories, to be entitled “Five Tales”-and a
new novel by Eden Phillpotts, “Chronicles of St.
Tyd."
Charles Rann Kennedy this year celebrated his
first Fourth-of-July as an American citizen, having
taken the oath of allegiance on the third in the
United States Court in New York. He is now
at work on a new play which Harper & Brothers
will publish.
The University of Chicago Press has just pub-
lished “First Lessons in Spoken French for Doc-
tors and Nurses,” a companion volume to "First
Lessons in Spoken French for Men in Military
Service," and a third handbook "Le Soldat Améri-
cain en France."
The John Lane Company has just brought out
Isaac F. Marcosson's “The Rebirth of Russia";
“Poems of Charles Warren Stoddard," collected
by Ina Coolbrith and edited by Thomas Walsh;
and the “Studio Year Book for 1917,” the latter
copiously illustrated.
Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co. have in press:
"The Method in the Madness: A Fresh Con-
sideration of the Case Between Germany and Our-
selves," by Edwin R. Bevan; "What Germany is
Fighting For," by Sir Charles Waldstein; "The
First Violations of International Law by Ger-
many (Luxembourg and Belgium)," by Louis
Renault; “International Conventions and Third
States," by Ronald F. Roxburgh; "The Public
School System in Relation to the Coming Conflict
for National Supremacy," by V. Seymour Bryant.
Published by The Bancroft Co., New York
A novel by Griffing Bancroft, illustrating the
incompatibility, and danger to the republic, of two
progressive races occupy the same field. The
author, a son of Hubert Howe Bancroft, is a grad-
uate of Harvard, admitted to practise law. Pre-
ferring life in the open, he developed a 1000-acre
fruit farm at San Diego, California, specializing in
olives. This, his first book, opens for him a new
career. Living amidst such scenes as he depicts,
with the threatened evils of political hybridism
ever before him, he nevertheless holds himself
well in hand, and in clear logical sequence weaves
problem and performance into fascinating story
with remarkable mental equipoise and fairness.
NEW BOOKS
C Thousands of new books have been
announced for publication this fall.
We are wholesale dealers in the
books of all publishers and can therefore
supply any of these new books to
libraries and other institutions.
Write for our catalogues
THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO.
Wholesale Dealers in the Books of all Publishers
354 Fourth Ave. NEW YORK at Twenty-Sixth St.


12+
(August 16
THE DIAL
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
[The following list, containing 95 titles, includes
books received by The Dial since its last issue.]
The Editor
is a weekly magazine for writers
It is twenty-two years old. Those who conduct it
like to think of it as a weekly visitor to ambitious
writers, as a visitor who must not be pretentious,
not dull, but friendly and helpful. Recognizing that
writing may be an art, or a trade, or a profession
- what the writer himself makes it-THE EDITOR
tries to tell writers, so far as such things may be
taught, how to write stories, articles, verses and
plays, etc. One thing it does, in a way that never
has been equalled, is to bring to the attention of
writers news of all the opportunities to sell their
work. News of current prize competitions is a
weekly feature. Editorials on copyright and authors'
literary property rights are frequent.
P. C. Macfarlane says that THE EDITOR'S lead-
ing articles, which usually are written by Charles
Leonard Moore, are the best essays on writing being
published today.
THE EDITOR has a department devoted to let.
ters in which successful contemporary writers tell
of the genesis, development and writing of certain
of their published stories.
A yearly subscription (52 weekly numbers) costs
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Single copies are 10 cts. each.
THE EDITOR
Box D
Ridgewood, New Jersey
Those Whom The
War Hits Hardest
according to the British Relief Society,
are the families of professional men.
These include the families of the men
of arts and letters. Usually well-born,
accustomed to advantages of human
civilization, they frequently find them-
selves in want, when the head of the
house is summoned to the colors or
killed in action.
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
Through the Year with Thoreau. Edited by Her-
bert W. Gleason. Illustrated, 8vo, 135 pages.
Houghton Mifflin Co. $3.
Henry Thoreau as Remembered by a Young Friend.
By Edward Waldo Emerson. 16mo, 152 pages.
Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25.
The Journal of Leo Tolstoi (1895-99). Translated
from the Russian by Rose Strunsky. 12mo, 427
pages. Alfred A. Knopf. $2.
In the World. By Maxim Gorky. 12mo, 507 pages.
The Century Co. $2.
Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe. By Sir Edward Thorpe.
Frontispiece, 8vo, 208 pages. Longmans, Green,
& Co. $2.50.
A Doctor's Diary in Damaraland, By H. F. B.
Walker. Illustrated, 8vo, 207 pages. Long-
mans, Green, & Co. $2.10.
Warren-Adams Letters, Vol. 1. Frontispiece, 8vo,
382 pages.
Massachusetts Historical Society.
To Mexico with Scott. Letters of Captain E. Kirby
Smith to his wife. Edited by his daughter
Emma Jerome Blackwood. With frontispiece,
12mo, 223 pages. Harvard University Press.
$1.25.
A Soldier's Memories. By Major-General Sir George
Younghusband. Illustrated, 8vo, 355 pages,
E.
P. Dutton & Co. $5.
Through Life and Round the World, By Raymond
Blathwayt. Illustrated, 8vo, 436 pages. E. P.
Dutton & Co. $3.50.
A Student in Arms. Second Series. By Donald
Hankey. 12mo, 246 pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co.
$1.50.
Letters of Arthur George Heath. With Memoir by
Gilbert Murray. 12mo, 222 pages. Longmans,
Green, & Co. $1.25.
President Wilson from an English Point of View.
By H. Wilson Harris. With frontispiece. 12mo,
278 pages.
Frederick A. Stokes Co. $1.75.
Scotty Kid. Told by Li-ke-ke. Godfathered by
Father Endeavor Clark. With frontispiece,
12mo, 212 pages. The Abingdon Press. $1.
Heroes of the Campus. By Joseph W. Cochran.
16mo, 168 pages. Presbyterian Board of Publi-
cation, 60 cts.
ESSAYS AND GENERAL LITERATURE.
The Moderns-Essays in Literary Criticism. By
John Freeman. 12mo, 341 pages.
Thomas Y.
Crowell Co. $1.75.
Two Years Before the Mast. By Richard H. Dana.
Illustrated, 12mo, 415 pages. Thomas Y. Crowell
Co. $1.60.
The Modern Job. By Etienne Giran. 8vo, 92 pages.
The Open Court Publishing Co. 75 cts.
Characters of Shapespeare's Plays. By William
Hazlitt. 16mo, 287 pages. Oxford University
Press. 45 cts.
The House in Order. By Louise Collier Willcox.
16mo, 27 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. 25 cts.
Francis Thompson Essays. By Benjamin Fisher.
12mo, 61 pages.
Franklin Publishing Co. (Can-
ton, Ohio).
FICTION.
Peter Ibbetson. By George Du Maurier. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 418 pages. Harper & Bros. $2.
Helen of Four Gates. By an Ex-Mill-Girl. 12mo,
307 pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50.
The Joyful Years. By F. T. Wawn. 12mo, 468 pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50.
Off with the Old Love. By Guy Fleming. 12mo,
324 pages. Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.50.
Gone to Earth. By Mary Webb. 12mo, 316 pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50.
The New Carthage. By Georges Eekhoud. Trans-
lated by Lloyd R. Morris. 12mo, 368
pages.
Duffield & Co. $1.50.
The Master of the Hills. By Sarah Johnson Cocke.
12mo, 327 pages. E. P. Button & Co. $1.50.
Ranny. By Howard Brubaker. Illustrated, 12mo,
326 pages. Harper & Bros. $1.40.
Christine. By Alice Cholmondeley. 12mo, 250 pages.
The Macmillan Co. $1.25.
Turn to the Right. By Bennet Musson. 12mo, 291
pages. Duffield & Co. $1.35.
The Authors' League Fund cares
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Relief?
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--
--
-
1917]
THE DIAL
125
F. M. HOLLY Authors' and Publishers'
Representative
156 Fifth Avenue, New York (Istablished 1905)
MIRI AD VOLL KFORLATION WILL BJ SENT ON LBOULST
THE NEW YORK BUREAU OF REVISION
Thirty-seventh Year. LETTERS OF CRITICISM, EXPERT
REVISION OF MSS. Advice as to publication. Address
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ANNA PARMLY PARET
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291 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK
After many years of editorial experience with Harper & Brothers,
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Fees reasonable. Terms sent on application.
00
"THE MOSHER BOOKS"
At the outset I only wanted to make a few beauti-
ful books."
And because I could not devise another format
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own for describing these books, I retain it with a
few improvements in the present Catalogue. Free
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THOMAS BIRD MOSHER, Portland, Maine.
$1.
The Inner Door. By Alan Sullivan. With frontis-
piece, 12mo, 388 pages. The Century Co. $1.35.
Martie the Uneonquered. By Kathleen Norris. Il-
lustrated, 12mo, 376 pages. Doubleday, Page &
Co.
$1.35.
Sube Cane. By Edward Bellamy Partridge. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 356 pages. The Penn Publishing
Co. $1.35.
In the Night. By R. Gorell Barnes. 12mo, 244
pages. Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.25.
The Snare. By Rafael Sabatini. 12mo, 313 pages.
J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.25.
The Play of Life. By Alta Florence Armstrong.
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The Little Old Lady. By Lynn Harold Hough. 12mo,
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Where It Touches the Ground. By Montanye Perry.
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The Whistling Mother. By Grace S. Richmond.
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From Death to Life. A. Apukhtin. Translated by
R. Frank and E. Huybers. Illustrated, 16mo, 63
pages. R. Frank.
POETRY.
Poems of Charles Warren Stoddard. Collected by
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In War Time. By May Wedderburn Cannan. 12mo,
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Oxford Univ. Press. (Longmans,
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The Shadow. 16mo, 47 pages. Houghton Mifflin
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Windows. By Christopher Johnson and E. B. C.
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Backgrounds. By Grace Mary Golden. 16mo, 24
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Present-Day American Poetry. By H. Houston
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Complete U. S. Infantry Guide. From Government
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pincott Co. $6.
The Junior Plattsburg Manual. By Captain E. B.
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The Airman. By Francis A. Collins. Illustrated,
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Six Months on the Italian Front. By Julius M.
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Italy at War. By Herbert Vivian. Illustrated, 8vo,
370 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $2.50.
The Basis of Durable Peace. By Cosmos. 12mo, 144
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America's Case Against Germany. By Lindsay Rog-
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The Rebirth of Russia. By Isaac F. Marcosson.
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The War Against War and the Enforcement of
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First Violations of International Law by Germany.
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Life and Death, Religion, Property and Class
Distinction, Government and Violence and the
personal problems of Love and Marriage and Sex.
At All bookshops
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126
[August 16
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[August 30
THE DIAL
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THE DIAL
VOLUME LXIII
No. 748
AUGUST 30, 1917
CONTENTS
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
A PLEA FOR SHORTER Novels Henry B. Fuller
139
WILLIAM JAMES
H. M. Kallen
141
LITERARY AFFAIRS IN LONDON
Edward Shanks.
144
A FRUSTRATED PROPHET OF PACIFISM Joseph Jastrow.
146
AN AMERICAN HUMANIST
Randolph Bourne . 148
Three ENGLISH POETS
Conrad Aiken
150
THE RELIGION OF PATRIOTISM
Max Sylvius Handman . 152
GORKY
George Bernard Donlin 154
THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION Frederick Warren Jenkins 155
PROGRESS IN EDUCATION
Bayard Boyesen
156
MYTHOLOGY IN THE MAKING
Helen A. Clarke
. 158
THE RELAXING GRIP OF PRUSSIANISM C. H..
. 159
Edith WHARTON.
John Macy
. 161
Notes On New FICTION
162
The Red Planet.—Young Low.—The Livery of Eve.-His Own Country. The
Master of the Hills.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
164
Raymond, or Life and Death.-The Moderns.—Turkey, Greece, and the Great
Powers.-State Sanitation.—The Lovers.—The Living Present.-Women in War.
-Confessions of a War Correspondent.--Second Wind.-An Introduction to
Social Psychology.—The Fragrant Note Book.
CASUAL COMMENT
. 168
ANNOUNCEMENT OF FALL BOOKS
. 169
Notes FOR BIBLIOPHILES
. 172
NOTES AND News
174
LIST OF New BOOKS.
· 179
LIST OF SHOPS WHERE THE DIAL IS ON SALE .
· 182
.
.
.
.
.
GEORGE BERNARD DONLIN, Editor
MARY CARLOCK, Associate
Contributing Editors
CONRAD AIKEN
PADRAIC COLUM
ЈонN MACY
THEODORB STANTON
RANDOLPH BOURNE
HENRY B. FULLER
JOHN E. ROBINSON
WILLIAM ASPENWALL BRADLEY
H. M. KALLEN
J. C. SQUIRE
THE DIAL (founded in 1880 by Francis F. Browne) is published fortnightly, twenty-four times
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eign subscriptions $3.50 per year.
Entered as Second-class matter Oct. 8, 1892, at the Post Office at Chicago, under the Act of
March 3, 1879.
Published by The Dial Publishing Company, Martyn Johnson, President; Willard C. Kitchel,
Secretary-Treasurer, at 608 South Dearborn Street, Chicago.


138
[August 30, 1917
THE DIAL
THE NEW SEPTEMBER BOOKS
Hamlin Garland's New Novel
A Son of the Middle Border
“An Autobiography that ranks with the very greatest in literature.”
- William Dean Howells
The simple homely story of the American Pioneer is told in this book. It is a
tale of courage and of vision, setting forth with a wealth of intimate detail the daily
lives of a typical American family on the Western frontier in the generation follow-
ing the Civil War. Isabel and Richard Garland face many a privation and hardship
but through it all they keep their faith and see, for the most part, the glory of their
great adventure. The narrative of their experiences of the things which they suffer
and enjoy-is a human document of rare and permanent interest, the central charac-
ters of which are figures of national significance.
III. $1.60. Autograph Edition, $2.50
a
H. G. Wells's New Novel
Ready September 12
The Soul of a
Bishop
By the Author of "Mr. Britling”
As in "Mr. Britling Sees It
Through,” Mr. Wells shows
the astounding effect of the
Great War on the normal
civilian life of England, so
in this new novel he shows
its effect on that bulwark of
society, the church.
The Bishop, brought up in
reverence for the forms of re-
ligion, is overwhelmed by the
terrific questions that the war
hurls upon him, questions
which these forms cannot help
him
Mr. Wells's
solution is revolutionary, yet
his book is deeply religious.
The publication of “The Soul
of a Bishop" comes at an apt
moment-the moment when
America is beginning to real-
ize her own part in the world
crisis and envisage some of
the material and spiritual
transformations it may bring.
Published September 12
Other New Macmillan Books
CHRISTINE. By Alice Cholmondeley.
As a vivid revealing picture of the German people this
novel is a triumph. Christine's story shows the ennobled
pathos of the war as few novels have done. "Alice Chol-
mondeley deserves our congratulations and hearty thanks.
She has written a book which is absorbingly interesting,
with much in it of beauty and even more of truth.”—New
York Times. $1.25.
A DEFENCE OF IDEALISM: Some
Questions and Conclusions. By May Sinclair.
Among the subjects treated by Miss Sinclair are: The
Pan Psychicism of Samuel Butler, Vitalism, Pragmatism,
The New Realism and The New Mysticism. $2.00.
NATIONALISM. By Sir Rabindranath Tagore.
In addition to other matter this volume contains Sir
Rabindranath's famous lecture, Nationalism, the lecture
which of all of those delivered by him on his recent tour
of the United States provoked the most discussion and
$1.25.
JAPAN IN WORLD POLITICS
By K. K. Kawakami.
The author, a native Japanese, is thoroughly familiar with
the topics which he treats and to them he brings much
fresh information. $1.50.
GRANNT MAUMEE: The Rider of
Dreams: Simon the Cyrenean.
Mr. Torrence has caught the real spirit of negro life and
imprisoned it in these plays. Presented successfully in New
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players, they were seen to be both dramatic in situation,
true in character and appealing as to theme.
Published September 5
comment.
answer.
a
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, Publishers, New York
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THE DIAL
A Fortnightly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
A Plea for Shorter Novels
Swollen novels, like swollen fortunes, Real art, the writer goes on, repeti-
have come to be a good deal of a nuisance. tiously, consists not in telling a story, but
We read too much, just as we eat too in finding one which you can use to tell
much-our fiction is too long, just as our what interests you, and that only. To dis-
dinners are too heavy.
cover the nature of your own interest in
The cause of the swollen novel is dis- life, to ascertain what you know about
closed in part by an anonymous English human beings, and to express that in the
essayist who has been tracing the develop- form of a story,—such is the task of the
ment of long-form fiction through the past novelist. You may do what you like with
century. His attack is chiefly against the
your plot provided you get your own inter-
conventional paraphernalia of novel-mon-
est, your own knowledge, into it. The
gering when employed by second-rate history of the novel through the past
hands, and he sets forth some principles hundred years is incoherent, because our
of his own to replace a perfunctory and
novelists have not, consciously and with
worn-out service; yet almost as much that increasing determination, set themselves
is objectionable crops out in the ideals he
to the task.
holds up as in the practices he condemns.
Interest yourself; express your inter-
The point of departure is Samuel But-
est.
ler, author of that exceptional novel, “The
All amateurs do so; and that, finally,
Way of All Flesh”—a good citation and
“is why amateurs have had such astonish-
a timely. Butler, it is maintained, has
pointed out better than any other novelisting success with the novel.”
Well, it might be maintained that all
the right way to the novel, has better ex-
novelists—at least near the beginning-
pressed the law of its being. That law
are amateurs; indeed, it might be asserted
appears to be this: the novelist should
that the art of novel-writing, through lack
use the story as a means of talking about
of instruction and of a body of systematic
all that interests him most, and about noth-
rules to govern practice, is the amateur's
ing that does not interest him. Construc-
art par excellence. The amateur has more
tion, in a novel, is not the art of exciting enthusiasm (or "interest”) than discipline;
by means of the connection of incident
and lack of discipline makes for diffuse-
with incident: it is the art of leaving out, ness and formlessness. These two have
without incoherence, all that does not always been the capital defects of the Eng-
interest the writer and of putting in all lish novel, and even such modern British
that does. Dostoevsky expressed nothing practitioners as have lived in France and
but his own intense interests; Jane Austen have studied their art there have not al-
saw that a plot should be to the novelist
ways been able to leave behind them that
a means of expressing his own interests, slackness which is one of their racial
not of trying to interest his readers. Stiff
characteristics. The loose-tongued, self-
doctrine, this, and unpalatable to the arri- indulgent Englishman chats, sprawls, goes
viste; yet the intending novelist is urged quite ungirt; and the essayist of the Lon-
to learn from such authors, so actuated, don “Times" finds justification and indul-
rather than from the competent hacks
gence for him.
whose works, by the time they are ten Of course the cardinal point of “inter-
years old, seem but a mass of stale con- est” remains quite unshaken,—if we are
trivance.
dealing with the artist and not with the


140
[August 30
THE DIAL
even in
mere purveyor.
Yet even the artist, test against the process. That indicates
though he has chosen his theme on the a lack of self-discipline such as threatens
basis of "interest,” must sometimes exe- to lead on almost to a disintegration of
cute longueurs or face the scène-à-faire- mental fibre. Surely, a man should know
just as the portrait-painter, for example, what he is after, and should go after it-
must sometimes reconcile himself to giving straight. The long novel too often sug-
about so many square feet of dull, drab gests the unpacked trunk—the contents
background. The essential difference is, have never been compactly brought to-
of course, that the canvas is seen at a gether at all, but are spread loosely, and
glance, with its longueurs automatically often at random, over bed, chairs
, and
subordinated or ignored, while the novel is floor. If one's material is to take the
usually (or sometimes) taken page by journey to other lands, or to posterity, or
ge, as the pages run, with the arid tracts even through the day's market, it ought to
in complete evidence. Now and then be packed in for the trip. It must have
appears an author who will banish the compression—and the form that ensues.
drab and the arid; every page must Compressed form is itself one of the mani-
sparkle, every paragraph must aid the festations of forcean evidence of vigor.
grand élan: the result is the fidgeting The novel of to-day should be required
rapidity of “Candide" or of the “Dolly to bant. I believe that a novelist can say
Dialogues.” Any style is permissible save his say in 60,000 words, or
" the ennuyeux-yet even the most rapid and 50,000. I believe that in 50,000 words,
—
brilliant style becomes a weariness if it properly packed, he can even cover long
represents too long and systematic an eva- periods of time and can handle adequately
sion.
a large number of individuals and of
"Interest" is, of course, but another family groups. Much of the accepted
form of confidence. They are the two apparatus must, of course, be thrown into
sides of one shield. The author who says,
, the discard. I would be indulgent toward
"I have enough interest in this topic to the preliminary exposition, but not far be-
develop it in extenso and full confidence in yond it. One should rule out long descrip-
my ability to hold my reader's attention tions of persons—such things are nugatory
through all my amplifications and wander- and vain : with your best effort the reader
ings,” is doubly armed. To confidence- sees only what he has seen, and figures
coupled with industry—is due about nine-
your personage on the basis of his own
tenths of “Clayhanger.” You are carried experience and recollection. One must
on by the author's absorption in his sub- abolish set descriptions of places, unless
ject and by his serene assumption that he unique, remote, unfamiliar; for the world,
can carry you on. "Skip ?" exclaimed a in these days of easy travel and abundant
reader in the midst of Mr. Bennett's great depiction, has come to know itself pretty
trilogy; "where can you skip to?" And
And well. One will banish all "conversation,
indeed you are on a wide prairie that whatever its vraisemblance to life, if it
makes its own horizon, and there is noth- merely fills the page without illuminating
ing to do but trudge ahead.
it. I would sweep away, as would the
The novel is expected to have at least writer I am commenting upon, all labor-
75,000 words. One of 90,000 is still of ious effort on stuff that is dragged in
moderate length. One of 125,000 may be because someone will think it "ought to
taxed with embonpoint. One of 150,000 be there"-clichés, conventional scenes and
or more-unless the words are demon- situations. To prevent sprawl and form-
strably necessary—may fairly be pro- lessness I favor a division into "books,
""
nounced gross. Í recall the instance of a and a division of the books into sections.
novelist who wrote half a million wordsThus articulation and proportion will be
from which to cull 125,000 for his volume. secured, as in the case of an architectural
Even if one has no reason to complain order; and one will be better able to down
of the result, he has a good right to pro- the rising head of verbosity.


1917]
141
THE DIAL
"Real art” does not consist in finding of form, of organism, of definition, of
a story in which you can tell what interests boundaries. The artist will express his
you, and that only. Such a step indeed “interest”-heaven forbid that he should
makes an advantageous preliminary, and not; but it must be an interest disciplined
may free one in advance from some of by, and within, metes and bounds, an in-
the botherations lying in wait—reluctant terest which shall result in a unified im-
love passages, repellent sex-discussions, pression that depends much upon the
scenes of violence and bloodshed with
time-element and on the simple counting
which one may have no proper affinity, of words. Words sometimes darken coun-
indelicate "close-ups" which explore and
exploit poor humanity beyond the just and even wreck artistic intention.
sel; and too many of them may becloud
.
bounds of decorum, and such like. “Real
art" is, and will remain, largely a matter
HENRY B. FULLER.
*William James
Europe knows at present but one Ameri- tinental North America. It was the urge
can philosopher. This is William James. within the heart of the Puritan pioneers,
And Europe knows him as the American of the Pilgrim Fathers. It helped them to
philosopher, because in the most intimate fight the wilds in nature and in man, to
and specific way, he is the philosopher of build their community, and to order their
America. In the history of philosophy, lives. It was an intense thing and it was
there are always two streams of ten- a learned thing. The wilds of nature,
dency which cross each other and in- however, rejected the sophistications of
terpenetrate often but never remain learning; they required strength of body
coincident throughout their course. The and sincerity of soul. The Calvinist tra-
first and more fundamental is the spon- dition hence became mitigated under the
taneous envisagement of the world and stress of the conflict between man and na-
of man, the vision of the place of man ture which necessitated the belief in neigh-
in nature and of his destiny under the as- borly good will, in human initiative, in
pect of eternity. The second is largely continual trustworthiness, in responsibil-
commentary on the first. The first is com- ity, and in freedom. What the Calvinist
posed of theories of life, rooting deep in brought to America and what he there
the experiences and adventures of man- learned were opposites. The life of
kind. The second is essentially a pedan- America consequently Aowed away from
try which elaborates, in the manner of Calvinism into other courses. Its rôle was
the professor, the implications of the first changed from the dynamic organization of
and carries it to the limit of logical re- an emotion into the skeleton of an idea.
finement, until it is displaced by a fresh It became the preoccupation of the school-
vision at the hands of a fresh thinker. man, thin in utterance, vaguely optimistic
Most philosophy in America has been sec- in sentiment, and completely irrelevant to
ondary, professorial, irrelevant to the the problems of life and living. From
actual course of life and thought in this Jonathan Edwards to Josiah Royce, it
country. Its roots lay in a tradition which retained this character. Even in 'Emer-
the circumstances of life rejected and son, it failed to come to close grips with
which the adventure of living falsified.
the realities with which human life in
This tradition is that of Calvinism. Calvin America was dealing. .
had a vision which infected great groups
That life flowed on, pioneer. It was
of European people. The light of that positive, even in its superstitions and over-
vision led them to undergo many hardships
and to undertake many difficulties. For
Thorndike, of Columbia University, and reprinted in THE
one it drove a company of them to con-
*Written for the University Edition of The Warner Li-
brary, now in course of publication under the editorial
direction of Professors John W. Cunliffe and Ashley H.
DIAL with permission of the publishers of the Library.


142
[August 30
THE DIAL
1
!
1
beliefs, whether these be Mormonism or and destiny of man when human life is
Christian Science, or the undiscriminating apprehended at its fighting weight, and its
good-fellowship of Walt Whitman. In its form and go come under direct observa-
higher reaches it was cheerful, humorous, tion. What then appears is mankind
experimental, with faith in its own power; struggling for survival in a world which
adventurous without being romantic, pious was not made for it but in which it grew.
.
without ceasing to be essentially human- This world is characterized by a grow-
istic. It was the spirit that trekked acrossing diversity and manyness. Not only are
the American continent, that mined the man and all living things seeking to win a
gold, that fought the Civil War, that built livelihood at the risk of their lives, but in-
the railways, that converted a wilderness animate nature itself is composed of mul-
into a civilization. It is forward-looking, titudes, each one of which has a character,
industrious, democratic. It is the spirit an idiosyncrasy and selfhood, the destruc-
of the industrial democracy of Europe as
tion of which it resists and the conserva-
well, but without the hampering past of tion of which seems to be the endeavor of
mankind in Europe. It is the spirit of the its existence. Each thing in this world is
rising masses of Europe, confronting, not autonomous and self-governed. It exists
a conflict with the repressive machinery of with other things only in so far as it has
a caste-hardened social order, but virgin succeeded in making an adjustment to
Nature, and building a new and freer civ- them, only in so far as it has succeeded in
ilization of her substance. It is this spirit establishing, in a word, certain habits and
which the philosophy of William James forms of interaction, which make up the
expresses. And it is for this reason that actual unities of the world we live in and
his vogue in Europe is proportional to his know. All these unities are not primary but
articulate visioning of the unconscious secondary. They are habits of behaving
guiding forces in the life and hopes of which things develop toward each other in
America. His philosophy is a theory of order that they may be together at all.
life, not made in the schools but gathered We call them “laws of nature," but even
through deep sympathy with the hearts of the most fundamental of the laws of nat-
men whose beating his own responded to, ure are no more. The laws of mechanics,
the wide world over.
of thermodynamics, of chemistry—they
For significantly enough, though James also change, evolve, accommodate. There
was an American thinker, his training was was a time when they were not, and there
very far from American. The parental will be a time when they shall not be.
household in which he spent his childhood What in truth characterizes the world as
was that of a Swedenborgian clergyman
a whole is the fact that all of its parts are
whose concrete spiritism made a lasting constantly undergoing mutations—muta-
modification of James's mind. His youth tions sometimes compelled from without,
was spent in schools in French Switzer- and always arising from within. All the
land, in France itself, and in England. items in the world are changing items-
He studied painting with Holman Hunt, novelties keep constantly emerging—and
and nature with Louis Agassiz. He was they either succeed in winning a place for
in succession a painter, a physician, a
themselves in the cosmos or disappear.
physiologist, a psychologist, and a philoso- The cosmos itself is like a team of in-
pher. After 1872 he was one of the best dividuals who have attained to a certain
known members of the Harvard faculty. mode of being and acting together. It is
His theory of life is technically known a happening, not an eternal form, and its
as Pragmatism. He got the word from unity is contingent upon the assent, the
Charles Peirce, and he called it himself a formed habits, of its constituents.
new name for an old way of thinking. In this cosmos, man has happened, an
But this old way of thinking might as well infinitesimal scrap in an infinite universe.
have been called Americanism, for it is He is no more central to the world than
substantially the perception of the nature any other thing, not even the gods. For
1
1


1917]
143
THE DIAL
a
gods there may be, differing in kind and dispensable assumption of scientific meth-
in individuality just as there are men; and od, and Pragmatism is a theory of scien-
having qualities of consciousness with tific method.
which religious experience suggests men James's thinking was impregnated and
may come into touch and be helped—or fertilized through and through by this as-
frustrated. These gods also may be part sumption. His associations of childhood
of the cosmic team. They also, if they and his youthful training had given him
are, must undergo change, must struggle the power of sympathetic insight into the
for survival, must work together with motives and bases for the great variety of
men and things for the maintenance of the human demands, both superstitious and
ordered world, in an environment which intelligent. Lover of peace and inter-
is infinitude.
nationalist as he was, he had sympathy
Working consequently,
,
successful even for the instincts which find expres-
working,—is the test
. Men and thoughts sion in war, and his proposal of a moral
and things are not born good, they make equivalent for it is one of the great docu-
good.
It is becoming, not being, that ments in the history of the socialization of
counts. All the organs and capacities of mankind.
man must be strong to maintain them- If one were to sum up in a single phrase
selves and to do their appropriate share James's attitude toward the world and to-
in maintaining the organism of which they ward human life, one might call it that of
are parts, if they and it are to survive. inetaphysical democracy. His sense for
Ideas, opinions, hypotheses, arising no individuality in things, his sense for the
matter how, all start really on the same right of things to their individuality stands
level. Each involves, at the outset, an out in all of his philosophical writing: that
act of faith, a willingness to believe in is really all that is implied in the meta-
the prosperity of its guidance, a willing- physics he has called “radical empiricism";
ness, consequently, to take the risk of that is really all that is implied in the
failure that is likely as not to come by method he has named Pragmatism. In
following its guidance. Each has to be ethics, of course, he was a humanist to
set to work to win its way in the control that degree that nothing human, even the
of that aspect of the world or of experi- most remote and fanciful of human things,
ence which it intends or designates. Each was alien to him. He acknowledged the
is true or false, not primarily but eventu- claim of each and asked for each an op-
ally, as it succeeds or fails in winning this portunity to justify itself by its works.
control. It follows that it is unwise as That is the tenor of the collection of es-
well as unjust to rule out, a priori, any says headed by the famous one on "The
hypothesis, any way of thinking, which as Will to Believe" (1897), and the “Talks
it appears makes a claim to truth. The
to Teachers," etc. (1899). That is the as-
right, the scientific action is to give it a sumption underlying his great two-volume
chance to make good its claim. No matter "Psychology" (1892), his "Pragma-
what an idea may be, it must be tested, tism" (1907), his “A Pluralistic Uni-
A
far possible, experimentally. verse" (1909), his posthumous “Some
Whether it be the conception of human Problems in Philosophy" (1911), the
survival after death, or of the character various essays in “Radical Empiricism”
of divinity, or the power of the mind to (1912), his study in the "Varieties of Re-
heal, it must not be rejected a priori. ligious Experience” (1902). In his think-
, a
There is a dogmatism and intolerance of ing what was fundamental and what was
science which can be quite as vicious as the best as well as what was most hopeful and
dogmatism and intolerance of religion. most fresh in the life of America and in
The important thing, in this changing the life of Western civilization as a whole
world, is the democratic equality of op- found its first free articulate philosophic
portunity to make good for ideas as well expression.
as for men. That is really the only in-
H. M. KALLEN.
so
as


144
[August 30
THE DIAL
Literary Affairs in London events which it describes take place within the
compass of a single night, from about six o'clock
(Special Correspondence of The DIAL.) in the evening to two or three in the following
The literary critic in London is beginning morning. There are six speaking characters-
nowadays to feel what old soldiers felt when Emmy, the housekeeping and dull sister; Jenny,
the Prince de Condé-or it may have been the adventurous sister who works "in the millin-
Turenne-undertook and carried out his classical ery"; their paralytic “Pa”; Alf, a young man,
winter campaign. They objected with justice the rejected lover of Jenny and the accepted
that if this innovation were to take root, the suitor of Emmy; Keith, Jenny's sailor lover;
soldier would get no rest and the leisurely indus-
and a chauffeur. But the story is not, as one
try of warfare would grow distasteful to persons
would imagine, overburdened with psychology or
of a quiet habit. And since Mr. Hall Caine and retrospective enquiries into the past careers of
Miss Marie Corelli led their victorious thou- these persons; nor is it a turmoil of overcrowded
sands into the middle of the slack season, the
adventures. The characters are exquisitely and
old routine of the year has been broken up and exactly drawn, each modelled and rounded into
the critic has been robbed of his rest in the hot a complete semblance of life. The book is not
weather.
padded out by unrelenting insistence on the
A scattered fire of volumes of all sorts has squalid vulgarity of the setting. The scene is
come from all the presses during the summer.
transformed as if by a rich light by Jenny's pas-
Poetry continues most amazingly to flourish. In- sionate and adventurous nature.
Emmy, who
telligent prophets predict darkly that it will pres- might have been a scolding drudge, is observed
ently altogether oust the novel, which, they say,
so lovingly and with so much pity as to make
is rapidly dying. But to me, at least, the mod- her acceptance of Alf touching and beautiful.
ern novel seems quite sufficiently alive. Look at
Even that solid and practical young man who,
the younger men and women who are writing it rebuffed by Jenny, approaches Emmy with a
in England to-day-D. H. Lawrence, Gilbert sad story of his landlady's cooking, becomes lik- .
Cannan, Francis Brett Young, Ford Madox able under the play of Mr. Swinnerton's humor.
Hueffer, Christopher Stone, John Palmer, Frank "Pa" might very well have been horrible with
Swinnerton, Viola Meynell, Sylvia Lynd. his paralysis, his senile childishness, and his hun-
I am not an enraptured reader of the works of all ger and thirst for "bready-butter pudding" and
I have mentioned; I even wish that some of them the evening dole of beer. The point of intense
would stop writing. But their color, their live- light in the story, round which the whole com-
liness, their observation, and their sense of lan- position is grouped, is the love of Jenny and
guage are incontestable. It will go hard with Keith.
us if we do not carry the English novel a few The scene on the yacht in which they declare
steps further in this generation than it has hith- their love is one of the most beautiful in recent
erto gone save in two or three very exceptional literature. But it is not isolated. This book,
books.
from its most workaday humor to its most mov-
The Victorian novel was always like a length ing situation, is one piece, attaining unity by
of cloth cut off a roll. But the ambition of the an unvarying truth of observation and candor
present century is to make it a complete, rounded,
and coolness of exposition. Yet of what vulgar
and orderly form, which shall leave one definite
materials it is made, is it not-slatternly, grum-
impression, and not a multitude of impressions, bling Emmy, pert, selfish, and eventually im-
on the mind of the reader. The prose story
moral Jenny, the horrible, senile father.
But since Mr. Swinnerton can make these things
tends to be a sprawling thing; it was in its origins
the child of "Le Grand Cyrus" by Richardson's
beautiful to us and yet leave them real, they
Pamela. Heredity has seemed to curse it; but
must, perhaps, be beautiful in themselves. We
may therefore hope for more novels like Mr.
it shows many signs now of escaping from orig- Swinnerton's
, since his appears not to have been
inal sin. One of the authors I have named,
Frank Swinnerton, has just produced a
It may be that the novel is learning from
most remarkable piece of work, called "Noc-
poetry, since poetry has become popular again.
turne.” I cannot rid myself of the conviction Lyric verse dare not sprawl; and the growing
that he did it for a bet; but he has written a public liking for it may indicate, or may be de-
beautiful, brilliant, and moving book. The veloping as a by-product, a taste for compact
•
.
a fluke.


1917]
145
THE DIAL
and workman-like things. However this may be, Mr. Francis Brett Young, whom I mentioned
it is certain that verse is beginning to share in earlier in this letter as a novelist, has recently
a kingdom hitherto reserved for the novel. The appeared as a poet of a sort directly opposite
fact that much indifferent or even nauseous verse to Mr. Monro. He was a serious and conscien-
is being written and read is in reality an excel- tious novelist; he is a serious and conscientious
lent sign. Let the public get accustomed to poet. He does not go sleepwalking after poetry;
metre and rhyme and the poets will do the rest. he sits down and thinks about it earnestly. But
Besides, there is always the lucky chance that the result is extremely satisfying. There is
the public will like the right thing for the nothing flimsy in what he writes; and if he is
wrong reasons, or in a state of vagueness as to a little clumsy and a little stilted, these defects
its reasons, or because it is bullied into liking it.
are obviously attendant on his chief quality,
It does not much matter, so long as contributions
which is intellectual power. How rare but how
are made to the support of deserving young ar-
splendid a gift in a poet! I do not think any-
tists. And it will be good for the poets to be
one will be vastly thrilled by his book. I can-
in touch, however suspiciously or disdainfully,
not imagine schwärmerisch young ladies looking
off his pages and dreaming away into inanity,
with a wide audience.
as they are said to do with Mr. Alfred Noyes.
Some of them are beginning to show unmis-
But grown men, whose minds have grown equally
takable signs of this influence. Mr. Harold
with their sensual perceptions, will find that Mr.
Monro, who took a conspicuous part in the
Young feeds the intellectual as well as the emo-
movement by founding the Poetry Bookshop,
tional appetite. His poem “Testament” is a very
used to be a singularly dull and insipid writer.
moving and satisfying piece of work. The author
But about three years ago he began suddenly
has been campaigning in East Africa and he
to be fresh and interesting, and he has continued
writes:
to improve ever since. He is not yet fully in
If I had died and never seen the dawn
command of his own temperament; he really does For which I hardly hoped, lighting this lawn
not know when he is being individual and when Of silvery grasses; if there had been no light
he is being merely silly. His new book, "Strange
And last night merged into perpetual night;
I doubt if I should ever have been content
Meetings," is a collection of verses, which change To have closed my eyes without some testament
abruptly from being moving and piercing to be- To the great benefits that marked my faring
ing clumsy and inept. Imagine the state of
Through the sweet world.
mind of a man who can write:
And the poem proceeds with a sober but lovely
catalogue of good things—friendship, argument,
The stars must make an awful noise
In whirling round the sky.
and love. Mr. Young admits that his verse
Yes; but what of him when he writes:
is a by-product of his prose; and it seems un-
A flower is looking through the ground likely that he will ever write very much of it.
Blinking at the April weather;
His utterance seems rather difficult; but he has
Now a child has seen the flower:
Now they go and play together.
a solidity which is not found too often in mod-
ern poetry and which makes his book, "Five
Now it seems the flower will speak,
And will call the child its brother-
Degrees South," remarkable.
But, oh strange forgetfulness !-
I have another new poet before me as I write,
They don't recognize each other.
whom I feel a little doubtful about mentioning.
Mr. Monro writes poetry very much as people Mr. Robert Nichols is still very immature and
walk in their sleep. He gets sometimes into his “Ardours and Endurances” has a great many
the most ridiculous places and does the most of the defects of youth. But he has a singular
ludicrous things; but sometimes his somnambulis-
luxuriance of temperament which promises well.
tic mood leads him with astonishing exactness. If I feel rather as one might feel with a young
one were to wake him—but criticism will not relative-a little timid of mentioning his per-
do this—he might become again a writer of formances outside the household. I will confine
tediously lucid poems about socialism and over- myself to saying that we think we have here a
feeding and God. As it is, he is one of the writer whose work may very well make a great
strangest and most mysterious of poets. There impression in a short time.
is no use in exhorting him. We sit patiently
EDWARD SHANKS.
and wait what his shifting moods may produce. London, August 9, 1917.


146
[August 30
THE DIAL
>
a
A Frustrated Prophet of Pacifism as his retreat, with music and billiards as diver-
sions. He lived and wrote largely in boarding-
HERBERT SPENCER. By Hugh Elliot.
(Henry houses, and in many ways reflected the bourgeois
Holt & Co; $2.)
attitude of his neighbors. He accepted few pub-
Mr. Hugh Elliot has produced a notable lic dinners or honors; he declined, while in this
work, notable as a biography, notable in its cur-
country, an attractive offer to lecture, saying that
rent appeal, notable in the perspective it estab- he had no desire to make a show of himself. His
lishes for viewing a remarkable intellectual
life was that of his books; "his works were much
career. It is notable also for the experience
greater than himself; and all the best of him will
which prepared Mr. Elliot to write it.
be found in his philosophy.” The formative fact
It has been my singular fortune (or fate) to have of his modus vivendi was his neurasthenic state,
read through the whole of Spencer's works twice at
doubtless aggravated by unwise yielding to its
an interval of fifteen years, and each time in the
midst of a great war.
impositions and a prejudiced attitude to the
The first reading in fact
was carried out on active service on the South proper care of his teeth. “He could not read
African veldt, where not infrequently I had little Kant from the same mental peculiarity that he
other baggage than a toothbrush and a volume of
could not have a tooth extracted: in both cases
the "Principles of Psychology." There exists in the
English language no more trenchant indictment of
a subtraction from his own personality was in-
war and militarism than is contained in the "Study volved." Beginning his career as a civil engineer,
of Sociology." Yet it was my lot to read that work he soon turned to the writing of books (issued
many miles from any inhabited town, in momentary
largely at his own risk), setting forth his ideas
expectation of an attack, and with revolver ready
loaded in case of sudden need... Once again and the foundations of his system. Legacies from
during the progress of a war, have I read Spencer's relatives enabled him to survive the attendant
furious declamations against warlike and military
activities. Yet still the thought arises, that, if
losses; and the subscriptions of friends, to con-
Europe had followed Spencer, this war could never tinue the enterprise. American support helped
have occurred. . . The spirit of Treitschke has
him greatly. His eighteen volumes were, for the
triumphed over the spirit of Spencer—the meta-
physics of Germany over the common sense of Eng-
most part, dictated, and often the dictation was
land.
continued for a few minutes only at a time, the
It is strange in how short a time the achieve-
intervals being spent in restoring or easing the
ments of Herbert Spencer should assume a ret- circulation in his brain. The limitations of au-
rospective interest. Even at the time of his thorship and of living for the neurasthenic
death in 1903 the zenith of his fame had been (Spencer wore ear-pads to eliminate controver-
passed; and foreign reviewers commented upon sial conversation), and the consequences of sen-
the indifference of England to his loss. His sitiveness in human relations, have rarely been
chief contributions had been so thoroughly ab- more singularly expressed than in the "case" of
sorbed in the unparalleled acceleration of scien- Herbert Spencer.
tific thinking of which he was an initiator Of Spencer the biologist, the psychologist, the
that the debt carried little sense of personal sociologist, the moralist, the philosopher, the
obligation. Many of his principles had become
writer on education and social institutions and
common knowledge, and his “highly original sug- reforms, it is Spencer the reformer whose work
gestions had degenerated into platitudes.” The has endured unassailed. Spencer survives as the
tone of his own comment upon his career is spir- exponent of liberalism and the prophet of pac-
itually as well as neurasthenically depressed: the ifism. Mr. Carnegie was moved to give his mil-
devotee of authorship must be prepared for lions for the cause of peace by the arguments of
financial losses, for heavy penalties, for privations Spencer. It is still true, however, that this
and denials of human pleasures, for disappoint- practical consequence of his views, though it
ment in the satisfactions of fame.
stands out conspicuously in a twentieth-century
Of Spencer's life and personality little need estimate of his work, does not overshadow the
be restated to set the philosopher in his position intrinsic value of his thought and the type of his
twenty years after. His education was irregular achievement.
and self-directed; he had no academic associa- The mind of Spencer, like his character, was
tions; he was constitutionally idle and temper- a singular instrument. It needed but a few guid-
amentally rebellious. He was coldly intellectual, ing principles for its direction. In the main
strongly self-centred and self-contained, and these were two: Evolution for the view of the
emotionally barren. He avoided social relations universe, and Liberty for the guidance of human
beyond his control, and accepted the Athenæum affairs. These make the system in a gigantic,


1917]
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THE DIAL
deductive unfoldment. Even the “Sociology,” a national as well as a temperamental insularity.
with its array of corroborative facts, was, in Mr. His ethics is hedonistic; his psychology, associa-
Elliot's opinion, only retroactively inductive. tional, in the limited English sense. In all these
In his contribution to evolutionary theory Spen- realms he has done his bit, sometimes with slight
cer was an anticipator as well as a pioneer, but effect, sometimes with considerable profit. His
he was an individualist even in that,—the dis- most ambitious conception—the Unknowable
tinctive nineteenth-century movement. The proved as negatively fruitful in thought as in
principle of increasing differentiation sufficed, and expression. His psychological construction of the
the inheritance of acquired characteristics (his bond between reflex action and logical thinking
chief error) was adequate to supply the material stands as established. Similarly, his views of
for variation and selection. "The truth is that education—the most popular of his contributions
Spencer had the makings of a fanatic, and herein --are still influential in the modern forms of
lie both his strength and his weakness. The emphasis on a return to nature, a fixed sense
stream of thought in a fanatic is a narrow one. for logical value, and avoidance of formal scho-
Nothing counts outside the province on which lasticism. The days of all-inclusive systems,
attention is concentrated.” Within that province sweeping the circle of the sciences with however
it is a magnet, picking up everything that such a modern a periscope, are over. They lasted from
magnet can hold.
Aristotle to Spencer, and the last survey was
On the side of political affairs Spencer dis- worthy of its predecessors. The fertile thought
tinguished between governments that govern that science is one remains; ethics and psychol-
much and those that govern little. The former ogy, politics and sociology, even physics and
subordinate the individual and in them wars are biology, are held together by the unity of nature
common; they are of the military type; in the and the consistency of the mind's comprehension.
others, peace is the rule, and they conform to the Spencer's consistency, though not innocent of the
industrial type. The industrial has most of the quality of strain, is yet suggestive and sustained.
virtues, the military most of the vices. The main As a sociologist Spencer attempted far more
virtue is great individual freedom. Spencer car- thoroughly than in any other domain to supply
ried the doctrine of non-interference by the state the data for directive views which, according to
to the extent of regarding it as a mistake for the Mr. Elliot, were already firmly fixed in his con-
government to have the postal monopoly, to reg- victions. He surveys with much detail for
ulate measures of health, to enforce education or the most part contributed by others—the forms
factory-laws. All that should be left to private of society in primitive and imperfectly evolved
enterprise and the fate of competition. Strongly communities. In his interpretations he carries
positive philosophically and individualistic so- his guiding principles with him. As Mr. Elliot
cially, Spencer's convictions (prepossessions in pointedly remarks, he makes primitive philos-
some aspects) made for simplicity of solution, ophers miniature Spencers, and primitive myth-
and for the overstatement of what was a truth ologies miniature synthetic philosophies. Dealing
in moderation. When they were enunciated, his in the main with primitive modes of thought and
positions seemed much more tenable than they their later expansion—such as his "ghost theory"
now appear. It is easy in our richer experience of religion—his central interest is fixed upon the
to see their inadequacy, their exaggeration; it social forces that determine the life of a people
is not so easy to appreciate their startling origin- and the direction of its activities. He concludes
ality and their remarkable independence of pre- that the largest distinction of social life is that
vious schooling and thinking.
between the organization of society for peace and
It is intelligible that we should be less con- its organization for war. And that distinction
cerned in our radically reconstructed world with may stand with unexpected pertinence to-day.
Spencer's "Synthetic Philosophy," his biology and With deep antipathy to militarism, he sees in it
psychology and ethics and metaphysics—from all the enemy of industrialism, which is the activity
of which science has accepted what it could use- of peace. The case of Germany completely re-
than with his contributions to the understanding futes his conclusion, though this was not true of
of social forces. So far as Spencer submits to the Germany of his day. As in so many other
classification, he was chiefly a sociologist. His relations, Spencer has confused the spirit and
foundations reflect the accepted principles of his the background of endeavor with its formal ap-
time, reflect them with a limited acquaintance pearance. That has ever been a radical idol; in
with their setting in previous thought and with its extreme manifestation, the fanatic's fallacy.


148
[August 30
THE DIAL
Liberty comes forward as the redemption of absent. Nothing could be less urbane, less
mankind. But-again citing Mr. Elliot-liberty rational and precise, than this strident polemic.
should not be a dogma (as to Spencer it fre- The book is an incoherent and angry jumble of
quently was), but "an atmosphere of social appeals to classical authority, attacks on Mr.
thought." In contrast Spencer's deduction in Flexner and the "new" psychologists, complaints
favor of the complete freedom of women as a that President Eliot and the other assaulters
consequence of his social philosophy is about to have ignored the arguments of Professor Shorey
be realized by the cruel indirection of his much- and his friends, and dark imputations against
hated war.
the “sullen jealousy” of those of us who are
Herbert Spencer under the test of the world trying, he says, to "control American education
war makes very different reading from Herbert
with the political efficiency of Prussian autocracy
Spencer as the calm occupation of a philosophic and the fanatical intolerance of the French anti-
mind. He becomes prophetic not only of the
clericalists."
pacifist doctrine (of which America is the most
This shrillness of tone is not any mere sudden
influential protagonist), but also of the recon- heightening of the emotional pitch. Crassness
struction of thought with reference to social con- permeates the book like bad blood in a neurotic
trol, which is to be our chief business after the child. The professor's leading argument for the
war and that of the next generation. Spencerism study of Latin is that it is an "almost indis-
will contribute to the responsible thinking and
pensable form of mental discipline for the
doing of the future, to the maintenance of con-
speakers of such a language as ours," and that,
fidence as well as to distrust of former errors.
at its best, it ministers to “the final mastery of
National philosophy is inevitably and properly English for highest artistic and philosophical
ends."
dominant in revolutionary times. As between
Listen to a sentence from Professor
Nietzsche or Treitschke and Spencer, there is no
Shorey's book, and judge for yourself the "men-
hesitation in the Anglo-Saxon liberty-loving
tal discipline" and "mastery of English for high-
mind. It is a tribute to the sterling value of
est artistic ends” which may result from a long
Spencer's Weltanschauung that it is congenial
and studious “humanistic” life:
to an international formulation.
"Its disintegrating and deliquating effect on
JOSEPH JASTROW.
the logical functions of young minds com-
pelled to attack it without the protection of a
gasmask is a thing imagination boggles at.”
An American Humanist
This beautiful example of Professor Shorey's
humanistic style refers to the literature of edu-
The AssauLT ON HUMANISM. By Paul Shorey.
cational psychology, of which he seems to have
(The Atlantic Monthly Co.; 60 cts.)
read only the crudest examples. Of the really
It is difficult to appreciate the admiration which fruitful and very recent work of Dewey, Hall,
the editor of the "Atlantic" feels for Professor Terman, Cubberley, Hetherington, Wells, he is
Shorey's "eloquent defense of the classical tradi- evidently as ignorant as he thinks his opponents
tion." This little book is indeed, as Mr. Sedg- are of his own arguments. The difference is
wick says in his preface initiating the "Atlantic that to ignore his case means only to ignore a
Monographs," "sharp and glittering.” But such priori speculation, while to ignore present-day
adjectives are dubious praise for a partisan of educational psychologists is to ignore a serious
humanist learning like the Chicago professor who and most suggestive effort toward objective and
has supposedly become saturated throughout a incontrovertible evidence.
long and scholarly life with the immortal poise Here is another passage:
and mellowness of the classics. Not sharpness "There is ample time for both science and
and glitter do we expect as fruits of such an
Latin in a rationally constructed curriculum.
intimacy, but those qualities of "lucid ration- There is not time for both and for the dementia
ality and precision, their urbanity, their sanity, praecox of premature preoccupation with pseudo-
their common sense, their humanized and human- science. But real science is hard work,-almost
izing emancipation from 'primitive foolishness,' as hard as Latin; while the science of the talking
parochialism and fanaticism" which Professor delegates of science is a soft snap."
Shorey claims for that Latin literature he is That second sentence must be read aloud to
struggling to save. From his own writing, how- get its full barbarous flavor. What are we to
ever, these qualities are almost pretentiously do with a mind that, in a defence of the cul-


1917]
149
THE DIAL
tural influence of the classics, talks about gas- press "critical discipline, culture, taste and
masks, dementia praecox, and soft snaps? And standards, the historic sense itself.” The issue,
,
in comparison with some of Professor Shorey's however, is exactly as Mr. Flexner has stated
utterances, the slangy staleness of this passage it-whether the study of the Latin and Greek
is mild.
languages automatically produces these desirable
Now it is exactly the argument of the qualities. The contemporary verdict is emphat-
advocates of the “modern school” that when even ically that there is no discoverable relation be-
a lifelong exposure to the classical languages tween linguistic studies and the attainment of
and literatures results in a mind so thoroughly a cultivated mind.
uncultivated as Professor Shorey shows his own As long as there are public libraries with Latin
to be, it is a waste of time to continue these grammars, or as long as there are people who
studies as an integral part of the education of know and love Latin, the industrious child with
American youth. Professor Shorey is only an a turn for it will have adequate opportunity to
extreme example of his class. No American learn the language. Four school years of ef-
thought, criticism, or literary art of any creative fort to give heterogeneously endowed children
value whatever comes from these guardians of even a smattering of Latin have proved in the
the classical tradition, who are given to ex- American school to be sheer futility. Acquaint-
pressing themselves with an incoherence of ance with the old literatures, however, is still an
thought and an insensitiveness to style that we essential part of education in taste. How is that
should complain of in modern journalism. It is acquaintance best to be obtained,—through the
the lip-service to "the fair things of beauty" which opaque medium of a complex language and the
our professors of literary studies render while child's own barbarous and halting translation,
they aridly betray them in work and thought that or through reading of the best translations,
has earned the contempt of a younger genera- themselves finely tempered pieces of English
tion and driven literary studies into limbo. It prose? Which is more likely to bring "mastery
is the custodians themselves who have done more of English for artistic ends,” and the awaken-
than anyone else to discredit the classics. The ing of the imagination to "things of beauty" and
true lovers have only the professors to blame and large ideas? Who has done more to make the
not those of us who have revolted at sterility. classics known and felt by Americans, Professor
Professor Shorey thinks that the main issue Shorey with his polemics and his frantic struggles
is "the survival or the total suppression, in the to keep Latin in the secondary school, or Gil-
comparatively small class of educated leaders who bert Murray with his translations of the Greek
graduate from high schools and colleges, of the plays into exquisite English verse, which made
very conception of linguistic, literary and crit- possible those stirring performances that gave
ical discipline; of culture, taste and standards; delight to thousands of modern Americans?
of the historic sense itself; of some trained fac- If Professor Shorey were really a humanist,
ulty of appreciation and enjoyment of our rich would he not be content to let the languages
heritage from the civilized past." This is gro- die, if the literatures could be kept so vitally
tesque. None of these values are now being with us, serving culture as they will in a modern
acquired from literary studies in high schools school which treats them as literature and not
and colleges by even "the comparatively small as philology? But he is not really a humanist.
class of educated leaders." Our younger edu- He is a professor, angrily defending his lifelong
cated leaders have found their intellectual heri- business. He is a proprietor, protecting a vested
tage in the study of history, politics, and modern interest. It seems to give him comfort that
philosophy, not in the study of the Latin lan- idealists in every age have tilted quixotically at
guage or anything that flows mystically from it. what they called impractical and verbal forms
Furthermore, not even the most furious "modern of education. Our little system, he thinks, will
school” proposes to exclude the great ancient lit- also have its disillusionment. It is queer com-
eratures. In implying this, Professor Shorey is fort. For the more obvious and encouraging
far more unfair to the modernist than any mod- moral is that there have always been men of
ernist has been to him. Even the terrible Mr. insight to struggle against the tradition and the
Flexner distinctly admits into his "modern school" Paul Shoreys of their day. This moral might
the best translations of the ancient classics for only whet our ardor to make this "modern
reading and enjoyment. Nobody intends to sup- school" veritably the final coup. Now that the
press these great books. Nobody intends to sup- "defense of the classical tradition" has been so


150
[August 30
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palpably revealed in Professor Shorey as the both sides of the Atlantic,--the patriotic instinct
peevish stand of a professorial "die-hard," real has been as vigorous and cloistral in "Poetry
lovers of the classics will pray to be spared so and Drama," of London, as in "Poetry," of Chi-
prejudicial a defender. The “Atlantic" has done cago. In general the failure has been one of
a disservice in stirring the dead bones of this understanding, aided in some cases by a disposi-
controversy to rattle again. It may be, as the tion to condemn, a priori, without consulting the
editor suggests, the last rattle heard in our life- evidence. It is encouraging to see signs that
time. I sincerely hope it will be. The classics this attitude is breaking down. The fact that
will not die for want of the striking of such the whole poetic firmament is in such a state of
blows. Their precious qualities are safe in the chaos has of itself made it necessary for critics
most modernist of schools. Meanwhile even the to discard easy traditional theories and employ
radical will regret that the polemics of the clas- methods a little more empirical. This has
sical tradition should go out in so tasteless a resulted in greater fairness to the individual-
splutter as this first of the "Atlantic Mono- it has even gone so far, at times, as to indicate
graphs."
RANDOLPH BOURNE.
complete anarchy, in which bad was as loudly
acclaimed as good. The upshot, however, has
been the establishment of a middle attitude of
good-humored, first-hand analysis, toward foreign
Three English Poets
art as well as domestic.
It is with this attitude that we should
Poems. By Ralph Hodgson. (The Macmillan
Co.; 75 cts.)
approach the work of Mr. Hodgson, Mr. de la
STRANGE MEETINGS. By Harold Monro. (The Mare, and Mr. Monro. If we have developed
Poetry Bookshop; 1s.)
a taste for work more racily American, more
PEACOCK Pie. By Walter de la Mare. (Henry
Holt & Co.; $2.)
conspicuously of the place and moment, we may
If there is one respect in which contemporary
conceivably feel that we are stepping back two
English poetry is conspicuously and consistently or three decades when we read, for example,
superior to contemporary American poetry, it is in
the poems of Mr. Hodgson. We should not
the lyric. While their more adventurous fellow- allow this to prevent our enjoyment of their
craftsmen in America have been experimenting unique charm and originality. Mr. Hodgson is
perhaps a little recklessly, with narrative, epic,
that rarity in these times, a poet of very small
and symphonic verse, and with bizarre arythmics production, and of production on a uniformly
and insoluble self-symbolisms of all sorts, the high level, a poet who had already earned a
English poets, with one or two exceptions, have reputation before the printing of his first book.
held more clearly to the lyric tradition. This is His range is not wide. A single tone dominates
not the cause, as some appear to think, for either nearly all the twenty-five poems in this book-
heartburnings or self-congratulations. Poetry
whether in the narrative lyrics, such as “The
is poetry no matter where or how it is written,
Bull," "Eve," "The Song of Honour," and "The
art should not be regarded from a narrowly and Gipsy Girl,” or in the simple lyrics, such as
selfishly national standpoint, and we should be "Time, You Old Gipsy Man," and "Stupidity
"
as ready to applaud a foreign artist as
Street." The metrical variety is not great, the
American. As a theory, this is of course a plati- melody is always simple; but Mr. Hodgson
tude; as a fact, it might in some quarters be
possesses a genuine gift for modulation which
regarded as an alarming novelty, or even treason.
carries him safely over inversions that to others
would have proved fatal.
As a practice, moreover, it meets opposition
If Mr. Hodgson's
because it demands the application of a high
abilities stopped there, his verse would be
charming, but empty; these are matters of the
degree of fair-mindedness and intelligence. One
voice merely. But Mr. Hodgson's chief value
must face, in all foreign art, a considerable
lies rather in what he has to say. There are
divergence from one's own in temper and
two arts in poetry: the art of precisely saying
method; and face it with understanding. It is
what one has in mind; and, even more important
different, but is it necessarily inferior?
(though less regarded), the art of excluding from
These problems have been often raised in the
one's conception all that is not of pure value.
last few years over the question as to the rela- It is particularly in this latter respect that Mr.
tive merits of contemporary English and Ameri- Hodgson excels. His mood is always perfectly
can poetry. Foolish things have been said on clear; the terms by which he states it have a
a
an
t"


1917]
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THE DIAL
delicate and sweet precision. Seldom is there a intellectual and emotional frustration which
waste idea, seldom a waste line. Mr. Hodgson shake the centre of individuality itself, and which
does not, like many poets, have to take a in the past have given us our greatest poetry,
running start, only to generate lyric speed when are here untroubled. In this respect Mr. Hodg-
half way through the poem; neither does he son, Mr. de la Mare, and the Imagists, antipodal
exhaust himself altogether in the first stanza. as their methods are, all share essentially one
On the contrary his poems have that clear purpose.
certainty, from beginning to end, which consti- The work of Mr. Monro is from this stand-
tutes excellence in art. This would of course point the direct antithesis of Mr. Hodgson's
be a dull perfection if it were not for the work. Mr. Monro is, if the expression may
quality of cool magic which is woven every- be used, a psychological realist. If he is by no
where through Mr. Hodgson's work, varying means the equal of Mr. Hodgson in point of
all the way from the twinkle of whim, as in lyricism or natural magic or roundness of form,
“Eve,” to the graver tones of “The Song of he more than makes up for this in greater rich-
Honour.” In general, this magic is not so much ness and variety and in what must be called,
the magic of beauty as the magic of unaffected for lack of a better word, the quality of human-
truthfulness,—vigorously phrased, naïve, sin- ness. It is daily, personal experience that
cere. One feels little trace of artifice, even in interests Mr. Monro-personal experience
so fluent a lyric as "Eve.” And a large part of viewed from the individual centre, observed
the effectiveness of “The Bull" is in its honest almost religiously as it flows from moment to
matter-of-factness.
moment in the stream of consciousness. This is
The most arresting feature of Mr. Hodgson's in the strain which is perhaps the richest in
work, however, is the feature wḥich is most potentialities among modern tendencies in
likely to give radical Americans the impression poetry. To a considerable extent it implies the
that he is old-fashioned: the fact that though he transference of the method of the psychological
( is essentially a lyric poet (preferring a lyric which novel or play to poetry: in the end it is nothing
is narrative) he is none the less essentially less than a poetic study of consciousness itself.
objective--never, or seldom, speaking in his own In this respect Mr. Monro's method is right
Ivoice, or developing howgically, any per- rather than successful. His speech, if robust,
sonal or dramaticwpoint. This is is crabbed, muttering, and laborious. His pre-
attitude which predites poetry as a something occupation with the profound trivialities which
separate from our own tortuous lives, a some- make up our lives, though often fresh and
thing additional; perfect in itself: a something to delightful, as in parts of the two series called
turn to for delight, which shall take us, not "Week End" and "Strange Meetings," some-
deeper into ourselves, but away from ourselves.
times merely results in amiable catalogues,
This attitude adds to the charm of Mr. Hodg- humorously tinged with panpsychism. Along,
son's work, but it is also, in a wider sense, a too, with a good deal of real imaginative rich-
weakness. It means that the greater part of ness Mr. Monro displays an unfortunate ten-
human experience must remain unexpressed by dency to push quaintness and whim to the verge
him. It means that his work, in spite of its
of preciosity. Should a train, for instance, be
realistic or objective method, is in the last
said ever to "tittle tattle a tame tattoon”?-
analysis decorative rather than interpretative.
This is an example of a good idea not quite
Poetry of this sort is not a window through
successfully brought to birth. It should be
which one may see, but a picture hung on the
added that Mr. Monro does not do this often,
wall. It aims by every means known to the art
to combine ästhetic patterns which shall delight
and that, in general, his work has an intellectual
us with their color and texture; but it never
saltiness of originality which makes it satisfactory
strikes at us through our emotions. The pleasure and often delightful reading. And as was said
it affords us is serene, cool, detached. Itself
above, it gains in suggestiveness because it is in
produced by no very intense emotional dis- a strain, as yet infrequent in modern poetry,
turbance in the poet's brain (beyond the pathos
but probably destined to great importance: the
of creation) it has in consequence no power to
strain of psychological realism; although Mr.
disturb the reader. It does not reach forward or Monro cannot be said to have taken that method
backward in human experience. It is, in fact, either far or subtly.
all treble, and no bass. The darker chords of Mr. de la Mare, presumably, needs no intro-
an


152
[August 30
THE DIAL
duction. His "Peacock Pie" consists of lyrics The Religion of Patriotism
ostensibly for children; in reality it contains
some of the most delightful work he has done. It HISTORY OF GERMANY IN THE NINETEENTH CEN-
is doubtful whether any other living American on
TURY. By Heinrich von Treitschke. Translated
by Eden and Cedar Paul. Vol. II. (Robert M.
English poet can weave simple melody as deftly McBride & Co.; $3.25.)
as Mr. de la Mare, melody both as regards words The German youth entering the University
and ideas. If after a century has passed one of Berlin is met at the door by a huge statue of
may recall Leigh Hunt's categories of imagina- Treitschke, standing in a flamingly heroic atti-
tion and fancy as the two springs of the poetic, tude. On his shoulder is perched the imperial
it would be no violence to say that Mr. de la German eagle, intently gazing into his face.
Mare's power over us is rather in fancy than in There is every reason why the German eagle
imagination. It is delicate, elusive, impalpable; should listen to what Treitschke has to say, for
over the simplest lyrics hangs an overtone of what he says is balm to its soul and music to its
magic. And now and again, as in the "Song
ears. The German Michael would have been
of the Mad Prince," this magic reaches a grave
better off if he had not listened to Treitschke,
intensity which strikes well to the marrow of
but the German eagle, patriotic, imperialistic,
and rapacious, did well to press him to its bosom.
things. Mr. de la Mare is not an innovator,
and his scope is not great; but within his scope
Take, for example, this second volume of
he has no superior.
Treitschke's magnum opus—his "History of
Germany in the Nineteenth Century.” It deals
If after a reading of these three rather typ-
with a dull period and—to a liberty-loving man
ical English poets we recall as contrast the dom-
-a disconcerting period. From 1815 to 1819,
inant notes in contemporary American poetry, Germany was losing the high-strung heroism of
certain differences stand out conspicuously. De-
the Wars of Liberation and was busy planting
spite the fact that Mr. Monro manifests a slight potatoes, for the simple reason that for the time
orientation in a new direction, we may say that being potatoes were more needed than heroism.
these poets, like most contemporary English Now, other peoples have planted potatoes with-
poets, hold more or less surely to the main poetic out saying anything about it. Not so the Ger-
tradition, in particular as concerns the theory
When a Gerne lants his potatoes or
that lyric poetry is a decorative rather than an drinks his beer and smokes nis pipe, he is engaged
interpretative art, and that its affair should be, in a good old German custom. He is performing
primarily, the search for and modulation of a task, noble, patriotic, and almost religious. At
beauty, with or without regard to its nearness least, one would think so after reading Treitschke.
to human experience. The result is that from It is true that he is hard put to it to reconcile
a purely literary viewpoint English poetry of this unheroic period with his heroic bluster. In
the present day is much more perfectly finished, fact he does not hesitate to show his contempt
much maturer, than American poetry. On the
for it on one page while growing sentimental
other hand, it loses proportionately by this very
over it on the next. For so he oscillates between
fact. By comparison with contemporary Amer- heroic brutality and tribal sentimentality.
Yet Treitschke has a keen eye and a sharp
ican poetry,—which is more empirical, drawing
tongue. He sees the Germany of 1815-19 pass-
more boldly on the material of a wider con-
He sees that the
sciousness, without so sharp a literary distinc- ing through a silent crisis.
particularism which made possible the division
tion between the poetic and the non-poetic, and
of Germany during the Napoleonic ascent is again
more richly experimental as concerns questions coming to the top and with it the antiquated
of form,-English poetry appears at once thin- feudal organization which Napoleon had greatly
ner and more "literary.” It does not seem to
damaged but not totally destroyed. His problem
relate so closely to the complete life of the indi- is how to condemn this particularism,-for
vidual. It becomes obvious, in view of this con-
Treitschke is an arch-imperialist, -to get rid of
trast, to hope for some sort of fusion of the
it and still keep the old feudalism. Treitschke's
two methods. Will the poet arise who will have Weltanschauung, which comes out so glaringly
no occasion for envying either “this man's art"
or "that man's scope"? It appears to be only associated with the maintenance of a monarchical
in his controversy with Schmoller, is intimately
a question of time.
CONRAD AIKEN. and aristocratic order. Life to him means the
mans.


1917]
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THE DIAL
keeping up of the heroic paraphernalia of a mil- amused contempt. He speaks of him as a paro-
itary social system, on which is built a rigid chial Philistine and a scientific hewer of wood
division of classes, devoted to the carrying out and drawer of water, and accuses him of “spurn-
of the classical ideal of life—with a German ing the historical world” because of his espousal
accent. For his ideal of national heroism he of liberal ideas. The possibility is not precluded
needed a united Germany, which involved the of Rotteck's having been all these things in spite
break-up of the old princely organization. For of his liberal ideas, but it is clear that in Treitsch-
his ideal of a “cultural” nation he needed the old ke's estimation he is a Philistine and a hewer of
feudal organization. How solve this problem? wood because of his liberal ideas. Treitschke
Treitschke does not solve it, but he makes a seeks the heroic everywhere and at all times, and
spectacular attempt.
Rotteck was unheroic enough to take account of
He begins by denouncing the eighteenth cen- the immediate humanity of the people about
tury and Rousseau. To do so was and is quite whose destinies he was writing and philosophiz-
the fashion in Germany. The spirit of the ing. This seems to our historian a most glaring
eighteenth century was one of cosmopolitan lib- perversion. A pretty pass shall we have come to
eralism and international good will—a spirit if we allow mere human beings to interfere with
utterly at variance with the efforts at national the God-appointed destinies of the state! Of
self-sufficiency predominant in the nineteenth. course what is sauce for the goose is not sauce
The eighteenth century also believed that un- for the gander. What Treitschke says of Sa-
aided human reason could frame schemes of hu- vigny, the darling of the historically minded, can-
man welfare without recourse to the accidental not be applied to Rotteck. When Savigny, with
historical experience of any people. This un- consistent Historismus, says that law must always
historical procedure had the effect of alienating remain the product of the unconscious social
the feelings of the student or reformer from forces and national intelligence, Treitschke firm-
the particular past of a particular people. The ly but respectfully (of course!) begs to differ
moment history was turned out of doors, Ger- with him, asserting that "law is actually deter-
many said farewell to the particular feudal ex- mined not by national intelligence but by the
perience which was so dear to the heart of national will,”—which national will, if it means
Treitschke and his reactionary Germanophiles. anything, means precisely what Rotteck was try-
This, of course, they could not tolerate. Since ing to express when he insisted that an enlight-
the international spirit of the eighteenth cen- ened public opinion must have its share in
tury carried with it also ideas of constitutional framing its own laws and its own social and
reforms, such reforms are, naturally, viewed as political organization. But then, what Treitschke
a recurrence of the “Jacobinism” of the earlier probably means by national will is the will of
period, and therefore sternly opposed. Treitsch- His Majesty the King, expressed by His Excel-
ke's opposition goes on the path of a particular lency the Chancellor to His Honor the Bureau-
God-given characteristic of the German people crat. .
which does not comport well with the notion On the whole, one rises from a reading of this
of constitutional reforms. The idea that the volume of Treitschke's "History" with a feeling
opinions and convictions of the common people of having listened to a very able apologist of a
should be consulted in matters of government, reactionary, one-sided, and autocratic order,
and that on these matters they should be con- parading under the guise of progress and hero-
sidered the court of last resort, seems to him ism. One cannot escape, however, a feeling also
to be a proposition so utterly ridiculous, so ex- of disgust at the diseased passion to prove Ger-
travagantly absurd, that he laughs himself sick
many great in all things and at all cost. When
over it.
Treitschke speaks of the work of German scien-
This attitude comes out very clearly in his tists, which at that period was a sad affair at
treatment of Rotteck. Rotteck was a historian
Rotteck was a historian best, one gets the impression that to him scien-
and political scientist of Württemberg who rep- tific work is a matter of patriotism; the scientist
resented the cosmopolitan-democratic ideas of is something in the nature of a patriotic fighting-
the eighteenth century. He had a good deal to cock whose business it is to overtake and beat
do with directing his country early on the path the scientists of other nations. He sets it down
of constitutionalism. He was a man of great to the particular credit of Germany that Hum-
humanitarian enthusiasm and highly respected in boldt was well received in scientific circles in
his own community. Treitschke treats him with Paris, and forgets that Humboldt had to go to


154
[August 30
THE DIAL
Paris because he could not get a hearing in his left the house of his grandfather. The second
own land and because the field of scientific en- volume, thick as it is with impressions and rich
deavor in Germany was an intellectual Sahara. in the material of character, gives us two or three
English readers will not fail to be amused when years only of his life in the world; when we
he tells them that “Walter Scott, the most fruit- take leave of him, he is just setting out for
ful and best-loved poet of the age, went to school Kazan, in the futile hope (as we shall hear
to Buerger and Goethe”!
later) of getting an education for nothing. Thus
Let the German eagle, by all means, look it is still almost a child's world in which we
gratefully into Treitschke's face, for he has done are moving—a world seen with that fascinating
a good job, better than the historians of other mixture of sophistication and simplicity which
nations have ever done. As long as history is his genius made possible. Gorky was restless and
looked upon as the proper
field for the exhibition passed from place to place, always wretched,
of patriotic animosity and sentimental turbulence, trying to find a world which he could reconcile
we shall have no right to object to Treitschke. with his dreams. As door-boy in a shoe shop,
He is only doing what they are all doing, doing drudge in the house of an architect, dish-washer
it a little more crudely, more bluntly, more re- on a Volga steamer, apprentice in an icon-
voltingly (to the outsider), and consequently painter's establishment, he was beaten and
more effectively. The difference between them bedeviled and dragged through the foulest back-
is only a difference of degree and not of kind. wash of life. It was a brutal experience that
Max SYLVIUS HANDMAN. might well have turned him into a brute—an
experience, so far as one can see, that offered
little enough to the future writer except the
Gorky
maturity that suffering brings. But in such
cases talent is almost everything, and certainly
IN The World. By Maxim Gorky. (Century
no talent could have set itself more sharply
Co.; $2.)
and decisively to work. Gorky was a born
An attentive reader of Gorky might have seen novelist, for whom the special enigma of charac-
that he was prepared to write this amazing ter never lost its torturing fascination; he had
book. If all good fiction is a kind of auto- already begun to observe, not coldly and criti-
biography, Gorky's fiction is often avowedly just cally but with a brooding and terrible intensity.
that. He likes to enter directly into his tales, He observed that he might learn, but with no
showing us this or that episode precisely as if detached and purely intellectual passion. On
it had gone on under his own eyes—as, no doubt, the contrary, he was quiveringly responsive to
more than one actually had. And in those tales suffering; the sight of cruelty, he tells us, roused
and sketches, so casually and vividly handled as in him a physical repulsion that swiftly trans-
to resemble bits of the actual seized almost at formed itself into a cold fury. He had a "fas-
random, he has known how to find the evoca- tidious dislike of unhappiness, illness, and
tive word, to summon a mood or stamp an grievances.” And these things, with many more
impression on the mind, and pass rapidly on to abominations, were always under his eyes. The
something else. Swiftness and brevity—these dulness of life, which oppressed his companions,
are great virtues in a man who is going to tell weighed too upon him and desolated his heart.
us the story of his life. They fill us with assur- He was prepared to understand the profound
ance at the outset. We can trust him not to melancholy of a people tormented by the riddle
bore us by piling up detail or losing his way of existence-a melancholy growing less out of
among the labyrinthine windings of formal auto- the weight of external conditions than out of a
biography, in which there is neither perspective deep intuition of the futility of man's fate, the
nor any merciful sense of values. Nor does sense of life flowing past, eluding the clutch,
Gorky disappoint us. Everywhere in this, the dropping at last into the void. Why struggle
second, volume of his Life, one finds the shining against the inevitable?
virtues of brevity, concreteness, vigor-always "Don't struggle, don't hope for anything, for
unfailing vigor. That there is also a moving the grave and the church yard let no man pass,
sincerity goes without saying, since Gorky is in says the mason, Petr; and Uncle Yaakov sums
the great Russian tradition.
up his life in a few contemptuous phrases:
The first volume carried us up to Gorky's "Take myself, for instance; what has my life
twelfth or thirteenth year, to the time when he been? I look back on it with shame, everything


1917]
155
THE DIAL
OF
.
by snatches, stealthily; my sorrows were my own pious and scoundrelly "valuer" of icons; "Queen
but my joys were stolen. Either my father Margot”; Gorky's step-father, a decayed aristo-
shouted, 'Don't you dare!' or my wife screamed, crat dying of consumption—all these walk into
You cannot ! I was afraid to throw down a and out of the pages, preserving their secrets,
ruble. And so all my life has passed away, and filling us—as they filled the boy—with a troubled
here I am acting the lackey to my own son. sense of what is deepest and most ambiguous in
But, even without that, why was I human character. And for Gorky, as for us, the
born? What pleasure have I had in my life?" mystery remains. That it tortures him some-
Whatever one may think of this characteristic times, who can doubt? For when Yaakov
Russian pessimism, it is solidly based: it com- Shumov went away, rolling from side to side
plains, not of the transitory and the remediable, like a bear, Gorky was aware in his heart of an
but of the unsatisfactoriness of first and last
uneasy and perplexed feeling.
things. It expresses a deep, philosophic discontent. "And what sort of man
was he— Yaakov
Is this sombre mood Gorky's own? It is hard Shumov ?"
to say. I confess I had thought so from a read-
GEORGE BERNARD DONLIN.
ing of the tales and novels in which he seems
obsessed with the hideousness of life. But here
he tells us that he was often troubled by the
The American Constitution
thought that "sorrow appealed more than joy
The AmeriCAN PLAN Government. By
to the hearts of these people.” He himself
Charles W. Bacon and Franklyn S. Morse. With
struggled against the "dreamy Russian sadness"
an Introduction by George Gordon Battle. (G.
and often desired to cast a spell over the whole
P. Putnam's Sons; $2.50.)
earth which would cause everyone "to be swept “There come crises to all nations—times when
by a joyful whirlwind, a festival dance of actions taken or policies adopted will vitally
people. In fact, there were two men in affect the lives of future generations. At such
him. One was aware of only too many abomina- times men are forced to think—to go back to
tions and obscenities and had come to view life fundamentals—to re-examine the foundations of
and people "distrustfully and contemptuously, their institutions. For the United States this
with a feeble pity.” He wished only to escape second decade of the twentieth century is a period
from the world of men. But the other, nourished of crisis." These words from “The American
on books and dreams, "loved and pitied actively.” Plan of Government,” by C. W. Bacon and F.
This is the Gorky who can look to the future S. Morse, two lawyer-graduates of Harvard,
hopefully and call himself a lover of humanity.
make an even stronger appeal than when written
"All that is good and human in our hearts and several months ago. At this time, thinking
brains needs renewing.”
Americans are turning to the Constitution to find
That he loved and pitied actively there can be out whether or not a plan of government adopted
no doubt. This book is full of the beautiful 127 years ago to give the people of thirteen little
evidence of it. The intuition of genius carried republics a central government is strong enough
him deep into the heart of the strange Russian to protect them from internal dissension and
nature, and one cannot read his report of it foreign aggression, whether or not that Consti-
without becoming oneself more human. The tution is still sufficient for the management of
heroic figure of his grandmother, which domi-
the business of a nation which uses commercial
nated the first volume, appears here only occa- and industrial machinery not dreamed of in the
sionally but the impression is even deepened. constitution-making era. To say, therefore, that
One feels that this strong and good woman was this is a timely book is trite; perhaps it is better
the great formative influence in Gorky's life and to express our appreciation for having just now
that the sweetness and soundness of her nature such "an interpretation of the Constitution of
explain in great measure the miracle by which
the United States by accepted authorities," the
the lonely boy escaped shipwreck. But there authority followed being, for the most part, none
are other figures hardly less striking. The fat other than the Supreme Court of the United
cook of the Volga steamer, who encouraged States.
States. When decisions of this court on con-
Gorky's passion for reading and gave him books; stitutional questions are unavailable, recourse is
Yaakov, the stoker, "with his ape-like hands," had to decisions by state courts and to constitu-
before whose eyes life burned "like the flame of tional writers of repute, including Alexander
the stove beneath the boilers”; Petr Vassilich, the Hamilton, James Madison, and Joseph Story.
a


156
[August 30
THE DIAL
new
or
new
The purpose of the book is to show the real tionary era, has endured with surprisingly few
meaning of the Constitution and its actual work- changes for over a century and a quarter. We
ing as a plan of government. To do this, the see the present Constitution of the United States
authors take up the Constitution clause by clause as a system of constitutional law that, largely
-at times almost word by word-interpreting through judicial decisions, has grown up about
the one and defining the other in the exact words it. The growth of the United States in extent
of judicial decisions. Herein lies its library value, and power and the increasing complexity of its
for it puts within reach of the general reader a national life have demanded a progressive modifi-
great fund of exact constitutional knowledge cation of its plan of government.
New con-
hitherto accessible only to the lawyer or to the ditions have demanded
laws
trained investigator. All references are to or- applications of existing laws, with the result that
iginal sources, long, involved decisions and again and again the courts have been called upon
irrelevant details being omitted, so that defini-
to measure each new law or new application, and
tions are clean-cut and unmistakable. On each the standard of measurement has been always
constitutional question, the authors select, as a the Constitution. The ever-growing body of
rule, a single leading case and present only so decisions in such cases forms the system of fed-
much of the decision in that case as contains the eral constitutional law on the authority of which
desired definition. Not all provisions of the rests our national government of to-day.
Constitution, however, can be treated adequately Librarians to whom come requests for such
in this summary manner, for the meaning of information as this, will appreciate the value of
some has been extended gradually by judicial “The American Plan of Government," a book
interpretation in successive decisions. The inter- which should be found in every library, large
state commerce clause, for example, has grown or small, for it has to do with the fundamentals
in meaning so that the power of Congress has of American government, a subject of absorbing
come to include control of the navigable waters interest in these stirring times. Strange to say,
of the United States, the regulation of railroad
there is no similar work in existence.
rates and articles of commerce, and the forbid-
FREDERICK WARREN JENKINS.
ding of combinations and contracts in restraint of
trade. On the meaning of other provisions of the
Constitution, the Supreme Court has sometimes
Progress in Education
disagreed even to the extent of reversing itself,
as in the Legal Tender and the Income Tax cases.
EDUCATION AND LIVING. By Randolph Bourne.
In the discussion of such constitutional provi- (The Century Co.; $1.25.)
sions, the authors trace the history of their in- The majority of Americans are not, as so
terpretation by presenting a series of decisions. many people aver, apathetic in regard to the
"The American Plan of Government,” in war: they are apathetic only in regard to the
spite of its rigid accuracy and exactness of defini- violation at home of those principles for which
tion, is an easy and interesting book to read, and they are setting out, so very gallantly, to fight
this was made possible by a novel plan of pre- abroad. The sentencing to imprisonment of a
sentation. This consists of prefacing each cita- young man whose crime was the circulating of
tion with a statement of the facts in the case that excerpts from the Declaration of Independence,
shows how the word or phrase in question came the lynching of a worker because he was in op-
to be carried to court for interpretation. These position to the emotional tendencies of to-day,
statements of fact, many of them of historic note, the advocacy by a senator (Mr. Harding) of a
others of human interest, show how constitutional dictatorship for this country,—such things have
principles are applied as rules of action to the called forth little reproach and less criticism,
affairs of everyday life. Without such state- Why? Because the schools of the past have
ments, knowledge of the Constitution would re- taught their students, as most of the schools of
main abstract and theoretical; with them, it the present are teaching them, not how to think,
becomes concrete and practical. The book shows but how to accept thoughts already hardened
the general reader how our national government into formulas; not how to evaluate events and
rests on a great, living body of constitutional actions, but how, if the former be unpleasant,
law, broader and more vital than the original to ignore them, and how, if the latter be per-
Constitution from which it sprang, but which, formed by those in temporary authority, blindly
designed for the United States of the Revolu- to sanction them. This will explain the apathy


1917]
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THE DIAL
of the multitude as well as the muddle-headed- stance, he is forced to begin, not with facts which
ness of the so-called intellectuals; and it will ex- might entice his attention, but with events so
plain, furthermore, why Mr. Bourne's book, distant in time that he cannot bring them into
"Education and Living," has not only a peda- any sort of relationship with himself.
a
. Any
gogical, but also a distinctly topical, interest. criticism of this procedure is met with the old
The author's observations are of what others statement that it is necessary for discipline,
have done; and, for that very reason, coupled though it is easily demonstrable that the great-
with his liberal inclinations, he is able to present est concentration, the most protracted effort, and
the fairest, the most impartial, description of the therefore the most and best discipline, are ob-
numerous educational experiments now making tained when the child is stimulated to his studies
in America. His marshalling of them is im- by his own inquisitiveness and sympathy.
pressive; his review of them, concise, lucid, How different from the old-fashioned methods
constructive. One may therefore assert that are those described in “Education and Living”!
“Education and Living" is the best handbook for The variety of the new experiments—if anything
”
teachers that has thus far appeared. Few of us so successful can still be considered experimen-
have had the opportunity to travel the country tal-is astonishing, though all of them are based
over in search of such material as he gives us ;
on Professor Dewey's well-known dictum that
and hitherto we have had to rely upon scattered the child can be educated only by concerning
or inadequate information.
himself with what has meaning to him as a child,
The only serious fault to be found with this and not with what may have meaning to him
book is that it is either too comprehensively later as an adult. The most significant thing
titled or too exclusive in confining itself almost about these experiments is that they are not
entirely to the grammar and the high schools. confined to private schools where the equipment
Though the scholastic "groundwork" is certainly may be exceptional. Mr. Wirt has shown in
superior to the succeeding work, it is, equally his now famous Gary system that rational meth-
certainly, not so "excellent and thorough” as ods may be applied in large public schools as
Mr. Bourne believes it to be. Furthermore, the
well.
author is too brief and cursory in his treatment
It is unnecessary here to particularize further:
of the colleges; and his remarks about the un- we need only refer the reader to “Education and
dergraduate are superficial. Anyone who has
Anyone who has Living” with its detailed exposition and criti-
had intimate contact with the freshmen at one cism, and to note the fact that Mr. Bourne's
of our universities will have discovered some-
discussion of vocational education is probably
thing very different from what Mr. Bourne the soundest on record. It may, however, be
calls the "baffling resistance of the undergradu- well to call attention to the chapter entitled
ate mind." He will have discovered, on the
"Education in Taste,” in which the author seems
contrary, an eager receptivity, a surprising and to misconceive the very nature of taste. He
delightful intellectual buoyancy. It is only after contends, with truth enough, that the teacher
the undergraduate has been thoroughly stu- should not impart to his students judgments of
pefied by his professors that he becomes impervi- works of art; but he bases this contention upon
ous to ideas, points of view, interpretations. the extraordinary notion that "we should never
Mr. Bourne is, of course, right in putting the have enough Matthew Arnolds to go round."
emphasis on the worse-than-wasted years that A host of Arnolds speaking in sentences that
succeed the primary school, and he is right also crinkle like an academic gown, favoring pupils
in his condemnation of the methods that make with standards by which to determine the "best"
recitations merely “a skilful guessing on the part in literature and with dogmas concerning "the
of the child of what the teacher wants him to grand style”-surely, nothing could be more effi-
say." This is due to the fact that the method cacious in producing children wholly lacking in
natural to the child is absolutely reversed: in- taste. It might, however, obtain for us what
stead of being allowed to use his teacher as a Mr. Bourne seems to desire, “strange and vigor-
medium of knowledge, a source from which he ous expressions like the contemporary architecture
may, in his curiosity, draw, he is set difficult and sculpture of Germany,” which are in reality
and usually uninteresting tasks which test only only copies, heavy vulgarizations of French
his ability to memorize and the docility of his genius. This exception noted, “Education and
character. And this strange reversal is driven Living” is to be recommended to everyone inter-
so far that in such a subject as history, for in- ested in the subject. BAYARD BOYESEN.


158
[August 30
THE DIAL
Mythology in the Making the evolution of the idea of Heaven and Hell,
and also that of Reincarnation, found first in the
The MYTHOLOGY OF All Races. Vol. VI: Indian, "Upanishads.” It reaches its highest pinnacle
by A. Berriedale Keith; Iranian, by Albert J.
of thought in a later Brāhmana, which holds
Carnoy. (Marshall Jones Co.; $6.)
The mythology of India possesses unique in-
that the man who attains true knowledge of the
nature of the Absolute thereby wins freedom
terest, not only on account of its antiquity, but
from rebirth and union at death with the
· because of the continuity of its literary records.
Absolute.
For over three thousand years its steady growth,
In the "Epics," the imaginative bent of the
as well as its degenerative tendencies, may be
Indian mind is especially prominent, though the
traced in a series of voluminous writings, begin-
gods show the influence of the strong philosoph-
ning about 1500 B. C. with the "Rig-Veda,"
ical tendencies in the fact that they are no
and coming down through the "Brāhmanas,” the
longer independent, eternal entities. They have
“Epics,” the "Purānas," and the Buddhistic
become manifestations of one infinite power, em-
writings, to the literature of the present day.
phasized by the doctrine of the "Ages of the
In that portion of the sixth volume of "The
World" in which the Absolute reveals itself.
Mythology of All Races" devoted to Indian
At the expiration of three ages, each succeeding
mythology, Dr. A. Berriedale Keith has with
infinite skill cut a swathe through what seems
age being worse, everything is again absorbed
into the Absolute for twelve million years, and
an inextricable tangle of mythological detail.
is remanifested in the course of fresh ages.
He keeps in mind constantly, the general trend
Vishnu and Siva are the only gods who re-
of Indian mythology toward pantheism and its
tain a degree of real power. Upon these gods
final flowering in the philosophy of the Absolute.
the Indian imagination expends itself in the
At the same time he describes with fascinating
usual riotous manner.
Siva is said to appear in
lucidity the characteristics of the multiple gods,
as many as 1008 forms. Vishnu has a thousand
who grow to be more and more the symbol of
names, and appears in many avatars, one of the
spiritual forces. Even as early as the "Rig-
most important being Krishna, who is later the
Veda,” there is a hymn, referred to by Dr.
god celebrated in the “Bhagavad-Gita.” Rāma,
Keith, addressed to the Creator of Heaven and
whose exploits fill the epic "Rāmāyana," is an-
Earth, of the waters and all that lives, who is
other important avatar of Vishnu.
designated impersonally "the Golden Germ." It
In his chapter on Buddhism, Dr. Keith op-
is repeatedly asked in the hymn, "What god shall
poses the view held by some scholars that Bud-
we adore with our oblations?" At the end of
dha was merely a man and his system originally
the hymn he is called Prajāpati, “the Lord of
a purely ethical system, though this is certainly
Creation.” In Dr. Keith's opinion, “This
indicated by its discarding of the earlier doc-
passage is the starting point of his great history
trines of the soul and personal immortality.
which culminates in the conception of the Ab-
Even in the earliest texts Dr. Keith finds evi-
solute but personal Brahma.”
dence that Buddha was regarded and regarded
In dealing with the succeeding stage of the
himself as a divine being. His arguments here
development of Indian mythology, the author
do not convince. Rather does Buddha seem to
bases his descriptions principally upon the Brāh-
regard himself as a type of the Beyond Man,
manas, or explanatory texts, attached to the
neither human, in the ordinary sense of the
Vedas.
word, nor divine.
He traces the development of the conception
The remaining chapters are given to the Jains
of Prajapati, showing how this god might have
and modern Hinduism. The mythology of the
become a greater figure among the Indian pop-
former possesses interest because of their doc-
ular deities had not the philosophic spirit which
trine that time is endless, and that successive
conceived him soon gone beyond the original
reincarnations finally bring man to a place of
idea and translated the male form, as too per- conscious bliss, formless but consisting of life
sonal for the expression of the Absolute, into the throughout.
neuter Brahman Sayambhu (Self-Existent Finally, in modern Hinduism, there is an in-
Prayer), thus opening the way for the “Upa- describable confusion of sacred beings and ob-
nishads."
jects, all brought into harmony by the pantheistic
Besides the development of the philosophic philosophy and the idea of the Absolute, which
idea of the Absolute, the Brahmanic period sees is now conceived of as feminine in its nature.


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THE DIAL
The personifying tendency which, with a ten- ceeded in making a clear demarkation between
dency to metaphorical interpretation, is the for- myth and religion surely indicates that religion
mative element in Indian mythology from the is something more than ritual, or rather that
earliest times, is still at work, and among the ritual is a crystallization of the religious element
objects of worship are found plows, yard-meas- in myth-making. The remarkable continuity
ures, pickaxes, lions, tigers, and holy men. On of the religious development of Indian myth-
the other hand, Vishnu and Siva still retain their ology toward the conception of the Absolute—the
importance, though in the refined philosophy of primal cause of all things and of which all phe-
the cultured they are manifestations of the nomena are but manifestations-seems to point
Absolute.
to a primeval instinct in man to search for that
Dr. Keith makes clear the development of cause and conceive of it in imaginative symbols
philosophical ideas and yet preserves so much of of godhood.
the mythological drapery in which these ideas Like the other volumes, this one is rich in
are clothed that the book possesses the double valuable illustration. A good bibliography and
quality of scholarliness and fascination. By rec- notes, chiefly bibliographical, complete these em-
ognizing the close connection between mythology inently satisfactory treatments of two great myth-
and religion, he has greatly enhanced, in my ologies.
HELEN A. CLARKE.
opinion, the interest of his subject.
Dr. Albert J. Carnoy, in his treatment of
Iranian mythology, adopts a different plan from
that followed by Dr. Keith. He restricts his
He restricts his The Relaxing Grip of Prussianism
definition of myth so that it excludes all that is
Science AND LEARNING IN FRANCE. Edited by
properly religious, historical, or archæological,
John H. Wigmore. With an introduction by
and attempts to give the myths and "nothing Charles W. Eliot.
more" in Iranian traditions. In accordance with A nation that wills to impose its culture on
this plan he has emphasized especially the ro- other peoples must begin by believing thoroughly
mantic aspects of the myths, though philosophy in its own superiority. Confidence is at least
and religion are continually breaking through half the battle. A cult of the national life and
the purely imaginative elements. He gives, for habits of mind has to be established, a whole
instance, an account of the dualistic religious ritual of pious observances erected. For super-
principles of the Iranians, and of their origin stition works even in the lofty realm of the in-
in the cosmic conflicts of sun and storm or light tellect, and scholars, as the war has shown us,
and dark, which are characteristic of Vedic
are not creatures of pure reason. Germany had
mythology. The Iranian mind, he says, seized such a cult. She cherished an ambition for in-
especially upon the element of conflict and elab-
tellectual primacy. She willed to dominate the
orated upon it, carrying it into the moral and world not through the crude instrument of war
spiritual world and also into romance and his- alone, but through the “peaceful penetration” of
tory. Professor Carnoy illustrates these lines scholarship and the prestige of great names. In
of development with many verse translations America, certainly, her "peaceful penetration"
from the “Avesta" and the "Shāh-Namah.” He enjoyed an immense success; the influence of
also notes interesting parallels between the myth- German universities and German methods was
ologies of Babylon, India, and Iran.
enormous, the respect for German scholarship
In conclusion he shows that his conception of unbounded. It was, as we see now, an undis-
a myth is enlarged beyond the idea that it is criminating respect-a respect founded in good
merely the beginning of science in an attempt part on superstition, as the extraordinary defer-
to account for some phenomenon of nature. He ence shown to Eucken a few years ago made
declares that, besides giving an explanation, it abundantly clear. A nation that could produce
tries to give the explanation picturesquely. Thus William James and John Dewey should have had
we see added to the popular definition of myth a better eye for philosophers. But the prestige
the æsthetic element. Is it not reasonable to say
of the label "Made in Germany" was as great
that there is also present in myth-making the when attached to scholars as to chemicals.
very source of religious aspiration in the search Nor is it hard to account for that prestige.
for the Cause?
Germany, with a realistic sense which it would
The fact that in every volume of this series be idle to deny, understood better than her rivals
thus far examined, the writers have not suc- the requirements of the new industrial age which


160
[August 30
THE DIAL
It was
was dawning. She divined the increasingly im- It was a miracle of ineptitude, as blunderingly
portant rôle which expert knowledge would come conceived and as stupidly drafted as any docu-
to play. She saw how the development of in- ment fathered by the Foreign Office.
dustry must wait on discoveries in the laboratory, manifestly not the product of pure reason. A
and she put science in harness, so to speak. She new orientation has become inevitable, and
was not hampered by the old-fashioned idealism "Science and Learning in France" is one of the
that would keep science pure and undefiled by first tangible evidences of a change of heart.
keeping it out of the factory. The human ma- This book, edited by Dean Wigmore, of the
terial with which her organizers had to work faculty of law at Northwestern University, with
was excellent. The German is by nature patient a preface by Charles W. Eliot, emeritus presi-
and diligent; he loves and respects learning. All dent of Harvard University, is the work of the
that was needed to give Germany an undoubted foremost scholars in the various departments of
lead in producing scientists and investigators of learning in America. It is a tactful book. It
the second rank was organization on a whole- makes no invidious comparisons. On the con-
sale plan and the official encouragement of re- trary, it expressly recognizes the high intellectual
search. That organization she undertook and achievements of German scholars and thinkers.
accomplished, with results that have been open But it seeks to restore a lost perspective by call-
to study for a long time. That her methods ing attention to the distinguished work of French
in scholarship produced excellent results, no sane scientists in our time and reminding us of the
man would dream of denying. But to claim intel- distinctive qualities of the French mind. Our
lectual primacy because of a marked superiority relative indifference to French culture has been
in the second line of achievement will hardly do. a serious loss. We have ignored to some extent
It sounds arrogant, when it does not sound the great contributions to science made by the
absurd. And the methods themselves indis- lucid and imaginative French intellect. The
pensable as they are now recognized to be—are free experimental impulse, the absence of preju-
subject to quite serious objections if they are dice, and the strong democratic bias give us an
not applied with a constant critical scrutiny of atmosphere in which progress is possible. It isn't
the results. The test to apply is a rigorously pure sentiment that attaches us to the French
pragmatic one. Where mere industry in the people; it is really a deep if vague consciousness
collection of facts—facts of any order—is valued that we have set out on the same adventure and
for itself, the door is thrown open for medi- are committed to the same political and social
ocrity to enter. Those “Culture-Philistines" at
programme. It is a “consciousness of kind.”
whom Nietzsche raged are only too likely to Nevertheless, there is not a hint of propagandist
give the tone and adjust the scale of values by ardor in “Science and Learning in France."
which merit shall be measured. And one knows Such ardor would be an insult to France, which
how the prevailing type fixes the standard of needs no commendation beyond the simple record
measurement. In our own universities, partly of achievement. Everywhere in this book Western
as a result of the uncritical adoption of German culture is recognized as international—a growth
methods, the collectors of negligible facts and to which all the peoples have made important
musty gossip, those busy journeymen of learning, contributions. What was attempted was a brief,
have multiplied intolerably, and an appalling judicial survey of the contributions made by
amount of sterile and frivolous activity has passed eminent French thinkers, with special emphasis
itself off under the name of research. If you on the work of men now living or so recently
doubt it and have a courage amounting to sui-
dead as to belong to the modern period. Every
cidal recklessness, make a wager with yourself to field of scientific and literary investigation is
read all the doctor's theses published by a single covered by a committee of American scholars.
great university in a year. It would be pleas- The scheme of the work embraces a swift his-
anter, perhaps, to face Kultur directly in the torical summary of the labors of French in-
trenches.
vestigators in each department,-philosophy,
The war, which is challenging so many insti- astronomy, the social sciences, biology, and so
tutions and shibboleths, has demolished the myth on,—an account of the significant contributions
of German intellectual supremacy. The famous of living men, and an outline of the courses
manifesto of the "ninety-three German profes- offered in the various universities, together with
sors” was a blow to German prestige—a blow the special facilities for research. In short, the
from which it will hardly recover in our time. book is a compendious introduction to the intel-


1917]
161
THE DIAL
our
lectual world of France, intended to serve as a Kipling. Mrs. Wharton dawned upon
guide for students who may be planning to work ignorant but eager appreciation, a little bewil-
for a doctorate abroad. But it should serve dering to our immaturity because she was so
the broader purpose of acquainting the general mature and sophisticated. Henry James and
public with the brilliant achievements of con- Meredith had educated us to read her intelli-
temporary France. It is an impressive book in gently (though we had only begun to read them),
the mere list of famous names of the living or and if our admiration was boyish it was genuine.
quite recently dead-Henri Poincaré, Berthelot, I remember distinctly the emotions of surprise
Becquerel, Curie, Tarde, Durkheim, Letourneau, and delight at the appearance of a new writer,
Bergson. In the face of such evidence of an American writer, whose first work showed
fertile activity as the mere names afford, one the competence and finish of a practiced hand.
finds it hard to understand the vulgar notion Then followed, at intervals sufficiently long
that prevailed before the war that the French to indicate careful workmanship, now a novel,
talent had exhausted itself. For this notion there now a collection of short stories, all of unvary-
was substituted later the equally preposterous ing excellence. But there was another sense in
one that the war had renewed French manhood. which the work was unvarying, another inter-
In truth, I think there is some need for Ameri- pretation of the moderate rate of production.
cans to read "Science and Learning in France." Though the plots were ingenious, original, not
One should add that the book was planned cast in one mold, the kind of life so acutely and
and begun a year and a half ago, while the deeply studied was a limited, even thin, upper
United States was still a neutral country; it is
layer of society. Was her material restricted?
in no sense, as the editor quite superfluously She saw far, she penetrated to the bottom of a
points out, a "pro-ally document.” It is simply soul, but could she see broadly? Was her
the result of a conviction formed by American knowledge of life at once cosmopolitan and class-
scholars that the time had come for restoring provincial, like the outlook of Henry James ?
French science to its "place in the sun.” A One of her contemporaries, Mrs. Atherton, I
society has been formed for establishing American think, was reported to have expressed, apropos
fellowships in French universities on the basis of “The House of Mirth," a somewhat envious
of competitive examination, and we seem in a
fear lest Mrs. Wharton's vein should be ex-
fair way to readjust the balance. C. H. hausted, and to have suggested that her success
was due, if not to her snobbery, to the snobbery
of a public that liked to read about the high
Edith Wharton
life. I doubt if snobbery can find an ounce of
nourishment in the gray pathos of the story of
SUMMER. By Edith Wharton. (D. Appleton
Lily Bart. And as for her creator, a woman who
& Co.; $1.50.)
is born to the social purple and to the intellectual
Within the memory of a not very aged reader purple, whose attitude toward her own class is
of American fiction there have been a few won- tragic and ironic, who treats with a fine disdain
derful moments, moments when one has realized, just those qualities and privileges of the upper
perhaps without clear, critical consciousness, that ten which the next four or five tens admire and
something important has happened. Such un- emulate, is the shrewdest possible foe of snob-
forgettable moments are one's first reading of bery. The powerful final answer to these ques-
"Roderick Hudson," and "A Modern Instance," tions was that amazing masterpiece, “Ethan
and "Huckleberry Finn," and "A New England Frome." And the answer is reiterated by
Nun,” and “The Red Badge of Courage," and "Summer."
“Sister Carrie” (the promise of that book has Before "Ethan Frome" New England fiction
not been fulfilled), and two books by Mrs. was virginal. The stork preceded the doctor,
Wharton, "The Greater Inclination" and "The but nothing preceded the stork. A doubtful ex-
Touchstone." In those days, the end of the ception is “The Scarlet Letter," in which the
Nineties, most of the established literature of sorrow of illicit love is covered by a romantic
the world was still unexplored, and a new ar- veil. The exquisite stories of Miss Jewett and
rival from New York had to compete with the Miss Wilkins give delicate expression to as much
world's inexhaustible masterpieces and also with as the shy New England characters would have
contemporaneous English fiction, especially the wished to tell of themselves. These stories show
two gods of the undergraduate, Stevenson and the grace of narrow lives, the charm and humor


162
[August 30
THE DIAL
that can Aourish amid rural poverty. By not people lived—they would all be dead by murder
making the deeper passions articulate the authors or suicide. Well, the only answer is that though
are precisely true to New England character. murder and suicide are not unknown in rustic
There are two kinds of suppression; one is the New England, Judge Brack was on the whole
suppression of life by the author's ignorance or right: "people don't do such things.” They live
reticence; the other is the suppression of feeling along, like Ethan Frome and his two women,
by life itself. Passion beats against obdurate after an abortive attempt at murder and suicide;
facts and falls broken and bleeding. This con- or like the girl in "Summer," after the wreck
test must be studied objectively, for the charac- of passion, they drop into a life of more or less
ters do not understand what is happening to them. comfortable resignation. For her, at the end of
The author understands, and sitting omniscient summer, there is an autumn of peace. The
and Olympian at the right-hand side of Fate, story, in its beautiful natural setting, is mellower
contemplates their lives; at the same time he and gentler than "Ethan Frome," which might
enters into each life with immense tenderness. have been called "Winter."
This is the greatest achievement of that kind of In her feeling for nature Mrs. Wharton is a
imagination which creates fiction.
The com-
poet. My friend the painter tells me not to mix
bined power of impartial contemplation and sym- up the arts, and says that words cannot describe.
pathy makes the genius of Thomas Hardy and it Perhaps they cannot, but they do. I could prove
makes the genius of Mrs. Wharton as it is it by many quotations from “Summer," but it
found in "Ethan Frome" and "Summer." For is better for you to read the book and see whether
she cannot play with these people, as she plays I am wrong in regarding it as a marvel of com-
with her people in New York society, shooting position. The descriptions have the same con-
her own ironic shafts at them or analyzing them tinuity with the narrative that trees have with
in terms of their own sophisticated talk. Her the road they shelter. Mrs. Wharton is at once
New England people are elemental, victims of direct and subtle. She unfolds with perfect
circumstance (so also, of course, was Lily Bart), lucidity the complexities of human nature. Her
and they must be left for the irony of life to sentences are so beautifully sequential that some-
deal with. At the same time there is no cold times a passage seems to straighten out, tense
detachment. A woman who had been reared and flexible, like a taut wire; and the vibration
on a bleak New England farm could not have is the sound of life.
John Macy.
a more intimate comprehension than has Mrs.
Wharton of its pitiful details and lonely aspira-
tions. And the New England woman's knowl-
NOTES ON NEW FICTION
edge would not be so wise or so wide, for it
would not include so much of the rest of life
It is the astonishing combination of the mod-
ern and the mid-Victorian that fascinates the
as to give by comparison a full realization of
bitterness and frustration.
reader of William J. Locke's “The Red Planet”
(Lane; $1.50). A well-ordered globe is Mr.
For the tragedy of “Ethan Frome” and of
"Summer" is not a shattered love affair. That
Locke's, an England rubber-tired and ball-bear-
ing, not the dusty and irresponsible country of
experience is so common that everybody has
Mr. Britling. The Major, an English Gentle-
known a case or two among his own friends.
man, is the rosy lens of the picture, and through
The tragedy is the defeat, the spiritual death, of
his eyes we measure the charm of Betty, Sir
natures that have not merely capacity for strong Anthony's temper, Marigold's discretion, and the
sexual passion but the capacity, which passion psychology of Colonel Boyce. This last is the
indicates, to grow and make something out of book. Conrad's "Lord Jim" spent his life in
better circumstances than chance happens to passionate overproof of his courage in conse-
permit.
quence of a lapse of it on his first voyage.
The saddest thing in New England, and no
Leonard Boyce spends other people's lives in the
doubt in some other parts of the world, is the
same effort. And we are not sure that Boyce
contrast between the spendor of the landscape
is not one of the most virile men that Locke
has ever drawn. We feel the Major's repulsion,
and the aridity of some of the life that mocks
we wonder at Betty's tenacious allegiance, and
its loveliness. A distinguished painter who
we smile at the adoration of Mrs. Boyce as we
knows the New England scenery but not the New watch Leonard's mouth when he stands at the
England people told me that he admired "Ethan
window with his loaded cane. But curiously, the
Frome," but he could not believe that such reader feels his charm in spite of all dislike,-


1917]
163
THE DIAL
)
the sympathy that brought the crowd to tears But however charming and picturesque it may
when his blind eyes could not help him put down be, Mr. Bain's latest story is not likely to add
the casket. We are won by his "glorious de- to the unique reputation which he has gained
fiance.” Betty, the generous, the courageous, the among discriminating readers. It is slight-in-
independent, is the usual delightful Locke hero- deed, on the lips of any but an Indian story-
ine. She rushes through quiet Wellingford in teller with a perfect rage for "making the com-
tumultuous glory. Phyllis fails to provide parison," "The Livery of Eve” would be a mere
enough color to warrant her obstinacy. Althea, short story. It comes out of a conversation be-
dead before the book opens, is the most convinc- tween the Moony-crested God and his spouse
ing of all,-a hollyhock in an English garden. the Daughter of the Snow, and out of a conun-
It is easy to forgive the sentimentality of "The drum that he propounds—which of the three be-
Red Planet." In spite of the clockwork and the ings, Keshawa, Kamarupa, or Aparajita is to be
blue sky, there is the real story of a man's life. blamed as the thief? The Moony-crested God
The tendency in modern metaphysics and
beats his spouse in casuistry, but she has had the
philosophy has been toward the recognition of
satisfaction of hearing an agreeable and ingenious
a soul in the chaos called man. Mr. George A.
tale.
Dorsey evidently does not share this prejudice. Mr. Bain is one of the initiators in the litera-
In his "Young Low" (Doran; $1.50) the young ture of to-day. When he wrote the delightful
gentleman of the title rôle, obsessed by sex, jour: “Digit of the Moon,” he discovered for us a
neys self-consciously through twenty-eight years novel sort of romance—a romance that was
of life in different parts of the traveller's globe, neither European nor Arabian, but Indian and
and is left at the end of the book to go back to distinctive. He took Sanskrit romance with its
America and start all over again. The partners mythological background and its copious com-
of his life vary interestingly. The girl at home, parisons, its intellectual subtlety and its limited
naturally, is not only stupid but old-fashioned; psychology, and infused into it an element of
the strictures from which Young Low escaped humor. By virtue of his humor he has made
have bound her forever. A Hungarian Jewess
.
this alien literature delightfully entertaining. To
is abject and adoring. Alexandra Lanfiere, many minds a great deal of the entertainment
whose charm is difficult to discover, proves a con-
comes out of the sympathetic perception of the
venient vehicle for a large number of feminist curious Indian mind. No other European writer
theories, to which Young Low plays enthusiastic gives us such a sense of being absolutely at home
Rollo. It is unfortunate that the really excellent
with the Pundits. Kipling, in comparison with
presentation of matter should be marred by a the author of "A Digit of the Moon” or “A
vast amount of modern Freudian dogma, which
Draught of the Blue" or "Ashes of a God,"
has not yet worked down to reasonable propor-
seems to be a Cockney interloper.
tions. Much of it is still fermenting, and defies Two sympathetic views of the race-problem
digestion. There is notable ease and grace in are presented by Mr. Paul Kester in the novel
description and narrative, and with the growth of “His Own Country” (Bobbs-Merrill; $1.50).
sympathy and understanding the author may be All the traditions of the South, and its preju-
expected to produce something on a much higher dices, all the arguments of the negro, and the
plane.
evidence of the possibilities of his race have been
F. W. Bain's latest romance, “The Livery of carefully woven into this tragic romance.
Eve” (Putnam; $1.50), would make a delight- novel, the story is interesting; as a psychological
ful ballet. There is the proper theatrical con- study and as a thought-provoking introduction
trast between Keshawa, the handsome king, and to more serious consideration of the future of the
Kamarupa, the hideous barber. Both are enam- colored race in America, it deserves attention.
ored of the seductive water sprite Aparajita, but To offset the prolixity and occasional stiffness
The King may not acknowledge his love for a there is a sincere and wholesome study of con-
woman and the barber can never hope to gain ditions and atmosphere that cannot fail to im-
any woman's toleration. Aparajita instructs the
press the reader.
barber how to distenant the king from his hand- There is no especial enlightenment concerning
some body and assume that body himself, and the “misunderstood Americans” of the southern
afterwards she tricks him into giving up the mountains, to be derived from "The Master of
king's body for an instant so that Keshawa, who the Hills,” by Sarah Johnston Cocke (Dutton;
has been led to admit his passion, may have a body $1.50). The book proves, if it proves anything
,
handsome enough to woo her in. The scene in at all, that an author may be fairly truthful in
which the seductive water sprite, weeping over regard to history, geography, and dialect, and
her dead fish, induces the barber to abandon his yet completely miss the essential characteristics
borrowed body would be delightful in such a of a people—the things that give them life, and
ballet as the Russians stage for us.
their story the savor of reality.
As a


164
[August 30
THE DIAL
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
critic's sympathies and give promise of a whole-
some catholicity in the tone of the essays. In
RAYMOND, OR LIFE AND DEATH. By Sir
his opening paragraph Mr. Freeman calls atten-
Oliver Lodge. Doran; $3.
tion to "the modesty lurking in his [Mr. Shaw's]
To review this volume is a painful task how- defiant egotism," and then, inevitably enough,
ever considered. One hesitates to wound the confronts us with such exhibitions of audacity,
sensibilities of the writer, not as a man of science, self-assertiveness, and lack of reverence (in the
but as a father who has lost in the chance of accepted sense) on Mr. Shaw's part, as to leave
battle a peculiarly promising and beloved son. us wondering what room is left for the alleged
The book begins with a brief record of the life modesty. One feels a little as one might in
and services of young Raymond Lodge and in- turning from Dixon Scott's elaborate exposition
cludes estimates of his character by comrades and of “The Innocence of Bernard Shaw" to witness
some of his letters from the trenches. They tell a performance of "Misalliance" or "Getting
what is a sadly familiar story: much bravery, Married.” By an odd trick of the mind Mr.
admirable self-command, an engaging personality, Freeman is somehow reminded of Bunyan when
a strong sense of duty,—and the fatal rendez- he contemplates Mr. Shaw. All of which goes
vous with death. The bulk of the volume is an to show the danger of falling into paradox when
account of seances with various spiritualistic me- one ventures to handle this paradoxical genius.
diums, in which the dead son speaks and, to the Henry James impresses the author as having "the
satisfaction of Sir Oliver and other members most original mind of our time"—which would
of his family, gives evidence of his acquaintance be more convincing from one who had not already
with the thoughts and incidents of his life on devoted more than twice as much space to the
earth. Other distinguished Englishmen who have startling originality of the "modern” just men-
entertained similar beliefs also communicate. tioned. But he writes with discernment of the
When one observes the loose conditions under gifted and subtle novelist.
which these seances are held, the far-fetched con-
clusions by which the evidence is made “evi- TURKEY, GREECE, AND THE GREAT Pow-
dential,” the overwhelming prepossession of the ERS. By G. F. Abbot. McBride; $3.
sitters in favor of the belief, the absence of pre-
The world-war had its beginning in the
caution to guard against fraud, and then recalls Balkans, and the southeast has never ceased to
the endless series of similar sittings that have
be the principal theatre of its diplomacy and a
demonstrably been fraudulent and the vulgar de-
ceptions by which the mystification has proceeded, chief aspiration lay in the direction of the Ægean;
main scene of its armed combat. Germany's
one cannot render any other verdict than that this
and one of the reasons why the Entente nations
book is pernicious in the first degree. It is a
were unwilling last December to enter upon
shocking example of how an intellect trained to
fine reasoning in physical science utterly breaks
peace negotiations was that the Turkish alliance
and the Roumanian collapse had brought this
down in the presence of an emotional psycho- German aspiration to approximate realization.
logical situation. One can hardly be satisfied A timely book, therefore, is Mr. Abbot's “Study
merely to pity; one must condemn. For reason is
in Friendship and Hate." Mr. Abbot has writ-
too precious a matter to be sacrificed in the
ten earlier volumes on both Turkey and Greece,
worthy cause of charity. The conscientious re-
and his high qualification to discuss the kaleido-
viewer closes the volume with a sense of regretscopic politics centring about the Balkans and
that it was written.
the eastern Mediterranean has been well proved.
The present book consists of two series of
THE MODERNS. Essays in Literary Criti-
chapters. The first sketches lightly, but with a
cism. By John Freeman. Crowell; $1.75.
sure hand, the relations of France, Russia,
A book professedly devoted to "the moderns" England, and the Germanic powers with the
and opening with an essay on Mr. George Ber- Turks; it concludes with an interesting descrip-
nard Shaw might be expected to continue with tion of the perplexity of Turkey at the outbreak
another on Mr. Chesterton and to discuss no of the present war, and a statement of the con-
writer born earlier than the last half of the nine- siderations that finally induced the Empire to
teenth century; but Mr. Freeman's list em- cast in its fortunes with the Teutonic side. The
braces Mr. Thomas Hardy, Henry James, Cov- second series of chapters deals similarly with the
entry Patmore, and Dr. Robert Bridges. The relations of the greater powers with Greece, and
other names (Shaw, Wells, Maeterlinck, Con- with the difficulties of the position into which
rad, and Francis Thompson) just form a ma- the Hellenic kingdom was brought by the war.
jority, and hence may be considered to justify The Turks went into the war on the Teutonic
the book's title. The company as a whole illus- side, the author says, for the simple reason that
trate the breadth and comprehensiveness of the Germany outbid the Entente nations. The best


1917)
165
THE DIAL
>
that England and her allies did was to promise the history of the organization and republishes
unimpaired independence and integrity as a re- the "Report of the Sanitary Commission of 1850,"
ward for neutrality; and England gave offence a pioneer document of prophetic import in the
at the outset by seizing two Ottoman battleships history of American sanitation.
which were just ready to be delivered to the
Porte by their English builders. Germany, on The Lovers. By Elizabeth Robins Pen-
the other hand, made up the gap in the Sultan's nell. Lippincott; $1.
fleet; plied the starving state with gold; kindled
Six years ago, in the happy days before the
the Turkish imagination with visions of an Otto- war,—Mrs. Elizabeth Robins Pennell looked
man Empire supreme in the East, as the Ger- across from her high windows in London into
man should be supreme in the West; and, above the garret of an old house across the way and
all, pushed the telling argument that if Russia saw two lovers clasped in each other's arms.
came out of the war victorious, Turkey would It was spring when they settled in their attic,
be doomed. Mr. Abbot is strongly of the opinion "with an easel, two chairs, and a mirror for
that notwithstanding these odds, Turkey might all visible furniture," and no thought save for
have been kept neutral by good diplomacy, for each other and the work that was to bring
he says that the Sultan and Grand Vizier were them fame and fortune. For a year she watched
opposed to a war policy. The fault, he thinks, them playing and working together, preluding
lay not with the British ambassador at Con- ten-minute separations with endless last words
stantinople, but with the Foreign Office, and and kisses; then she saw them gradually losing
arose from adhering too slavishly to the policy their sublime unawareness of their surroundings,
of aloofness toward Turkey dictated by the straying out of their lovers' paradise into the
Anglo-Russian entente.
humdrum world of every-day, and finally leav-
A final chapter, entitled “The Moral Suasion ing their attic and her ken. Presently she wrote
of Greece,” is perhaps the best in the book. It a sketch about them, called "Les Amoureux" for
lays bare the fundamentals of one of the most the "Century Magazine" and the incident would
tangled situations for which the war has been have been closed, had it not been that Les
responsible, and shows that the struggle was the Amoureux read the sketch and L'Amoureux
last thing the Greeks "wished for or were pre- came one day to bring Mrs. Pennell a book of
pared for.”
his wife's verses and to explain that her lovers
were lovers still, and had been touched and
State SANITATION. By George Chandler thrilled—not, as Mrs. Pennell feared, offended
Whipple. Harvard University Press. -at finding themselves portrayed by a sympa-
Pioneer work of a constructive type in sani-
thetic hand. Again the story seemed ended, but
tary engineering, especially in the fields of sewage
again there was a sequel: a saddened, widowed
disposal, the development, protection, and care of
L'Amoureuse, bringing to the friend who under-
water supplies, and the prevention and control
stood and could make others understand, her
of pollution of streams by sewage and industrial
hero-lover's letters, through which she wanted
wastes, has marked the history of the Massachu-
the world to read the tale of his bravery and
setts State Board of Health to a degree unusual
devotion. L'Amoureux, a private, one of the
among governmental agencies. With the rise first to volunteer, had fallen at Loos.
of preventive medicine the activities of this board
From his brief, scrappy, breathless letters Mrs.
have been turned toward the prevention of
Pennell's sympathetic touch evokes a singularly
epidemics, the control of contagious diseases and
vivid picture of the training of that first volun-
the preparation and supply of antitoxins and
teer army and of its early days in the trenches
somewhere in Flanders-days full of back-break-
vaccines.
The history of this board is a record of the ing labor and heart-breaking hardships and mis-
eries and dangers. Because he was a true artist,
vanguard of socialized medicine in the United
L'Amoureux had the seeing eye and the think-
States. Its successes have inspired other states to ing mind behind it; writing as a private, he rec-
action and its officers have been widely recog- ords, unconsciously, the experiences of millions
nized as leaders and advisors throughout the of newly made soldiers who leave the life that
nation. For these reasons Dr. Whipple's account they know to come and go as they are bidden,
of the organization, its political and scientific for reasons that they know not, in support of
vicissitudes and its various projects undertaken policies that they do not understand. But for
in sanitary and medical research form an inter- his letters, L'Amoureux would have passed, like
esting and stimulating record of American prog- most of his comrades, silently into the Great
ress in state and municipal sanitation and Silence. Because it is a true romance, “The
preventive medicine. The first volume of the Lovers" is a book to bring the huge, wasteful
three projected in this work deals primarily with tragedy of war strongly home to its readers.


166
[August 30
THE DIAL
The LIVING PRESENT. By Gertrude Ath- fervently as they administer to the needs of the
erton. Stokes; $1.50.
wounded. Any preconceived notion that the
WOMEN IN WAR. By Francis Gribble. Russian "Legion of Death" is an innovation, is
Dutton; $2.75.
quickly dispelled when one turns to Mr. Francis
Apropos of a conversation with Madame
Gribble's "Women in War" and reads of the
Camille Lyon in which that distinguished mem-
valiant achievements of "warrior queens" of the
ber of the French bourgeoisie accused her of be-
past. This is a historical account of the part
ing the most impatient of women, because, in
which women of various nations have actually
going the rounds of ateliers and hospitals, she played in great battles, brought up to date by
saw places and left them in such haste, Mrs.
the mention of the exploits of certain women in
Atherton says of herself: "The truth of the
the present war.
matter was that I had long since cultivated the
Mr. Gribble writes of Jeanne d'Arc in detail,
habit of registering definite impressions in a
and with an open mind attempts to give her a
flash.” This quality of mind, combined with a proper place in history, conceding neither to
dramatic sense fostered through the practice of
M. Anatole France that she was merely the tool
writing fiction, has enabled her to gather exten-
of the clergy, nor to Andrew Lang that she
sive material during her three months' stay in was the great military leader he thought her.
France (in the Spring of 1916), and to present a
His searching desire for fairness toward Jeanne
vivid picture of Frenchwomen in war times.
d'Arc gives one confidence in the author's esti-
Mrs. Atherton was a sympathetic investiga-
mate of other women warriors with whose repu-
tor of the work which Frenchwomen have done
tation the reviewer is less familiar. He specu-
because she is a great admirer of the French na-
lates less than does Mrs. Atherton on woman's
tion, which she considers, obviously, as pre-
"status.” His viewpoint appears to be, in the
eminent among the warring nations of Europe. main, historical, although he has some interest-
That the attributes of the French, which she de- ing theories to account for the significantly few
scribes at length, belong to the women as well
German women who have distinguished them-
as to the men, is proved by the conspicuous ex-
selves along military lines.
amples of resourcefulness, self-abnegation, un-
tiring energy, and spiritual exaltation which she CONFESSIONS OF A WAR CORRESPONDENT.
cites among all classes—the aristocracy, the bour- By William G. Shepherd. Harper; $1.
geoisie, and the working people alike. It is in- Not war events, but the adroit methods by
teresting to become acquainted individually with which such events, despite censorship and red
the women of France who are associated with
tape, may be related with promptness and pi-
the founding and carrying on of the great relief- quancy and some approach to truth, for the
works of which we were poignantly, but imper- benefit of newspaper readers, form the subject
sonally, aware. The ouvroirs, the cantines, the of Mr. Shepherd's crisp narrative. He is said
"comfort package," the caring for the éclopés, and to have been the first American reporter per-
the réformés, Le bon gîte, the systematic training mitted at the British western front, and to have
of women to do men's work intelligently, the been the only newspaper man to witness the first
effort to rescue children of the frontier-all these battle of Ypres. He also reported the fall of
and other splendid works are described. Mrs. Antwerp, and has had a varied experience at the
Atherton is at her best when she confines herself German, Austrian, and Italian fronts. His story
to the concrete, and her portraits of French brings out well the three stages through which
women have charm and piquancy.
war correspondence has passed in the course of
That great social and economic changes will the present conflict, and he calls them the "free-
be the result of these women's far-reaching and lance days," the "dark ages," and the "stage of
hitherto unimagined activities, is Mrs. Atherton's the new twentieth-century war correspondent."
opinion, and this question she discusses in the last Lurid sensationalism characterized the first
part of her book under the general subject of period, an unnecessary and vexatious meagreness
"Feminism in Peace and War." At this point, of war news marked the second, and something
"The Living Present" changes, in a measure, its like a happy medium between the riot of an
character, for its author becomes discursive and irresponsible writer's imagination and the severe
resorts to generalities which are not always con- brevity of official reports seems to have been at-
vincing. Mrs. Atherton's book, we believe, tained in the new era now entered upon. The
would have been more delightful, had she con- book is an entertaining and apparently truthful
fined herself to portraiture and narrative, instead account of a war reporter's trials and triumphs,
of undertaking, rather superficially, an abstract and its author is an accredited correspondent of
discussion of values.
the United Press. He is an adept at adding the
Recently we have had our attention sharply requisite touch of realism, but when he equips
drawn to the fact that women may fight as an Austrian locomotive with a cow-catcher, as


1917]
167
THE DIAL
he does in his fourth chapter, the illusion is not Professor Ellwood has followed the traditional
heightened. However, we are willing to take the manner, and has produced a useful, well-ordered,
term in a generic and not a specific sense, and and readable exposition. Thoroughly adequate
to commend his book unreservedly to the reader. when judged by class-room standards, the vol-
ume can hardly be said to be notable. Yet it is
SECOND WIND. By Freeman Tilden. generally unfair to criticize textbooks by the
Huebsch; $1.
standards of notable contributions. Indeed,
Present conditions are causing something of a
some teachers hold that a textbook is not a place
movement back to the land, from which, we are
for distinctive and individual contributions, but is
becoming acutely aware, we draw our sustenance.
in the first instance a handbook of direct service
Therefore Mr. Freeman's "Second Wind,” which
to the student. The texts in social psychology
professes in a sub-title to tell "the plain truth
offer the educational disadvantage that their sub-
about going back to the land," is a good book
ject-matter is not clearly defined or, when defined,
to read at this time, since it is written by one
is often a portion of another accredited domain.
who evidently knows something about farming Sociology has practically sprung up in the un-
and is under no illusions as to the amount of
claimed areas where the boundaries of several
hard work and, above all, intelligent work that
sciences failed to meet. It has also attempted
successful farming demands. But whether the
to interpret the material of economics, of politics,
writer's "Alexander Hadlock,” who got his
of general social movements, and of psychology,
second wind at sixty-two and exchanged the pro-
from its own point of interest. Under this view
fessor's chair for the farmer's hoe is a real per-
of the function of social psychology, and the
son or purely imaginary, it would be hard to
needs of the student, Professor Ellwood's volume
say. Perhaps he is a little of both. Perhaps the may be recommended as a well-balanced solu-
book is only another David Grayson adventure
tion.
in contentment. It has some of the pleasing qual-
ities also of such realistic performances as “One
The FRAGRANT NOTE BOOK. Romance
Way Out," "A Living Without a Boss," and
and Legend of the Flower Garden and the
“The Man Who Bucked Up.” It certainly
Bye-Way. By C. Arthur Coan, LL.B.
Putnam's; $2.50.
makes the sexagenarian Hadlock, with his iron
determination not to be beaten and his courage-
How to know the flowers, intimately and lov-
ous matching of his wits and pluck and energy ingly, but not at all scientifically and botanically,
against adversity, a very real and interesting is agreeably set forth in the rambling chapters
character.
Vermont farm—"aban- of Mr. Coan's delightfully original “Note Book."
doned,” of course—is the scene of his fight for Past the "lodge of the Dumb Porter" he leads
life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; and of the reader through “no city park in which the
course the fight ends in victory for Hadlock, weary palmer need dread signs inviting him to
else the story would not have been told. Inci- keep off the grass and attaching strange and un-
dentally the narrative conveys considerable in- usual penalties to the breaking of this or the
formation about soils, fertilizers, dairy-farming, plucking of that.” It is a flower garden for
silos, ensilage, potato-bugs, and human nature, one's most vagrant moods, fragrant with old asso-
both rural and urban. There is not enough de- ciations and full of all sorts of pleasant surprises.
tail about the hero himself and the catastrophe Here one may listen to the tale of Narcissus
that left him stranded and alone at sixty-two, from the beautiful youth's own lips, and revive
to make him quite real to the reader, but he one's memories of the folk-lore of the hyacinth,
serves well enough as a peg on which to hang the Jack-in-the-pulpit, the Canterbury bells,
a pleasing and profitable disquisition on intensive Queen Anne's lace, monkshood, and many other
farming.
flowers; and here is to be found a new explana-
tion of the name borne by the foxglove: “The
AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL PSYCHOL- fairies play that these are gloves, because fairies
By Charles A. Ellwood. Apple- can play anything, and to carry out the game
ton; $2.
they call them gloves too,—just 'little folk's
The widespread interest in the psychological gloves,' or if they are in a hurry, 'folk's gloves.'
basis of social activities has led to a number of
You see we have it all wrong. We call 'em
courses in social psychology, and these have nat- 'Fox gloves, because we don't know any better.
urally developed the need for textbooks. Such Fancy a fox with gloves on!” Poetry, both orig-
surveys frequently may be utilized to satisfy the inal and selected, profusely sprinkles the pages,
interests of the general reader. For class pur- and a set of "cold frames” at the end shows the
poses systematic exposition, with detailed heads origin of all these appropriate verses. Delicately
of paragraphs outlining the subject, offered in tinted decorations cover the printed text, and a
acceptable prose, represents the requirement.
the requirement rural scene serves as frontispiece.
A stony
OGY.


168
[August 30
THE DIAL
newer one.
CASUAL COMMENT
this spunky writer hopes that, after all, Mr.
Huntington may intend, after exhibiting his
FRENCH SCRUTINY OF GERMAN SCHOLARSHIP
spoils in "some important centre of the U. S.
is getting under way. It questions both the qual- A.,” to restore them (to the British Museum)
ity and methods of "Kultur”—and even its mor- as a memorial of the alliance of England and
ality. Victor Bérard, in a volume entitled "Un
America in the great war. The editor who prints
Mensonge de la Science Allemande," attacks
the above has his own hope: that "when Mr.
Wolf's "Prolegomena to Homer,” a work which,
Huntington's granddaughter marries the Prince
on its appearance in 1795, established itself as
of Wales' son he may endow her with that
the chief in a new field of doubt, and has im-
gem among his other worldly goods and bring
posed a rather stiff tyranny ever since. Accord- the collection back
to its ancestral
ing to this author, it is now clear that Wolf
halls.” To which Aight of fancy one can only
borrowed right and left, and often forgot to
oppose the calm opinion that collections of this
specify his borrowings. He copied Villoison, pre-
sort or that-having served their purpose in an
tending that he had worked on the same subject
old country, may serve a wider purpose in a
before him. He copied Merian, pretending that
he did not know of this Swiss scholar's work
previous to the completion of his own. He THE ENGLISH "DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL
copied the Abbé d'Aubignac, a still earlier scholar, BIOGRAPHY” has been presented to the Univer-
who was the first to deny the existence of Homer sity of Oxford by the family of its late proprie-
and the common authorship of the Iliad and the tor. This vast undertaking was initiated in 1882
Odyssey and who had put forward the hypothe- by George M. Smith, at his sole risk and ex-
sis of independent tribal lays, and undertook to pense. From 1885 to 1900, under the editorship
prove by false citations that the Abbé was but of Sir Leslie Stephen and Sir Sidney Lee, the
an old lunatic and that his conjectures were a original promise of quarterly publication was
mass of paradoxes and ineptitudes. The case of faithfully kept; and three supplementary volumes,
Wolf is put forward as representative: "No bringing the record down to the death of Queen
sooner did the human brain make a discovery Victoria, were published in 1901: sixty-six
or formulate a theory than Germany registered volumes in all, more recently issued as twenty-
it, catalogued it, and contrived to profit by it two. Mr. Smith himself died in this latter year,
and to boast of it as her own. France having brought to successful conclusion, without
imagined, created, invented.
Upon every
state assistance or subsidy, the largest of all
Villoison that France produced, Germany at once national collections of biography. In 1912, his
let loose a Wolf who, equipped with all the wife, to whom the property had been bequeathed,
appliances of organized science, busily fabricated published three more supplementary volumes.
intellectual ‘merchandise,' until the world was This vast collection is described truly as a national
aware only of the Germanic copy or counter- asset, and it is gratifying to learn that Oxford
feit.” Such testimony tends to put the Germans, will commemorate upon the title-pages of all
along with the Japanese, among the imitative new issues by the University Press, the name of
and assimilative peoples who "better the instruc- its initiator and first proprietor and publisher.
tion” derived from the really creative races and
who, besides becoming a general menace, gain
MAY A PERIODICAL APPEAR AS OFTEN AS IT
greater reputation for "efficiency" and other
things than the facts warrant.
LIKES? Not in present-day England. “Notes
and Queries,” that well-known and long-service-
able monthly, has just been balked in an effort
The WAIL THAT ALWAYS ACCOMPANIES THE to convert itself into a weekly. Of course it
TRANSFER OF ENGLISH BOOKS AND PICTURES took an odd time to make the change or to try
TO AMERICA (or, more strictly, books and pic- for it. Other British periodicals are appearing
tures which have been English possessions) does with maimed and scanted rites, or at lengthened
not fail in connection with the recent sale of the intervals, or have discontinued altogether. "N.
Bridgewater Library, got together by one of & Q.” saw, however, a chance to take a different
the earls of Ellesmere. A correspondent of "The tack. A contributor of long standing had offered
Publishers' Circular" mourns the “lamentable to purchase it, retaining the services of its time-
fate of such a unique English heirloom being honored sub-editor and those of its present pro-
transported to America. To the prietor as printer, and stood willing to gratify
brute force of wealth at such a moment, for such our intellectual curiosities fifty-two times a year
a purpose," he declares, "is just a little bit like instead of twelve. But the English Board of
picking your grandmother's pocket at a family Trade had ordered that no person, without
funeral.' For this are we allies! Continuing, license from the Board, should publish any new
use
a
-


1917]
169
THE DIAL
magazine; and for the purposes of this order
Announcement of Fall Books
(dating from last June) the expression "new
magazine or other publication" has been made
The Dial offers herewith the first of the pub-
to include, with a dogged stiffness quite British, lishers' lists of fall books. The present division
any periodical intended to be published more
includes books on the theory and practice of edu-
frequently than at the date of its order. A
cation and textbooks for schools and colleges.
way to save paper, perhaps; but no way to slake
The second division, to be published in the issue
a community's intellectual thirst.
for September 27, will give books of a more
general character. The present list is compiled
from data obtained directly from the publishers,
WILL THE MODERN BOOK LAST? Some years
and is as complete as conditions in the publishing
ago there was a well-founded alarm over the
business will permit.
perishable nature of much of the leather used
in book-binding. Today there is alarm about BOOKS FOR SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES.
the paper-especially that recent invention, "art"
A Social Theory of Religious Education, by George
paper, to whose perfectly smooth but non- Albert Coe, $1.50.-German and English Educa-
tion, by Fr. De Hovre, $1.25.-Psychology, by Burtis
absorbent surface so many illustrations, black or
Burr Breese, illus., $1.60.—The Exceptional Child,
in colors, have been committed. There are by Maximilian P. E. Groszmann, illus., $2.-Mod-
thousands of works in existence from the early ern High School, by Charles Hughes Johnston,
centuries of printing, often as perfect as when
illus., revised edition, $1.75.-Teaching Elementary
School Subjects, compiled by L. W. Rapeer, illus.,
first produced, even in the hand-colored plates. $2.-A Harmony of the Synoptic Gospels, by Ernest
What, it is coming to be asked, would be their DeWitt Burton and Edgar Johnson Goodspeed,
condition now if they had been printed and hand-
$1.25.--History of English Literature by William
Vaughn Moody and Robert Morss Lovett, revised
colored on paper made as our modern coated
edition, illus., $1.35.—The Modern Student's Li-
"art" paper is made? English paper-makers and brary, comprising The Ordeal of Richard Feveral,
publishers have been looking over the back files
Pendennis, The Return of the Native, Boswell's
Life of Johnson, Adam Bede, The Ring and the
of such periodicals as have followed this method
Book, Emerson's Essays (selected), Carlyle's Past
of illustration for thirty years—the limit of and Present and Selections from his Writings, The
endurance set by some authorities; and they
Essays of Addison and Steele, 19th Century Letters,
and 18th Century Poems; general editor, Will D.
seem to feel (in the absence of expert opinion
Howe, each 75 cts.- Natural Method Fourth Reader,
from chemists) that there is less danger from illus., 56 cts.--Howe Readers by Grades: Books I,
clay, or chemicals, or even from resin, than from
II, III, IV, V, at 28, 36, 40, 44, and 48 cts., re-
spectively.—Child's Garden of Verses, by Robert
the old and familiar enemy, damp. One hopes
Louis Stevenson, school edition, edited by Florence
-or fears—that the only danger facing the vast Storer, illus., 45 cts.-Cicero's Orations and Letters,
number of illustrated works sure to follow in by Arthur W. Roberts and John C. Rolfe, illus.,
$1.50.-Elementary Science, prefatory note by John
the wake of the great war is one already known
G. Coulter, illus., $1.-Commercial Geography, by
and realized.
Jacques Wardlaw Redway, revised edition, illus.,
$1.25.—Talks to Young People on Ethics, by C. H.
A PLAN TO MAKE MUSICAL CELEBRITIES Wilson, 75 cts. (Charles Scribner's Sons.)
PROMINENT IN LITERATURE is involved in the
An Introduction to Educational Sociology, by Walter
Robinson Smith, $1.75.-Statistical Methods Applied
project of the National Society of Music, now to Educational Problems, by Harold O. Rugg, $2.-
reaching fruition after four years, to publish
Educational Tests and Measurements, by Walter
S. Monroe, James C. DeVoss, and Frederick J.
a comprehensive work on “The Art of Music,"
Kelly, $1.50.- The Profession of Teaching, by O.
with Professor Daniel Gregory Mason, of Co- I: Woodley and M. Virginia Woodley.- Observa-
lumbia, as editor in chief. Some of the names
tion of Teaching, by Charles R. Maxwell.—How
of his contributors resound internationally, as
Children Learn, by Frank N. Freeman, $1.60.-
Teaching in Rural Schools, by Thomas Jackson
those of Richard Strauss, Anna Pavlova, and Woofter.—The Undergraduate and his College, by
Alfred Hertz. Others are those of well-known
Frederick P. Keppel, $1.50.—The Teaching_of
articulate forwarders of the art and themselves
Hygiene in the Grades, by J. Mace Andress.—The
Teaching of English in the Secondary School, by
musicians, as Frank Damrosch and David Bisp- Charles Swain Thomas, $1.60.—Argumentation and
ham. Still other names, as that of Ernest New-
Debating, by William Trufant Foster, $1.40.—The
Riverside Literature Series, including Tales from
man, give assurance that the writer as such will the Alhambra, by Washington Irving, adapted by
have his desired and necessary prominence. All Josephine Brower; The Wit of the Duck, and
this coöperative endeavor is expected to produce
Other Papers, by John Burroughs, paper, 16 cts.;
A Modern Instance, by William Dean Howells, 75
a work that will be a standard American one on cts.—Readings in English Prose of the 19th Cen-
music, will also be international in scope and in tury, edited by Raymond M. Alden.-Shakespear-
point of view, and will educate students and
ean Playhouses, by Joseph Quincy Adams, illus.,
readers in the essentials of musical appreciation.
$3.50.—The History of Mediaeval Europe, by Lynn
Thorndike, with maps.-Money. What It Is and


170
[August 30
THE DIAL
How to Use It, by William R. Hayward, 80 cts.-
Stories to Tell the Littlest Ones, by Sara Cone
Bryant, illus., $1.—The Cave Twins, by Lucy Fitch
Perkins, illus., 56 cts.—The Dutch Twins Primer,
by Lucy Fitch Perkins, illus., 44 cts.—The Little
Book of the Flag, by Eva March Tappan. (Hough-
ton Mifflin Co.)
Educational Psychology, by Kate Gordon.-The Real
Business of Living, by James H. Tufts.—Moral
Values, by Walter Goodnow Everett.—Anglo-Saxon
Reader, by James W. Bright, new edition, $1.75.
-Lessons in French, by E. W. Olmsted.-Viajando
por sud América, by Albes, abridged and edited
with vocabulary by Jacob Warshaw.–Stories from
Balzac, edited with vocabulary by Douglas L. Buf-
fum.—Tartarin sur les Alpes, by Daudet, edited
with vocabulary by Walter J. Peirce.—Le Bourgeois
Gentilhomme, by Molière, edited with vocabulary by
Moritz Levi.-Las Tiendas, by Frontaura, edited
with vocabulary by A. F. Whittem.-Leitfaden der
deutschen Sprache, by W. H. Gohdes.—Gustav
Adolfs Page, by Meyer, edited with vocabulary by
R. B. Roulston.-College Physics, by A. L. Kimball,
new edition, $1.75.-General Zoölogy, by A. S.
Pearse.—The Human Body, by H. N. Martin, new
edition, $2.75.—Commercial Letters, by John B.
Opdycke and Celia A. Drew.-Organized Banking,
by Eugene E. Agger.-A Trip to Latin America,
by Ventura Fuentes and Victor E. François. (Henry
Holt & Co.)
Educational Monographs (published in conjunction
with The School Review and The Elementary
School Journal).—The Administration of Secondary
School Units, by Leonard V. Koos, $1.—The Kin-
dergartens of Richmond, Indiana, by Alice Temple,
40 cts.—Types of Reading Ability, as Exhibited
Through Tests and Laboratory Experiments, by
Clarence T. Gray, $1.25.-Experimental Studies in
Arithmetic, by George S. Counts, 75 cts.—Third-
Year Mathematics for Secondary Schools, by Ernst
R. Breslich, $1.50 and $1.-Logarithmic and
Trigonometric Tables and Mathematical Formu-
las, by Ernst R. Breslich, 75 cts.-Outlines for the
Study of Agricultural Economics, by Edwin G.
Nourse, 75 cts.-First Lessons in Spoken French for
Men in Military Service, by Ernest H. Wilkins,
Algernon Coleman, and Howard R. Huse, 50 cts.
First Lessons in Spoken French for Doctors and
Nurses, by Ernest H. Wilkins, Algernon Coleman,
and Ethel Preston, 50 cts.—Le Soldat Américain en
France, by Algernon Coleman and Marin La-
Meslee, 50 cts. (University of Chicago Press.)
The Principles and Practice of Continuation Teach-
ing, by Charles H. Kirton, $2.25.-A Typewriting
Catechism, 85 cts.—Medical Reporting in Pitman's
Shorthand, by H. Dickinson, $1.25.—Naval and
Military Shorthand Writers' Phrase Book and
Guide, 75 cts.—Pitman's English and Shorthand
Dictionary, centenary edition, $2.50.—Pitman's Short-
hand Drill Exercises, 25 cts.—Shorthand Key to
"Supplementary Exercises,” Part I, 35 cts.-Hugo's
Russian Grammar Simplified, $1.35.-Hugo's Rus-
sian Reading Made Easy, $1.-Spanish Verbs, by
G. R. Macdonald, $1.-Rapid Method of Simplified
French Conversation, by Valentine F. Hibberd, 85
(Isaac Pitman & Sons.)
Educational Survey Series: (a) Self-Surveys by Col-
cts.-Problems of Subnormality, by J. E. W. Wallin,
$3.-Citizenship, by Milton Bennion, $1.-New-
World Spanish Series: Teatro de Ensueno, by
Martinez Sierra, edited by Aurelio M. Espinosa,
48 cts.-Paz and Pablo, edited by Addie F. Mit-
chell, 48 cts.-Poco a poco, edited by Guillermo
Hall, $1.-Ein Anfangsbuch, edited by Laura B.
Crandon, 96 cts. Standard Practice Tests in
Arithmetic, by Stewart A. Courtis, card-cabinet edi-
tion, for 50 pupils, $6; for 20 pupils, $3.60.-Science
for Beginners, by Delos Fall, $1.20. (World Book
Co.)
Vocational Education (Handbook Series), by Emily
Robison.-Coöperation of School and Home (Study
Outline Series), by Clara E. Fanning.-Library
Aids for Teachers and School Librarians, by
Esther M. Davis.-Library Work with Children,
by Alize I. Hazeltine.—The Children's Library, by
Sophy H. Powell, $1.75.-Russia, History and Travel
(Study Outline Series), Clara E. Fanning.-Russian
Literature (Study Outline Series), by Anna L.
Guthrie.-University Debaters Annual, Vol. III,
compiled by Edith M. Phelps.-Debaters Handbook
Series: Selected Articles on the Income Tax, by
Edith M. Phelps.--New Poetry (Study Outline Ser-
ies), by Mary Prescott Parsons. (H. W. Wilson
Co.)
Theory of Knowledge, by Peter Coffey, 2 vols.—Edu-
cation After the War, by J. H. Badley, $1.25.—The
Public School System in Relation to the Coming
Conflict for National Supremacy, by V. Seymour
Bryant.-An Introduction to Special School Work,
by Marion F. Bridie, $1.—Means and Methods in
the Religious Education of the Young, by John
Davidson.—The Upbringing of Daughters, by
Catherine Durning Whetham, $1.75. - English
Literature, by Herbert Bates, illus.--Selections from
the Old English Bede, with text and vocabulary
on an Early West Saxon Basis, and a skeleton out-
line of Old English Accidence, by W. J. Sedgefield,
$1.20.-A Skeleton Outline of Old English Acci-
dence, by W. J. Sedgefield, 40 cts.-Infinitesimal
Calculus, by F. S. Carey, in two sections, with
diagrams, first section, $1.80.-Differential Equa-
tions, by H. Bateman. (Longmans, Green, & Co.)
A Malay Reader, by R. O. Winstedt and C. O. Blag-
den, with notes, $3.—The Spoken Arabic of Meso-
potamia, by J. Van Ess, $1.80.-French Scientific
Reader, by Francis Daniels, illus., $1.75.-Oxford
French Plain Texts, including Laurette, ou Le
Cachet rouge, by Alfred de Vigny; Mateo Falcone,
and le Coup de Pistolet, by Prosper Mérimée; Le
Lac de Gers, and Le Col d'Anterne, by Rodolphe
Töpffer, each 20 cts.-La Fille de Carilès, by Mme.
J. B. Colomb, adapted and edited by C. R. Ash,
40 cts.—The Later Middle Ages, a History of West-
ern Europe, 1254-1494, by R. B. Mowat, with maps,
$1.50.-Early Revenue History of Bengal and the
Fifth Report, 1812, by F. D. Ascoli, $1.80.–Stories
in Verse, by V. H. Collins, 50 cts. (Oxford Uni-
versity Press American Branch.)
Rural School from Within, by M. G. Kirkpatrick,
$1.28.-A Handbook of English Literature, by
Edwin L. Miller, illus., $1.60.-Marvels of Geology,
by E. D. Grew, illus., $1.25.-Chemistry and its
Mysteries, illus., $1.25.-A Text Book of Home and
School Gardening, by Kary C. Davis, illus., $1.20.
-A Manual of Military Training for High
Schools, by Capt. E. Z. Steever, U. S. A., illus.,
$1.25.—Complete U. S. Infantry Guide, illus., $6.-
Soldiers' English and French Conversation Book,
by W. M. Gallichan, 30 cts. (J. B. Lippincott Co.)
Religious Education and Democracy, by Benjamin
S. Winchester, $1.50.—The Unfolding Life, by W.
leges and Universities, by William H. Allen, $3 ;
(b) Self-Surveys by Teacher-Training Schools, by
William H. Allen and Carroll G. Pearse, $2.25.-
School Efficiency Monographs: (a) Standards in
English, by J. J. Mahoney, 90 cts.; (b) An Experi-
ment in the Fundamentals, by Cyrus D. Mead, 60
cts.; (c) Newsboy Service, by Anna Y. Reed, 90
cts.


1917]
171
THE DIAL
T. A. Barber, $1.50.-Life in the Making, by Wade
Crawford Barclay, in collaboration with Arlo A.
Brown, Alma S. Sheridan, Wilbur J. Thompson,
and Harold J. Sheridan, 60 cts.-Adults in the Sun-
day School, by W. F. Bovard, illus., $1.-Making
the Old Sunday School New, by Ernest A. Miller,
50 cts.—The Lesson Handbook, 1918, by Henry H.
Meyer, 25 cts.—The Superintendent's Helper, 1918,
by Jesse L. Hurlbut, 25 cts.—The Development of
the Kingdom of God, Part I: The Life of Christ,
by Harris Franklin Rall. (The Abingdon Press.)
The Advanced Montessori Method, 2 vols., I. Spon-
taneous Activity in Education, II. The Montes-
sori Elementary Material, illus., each $2.—The
Play Way, by H. Caldwell Cook, illus., $3.–Storied
Games, by Winifred F. E. C. Isaac, illus., $1.25.-
Gymnastic Problems, by Jakob Bolin, illus., $1.50.-
History Through Illustrations, by J. Higginbottom,
$1.25.-The War, 1916, For Boys and Girls, by
Elizabeth O'Neill, illus., 75 cts.—Piano Mastery,
second series, by Harriet Brower, $1.75. (Frederick
A. Stokes Co.)
The Pilgrim Training Course for Teachers, by L. A.
Weigle, B. S. Winchester, and W. S. Athearn, 85
cts.-Seven Laws of Teaching, by John M. Gregory
and W. C. Bagley, revised edition, 75 cts.—The
Parent's Job, by C. N. Millard, $1.—Missionary
Education in Home and School, by R. E. Diffen-
dorfer, $1.50.-Religious Education and American
Democracy, by Walter S. Athearn.-Religious Edu-
cation for the Coming Social Order, by W. G.
Ballantine, paper, 25 cts.—The Use of Motives in
Teaching Morals and Religion, by T. W. Gallo-
way, $1.25. (The Pilgrim Press.)
The Psychology of Behaviour, by Elizabeth Severn,
$1.50.-Handicaps of Childhood, by H. Addington
Bruce, $1.50.—The Gary Plan; The Conflict Be-
tween the New and the Old in Education, by Alice
Barrows Fernandez, illus., $1.50.-A Hand Book
for Story Writings, by Blanche Colton Williams,
$1.50.–Stories for the History Hour, by Nannie
Niemeyer, with frontispiece, $1.25.-Insect Adven-
tures, by J. Henri Fabre, translated by Alexander
Teixeira de Mattos and adapted by Louise S. Has-
brouck, illus., $2. (Dodd, Mead & Co.)
School Efficiency, by H. E. Bennett, $1.25.-Graded
Writing Textbooks, Book V, by A. W. Clark, 88
cts.—Lamb's Adventures of Ulysses, edited by
Francis K. Ball, 40 cts.—The Poems of Poe, edited
by Killis Campbell.-Don Francisco de Quevedo, by
Sanz (I. M. L. S.), edited by R. Selden Rose,
80 cts.-Everyday Physics (A Laboratory Manual),
by John C. Packard, $1. (Ginn & Co.)
Elements of Hydrology, by Adolph F. Meyer.-A
Laboratory Manual of Farm Machinery, by Fred-
erick A. Wirt.-An Advanced Course in Quantita-
tive Analysis, by Henry Fay. Laboratory Manual
of Elementary Chemistry, by Hermon č. Cooper.
-Ore Mining Methods, new edition, by Walter R.
Crane.-An Introduction to Theoretical and Applied
Colloid Chemistry, by Wolfgang Ostwald, edited
by Martin H. Fischer.—Applied and Economic
Botany, by Henry Kraemer.---Scientific and Applied
Pharmacognosy, by Henry Kraemer.-Botany for
Agricultural Students, by J. N. Martin.-Integral
Calculus, by H. B. Phillips.—Theoretical and Prac-
tical Pharmacy, by Edsal A. Ruddiman.-A Prac-
tical Book in Elementary Metallurgy, by Ernest
Edgar Thum.-Costume Design, by Miss Ethel H.
Traphagen.-Ordnance and Gunnery, by W. H.
Tschappat.-Fresh Water Biology, by Henry B.
Ward and G. C. Whipple.-Colloid Chemistry, by
Richard Zsigmondy and E. B. Spear. (John Wiley
& Sons.)
Beginners' Book in Norse, by J. A. Holvik, $1.25.-
Second Book in Norse, edited by J. A. Holvik,
$1.25.—Haandbok I Norsk Retskrivning Og Uttale
Til Skolebruk Og Selvstudium, by P. J. Eikeland
and 0. E. Rölvaag, 60 cts.-Kongsemnerne, by
Henrik Ibsen, edited by J. A. Holvik, 90 cts.-En
Fallit, by Björnstjerne Björnson, edited by J. A.
Holvik.- En Glad Gut, by Björnstjerne Björnson,
edited by J. A. Holvik, 50 cts. (Augsburg Pub-
lishing House.)
The Permanent Values in Education, by Kenneth
Richmond.-Soldiers Spoken French, by Helene
Cross, 60 cts.—My First German Book, by Walter
Rippman.-Serbian English and English Serbian,
by Louis Cahen.-Practical Singing, by Clifton
Cooke. (E. P. Dutton & Co.)
Correspondencia Comercial con Ejercicios, by Max
A. Suria.-General Science, by Charles H. Lake.-
Elements of Algebra, by R. F. Anderson and George
H. Hallett.-Garden Steps, by Ernest Cobb. (Sil-
ver, Burdette & Co.)
Allen's Commercial Organic Analysis, illustrated, $5.
-A Short Manual of Analytical Chemistry, by
John Muter, edited by J. Thomas, illus., $2.—Prob-
lems in General Physics, by Morton Masius, 90
cts.-Industrial Arithmetic for Girls, by Nelson L.
Roray, illus., 75 cts. (P. Blakiston's Son & Co.)
Imagination in Childhood, by Yoshihide Kubo, $1.50.
-School and Art, by G. E. Partridge, $1.50.—An
Agricultural Reader, by E. E. Miller, 60 cts. (Stur-
gis & Walton Co.)
How to Build Mental Power, by Grenville Kleiser,
with diagrams, $3.—How to Choose the Right Vo-
cation by Holmes W. Merton, $1.50.-Swimming
Scientifically Taught, by Frank Eugen Dalton, illus.,
$1.25.—My Book of Best Stories from History,
selected and retold by Hazel Phillips Hanshew,
illus., $2. (Funk & Wagnalls Co.)
Self Educator Series, edited by John Adams, includ-
ing Self Educator in German, Self Educator in
French, Self Educator in English Composition, Self
Educator in Chemistry, Self Educator in Drawing,
each 75 cts.-A Practical Conversation Dictionary
of the English, French and German Languages, by
George F. Chambers, new edition, $1.-Hugo's Span-
ish Simplified, $1.-Handy Polish-English and Eng-
lish-Polish Dictionary with Conversations and
Idioms, by Francis Bauer Czarnomski, 75
(David McKay.)
Our Little Frankish Cousin of Long Ago (Little
Cousins of Long Ago Series), by Evaleen Stein,
illus., 60 cts.-Our Little Roumanian Cousin (Little
Cousin Series), by Clara Vostrovsky Winlow, illus.,
60 cts.-Rainy Day Pastimes for Children, by
Baroness von Palm, illus., $1. (The Page Co.)
Columbus Day, compiled by Susan Tracy Rice, $1.10.
-Plays, Pantomimes and Tableaux for Children,
by Nora Archibald Smith, $1.-Holiday Plays for
Home, School and Settlement, by Virginia Olcott,
illus., $1. (Moffat, Yard & Co.)
The White Christmas and Other Merry Christmas
Plays, by Walter Ben Hare, illus., 75 cts.-Let's
Pretend, by Lindsey Barbee, illus., 75 cts. (T. S.
Denison & Co.)
Geographical Manual and New Atlas (Self Revising),
edited by C. O. S. Mawson, $4.50.-Children's Book
of Patriotic Stories, edited by Helen Winslow Dick-
inson and Asa Don Dickinson, with frontispiece,
$1.25. (Doubleday, Page & Co.)
Quentin Durward (Merrill's English Texts Series),
edited by Max J. Herzberg.--Plain and Solid Geom-
etry, by Fletcher Durell and E. E. Arnold, $1.40.
(Charles E. Merrill Co.)
cts.


172
[August 30
THE DIAL
Standard French Instructor, by Max Maury, 50 cts.-
English-French and French-English Vest Pocket Dic-
tionary, by Max Maury, 50 cts. (Laird and Lee.)
The Art of Letter Writing, by Nathaniel C. Fowler,
Jr., 75 cts.-The Etiquette of To-day, by Edith B.
Ordway, illus., 75 cts. (Sully & Kleinteich.)
Scientific Singing, by E. Standard Thomas, with
frontispiece, $1.—How to Fly, by Captain D. Gordon
E. Re Vley, with frontispiece, $1. (Paul Elder &
Co.)
Applied Psychology, by H. L. Hollingworth and A. T.
Poffenberger, Jr., $2.25. (D. Appleton & Co.)
The Value of the Classics, edited by Andrew F.
West, $1.50. (Princeton University Press.)
Industrial and Vocational Education, by S. H. Com-
ings, new edition, $1.25. (Christopher.)
Modern School Houses, Part II, illus., $7.50. (U. P.
C. Book Co.)
Motion Picture Education, by Ernest A. Dench, $2.
(The Standard Publishing Co.)
A College Course in Home Economics (reprint from
the Journal of Home Economics), by Elizabeth Jen-
kins. (American Home Economics Association.)
Agassiz as a Teacher, by Lane Cooper, $1. (The
Comstock Publishing Co.)
A Handbook of American Private Schools, new edi-
tion, $2.50. (Porter E. Sargent.)
The Secret of Typewriting Speed, by Margaret B.
Owen, $1. (Forbes & Co.)
Dictionary of Military Terms, by Edward S. Far-
(Thomas Y. Crowell Co.)
Hygiene and War; Suggestions for Makers of Text-
books and for Use in Schools, by George Ellis
Jones. (Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace.)
The New Peerless School and Office Dictionary, edited
by George J. Hagar, illus., $2. (Britton Publish-
ing Co.)
Organizing the Smaller Sunday School, by Lester
Bradner, paper, 50 cts. (The Young Churchman
row.
inches. The portrait is strikingly brilliant, the
tones being mellowed by age. As it is fully life-
sized it produces the etfect of life.
An edition de luxe of the complete works of
"O. Henry” will be published by Doubleday,
Page and Company for Gabriel Wells, and will
be ready for distribution about the latter part of
September. It will be in fourteen volumes, octavo,
large type, and handmade paper. It will be lim-
ited to 1075 sets, and will contain material never
before published, in addition to a volume of “O.
Henry" miscellany, entitled "Waifs and Strays."
This will have matter of great interest to the
"O. Henry” reader, never before gathered together.
Fitty of the copies will be reserved for finishing
according to the specifications of the purchaser.
The set will be fully illustrated in the photogra-
vure process by pictures painted by Gordon Grant,
the well-known artist, from types taken from real
life. When the artist, in his prowling about the
city, found a character that fitted the person of
“O. Henry's ' brain, he prevailed upon him by one
means or another to pose for the illustration in
hand. The issuance of this de luxe set is espe-
cially opportune at this time when "O. Henry"
is being hailed both at home and abroad as one
of the greatest literary artists of our time. In
England the critics and public alike are vying with
one another to do honor to him. Strange as it
may seem, it has never been possible before to
buy a complete set of "O. Henry" in fine binding,
although millions of copies of his books have been
sold. It is said that in England alone half a mil-
lion copies of the one-shilling edition of his works
have been sold.
James F. Drake, of New York, bought, through
his London agent, $10,000 worth of rare books of
the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, at a
recent sale at Sotheby's. The agent informed Mr.
Drake that Sotheby's had obtained $50,000 for
eighty colored prints that belonged to Mr. Barratt,
a director of the Pears Soap Company. This sale
lasted only one and a half hours.
A richly illuminated manuscript, “Pontificale” or
"Missale," on 156 leaves of vellum of Franco-
Flemish execution of the fifteenth century, was
knocked down at Sotheby's in London the other day
to George D. Smith, of New York, for $4000. It
is written in large Gothic letters, red and black,
eighteen lines to a full page, with musical notes.
Nearly every page has richly decorated borders in
compartments of natural flowers and fruits and
conventional foliage interspersed with grotesque
human figures riding grotesque animals, mummers
with musical instruments and performing dogs, cen-
taurs, demons, spearmen and archers, falconers, and
shields bearing instruments of the Passion with
angelic and animal supports. Some of the borders
contain small square miniatures of scenes in the
life of John the Baptist, of Saints Nazarus and
Celsus, of the life, death, and legendary history
of the Virgin, of the life of Saint Lazarus, of the
martyrdom of Saint Leodegarius, shepherds and
the heavenly host, scenes of the Nativity and the
life of Christ, life of Saint Malachi, and of the
Office for the Dead, besides several hundred dec-
orative large and small initials and textual orna-
ments. It is evident that scribe, designer, and
Co.)
NOTES FOR BIBLIOPHILES
[Inquiries or contributions to this department should be ad.
dressed to John E. Robinson, the Editor, who will be
pleased to render to readers such services as are possible.]
The original oil painting of William Shakespeare
by Sir Godfrey Kneller, after the celebrated
Chandos portrait, said to be the only one of
Shakespeare taken from life, is now in the pos-
session of Gabriel Wells, of New York City. The
painting was executed about 1710, and for more
than a century remained in the keeping of the
Shakespeare family. It was displayed at the Ter-
Centenary Exhibition at Stratford-upon-Avon.
M. H. Spielman, the literary and art critic, in a
letter, says of it:
I think this Chandos copy of special interest as it
is the only one I have seen which is the exact coun-
terpart, as to the head, of the celebrated copy that
Kneller made and sent to Dryden. The proportions,
expression, type of countenance and features are iden-
tical in all respects as to the departures from the
original Kneller made. As the Kneller has never
been shown within the knowledge of the present
generation, this portrait may probably create special
interest. I base my judgement on the proof provided
by the photograph I have taken of the Kneller picture.
The painting is framed, the outside measure-
ments being twenty-eight and a half by thirty-five


1917]
173
THE DIAL
decorator combined to produce a work of gorgeous-
ness, the designs and decoration being evidently the
work of the most eminent artists of the period.
Two large miniatures occur before the Canon, one
representing the Crucifixion and the other the Deity
enshrined, a full-length figure in flowing robes of
gold, with cherubim and seraphim behind the
throne. Each of these miniatures is surrounded
by deep borders of flowers and fruit, in which are
introduced remarkable, grotesque figures and ani-
mals, having in the lower margin an emblazoned
coat-of-arms of a prince bishop, supported by
angels, beneath which is a Maltese cross. Other
fine and large miniatures represent the three Marys
at the sepulchre, the ascension of Christ, Pentecost,
Christ celebrating the Eucharist with His sciples,
the Trinity enthroned in heaven, the Nativity, and
the offering of the Magi.
Two interesting letters of John Adams and John
Quincy Adams have come into the possession of
Patrick F. Madigan, of New York, who believes
that they are unpublished. The letter of John
Adams was written when he was vice-president
under Washington, to General Winthrop Sargent,
prominent in the Indian wars, 1791-5, and gov-
ernor of the Southwestern Territory. The letter
of John Quincy Adams was written when he was
United States senator, and as a Federalist, to
William Smith Shaw, nephew and private secre-
tary of John Adams. The letter of John Adams
is as follows, with his capitalization, etc.:
Dear Sir:
Philadelphia, January 24, 1795.
I have received your favour of the 30th of No-
vember, and transmitted to Dr. Belknap, as you desire,
the papers inclosed. The Utensils and ornaments
represented in the Drawings are great curiosities,
and seem to show more skill in Arts, than any of
the native Indians, at this day, are possessed of.
I am not enough in the habit of Antiquarian specu-
lations to hazard any conjectures concerning them.
I have never interested myself much in the inquiries
concerning the ancient Inhabitants of this country,
or the part of the world from which they first emi-
grated. I should not be at all surprised, if here-
after evidence should be discovered that America was
once a Seat of Arts, Science and civilization: nor
should I wonder if any one should prophecy that
Europe, will cease to be what it is. and become as
savage and barbarous as America was three hun-
dred years ago. The temper and Principles pre-
vailing at present in that quarter of the world have
a tendency to as general and total a destruction, as
ever befell Tyre and Sodom and Gemorah. If all
Religion and governments, all arts and pioneers are
destroyed the trees will grow up, Cities will moulder
into common earth and a few human beings may be
left naked to chase the wild beasts with Bows and
Printing they say will prevent it-But it would be
very consistent with the present professed Principles
to destroy every Type and Press as Engines of Aris-
tocracy, and murder every Pen and Ink man
aiming at Superiority.
I hope in all events that religion and learning will
find an Asylum in America: but too many of our
fellow citizens are carried away in the dirty Tor-
rent of dissolving Europe.
I thank you Sir for giving me an opportunity to
see those Antiquities, and should be glad to see any
others that may appear. I am Sir with great esteem,
your most obedient John Adams.
The Yale
University Press
announces the publication of
The Yale Shakespeare
Edited under the direction of the
Department of English,
Yale University.
This edition, to be complete in
forty volumes, is edited under the
supervision of Dean Wilbur L. Cross
and Professors Tucker Brooke and
W. H. Durham.
The text is substantially that of
Craig's Oxford Shakespeare.
Each volume contains a glossary,
notes and appendices.
The books depart from the con-
ventional format of the text-book
and are attractive in appearance.
The following volumes are to be
issued during the fall:
MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTH-
ING, edited by Tucker Brooke.
ROMEO AND JULIET, edited by
Willard H. Durham.
HENRY IV, PART I, edited by
Samuel B. Hemingway.
HAMLET, edited by Jack Randall
Crawford.
KING LEAR, edited by William
Lyon Phelps.
THE TEMPEST, edited by Chaun-
cey B. Tinker.
Text-book edition. 16mo. Cloth.
Paper label. About 140 pages each.
50 cents net per volume.
Interleaved copies of the above at
75 cents net each.
Sample volumes sent upon re-
quest to members of English facul-
ties.
arrows.
as
120 College St., New Haven, Conn.
280 Madison Ave., New York City.


174
[August 30
THE DIAL

NOTES AND NEWS
TOLISHERS
INSELLERS
MCLURO
IVETA
BOOKSEL
ROZ
a
Of the contributors to the present issue, Edward
Shanks is a young English critic whose work has
attracted increasing attention of late.
Joseph Jastrow is the author of “The Subcon-
scious,” “The Qualities of Men," and other works.
He is professor of psychology at the University of
Wisconsin.
Conrad Aiken's work is well known to readers
of THE DIAL.
Max Sylvius Handman has studied in Germany
and France. He formerly taught sociology at the
University of Chicago and the University of Mis-
souri.
“I visited with a natural rapture the Russell Sage Foundation Library.
Frederick Warren Jenkins is librarian of the
largest bookstore in the world."
Bayard Boyesen, although chiefly known as a
critic and writer on art, has concerned himself
See the chapter on Chicago, page 43, “Your also with educational theory.
United States," by Arnold Bennett Helen A. Clarke is the author of a “Guide to
Mythology,” “Ancient Myths in Modern Poets,"
It is recognized throughout the country and many critical studies in literature.
that we earned this reputation because we
have on hand at all times a more complete
"Obstacles to Peace," by S. S. McClure (Hough-
assortment of the books of all publishers than
ton Mifflin), is being translated into Japanese.
In “Nietzsche the Thinker," to be published by
can be found on the shelves of any other book-
Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. August 23, William M.
dealer in the entire United States. It is of Salter endeavors to prove that this philosopher is
interest and importance to all bookbuyers to misunderstood.
know that the books reviewed and advertised Clara Laughlin, who wrote that popular little
in this magazine can be procured from us with
story, “Everybody's Lonesome,” is soon to have
another book published, by Messrs. G. P. Putnam's
the least possible delay. We invite you to
Sons, entitled "The Heart of Her Highness."
visit our store when in Chicago, to avail your- Alice Hegan Rice's new book, “Cavalry Alley,”
self of the opportunity of looking over the which is to be published by the Century Co. in
books in which you are most interested, or to
September, will contain, it is said, the same swift
call upon us at any time to look after your
flashes of humorous insight that made Mrs. Wiggs
so popular.
book wants.
The Princeton University Press is putting out
a timely book entitled "Coöperative Marketing."
Special Library Service The author, W. W. Cumberland, is manager of
the Markets Information Service of the Commis-
We conduct a department devoted entirely
sion of Public Safety, Minnesota.
to the interests of Public Libraries, Schools, ice” (The Century Co.) Miss Mary R. Parkman
In "Heroes of Today” and “Heroines of Serv-
Colleges and Universities. Our Library De-
offers the material on great men and women of
partment has made a careful study of library the present day which she has gathered in her
requirements, and is equipped to handle all work as teacher of the intermediate and primary
library orders with accuracy, efficiency and grades.
despatch. This department's long experience The war story, “Four Days,” which appeared
in this special branch of the book business, first in the "Atlantic Monthly," is to be published
combined with our unsurpassed book stock, in book form on September 8 by Little, Brown
enable us to offer a library service not excelled
& Co. The author, Hetty Hemenway, is a pro-
elsewhere.
tégée of Margaret Deland, and "Four Days" is
We solicit correspondence from
her first book.
Librarians unacquainted with our facilities.
The mother of William Yorke Stevenson, whose
diary “At the Front in a Flivver,” will soon be
A. C. McCLURG & CO. published by Houghton Mifin Co., has received
the following cablegram from Major Piatt An-
Retail Store, 218 to 224 South Wabash Avenue
drews: "Yorke's splendid leadership rewarded
with Croix de Guerre."
Library Department and Wholesale Offices:
In “The Value of the Classics,” to be issued from
330 to 352 East Ohio Street
the Princeton University Press October 1, statis-
Chicago
tics collected by the Secretary of the College En-
trance Examination Board show that Latin is, next


1917]
175
THE DIAL
WHEN
to English, the one language most generally studied
in our secondary schools.
Messrs. Frederick A. Stokes Co. have received
a request for permission to translate “I, Mary
MacLane” into Russian. Mary MacLane's earlier
volume “The Story of Mary MacLane” won wide-
spread recognition in Russia, where it was com-
pared with the work of Marie Bashkirtseff.
Among the fall publications of E. P. Dutton
& Co. will be the first of three volumes of Ameri-
can plays that have obtained successful produc-
tion. The first volume will contain plays of the
early years of the American stage, some of them
so rare as to be beyond the reach of the general
reader.
The Robert M. McBride Company have just
published Thomas Burke's “Limehouse Nights,”
which was reviewed in the issue of The Dial for
July 19 by Mr. Gilbert Vivian Seldes. “Nights in
Town,” by the same author, concerning which Mr.
Seldes also wrote, was published last year by Henry
Holt & Co.
The resources and possibilities of our new West
Indian possessions are described in a volume en-
titled "The Virgin Islands of the United States of
America," by Luther K. Zabriskie, formerly vice-
consul of the U. S. A. at St. Thomas. The book
is announced by Messrs. Putnam's Sons for Oc-
tober publication.
"Democracy in the Making," by Frank P. Walsh
and Dante Barton, published by Mr. Huebsch, is a
consideration of the industrial situation in the
United States, and is based in part upon the find-
ings of the Industrial Relations Commission ap-
pointed by President Wilson, of which Mr. Walsh,
one of the authors, was chairman.
Messrs. Little, Brown & Co. announce a four-
teenth printing of “The Worn Doorstep," by Mar-
garet Sherwood, a thirteenth printing of “The
Three Things," by Mrs. Mary Raymond Shipman
Andrews, an eighth of “Big Timber,” by Bertrand
W. Sinclair, a fifth of “Limpy,” by William
Johnston, and "The Future of South America,"
by Roger W. Babson.
The American Library Association proposes to
establish libraries in the thirty-two cantonments of
the National Guard training camps. Special frame
buildings will be erected for the purpose, accom-
modating from eight to ten thousand books, news-
papers, and magazines. Books are now being col-
lected and a campaign for funds will be carried on
during the week of September 24th.
Those who are looking to conditions after the
war will be interested in a volume by Sidney Webb,
the English economist, which B. W. Huebsch will
publish shortly. The book is entitled “The Restora-
tion of Trade Union Conditions,” and it reviews
the prevailing conditions in England to-day and
outlines plans which demand the careful considera-
tion of government and trade-unions.
The Page Company announces that the publica-
tion date of “The Spell of China” has been post-
poned because the color plates which were to have
been used were lost recently when the vessel bring-
ing them from England was sunk. Early in the
THEN a change of
textbooks in any
branch of study is de-
sired, do not determine
what book shall be
adopted, until you learn
what we have to offer.
Our list is the largest
and offers
offers more new
and up-to-date books
than any other.
If you are not satisfied with
the text you are now using,
whether it is our publication
or not, write to us about it.
We want your correspon-
dence, and you may be sure
that it will have prompt and
courteous attention.
In addition to textbooks, we
have a large list of the most
desirable supplementary
readers and school library
books.
AMERICAN BOOK
COMPANY
330 East 22nd Street
CHICAGO, ILL.
New York Cincinnati Chicago
Boston Atlanta


176
[August 30
THE DIAL
autumn this company will publish "Florida: The
Select New Books From Jacobs' List Land of Enchantment,” by Nevin O. Winter, a
companion volume to “Texas: The Marvellous,"
by the same author.
Jay Cooke, Financier of the Civil War
A notable epoch in the growth of democratic
By Ellis P. Oberholtzer, Ph.D.
Pan-Americanism was the Third Congress of
A full and authorized biography, at a popular
American Republics held in Rio de Janeiro in
price, of the remarkable American whose en-
1906. "Latin America and the United States,"
ergy enabled the North to finance the war.
from the Harvard University Press, is a collec-
Two vols. Illus. $3.00'net per set.
tion of speeches made by Elihu Root and his hosts
during the Congress, on his subsequent travels in
Lorna Doone
By R. D. Blackmore Latin America, and at other conferences in Wash-
This literary masterpiece is now included in
ington
the famous "Rittenhouse Classics." A beauti- The Macmillan Co. announce the following
ful book, printed from specially made type books on education: “The Rural Teacher and
and illustrated in color. $1.50 net.
His Work,” by Harold Waldstein Foght; "The
The Flag
By Homer Greene
Play Movement and Its Significance,” by Henry S.
Curtis; "Modern Education in Europe and the
An inspiring story of patriotism for old and Orient,” by David E. Cloyd ; "A Text-Book of the
young. How a boy, who unthinkingly dese- Principles of Science Teaching,” by George Ran-
crated the American flag, atones for his act in
som Twiss; and “Introduction to High School
the present war. Illus. $1.25 net.
Teaching,” by S. S. Colvin.
Historic Dress in America (1607-1800)
The school-book jobbing business formerly
known as Hinds & Noble and lately as Noble
By Elizabeth McClellan
& Noble has been taken over by the new firm
A wonderful volume, magnificently made. Over of Barnes & Noble, and will be conducted at 31
300 remarkable illustrations, some in full color West 15th Street, New York. Mr. W. R. Barnes,
and others from actual portraits. The gift president of the new company, was formerly asso-
book supreme. 4to. $10.00 net.
ciated with the form of C. M. Barnes-Wilcox Co.,
and Mr. G. Clifford Noble, the secretary and
George W. Jacobs & Co., Publishers, Philadelphia, Pa. treasurer, was associated with the firm of Noble
& Noble.
Edith Wherry, author of “The Wanderer on a
Thousand Hills” (Lane), is a daughter of one of
(ATURAL HISTORY, AMERICANA, OLD
the oldest living American missionaries to China.
PHLETS, PRINTS, AUTOGRAPHS. Send 4c.
Her father was one of the besieged in the famous
stamps for big Catalogs-naming specialty.
Siege of Peking in 1900, and his cablegram was the
first news to be received in New York of the
FRANKLIN BOOKSHOP (S. N. Rhoads) safety of the foreigners after the lifting of the
920 Walnut Street
Philadelphia, Pa.
siege.
The Brooklyn Public Library has sent out some
miniature catalogues entitled: "Doing Your Bit,"
“THE MOSHER BOOKS”
“National Defense,” “Book Helps For Munition
'At the outset I only wanted to make a few beauti- Workers," and "The Ship-Builder's Library," in
which are listed all books in the Library that would
And because I could not devise another format
one-half so pleasing as the one I have made my be of service to present-day patriots. In “Doing
own for describing these books, I retain it with a
Your Bit,” for instance, the books are classified
few improvements in the present Catalogue. Free
under the heads "Food Gardening," "Canning and
on request while it lasts to any reader of The Dial.
THOMAS BIRD MOSHER, Portland, Maine. Preserving,” “Poultry Keeping," "Household Econ-
omy," "Feeding the Family," "Meatless Cookery,"
and “Thrift in General.”
E. P. Dutton & Co. are publishing the follow-
ing: "Trench Warfare," by Lieutenant J. S.
Bookstore
Smith; "Across France in War-Time," by W.
Fitzwater Wray; "The Historical Development of
Religion in China," by Walter J. Clennell; "Ponies
There are frequent additions to our large stock
and All About Them," by Frank Townsend Bar-
of books bought from private libraries, and at
ton; "Oliver Hastings, V. C.,” by Escott Lynn;
auction, here and abroad. This stock (much of “The Getting Well of Dorothy,” by Mrs. W. K.
it “second-hand" in name only) includes many Clifford; "The House in Order," by Louise Col-
attractive bargains in every department of lier Willcox; "Book of Common Joys,” by Mary L.
general literature. There are often out-of-print Pendered; “Little Schoolmate,” by Emile Cam-
and rare items not easily found elsewhere. At
intervals Partial Catalogues are issued, and
maerts; “Memories Discreet and Indiscreet,” by a
may be had on request. Send to us for any
"Woman of No Importance.”
book you have been unable to get.
The J. B. Lippincott Co. has just published :
"The Complete U. S. Infantry Guide,” including in
ful books."
ThePutnam
Books" 2west 45 st Ave.N.Y.
PUTNAMS.


1917]
177
THE DIAL
OXFORD
one volume all the infantry material hitherto con-
tained in twenty-four government publications on
the subject; "Pictorial Photography: Its Principles
and Practice,” by Paul L. Anderson; “The Snare,”
a novel by Rafael Sabatini; “The Garden Under
Glass," by M. F. Bowles; and five story picture
books for small folk,—"The Adventures of the
Greyfur Family,” and “The Greyfur's Neighbors,”
by Vere and Helene Nyce, "Boys and Girls from
Storyland," "Fairies and Goblins from Storyland,”
and "Tell Me a Story Picture Book.”
Ernest A. Boyd, the author of "The Contempo-
rary Drama of Ireland” (Little, Brown), formerly
the British consul at Baltimore, who was instru-
mental in introducing his friend Lord Dunsany to
America, is at work on a volume of essays at his
home in Dublin.
The story of Jean Jaurès, democrat and inter-
nationalist, who was assassinated on the eve of
the war, his active relation to the Dreyfus trial,
to the severance of Church and State in France,
and to the fight for social liberty and justice, are
told in a volume entitled "Jean Jaurès: Socialist
and Humanitarian," by Margaret Pease. There is
a foreword by J. Ramsay MacDonald, the leader
of the Socialists in the House of Commons. The
book has just been published by B. W. Huebsch.
Early autumn publications from Messrs. E. P.
Dutton & Co. include: “The Book of the West
Indies," by E. Hyatt Verrill; "Army and Navy
Information: Uniforms, Organizations, Arms and
Equipment," by Major De Witt C. Falls; "Paul
Jones and His Exploits in English Seas," by Don
C. Seitz; "Civilized Commercialism," by Ernest G.
Stevens; "The Book of Home Nursing," by Frances
Campbell ; "Gone to Earth," by Mary Webb; "On
the Threshold of the Unseen; An Examination
of the Phenomena of Spiritualism and of the Evi-
dence for Survival after Death,” by Sir William F.
Barrett; "America's Case Against Germany," by
Lindsay Rogers.
August 13 marked the forty-sixth birthday of
Dr. Karl Liebknecht, the Socialist member of the
Reichstag, whose unswerving loyalty to his prin-
ciples is responsible for his present imprisonment
in Germany, an experience which is not new to
him. The first important occasion on which
he went to jail was when he published his book,
“Militarism,” which the German government sup-
pressed. An authorized translation of that work
is announced for early publication by B. W.
Huebsch. Nothing reveals so clearly and dis-
tinctly the implications of military rule and a large
standing army as this volume, one of the greatest
pleas for democracy that has come out of Germany.
A charming fall title is—"There's Pippins and
Cheese to Come.” It belongs to a book by Charles
S. Brooks, author of "Journeys to Bagdad," and is
announced for October by the Yale University Press.
Other fall books from this source are: “Divers
Proverbs,” by Nathan Bailey; "The Undying Spirit
of France," by Maurice Barrés; “God the Known
and God the Unknown," by Samuel Butler; “The
Hostage,” by Paul Claudel, translated under the
direction of Pierre Chavannes; “The Greek Genius
and its Influence," edited by Lane Cooper; "Human
UNIVERSITY PRESS
AMERICAN BRANCH
NEW YORK
Russian Grammar
By NEVILL FORBES. Second Edition, Revised and
Enlarged. Crown 8vo (742 x 544), pp. 276....$2.40
A practical rather than a scientific grammar with
a specially lengthy treatment of the verb.
First Russian Book
By NEVILL FORBES. Crown 8vo (742 x 54), pp.
124
$1.00
A practical means of acquainting the student of
Russian with the first difficulties of the language
the case-endings.
Second Russian Book
By NEVILL FORBES. Crown 8vo (792 x 644), pp.
x + 396
.$1.40
A practical guide to the study of the Russian verb.
Third Russian Book
By NEVILL FORBES. Crown 8vo (742 x 54), pp.
xii + 192
.$1.00
Extracts from Aksákov, Grigoróvich, Herzen, Salty-
kov, accented and edited with full notes and complete
vocabulary.
A First Russian Reader
From L. N. TOLSTOY. With English notes and a
vocabulary by PERCY DEARMER and VYACHESLAV A.
TANANEVICH. Crown 8vo (722 x 544), pp. 80...60c
Easy short stories from Tolstoy.
Descriptive circular of Russian books upon request.
OXFORD FRENCH SERIES
BY AMERICAN SCHOLARS
Crown 8vo (742 x 5), cloth. Introductions and notes.
French Scientific Reader
By FRANCIS DANIELS. Pp. xvi + 748, 13 illustra-
tions
$1.75
Contains twenty-seven of the greatest scientific pa-
pers ever written.
Quatre Comédies-De Musset
Ed. by RAYMOND WEEKS. Pp. xii + 301......60c
Contents: Les Caprices de Marianne, Barberine,
On ne saurait pensar à tout, and Bettine.
Adrienne Lecouvreur
-SCRIBE and LEGOUVE
Ed. by T. E. HAMILTON. Pp. xix + 200.......
.....60c
“Well edited, as is the case of all your publica-
tions."— Prof. F. C. Downs, Union College.
Le Mariage de Figaro
-BEAUMARCHAIS
Ed. by E. F. LANGLEY. Pp. xli + 261........75c
“Admirably edited.”—Prof. C. H. C. Grandgent,
Harvard University.
Le Marquis de Villemer-SAND
Ed. by C. E. YOUNG. Pp. ix + 221...
60c
"Edited with the scholarly care you have taught
us to expect in texts published by your house."
Prof. W. P. Shepard, Hamilton College.
A Practical Introduction
to French
By L. H. ALEXANDER, Pp. XX + 855........$1.00
"Contains the best practical presentation of the
facts of pronunciation for class-room purposes that
I have ever seen."--Prof. J. H. Bacon, Kalamazoo
College.
The Typical Forms of English
Literature
By A. H. UPHAM. Crown 8vo (7% x 644), pp.
v + 281
$1.00
Enables all who read to approach their reading
with more intelligent judgment, and keener, richer
appreciation.
(Oxford English Series)
New catalogue of over 400 pages sent upon
request


178
[August 30
THE DIAL
F. M. HOLLY Authors' and Publishers'
Ropresontativo
156 Plfth Avenue, New York (Established 1905)
UTES AND TOLL KFORLATION VILL BB SENT ON REQUEST
THE NEW YORK BUREAU OF REVISION
Thirty-seventh Year. LETTERS OF CRITICISM, EXPERT
REVISION OF MSS. Advice as to publication. Address
DR. TITUS M. COAN, 424 W. 119th St., New York City
ANNA PARMLY PARET
LITERARY AGENT
291 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK
Alter many years of editorial experience with Harper & Broshen,
Miss Paret offers to criticise and revise manuscripts for writers.
Fees reasonable. Terms sent on application.
BOOKS, AUTOGRAPHS, PRINTS. Catalogues Free.
R. ATKINSON, 97 Sunderland Road, Forest HINI, LONDON, ENG.
I'S
you want first editions, limited edi-
tions, association books—books of
any kind, in fact, address :
DOWNING, Box 1336, Boston Mass.
Nature and its Remaking,” by William Ernest
Hocking, and a new edition of Shakespeare's works
to be called the Yale Shakespeare, complete in
forty volumes, and edited under the direction of
the Department of English of Yale University.
John Galsworthy's latest book, "Beyond," is
published in this country by Charles Scribner's
Sons. It is announced for August. Other fall
publications from the Scribner press include: “Ad-
ventures and Letters of Richard Harding Davis,"
edited by his brother Charles Belmont Davis; “The
Origin and Evolution of Life," by Henry Fairfield
Osborn; “On the Right of the British Line," by
Captain Gilbert Nobbs; “The Ways of War," by
the late T. M. Kettle, lieutenant in the Dublin
Fusiliers and member of Parliament for East
Tyrone; "The World in Ferment,” by Nicholas
Murray Butler; "These Many Years," by Brander
Matthews; "The Middle Years,” an autobiogra-
phy by Henry James; “Poems Written in War
Time," by Henry van Dyke; and “Plays by Ostrov-
sky,” translated from the Russian under the su-
pervision of George R. Noyes.
The Houghton Mifflin Company will publish a
group of books all designed to drive home to the
man in the street the meaning of the War: Cap-
tain Ian Hay Beith's "All in It. K 1 Carries On”;
"Campaigns and Interludes," by Lieutenant Jean
Giraudoux; "On the field of Honor," by Hugues
Le Roux; “The Marne Campaign,” by F. E. Whit-
ton; “The Retreat from Mons,” with a preface by.
Field-Marshal Lord French; "The British Navy
at War," by W. MacNeile Dixon; “Pincher Mar-
tin,” by “Taffrail”; “High Adventure," by James
Norman Hall; “An American Physician in Tur-
key,” by Clarence D. Ussher and Grace H. Knapp;
“Obstacles to Peace," by S. S. McClure; "The
Russian Revolution," by Harold Williams; "Faith,
War, and Policy,” by Gilbert Murray; “Sands of
Fate,” by Sir Thomas Barclay; “William II,”
by S. C. Hammer; "The Man in the Ranks," by
John Gallishaw and Sergeant William Lynch;
“Hymns and Prayers for the Use of the Army and
Navy”; “Treasury of War Poetry,” edited by
George Herbert Clark.
Boni and Liveright, Inc., announce "The Mod-
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more interesting contemporary books in attractive
form and at popular prices. The series has been
started with the following titles, all of which are
now available: Oscar Wilde, "Dorian Gray";
Strindberg, “Married”; Kipling, “Soldiers Three";
Stevenson, "Treasure Island”; H. G. Wells, "War
in the Air";. Henrik Ibsen, Plays: "A Doll's
House," "Ghosts," "An Enemy of the People";
Anatole France, “The Red Lily”; Maupassant,
“Mademoiselle Fifi”; Nietzsche, “Thus Spake Zar-
athustra"; Dostoevsky, “Poor People"; Maeter-
linck, "A Miracle of St. Antony"; Schopenhauer,
“Studies in Pessimism"; Samuel Butler, “The Way
of all Flesh”; George Meredith, “Diana of the
Crossways"; G. B. Shaw, “An Unsocial Socialist”;
Geo. Moore, “Confessions of a Young Man”;
Thomas Hardy, "The Mayor of Casterbridge" ;
Thos. Seltzer, "Best Russian Short Stories."
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LAIRD & LEE
FRENCH - ENGLISH
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History of the United States
Political - Industrial - Social
By CHARLES M. THOMPSON
Associate Professor of Economics
University of Ilinois
This book rescues the subject from its
dismemberment into the two parts, polit-
ical on the one hand and industrial-social
on the other, and gives a complete and well-
proportioned history of our country from
both points of view. To bring the eco-
nomic and the political history of the
United States into close connection is a
thing of such vital importance that the
wonder is that it has not been done before.
The book is announced for publication
August 25, 1917.
EDUCATION.
Selence and Learning in France. Compiled by
American Scholars. Illustrated, 8vo, 454 pages.
The Society for American Fellowships in
French Universities. $1.50.
Education After the War. By J. H. Badley. 12mo,
125 pages.
Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.25.
Phonetie Section of Dent's First French Book. By
Walter Rippmann. 16mo, 54 pages. E. P. Dut-
ton & Co. 25 cts.
A Handbook of American Private Schools. Third
Edition. 1917. 12mo, 664 pages. Porter E. Sar-
gent, Boston.
The Assault on Humanism. By Paul Shorey. 12mo,
80 pages. The Atlantic Monthly Co. 60 cts.
The Sham Argument Against Latin. By Charles H.
Forbes. 12mo, 16 pages.
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The Public School System. By V. Seymour Bryant.
12mo, 78 pages. Longmans, Green, & Co. Paper,
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Direct-Method Physical Development. By Claus
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First Spanish Course. E. C. Hills and J. D. M.
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Soldiers' Spoken French. By Helene Cross. 16mo,
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Some Modern Belgian Writers. By G. Turquet-
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Patriotic Toasts. By Fred Emerson Brooks. 16mo,
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DRAMA AND THE STAGE.
The Unveiling. By Jackson Boyd. 12mo, 255 pages.
G. P. Putnam's Son. $1.25.
The Sorceress. By Victorien Sardou. Translated
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The Lost Word. By Henry van Dyke. With frontis-
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[August 30
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[August 30, 1917
THE DIAL
Recent and forthcoming Educational Publications
Hazen's Modern European History
By C. D. HAZEN, Professor in Columbia Uni-
versity. (American Historical Series.) VII
-619 pp. $1.75.
FRANK E. MELVIN, Assistant Professor in the
University of Kansas:
Professor Hazen's mastery of the field and
his very happy style should especially com-
mend this text to teachers of modern Euro-
pean history.
Fite's History of the United States
By E. D. FITE, Professor in Vassar College.
VI_575 pp. $1.60.
Robert N. Chenault, Pulaski, Tennessee:
It emphasizes the very things that need em-
phasis, and yet that have been sadly neg-
lected in our texts formerly.
Robinson's Continental Europe 1270 - 1598
Revised and adapted from the French of
Bondois and Dufayard by CHALFANT ROBINSON,
Assistant Professor in Princeton University.
XV-489 pp. $2.00.
Thompson's British Verse
Selected and edited by D. V. THOMPSON,
Head of the Department of English in
Lawrenceville School. XVI—374 pp. $1.25.
THEODORE B. HINCKLEY in the School Review:
How lacking in pedantry and the beaten
track of anthologies the collection is one may
judge from the fact that Johnson's “If a Man
Who Turnips Cries," Carey's "Sally in Our
Alley," Lear's "The Owl and the Pussy Cat,”
and Thackeray's "Little Billee" are included.
A Book of Ballads
Selected and edited by G. H. STEMPEL, As-
sociate Professor in Indiana University.
(English Readings for Schools.) XXXVIII
60 cents.
FREDERICK H. LAW, Stuyvesant High School,
New York City:
I have never seen a collection of Ballads
better adapted for reading in high school
classes.
Hawthorne's House of the Seven Gables
Edited by J. B. OPDYCKE, Head of the De-
partment of English in Julia Richman High
School, New York City. (English Readings
for Schools.). XLI—386 pp. 52 cents.
The Journal of Education:
It is a book of unusual value.
Smith's Commerce and Industry
By J. R. SMITH, Professor in the Wharton
School of Finance and Commerce, Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania. VII—596 pp. $1.40.
H. E. Coblentz, Principal, South Division High
School, Milwaukee, Wis.:
It is so surprisingly good that I wish to test
it out at once. No recent textbook in that
subject that I have read is as interesting as
Smith's.
Finney and Brown's Modern Business
Arithmetic
By H. A. FINNEY, Lecturer in Accounting,
Walton School of Accounting, Chicago, and
J. C. BROWN, President, State Normal
School, St. Cloud, Minn. Complete Course.
488 pp. $1.10. Brief Course, 298 pp. 85 cents.
From the Efficiency Society Journal:
This is a modern business arithmetic in
fact as well as in name. It gives evidence of
the familiarity of the authors with modern
business conditions.
Angus's Fundamentals of French
By FRANCES R. ANGUS, Instructor in the
University High School, University of Chi-
cago. 280 pp. $1.16.
Miss A. CÉCILE RÉAU, Instructor in Vassar
College:
I consider it a remarkable book. For the
use of students of the French language its value
cannot be over-estimated. The plan adopted
by the author combines in the most satisfac-
tory way the direct and the grammar methods.
Warshaw's Spanish American Composition
By J. WARSHAW, Assistant Professor in the
University of Missouri. VII–156
PP.
90 cents.
Miss Esther J. CROOKE, Maryland College for
Women:
I find it to be exactly what I wish for the
beginning of my second year work.
IN PRESS
Everett's Moral Values
By W. G. EVERETT, Professor in Brown
University. Ready October 1.
Gordon's Educational Psychology
By KATE GORDON, Assistant Professor in
Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh. Ready
September 1.
Pearse's General Zoology
By A. S. PEARSE, Associate Professor in the
University of Wisconsin. Ready Septem-
ber 15.
Olmsted's First Course in French
By E. W. OLMSTED, Professor in the Uni-
versity of Minnesota. Ready October 1,
Fuentes and Francois' Trip to Latin America
By V. FUENTES and V. E. FRANÇOIS of
the College of the City of New York. Ready
September 1.
Albes: Viajando por Sud America
Abridged and edited with notes and vocabu-
lary by J. WARSHAW, Assistant Professor
in the University of Missouri. Ready Oc-
tober 1.
Frontaura: Las Tiendas
Édited with introduction, notes, and vocabulary
by A. F. WHITTEM, Assistant Professor in
Harvard University. Ready October 1.
-329 pp.
HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY, NEW YORK BOSTON CHICAGO
PRESS OF THE BLAKELY-OSWALD PRINTING CO., CHICAGO.


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[September 13
THE DIAL
Scribner Fall Publications
Towards the Goal
By Mrs. Humphry Ward
On the Right of the
British Line
By Captain Gilbert Nobbs, Late L.R.B.
"The author enjoyed last spring exceptional op-
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the most important features of the British military
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New York Tribune.
This is the simple, direct narrative by a young
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at the front in the battle of the Somme, in which
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such a picture of life as a German prisoner of war.
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A World in Ferment
My War Diary
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Interpretations of the War for a New World
By Nicholas Murray Butler
That breadth of vision which has made the author
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tute for war characterizes these cogent discussions
of the present situation. Especially enlightening
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must play and of the significance, from the view.
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interest. To her real genius for writing the memoirs
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France have virtually made her-of a mother and
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Mankind: Racial Values and
the Racial Prospect
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Confessions of a Caricaturist
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Mr. Herford believes should be “Georgeade," and
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as
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We encounter, among many others, the art and
personality of Edward MacDowell, Artzibachef,
Cézanne, Rycker, James Joyce, Oscar Wilde, George
Moore, Remy de Gourmont, Fuller Huysmans, Henry
James, and Claude Bragdon-that boldest of adven-
turers in the transcendental region of the Fourth
Dimension of space.
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doctrines and the events which produced the Triple
Alliance covers that fascinating and portentous
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is the dominant figure.
"Any one who really wishes to know what the
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the prejudices aroused by recent events, will find
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THE DIAL
Scribner Fall Publications
Plays by Alexander Ostrovsky
A Protégée of the Mistress, Poverty 18 No Crime,
Sin and Sorrow Are Common to All, and It's a
Family Affair.
Translated from the Russian under the editorial
supervision of GEORGE R. NOYES, Professor of
Slavic Languages at the University of California.
Ostrovsky is one of the most significant figures in
Russian literature. He was a genuine originator,
for he brought upon a stage that had previously
dealt only with the nobility and the officials that
great middle class of the merchant and the small
landowner, which is so much more characteristically
Russian, and so dealt with the realities of Russian
life. The four plays in this volume are representa-
tive. They combine to impress a curiously vivid
sense of the Russian character.
$1.50 net
The Poems of H. C. Bunner
“It is perhaps as a poet that the author of 'Airs
of Arcady' is likely longest to be remembered ; and
it is as a poet that he would have chosen to be
cherished in men's memories. His verse has the
form, the finish, the favor of scholarship that the
cultivated recognize and relish; and it has also the
freshness, the spontaneity, the heartiness, and the
human sympathy, wanting which no poetry has ever
been welcome outside the narrow circle of the dilet-
tanti."-From Brander Matthews's Introduction.
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The Ways of War
By the late T. M. KETTLE, Lieutenant in the
Dublin Fusiliers, sometime Professor of Economics
in the National University of Ireland, and Mem-
ber of Parliament for East Tyrone.
This is a collection of war writings by the most
brilliant member of the “Young Ireland" group.
“Why Ireland Fought" is a splendid piece of rea-
soned eloquence to demonstrate that to fight for
the Entente was the one true way to fight for
Ireland. Among other sections are "Under the Heel
of the Hun" and "Silhouettes from the Front."
In Press
A Social Theory of Religious
Education
By GEORGE ALBERT COE, Professor in the
Union Theological Seminary, New York.
This volume is an attempt to answer the question,
“What consequences for religious education follow
from the now widely accepted social interpretation of
the Christian message ?".
The thesis of the book is developed with the utmost
thoroughness from the philosophical, psychological,
and practical standpoint. The author shows how
his theory should be applied and what startling
changes it would involve in the family, in the
Sunday-school, and in the work of the church as a
whole.
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Concerning Painting
By KENYON COX
Mr. Kenyon Cox, painter and critic, whose writ-
ings on art are the
most illuminating and sug-
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of View" and "Artist and Public" a book, "Con-
cerning Painting," which is of equal interest and
value to general reader and student. Its first part is
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are devoted to "The Golden Age of Painting" and
"Some Phases of Nineteenth Century Painting."
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A Harmony of the Synoptic
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and GEORGE S. GOODSPEED, Ph.D., Professor
of Ancient History in the University of Chicago.
An indispensable book to students of the Gospel
narratives. The texts of the Gospels are arranged
in parallel columns so that the differences in reading
are apparent at a glance.
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JUVENILES
The Top of the Continent
Sons of Eli
By RALPH D. PAINE, author of "College Years,"
"Campus Days," etc.
This is a collection of related episodes concerning
a group of undergraduates, so combined as to give
a splendid picture of the life at Yale. Here are
athletes and literary men, gilded youths and "grinds"
--all the types recalled with affection by the college
graduate.
Ilustrated. $1.35 net
By ROBERT STERLING YARD
A most comprehensive description, in the form
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should prove most inspiring to young people in
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The Life of Jesus for Young
People
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Cried Wolf," "Blood Will Tell," the immortal "Gal-
legher," and "The Bar Sinister," Davis's famous
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Augustus Thomas calls "safe stuff to give to
young fellow who likes to take off his hat and dilate
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can,
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[September 13
THE DIAL
HERMANN FERNAU'S NEW BOOK
THE COMING DEMOCRACY
Author of "Because I Am a German"
Net, $2.00
In this new book he shows that the war was the inevitable outcome of the policies of the German Govern-
ment and earnestly pleads to oust the dynasty, the im perial government and all its imperial ambitions and
purposes and make of Germany a democratic nation that will live in peace, harmony and justice with the other
democracies of the world.
UNDER FIRE, The Life of a Squad
By HENRI BARBUSSE
Net, $1.50
Bookman:-"A brilliant and varied na tive which records or vines wid
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The Argonaut "The Best the War Has Produced”
A STUDENT IN ARMS By DONALD HANKEY
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Donald Hankey the man who gave his life for his country. He loved mankind, and his book "A Student in
Arms,' is the one beautiful book of the war. Buy his book, read the chapter, "The Beloved Captain," and
then send a copy to some friend about to go to France on his country's business.
THE MASTER OF THE HILLS
By SARAH JOHNSON COCKE
Net, $1.50
New York Herald :-"An uncommonly good piece
of fiction and she has chosen a background for it
that permits her to paint her characters with the
bold pigments required for such a picture. With-
out doubt this is among the best novels on Ameri-
can rural life that have appeared in recent years."
ON THE THRESHOLD OF
THE UNSEEN
By SIR WILLIAM F. BARRETT Net, $2.50
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who want to believe or by those who want to
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DAY AND NIGHT STORIES
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MY WIFE
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The work of a new humorist who treats the mod-
ern conventional family life in a breezy spirit of
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A SOLDIER'S MEMORIES IN
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Net, $5.00
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tive and set forth with such vivacity and humor
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THE JOYFUL YEARS
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Our case against Germany should be understood by
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LIPPINCOTT
BOOKS
Selected September Publications
ARTISTIC AND LIMITED EDITIONS
DROITE
AVANT
MONTREAL
Early Philadelphia: Its People, Life and Progress
By HORACE MATHER LIPPINCOTT
120 illustrations. Octavo. Decorated cloth. Boxed. $6.00 net.
1792
1917
A Limited Edition.
The city of many institutions and unimpeached traditions
is presented in its varying aspects by one who knows the
people of today and yesterday. The public places with the
learned institutions, the unique sporting life, the financial and
business concerns, the social clubs and associations are writ-
ten of in a way that will make the book a fund of valuable
FOR SALE AT ALL
information to all who are interested in the beginnings of
America.
BOOKSTORES
Old Roads Out of Philadelphia
By JOHN T. FARIS
J B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY
117 illustrations and a map. Demi octavo. Decorated cloth.
Boxed. $4.00 net.
PHILADELPHIA LONDON
The old roads out of Philadelphia are the most historic in
America. Profuse illustrations and suggestive text mark the
book as a prize for the automobilist, walker and historian.
Such names as The Battle of Brandywine, Valley Forge and
OF IMMEDIATE INTEREST
Militia Hill suggest the fascination of the subject. The author
presents the past and the present of ten of the great High-
How to Live at the Front ways.
By HECTOR MacQUARRIE,
The Dwelling Houses of Charleston, S. C.
A.B., Cantab.
By ALICE R. HUGER SMITH and D. E. HUGER SMITH
Second Lieutenant Royal 128 illustrations. Octavo. Decorated cloth. Boxed. $6.00 net
Field
ry.
A Limited Edition.
8 illustrations. $1.25 net
Charleston is one of the richest cities in the country in the
number of
of
This English army officer
her unique and wonderful dwelling houses
writes for his new allies, the
earlier days. It is a perfect delight to look through the pages
American soldiers, and from
of this volume, dream over the sketches and photographs and
the first page to the last he
read the interesting historical and personal incidents asso-
ciated with her homes and streets. Completeness in every
takes up subjects, the under-
standing of which will be of
particular is a feature of the work.
great value to both the body
and soul of the reader. The
The Practical Book of Outdoor Rose Growing
author believes in the im-
By GEORGE C. THOMAS, JR.
portance of fighting for his
De Luxe. Fourth Edition.
country instead of dying for
The information given
it.
96 illustrations in color. 37 in black and white. Charts and
tables. Handsome cloth. Octavo.
regarding the formal mat-
$6.00 net.
The rose
ters of life in and behind
growers throughout the country appreciate the
the trenches will be of in-
unique value and unsurpassed beauty of this volume. They
will welcome with enthusiasm the new edition which contains
estimable value. There is
idealism, but stimulating
added illustrations and a text rewritten and reset, bringing
idealism.
the material absolutely up-to-date. This text is uniform with
that of the Garden edition, which proves useful in field work.
The Girl and the Faun
By EDEN PHILLPOTTS
Tips from a Business Veteran Illustrated in color by Frank Brangwyn, who has also made
By WILLIAM MAXWELL
the page and other decorations. $2.00 net.
This delightful tale, bewitchingly illustrated by Frank
8 illustrations in black and
Brangwyn, is of how the immortal Croix, the faun, falls in
white. $1.25 net.
love with Iole, the shepherd girl, devotes himself to her, toils
This is
snappy book for her, makes love to her, weeps for her, wearies mortal and
with a punch, by a man with immortal things with tales of his hot passion and her cold
wit, experience and enthusi- heart. There are Pan and Spring and other characters that
asm who expresses his belief carry us down the aisles of old Romance.
in the ability of a young
man to attain success. The
Successful Canning and Preserving
experienced old fellow will
enjoy the whole just as much
By OLA POWELL, U. S. Dept. Agriculture.
the youngster who de- 4 colored plates. 164 illustrations in the text. Octavo. $2.00 net.
sires to win his spurs. In
This addition to Lippincott's Home Manual Series is a prac-
every chapter, in every line tical yet scientific working handbook for the individual woman
there is sharp aim at the and for clubs upon all steps in the successful canning and pre-
truth which inspires and in- serving of fruits, vegetables and meats. It is a book the
structs the reader.
American woman needs.
OTHER IMPORTANT WORKS TO BE PUBLISHED IMMEDIATELY: “THE TRAINING AND
REWARDS OF THE PHYSICIAN,” by Richard C. Cabot, M. D., author of "What Men Live By,"
is the new volume in the Training Series. The author treats the subject in a fresh, vigorous
fashion that will appeal not only to students and doctors, but also to the public in general.
8 illustrations, $1.25 net. “RELIGIONS OF THE PAST AND PRESENT,” edited by Dr. J. A.
Montgomery, is an authoritative yet popular account of ancient and modern religions from the
view point that the religions of each people has presented the highest ideals of that people.
The authors are members of the faculty of Religious History of the University of Pennsyl-
vania. $2.50 net. “THE STORY OF THE GEISHA GIRL," by T. Fujimoto. 62 illustrations.
$2.50 net. A book for those who wish to understand the truth about the Geisha Girl and her
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know Russia better than Mr. De Windt. In this graphic volume he describes the soul of the
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If I Were Twenty-One
a
as
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190
[September 13
THE DIAL
MESSRS. D. APPLETON & COMPANY
Announce the Publication on
September Twenty-first
of a New Novel by
MR. J. C. SNAITH
The Title of Which Is
THE COMING
A soldier, wounded, war weary, who has
learned in the trenches to forget the mean-
ing of hate; a village vicar, voicing the
venom of those who do not fight; and John
Smith, simple, determined, working for the
brotherhood of man-around these three
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To insure having your copy on
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THIS IS AN APPLETON BOOK
D. Appleton & Company, Publishers, New York
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THE DIAL
---
VOLUME LXIII
No 749
SEPTEMBER 13, 1917
CONTENTS
WAR.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
CONSCIENCE AND INTELLIGENCE IN
Randolph Bourne · 193
AN ARTIST OF THE SUPERNORMAL Amy Wellington .
195
THE GOSPEL OF INTERNATIONALISM Walter E. Weyl
. 198
THE SOUL OF THE RUSSIAN
Louis S. Friedland .
199
HISTORY AS PURPOSIVE TENDENCY V. T. Thayer
· 200
POETRY AS SUPERNATURALISM
Conrad Aiken
. 202
POTENTIAL INDIA
W. G. Tinckom-Fernandez 203
THE PROBLEM OF THE IMMIGRANT L. L. Bernard
205
EMOTIONALISM AND WAR
B. 1. Kinne
206
Lucid Mystics.
J. DeLancey Ferguson
. 207
ANOTHER IRISH DRAMATIST
Williams Haynes
. 208
THE CLASSICAL STAGE OF JAPAN Henry B. Fuller .
209
PRIMITIVE EMOTION
Ruth McIntire
211
BRIEFS ON New BOOKS
212
Why Italy Entered Into the Great War.-Italy at War.-Great Britain's Part.-
A Student in Arms; Second Series.—The War After the War.-German Im-
perialism and International Law.-Russia of Yesterday and Tomorrow:-The
Life of the Grasshopper.—Do We Need a New Idea of God.—The Prince of
Parthia.-An Essay on Shakespeare's Relation to Tradition.—The Life of
Lazarillo de Tormes.-The Life of James J. Hill.-Railroad Valuation.—Letters
of Arthur George Heath.—Doing My Bit for Ireland.-Philistine and Genius.-
Grapes of Wrath.—The Atlantic Classics.—Mental Conflicts and Misconduct.
Notes On New FICTION
. 220
Christine.-Martie the Unconquered.-My Country.—Gone to Earth.
CASUAL COMMENT. .
. 221
NOTES FOR BIBLIOPHILES
John E. Robinson
223
NOTES AND News
226
LIST OF New BOOKS
· 229
GEORGE BERNARD DONLIN, Editor
MARY CARLOCK, Associate
Contributing Editors
CONRAD AIKEN
PADRAIC COLUM
ЈонN MACY
THEODORE STANTON
RANDOLPH BOURNE
HENRY B. FULLER
JOHN E. ROBINSON
WILLIAM ASPENWALL BRADLEY
H. M. KALLEN
J. C. SQUIRE
THE DIAL (founded in 1880 by Francis F. Browne) is published fortnightly, twenty-four times
a year. Yearly subscription $3.00 in advance, in the United States, Canada and Mexico. For-
eigo subscriptions $3.50 per year.
Entered as Second-class matter Oct. 8, 1892, at the Post Office at Chicago, under the Act of
March 3, 1879.
Published by The Dial Publishing Company, Martyn Johnson, President; Willard C. Kitchel,
Secretary-Treasurer, at 608 South Dearborn Street, Chicago.


192
[September 13, 1917
THE DIAL
NEW FALL MACMILLAN BOOKS
NOW READY
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By the Author of "Mr. Britling"
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THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, Publishers, New York
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THE DIAL
A Fortnightly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
Conscience and Intelligence in War
The merely "conscientious objector" be brought about. But war always comes
has absorbed too much attention from to seem just that urgent, inevitable crisis
those who are concerned about under- of the nation's life where everything must
standing the non-popularity of our par- be yielded to one purpose. For a few
ticipation in the war. Not all the pacifist
Not all the pacifist months, the public may retain the illusion
feeling has had an evangelical color. of freedom, of mastery over social forces.
There is an element of anti-war sentiment But as war continues, there comes the deep
which has tried to be realistic, and does popular recognition that there is now but
not hope to defeat war merely by not do- one end-victory; and but one means-
ing something. Though events have been the organization of all the resources of
manipulated against it, this element neither the nation into a conventional war tech-
welcomes martyrdom nor hopes to be nique. “Peace without victory" becomes
saved for its amiable sentiments. And it a logical and biological contradiction.
is just this attitude, far more significantly Belligerent peoples will have long ago re-
"American" than "conscientious objec- alized that war is its own end, and that,
tion," that John Dewey has ignored in his to paraphrase a popular ditty, they fight
recent article on "Conscience and Compul- because they fight because they fight. This
sion.” The result has been to apply his was the real basis of the opposition to the
pragmatic philosophy in its least convinc- President's gesture for peace—the reali-
ing form.
zation that though America might still be
His criticism is of the merely good and living in a pragmatic world, war had made
merely conscientious souls whose moral Europe a realm of the absolute. And in
training has emphasized sentiments rather our own country, war had not been with
than specific purposes, and who are al. us for ten weeks before "peace without
ways found helpless before the coercion victory” changed officially into "conquer
of events. His argument follows the well- or submit!"
known lines of his instrumental use of the In wartime, there is literally no other
intelligence for the realization of conscious end but war, and the objector, therefore,
social purpose. The conscience, he im- lives no longer with a choice of alterna-
plies, is balked by an unpleasant situation, tives. The pacifist conscience attaches
is futile unless it attaches itself to forces itself to no end because no end exists
moving in another, and more desirable, which connects with its desires. Plans and
direction. Dissatisfied with the given programmes may exist which have not to
means or end, one chooses another alter- do with war, but they exist only in the
native, either a new end to which the realm of fantasy, not in the realm of prac-
means may be shaped, or a new means tical politics. Peace comes through vic-
to effect the desired end. But in apply- tory or exhaustion, and not through
ing this theory to the war situation, creative intelligence. The appeal to force
does not the philosopher ignore the fact removes everything automatically to a
that it is exactly in war that alternatives non-intelligent sphere of thinking and act-
are rigorously limited? Is not war per- ing. Mr. Dewey is depressed at the num-
haps the one social absolute, the one situ- ber of conscientious young men who
ation where the choice of ends ceases to exchanged their "Thou shalt not kill” into
function ? Obviously in a world of choice an "Obey the law," though they saw the
one may hope intelligently to select and situation exactly as before. But his de-
manipulate some social mechanism by pression is due only to that inexorability
which a desired social arrangement may which every pragmatist must resent. It is


194
[September 13
THE DIAL
not just to be depressed at their poverty a war in which we had to be. I have
of imagination. For he is dealing with heard him say that it was far better to
precisely the one situation in which his enter the war intelligently than blindly or
philosophy will no longer work. He im- hysterically. This is not quite the same
plies that there was some way by which as saying that deliberate murder is more
conscience could operate very differently creatively intelligent than murder commit-
from that whose main concern is to "re- ted in the heat of sudden passion. For
main itself unspotted from within."
from within." what Mr. Dewey meant was probably
Well, in what way? Where does one find that if we entered the war intelligently
"forces moving in another direction"? we would choose the ends which the war
One may find forces moving against the technique might serve. But is it not a
war, resisting the organization for war, little curious to find the men who thought
agitating for a speedy peace. But such the war inevitable—"what could we do?''
forces are not merely alternative social —and who could neither prevent it nor
policies. They are not morally equivalent devise an alternative, still confident that
to the policy of war. They have the they can control its terrible force for be-
unique quality of disloyalty. They chal- neficent purposes? Having accepted the
lenge the entire force of the nation. As inevitable of war, one can more easily ac-
soon as they threaten to become at all ef- cept other inevitables.
fective, they are automatically crushed At the back of Mr. Dewey's mind was
out, under even the most democratic of perhaps the hope that the pacifist con-
governments. Never has a government science, though hating war and everything
in wartime been known to refuse the use connected with it, might aid this war be-
of relentless coercion against "forces mov- cause of the radical social reforms it was
ing in another direction." The attaching sure to bring. But the same people who
of one's conscience to any such forces is thought of this as an end for which the
infallibly taken to be the allying of one- pacifist should be willing to accept the in-
self with the disloyal, and the inadvertent strument, are now complaining that labor,
ailwing of the nation's enemies. There is, though it consecrated itself to the nation's
of course, the alternative of revolution, service, is not now receiving the nation's
which would have much the same effect gratitude; that the war-swollen fortune is
as disloyalty. Does Mr. Dewey mean to sliding free of paying for the war; that
urge the conscientious objector” to take education is being impoverished, and
to disloyalty or revolution in his efforts to national demoralization rather than inte-
attach his conscience to intelligent alterna- gration taking place. These ironic frustra-
tives? And if not, will he tell us what tions of the social purpose were foreseen
social mechanism he knows of that is con- by the realistic pacifists. They were the
sidered relevant or even permissible in best of reasons for finding an alternative
wartime that does not contribute to the
They were the best of motives
war technique? One resists or one obeys. for not attaching one's conscience to
If one resists, one is martyred or coerced. forces that involved a technique which in-
If one obeys, the effect is just as if one fallibly trailed along these social evils.
accepted the war.
Once you accept war, there is no choice
In wartime, then, one's pragmatic con- but to be shoved along the line of inev-
science moves in a vacuum.
There is no
itables with which war is organically
leverage to clutch. To a philosopher of bound up.
the creative intelligence, the fact that war In wartime, therefore, the "forces
blots out the choice of ends and even of moving in another direction," to which
means should be the final argument against Mr. Dewey invites the objecting con-
its use as a technique for any purpose science to attach itself, are illusory. War
whatever. War
entered upon,
is just that absolute situation which is its
neither means nor ends can really be re- own end and its own means, and which
vised or altered. The acceptance of the speedily outstrips the power of intelligent
war by Mr. Dewey can only be explained and creative control. As long as you are
by the prevailing sentiment that this was out of war, events remain to some degree
to war.
once


1917]
195
THE DIAL
malleable. This was the argument for istic policy on the new Russian model.
“armed neutrality.” But clamp down the Suppose I believe that a federalism of sov-
psychic pattern of war on the nation, and ereign nations will only mean more com-
you have precipitated an absolute where petitive wars. What forces are there then
mastery becomes a mockery. Mere con- to which I can assimilate this war of ours,
scientious objection in wartime is not so and so make my intelligence and con-
uncreative or unintelligent as Mr. Dewey science count for what little they may?
represents it. No social machinery exists Is not Mr. Dewey's case against the
to make dissent effective. Alternative merely passive built on an assumption
ends are illusory. You can only accept that if one chose freely one would choose
or rebel, or remain apathetic. This is not the present inevitable forces ? But the
true of other social situations. It is true mind that is skeptical of these present
of war. If you are skeptical of the tech- forces,—is it not thrown back to a choice
nique of war, or of the professed aims of resistance or apathy? Can one do more
a negative attitude is the only possible one. than wait and hope for wisdom when the
It may not be noble to cencentrate on your world becomes pragmatic and flexible
own integrity, but it is perhaps better than again?
RANDOLPH BOURNE.
to be a hypocrite or a martyr. And if
pragmatists like Mr. Dewey are going to
accept "inevitables,” you at least have an An Artist of the Supernormal
equal right to choose what shall seem in-
evitable to you.
Ever since Henry James's horrible
To many pragmatists the impotence of ghost story, "The Turn of the Screw,” the
the pacifists in the period preceding the supernormal has had an increasing interest
war has been a sore point. They are for the literary psychologist. Apparitions
scolded for their lack of organization and of the living and the dead are no longer
their mere obstructiveness. Actually, they confined to romance and fantasy—or to
were fertile in constructive suggestions. the records of the Society for Psychical Re-
But no social machinery existed for har- search. They may be found in strictly
nessing their conscience to action. The realistic fiction, such as Edith Wharton's
referendum would have been a slight dem- powerful short story, "The Triumph of
ocratic clutch. It was hooted out of court. Night,” or Ellen Glasgow's "Shadowy
Armed neutrality was foozled. The Third.” Professor L. P. Jacks adds phi-
forces that were irresistibly for war had losophy to psychological analysis in his
control of the war-making machinery. fascinating stories, and particularly in his
The pacifists sounded ridiculous and un- book, "All Men Are Ghosts,' argues,
reasonable, because the drive was the with delightful humor, that ourselves and
other way. The war suction had begun.
our realities may seem like illusions to
Choices were already abolished, and the those in other existences. But as a serious
most realistic and constructive pacifism in adventurer in the country of the supernor-
the world would have been helpless. mal, not one of these writers appears quite
In all this chain of events, those minds
so courageous as May Sinclair.
were able to retain a feeling of alternative It was fitting that Miss Sinclair should
forces and of free choice which were in give us, in “The Three Brontës," the com-
sympathy with the announced purpose of pletely satisfying interpretation of Emily
the war and not temporarily hostile to its Brontë's mysticism and poetry, for she
technique. The philosophy of creative herself is one of the few realistic writers
intelligence still seemed to be working be- in contemporary English fiction who is also
cause there was no need to test its appli- a poet and mystic. "Naked, shining, in-
cability. The dissenter, however, felt tense reality," to quote the writer's own
cruelly the coercive forces. Suppose I words, is what she seeks to discover in her
really believe that world peace will more art; and she goes about her work, not
likely come exactly "by not doing some- heavily and solemnly, but with a serious-
thing,” by a collusive neglect of imperial- ness all lightened by humor, and a ridicule


196
[September 13
THE DIAL
which rarely fails to penetrate our little their scale; but they were heightened, intensified;
human absurdities. There is nothing of they were carried to a pitch that would have been
the comic spirit, however, in Miss Sin-
vehement, vibrant, but that the stillness as well as
the movement was tense.
clair's extraordinary adventures in the su- She would have said now that the earth at her
pernormal—“The Flaw in the Crystal" feet had become insubstantial, but that she knew, in
and “The Intercessor." All her tragic her flash, that what she saw was the very substance
power is here compressed into two neg-
of the visible world; live and subtle as Aame; solid
as crystal and as clean. It was the same world,
lected stories, unique in fiction.
flat field for flat field and hill for hill; but radiant,
“The Flaw in the Crystal" concerns vibrant, and, as it were, infinitely transparent.
a strange case of mental healing, and the Agatha in her moment saw that the whole world
discovery by the healer through a tragic that was its life, joy that howed Aood-high and
was alive
experience that in order to accomplish her
yet was still.
In every leaf, in every blade of
intention she must remain absolutely pas- grass, this life was manifest as a strange, a divine
sionless and impersonal. The crystal, in translucence. She was about to point it out to the
the words of the symbol, must be flawless. man at her side when she remembered that he had
Yet, when this book was published five
eyes for the beauty of the earth, but no sense of its
secret and supernatural light. Harding Powell de-
years ago by a venturesome American
nied, he always had denied the supernatural. And
publisher, "hopeless immorality,” “neu- when she turned to him her vision had passed from
rotic femininity," "amazing twaddle," was her.
about all our reviewers found to say of a The complete reversal of this joyous
story whose purity of motive, exquisite experience is shown in another and horri-
balance, and precision of style are its most ble vision when Agatha, because she has
obvious qualities. They seemed quite un- failed to hold herself passionless and im-
aware, with a very few exceptions, that personal in her healings, and, to save the
May Sinclair had accomplished a literary man whom she loves, has abandoned Har-
feat of amazing delicacy and power. ding Powell, is haunted by the latter and
There are visions of mystic beauty in takes on his madness. Then, it is not the
Miss Sinclair's later work, none more ra- joy but the horror imminent in the life of
diant than the one recorded in her “Jour- things which she experiences:
nal of Impressions in Belgium,”—a vision She saw the world in a loathsome transparency;
of tranquil and supernatural loveliness in she saw it with the eye of a soul in which no sense
the midst of human horror and despair. of the divine had ever been, of a soul that denied
But the most extraordinary, in the present soul, and it had become hers.
It had been Harding Powell's
writer's opinion, is the brief experience of Furiously, implacably, he was getting at her.
joyous reality given to Agatha Verrall, the Out of the wood and the hedges that bordered
psychic and healer, as she stands on the it there came sounds that were horrible, because
she knew them to be inaudible to any ear less
edge of the silent woods looking down a
steep ploughed field in early spring. The charged with insanity; small sounds of movement,
of strange shiverings, swarmings, crepitations;
man beside her, she has cured of mad-
sounds of incessant, infinitely subtle urging, of
ness—of the haunting Terror which has agony and recoil. : . She heard the stirring of the
driven him indoors to sit crouching in his corruption that Life was; the young blades of corn
were frightful to her, for in them was the push,
chair, with blinds drawn and locked door.
the passion of the evil which was Life; the trees
Now, in the full assurance of his recovery,
as they stretched out their arms and threatened her
Harding Powell is out of doors, receptive were frightful with the terror which was Life..
to the wonder and beauty of spring.
All this she perceived in a flash. . . It sank into
Agatha has demonstrated her fitness as an
stillness and grew dim; she was aware of it only
as the scene, the region in which one thing, her
instrument of the inscrutable healing pow-
terror, moved and hunted her. Among sounds of
She is happy purely in the sense of the rustling of leaves, and the soft crush of grass,
having helped. To quote in part:
and the whirring of little wings in fright, she heard
it go; it went on the other side of the hedge, a little
At that moment, in a flash that came like a shift-
way behind her as she skirted the wood. She stood
ing of her eyes, the world she looked at suffered a
still to let it pass her, and she felt that it passed,
change.
and that it stopped and waited. A terrified bird
And yet it did not change. All the appearance flew out of the hedge, no further than a fledgling's
of things, their colours, the movement and the still- Alight in front of her. And in that place it flew
ness remained as if constant in their rhythm and from she saw Harding Powell.
er.
-


1917]
197
THE DIAL
The apparition, born of Agatha's fear, To make of this strange and unbelievable
drifts away and is dissolved. She recov- story a work of naked, tragic reality, re-
ers herself and is released from the haunt- quires a peculiar combination of psychic
ing Terror; but having discovered the and artistic gifts which May Sinclair has
cause of her imperfection, she sends the developed beyond all the other English
man whom she loves, and who is already fiction-writers of our day.
married to another, away from her with "The Flaw in the Crystal” and “The
the gentle inflexibility of the true mystic. Intercessor" are, of course, only the occa-
"His hand was on the door. He smiled sional adventures of a gifted realist and
back at her. 'I don't want to shake your psychologist, the bulk of whose work is
faith in it,' he said. “You can't shake my concerned almost entirely with normal,
faith in it.' 'Still—it breaks down. It everyday life. It is quite certain, how-
breaks down,' he cried. 'Never. You ever, that before the war they were not
don't understand,' she said. “It was the mere "interludes" in Miss Sinclair's more
flaw in the crystal.'
serious fiction (the hope expressed by one
Such analysis of the supernormal is dissatisfied reviewer). They were a grow-
surely one of the most difficult and danger- ing preoccupation.
ous things a writer could undertake. So From contemplation of the external
easily it might have led Miss Sinclair into world, its ugly materialism, what she de-
the extravagant and fantastic, the inco- liberately sweeps aside as the "whole ob-
herent or hysterical; but what she manages structive apparatus of material things," —
somehow to convey, with consummate art, Miss Sinclair was turning to seek a deeper
is a sense of reality.
reality and the supernormal fascinated
Since "The Turn of the Screw," with
her. She was an individualist and a mys-
the exception of Mrs. Wharton's "Tri- tic, quite detached from social and political
umph of Night,” no such puzzling and movements, except woman suffrage (a
gruesome subject has been undertaken in rather large exception!). Then came the
English fiction as May Sinclair's solitary Gallant and militant, Miss Sinclair
ghost story, "The Intercessor," published was one of the few women writers to sign
in the "English Review.”. In "The Turn the British authors' declaration of loyalty
of the Screw” and “The Triumph of to democratic ideals of government, and
Night,” it is the powers of darkness which she went into active service as a volunteer
bring forth the apparitions of the living in one of the first British field-ambulance
and the dead. Henry James stops at hor- corps to enter Flanders. She witnessed
ror-multiple horror; Mrs. Wharton at the ferocious militarism of the German
triumphant crime. In “The Intercessor," invasion of Belgium. Those seventeen
it is only through evil and suffering that days spent under the “curved lightning” of
the veil is rent between the worlds, but the German shells and bomb-dropping
May Sinclair more gently makes the su- aeroplanes, so scrupulously recorded in
pernormal event the means by which the her "Journal," and later in "The Belfry, "
evil is banished.
must have an incalculable effect on her
Among the realistic tragedies of child work. Will it become less individualistic?
hood in our literature, there can be noth- A stronger social purpose would strength-
ing more poignant than this sobbing en its reality.
phantom of the little dead girl wandering Miss Sinclair has shown our social phi-
about the desolate farmhouse where she losophers in fiction, the value of psycho-
has been neglected and abused by the logical subtlety, of delicacy combined with
mother whom she loves; striking terror to courage in the presentation of erotic
the hearts of all within that brutish house- themes, of fidelity to the individual life.
hold until, through the mediation of a May not their insistence on the supreme
stranger, one who is pitiful and unafraid, importance of social analysis and vision
the intercessor, comes reconciliation. The have its value for her now? Or will she
mother is saved from madness, and the react in these violent times, and find that
child's sorrow and passion are appeased. the mystic and lyrical forces which move
war.


198
(September 13
THE DIAL
of man.
1
us still have their most interesting and
Henceforth the German Wolf will
significant manifestations in elemental and be chained.”
personal emotions ?
Mr. Brailsford insults no one, impugns no
One thing, however, seems certain. one's motives, seeks no merely nationalistic inter-
May Sinclair is one of the English novel- pretation of this war, and does not attempt to
ists who will survive Armageddon. Her assume the rôle of Supreme Judge between the
genius cannot be so shattered. But it is nations. He is looking not backward to Sera-
quite possible that after the extremity of jevo and the invasion of Belgium but forward to
social wrong and human anguish which she the treaty of the peace which is to come and to
now witnesses, her adventures in the super- the decades of world reorganization in which that
normal will be discontinued, and that such peace is to be made really effective. The ques-
stories as “The Intercessor” and “The tion which he faces with wisdom and courage is
Flaw in the Crystal,” will have no succes-
how the coming war-settlement can promote the
sors.
AMY WELLINGTON.
cause of international organization and how the
League of Nations, proposed by President
Wilson, can secure to all peoples effective guaran-
The Gospel of Internationalism tees of future peace and healthy national develop-
ment.
In working out this problem upon the
A LEAGUE OF NATIONS. By Henry Noel Brails-
basis of a candid consideration of a vast mass
ford. (Macmillan Co.; $1.75.)
of material Mr. Brailsford arrives at the con-
Fully to appreciate the wisdom, insight, and
clusion that the time is now ripe for the insti-
dignity of Mr. Brailsford's book
should con-
tution of the League, that we cannot afford to
trast it with the boiling mess of polemical litera-
wait ten years or even five for hostile passions
ture which is still being brewed on both sides of
to cool, that the programme though difficult is
the long fighting line. I have just glanced feasible, that the League must be all-inclusive,
.
through an ill-tempered and ignoble work by the and that it cannot be successful unless Germany
Right Honorable J. M. Robertson, M.P., in and Austria are invited to membership. In other
reply to an inept and inflated book by Professor words, Mr. Brailsford does not believe with Dr.
Eduard Meyer, of the University of Berlin.* Meyer that Germany is a forlorn pilgrim who
Both the German and the Englishman are full must forever defend himself against the wiles
of hatred, insult, intellectual unfairness, canting and lusts of a world of envious rivals. Nor
overpraise for their own nation, and uncritical does he agree with the Right Honorable J. M.
condemnation of their opponent. They deal in Robertson that progress consists in "chaining the
ugly epithets and smart, stinging rejoinders that German Wolf.” Instead he works out with
might win the applause of a primary school. great ability a tentative peace agreement and a
Their vision is fastened on war, now and here- provisional outline of the League which is to be
after, and on the taunting supremacy of the constituted among the nations.
German over the Britisher and of the Britisher At bottom the difference between men like Mr.
over the German. “Buried,” says Dr. Meyer,
Brailsford and hot controversialists like Professor
“are all the dreams of the well-meaning vision-
Meyer and Mr. Robertson is that the former are
aries concerning an eternal peace of the nations. seeking large ends and are not concerned with
Instead of everlasting peace, a series of
making out a case against individuals or with :
long and bloody wars will be the mark of the
indicting in advance of the facts a whole nation.
new century. The era of international-
Mr. Brailsford sees deeper. “We set out," he
ism is past and will never return... We
says, "to destroy Prussian militarism. It will be
Germans have long enough given ourselves up
destroyed at the moment when a German govern-
to the folly of believing it possible by friendly
ment pledges itself to enter a League based on
overtures to win the honest friendship of other
arbitration and conciliation. Short of that we
nations." Ha! ha! laughs the Right Honor-
able J. M. Robertson, M.P., "The Allies
may slaughter Prussians, but we cannot destroy
militarism."
will not leave it in the power of a per-
In other words, the battle-field is
but a preliminary to the real business of the
verted nation again to endanger the general life
war. “Defeat means our failure to achieve inter-
Eduard Meyer, Ph.D., LL.D., of the University of Berlin,
)
.
*Britain
Germany.
An
national organization, and victory means our
by the Right Honorable J. M. Robertson, M.P. T. Fisher
Unwin.
success."
versus
open
letter
to
Prof.


1917]
199
THE DIAL
In a former book, “The War of Steel and groups: historical or antiquarian bits, articles
Gold,” Mr. Brailsford described the vast con- inspired by the war, and descriptions of persons
flict between the nations which was going on in and places. Some are flat and unprofitable,
peace times. It was partly to escape this con- others merely quaint and curious; a few are
Alict, and the dead weight of outlived conditions illuminating—brief flashes that reveal some-
—
of which it was an expression, that the nations thing of the Russian "soul."
flew to arms. The war, concludes Mr. Brails- A different purpose animates Mr. W. F.
ford in the present book, "sprang from many Bailey in "The Slavs of the War Zone." His
passionate resolves to extort change from destiny. desire is to give "a vivid and accurate account
It was an act of insurgence against the death in of the countries in which the Slav races dwell-
life which acquiesces in hampered conditions and to give a description of their habits and cus-
unsolved problems." The evil in Europe, which toms; of how they live at home, among their
gave rise to this war, was “the inertia, the im- neighbours, and in their market places; of their
potence, the suspicion, the lack of social sense dress, their amusements and their festivals; of
which stood in the way of these necessary their music, their songs and their dances; of
changes. The way of hope is not in the retro- their views of life, their joys and their sorrows;
spective moralizings which distribute blame and of their political, national and religious aspira-
to blame would add punishment," but in the tions; of how the great war found them and
acceptance of impulses and in a new spirit of how it leaves them.” The author attempts to
adjustment and compromise and faith. The new
cover the vast territory between the Russian
world "will come when each nation turns to its
steppes and the Adriatic Sea, pausing wherever
fellow and speaks, though it be still in bewilder-
there are people of the Slav race, no matter
ment and pain, the wish to create the cooperative
under what name their ethnic descent is now
world in which all may live and grow.”
hidden. Mr. Bailey's interest is in the Slav
WALTER E. WEYL.
race; to him race kinship is a reality that sets
at naught the disintegrating forces of variety
of languages, social and environmental differ-
The Soul of the Russian ences, interracial affiliations, and neighborly
comities. All these are laughed to scorn by the
THE SOUL OF THE RUSSIAN. By Marjorie and
ordained ethnic grouping, by the mystic ties of
Alan Lethbridge. (John Lane Co.; $1.25.)
The SLAVS OF THE WAR ZONE. By Wm. F.
blood. “When the history of the origin of the
Bailey, C. B. (E. P. Dutton & Co.; $3.50.)
present war comes to be written,” says Mr.
THE RUSSIANS: An Interpretation. By Richard-
son Wright. (F. A. Stokes Co.; $1.50.)
Bailey, "it will probably be conceded that it
Under the somewhat pretentious title that
was mainly due to the clash of interests between
heads this article, Marjorie and Alan Leth-
the Teutonic and Slav peoples."
bridge have collected a number of stray essays
"The Russians: An Interpretation" is the
inspired by their travels in Russia. There is no
work of a man who has a deep affection for
doubt that the authors were ill-advised in choos-
the Russian people and a knowledge of the grave
ing for their book a name which promises far
problems that Russia will have to face in the
more than they endeavor to fulfil.
near future. Unfortunately, much in Mr.
the title is more than a misnomer; it is a verit- Wright's interesting volume has become "anti-
able boomerang. It arouses great expectations quated” in view of the great strides that the
which a reading of the essays quickly dissipates,
country has made in the last four months. But
-leaving the reader disgruntled and somewhat
the book will prove of value to that large sec-
disinclined to praise the good things that the
tion of the American reading public which seeks
book contains. This is most unfortunate, for
reliable information about an unknown coun-
“The Soul of the Russian” is not without its try, information given in clear, understandable
merits. Though the work is a collection of short, terms.
miscellaneous sketches written with very little
It has become the fashion to speak of the Rus-
distinction of style, it is, nevertheless, a sincere sians as a "soulful" people. Writers like Ste-
attempt to represent certain phases of Russian phen Graham have journeyed to the country of
life. As such, it will have something to give to the vast plain, determined to experience delect-
the general reader. The essays fall into three able and mystic joys. Far be it from me to
a
In this case,


200
(September 13
THE DIAL
man.
essen-
remove the veils that shroud secluded mysteries. method seems to be to investigate not causes
This is a form of iconoclasm from which I but effects, to mend the social vessel after the
shrink. But it seems to me that some of us are mischief has been done, then to continue with
in a fair way to forget that Russia, as Kipling "the work in hand,” utterly disregarding the
said, is not the most Eastern of European, but possibility of another breakdown and democratic-
the most Western of Eastern, nations. The ally unmindful of the fearful waste of human
Russians themselves are far too diffident to be- energy and the horrible degradation of human
lieve the solemn things that the literary band of life. Epimetheus is the god of the "practical"
devotees says about them. With unconscious
Eschew the eternal and the universal,
irony, the peasants of Russia have for genera- shun the vision of the whole and the far-away,
tions been raising the worldly cry, “Land and and you will be eminently practical. But if a
Liberty," that Russian equivalent of “No Tax-
refusal to compromise with present evils, a long
ation without Representation.” And it will be
experience in the ways of communal living, a
impossible to convince them that they are sell-
keen social sense that leads to all forms of free co-
ing their souls for a.mess of pottage. As they operation and voluntary organization, an impa-
see it, they are trying to keep their birthright
tience with political tinkering and half-measures,
intact. Nor can they conceive that with the
a blessed commonsense that seizes upon
the
attainment of liberty will come the surrender
tial and the "radical" in all things, an inspired
of their faith or the gradual atrophy of the
vision of the social state with all its interde-
racial and inherent traits that go to make up
pendent parts,- if these are the marks of a prac-
the Russian "soul.” Liberty transforms a
tical people, then the Russians are practical, and
people only in the sense that it makes them true
civilized. And when they are permitted by their
to their inner nature. Through liberty alone
present national enemy and by oversolicitous
is the great apocalypse of a nation made manifest
friends to exercise in freedom the right to con-
to those who can see and understand.
trol their own destinies, a right earned by a
Into the Russian heart there has entered the
poignant melancholy, the subtle and compelling reveal their soul in a glorified, shapely, and
century of agonizing struggle, the Russians will
power of the vast, level, monotonous plain which
equitable state. Some years ago, Herder had
took centuries to conquer. The Russian char-
the courage to state that the Slavs were destined
acter is linked, in its qualities and its defects,
to say the last word in the development of Euro-
to the plain of Russia. The emotional expansive-
pean civilization. He is only one of many who
ness of the Russians, their spiritual eagerness that
have held the profound conviction that from
knows no bounds, their reaching out for full
Russia will come the final word of deliverance.
freedom of body and mind, is natural to a people
LOUIS S. FRIEDLAND.
who have the consciousness of space, the knowl-
edge of far vistas and distant horizons. They
are led to extremes of all kinds, but they are
History as Purposive Tendency
led by a sense of sin that gives them no rest,
by a deep faith that truth exists and can be
The SPIRITUAL INTERPRETATION OF HISTORY. The
attained. And perhaps, because of the tragic William B. Noble Lectures, 1916. By Shailer
Mathews. (Harvard University Press; $1.50.)
earnestness of their search, the Russians have
William James has said "when we look at
come upon the right way, for, in the words of
what has actually come, the conditions must al-
Alexei Tolstoy, they seek "to embrace Nature,
ways appear perfectly designed to ensure it. We
brothers, foes and friends."
The Russians have been accused of not being world, of any conceivable character, that the
can always say, therefore, in any conceivable
“practical.” I have often asked myself by what whole cosmic machinery may have been designed
signs one is to know a practical people. It
to produce it." But to assume upon the basis
seems to be the belief in our country, if one is
of such a causal series that the universe is evolv-
to judge by the liturgy of success in certain of ing a purpose is to commit the fallacy of ascrib-
our popular magazines, that in order to be ing to the whole what appears to be true of the
marked by this coveted virtue one must perform part. This, however, is the method employed
the job immediately in hand, and see only as by Shailer Mathews in his "Spiritual Interpreta-
far as one's nose extends. The "practical" tion of History.” He believes that a survey of


1917]
201
THE DIAL
historical development indicates that history is a that religious, moral, and artistic ideals, racial
process in which man has advanced beyond a aspirations, and so on have profoundly influenced
condition of subjection to geographic and the course of history. They will further agree
economic forces. These have “given rise to cus- with him that ideals are more than mere result-
toms which in turn proceeded onward to free ants, that they are also creative factors which
choice on the part of both individuals and groups must be taken account of in any interpretation
and of rational action in the light of more per- of history. So far Professor Mathews appears
sonal values.” Consequently we may assume that to have demonstrated the undisputed. But this
this is true of history as a whole: that a spiritual is only preparatory. The sixth lecture reveals
force, an élan vital, has evolved out of and in the purpose of the book. In the previous lectures
opposition to natural and economic forces. Hu- "spiritual” signified the personal elements re-
man history is a rational process.
ferred to above. Here a spiritual interpretation
Professor Mathews protests against four prev- of history involves a belief in a super-personal
alent interpretations of history. The first seeks tendency immanent in history. We become
merely to amass facts without reference "to their entangled in a mystical explanation which con-
genetic relationship as tension points in a social siders “personal activities" to be forces or enti-
process.” The second is theological. “Its rep- ties struggling in behalf of a Rational Spirit or
resentatives see little in history except providen- Tendency in history. Such an interpretation,
tial and often miraculous guidance by God.” confuses rather than enlightens; for, after all,
More significant at present are the geographic what is this type of interpretation but a dignified
and economic interpretations of history. The fetishism? That it gives rise to more problems
geographic interpretation ascribes all differences than it solves is obvious from the fact that Pro-
to physical circumstances and grants humanity fessor Mathews's Rational Tendency is a hybrid
"little more initiative than the flower that turns between Tennyson's purpose which runs through
to the sun"; while the economic interpretation the ages, and Spencer's impersonal Unknown,
accounts for the rise of social institutions and Bergson's élan vital, Hegel's Weltgeist, and
morality as due to the limitations of nature, on
Lotze's "purpose." The layman is merely con-
the one hand, and as the resultants of social fused by this metaphysical fog, while the theolog-
antagonism and adjustments, on the other. Each ian finds it too illusive to damn as heresy. But
view is inadequate and too simple. It is a Pro- the man who is seeking an escape from the mech-
crustean bed to which its advocates strive to fit anistic conception of life and wishes to remain
their facts. A “real” interpretation of history loyal to the scientific spirit of the time receives
conceives of it as a genetic process and deals ex- no genuine help from this doctrine. Why must
clusively with facts as they are. It requires per- he be restricted to the two alternatives—mechan-
spective and a realization that man lives and ism or supernaturalism? Is the service performed
develops in society. If we view history in this by ideals any less vital and necessary to man if
manner, we perceive that, although economic and they fail to present a certificate of supernatural
geographic forces are important, human history origin?
finds its true significance “in neither the environ- The problem of evil is not permitted to em-
ment nor the human race itself, but in the total barrass this World Spirit. It is safely hidden
situation of man-in-nature.” It is a process in and receives no mention. Nothing is said of
which social life becomes more "personal.” This immortality except that it “is no longer a rhetor-
process manifests itself in three tendencies: "the ical sentiment but a phase of the world process."
tendency to substitute inner sanctions and inhibi- To be sure, it is requisite if history be a pur-
tions for outward authority based upon force posive tendency! We are assured that man is
either human or divine; to recognize the worth practically free of impersonal forces, although
of the individual as personal rather than as “the pressure of materialistic thought and inter-
merely economic; and to substitute through so- ests was never greater than today.” And, fin-
cial action, itself increasingly democratic, the giv- ally, we are exhorted to cast our lot with the
ing of justice for the insistence upon right.” spiritual forces, for they represent "no forlorn
This is the argument of the first five lectures. hope." God's is the winning side!
Most readers will agree with Professor Mathews
V. T. THAYER.
1


202
[September 13
THE DIAL
Poetry as Supernaturalism natural (biological and psychological) causes.
These it is the critic's duty to determine and to
The Poetic YEAR FOR 1916. A Critical Anthol- relate.
ogy. By William Stanley Braithwaite. (Small,
Maynard & Co.; $2.)
It is easy to see, therefore, where, in his rela-
The energy of Mr. Braithwaite is unflagging. tion to contemporary poetry, so fundamental a
Not content with bringing out annually the "An-
failure leads Mr. Braithwaite. With this some-
thology of Magazine Verse," he has now entered what quaint notion of the holiness of poetry in
upon another and even huger enterprise-"A his head, it is natural that he should be most
Critical Anthology," he calls it; and this, too, tolerant toward that sort of poetry which itself,
threatens to become a hardy perennial. In these in somewhat the same manner, takes for granted
four hundred pages, which for the greater part the holiness of life. In his present book, there-
consist of his reviews in the “Boston Evening fore, Mr. Braithwaite puts a clear emotional
Transcript," slightly revised and cast into the emphasis on work which is characteristically sen-
form of al fresco conversations between Mr. timental. Lizette Woodworth Reese, Bliss Car-
Braithwaite and three others, Mr. Braithwaite man, Amelia Josephine Burr, Olive Tilford
purports to cover the entire field of English and Dargan, Louis V. Ledoux, Hermann Hagedorn,
American poetry for 1916. Some fifty odd poets —these are some of the poets about whom Mr.
are discussed here, a list long enough surely to Braithwaite can talk with unrestrained enthusi-
have included certain poets whose omission asm. They, and to a less extent Edwin Arling-
seems singular enough to warrant a more spe- ton Robinson, observe toward life, in varying
cific explanation than Mr. Braithwaite offers. degrees, an attitude of chaste, romantic awe;
Mr. Robert Frost and Mr. Wilfrid Wilson Gib- and it is this attitude, particularly when it ap-
son come in for only incidental mention. Messrs. proaches the sweetly ecstatic or appears to be
Wallace Stevens, T. S. Eliot, and Maxwell Bo- barely concealing a sob, that most delights Mr.
denheim (whose work has appeared in anthol- Braithwaite. Consequently, such other poets as
ogies) are not mentioned at all. With these Edgar Lee Masters, Orrick Johns, William Car-
exceptions, however, the list is complete enough los Williams, and the unmentioned Carl Sand-
to afford us a clear idea of Mr. Braithwaite's burg, T. S. Eliot, Wallace Stevens, John Rodker,
temper and method.
and other poets of the “Others” group who are
Concerning his predilections, Mr. Braithwaite in the main realists, implicitly critical or analyt-
leaves us in no doubt whatever.
At the very
ical of life, or at the most neutrally receptive,
centre of his attitude toward poetry is the ex- are somewhat coolly entertained. Of Mr. Mas-
press belief that poetry is a sort of supernatural- ters Mr. Braithwaite remarks, characteristically,
ism. “It is the sacerdotal wonder of life which that he "de-affinitizes imagination of mystery";
poets feel," he remarks. “More certainly than of the poets who contributed to "Others," that
other men, poets are conscious of pre-existence, they do not deal with life “but with their own
in other worlds, and in this too." Elsewhere, one little conception of it,"—which, of course, is
encounters also such expressions as "reverence precisely what all poets do.
precisely what all poets do. To Bliss Carman,
for life," "quest for beauty,” and “mystic illu- on the other hand, he ascribes “magic,” "natural
mination.” This sort of thing, one must confess, symbolisms with ... supernatural meanings ..."
is a little too easy. Is it not really a shrugging Clearly, such an attitude reveals in Mr. Braith-
of the critic's burden from his own shoulders,- waite a very decided intellectual limitation.
onto the shoulders of God? This is no place, to Must poetry be all marshmallows and tears? Is
be sure, for a quarrel over the importance or the it to be prohibited from dealing with ideas, or
reality of God; but it is perhaps not going too restricted solely to a contemplation of that small
far to say that within the sphere of man's con- part of our lives which is, in a sentimental sense,
sciousness, no matter to what miraculous origin beautiful? Is poetry to be merely a perfume re-
it be ascribed, all things are at least subject to served for our moments of languor? Mr. Braith-
man's observation and analysis. If in the pres- waite might not say "yes" to this question as it
ence of a piece of poetry the critic is content stands, but if it were put in a slightly different
merely with the exclamatory, he is not doing his form, he would. And in consequence, try as he
work. Let him remember that he is dealing, at will, he cannot be entirely fair to our contem-
least in large measure, not with the supernatural
porary empiricists. Even in his discussion of such
but with the natural; and what is natural has
poets as John Gould Fletcher and Miss Lowell,


1917]
203
THE DIAL
By
amiable and even adulatory as (oddly enough)
Potential India
it sometimes is, one detects a fundamental per-
plexity and lack of understanding.
THE FOUNDATIONS OF INDIAN ECONOMICS.
The trouble with this book is, then, at bottom,
Radhakamal Mukerjee. (Longmans, Green, &
Co.; $3.)
that while it has a rather intriguing appearance
If we exclude her British suzerain, Americans
of being judicial, it is really, under the mask,
are the most interested of Western nations in all
highly idiosyncratic. This might be redeemed
that pertains to India. From the romantic days
if Mr. Braithwaite, in any part of his work, when swift Yankee clipper ships put the British
showed himself to be an interpreter possessed of
out of competition for the Eastern trade, to the
subtlety or persuasiveness. Unfortunately that
present war-time revival of Indian exports and
cannot be said. Mr. Braithwaite has, to begin larger imports, a consistent idealism has backed
with, a singular incapacity for perceiving the real
this interest: in Indian eyes America shed a dis-
meaning of words. He uses words in an orotund,
tant but kindly beneficence. American mission-
meaningless way; words like "essence," "sub-
aries have always outnumbered those of other
stance," "mystery,” “symbolism," are forever on
Western nations, and they were the first to sub-
his tongue. For this reason a great part of his
stitute for a purely dogmatic religious platform
book is thin reading; it is often impossible, ex-
the more effective educational wedge against
cept through the exercise of considerable imag- heterogeneous India's caste-ridden masses.
ination, to get any meaning out of it whatever.
When famines visited those millions, recur-
It is possible indeed that his inability to associate
ring because of climatic and not administrative
words precisely with the ideas for which they
reasons, American largess promptly reached the
stand is the central secret of Mr. Braithwaite's
field of suffering: during the epidemic of plague
failure as a critic: the cloudy inaccuracy of style American missionaries, especially in the zenānā,
may well be simply another aspect of an attitude
rendered valuable medical assistance. Nor has
of mind which has determined his predilection
the acquisition of the Philippines changed or
for vaguely interpretative rather than judicial diverted this interest. That colonial adventure,
criticism. It may equally account for the ex-
with Kipling's clamant approval, merely identi-
traordinary lack of discrimination which leads
fied in the popular imagination both sides of the
him to discuss, not so many kinds of art (which Atlantic, while an American vicereine at Simla
would be merely catholic), but so many qualities later completed the sentimental rapprochement.
of art, as if on one level of excellence. Brilliant, Now that the Jones Bill has given the Philippines
good, mediocre, and downright bad; subtle and
a political consciousness, the American experiment
commonplace; cerebral and sentimental,—all are
is the most practical example that has so far
treated as of equal importance, and, apparently appeared for British assurance in their solution
(as indicated by the last pair of contrasted of India's immeasurably more complex problem.
terms), without any keen awareness of their dif- But it has remained for the epochal world-war
ference. When he is beyond his depth, Mr. to throw into flux all the facile clichés dispensed
Braithwaite simply takes refuge in words. “Every by Kipling about the isolation of East from
sense is evocative and intuitional,” he says. West: they were no more erroneous than those
“Mysticism and wonder are the vital nerves Kipling scornfully attributed to his peripatetic
which connect the outer world of reality with
members of Parliament. But the superficial, ex-
the inner world of spirit. Does it matter how
traneous differences have been dissipated by the
the substance is shaped, so long as it is given a
economic interdependence that the war has called
being?” This is mere word-blowing; and Mr.
into existence. To-day America is importing
from India far more than she ever did, more
Braithwaite's book is full of arguments equally
ghostly.
than she exports, even though these exports have
increased because of the dislocation of European
Shall we never learn that there is nothing
sources and channels. The future of this trade
mysterious or supernatural about poetry; that it
is assured, and its greatest benefit will be the
is a natural, organic product, with discoverable
reciprocal influences of the new social and polit-
functions, clearly open to analysis? It would be
ical contact between East and West. The Orient
a pity if our critics and poets were to leave this
was once a fruitful field of paradox and incon-
to the scientists instead of doing it themselves. gruity, whence the protégés of Cook drew abun-
CONRAD AIKEN. dant material for social impressions and
>


204
[September 13
THE DIAL
war
а
political generalizations. But the has country, and his illustrations are valuable. The
sown such incongruities and paradoxes liberally only defect in his book is the absence of a glossary
throughout Western civilizations, so that, iron- for native names and expressions, especially since
ically, West has become East in certain political he quotes both the Hindi and the Urdu variants.
.
and cultural aspects.
There is no space to take up such fascinating
Thus, in order to readjust our knowledge of subjects as the promise of the new rural credit
the Orient, books like Professor Mukerjee's are and coöperative systems for India's future; a ro-
extremely valuable. That such books are com- mance Alickers about the native banking system,
ing from the pens of native scholars is the great- about the picturesque arts and crafts, and the
est compliment to the British educational system, guild system which, certain writers predict, will
even though that system is still hampered by the be revived among the smaller nationalities re-
theoretical dogma of Macaulay's rhetoric. War- habilitated in Europe by the war and its after-
ren Hastings has been released from Macaulay's math. Professor Mukerjee warns against a blind
inaccurate, overdrawn picture, but the so-called adoption of Western industrial methods. His
literati of the Babu class are still being produced belief that India's economic structure has hitherto
under the stupid minutes he once framed for developed in keeping with her indigenous needs,
Indian education. But Indian scholars are turn- and that it must so continue, will meet with ap-
ing their knowledge of rural and local conditions proval. Japan, as the pioneer, is now giving her
into useful surveys of the potentialities of India Eastern imitators a lesson in the way she is pain-
and her peoples. Hitherto they were academic- fully recapitulating Western industrial and
ally engrossed with her great past. Professor economic problems as a result of overproduction
Mukerjee is typical of the new school of Indian and meretricious "booming": to her discredit she
thinkers. He has sifted carefully the phenomena is dumping in India and China shoddy merchan-
of change and decay in Indian institutions, reg- dise which must inevitably react in favor of
istered the perils arising from the conflict be- America, her formidable competitor for the East-
tween an ancient agrarian population and the
ern
markets. With Professor Mukerjee's
disintegrating Western industrialism; he makes intensive survey of India's potentialities, it is not
an eloquent plea for those phases of an indigenous Utopian to hope that India's economic contact
Indian economy upon which the life and soul of with America and Europe will more and more
his people depends. The evils of overproduc- reflect the genius of her fascinating races and
tion, wholesale extinction of hereditary arts and their rich, manifold activities. One can only
crafts, the exploitation of mill towns, are data wish that the traditional panchāyat, or village
familiar enough in the West, but they are freshly council, had continued to exercise under the
epidemic in the new Orient. It is encouraging British ægis all its old administrative functions,
to know that
instead of degenerating into a caste or trade
The Indian factory hand is primarily an agri- guild. I believe that a resuscitation of the
culturalist
. His real home is in his native village, panchāyat will justify its continuance, urged in
not in the city where he works. He leaves both wife
and children behind him when he emigrates to the
1818 by an able administrator like Elphinstone,
factory, and regularly returns to them to look after as a training-school for the autonomous govern-
his family affairs and to rest from his labors. More
ment pledged to India by the British. Through
than this, he can always find work in his village if
he gets tired of the factory.
this traditional vehicle of government India will
So much for the family's being, as in China, an come to full political stature, ready for eventual
effective economic unit. But I cannot agree with self-government; but it would be futile, as the
the author in anticipating the continuance of
British already realize, to give her autonomy in
caste on the grounds of a similar argument. It
her present incohesive, inarticulate condition.
is true that caste has a societal cohesiveness, with This, however, was not Professor Mukerjee's
all the fluid communalism he extols, but his
theme. But none who knows her intimately will
statement regarding the flexibility of caste, of a
wish her any other future than one that is based
sort of emancipation of the lower and depressed upon such precious data from her historic past
classes by virtue of adopting and practising a
as are here evaluated by an Indian scholar, and
forbidden trade, is not true of the entire country.
as one who knows her personally I can wish her
His observations are frequently limited to his
no better political future than is assured by her
native Bengal. But he has been at pains to pre-
fair-minded if unimaginative British sponsor.
sent every trade and village industry of the
W. G. TINCKOM-FERNANDEZ.
a
1-


1917]
205
THE DIAL
AND
THE
ance.
The Problem of the Immigrant
Now. we are accustomed to suppress it, to per-
vert it, to turn its sweetness into bitterness be-
The IMMIGRANT
COMMUNITY. By cause of the hard face we turn and the relentless
Grace Abbott. (Century Co.; $1.50.)
exploitation of the immigrant body which our cal-
Now that the long-debated question of im- lous economic method demands. Often our un-
migration exclusion is at least in a measure dis- regulated social institutions prove a snare rather
posed of through legislation, the public mind
than an aid to the unsophisticated immigrant,
may possibly find itself willing to turn toward
thus destroying his frugality and his sobriety.
a more sympathetic study of the immigrant. His-
The troubles of the immigrant begin with the
torically there has been so much feeling and so first touch of foot to our shores. The complex-
little calm consideration of the whole question ity of our street life and of our traffic weighs
of immigration that to most people there has
upon his simple rural mind. The extortions of
seemed to be but one really significant problem: the expressman and the small tradesman, the
whether we should continue to admit to our
snare which the procurer sets for the helpless and
doubtful hospitality such great masses of un- friendless immigrant girl untrained in our lan-
familiar peoples with different customs and
guage, the hard struggle for a job, - often much
habits and lower standards of living than our more difficult than was expected or represented,
own. Miss Abbott reminds us that we have in
-the ever-present extortion of the labor agency,
reality a much more pressing problem than this
and the greed and bad faith of the contractor-
to deal with. How shall we learn to be neigh- these are phases of our welcome to the immigrant
borly with our immigrants at home? How can
almost as frequent as they are unexpected. Nor
we substitute justice for exploitation, sympathy do we always improve upon a closer acquaint-
for suspicion, and appreciation for derision and
If our new neighbor prospers in a small
even hate?
way and wishes to send money home to depend-
In Miss Abbott these more neighborly atti- ent relatives or to aid some member of his family
tudes were established long ago. As director of in joining him, the immigrant bank, which our
the Immigrants' Protective League of Chicago, political system permits to exist without due
and as a resident of Hull House for many years, supervision and control, may defraud him of his
she has developed that intimate touch with the savings. If he enters the courts, he is almost
problems, the hopes, the disappointments, and the certain to find a prejudice against him there,
ways of thinking of the newcomers which ren- which, if it does not pervert justice, may at least
ders her perhaps as well fitted as anyone not an deny it because of lack of sufficient interest in
immigrant to interpret the people in her charge the suppliant on the part of the court. Dis-
to the rest of the world. She is so sympathetic honest lawyers and notaries make him their easy
that some might call her partisan. Perhaps she prey because of his unfamiliarity with our lan-
is; but certainly her partisanship is in the nature guage and with the tricks of our laissez-faire
of a great moral protest against inexcusable evils social, political, and economic systems. In other
of intolerance, race-prejudice, and economic and ways, if somewhat less tangibly, the immigrant
political exploitation. We need more such cry- suffers from our neglect. In the matter of public
ing out against this smugness of ours where other health and morals he does not so much create new
souls and bodies are at stake; against our drift problems as complicate old ones. His lack of
into a comfortable and complacent attitude of urban habits of mind and body makes it all the
mind.
more necessary to hedge him about with safe-
Miss Abbott's plea is for adjustment rather guards and leadership. The immigrant woman
than assimilation. In this respect she disagrees especially is the victim of the incompetence of
with the textbook writers, and perhaps with most the midwife, who in America lacks training and
staunch Americans. She believes that the immi- supervision.
grant brings a contribution to America which In the matter of education we have been lax
should be preserved; that he is not merely a and non-understanding with the immigrant. We
seeker after our treasures—when they exist out- have not sufficiently realized that his peculiar
side the European peasant's imagination. This problems of economic and political adjustment
contribution of hope and industry, of strength call for more vocational and citizenship training
and purpose, of faith and power, which is so than our but half-consciously organized schools
characteristic of the simple folk, she would un- are accustomed to give. Indeed, it might be
cover and train into full flower for usefulness. much better for the native youth if they had


206
[September 13
THE DIAL
he says:
are
more of this sort of training in place of the which are popularly called "big" and "great."
highly traditionalized curriculum to which they But to be convinced that he was incapable of
are so often subjected. Frequently the immi- genuine sympathy with many alien points of
grant comes to us with good native attitudes but view one needs only to read the letters. In
with a lack of experience in political affairs. Too the poems this attitude had been discovered, the
often his first insight into our public callousness, letters probably only emphasize it. In Sonnet
the lack of democracy and efficiency in our re- XI, “On Returning to the Front After Leave,”
puted democracy, saddens and disgusts him.
Here we lose a good citizen. We need more
we turn disdainful backs
sympathetic leadership and organization of immi- On that poor world we scorn yet die to shield-
grant life on its public-interests and contacts side. That world of cowards, hypocrites and fools.
One of the most interesting of Miss Abbott's It is not ungenerous to find that disappointing.
many pertinent suggestions regarding immigrant The tone of the letters is not quite so harsh;
adjustment is that we organize more carefully the demands of rhyme and metre may take their
the potentialities for the development of an in- share of the blame, but the attitude is the same
ternational understanding through immigration
and it is consistently held. “I pity the poor
into this country and return migration.
civilians” sums up his feeling toward those who,
L. L. BERNARD. for no matter what reason, were not directly
concerned with the war.
But as in times of peace there is nothing better
Emotionalism and War
then love and art, so in times of war there is noth-
ing better than fighting and one must make the best
of it, finding recompense in feeling one's heart pulse
LETTERS AND DIARY OF ALAN Seeger. (Charles
in concert with those of the elite who are doing the
Scribner's Sons; $1.25.)
most admirable thing, rather than with those of the
Enough has possibly been said about the gen- multitude who concerned with second-best
eral disappointment in Alan Seeger's "Letters things... Great as are the pleasures that (the
and Diary"; practically every critic who has
poor civilians] are continuing to enjoy and that we
have renounced, the sense of being the instrument
reviewed the book has said something to that
of Destiny is to me a source of greater satisfaction.
effect. As is the way with critics, however, they
Killed, more than any other man, (the sol-
have all said the same thing: Seeger's letters and dier] can face the unknown without misgiving.
diary are disappointing because they are not what If Alan Seeger had meant that some of us
was expected from a young, romantic poet. They are forced to be content with second-best things,
prove with disconcerting flatness the truism that that would have been sympathetic and his poetry
no poet is a poet all the time; they even prove and letters would be more satisfying to the poor
that some poets are less than poets most of the civilian. But we are "concerned with second-
time. Seeger's letters and diary (if one excepts best things,” and a reading of the letters shows
the letters written consciously for publication that we are so from pure mediocrity. The sense
and therefore with attention to con- of "being the instrument of Destiny" comes to
tent and style) consist for the most part of the many a man, and many more women, who will
commonplace details of soldier life, repeated never see a trench, and why the soldier faces
many times without personal or enlivening com- the unknown with any less misgiving than other
ment and with only too few descriptions of com- men is not clear. It is undoubtedly a glorious
panions or scenery. The greater portion of the thing to be a soldier, especially so truly and
book, including even the letters to the newspa- thoroughly a soldier as was Seeger. He is fas-
pers, is ordinary, quite like the many books cinating and admirable perhaps more for that
from the hands of mere journalists.
reason than because he was a poet. And while
There is another, smaller, but far more im- to criticize him for having his point of view
portant part of the volume that is also disap- would be only to borrow his own narrow-mind-
pointing, and in inverse ratio to its size; it is edness, it is perfectly permissible to criticize him
the part, or parts, where the poet does write for his inability to see that the world is full of
and where, therefore, his philosophy of life ap- other views, no less noble and commendable.
pears. Alan Seeger was narrow-minded. It Seeger's is so largely a mere expression of his
might be said, paradoxically, that he was nar- emotions that annoyance becomes the dominant
row-minded in a broad way, for he happened reaction as one reads. He was tired of ordinary
to be warped on the side of those issues in life existence, that existence which demands the best
more


1917]
207
THE DIAL
powers of mind and soul. Victor Chapman, in
Lucid Mystics
his “Letters from France," says: "Remember
Alan Seeger was an appalling wreck before the THE OXFORD BOOK OF ENGLISH MYSTICAL Verse.
war.” No matter what this means, it throws a
Chosen by D. H. S. Nicholson and A. H. E. Lee.
helpful light on one's reading of the letters. He
(Oxford University Press; $2.)
The slowly growing series of the Oxford
seems to have been satiated, for he calls “a dia-
Books of Verse has from its inception been one
bolical cry, a blood-curdling yell of mockery and
of the necessaries of life to every lover of poetry.
exultation" which came from the hillside of
With the single exception of Palgrave's "Golden
the Boches one night, an “antidote to civilization Treasury” no other anthologies of such uni-
of which this war can offer so many to the
formly high merit have been published. (In
searcher after extraordinary sensations." Search-
passing, let us express a fervent wish that the
ing for extraordinary sensations echoes discour-
agingly of Oscar Wilde and his group; it is
Delegates of the Clarendon Press may issue an
“Oxford Book of American Verse” in recogni-
certainly not the sort of thing that helps the
tion of our alliance with England.)
civilian to live his life more worthily.
“The Oxford Book of English Mystical
Seeger does speak now and then in tones which
Verse" maintains the standards set by its pre-
remind the reader of the youth who wrote “I
decessors, but the reviewer of it faces one pecu-
Have a Rendezvous with Death.” There are
liar difficulty—that of definition. What is
even paragraphs sufficiently penetrating to bal-
mystical verse? None but a German Doctor
ance his superficial emotionalism:
of Philosophy would dare attempt sharply to de-
There is a common bourgeois notion which, asso-
ciated with the common bourgeois ideal of a man
fine it, especially when the editors of the collec-
finally making enough money to be able to retire
tion frankly shirk the task. They say:
and live on his income, pictures the happy life as a Our conception of mysticism must be found in the
kind of steady progression through a series of ups poetry we have gathered together. But it may serve
and downs toward a kind of plateau, the summit as a ground for comprehension to say that in mak-
of which once attained, he can thereafter march ing our selection we have been governed by a desire
along tranquilly on a level of unbroken and in- . to include only such poems and extracts from poems
destructible well-being. It is perfectly clear that as contain intimations of a consciousness wider
such a notion is entirely illusory, in the multiple and deeper than the normal. This is the connecting
accidents to which life is susceptible, for even sup-
link between them—the thread, as it were, on which
posing that he has attained such a level by the realiza- the individual pieces are strung. It is less a ques-
tion of every other earthly ambition, he is always
tion of a common subject than of a common stand-
walking on the unstable brink of the love that he
point and in some sense a common atmosphere, and
has created for himself and upon which he is de-
our attempt has been to steer a middle course between
pendent, the crumbling of which beneath his feet
the twin dangers of an uninspired piety on the one
hand and mere intellectual speculation on the
by death or abandonment would immediately plunge other. . .
him into the blackest abysses, where everything else
that he had realized would mean nothing. As for
When we abandon the hopeless effort at defini-
myself, I look upon life as a series of ups and downs, tion and turn to the contents of the book, we
right up (or down) to the very end. The idea of find selections from more than one hundred and
being any higher at the end than at the beginning fifty poets, ranging in date from Richard Rolle
was never part of my reveries. I never conceived
the advent of a moment when turbulence and strife
of Hampole to John Masefield and Alfred Noyes
could be thought of as put definitely behind one. and in religion from Francis Thompson to Sar-
But I clung passionately to, and drank deep of, such
ojini Nayadu and Edward Carpenter. The dis-
moments of happiness as circumstances set before me
-the importance to me was the moment that joy
tribution of the poems in point of time is
rescued from oblivion—and for me the measure of a interesting. Five-sixths of them more than
happy life was simply the proportion in which the five-sixths, if we count Blake among the nine-
sum-total of these moments of happiness, scattered
indiscriminately through it, outbalanced the sum-total
teenth century poets—are the product of that
of the unhappy ones.
nineteenth century which its own prophets de-
nounced as materialistic and skeptical beyond all
And that is wisdom, the very sort that will help previous epochs, of this twentieth century which,
the poor civilian with his ups and downs. That
we were told before the war, was wholly given
Alan Seeger wrote so little of it may have been
over to fads and superficiality. Of the poems
due to the external circumstances of a life at best
from earlier centuries which have been deemed
none too conducive to thoughtfulness, but the worthy of a place in this collection, far more
unfortunate fact remains that his letters and
than half are the work of five men-Donne,
diary show few such cases.
Herbert, Crashaw, Vaughan, and Traherne.
B. I. KINNE. Contemplation of these facts awakens a dreadful


208
[September 13
THE DIAL
qualm of doubt. Is it possible that we have over- Shakespeare towers above all other English dram-
looked some vital elements in our glib catalogu- atists are the "Ode on the Intimations of Im-
ing of nineteenth century tendencies; that even mortality”, and “The Hound of Heaven.” After
Early Victorian England is still too near at hand rereading them in direct comparison with all
for its whole significance to be evident?
the best English verse of a similar nature, we
Sins of omission are the usual refuge of the lay the book aside with the conviction not only
reviewer of an anthology. Because the major- that they represent the highest fight of sustained
ity of the poems included are the work of men lyric inspiration in nineteenth century poetry
of established fame his fault-finding propensities but that they are the most perfect religious poems
are curbed; he lacks the courage to attack that
in the whole range of our literature.
which public opinion has pronounced good, and
J. DeLANCEY FERGUSON.
therefore pitches into the editors for omitting
work which he himself has approved of. Such
procedure would be especially easy in dealing
Another Irish Dramatist
with anything so indefinable as mystical verse-
in fact, it is too easy to be worth doing. For
Five PLAYS. By George Fitzmaurice. (Little,
the sake, however, of keeping up a useful tradi- Brown & Co.; $1.25.)
tion, we may express a slight surprise that no It is quite the fashion to cast slurs at the later
place has been found for Whittier among the Irish dramatists. I hold no brief for the manu-
American poets included. Emerson and Whit- facturers of folk-melodrama after the school of
man are generously represented, and there are
Lennox Robinson; but it seems to me mean-
characteristic poems by Madison Cawein, Bliss spirited to ignore the peculiar handicaps under
Carman, Father Tabb, and others. Among the
which contemporary Irish playwrights work, and
work of living Englishmen we could wish that
unjust to close our eyes to any possible merits
room had been made for Kipling's strange in their plays.
"Prayer of Miriam Cohen" and for more of
William Boyle and Lady Gregory, Padraic
G. K. Chesterton's work. His “Holy of Colum, Yeats, and Synge have left a perilous
Holies" is given, but we miss “The Beatific Vi- legacy. Their successors must be very able to
sion” and other poems in which the most robust carry forward even their ordinary efforts. More-
and controversial of modern mystics declares his over, a change has come over Irish drama. Since
faith.
1908 the Abbey Theatre, its very heart, has of
The thought of Chesterton awakens us to a necessity been commercialized. It has become a
realization of the most remarkable feature of huckster trading in any catchy Irish play, writ-
most of the poems in this collection—their clar- ten in any Irish dialect, by any dramatist with
ity. Their mystical quality is due to elevation of a good Irish name. Real Irish dramatists are
thought, not to woolly-mindedness. Some poets peculiarly at the mercy of the Irish theatre, for
are vague and mysterious simply because they the best folk-drama withers and loses its savor
cannot or will not think clearly, but most of the transplanted to a strange stage.
writers here represented are as lucid and uncon- I am not framing an apology for the plays
fused as St. Paul himself. Only rarely-notably of George Fitzmaurice, for they need none;
in Aleister Crowley's “The Quest,” every stanza but to judge fairly any dramatist, especially a
of which requires at least one footnote to explain real Irish dramatist, we must remember his
its symbolic meaning—do we feel that the poet dramatic traditions and the stage and public for
is overdoing the thing. The true mystic can which he writes.
make his vision plain without footnotes.
Mr. Fitzmaurice is a connecting link between
For the present reviewer the reading of this the earlier and the later writers of the Irish
volume has had at least one permanent result. dramatic movement. In his technique, he is a
A vague impression as to the identity of the two contemporary Irish dramatist; in his simpler point
greatest lyrics other than elegies—in the Eng- of view and freer imagination, he is a true son
lish language has been changed to a certainty. of the pioneers. His vivid dialogue and char-
Every poem in this collection is thoughtful and acter-drawing surpass most contemporary work.
sincere, many are in the highest sense inspired, For sheer beauty, either of thought or expres-
but the two which tower above every rival as sion, he does not equal his predecessors. As a


1917]
209
THE DIAL
realist, he writes in the modern vein; as a fan- Dolls," are strangely akin to the realistic "Pie-
tast, in the spirit of the earlier men.
Dish." The efforts of Jaymony Shanahan's fam-
His realistic plays have simple plots. “The ily to save him from the spell of the magic spec-
Country Dressmaker” is the story of Julia Shea, tacles with which he retires to the loft to see
who for ten years has kept a romantic troth with glorious visions are reminiscent of the efforts of
Pats Connor, her girlhood lover who emigrated old Leum's daughters to save him from damna-
to America. Pats, having long since forgotten tion; and his prosaic pie dish, which Death will
Julia, returns to Ireland and, upon hearing the not let him finish, is a forerunner of the be-
story of her faith, resolves to live up to her ideal. witched dolls of Roger Carmody, whose wind-
Even the complications to this simple plot, fur- pipes, as soon as he finishes making them, are
,
nished by the schemes of an influential neighbor always stolen away by the Hag's Son. These
who angles for Pats's American-made fortune last two plays are pure fantasies, dealing with
with his two daughters, are quite obvious, and wierd, supernatural forces, not lightly or tim-
their obviousness is accentuated by the fact that idly, but firmly and boldly. As a result they
the two Clohesy girls and their parents are cari- have a dramatic intensity that more delicate, sug-
catures rather than characters. This fault mars gestive fantasies—Yeats's “The Land of Heart's
other plays. Mr. Fitzmaurice is given to sketch-
Desire," for example-lack. They prove their
ing his lesser people in a few bold strokes with- author to be a master-dramatist of Celtic phan-
out enough background to furnish us with true tasmagoria.
portraits. When he does take pains, however, These “Five Plays” justify the hope that, if
he can draw a splendidly rounded character. It only the Abbey Theatre will cease trying to be
is the careful character-studies of Eugene Guerin,
a Hibernian branch of Drury Lane, it can still
his parents, and his uncle, Malachi Cantillon, produce real Irish dramatists.
that save his other long play, "The Moonlight-
WILLIAMS HAYNES.
er," from being merely an agrarian melodrama
of the type made familiar by Ray, Murray,
Casey, and the rest. In this play, too, are some
The Classical Stage of Japan
of the most delicious bits of dialect, a feature of
Mr. Fitzmaurice's work that Irish critics have
"Noh," OR ACCOMPLISHMENT: A STUDY OF THE
CLASSICAL STAGE OF JAPAN. By Ernest Fenollosa
praised, not for its faithfulness in detail, but and Ezra Pound. (Alfred A. Knopf; $2.75.)
for its true, vivid spirit. An American can ap- To-day's reciprocal obligations in regard to
preciate this criticism when he reads the "Yankee- culture continue to multiply. This is one of the
isms" employed by Pats Connor. His "I reckon pleasure-pains of cosmopolitanism. Mr. Fenol-
I can corroborate Mr. Quilter's remarks" is not losa's records of his conversations with the re-
a speech of Mister Dooley, but to a Dublin viver of the classical drama of Japan tell how
audience it would sound more typically Irish- he gave the ancient man a brief account of the
American.
classic drama of Greece: "he already knew,"
It is in his three short plays that Mr. Fitz- adds this Occidental adventurer into the lore of
maurice is at his best. “The Pie-Dish” is a the East, "something about opera." Now, if the
convincing study of struggle for artistic expres- Oriental shows a disposition to familiarize him-
sion, cast in a realistic and startlingly unusual self with Euripides and Puccini—to say nothing
mold. Old Leum Donoghue, a peasant, has of Nietzsche, Tolstoy, Victor Hugo, and Oscar
worked for twenty years modelling a pie dish. Wilde—shall we not exert ourselves in turn,
When his masterpiece is nearly done, he is and show a willingness to go beyond Hokusai
stricken. His family call the priest, but the artist and Hiroshige?
thrusts the priest aside to finish his work. He The "Noh" drama, as shaped in the fifteenth
feels death near and in agony prays to God for century and saved through Japan's transition to
time. Heaven failing him, he calls on the Devil the new day, is the complete negation of all
and drops dead, his precious pie dish slipping literalism and of the merely mimetic. It scorns
from his hands to break on the floor.
both. It relates to the well-known school of
Mr. Fitzmaurice's two highly imaginative the Danjuros about as the classical school of
plays, “The Magic Glasses” and “The Dandy Chinese painting relates to the color-prints of


210
[September 13
THE DIAL
Ukiyo-ye. It is noble, not plebeian; spiritistic, priest visits the cave. But the night is too cold
not realistic: it squares with the fundamental for sleep, and he enters upon a ritual before the
principles of all good art, rather than with the cave's mouth. His warm respect for the old
thoughtless passing fashion of any particular day. tale begins to produce its effect. The lovers come
Fenollosa, on his death, left a large body of to life within the illuminated cavern, a kindly
notes and translations concerned with this school chorus coöperates with the priest, and the lovers
of drama. Most of his material was got, first finally accomplish a spirit union before the final
hand, from Umewaka Minoru, descendant of a moment which prophesies a void waste—"a wild
long line of esteemed actors, who made it the place, unlit, and unfilled."
”
work of his later years to rescue the ancient and Considering the "Noh" in its essence, the
honorable traditions of the classic stage from the ancient and loyal Japanese historian should have
shock which, in 1868, inaugurated the era of had little difficulty with the Greek drama, what-
Meiji. This mass of material passed into the ever headway he may or may not have made with
hands of Mr. Pound, whose treatment of it is the opera. For the two stages, the two schools,
briefly explained in his “Note.” Says he: “The have much in common. Each had an independent
vision and the plan are Fenollosa's. In the prose growth from miracle plays—one from the plays
I had had but the part of literary executor; in of the worship of Bacchus, the other from the
the plays my work has been that of translator plays of the worship of Buddha and of the Shinto
who has found all the heavy work done for him deities; each prefers to deal with a tale or legend
and who has had but the pleasure of arranging already well known; each accomplishes a wide
beauty into the words.” Gather his method from generalization that rises gravely and scornfully
a passage in one of the fifteen short pieces which above the petty mimetics and realisms of the
the book presents, that called “Nishikigi" (The day; each employs a chorus; each involves danc-
Love-Charm Wands). Here is Fenollosa's ing, and each practices a play-sequence,—the
prose:
Greeks, one of four parts and the Japanese, one
It is strange, seeing these town-people here. I of six,—which last presents, as Mr. Pound
might suppose them two married people; and what phrases it, "a complete service of life." The
the lady gives herself the trouble of carrying might
mere dialogue is but one feature among several;
be a piece of cloth woven from birds' feathers, and
what the man has is a sword, painted red. It is
the singing and the dancing must always be con-
indeed queer merchandise.
sidered if one is to reach a clear understanding
Here is Pound's verse:
and a complete æsthetic appreciation.
The order, as shown by Fenollosa's notes, is
Strange indeed, seeing these town-people here,
They seem like man and wife,
a congratulatory piece, or ceremonial
And the lady seems to be holding something
address to the gods; a battle-piece, with due mind-
Like a cloth woven of feathers,
While he has a staff or a wooden sceptre
fulness for the emperors; a "wig-piece"-for
Beautifully ornate.
females; a spirit-piece, since the spirits form the
Both of these things are strange;
vague but lasting background of man's transi-
In any case, I wonder what they call them.
tory and tristful experiences; a moral piece,
This play, "Nishikigi," though (like most of
inculcating the various virtues; lastly, another
the others) largely spiritistic, should easily be
congratulatory piece, to call down blessings on
intelligible to the Western mind: it has a "love
the lords present, on the actors themselves, and
interest" which ought to help us take hold and
on the scene of their endeavors. Thus the cycle
feel at home. A wandering priest, a standard
is closed.
character in “Noh,” meets two ghosts in ancient
Mr. Pound, in his notes and comments, writes
attire in a remote village. They tell their story.
with his usual unceremonious directness: if he is
The man, for three years, had offered charm-
sometimes rugged, blunt, and downright, one at
sticks, those "crimson tokens of love,” night after
least gets a strong sense of primary impact from
night, and finally died of despair. The woman,
a man who is duly, even vastly, concerned. And
oblivious or ignorant, or from mere coquetry, as the volume is made by the Clarks, of Edin-
had sat at her weaving within her house. The
burgh, a "serious" house, one notes, with grati-
man was buried in a cave, with all his wands.
fication, an almost complete suppression of Mr.
The woman repented of her cruelty—if such it Pound's tendency toward typographical wilful-
was—and died also. The two have been dead nesses and eccentricities.
for a century, and have not yet been united. The
HENRY B. FULLER.
this:
>


1917]
211
THE DIAL
>
Primitive Emotion
There are other fine things about the novel
besides its truth, but I think that they are subor-
Helen OF FOUR Gates. By An Ex-Mill-Girl. dinate to it, probably derived from it. The author
(E. P. Dutton & Co.; $1.50.)
has built her book, you feel, out of her own emo-
The attempt to express primitive emotion in-
tion, perfectly controlled. She herself must have
tensified and made vivid by circumstance is al-
experienced to an unusual degree the sense of a
most the severest test that an author can undergo.
common heritage with all sentient and growing
He must either succeed or he must fail abjectly.
things. She gives you with a deep, intuitive
And if he has the power to succeed, his novel may
understanding the life of the countryside in its
fail of a hundred estimable qualities; it at least
moods of blustering, desolate darkness when
has truth. Of course the supreme example of
"night with a laugh of anarchy blotted out the
this expression is "Tess," and only in less degree
Hardy's other works, "The Woodlanders" in
symbols of law and order, gave infinity for acres,
particular. That works of such epic sweep
reclaimed for a short time the wild that was half
should come irresistibly to one's mind throughout
tame, and lent a sense that here fierce dark deeds
the reading of this novel by an unknown author
had been done, and might be done again"; or
is a sufficient proof of its power.
when it turns its face to morning and to laugh-
"Helen of Four Gates" is set in the aged
ter in the dawn of another day “in a world that
moors of the Druid country, in north Lancashire knows nothing but the present”; or in the envel-
one imagines, where among the respectable little oping mantle of still snow when everything hu-
lives of the villagers it seems more possible than man that is not outcast turns to glowing fires
elsewhere for some spirit to gleam out who has in the well-swept kitchens, to baking things and
absorbed in her veins all the passionate heritage drowsiness. All human desires and actions are
of the land, which turns life so easily and so in- pointed and often in reality swayed by these
evitably into tragedy. For “she were made to throbbing and cruelly unconscious changes upon
live an' love, an' give an' take, more'n most, as the face of things. They were so much a part
if to make her suffer more." That was Helen.
of Helen that to have transplanted her from her
"My father didn't bring me up like a turtle-
hills would have been like uprooting the heather
dove," she herself said. "An' i'd no saints wil
and the furze.
leets round their heads, an' faces like they'd no
The dénouement, however, is distinctly disap-
blood ... I'm made the other way, somehow
pointing, below the level of the rest. The author
-allus th’ other way-runnin' after what should
has prepared us through her pictures of old Ma-
run after me, runnin' awa' fro' what I should
son's cruelty to his “daughter," through the har-
run to.”
rowing months when the prospect of Martin's
In short, it is pure, undisciplined nature that
desertion is growing into a dread certainty,
the author represents in a threefold struggle;
first, against the respectability and pride grafted through her year of marriage to Mason's willing
tool, for a tragedy that seems as inevitable and
upon her own nature by its contact with Four
Gates; secondly, against the hatred and cruelty
as complete as one of Hardy's. The book would
have ended better with Helen and Martin wait-
personified in the man she had been told to call
ing on the hillside in the dawn for their doom
her father; thirdly, against the cold human rea-
son of the man who loved her and whose fear
than with all the fortuitous accidents, deaths,
of inherited madness in her was a stronger thing
and recoveries that give it its unearned happy
than his love. It is something more than a merely ending. Such an ending, constitutes, indeed, a
.
a
human struggle that the author has represented, heavy drain upon the resources of the gods of
consciously or not. It is the eternal struggle of
chance. One hopes it was not a concession to
all elemental, living things to maintain their
the gods of credulity that rule our modern mar-
birthright to freedom of expression in living ket. For the qualities I liked best in this story
terms. This is the truth that the "Ex-Mill- were qualities that are not modern—that make
Girl” makes you feel. She has run a certain a story, whether it is a year or a hundred years
amount of danger in making you feel it, but a old, live in our memories for its truth and its
danger that you leave unrealized in the reading. humor and its imagination, that give it poignancy
The fact stands that we take her Helen as she and distinction.
is revealed to us.
Ruth McIntire.


212
[September 13
THE DIAL
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
War, but over some of the lesser wars which,
in our own city and country, have been caused
WHY ITALY ENTERED INTO THE GREAT
by economic injustice. He pronounces the pres-
War. By Luigi Carnovale. Italian-Amer-
ent war "the logical and natural epilogue of the
ican Publishing Co.; $2.50.
evils committed by the privileged class during its
A work of marked value for the study of one long dominion over the world," and looks for-
phase of the present world-conflict is Luigi Car- ward hopefully to a better day guided by better
novale's bi-lingual volume, “Why Italy Entered men.
into the Great War," or, in its other form,
“Perchè l'Italia è Entrata Nella Grande Guerra.” ITALY AT WAR. By Alexander Powell.
The author's concern is with the particular angle Scribner's; $1.50.
of the struggle that involves Italy and Austria,
In his latest book Mr. Alexander Powell has
and his book is essentially a defence of Italy's unreservedly adopted Davis's maxim "to use
course.
similes that the man at home can understand.
Each of the two corresponding sections of this If China is not home bring it there.” He says
large endeavor is in four parts. The first part that Verdun looked “as though it had been vis-
deals with recent history-with the relations be-
ited simultaneously by the San Francisco earth-
tween Italy and Austria for the past century- quake, the Baltimore fire, and the Johnstown
and portrays in detail the arrogances, injustices,
flood.” He speaks of lunching in the under-
and inhumanities of the long Austrian domina-
ground citadel as being like eating "in a New
tion. The second part comprises a longer his- York subway station." While this trick has a
torical retrospect—one of two thousand years tendency to become tiresome, Mr. Powell de-
and is designed to prove the essentially Italian
serves little but praise for the way in which he
character of the borderlands in dispute between
has presented the outstanding features of the
the two countries. The third part gives an ac- Italian campaign-its political preparation, its
count of the diplomatic doings which immediately
division into the four great theatres, the novel
preceded the declaration of war—a complete and
methods introduced by warfare on the roof of
compact presentation of the actual documents.
the world, the blasting of trenches in ice and
The fourth and concluding part gives the rea-
rock, the communication by means of the tele-
sons-a dozen or so—which justified Italy in
ferica, the cable lines by which men, munitions,
breaking with the Central Powers and in join- and food must be swung aloft to the front lines.
ing France and England.
That the Italian line when straightened is longer
One feature of the book—a feature illustra-
than the entire western front, that the Italians
tively picturesque—is a plate giving in facsimile
alone of the allies are now fighting almost en-
the famous "Tavola Clesiana," a bronze tablet
tirely upon enemy ground, and that they have
which was discovered at Cles, in mid-Tyrol, in
gained this position through forcing their way
1869. This tablet contains a decree of the Em-
upward in the face of a superior enemy_all
peror Claudius, A. D. 49, determining the essen-
these facts exhibit the sturdy determination of
tially Italian character of the inhabitants of that
the people who are fighting for Italia Irredenta.
region. The find was viewed in situ by Theodor
Theirs has been a stupendous task, a task that
Mommsen, who published a pamphlet on it and
no people without national imagination and
declared himself convinced that the district of
adaptability could have contemplated.
Trent was Italian and properly belonged to
Mr. Powell adds chapters on the British in
Roman Italy. The proofs with regard to Trieste
France, the French at Verdun, the Russians in
and to the strong Italian affiliation of the Trien- Champagne, and the re-formed Belgian army in
tines are equally cogent, as presented by the
Flanders. He has a talent for collecting inter-
author. If the same were the case with the
esting scraps of information and adapting tech-
Triestine hinterland (which is predominantly nical details of artillery or aviation to the com-
Slav), the question of Italia Irredenta might be
prehension of the uninitiated.
much simplified.
Mr. Carnovale, who has a reputation as a
GREAT BRITAIN'S PART. By Paul D.
journalist both in Italy and America, is one of
Cravath. Appleton; $1.
the younger school of radical reformers. He is
Similar in plan and purpose to Mrs. Humphry
against not only the Papacy but also the House Ward's "England's Effort,” Mr. Cravath's short
of Savoy; and against not only the House of
account of “Great Britain's Part," as viewed
Savoy but also the capitalistic forces which (as by an American observer in France at the be-
depicted by Anatole France in his “Ile des ginning of the third year of the war, heightens
Penguins") often take an undue part in orig- one's admiration for the zeal and devotion and
inating and in furthering wars. As a resident of increasing intelligence with which that country
Chicago, he casts his eye not only over the Great is applying her energies to the formidable task


1917]
213
THE DIAL
in hand. Already familiar to readers of the THE WAR AFTER THE WAR. By Isaac F.
New York "Times," these short, crisp chapters Marcosson. Lane; $1.25.
now appeal to a still larger public; and at the The picture that Mr. Marcosson here paints
present juncture, unforeseen when they were
is depressing. But it provokes thought, and
written, they will have a peculiar interest and
thereby serves its purpose. The picture is that
may teach a useful lesson. “We shall doubtless
of the nations of the world locked in deadly
continue,” concludes the author, “to hear much
commercial contest after the present titanic con-
of blunders that England is making and of blun-
Aict of arms shall have ceased. After the war
ders that she is not making, but some day the will begin in earnest, we are told, the struggle
world will wake up to a realization that England
for markets, for shipping, and for industrial ad-
and her allies have won the war. Even then
vantage.
“Embattled commercial groups will
the critics in and out of Parliament will doubtless supplant embroiled nations; boycotts, discrimina-
insist that the war was lost by the blunders of
tions, and exclusions will succeed the strategies
an incompetent government. That has always
of line and trench; the animosities fought out
been England's way."
today with shell and steel will have their heri-
tage in ruthless rivalries."
A STUDENT IN ARMs. Second Series. By
The point to the volume is obvious: the
Donald Hankey. Dutton ; $1.50.
United States will be subjected to an economic
"A Student in Arms” proved that war litera- competition such as she has never known; she
ture need be neither journalistic nor sentimental. will pass almost instantly from the exceptionally
Mr. Hankey's "Second Series" of the book fur-
favored position she occupied during the first
ther shows the effect of the war on a nature that two years and a half of the war to a position in
was singularly refined, instinctively timid, but
which every trader's hand will be against her;
victorious over the common dangers and fears and she must lose no time in calculating her future
vulgarities of soldiering not by reason of any policies, and in matching military with economic
dulling of the sensibilities, but rather through a preparedness. Mr. Marcosson wrote before the
determined calm and an undistorted insight into United States entered the war, and on the as-
the true values of life at the front. This view
sumption that she would not be drawn in. But
enabled Mr. Hankey to understand and to con- his major thesis is not notably affected by the
demn the weaknesses of his fellow-men without change of circumstances. His argument is, on
condemning their too natural manifestation. It
enabled him to appreciate the full horror of supplement style which may be expected to give
the whole, plausible; and he states it in a Sunday-
trench life with its perpetual and exhausting his book a considerable vogue. The danger of
strain without becoming pessimistic over the tem- commercial isolation and decadence of the
porary necessity for such things nor their final
United States seems, however, exaggerated. It
result. He could not bring himself “to loathe
is true that war is waste, that “some one must
militarism in all its forms," for he appreciated
pay," and that the embattled nations will be
the good side of militarism, which is the laying feverishly anxious after peace is restored to re-
down of the trifling search for self-realization.
build their industries, rehabilitate their shipping,
"For though the part of the great push that it
and regain or extend their foreign markets. But
fell to my lot to see was not a successful part,” he
for some time a very great portion of the ener-
wrote, "it was none the less a triumph—a spir- gies of reconstruction will have to be expended
,
itual triumph. The war correspondent can only at home; sheer exhaustion will hold back com-
describe the outside of things. We who are in mercial operations abroad.
the Army, who know the men as individuals, It is not clear that the relative position of the
who have talked with them, joked with them, United States, even if she herself is somewhat
censored their letters, worked with them, we see weakened by war, will be greatly altered. Three
below the surface. The man has become
years ago she was in many respects commercially
humble, but in proportion the soldier has be-
backward. Her manufacturers, merchants, and
come exceeding proud. He has learnt to sacri-
bankers were only beginning to awaken to their
fice everything which belongs to him individu- lack of progressiveness in meeting the competi-
ally to a cause that is far greater than any per- tion of German, French, and British capital.
sonal ambitions of his own can ever be." To Mr. Marcosson's admonition to American pro-
recognize romance when it comes disguised in ducers and traders to bestir themselves is to the
the form of an urgent demand for a quiet life, point. But so it would have been, in almost
is a thing that few of us can compass. It is the
equal degree, before the war began. Readable
thing that makes all the difference in the world sketches of Lloyd George and the doughty Aus-
between Mr. Hankey's book and most of the tralian premier, William Hughes, are fairly
others.
dragged in; but they close the volume pleasantly.
>


21+
[September 13
THE DIAL
GERMAN IMPERIALISM AND INTERNA- is primarily a business enterprise organized for
TIONAL LAW. By Jacques Marquis de utilitarian purposes. Enslaved as they have been,
Dampierre. Scribner; $3.50.
they over-idealize liberty. Moreover, they can-
Here is another contribution to that already not respect a man whom they themselves have
extensive literature whose purpose is to expose put into office. To their simple religious minds,
the unholy ideals, ambitions, and doctrines of
their ruler must be one who reigns by divine
Germany. The author examines Germa