693 (CG SOGO CO (COCO CCCCCCCC Ccccc CE CCCCC C G CC CO COCOCC ECCCC (CCCCCC CG CCC AP Q D53+ RIO Cornell University Library Ithaca, New York BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF HENRY W. SAGE 1891 The date shows when this volume was taken. To renew this book cony the call No. and give to the librarian. HOME USE RULES BBT FEB 1565 ܕ݂ܕܕܳܝܨ.. All Books subject to recall All borrowers inust regis- ter in the library to borrow books for home use. All books must be re- turned at end of college year for inspection and repairs. Limited books must be returned within the four week limit and not renewed. Students must return all books before leaving town. Officers should arrange for the return of books wanted during their absence from town. Volumes of periodicals and of pamphlets are held in the library as much as possible. For special pur- poses they are given out for a limited time Borrowers should not use their library privileges for the benefit of other persons. Books of special value and gift books. when the giver wishes it, are not allowed to circulate. Readers are asked to re- port all cases of books marked or mutilated Do not deface books by marks and writing. CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 1924 065 626 057 THE DIAL A FORTNIGHTLY VOLUME LXVI December 28, 1918, to July 12, 1919 NEW YORK THE DIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY CORNER UNIVERSITA Lofing · IP 2 253 + A 462238 ju31ECO 15-10 INDEX TO VOLUME LXVI PAGI ABBOZZO, THE LITERARY AIKEN, CONRAD—METAPHYSICAL POET AMERICAN ART? AMERICANIZATION AND WALT WHITMAN AMERICANIZING THE IMMIGRANTS AMERICAN Note, The AMERICAN PERSONALITY, A TYPICALLY AMERICAN STATESMAN SERIES, A New ARMY AND THE Law, THE Balfour's CHARM, MR. . BENELLI, SEM, THE REAL BOLSHEVISM Is A MENACE-TO WHOM ? BRUTALITY, The Cult of CARUS, PAUL CITIES AND SEA COASTS AND ISLANDS CLASSICISM, The PASSING OF Classics, UNIVERSITY RECONSTRUCTION AND THE COBDEN, THE INTERNATIONALIST CONRAD, THE VOYAGES OF CONVERSATION, A SECOND IMAGINARY: Gosse and Moore COUPERUS, Louis, AND THE FAMILY NOVEL COVENANT, THE—AND AFTER DEATH, A PERSPECTIVE OF DIRECT ACTiON, DEMOCRACY AND DUBLIN, MARCH 6 ECONOMIC UNITY AND POLITICAL Division EDUCATED HEART, AN EMERGENCY, REVERSING AN EMPTY BALLOONS. ENGINEERS, THE CAPTAINS OF FINANCE AND THE ESPIONAGE Law, REPEAL THE EUGENICS—MADE IN GERMANY FACTUALIST VERSUS IMPRESSIONIST FICTION, THE THEORY OF FIELDING, A VINDICATION OF FINLAND-A BULWARK AGAINST BOLSHEVISM FRANCE, ANATOLE, AND THE IMP OF THE PERVERSE FRANCE AND A WILSONIAN PEACE FRANCE, The Ruin of BOURGEOIS Genius, The WAYS OF GERMANY, How to TREAT Great Hunger, The Guns in SURREY, THE: A MEREDITH REMEMBRANCE HAMLETS, Two LATTER-DAY HARRIS , JOEL CHANDLER, AND NEGRO FOLKLORE History, The EcoNOMIC INTERPRETATION OF: A FOOTNOTE: HYPHEN, LIVING DOWN THE IMAGINATION AND VISION INDEMNITY, How to SECURE THE GERMAN INDEPENDENTS, THE INDIAN, The, As Poet INDIA'S REVOLUTION : INDUSTRIAL COUNCILS OF GREAT BRITAIN, THE INDUSTRIAL Crisis, The IMPENDING INDUSTRY AND THE CAPTAINS OF INDUSTRY INTERNATIONAL ANGLING IRELAND BETWEEN Two STOOLS ITALY, THE IMPENDING REVOLUTION IN IVAN SPEAKS JAPAN AND AMERICA "KEEP THE FAITH" KREYMBORG'S MARIONETTES LABOR AT THE CROSSWAYS LABOR CONTROL OF GOVERNMENT INDUSTRIES Laissez-Faire, The LAPSE TO . LAMARTINE, The PATRIOT OF THE FEBRUARY REVOLUTION LAUGHTER OF DETACHMENT, THE . Conrad Aiken John Gould Fletcher Maxwell Bodenheim Winifred Kirkland . Carl H. Grabo . Percy H. Boynton William Ellery Leonard William E. Dodd Charles Recht Norman Hapgood Robert Morss Lovett Thorstein Veblen Louis Untermeyer William Ellery Leonard Stark Young Richard Offner Royal Case Nemiah Robert Morss Lovett E. Preston Dargan . George Moore Robert Morss Lovett Robert Morss Lovett H. M. Kallen Bertrand Russell Ernest A. Boyd . Bertrand Russell . Claude Bragdon Benjamin C. Gruenberg James Weber Linn Thorstein Veblen Gilbert E. Roe H. M. Kallen Wilson Follett Henry B. Fuller Helen Sard Hughes Lewis Mumford E. Preston Dargan Ferdinand Schevill Robert Dell Clarence Britten Norman Angell Robert Morss Lovett Fullerton L. Waldo Lida C. Schem Elsie Clews Parsons Robert H. Lowie Anonymous Ernest A. Boyd John S. Codman Walter Pach Louis Untermeyer Sailendra nath Ghose G. D. H. Cole Walton H. Hamilton Thorstein Veblen Lewis Mumford "Dubliner” Flavio Venanzi H. M. Kallen John Dewey. The Editors Lola Ridge Helen Marot Helen Marot Walton H. Hamilton William A. Nitze Marvin M. Lowenthal 83 558 544 537 539 306 26 243 461 169 534 174 562 452 296 460 390 399 638 287, 347, 394 184 219 415 445 358 629 14 221 87 599 8 28 449 193 407 590 126 303 632 651 279 299 67 228 491 35 401 31 385 307 240 595 171 . . . . . . 496 552 298 503 455 507 501 533 29 165 411 337 73 133 INDEX is PAGE J. George Frederick Richard Aldington 187 183, 510 · 183 510 409 37 195 244 417 465 563 463 71 19, 75 457 232 I21 15 282 113 641 135 406 485 388 138 86 545 647 5 189 241 LEAGUE, THE, AND THE INSTINCT FOR COMPETITION LETTERS TO UNKNOWN WOMEN To the Amaryllis of Theocritus To La Grosse Margot LIBERALISM INVINCIBLE LONDON, DECEMBER 9 LONDON, JANUARY 30 LONDON, FEBRUARY 4 LONDON, FEBRUARY 20 LONDON, APRIL 10 LONDON, MAY 10 . MARY IN WONDERLAND MILITARY TRAINING AS EDUCATION MODERN POINT OF VIEW AND THE NEW ORDER, THE MONTAGU-CHELMSFORD REFORM PROPOSALS, The NATIONALISM NEWSPAPER CONTROL NORMAL MADNESS, A ORTHODOXY, Good FORM AND Paper WAR, THE . PARASITIC Novel, A Past, REMAKING THE PatrioTISM AND ITS CONSEQUENCES PEACE Peace in Its ECONOMIC ASPECTS PELLEAS ET MELISANDE PENDENNIS, AN AMERICAN Poetic REVOLT, AN ATTITUDE TOWARD POLITICAL CRIMINALS, THE TRIAL OF, HERE AND ABROAD POLITICAL PRISONERS, RELEASE PossesSOR AND POSSESSED POSTPROGRAMISM AND RECONSTRUCTION Press, THE AMERICAN, SINCE THE ARMISTICE PRINCIPLES, BACK TO . PUCCINI, The New Work of Quill, The UNRELEGATED Quo Vadis? REALISM, A WORD ABOUT Realists, The ROMANCE OF THE REDON, THE SIGNIFICANCE OF REFORM-Why It Is FUTILE REVOLUTION, THE UNENDING RILKE, RAINER MARIA ROADS TO FREEDOM Rogue's MARCH: To A FLEMISH AIR ROOSEVELT, THEODORE ROSTAND, EDMOND, THE POETRY OF Russia, A VOICE OUT OF SABOTAGE, ON THE NATURE AND USES OF SCHAMBERG EXHIBITION, THE SCHOOLS, EXPERIMENTAL SCHOOLS, PROPAGANDA IN Self-DECEPTION, The DRAMA OF SOCIALISM, The FUTURE OF AMERICAN SOLDIER, THE AMERICAN SOLOGUB, FEODAR SPAIN, TURMOIL IN SUFFRAGE AMENDMENT, THE FEDERAL Ten TIMES Ten MAKE ONE TRADITION, THE GREAT TRANSLATIONS, BELATED “UNSKILLED,” The Rise OF THE VERS LIBRE, A RATIONAL EXPLANATION OF Vox-ET PRAETEREA ? WAR, THB BIOLOGY OF War, The MORAL DEVASTATION OF West, The HISTORICAL Harold Stearns Edward Shanks Edward Shanks Robert Dell . Edward Shanks Robert Dell. Edward Shanks Robert Morss Lovett George Soule Thorstein Veblen Sailendra nath Ghose Franz Boas A. Vernon Thomas Katharine Anthony George Donlin Robert Herrick . Robert Morss Lovett Walton H. Hamilton Lewis Mumford Thorstein Veblen H. J. Davenport Paul Rosenfeld Robert Morss Lovett Rollo Britten Robert Ferrari The Editors . Conrad Aiken Rollo Britten Harold Stearns Robert Dell S. Foster Damon Lisle Bell Norman Angell Nancy Barr Mavity Babette Deutsch Walter Pach Helen Marot Harold Stearns Martin Schütze . Will Durant James Branch Cabell John Dewey William A. Nitze George V. Lomonossoff Thorstein Veblen Walter Pach Caroline Pratt Charles A. Beard Katharine Anthony Will Durant Robert Morss Lovett Katharine Keith Arthur Livingston Harold J. Laski Wilson Follett Ashley H. Thorndike Edith Borie G. D. H. Cole John Gould Fletcher Conrad Aiken Will Durant Frank Tannenbaum Howard Mumford Jones . 129 587 25 140 488 635 560 191 293 301 559 354 181 115 179 61 341 505 413 598 238 494 33 643 593 541 225 118 .650 17 II . 356 84 333 . 508 INDEX V VERSE PAGE 182 549 125 · 487 · 387 305 248 500 336 300 606 418 66 549 589 BRIDGES COQ D'OR DEBUSSY DISPATCH END OF APRIL, THE ExILES EXPRESSIONS NEAR THE END OF WINTER First SNOW ON THE HILLS From A HILL IN FRANCE HARBINGERS OF SPRING In My Room I READ AND WRITE I WATCH ONE WOMAN KNITTING LUFBERY MOOD MORNING Night SMELL NOCTURNE On the Hills ON THE ROAD to EDEN OUT OF A DAY PLAINT OF COMPLEXITY, A RANDOLPH BOURNE REVEILLE Sea-HOARDINGS STEAMBOAT NIGHTS SUN GLAMOUR Synge's PLAYBOY Of The Western WORLD: Variation To One DEAD. To One Who Woos FAME With Me VISITANTS WAR MUSIC Annette Wynne Amy Lowell H. H. Bellamann Wallace Gould Allen Tucker Babette Deutsch Stephen Vincent Benet Leonora Speyer . Cuthbert Wright Donald B. Clark Mary Carolyn Davies David Morton Mabel Kingsley Richardson Maxwell Bodenheim Katharine Warren Josephine Bell Mildred Johnston Murphy Eden Phillpotts . Elizabeth J. Coatsworth Herbert J. Seligmann Eunice Tietjens James Oppenheim Lola Ridge Cale Young Rice Carl Sandburg Hazel Hall Emanuel Carnevali Rose Henderson Ralph Block Leslie Nelson Jennings Helen Hoyt . . .224 168 551 634 70 550 7 : 551 448 549 564 340 237 196 · 360 . 637 vi INDEX AUTHORS AND TITLES OF BOOKS REVIEWED 154 PAGE Abbot, Eleanor Hallowell. Old-Dad. 366 Adams, George Burton. The British Empire and a League of Peace 668 Adams, Henry C. American Railway Accounting. 150 "A. E." See Russell, George W. Agate, James E. Buzz! Buzzl... 37 Aiken, Conrad. The Charnel Rose.-Senlin: A Biography. 558 Aldington, Richard. War and Love.. 576 Aldington, Richard, and John Cournos, translators. The Little Demon, by Feodar Sologub. 643 American Problems of Reconstruction. 258 Allen, James Lane. The Emblems of Fidelity 664 Anderson, Sherwood. Winesburg, Ohio.. .544, 666 Andrews, C. E. The Writing and Reading of Verse....... 574 Andrews, Roy Chapman, and Yvette Borup Andrews. Camps and Trails in China.. 150 Angell, Norman. The British Revolution and American Democracy 409 Anthology of Magazine Verse: 1918. 574 Archer, C., and W. J. Alexander Worster, translators. The Great Hunger, by Johan Bojer... 299 Atkinson, Caroline P., editor. Letters of Susan Hale.. 314 Babbitt, Irving. Rousseau and Romanticisim.. 668 Bacon, Josephine Daskam. On Our Hill. 52 Bailey, H. C. The Gamesters.. 657 Balfour, Arthur James : Wilfred M. Short, editor. Non- political Writings, Speeches and Addresses, 1879-1917. 169 Barclay, Sir Thomas. Collapse and Reconstruction... 580 Barrie, J. M. Alice Sit-by-the-Fire.... 524 Barrott, Elizabeth Kemper, The Baronne Moncheur and, translators. The Vocational Re-Education of Maimed Soldiers, by Leon de Paeuw. 424 Bassett, John Spencer. The Lost Fruits of Waterloo.. 668 Baudelaire, Charles. F. P. Sturm, translator. Poems and Prose Poems 576 Beaumont, C. W., and M. H. Sadler, editors. New Paths. 668 Beazley, Raymond, Nevill Forbes, and G. A. Birkett. Russia From the Varangians to the Bolsheviks........ 517 Becker, Carl. The Eve of the Revolution.. 135 Beebe, William Jungle Peace... 203 Begbie, Harold. The Convictions of Christopher Sterling. 666 Beith, Ian Hay (“ Ian Hay "). The Last Million.. 620 Benelli, .Sem. La Cena delle Beffe (The Jest).-L'Amore dei Tre Re (The Love of the Three Kings).-I1 Man- tellaccio.-La Maschera di Bruto (The Mask of Brutus) 534 Benét, Stephen Vincent. Young Adventure.. 96 Bennett, Arnold. Clayhanger.—The Old Wives' Tale.- The Pretty Lady,—The Roll-Call. 659 Best, Harry. The Blind... 670 Bion. Winifred Bryher, translator. Lament for Adonis... 158 Birkett, G. A., Raymond Beazley, and Nevill Forbes. Russia From the Varangians to the Bolsheviks.. 517 Blácam, Aodh de. See de Blacam. Blackwood, Algernon. The Garden of Survival. 148 Blades, Leslie Burton. Claire.. 578 Bleackley, Horace. Anymoon. 666 Bloomfield, Meyer. Management and Men. 580 Bodenheim, Maxwell. Minna and Myself. 358 Boerker, Richard H. D. Our National Forests. 204 Boethius. H. E. Stewart and E. K. Rand, translators. The Theological Tractates. 438 Bojer, Johan. W. J. Alexander Worster and C. Archer, translators. The Great Hunger. 299 Book of the Sea, A.... 582 Booth, Evangeline, and Grace Livingston Hill. The War Romance of tae Salvation Army. 620 Botchkareva, Maria. Yashka: My Life as Peasant, Officer and Exile 366 Bottome, Phyllis. Helen of Troy, and Rose.. 366 Boulnois, Helen. Some Soldiers and tle Mamma. 622 Boyd, John. Sir George Etienne Cártier, Bart. 580 Boy Scouts' Book of Stories, The... 664 Bradley, Mary Hastings. The Wine of Astonishment. 374 Braithwaite, William Stanley, editor. Anthology of Mag. azine Verse: 1918.. 574 Braithwaite, William Stanley, editor. Victory! 582 Brawley, Benjamin. Africa and the War. 370 Brebner, Percy James. A Gallant Lady. 657 Brevoort, Henry. George S. Hellman, editor. Letters to Washington Irving.. 436 Bridges, Horace J. On Becoming an American 539 Bridges, Robert, editor. Poems, by Gerard Manley Hopkins 572 PAGI Brissenden, Paul Frederick. The I. W. W.: A Study of American Syndicalism.. 524 Broadhurst, Jean, and Clara L. Rhodes, editors. Verse for Patriots 582 Brody, Alter. A Family Album.. ..561 Brooks, Charles S. Chimney-Pot Papers.. 578, 618 Brougham, Eleanor M., editor, Corn from Olde Fieldes. . 582 Bruce, William Cabell. Benjamin Franklin Self-Revealed.. 46 Brunner, Emma Beatrice. Bits of Background.. 478 Bryher, Winifred, translator. Bion's Lament for Adonis.. 158 Buchanan, Meriel. The City of Trouble. 522 Bureau of American Ethnology. Annual Report, 1910-1911 620 Burke, Thomas. Nights in London.. 54 Burt, Maxwell Struthers. John O'May 49 Bynner, Witter. The Beloved Stranger 576 Byrd, John Walter. The Born Fool.. 666 Cabell, James Branch. Beyond Life.-The Certain Hour.- Chivalry.—The Cords of Vanity.-The Cream of the Jest.-Gallantry.—The Line of Love.. 224 Cabot, Richard C. Social Work... 580 Cambridge History of American Literature, The: Vol. II 428 Canby, Henry Seidel. Our House.. 578 Cannan, Gilbert. Everybody's Husband. 576 Chambers, Robert W. In Secret 666 Chapin, Maud. Rushligat Stories... 262 Chapman, Charles E. A History of Spain. 152 Cheney, Sheldon. The Open-Air Theatre.. 313 Chéradame, André. The Essentials of an Enduring Victory 303 Chesterton, Cecil. A History of the United States. 580 Christian, Bertram, Lisle March-Phillips and, editors. Some Hawarden Letters: 1878-1913. 87 Cicero. E. O. Winstedt, translator. Letters to Atticus. 438 Clemens, Samuel L. ("Mark Twain "). The Curious Re- public of Gondour.. 668 Clemens, Samuel L. (" Mark Twain"). Letters, Albert Bigelow Paine, editor. 134 Cleveland, Frederick A., and Josepa Schaefer. Democracy in Reconstruction.. 524 Coates, Archie Austin. City Tides. Cobb, Irvin S. 'Eating in Two or Three Languages. 326 Cobb, Irvin S. The Life of the Party. 668 Colcord, Joanna C. Broken Homes.. 670 Colson, Ethel M. How to Read Poetry. 574 Comfort, Will Levington. The Yellow Lord. 666 Comstock, Sarah. The Valley of Vision.. 474 Connor, Ralph. The Sky Pilot in No Man's Land.. 370 Conrad, Joseph. Almayer's Folly.—The Arrow of Gold. - The End of the Tether.—Heart of Darkness.-Karain. -Lord Jim.—The Nigger of the Narcissus.-Romance. —Typhoon.---Under Western Eyes.–Victory.-Youth. 638 Conrad, Joseph. Chance. .. .417, 638 Cooper, Clayton Sedgwick. Understanding South America 256 Cooper, James Fenimore, Jr. Afterglow. 372 Corn from Olde Fieldes... 582 Coster, Charles de. See de Coster. Couch, Sir Arthur Quiller-. See Quiller-Couch. Couperus, Louis. Alexander Teixeira de Mattos, translator. Dr. Adriaan.-The Later Life.-Old People and Things That Pass.-Small Souls.-Twilight of Souls.. 184 Cournos, John, translator. The Created Legend.- The Old House. By Feodar Sologub.... 643 Cournos, John, and Richard Aldington, translators. The Little Demon, by Feodar Sologub. Courtney, W. L. Old Saws and Modern Instances. 524 Cox Kenyon. Concerning Painting. 460 Crapsey, Adelaide. A Study of English Metrics. 571 Crees, J. H. E. George Meredith: A Study of His Works and Personality. 258 Cronyn, George W., editor. The Path on the Rainbow 240, 569 Crosby, Oscar T. International War.. 620 Cross, Wilbur L. The History of Henry Fielding. 407 D'Annunzio, Gabriele. The Flame of Life.. 662 Davies, Mary Carolyn. The Drums in Our Street, 573 Davies, Mary Carolyn. The Slave with Two Faces... 368 Davignon, Henri. The Two Crossings of Madge Swalue.. 666 Dearmer, Geoffrey. Poems... 572 de Blácam, Aodh. Towards the Republic.. 670 Debussy, Claude. L'Apresmidi d'un Faune.-Le Plus Oue Lent.--Pelléas et Mélisande.. 138 de Coster, Charles. Geoffrey Whitworth, translator. The Legend of the Glorious Adventures of Tyl Ulenspiegel. 181 Delafield, E. M. The Pelicans.—The War Workers.--Zella Sees Herself... 238 .643 INDEX vii + 660 193 PAGE de Mattos, Alexander Teixeira, translator. The Burgo- master of Stillemonde, by Maurice Maeterlinck...... 312 de Mattos, Alexander Teixeira, translator. Dr. Adriaan. The Later Life.-Old People and Things That Pass.- Small Souls.-Twilight of Souls. By Louis Couperus. 184 de Maupassant, Guy. Mrs. John Galsworthy, translator. Yvette Densmore, Frances. Teton Sioux Music. 518 de Paeuw, Leon. The Baronne Moncheur and Elizabeth Kemper Barrott, translators. The Vocational Re-Edu- cation of Maimed Soldiers 424 Desmond, Shaw. Democracy 620 Deutsch, Babette. Banners. 524 de Vigny, Alfred. Frances Wilson Huard, translator. Mil- itary Servitude and Grandeur. 614 Dillon, Mary. The American... 526 Dixon, Thomas. The Way of a Man. 312 Doren, Carl Van. See Van Doren. Dostoevsky, Feodor. The Brothers Karamazov.-The Idiot. - The Possessed.. 643 Doubleday, James Stewart. Songs and Sea Voices 158 Dransfield, Jane. The Lost Pleiad. 478 Drown, Edward S. God's Responsibility for the War. 206 Duhamel, Georges. Civilization.. 472 Duhamel, Georges. The New Book of Martyrs. 668 Dunbar, Ruth. The Swallow.. 622 Dunsany, Lord. Nowadays.. 578 Dyke, Henry Van. See Van Dyke. Eastman, Max. Colors of Life.... 146, 202 Eaton, Walter Prichard. Echoes and Realities. 210 Egan, Eleanor Franklin. The War in the Cradle of the World 256 Emerson, Edward Waldo. The Early Years of the Satur. day Club.. 472 Emperlé, A. Mircea, translator. The Lucky Mill, by loan Slavici 578 Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics: Vol. X. 436 English Poets, The, Vol. V: Browning to Rupert Brooke.. 430 Erskine, John, William Peterfield Trent, Stuart P. Sherman, Carl Van Doren, editors. The Cambridge History of American Literature: Vol. II... Erzberger, Mathias. the League of Nations. 578 Evans, Caradoc. Capel Sion.--My People. 154 Fabre, J. Henri. Tae Sacred Beetle, and Others. 96 Fairclough, H. Rushton, translator. the Minor Poems.. Virgil's Aeneid, and 438 Faris, John T. The Romance of Old Philadelphia.. 47 Farmer, Jean. César Napoléon Gaillard. 658 Taulkner, J. A. Wesley as Sociologist, Theologian and 54 Ferrero, Guglielmo. Problems of Peace. 524 Fielding, Henry. James T. Hillhouse, editor. The Tragedy of Tragedies. 426 Finley, John. A Pilgrim in Palestine. 526 India's Silent Revolution. 578 582 Fletcher, John Gould. The Tree of Life. 189 Flint, George Elliott. The whole Truth About Alcohol.. 657 Foley, James W: Friendly Rhymes. 54 The Modern Novel. 193 Forbes, Nevill, Raymond Beazley, and G. A. Birkett. Russia From the Varangians to the Bolsheviks.. 517 The Mystery Keepers. 666 War Verse. 50 Fraina, Louis. Revolutionary Socialism. 494 France, Anatole. Abbe Coignard. ---Histoire Comique.-La Lys Rouge.--Les Dieux Ont Soif.- The Man Who Married a Dumb Wife.--Revolte des Anges.- Thais.. 126 The Amethyst Ring. 650 Stakes of the War.. 208 154 Edgewater People. 316 98 428 PAGI George, W. L. Blind Alley.. 658 Gibbon, Thomas E. Mexico Under Carranza. 524 Gibbons, Floyd. And They Thougat We Wouldn't Fight.. 33 Gilchrist, Ann. Thomas B. Harned, editor. Letters to Walt Whitman.. 15 Gleason, Arthur, and Paul U. Kellogg. British Labor and the War.. 580 Glenn, Gerrard. The Army and the Law. 461 Glyn, Elinor. mily.. 657 Goidberg, Isaac, translator. Luna Benamor, by Vicente Blasco Ibáñez 620 Good Old Stories for Boys and Girls. 664 Gordon, Armistead C. Jefferson Davis. 243 Gordon, George Byron. In the Alaskan Wilderness. 618 Gordon, Leon. The Gentleman Ranker, and Other Plays. 478 Gordon, Mrs. Will. Roumania : Yesterday and Today. 48 Gosse, Edmund, and C. B. and Thomas James Wise, editors. The Letters of Algernon Charles Swinburne.. 612 Gourko, Basil. War and Revolution in Russia. 612 Graham, Stephen, translator. The Sweet Scented Naine, by Feodar Sologub... 643 Grandgent, Charles Hall. The Power of Dante.. 472 Great European Treaties of the Nineteenth Century 438 Great Modern English Short Stories, The. 666 Gregory, Lady. Kiltartan Poetry Book.. 358 Grenfell, Wilfred T. Labrador Days.. 668 Gretton, R. H. The English Middle Class. 48 Haigh, Richmond. An Ethiopian Saga.. 657 Haines, Henry S. Efficient Railway Operation. 620 Hale, Susan, Caroline P. Atkinson, editor. Letters. 314 Hall, Florence Howe. Memories Grave and Gay. 314 Hall, Leland. Sinister House... 314 Hamilton, Clayton. A Manual of the Art of Fiction. Handbook of Travel... 50 Hare, Maude Cuney, editor. The Message of the Trees. . 582 Harned, Thomas B., editor. The Letters of Ann Gilchrist to Walt Whitman. 15 Harraden, Beatrice. Where Your Heart Is.. 212 Harris, Joel Chandler. Uncle Remus Returns.--Letters. 491 Harris, Julia Collier. The Life and Letters of Joel Chand. ler Harris.. 491 Harrison, Joseph LeRoy, and Williams Haynes, editors. Fisherman's Verse.. 582 Harry, Myriam. The Little Daughter of Jerusalem...... 666 Hart, Walter Morris. Kipling the Story Writer.. 204 Harvard Travelers Club. Handbook of Travel.. 50 Hastings, James, editor, Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics: Vol. X.. 436 Hawley, Walter A. Asia Minor. 313 “Hay, Ian." See Beith, Ian Hay. Haynes, Williams, and Joseph LeRoy Harrison, editors. Fisherman's Verse... 582 Hellman, George S., editor. Letters of Washington Irving to Henry Brevoort.-Letters of Henry Brevoort to Washington Irving. 436 Helps, E. A., cditor. Correspondence of Sir Arthur Helps 87 Hennessy, Mrs. Pope.. See Pope-Hennessy. Hergesheimer, Joseph. Gold and Iron.-Java Head.—The Lay Anthony. -Mountain Blood. - The Three Black Pennys 449 Hewlett, Maurice. The Village Wife's Lament.. 260 Hill, Grace Livingston, and Evangeline Booth: The War Rornance of the Salvation Army. 620 Hillhouse, James T., editor. The Tragedy of Tragedies, by Henry Fielding. 426 Hobbs, William Herbert. The World War and Its Con- sequences 406 Hobson, J. A. Richard Cobden, The International Man... 399 Holliday, Robert Cortes, editor. Joyce Kilmer : Poems, Essays, and Letters.. 573 Holmes, Roy J., and A. Starbuck, editors. War Stories... 666 Hooker, Katharine, Byways in Southern Tuscany. 318 Hopkins, Gerard Manley. Robert Bridges, editor. Poems. 572 Housman, Laurence. The Heart of Peace.. 522 How, Louis. Nursery Rhymes of New York City. 576 Howard, Kathleen. Confessions of an Opera Singer. 98 Huard, Frances Wilson, translator. Military Servitude and Grandeur, by Alfred de Vigny. 614 Hughes, Rupert. The Cup of Fury. 578 " Ian Hay.' See Beith, Ian Hay. Ibáñez, Blasco. Isaac Goldberg, translator. Luna Benamor 620 Irving, Washington. George S. Hellman, editor. Letters to Henry Brevoort 436 Isham, Frederic S. Three Live Ghosts.. 260 Jacob, Cary F. The Foundations and Nature of Verse... 98 47 James, Henry. Gabrielle de Bergerac. Churchman Fisher, Fred B. Fisherman's Verse. Follett, Wilson. Fox, Marion, Foxcroft, Frank, editor. 258 France, Anatole. Frank, Glenn, and Lothrop Stoddard. Frankau, Gilbert. The Other Side... Freeman, Mary E. Wilkins. Fribourg, André. The Flaming Crucible.. Friedman, Elisha M., editor. "American Problems of Re. construction Froehlich, Hugo B., and Bonnie E. Snow. The Theory and Practice of Color ... Frothingham, Robert, editor. Fuessle, Newton A. The Flail.. Fuessle, Newton A. Flesh and Phantasy. Gale, Zona. Birth... Gallatin, A. E. Portraits of Whistler: A Critical Study and an Iconography. Galsworthy, John. Another Sheaf. Galsworthy, John. Saint's Progress. Galsworthy, Mrs. John, translator. Maupassant Songs of Men. 436 582 424 660 203 370 253 666 Yvette, by Guy de 660 viiì INDEX 524 547 PAGE James, Henry. The Sacred Fount... 450 James, Henry Travelling Companions. 524 Jenks, Edward. The Government of the British Empire.. 284 Jenks, Edward. The State and the Nation.. 668 Johnson, William. The Apartment Next Door. 326 Johnson, Sir Harry. The Gay-Dombeys. 641 Jones, Howard Mumford. Gargoyles. 210 Joncs, W. H. S., translator. Description of Greece, by Pausanias 438 Jordan, Kate. Against the Winds.. 662 Jourdain, Phillip E. B. The Philosophy of Mr. B*rtr*nd R*ss 11 670 Kauffman, Reginald Wright. Victorious.. 526 “ Kay, D. L." Glamour of Dublin. 358 Kellogg, Paul U., and Arthur Gleason. British Labor and the War 580 Kellogg, Walter Guest. The Conscientious Objector 614 Kelly, Eleanor Marcein. Why Joan?. 664 Kemp, Harry. The Passing God.. 576 Kendall, Ralph S. Benton of the Royal Mounted. 154 Kerensky, A. F. The Prelude to Bolshevism. 578 Kerr, Alexander, translator. The Republic of Plato...423, 478 Kilmer, Aline. Candles that Burn.. 574 Kilmer, Joyce. Robert Cortes Holliday, editor. Poems, Essays, and Letters... 573 King, Basil. The City of Comrades. 526 Kipling, Rudyard. The Years Between.. 571 Krapp, George Philip. Pronunciation of Standard English in America.. 436 Kreymborg, Alfred. Plays for Poem-Mimes. 29 Kummer, Frederic Arnold. The Web.. 253 Lake, Harold. Campaigning in the Balkans 210 Latzko, Andreas. Men in War... 326 Lavell, Cecil Fairfield. Reconstruction and National Life.. 620 Leake, Albert H. The Vocational Education of Girls and Women 424 Ledoux, Louis V. The Poetry of George Edward Wood. berry 203 Leith, W. Compton. Domus Doloris. 476 Lemont, Jessie, translator. Poems, by Rainer Maria Rilke 559 Leonard, Irene, editor. The Poetry of Peace.. 582 Leonard, William Ellery, translator. Of the Nature of Things, by Lucretius.. 415 Le Roy, Eugene. Jacquou the Rebel. 520 Leverhulme, Lord. Tie Six-Hour Day. 580 Levine, Louis. The Taxation of Mines in Montana. 251 Lewisohn, Ludwig. The Poets of Modern France.. 46 Lippincott, Horace Mather. The University of Pennsylvania 670 Lippincott, Isaac. Problems of Reconstruction.. 524 Loeb, Jacques Forced Movements : Tropism and Animal Conduct 428 Long. Robert Crozier. Russian Revolution Aspects. 301 Longstreth, T. Morris. The Catskills. 152 Love of an Unknown Soldier, The.... 141 Low, Benjamin R. C. The Pursuit of Happiness. 576 Lowes, John Livingston, Convention and Revolt in Poetry 544 Lucas, E. V. A Wanderer in London... 54 Lucretius, William Ellery Leonard, translator. Of the Nature of Things.. 415 MacCathmhaoil, Seosamh. The Mountainy Singer. 576 Macfarlane, John Muirhead. The Causes and Course of Organic Evolution... 48 MacKaye, James. Americanized Socialism. 494 Mackinder, H. J. Democratic Ideals and Reality. 620 MacMillan, Donald B. Four Years in the White North.. 96 MacNamara, Brinsley. The Valley of Squinting Windows 620 Maeterlinck, Maurice. Alexander Teixeira de Mattos, translator. The Burgomaster of Stillemonde.. 312 Mann, Thomas. Buddenbrooks. 184 March-Phillipps, Lisle, and Bertram Christian, editors. Some Hawarden Letters: 1878-1913. 87 Mark Twain." See Clemens, Samuel L. Marquis, Don. Prefaces... 668 Marshall, Archibald. The Clintons, and Others. 578 Marvin, F. S. The Century of Hope.. 578 Masefield, Join. Daffodil Fields.-Dauber.-The Everlast. ing Mercy.-Good Friday.-Philip the King.--Poems and Plays.-Salt-Water Ballads. 119 Mason, Daniel Gregory. Contemporary Composers ..... 241 Mathiews, Franklin K., editor. The Boy Scouts' Book of Stories 664 Mattos, Alexander Teixeira de. See de Mattos. Maupassant, Guy de. See de Maupassant. Maxwell, W. B. The Mirror and the Lamp. 313 McKenna, Stephen. Midas and Son.--Sonia. 662 McLaughlin, Dr. Andrew. America and Britain.. 298 Menge, Edward J. Backgrounds for Social Workers..... 205 PAGE Mercier, Charles. Crime and Criminals.. 580 Merrick, Leonard. The Actor Manager.-Conrad in Quest of His Youth.—Cynthia.... 666 Merrill, Wainwright. A College Man in Khaki.. 140 Merrill, William Pierson. Christian Internationalism 478 Message of the Trees, The... 582 Michaud, Regis. Mystiques et Realistes Anglo-Saxons.... 436 Millard, Thomas F. Democracy and the Eastern Question 578 Mitchell, George Winter. Anthropology Up-to-Date... 206 Moncheur, The Baronne, and Elizabeth Kemper Barrott, translators. The Physical Re-Education of Maimed Soldiers, by Leon de Paeuw.. 424 Moore, James T. American Business in World Markets.. 620 Moore, Wiliam H. The Clash.. 578 Morley, Christopher. The Rocking Horse.—Shandygaff. 478 Morrow, Dwight W. The Society of Free States.. Morse, Edwin W. The Vanguard of American Volunteers. 50 Muirhead, Findlay. London and Its Environs.. 326 Mundy, Talbot. Hira Singh .. 47 Munro, H. H. The Toys of Peace.. 524 Munro, Wilfrid Harold. Tales of an Old Sea Port. 372 Munro, William Bennett. Crusaders of New France. 508 Muzzey, David Saville. Thomas Jefferson. 243 Mygatt, Tracy D. Good Friday. 668 Neilson, William Allan. The Essentials of Poetry New Municipal Program.. 620 New Paths 668 Newbolt, Sir Henry. A New Study of English Poetry 546 Nicholson, Meredith. Lady Larkspur.. 622 Nicolai, G. f. The Biology of War.. 84 Nordoff, Charles Bernard. The Fledgling. 668 Norton, S. V. The Motor Truck As an Aid to Business Profits 214 Noyes, Alfred The New Morning. 524 Oakes, Sir Augustus, and Sir H. Erle Richards, editors. Great European Treaties of the Nineteenth Century... 438 O'Brien, Edward J., editor. The Great Modern English Stories 666 O'Brien, Seumas. Blind. 368 O'Byrne, Dermot. A Ballad of Dublin. Children of the Hills.--Wrack 358 O'Neill, Eugene. The Moon of the Caribbees. 524 Oppenheim, E. Phillips. The Curious Quest. 372 Ormerod, Frank. Wool... 670 Osborn, Henry Fairfield. Men of the Old Stone Age. 150 Oxford History of India, The.. 668 Paeuw, Leon de. See de Paeuw. Paine, Albert Bigelow. The Letters of Mark Twain.. 134 Palgrave, Sir Francis. The History of Normandy and of England 668 Palmer, Frederick. America in France. 33 Palmer, George Herbert. Formative Types in English Poetry 253 “ Pan.” See Preston, Keith. Parker, Cora Stratton. An American Idyll. 668 Parker, Gilbert. Wild 'Youth and Another. 253 Path on the Rainbow, The.... 240, 569 Paton, W. A., and R. A. Stevenson. Principles in Ac. counting 150 Patton, Julia. The English Village. 518 Pausanias. W. H. S. Jones, translator. Description of Greece 438 Payne, John, translator. Poems of François Villon. 158 Pearson, Sir Arthur. Victory Over Blindness.. 670 Pennypacker, Samuel W. The Autobiography of a Penn. sylvanian 26 Perrin, Bernadotte, translator. Plutarch's Lives. 438 Perry, Bliss. The American Spirit in Literature. 306 Perry, Ralph Barton. The Present Conflict of Ideals. 616 Pertwee, Roland. Our Wonderful Selves.. 666 Petrie, M. D., and James Walker. State Morality and the League of Nations... 670 Pezet, A. Washington, Aristokia.. 578 Phelps, William Lyon. Reading the Bible. 620 Phillips, Lisle March.. See March-Phillips. Phillpotts, Eden. Tae Spinners. 316 Pinski, David. Temptations... 660 Plato. Alexander Kerr, translator. The Republic. 423, 478 Plutarch. Bernadotte Perrin, translator. Lives. 438 Poetry of Peace, The... 582 Poets of the Future, The.. 432 Pollard, Alfred W. A History of the Decoration and Illus- tration of Books in the 15th and 16th Centuries. 374 Pope-Hennessy, Mrs. Madame Roland. A Study in Revolu- tion 148 Porter, Eleanor. Dawn.. 622 Porter, Laura Spencer. Adventures in Indigence. 49 0. INDEX ix PAGE 576 Preston, Keith. Types of Pan... Price, M. Philips. War and Revolution in Asiatic Russia. 254 Puccini, Giacomo. Anima Allegri.- Edgar.-The Girl of the Golden West-Gianni Schicchi.-! Due Zocco- letti.-11 Tabarro.-La Boheme.—La Rondine.--Ma- dame Butterfly.-Manon Lescaut.-Suor Angelica.- Tosca 26 Quiller-Couch, Sir Arthur. Studies in Literature. 282 Rand, E. K., and H. E. Stewart, translators. The Theolog. ical Tractates of Boethius.... 438 Ransom, John Crowe. Poems About God.. 562 Reconstruction Bibliography.. 374 Reed, John. Ten Days That Shook the World. 301 Reid, Forest. The Bracknels.-At the Door of the Gate.---- Following Darkness.-A Garden by the Sea... 358 Reischauer, August Karl. Studies in Japanese Buddhism.. 49 Religion and the War: A Series of Essays on the War and Reconstruction 254 Rhodes, Clara L., and Jean Broadhurst, editors. Verse for Patriots 582 Richards, Sir H. Erle, and Sir Augustus Oakes, editors. Great European Treaties of the Nineteenth Century... 438 Rickard, Mrs. Victor. The Fire of Green Boughs. 622 Rickenbacker, Captain Edward V. Fighting the Flying Circus 578 Rideout, Henry Milner. Tin Cowrie Dass. 203 Ridge, Lola. Tae Ghetto, and Other Poems. 83 Rilke, Rainer Maria. Jessie Lemont, translator. Poems.. 559 Rinehart, Mary Roberts. Love Stories. 657 Robbins, Tod. Red of Surley.. 662 Roberts, Charles G. D. Jim, The Story of a Backwoods Police Dog.. 659 Robertson, William Spence. Rise of the Spanish-American Republics 368 Rogers, Jason. Newspaper Building. 148 "Romer Wilson." See “Wilson, Romer." Rostand, Edmond. L'Aiglon.-Chantecler.--Cyrano de Ber. gerac.-Les Musardises.-La Princesse Lointaine.-Les Romanesques.-La Samaritaine.. 179 Roupnel, Gaston. Nono: Love and the Soil.. 520 Roy, Jean. Fields of the Fatherless... 616 Russell, Bertrand. Introduction to Mathematical Philos- ophy 670 Russell, Bertrand. Proposed Roads to Freedom: Socialism, Anarchism, and Syndicalism.. .355, 611 Russell , George W. (“A. E."). The Candle of Vision.31, 374 Russell, George W. ("A. E."). The Earth Breath.- Homeward.—Imaginations and Reveries.. 31 Sadler, M. H., and C. W. Beaumont, editors. New Paths. 668 Sartorio, Enrico C. Social and Religious Life of Italians Schaefer, Joseph, and Frederick A. Cleveland. Democ- racy in Reconstruction.. 524 Schevill, Rudolph. Cervantes.. 576 Schleiter, Frederick. Religion and Culture. 670 Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, Colonial Merchants and the 205 Schnittkind, Henry T., editor. The Poets of the Future... 432 368 Scott , Lady Sybil, editor. A Book of the Sea. Shanks, Lewis Piaget. Anatole France. 582 Shelton, William Henry. The Salmagundi Club... 620 Sherman, Stuart P., John Erskine, William Peterfield Trent, 472 Carl Van Doren, editors. The Cambridge History of American Literature: Vol. II... 428 Non-political Writings, Speeches 169 The Lucky 578 Charaoters from the Histories and 524 Good Old Stories for Boys and 664 668 668 476 526 PAGZ Some Hawarden Letters. 87 Songs of Men... 582 Spargo, John. Bolshevism. 612 Starbuck, A., and Roy J. Holmes, editors. War Stories.. 666 Starr, Frederick. Korean Buddhism.. 49 Starrett, Vincent. Arthur Machen... 374 Stebbing, E. P. From Czar to Bolsaevik. 522 Stevenson, R. A., and W. A. Paton. Principles in Ac. counting 150 Stewart, H. E., and E. K. Rand, translators. The Theolog- ical Tractates of Boethius.. 438 Stoddard, Lothrop, and Glenn Frank. Stakes of the War.. 208 Stoddard, William Leavitt. The Saop Committee: A Hand. book for Employer and Employee. 580 Stone, Wiliam Macey. The Divine and Moral Songs of Isaac Watts... 374 Strange, Michael. Poems. 572 Sturm, F. P., translator. Baudelaire's Poems and Prose Poems 576 Sudermann, Hermann. Iolanthe's Wedding 517 Sudermann, Hermann. The Silent Mill.. 578 Summey, George, Jr., Modern Punctuation. 436 Sweetser, Arthur. The American Air Service.. 578 Swinburne, Algernon Charles. Edmund Gosse, and C. B. and Thomas James Wise, editors. Letters.. 612 Swinnerton, Frank. Shops and Houses.. 517 Symons, Arthur. Cities and Sea Coasts and Islands.. 296 Tagore, Sir Rabindranath. The Home and tae World.. 620 Tarkington, Booth. The Magnificent Ambersons.. 86 Terhune, Albert Payson. Lad: A Dog. 657 Thompson, Laura A., compiler. Reconstruction Bibliog- raphy 374 Thorp, C. Hamilton. A Handful of Ausseys. 622 Towne, Charles Hanson. Shaking Hands with England.. 298 Tree, Iris. Poems.. 668 Trent, William Peterfield, John Erskine, Stuart P. Sherman, Carl Van Doren, editors. The Cambridge History of American Literature: Vol. II. 428 Tudor, Marie. The Winged Spirit. 210 Turner, George Kibbe. Red Friday 666 Turrell, Charles Alfred. Contemporary Spanish Dramatists 576 Twain, Mark." See Clemens, Samuel L. Untermeyer, Jean Starr. Growing Pains.. 560 Vachell, Horace Annesley. Some Happenings.. 100 Vandérem, Fernand. Two Banks of the Seine.. 622 Van Doren, Carl, William Peterfield Trent, John Erskine, Stuart P. Sherman, editors. The Cambridge History of American Literature: Vol. II.. 428 Van Dyke, Henry. The Valley of Vision. 474 Van Vechten, Carl. Music and Bad Manners. The Music of Spain.—The Merry-Go-Round... 262 Veblen, Thorstein. The Modern Point of View and the New Order.. 252 Vechten, Carl Van. See Van Vechten. Verse for Patriots.. 582 Victory! 582 Vigny, Alfred de. See de Vigny. Villon, François. John Payne, translator. Poems. 158 Virgil. H. Rushton Fairclough, translator. The Aeneid, and the Minor Poems.. 438 Vorse, Mary Heaton. I've Come to Stay. 526 Waley) Arthur, translator. A Hundred and Seventy Chinese Poems.. 576 Walker, James, and M. D. Petrie. State Morality and tác League of Nations.. 670 Wallace, Edgar. Tam o' the Scoots. 312 Waller, Mary E. Out of the Silences. 100 Walpole, Hugh. The Secret City.. ..658 War Stories 666 War Verse 50 Ward, Mary Humphry. A Writer's Recollections.. 463 Ward, Thomas Humphry, editor. The English Poets, Vol. V.: Browning to Rupert Brooke... 430 Wattles, Willard. Lanterns in Gethsemane. 571 Weaving, Willoughby. Heard Melodies. 370 Welch, Alden W. Wolves... 666 Wells, H. G. The Undying Fire.. 576 Welsh, James C. Songs of a Miner. 262 Wharton, Edith. The Marne. 46 660 White, Edward Lucas. The Song of the Sirens. 73 Whitehouse, H. Remsen. The Life of Lamartine. 578 Whitlock, Brand. Belgium.. 616 Whittaker, Joseph. Tumblefold. 507 Whittemore, Thomas, translator. Ivan Speaks.. Whitworth, Geoffrey, translator. The Legend of the Glor- ious Adventures of Tyl Ulenspiegel, by Charles de Coster .. 298 Wile, Frederick William. Explaining the Britishers.. in America.. 539 American Revolution.. Schoenrich, Otto. Santo Domingo. Mill. Short, Wilfred M., editor. and Addresses of Artaur James Balfour.. Slavici , loan. A, Mircea Emperlé, translator. Smith, David Nichol. Memoirs of the Seventeenth Century. Smith, Elva S., editor. Girls Smith, J. Thorne. Out o' Luck. Smith, Vincent. The Oxford History of India. Smyth, Clifford. The Gilded Man. Snaith, J. C. The Undefeated.. Sneath, Hasbey, editor. Religion and the War: A Series of Essays on the War and Reconstruction. bers of the Faculty of the School of Religion, Yale University Snow. Bonnie E., and Hugo B. Froehlich. The Theory and Practice of Color.. Sologub, Feodar. The Created Legend (translated by John Cournos).-The Little Demon (translated by John Cournos and Richard Aldington).- The Old House (translated by John Cournos).—The Sweet Scented Name (translated by Stephen Graham). By Mem- 254 436 181 643 X INDEX 651 PAGE Wiley, Harvey W. Beverages and Their Adulteration..... 657 Wilkinson, Spenser. Government and the War. 474 Willcocks, M. P. Towards New Horizons... 620 Williams, Ben Ames. All the Brothers Were Valiant.. 666 Willoughby, W. F. An Introduction to the Government of Modern States... 616 Wilson, Harry Leon. Ma Pettengill. 520 “ Wilson, Romer." Martin Schüler.. Wilson, Woodrow. A History of the American People... 436 Wilson, Woodrow. The State: Elements of Historical and Practical Politics.. 158 Wilton, Robert. Russia's Agony. 301 Wines, Frederick Howard. Punishment and Reformation.. 620 Winstedt, E. O., translator. Cicero's Letters to Atticus... 438 Winter, William. The Life of David Belasco.. 254 Wise, Thomas James and C. B., and Edmund Gosse, editors. The Letters of Algernon Charles Swinburne. PAGE Wolcott, Laura. A Gray Dream.. 517 Wood, Charles W. The Great Change. 208 Wood, Clement. The Earth Turns South. 524 Woodruff, Clinton Rogers, editor. A New Municipal Pro- gram 620 Worster, W. J. Alexander, and C. Archer, translators. The Great Hunger, by Johan Bojer.. 299 Wrigat, H. G. The Life and Works of Arthur Hall of Grantham 668 Wright, Jack A Poet of the Air.. 140 Wrong, George M. The Conquest of New France... 508 Yale University, Members of the Faculty of the School of Religion. Religion and the War: A Series of Essays on the War and Reconstruction.... 254 Yeats, John Butler. Essays Irish and American.. 374 / 612 EDITORIALS of.... as America Has Won the War, but Has Lost the Peace. 511 America, The Reasons for the Defeat of..... 511 American Federation of Labor, The, and the Future of the State 608 American Federation of Labor, The Annual Convention of the 654 Archangel Expedition, The Military Futility of the. 199 Armenian and Syrian Relief.. 91 Armistice, The, and the Fourteen Points. 466 Atrocities Committed by Soldiers Against Their Fellow Citizens 567 Bolsheviki, The-President Wilson's Choice of Representa- tives to Meet Them... 199 Bolshevism Is a Menace to the Vested Interests. 360 Bourne, Randolph.. 41 British Elections, The Results of the. 40 China and the Need for a League of Nations. 144 Community Houses as War Memorials.. 40 Conscientious Objectors Tempted to Deny Their Con- sciences 311 Covenant, The, Purchased by the Abandonment of the Fourteen Points.. 512 Demobilization of Hate, The. 143 Deportation of Political Refugees, The.. 249 Deportees, A Monstrous Injustice Against Released. 567 Du Maurier, Mr. Gerald, THE DIAL Apologizes to. 199 Education, The Democratic Control of... 418 Espionage Act, Injustice Under the... 311 Espionage Act, The, and Self-Contempt of Court. 251 Espionage Act, The Repeal of the. 199 Espionage Habit, The.. 145 Fiction--Why Does America Produce so Little of Good Quality ? 655 Fourteen Points, The-Mr. Wilson Either Meant Them Honestly or He Did Not. 513 French Foreign Policy, Contemporary, The Background of 197 German Repentance Is Not to Be Expected.. 309 Glassberg, Benjamin--His Dismissal from the New York Public Schools.. 609 Glassberg, Benjamin-His Suspension by the School Board of New York... 250 History Versus Science in Politics. 469 King Anti-Radical Bill, The.. 655 Kolchak, The Recognition of, Is a Final Challenge to Liberals 654 League of Nations, The, and Reconciliation with Germany 309 League of Nations, The, and State Sovereignty 144 League of Nations, The Chief Use of a... 566 League of Nations, The-Its Priority in the Peace Con- ference 90 Levine, Louis-His Suspension by the University of Montana 251 Literature, Democratic Changes in the Ideals and Prac- tices 653 Lynching, A National Conference on. 468 Lynching as an Expression of Patriotic Sentiment. 468 Military Training and Armament Are Two of the Most Immediate Causes of War.. 420 New School for Social Research, The Program of the. 90 Overman Committee, The, a Smoke-Screen for Our Blunders in Russia.. 310 Paderewski Faction, The, an Invisible Government. 145 Panem et Circenses: The Breadline and the Movies. 609 Peace Conference, The, and Labor.... 513 Peace Conference, The-Its Proceedings Weaken Confidence in Our Good Faith.. 467 Peace, The Great-Its Terms Were Drawn to Secure Two Objects 565 Peace, Perpetual, Immanuel Kant on.. 469 Peace, The Responsibility for a Predatory. 362 Peace Treaty, The, Will Be the First Test of Our Sincerity 251 Poetry-Why Should Nearly Everybody Indulge a Convic. tion That He Can Write It?.. 567 Political Prisoners—The Humiliating Contrast Between Their Treatment in Europe and in America. 198 Political Prisoners, The Release of... 91 Prefaces to Textbooks..... 420 Prices, The, of Books Reviewed Now Omitted. 567 Prohibition and the Arts... 197 Russian Intervention-How Much Longer Will the Amer- ican Public Endure It?.. 89 Russian Revolution, The, Is of the Classic Type. 250 Russia-On What Terms Will She Be Permitted to Enter the League?.... 38 Russia, The Attitude of THE DIAL in Regard to. 41 “ Sabotage " 363 Sabotage, Congressional.. 363 Social Unrest-Certain Champions of Strong-Arm Methods in Its Treatment.. 311 Treaties with Germany and Austria, The.. Treaty with Austria, The, Approaches the Brest-Litovsk Model 607 Treaty with Germany, The, Should Be Summarily Rejected 365 University, The, Promises to Be the Last Citadel of Sex Privilege 421 Victory Loan, The, Should Exhibit a New Spirit. 420 Violence, The Ritual of. 468 Whitman, Walt, As Prophet. 566 Wilson, President--His Recent Speeches in Paris. 607 607 FOREIGN COMMENT Barbusse's View of President Wilson.. Last Paradox,. The... Long Live tae German Republic New Statesman on the Soviets, The. 92 200 200 43 Open Diplomacy in Russia. Peace or War?.. Questions Soviets, The, and the Schools. 42 93 93 422 INDEX xi COMMUNICATIONS Allied Rubles Automatic vs. Autocratic. Banishment of Death. Blood of the Martyrs, The.. Brutes in Uniform... Change of Name, A. Concerning the Defense of Soviet Government. Dignits of Labor, The.. Freedom of the Seas.. German Indemnity, The. How to Dispose of Intellectuals. Humanity in the University. Inter Arma Silet Labor.... Lance for Max Eastman, A. Military Training as Education. Mr. Untermeyer Raises His Shield. Nationalities or Nations.. Noble Translation, A... One Future for American Poetry O Tempora, O Mores!. PAGE George J. Kwasha.. 43 ..James G. Stevens.. 146 .E. C. Ross.. 202 . Annie Wetmore Hascltine 93 William J. Robinson. 570 Lillian A. Turner. 423 ..C. Oberoutcheff. 514 .Willis Andrews.. 44 .. Louis H. Mischkind. 45 .A. L. Bigler. 471 .A. L. Bigler. 365 " Cornell '05 45 Joel Henry Greene. 611 .. Arturo Giovannitti.. 146 John J. McSwain. 470 .. Louis Untermeyer 202 W. D. $... 252 M. C. Oito... 423 Marwell Anderson. 568 Walter C. Hunter---Ramon P. Coffman- Geo. F. Wallace. 610 .Mary Austin... 569 Amelia Dorothy Defries. 146 H. S. Trecartin. .G. Lomonossof 515 J. Richmond. 656 Edward Sapir-William S. Knickerbocker. 45 Gordon King. 611 Theresa Bach.. 570 . Arthur C. Cole. 201 Mary Winsor.. 200 Blanche Watson-F. P. Keppel-Jean Saunders. 364 ..M. T. Seymour. 201 Julia Ellsworth Ford.. 470 516 “Path on the Rainbow, The” Poetry in the Laboratory. " Point of View". Professor Lomonossoff Replies. Question of Nationalism, The. Randolph Bourne Roads to Freedom. School Problem in Russia, The. Soviet Russia and the American Constitution. Test of Democracy, The... To the Secretary of War.. When L'reams Come True.. Withdraw From Russia.. DEPARTMENTS Books OF THE FORTNIGHT. CASUAL COMMENT... COMMUNICATIONS CONTRIBUTORS CURRENT NEWS. Dublin LETTER.. EDITORIALS FOREIGN COMMENT. LONDON LETTERS.. NOTES ON NEW BOOKS. SELECTED List of FICTION, A. SELECTED LIST OF POETRY, A. SPRING ANNOUNCEMENT LIST.. Spring EDUCATIONAL List....:: PAGE .52, 100, 156, 212, 260, 318, 372, 432, 476, 524, 576, 620, 666 ..657 .43, 93, 146, 200, 252, 364, 423, 470, 514, 568, 610, 656 •54, 102, 158, 214, 262, 326, 374, 438, 478, 526, 582, 622, 656 54, 102, 158, 214, 262, 326, 374, 436, 478, 526, 582, 622 ...358 · 39, 89, 143, 197, 249, 309, 361, 419, 467, 511, 565, 607, 653 ..42, 92, 200, 422 . 37, 195, 244, 417, 465, 563 46, 96, 148, 203, 253, 312, 366, 424, 472, 517, 571, 612, 658 .670 580 .320 ..434 THE DIAL Release Political Prisoners A FORTNIGHTLY VOL. LXVI NEW YORK NO. 781 JANUARY 11, 1919 . 11 RELEASE POLITICAL PRISONERS The Editors 5 RANDOLPH BOURNE. Verse James Oppenheim 7. Repeal THE ESPIONAGE LAW Gilbert E. Roe 8 A RATIONAL EXPLANATION OF Vers LIBRE John Gould Fletcher AN EDUCATED Heart . Claude Bragdon 14 A NORMAL MADNESS Katharine Anthony 15 The RISE OF THE "UNSKILLED' G. D. H. Cole 17 The Modern POINT OF VIEW AND THE NEW ORDER Thorstein Veblen 19 VII. Live and Let Live. The New WORK OF PUCCINI S. Foster Damon 25 A TYPICALLY AMERICAN PERSONALITY William Ellery Leonard 26 EUGENICS—MADE IN GERMANY . H. M. Kallen 28 KREYMBORG'S MARIONETTES Lola Ridge 29 IMAGINATION AND VISION . Ernest A. Boyd 31 The AMERICAN SOLDIER Robert Morss Lovett 33 The ECONOMIC INTERPRETATION OF HISTORY: A FOOTNOTE Robert H. Lowie 35 LONDON, DECEMBER 9 Edward Shanks 37 EDITORIALS 39 FOREIGN COMMENT: Open Diplomacy in Russia.—The New Statesman on the Soviets. 42 COMMUNICATIONS : Allied Rubles.—The Dignity of Labor.–Freedom of the Seas.—Humanity 43 in the University.—Randolph Bourne. Notes on New BOOKS: The Marne.—Benjamin Franklin Self-Revealed.— The Poets of 46 Modern France.—The Romance of Old Philadelphia.-Gabrielle de Bergerac.-Hira Singh.- The English Middle Class-Roumania: Yesterday and Today.—The Causes and Course of Organic Evolution.—Adventures in Indigence.—John O'May.—Studies in Japanese Buddhism.—Korean Buddhism.—The Vanguard of American Volunteers.—Handbook of Travel.-War Verse.—On Our Hill. Core Dusz (founded in 1880 by Francis F. Browne) is published every other Saturday by The Dial Publishing Class matter at the Post Office at Neste deporte, N. 7. August 3, 1918, under the act of March 3, 1897. Copyright, 1919, by The Dial Publishing Company, Inc. Foreign Postage,' so cents. 15 Cents a Copy $3.00 a Year 2 January 11 THE DIAL Among the Dutton Books to Appear in January Fiction By the author of The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse THE SHADOW OF THE CATHEDRAL By VICENTE BLASCO IBANEZ. 'Translated by Mrs. W. A. GILLESPIE, with an Introduction by 'W. D. HOWELLS. A biting analysis of the feelings of a long passive people stirring with the awakening of modern ideas against the pressure of a long dominant church and monarchy. Of its author's standing as a novel- ist, Mr. Howells says: “There is no Frenchman, Englishman or Scandinavian who counts with Ibanez, and, of course, no Italian, American, and unspeakably no German." $1.90 THE CHALLENGE TO SIRIUS By SHEILA KAYE-SMITH. The story covers a wide range of scene and incident moving from a quiet Sussex farm to London -Victorian London where young men fought wordy battles over Thackeray and Dickens-to America's Civil War, to a dim forest in Yucatan and back to Sussex. Besides its value as a study of human emo- tion it has a significance possibly unintended in that just at this time when genuine understanding is needed, it makes clear the way in which England looked at the strife between North and South. THE CRESCENT MOON By FRANCIS BRETT YOUNG. The Times (London) calls this novel by the author of "Marching on Tanga" a first-rate yarn full of the incredible strangeness of Africa and African life. . . . Mr. Brett Young has achieved a fine work of imagination and made horror and beauty the servants of his art." $1.75 AMALIA A Romance of the Argentine. From the Spanish of JOSE MARMOL. Translated by MARY J. SERRANO, translator of "The Journal of Marie Bashkirtseff," "Pepita Xime- nez," etc. A novel of the exciting period in which the city of Buenos Ayres and half the provinces were seething with conspiracy to throw off the tyranny of the Dictator Rosas, of whom W. H. Hudson gave so striking a sketch in "Far Away and Long Ago." AMERICA and BRITAIN By ANDREW CUNNINGHAM MCLAUGHLIN, LL.D., F.R.Hist.S! Lectures delivered by the author, Head of the Department of History, Chicago University, at the University of London, in the Spring of 1918, on America's Entry into the War, British and American Relations, etc., to which he adds a paper read before the Royal Historical Society on "The Background of American Federalism." LEAVES IN THE WIND By "ALPHA OF THE PLOUGH." "Alpha of the Plough,” it is said, has another name under which serious articles are written, weighty with responsibility, from which it is a relief now and then to turn and play with any subject that may chance to catch an errant fancy. And since they were no part of a task, they seem especially restful, little with a quiet humor and in sympathy with the interests of everyday life. THE DAREDEVIL OF THE ARMY By CAPTAIN A. P. CORCORAN. Incidents in the experience of a “Buzzer” and Dispatch Rider-men who supply the “nerves” and much of the “Nerve" of a modern army, earning the name of “daredevil” early in the war when cred- ited by General French with the salvation of the British forces. CHARLOTTE BRONTE A Centenary Memorial Edited by BUTLER WOOD. With an Introduction by MRS. HUMPHRY WARD: A commemorative volume of the Bronte Society of England, containing papers, addresses, reminis- cences, etc., concerning the Brontes. Miscellaneous New Books COMPARATIVE EDUCATION PROFESSOR PETER SANDIFORD, Toronto, Editor. A study of the Educational System in each of six representative countries—United States by Dr. W. F. RUSSELL, University of Iowa; Germany by I. L. KANDEL, Teachers' College, Columbia Uni- versity; France by ARTHUR H. HOPE, Headmaster of the Roan School, Greenwich, England; England and Canada by the Editor; Denmark by HAROLD W. FOGHT, U. S. Bureau of Education, Ready shortly. MODERN RUSSIAN POETRY Selected and translated by P. SELVER. A carefully selected anthology of representative Russian poetry of the last quarter-century given in the original as well as in a close English verse translation in similar metre. Now ready. $1.25 net RUSSIA'S AGONY By ROBERT WILTON, Correspondent of The Times at Petrograd. A record of personal experience of Russia gained from living among Russians for nearly half a cen- tury. The men who figured in Russian affairs during many years past are personally known to the author and he was able to study at first-hand the manifold aspects of Reaction and Revolution, as each in turn was exploited by Germany. In press E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY, 681 Fifth Ave., New York When writing to advertisers please mention The DIAL. 1919 3 THE DIAL -- Important January Publications From Putnam's List IN FLANDERS' FIELDS The Cambridge History of American Literature By John McCrae Editors: William Peterfield Trent, M.A., LL.D.; John Erskine, Ph.D.; Stuart Pratt Sherman, Ph.D.; Carl Van In Flanders' fields, the poppies blow Doren, Ph.D. Between the crosses, row on row, To be published in 3 volumes. Royal 8º. $3.50 per volume. Volume 1. Colonial and Revolutionary Literature—and Early That mark our place; and in the sky National Literature Part I. The larks, still bravely singing, fly Volume II ( Early National Literature Part II. Scarce heard amid the guns below. Later National Literature Part I. Uniform with The Cambridge History of English Literature. We are the dead. Short days ago BOOK II. JUST OUT We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, Travellers and Observers, 1763-1846, Lane Cooper; The Early Drama, 1756-1860, Arthur Hobson Quinn; Early Essayists, Loved and were loved; and now we lie George F. Whicher; Irving, George Haven Putnam; Bryant In Flanders' fields. and the Minor Poets, W. E. Leonard; Fiction I: Brown, Cooper, Carl Van Doren; Fiction II: Contemporaries of Take up our quarrel with the foe! Cooper, Carl Van Doren; Transcendentalism, H. C. Goddard; To you, from failing hands, we throw Emerson, Paul Elmer More; Thoreau, Archibald MacMechan; Hawthorne, John Erskine; Longfellow, W. P. Trent; Whittier, The torch. Be yours to lift it high! William Norton Payne; Holmes and Light Verse, Brander If ye break faith with us who die Matthews; Poe, Killis' Campbell; Webster, Henry Cabot We shall not sleep, though poppies grow Lodge; Publicists and Orators, 1789-1850, Andrew C. Mc- In Flanders' fields. Laughlin; Lowell, A. H. Thorndike; Prescott, Motley, Ruth Putnam; Writers on American History, John S. Bassett; John McCrae was a physician, soldier, Early Humorists, Will D. Howe; Divines, Moralists, and Edu- cators, S. L. Wolff; Magazines and Annuals, William B. and poet, and died in France a Lieuten Cairns; Newspapers, 1776-1850, Frank W. Scott. ant-Colonel with the Canadian forces. The Chaos in Europe This first collection of his lovely verse A Consideration of the Political Destruction that has taken contains, as well, a striking essay in char- place in Russia and Elsewhere and of the International Policies of America. acter by his friend, Sir Andrew Macphail. By FREDERICK MOORE Author of "The Balkan Trail” and “The Passing of Morocco" SONGS OF A MINER Introduction by Charles W. Eliot 12°. $1.50. By James C. Welsh The author has had a rare experience as a correspondent, The author of these vigorous poems is qualifying him to a remarkable degree to describe the present himself a miner, for twenty-four years military and political situation. His suggestions referring to the future foreign policy of the United States merit the care- working in the pits of Lanarkshire. ful attention of leaders of opinion. Here are deep-toned poems of the soul, Theodore Roosevelt wrote: “Mr. Frederick Moore has and robust poems of action. made a real study of Russia and is an exceptionally clear sighted and fearless man." Not a January Publication, but One to Remember The Destinies of the Stars By Svante Arrhenius Author of "Worlds in the Making,” etc. Much has been written on this subject, but nothing with the profoundness of thought and literary ability of Svante Arrhenius, Sweden's greatest physical scientist and philosopher, and Nobel prize winner in chemistry in the year 1903.'s statist comprehendedhtist the average inteligent layman." -"THE "One of the most fascinating books of the decade.”—Journal of Education. 12°. 30 Illustrations. $1.50. NEW YORK 2 West 45th Street Just West of 5th Ave. At all Booksellers G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS LONDON 24 Bedford Street Strand When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL. THE DIAL January 11 “One of the Great American Novels" IN THE HEART OF A FOOL William Allen White's New Novel “The big forces behind this story come over the reader like the heart-beat of the nation. . . . Here is America, with its births and deaths, its laughter and tears, its mushroom growths and speedily acquired culture, its selfish moments and big generous impulses, and throughout it all the scramble for the almighty dollar. Yet America marching over its blunders to a more humane and righteous stand- ard of living”.-N. Y. E. Post. “Tremendously human and eloquent” "A vivid glimpse of our own land, of the deeds and dreams of America today . . an absorbing book filled with love, adven- ture, pathos, humor and drama.”—Chicago Post. “An intensely dramatic story "A big novel-a book that will profoundly affect the thoughts and the feelings of the many who will read it .... Behind this chronicle lies the secret of the next fifty years of American history.”—N. Y. Sun. “A great novel destined destined to endure” Third Edition Now at all Bookstores. $1.60 William Allen White's Travels Abroad THE MARTIAL ADVENTURES OF HENRY AND ME "Honest from first to last resembles 'Innocents Abroad' in scheme and laughter.”—N. Y. Sun. "A jolly book, truly one of the best that has come down war's grim pike.”—N. Y. E. Post. Many clever illustrations by Tony Sarg Now Tenth Edition $1.50 o THE MACMILLAN COMPANY Publishers NEW YORK When writing to advertisers please mention The DIAL. 1 THE DIAL upon brutal practices and in dismissing and even holding this country as mobilized for war, they are many his subordinates; the authority of the President, as Commander-in-Chief, has been defied. And it will United States army has boasted of its record in banishing the effects of one form of vice from its A FORTNIGHTLY Release Political Prisoners THERE ARE Now in prison in this country several camps: it has deliberately introduced the temptation hundred persons convicted according to law on to another—and one (by virtue of its example) not various charges, most of which may be summarized less dangerous. In the account of the treatment of as obstructing the United States in the conduct of conscientious objectors at Camp Funston it is re- the war. Whether their status is technically to be corded: "Most of the mistreatment took place out- defined as that of political prisoners is a legal ques- side, with large groups watching this sorry and tion which the Department of Justice is under- revolting spectacle.” Surely nothing could have stood to be engaged. In fact they are such. All are been worse for the morale of a democratic army, an victims of an interpretation of the necessary means army which came from the people and must return of securing the welfare and success of the nation in to it, or for the morale of a people among whom the war. Some of them, indeed, are suffering as the custom of lynching assumes almost the character of result of a devotion to an interpretation of such a national vice. For the sake of our future citizen- means differing from that of the majority, but pre- ship as affected by the return of the soldiers to our sumably no less high-minded and unselfish. population the temptation to lawless violence should The war is over. The nation should follow the be removed from our military camps and prisons, historic example offered even by autocracies in the and the example of it repudiated. The Secretary of past, and set free those prisoners for whose detention War will probably not be able to secure the punish- a national crisis no longer offers excuse. It should ment of the officers and men responsible for the act fully, generously, immediately. treatment of conscientious objectors. The most effect- These political prisoners fall into various classes ive way of marking the disapproval which all true according to legal definition, but in the popular mind Americans cognizant with the facts must feel at they form two groups—the victims of the Selective their savagery is in the release of the men whom Service Law and of the Espionage Act--the first they have abused. being known as conscientious objectors. There is no The problem of the individual and the state, question connected with the subject of democracy at raised by the demand for military service, will not be war more perplexing than theirs. The attitude of solved in a military camp or prison. Indeed the Secretary of War was from the first reasonable its solution has ceased to be of instant im- and sympathetic, and on his initiative there have portance. If the United States has truly won the been conspicuous instances of wise dealing with this war, this problem need never be solved. At all problem. But against these must be set the terrible stories of torture and ignominy which emanate from events we protest against further attempt to solve Camp Funston and Fort Leavenworth. Reports are it through the sufferings of the present group of received of atrocities that defy description, and the conscientious objectors. They have given of their bodies and souls in this terrible dilemma. Granted tardy action of the War Office in forbidding certain that they caused an appreciable loss to the energy of for trial certain officers charged with special cruel- ties , shows that these reports are not without founda- them ready and able to render the highest and tion . The Secretary of War is not able to control most devoted service in peace. Their withdrawal from the life of the community will remain a mark of the weakness of our Government, not of its always be defied when conscientious objectors are strength. As an initial measure of reconstruction placed at the mercy of military authorities. The we ask for the release of the conscientious objectors. The cases of persons convicted under the Espion- age Act are various, ranging from that of the college boy who was provoked into saying that "he would 6 January 11 THE DIAL to war. like to stick a knife into Wilson,” to that of Eugene proceedings against Sheriff Wheeler and the Bisbee Debs and other Socialists who have seriously chal- deporters. The plea that no federal law exists to lenged the interpretation placed on the war by insure a citizen the peaceful possession of his life American patriotic idealism. These cases for the and property must seem to the victim of deportation most part arise out of limitations placed on freedom an evasion when he sees the Espionage Act created of speech. Whether such limitations were desirable to meet an emergency of another kind. or necessary is not now the question. In any case As in the case of the conscientious objectors, the they have done their work. No further gain can attitude of the Administration has been a futile be anticipated by keeping their violators in prison gesture. President Wilson has called the violators of or, in case they are still free on pending appeals, by public order traitors to the cause for which we went sending them there. Undoubtedly in the crisis the belligerent All of these persons were convicted in circum- zeal which found vent in verbal violence on the part stances of popular excitement when the public mind of those compelled by age or ecclesiastical position was concerned with the question of national de to abstain from actual fighting constituted a re- fense, and when, further, it may be noted, the in serve of the will to war too valuable to be dissi- dividuals and interests which depend directly upon pated. Undoubtedly the initiative, strategy, and ex- public opinion—the press, the politicians, the officials perience involved in the conduct of mob war made -were subject to the temptation to use this popular younger and more secular leaders like Sheriff excitement for their own purposes—to profiteer in Wheeler of Bisbee ideal army officers, with whose patriotism. The question whether those convicted services it would have been foolish to ask the Gov- had, or could have, a fair trial may therefore be ernment to dispense. But the period of war, in raised. It has been charged that representatives of which such inconsistencies and incongruities were the Department of Justice and the Post Office De difficult to avoid, has passed. In the period of partment interfered with measures taken in defense reconstruction the affirmation of the equality of men of the accused, notably in the case of the I. W. W. before the law requires amnesty on the one hand to leaders convicted in Chicago last September, pre balance immunity on the other. venting the raising of defense funds, and intimidat The United States is entering the Congress of ing witnesses. The whole effort of the machinery of Nations with a program of justice and freedom for justice and of public opinion has been to secure con all nationalities and of a better world for all man- viction—and too often the heavy sentence has re kind. Already it is clear that its strength in these vealed the judicial practice of registering patriotism councils is due to the support of democratic masses in terms of the penal servitude of others. In view the world over. What better foundation for its of the inequalities attending the administration of work can be established than by act of amnesty to justice in these cases we demand the release of the release those whose imprisonment is a scandal and prisoners. rock of offense to democracy everywhere? Not a There is another reason for the pardon of these few of them fell beneath the law as the result of political prisoners—one of which every American is their efforts to plead the cause of self-determination aware and yet of which he must speak with reserve. in behalf of this or that nation whose claims will be Granted that these men have made difficult the considered by the world court-of Ireland or of conduct of the war, that they have embarrassed the Russia. What more striking evidence of belief in Government by diminishing confidence in its plat its own cause could our country give than to set form, they do not stand alone in their offense. It them free? We look forward to a new world may well be questioned whether all offenders against dominated by a league of free nations from which the Espionage Act have done as much to shake the not even our late enemies shall be excluded. As the foundations of democracy as the advocates and prac President has said, such a creation must depend ticers of mob law who have pursued them. Granted fundamentally upon an act of faith in humanity. that the I.W.W. leaders have been guilty of What greater token of faith can we give than by offenses as charged, it remains to be considered granting pardon even to those who have been against whether the net result of their damage to our insti us in the struggle of nationalities, now happily con- tutions approximates that of the mobs at Bisbee cluded ? and at Tulsa. If the Government found it necessary We demand as a matter of essential justice to our to punish with extreme severity in one case, it should citizens, of faith in our historic democracy, and of have found means to do so in the other. Contrast loyalty to our own cause of a better world that our the overzealous pursuit of the I.W.W. leaders by political prisoners be set free. the Department of Justice with its tardy and languid THE EDITORS. 1919 7 THE DIAL Randolph Bourne DIED DECEMBER 22, 1918 1 We wind wreaths of holly For Randolph Bourne, We hang bitter-sweet for remembrance; We make a song of wind in pines. Wind in pines Is winter's song, anthem of death, And winter's child Is gathered in the green hemlock arms And sung to rest. Sung to rest Waif of the storm And world-bruised wanderer Sung to rest. Sung to rest in our living hearts, We receive him, Winding our wreaths of holly For Randolph Bourne. 2 Winter lasts long And Death is our midnight sun Rayless and red. Peoples are dying, and the world Crumbles grayly. Autumn of civilization, Gorgeous with fruit, Dissolves in storm. . And the hunchback rocks Gray on the hills, Passed down our streets. Passed and is gone; and for him and the dying world Our dirge sounds. 4 Yet suddenly the wind catches up with glory Our anthem, and peals wild hope, Blowing of scattered bugles. And the wind cries: Look, Pierce to the soul of the cripple Where, immortal, The spirit of youth goes on, Which dies never, but shall be The green and the garland of the Spring. And the wind cries: Down To the dissolution of the grave The crippled body of the world must go And die utterly, That the seed may take April's rain And bring Earth's blooming back. 5 Bitter-sweet, and a northwest wind To sing his requiem, Who was Our Age, And who becomes An imperishable symbol of our ongoing, For in himself He rose above his body and came among us Prophetic of the race, The great hater Of the dark human deformity Which is our dying world, The great lover Of the spirit of youth Which is our future's seed. In forced blooming we saw Glimpses of awaited Spring. 6 And so, lifting our eyes, we hang Bitter-sweet for remembrance Of Randolph Bourne. And winter's child Is gathered in the green hemlock arms And sung to rest. Sung to rest in our living hearts; We receive the rejected, Weaving a wreath of triumph For Randolph Bourne. JAMES OPPENHEIM. And we, . Our dead about us, Know the great darkening of the sun And the frozen months, Sounding our hemlock anthem, Hanging our bitter-sweet. We walk in ruined woods And among graves: Earth is a burying ground. Nations go down, and dreams And myths of peoples And the forlorn hopes Make one burial. . And we Came from the darkness, never to see A Shakespeare's England, A Sophocles' Athens, But to live in the world's latter days, In the great Age of Death, Sons of Doomsday. . He also came, And walked this crooked world, Its image. 3 In him the world's winter, Ruined boughs and disheveled cornfields, 8 January 11 THE DIAL Repeal the Espionage Law AN ADDRESS DELIVERED BEFORE THE Civic CLUB OF NEW YORK, DECEMBER 3, 1918 THE HE PRESIDENT told us yesterday that the moment Now that is rather a harmless sounding law. But the armistice was signed he took the harness off the way it works is this: some pacifist says he does from business, but he did not say anything about not believe in war; that all war is murder. Im- taking the halter off from free speech. Industry, he mediately a Federal District Attorney is directed to tells us, is unshackled; but the embargo on ideas take the case of this malefactor before a grand jury remains, and we may as well acknowledge that it and have him indicted. The indictment is returned will remain unless the people themselves take what almost as a matter of course upon the demand of the ever steps are necessary to remove it. I venture the law officer of the Government. Then this enemy of opinion that for more than a year past there has not the people is hailed before the trial jury, and right been a member of this club who has dared to say here is where you become aware of how smoothly what he or she thought about the most vital policies the system works. The mind of the jury has been of the Government of this country in those partic- carefully prepared for months in advance, by a con- ulars most intimately affecting the lives of all the trolled press, to find the defendant guilty. The people. The President spoke eloquently yesterday mails have been closed to radical and independent concerning the wrongs of the unfortunate people of publications which might suggest that one had the Belgium and France, but I did not observe that he right to opinions even in war time. The vigilante said anything about the wrongs of our own people. committees have terrorized the community from When the President arrives in Europe let us hope which the jury is drawn. The officers of the In- that he will learn that political prisoners have been telligence Service (so-called) of the Army and Navy freed over there, and this may perhaps remind him have raided the homes of citizens, seizing their of hundreds of his fellow countrymen who are de papers and their effects, and even their persons, with- prived of their liberty here for political offenses. out a warrant and without the least legal authority, He may perhaps even learn that, of all the warring and have thereby demonstrated that they are above countries, this is the only one that treats political the law. The patriotic organizations and the Creel offenders like common criminals—except that it Bureau have flooded the country, at the expense of treats them more harshly. the people, with fantastic tales calculated to excite But you have asked me to speak on the Espionage the passions and inflame the imagination of the ordi- Law. I have the law here. Both the Act of June nary citizen, until impartial judgment has become 15, 1917, and the Amendment of May 16, 1918. impossible on questions relating to the war. Finally, But its enumeration of the things you cannot say, and not the least important, a Federal Judge, who or do, or write is so long that if I took time to read holds his job by appointment of the President, often the whole law I should not have time to say any charges the jury on the law, and sometimes on the thing else. So I am just going to read Section 3 facts as well, in such way that conviction is prac- of Title I, the section under which most, although tically certain. When the humble and unsophisti- not all, the prosecutions have been conducted and cated citizen, whose only offense was that he hated the section which, in conjunction with Title XII, is was and abhorred its bloodshed and its cruelties, relied upon to give the Post Office Department the comes out of the hurly-burly of the trial and has right to censor your mail and suppress radical pub- time to catch his breath, he finds himself duly lications. branded as a criminal and sentenced to a punishment Section 3 of Title I is as follows: more severe than is often inflicted for robbery, rape, Whoever, when the United States is at war, shall wil- or murder. fully make or convey false reports or false statements Again, some Socialist, dreaming of the brother- with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the military or naval forces of the United States or to hood of man, the federation of the world, when the promote the success of its enemies and whoever, when the war-drums shall throb no longer, ventures to say United States is at war, shall wilfully cause or attempt that he sees no good in the workers' of one country to cause insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny, or refusal of duty, in the military or naval forces of the United States, killing those of another. Forthwith” he is appre- or shall wilfully obstruct the recruiting, or enlistment hended as a German propagandist, as an agent of service of the United States, shall be punished by a fine of not more than $10,000 or imprisonment for not more the Kaiser, and a tool of autocracy. And he gets twenty years, or both. very short shrift in the courts, if for no other reason 1919 THE DIAL failure to contest centered about the truth or falsity of those mony—which reversed the findings of “not guilty”. that position and thereafter was a model prisoner. scientious objector. He had managed the Supply Department of the Base Hospital at Camp Dix so Washington and had been suggested for a commis- through it, done apparently after the opinion had sion by his commanding officer, which he had refused because he was a conscientious objector. Now the above. Read either way, the statement is wholly 9 than that he is a Socialist. I will take time here singular and, so far as I know, unprecedented thing to call your attention to the case of just one Socialist, about this trial was that the Court Martial found of which I speak from personal knowledge. Last the young man "not guilty" of the charge I have just summer I defended a young man before a Court read to you, and the record which I hold in my hand Martial at Camp Dix who was charged with violat- so shows.' But when the record came to me after it ing the Ninety-Sixth Article of War. The charge had gone to Washington and passed through the was as follows: hands of a reviewing officer, it showed that the find- ing of the Court Martial in this respect had been Charge 1: Violation of the 96th Article of War. reversed. As the members of the Court Martial, Specification 1: In that Americo V. Alexander (No. 1773144) Private, Medical Detachment, Base Hospital, which consisted of eight officers, heard all the testi- Camp Dix, N. J., did, at New York City, N. Y., on or mony and were the only officers who ever did hear about the 28th day of May, 1918, with intent to interfere the testimony or any portion of it, I was curious to with the successful operation of the military forces of the United States, make the following statements in the pres- know who it was that had decided that he could ence and hearing of various persons: "You can get out render a better decision on the facts without hearing of active service when drafted by refusing to do any the testimony than the members of the Court military duty on ground of conscientious scruples. Your egister as such on Questionnaire would not Martial could who did hear it. And so I went to prevent your now asserting your rights. You might be Washington, and afte: a day's inquiry from Depart- put in the guard house and even court-martialed and sen- tenced to twenty years, but you would never be forced to ment to Department I was able to locate the record serve. You might expect pretty rough treatment but if in one of the innumerable offices of the War Depart- you were a true objector and stuck they would do nothing to you. One objector at Camp Dix had been beaten, ment and was allowed even to look at it, although gagged, kicked and gassed, while in the guard house, but told that it was a private record and that I could having stuck, he was alright now; this matter was being kept very secret. He got a job in the Base Hospital and not take a copy of it. I did however examine it the Army was very glad to get him to do anything, as sufficiently under the eye of the officer, who kept the other objectors did not work and were only an ex- pense,” or words to that effect. both the record and myself in sight, to find out that Specification 2: In that Americo V. Alexander (No. the person who discovered that the Court Martial 1773144) Private, Medical Detachment, Base Hospital, had been all wrong in its findings was a first lieu- Camp Dix, N. J., while holding himself out to be a con- scientious objector, was at New York City, N. Y., on or tenant named William J. Martin. I have not the about the twenty-eighth day of May, 1918, active in pro- remotest idea who Mr. Martin is in private life, enda to the prejudice of the successful operations of but he seems to have signed himself “Judge Advo- the military forces of the United States in that he advised, counseled and attempted to persuade various persons to cate” at Camp Dix, although I know he had abso- pe that they were conscientious objectors when the said lutely nothing to do with the trial of the case, for I Daited States under the provisions of the Selective Service Judge Advocate who did try it, and who tried it know well Captain Lilly of the New York bar, the This , you see, in military language, charged a most ably for the prosecution. But this Lieutenant violation of the Espionage Law. We took about a Martin wrote the opinion—endorsed by the General week to try the case and substantially the entire who, like himself, had never heard any of the testi- charges. There were some minor charges involving by the Court Martial; and the point of my calling young man's temporary refusal to work while your attention to this is the reason assigned for the seeking advice from superior officers immediately reversal. I quote two sentences which I was able following his arrest, thinking that it might interfere to copy from the opinion of Lieutenant Martin. reassured upon this point, he promptly abandoned In view of the fact that this man is a Socialist and as such opposed to all law and order, I cannot see how he I will say also that he accepted non-combatant ser- could have been classed as a conscientious objector. vice upon his induction into the service as a con- The testimony shows that he is not opposed to war as a conscientious objector but is opposed for the same reason that the Russian Government is opposed to it and belongs to an organization that is opposed to all forms of order and systems of Government. as to be complimented by officials The word “organization" has a line lightly drawn the with his rights as a conscientious objectives Binterfere They are as follows: effectively been filed, and the words "radical element" written ΙΟ THE DIAL January 11 false. And the finding of “not guilty” of the Court Think of that, a capitalistic war. I quote again: Martial on the charge I have read was reversed, and Large mass meetings of pro-Boers were held all over Mr. Alexander, whose crime appears to have been England, at which the Conservative Ministry was severely that he is a Socialist, is undergoing twenty years' criticised for being the tool of interested financiers. imprisonment. I wonder how many other men and And nobody was prosecuted for sedition. But the women are undergoing punishment in this country author also tells us the result of this freedom of dis- today because they are Socialists. Why, if this had cussion; for he says, referring to a period of two or occurred in Belgium during the German occupation three years later: and had been perpetrated by a German Court There was great disgust in England with the Conserva. Martial, we should dramatize it, and put it in the tive Party because of its conduct of the Boer War, and in movies as an illustration of German atrocities. If the election of 1906, the Liberals were overwhelmingly the Supreme Court of the United States, composed successful. of nine great judges, presumed to reverse the find If I should read you even a portion of what Lloyd ing of a jury in a criminal case on conflicting testi George said about his Government during that war, mony, it would be a ground for impeaching the mem I suppose I might be arrested in this country today bers of that court. for slandering Great Britain. But suppose the worst of all-assume that some Here is the point I wish to make very clear. The citizen, misguided if you please, had a doubt about Espionage Law can just as well be applied in peace this war's being altogether a war for democracy, or as in war, and just as good reasons can be given for even had a suspicion that trade rivalries and ambi its application in peace as in war. Practically, we tions between European nations were at the bottom are not at war now; but who of the Administration of the war and that perhaps it might have been just suggests the repeal of the Espionage Law? Who, as well if we had kept out of it, and having such when exercising arbitrary power, ever proposes to doubt or suspicion, had expressed it in speech or repeal the law which silences criticism of the man- in a publication-you know what would have hap- ner in which such power is exercised ? I am not pened to such a person without my reciting it. Such concerned about the right of the soap-box orator to a one were lucky if he only went to prison for ten make a speech because he feels good while he is doing or twenty years. Just to contrast the condition into which we have allowed ourselves to sink with con- it, and feels better after he has done it, although I ditions where at least some freedom of speech exists, capable of self-government, they must be capable of think that is rather wholesome; but if a people are I am going to read you a few sentences from Pro- fessor Shapiro's Modern and Contemporary Euro- contributing some ideas of value to the government pean History [Houghton Mifflin ; $3.50]. It has if they are allowed free expression. If a people have been off the press only a few weeks. Professor self-government, they must have freedom of expres- Shapiro is known to many of you. He is an Asso- sion respecting it, or theirs will become the worst ciate Professor of History in the College of the City government in the world. Far better take away of New York and one of the foremost historians of the vote than take away free speech and a free press; the world. At page 338 he says: and far better take away free speech and a free press than allow freedom to discuss only one side The Boer War was fought during the Salisbury Min- istry. The war was opposed by the Liberals but was en- of a subject. thusiastically supported by the overwhelming majority of President Wilson is going abroad today dis- the English people, and in the general election of 1900, credited—that is, without the support of the Con- the Conservatives were returned to power on the war issue with a majority of 134. gress—in my opinion, because of the Espionage Law. It is fair to say that the Boer War, in the opinion points—in behalf of their making for peace and Whatever could have been said for his fourteen of many Englishmen, involved the fate of the Em- pire, for if Great Britain had shown herself unable to progress-remained unsaid because of the ruthless crush the Boers, it would have been a signal for every suppression by means of the Espionage Law of all colony she had in the world to throw off her rule. discussion of the causes of the war, and of our ob- But of the opposition to the war by the Liberals, of jects and aims in the war. The Republicans , taking which Lloyd George was the leader, the author advantage of the suppression of all discussion which reports: could be classed as anti-war, cleverly whipped to frenzy the war sentiment, and by announcing more They denounced it as an act of aggression against the inoffensive Boers in the interest of South African capi- drastic war aims than the President himself they at- talists. tracted the support of the war extremists throughout 1919 II THE DIAL the country, while the hundreds of thousands of ately ordered the restoration of mailing privileges citizens whose votes had elected President Wilson to such a paper. Every suppression of civil liberty because "he kept us out of war" no longer trusted during that war came from the military arm of the him for any purpose, and voted the Socialist or some Government and it had to disappear as soon as the other ticket, or did not vote at all. If it is a mis- army was disbanded. The great Milligan Case, fortune that the President stands today repudiated following upon the heels of the war, in which the by the voters of the country at the recent election, it Supreme Court decided that the military arrests had is a misfortune that has been brought about by the been unlawful, promptly restored the people once suppression of all discussion of the war, except that more to the full enjoyment of the liberties which the which was intended to excite and inflame the people Constitution had been held to guarantee. But now to go to any length in its prosecution. all this is changed. The Espionage Law is not going But, someone says, civil liberties were invaded to be repealed unless the people resolutely take the during the time of our great Civil War and were matter in hand; instead it will be skilfully extended later recovered. The comparison is entirely falla- to suppress discussion which may be said to be an cious. Civil liberty, so far as it was denied during incitement to war, or to disturbance, or to violence. the Civil War, was not denied because of any Es- The Post Office Department will, unless the people pionage Law. The Post Office Department never are aroused, continue to exercise a censorship more claimed or exercised the power to suppress publica arbitrary and irresponsible than ever existed, either tions during the Civil War. Indeed the men in in war or in peace, in any country which made a pre- control of the country during that war had taken tense of being free. the position that the exercise of any such power by There is just one thing, in my opinion, for the the Post Office Department would be unconstitu- citizens to do who believe in liberty and desire to tional. The slave-holding states had sought to in- preserve at least some measure of freedom: that is voke such power to protect themselves against a flood to organize for the repeal of this obnoxious law, and of anti-slave literature, and it had been ably argued never to disband their organization or cease their and held by the leaders of the North that any such agitation until the law has been discredited and re- law would be unconstitutional . Every arrest made pealed, and until every person convicted under it, without warrant during the Civil War was an arrest and not shown to be guilty of some act in aid of the by the military authorities. Every paper that was enemy—has been pardoned, and every fine collected suppressed was suppressed by the military authori- under it repaid by the Government. ties, and in most cases President Lincoln immedi- GILBERT E. ROE. A Rational Explanation of Vers Libre Tae world is in need of a reasonable explanation than Miss Amy Lowell. Miss Lowell's earlier of the perplexing phenomenon known as vers libre. theory of the strophe's being in itself a complete Since the Imagists came upon the scene about five circle, part of which could be taken rapidly and years ago, with their talk about cadence and their part slowly at will—was difficult enough for the disposition to experiment freely in all sorts of forms, uninitiated to grasp; but this new theory of Doctor a great deal has been written for and against vers Patterson's is worse. We are told that verse contains libre , and a great many writers,good, bad, and in- no less than six species: metrical verse, unitary verse, different—in England and America, have shown a spaced prose, polyphonic prose, mosaics, and blends. disposition to revolt from the old forms of metrical In the future the public will apparently have to dersenBut no one has yet attempted to explain recite every poem they like into a phonograph in clearly and simply, for the benefit of the man in the order to find out what it is. Having examined and street, just what "free verse" is. registered its time-intervals, syncopations, and so The latest theory that holds the field in America forth, they will classify it by one or the other of the merely leaves the confusion worse confounded. This is the theory of Professor William Morrison Patter- above labels. The idea is ingenious, but one won- ders if anyone will take the trouble to waste so much son, which has now the backing of no less a person time in these hurried days. I 2 January 11 THE DIAL Let us then leave this atmosphere of the labora the beat is different, sometimes iambic, sometimes tory, and try to find out for ourselves what the poets trochaic, sometimes anapaestic, and so on—but the mean when they talk about vers libre. The first first principle of unity, that the number of beats point to be noted is that, logically, there can be no should be the same throughout, is preserved. such a thing as absolutely free verse, any more than Now to take each line separately. The first is there can be such a thing as absolutely free prose. A comparatively simple, and gives the main beat of the piece of verse must have a certain form and rhythm, poem. This is repeated with slight variation in the and this form and rhythm must be more rounded, second line, and again repeated in the next to the more heightened, more apparent to both last line: and eye ear, than the form and the rhythm of prose. Take a I have Aléd away into déserts, I have hidden myself from you. corresponding instance from the art of music. An I will open my heart and give you. aria by Mozart may contain two or more distinct melodies, but these are combined together, repeated, herein we have the second principle of unity, the These lines give an effect practically identical; and ornamented, and finally summed up in such a way that the aria is in itself a distinct and separate whole. principle of basic rhythm, displayed. On the other hand, any long stretch out of Wag- of the poem? Here in lines three to eight, and again But what, one may ask, is to be made of the rest ner's Ring reveals the fact that there is nothing but in the last line of all, there is a group as definitely a series of linked musical phrases—motives we may trochaic and dactylic in formation as the others are call them-in constant progression. Mozart's iambic and anapaestic. Does this not destroy the method is, then, the method of the poet: Wagner's unity of which you make so much? is the method of the prose writer. Not at all. With this second group we come pre- This distinction being made, and it is an important cisely to the most important law of vers libre—the one, we may next ask ourselves the question: Why law of balanced contrast. Lines of different metrical do poets speak of vers libre at all? If there can origin are used in vers libre precisely as the first and be no verse logically free—except verse written with- second subjects of a symphony by Beethoven or out form, without rhythm, without balance, which Mozart. Let us examine. is impossible—then why all this fuss over something The first line which announces the second subject that does not exist? This very same argument, by of the poem is as follows: the way, appeared in an English journal about a year ago, and I happened to be the only man to reply to Ló! you always at my side! it. My reply was that the importance of vers libre This line is the exact opposite, not only in metrical was that it permitted verse to be not absolutely but form, but in mood, to the line announcing the first relatively free. It gave scope for the poet's own subject: form-constructing ability, but did not hamper him I have Aéd away into déserts. with a stereotyped mold, like the sonnet. It per- These two lines between them contain the essence of mitted him to vary the rhythm at discretion, so long the poem. The rest is variation, amplification, orna- as the essential rhythm was preserved. For instance: To illustrate. Here is a short piece of free verse, the structure of which is comparatively simple. I Lo! you always at my side Laughing, hungering still for me. have set the accents above the lines in order to show how they fall: Are not these two lines, separated from each other by four lines of text, of exactly the same metrical I have fléd away into déserts, I have hídden mysélf from you, pattern? And is not the same theme, with a slightly Ló, you álways át my síde! different middle, repeated in the line “I cannot l' cannot shake myself frée. In the frósty evening shake myself free," and also with a different close With your cold eyes you sit watching, in “In the frosty evening,” and also in “All of my Laughing, húngering still for mé; blood at last"? I will open my heart and give you All of my blood, at lást. If I had written: The first thing to be noticed about this is that In the frosty evening there are exactly the same number of beats in every All of my blood at last Sorrowing and grieving line-that is to say, three. The number of syllables For the vanished past. between the beats varies—so that the incidence of I should have been writing doggerel doubtless, but ment. 1919 THE DIAL 13 We may therefore deduce from this analysis the your is the keystone of the verbal arch we have con- moods, musical phrases, of the poem together and I should have been doing just what the metrists ask following laws governing the writing of any piece poets to do—I should have preserved the regularity of vers libre: of incidence which they regard as necessary to poetry. (1) A vers libre poem depends, just as a metri- How, then, can anyone say, as some have said, that cal poem does, upon uniformity and equality of there is no metrical unity to vers libre, no basis of rhythm; but this uniformity is not to be sought in regularity upon which the poem stands? The basis is an even metronomic succession of beats, but in the there, but it is concealed. Ars est celare artem. We contrasted juxtaposition of lines of equal beat value, cannot measure poetry with a metronome, or even but of different metrical origin. classify it with a phonograph, as Dr. Patterson (2) When a meter in a vers libre poem is re- would have us do. peated it is usually varied, like the thematic ma- There remains one more line to be considered. terial of a symphony. These variations and nuances This is: are designed largely to take the place of rhyme. With cold Rhyme therefore in most cases is undesirable, as it eyes you sit watching. interferes with, rather than assists, the proper ap- I have marked this line above as having three beats, but it is obvious that this way of reading it may preciation of these nuances. But occasionally it may be necessary to stress some complex variation, or to be unpleasant to some people. “With” is that phe hold together the pattern of the poem. nomenon, not uncommon in English verse, of a long (3) Suspensions and resolutions are common. syllable which is unaccented in itself but which The poet writing in vers libre is guided not by any obtains a light stress from the fact that the voice fixed stanza form but by the poem as a whole (if the dwells upon it. "Cold” is probably the same thing. poem consists of one strophe, as in the case discussed One recalls the celebrated line of Macbeth: above) or by each strophe (if the poem consists of a Toad that under cold stone. number of strophes). Unity within the bounds of “Eyes” is probably accented also, like "stone” in the the strophe is his main consideration. It will be line just quoted. We therefore have: found in almost every case that the strophe consists of two parts: a rise and a return. With your cold eyés you sit watching, (4) Every poet will treat these laws differently. a reading which gives us four beats—or three and Since in English it is open to the poet to write, with a half, if we recognize that the stress upon "with” equal facility, verses of two, three, four, and five is not so important as that upon “cold" or "eyes” beats, so vers libre in English must necessarily be a or "watching"—and a reading which probably will more complex and more difficult art than in French, be more satisfactory to most readers. where so much current vers libre is merely modified What is important for us to know is that this line Alexandrines. Every poet will therefore construct is, in a sense, a suspended line, that it partakes some- his strophes somewhat differently according to his what of the characteristics of both the first group- own taste. That is what we mean when we speak comprising the first, second, and next to the last of "free verse." lines—and also of the second group, comprising the (5) As for "spaced prose," "polyphonic prose," rest of the poem. It is especially allied to the next “mosaics," "blends”—and all the other more or less experimental forms which I and others have at- I will open my heart and give you. tempted—they are not and should not be called verse It needs no expert in verbal music to see that the libre is this : vers libre derives from metrical verse at all. The difference between them and true vers movement of this is closely paralleled by the move- and from the old stanza forms. Throughout all its With your cold eyes you sit watching. variations, unity of rhythmical swing and the dy- We have here, then, what might be called in musical namic balance of the strophe is preserved. These other forms derive from prose, which does not pos- sess unity of swing and which substitutes for the eyes you sit watching strophe the paragraph. These forms may be con- fused with true vers libre, but the fact remains that the origin of each is different. With vers libre the to the last line: ment of: phrases, a resolution. The line: With your cold welds them into one. with these other forms the starting-point is the prose sentence. JOHN GOULD FLETCHER. 14 January 11 THE DIAL An Educated Heart ī be I F ONE CARED to do so it would be easy to classify meticulous and loving care, omitting nothing. Al- Visits to Walt Whitman (Arens; $2) as a partic though the performance is without conscious art, no ularly aggravated case of Whitmania. The signs master realist could better it. The frail, wise, and symptoms are everywhere in evidence: the Pious tender old man in his wheel chair lives before us; Pilgrimage, the Dazzling Presence, the Exchange Mickle street, Camden town, and the little clap- of Tokens, the Inscription of Volumes, the Visit boarded house shouldered in between its loftier to the Birthplace, the Friends, and the Friends of neighbors assume, with the aid of photographs, the Friends all intermixed with those chronicles of extraordinary distinctness, and the people who go conversational small beer which appear to constitute in and out acquire the interest of characters in a the technique of latter-day hero worship. But to play or in a tale. dwell solely on this aspect of the book would be to Whitman's recorded talk is not remarkable, being betray a callousness to human values of a particularly largely made up of the ordinary small change of rare and precious sort. Not often are we intro conversation, but he possessed the power of vign- duced into such a company of educated hearts, nor etting with a few telling strokes a whole life permitted glimpses of the beauty and dignity of meek history, so that we seem to know all that is neces- and obscure lives. sary for complete understanding. His account of Aside from any positive value the book may have his friend Mrs. Gilchrist's daughter Beatrice is an as a contribution to our knowledge and understand- example of this power: ing of one of the few great figures which our un She decided that Beatrice, the daughter, should be a kempt civilization has produced, it has the merit doctor-a lady, woman doctor. There were no colleges of vividly rendering that civilization itself, or rather for women in England, and she brought her over along with the rest of the family to Philadelphia, where there that segment of it to which Whitman belonged dur was the best medical college for women in the country. ing the latter part of his life. In other words the In time, however, Beatrice came to dislike her pro- fession. figure of the man is shown against its appropriate called an excess of veracity. She would not do, or be, Her weakness had always been what may background, and though that background contains or seem anything that was not strictly true or veracious. such things as a sheet-iron stove, a stuffed canary And she declared that doctors could not, as a rule, find out what really ailed people, and she would not be one. under glass, and two miniature statues of Grover One night she disa ppeared, and, from certain indica- Cleveland by an unknown hand, these and other tions, it was feared that she had committed suicide or horrors only assure us of the authenticity of the something. A search was made, but no trace was found. At last, some months after, her body was found in a portrait-give it perfect verisimilitude. In contrast wood, with her clothes and fixings much battered and with such esthetic squalor the human kindliness and decayed. spiritual grandeur of Whitman stand out in just Another instance of this ability to condense the such dramatic relief as Lincoln's black frock coat content of what might be a book into the limits of a and stovepipe hat must have imparted to his seamed paragraph is seen in Whitman's story of the life of and sad face. Such things make us thrillingly Peter Doyle, the baggageman, up to the time when aware of the grotesque lacunae to which greatness as his visits suddenly and mysteriously ceased : well as littleness is subject-like Emerson's love of He is a good friend of mine. He was born in Ireland. pie for breakfast, and the Hawthornes' cherishing chap of four or five-a bright-eyed little fellow and His mother and father came out here when he was a little of their haircloth sofa. the sailors took to him a good deal, as sailors do. They Whitman and his circle are focused for us in went to Richmond and lived there. His father was a machinist. binocular vision, as it were, by two Englishmen, His mother was a good specimen, of an Irish woman of that class. Pete grew up there Dr. John Johnston and J. W. Wallace, drawn to till he was a young fellow, a big boy of sixteen or our shores in quest of the great adventure of meet- When the War broke out he joined the Southern army and was a rebel soldier. He was wounded ing face to face one known already mind to mind by our troops and made prisoner, and brought to Wash- and heart to heart. The journey was undertaken ington. The doctors got him over his wound, and he in the spirit of those pilgrimages made by Eastern went out and got a job as tram-conductor. And it was then that I met him first. religious devotees to the ashrama of some Master, I don't know whether you know or not the horrible and the two men appear to have derived from it monotony and irksomeness of the hospital—to a young the same order of spiritual refreshment. They fellow recovering. So, as soon as they can, the doctors let them out, and they have to report themselves till describe Whitman's environment, his dress, his ap they are quite well. Well, Pete was out in this way. We became acquainted and very good friends. The pearance, his moods, and his conversation with house in Washington was broken up. His father didn't guess, seventeen. 1919 15 THE DIAL their mothers' love affairs until all the returns are in. to learn that middle age too has its secrets. “I wrote get work, didn't get success: so he went away to New are? Their distinguishing feature is their good- York where he thought he would succeed, and that was naturedness and good temper with each other. You the last that was heard of him. No doubt he was never hear them quarrel, nor even get to high words. drowned or killed. His mother died a year or two ago. Given a chance, they would develop the heroic and And his uncle, his mother's brother-Nash-whom I used manly; but they will be spoiled by civilization, religion, to know is dead. So I don't know where Pete is now. and damnable conventions. Their parents want them to Whitman's comments on the great figures of liter- grow up genteel-everybody wants to be genteel in America—and thus their heroic qualities will simply ature are unfailingly shrewd: Carlyle “lacks amor be crushed out of them. ousness”; Arnold is "more demonstrable, genial, His estimate of the power and influence of Leaves than the typical John Bull”; Shakespeare is “the of Grass is high, but who shall say that it is 'exag- poet of great personalities”—but it is only when he gerated ? comes to speak of the people of "these states" that If the book lives and becomes a power, it will be under- he becomes truly clairvoyant: stood better in fifty or a hundred years than now. For The Americans are given to smartness and money-getting, needs people to grow up with it. As to the and there is danger of over-smartness. Leaves, their aim is Character: what I sometimes call I'm not afraid of it, it will come out all right, but the tendency is to Heroism–Heroicism. Some of my friends say it is a sane, become daemonic, to cheat one's own father and mother, strong physiology; I hope it is. But physiology is a to be damned smart, to gouge. secondary matter. Not to depict great personalities, or Our leading men are not of much account, and never have been, but the to describe events and passions, but to arouse that some- average of the people is immense, beyond all History. thing in the reader which we call Character. This is his comment on the American boys. Let No truer estimate than the above has ever been us hope that the war may have saved the present made of Whitman's unique force and function. We generation of them from the "gentility" that he do not go to him for pleasure, for amusement, for deplores: solace or instruction, but for inspiration to become Have you noticed what fine boys the American boys what we are! CLAUDE BRAGDON. A Normal Madness T WAS AN unfortunate inspiration which led the that long letter out in the Autumn fields for dear daughter of Anne Gilchrist to write in advance to life's sake," wrote Anne Gilchrist to Walt Whitman the London Nation a letter protesting against the of her first message to him. It was indeed no mere title of the forthcoming publication of her mother's demand but an ultimate compulsion that moved her. correspondence with Walt Whitman. Her mistake Mrs. Gilchrist's letters need no apologist. She consisted literally in the fact that she was speaking takes her place beside those vivid spirits like Mary without the book. In the first place the volume is Wollstonecraft and Madame Curie in whom in- neutrally entitled The Letters of Anne Gilchrist tellect and passion strive equally for fulfillment. and Walt Whitman (Doubleday, Page; $2), and Her emotionalism is always clear-sighted. Like he Love Letters," as she has heard it was to be Mary Wollstonecraft , who during her most infatu- ated pursuit of Imlay still remained a keen daily mother's letters are concerned-and they. practically observer of the economics of the French Revolution, compose, the volume—to call them merely "love- Anne Gilchrist's obsessional attachment to Whitman letters" is to understate the case. Yet with a strange had its rational counterpart in her faithful devotion confidence the daughter of Mrs. Gilchrist risked this positive statement concerning letters she had never to science and the scientific point of view which for her the poet represented. She was in love with van “I can safely say that though my mother reality as she was in love with the poet whose words Was a warm admirer of Whitman's writings, the “indicate the path between reality and the soul.” elit himself entertaining a hearty regard and friend- Throughout all the storm and stress of personal for her, the correspondence which passed be yearnings and disappointments she remained a dis- gestione two would in no sense lend itself to the cerning analyst of the work of the beloved. It is pero con of the title of the proposed book." * The interesting to compare the two essays on Walt Whit- episode might well serve as a warning to all daugh- ters that they can not safely say anything about man reprinted in this volume. The first was written in 1869 just after the poems had fallen into Mrs. Gilchrist's hands for the first time; the second to learn that the adolescent daughter has her own en rete soul; but it remains for the prext generation for Americaing Tak tiety-six , the fidelity of the later to the earlier impressions is truly remarkable. 16 THE DIAL January 11 396 upon it. By far the most interesting part of this book ments were all too rare for the lady's own good. consists of the letters written between the fall of The erotic spell persisted for seven long years, 1871 and the fall of 1876, beginning with the one leading her at last to America, against Whitman's which was written in the "Autumn fields for dear emphatic disapproval and determined efforts to pre- sake.” Here you may study at a safe dis vent the journey. It turned out much better than tance what Freud describes as “the state of being Whitman evidently, and with reason, feared. Dur- in love, so remarkable psychologically, and the nor ing her residence in Philadelphia the relation settled mal prototype of the psychoses.” Anne Gilchrist down into one of permanent and loyal friendship, had been a widow for eight years, absorbed in do and this is the tone which characterized the cor- mestic cares, in the upbringing of four young chil respondence following that period. The letters give dren, and in the completion of her husband's unfin us no clue as to why Mrs. Gilchrist spent the latter ished literary tasks, when she first met Whitman's half of her American sojourn in Boston and New poems. “I had not dreamed that words could cease York instead of in Philadelphia, nor can we discover to be words, and become electric streams like these,” from them the real reason for her return to England. she wrote to Michael Rossetti, who had loaned her Perhaps "the children” did not like it, after all, in the book. And from that time forth the spell did the Promised Land which failed to realize the ideals not abate. of democracy expressed in Whitman's poetry; per- With great accuracy and genuine poetical abandon haps Anne Gilchrist learned of her rival in the this patient is able to describe the symptoms. poet's affections; but most likely of all she realized For that I have never set eyes upon thee, all the Atlantic that the cycle was complete. She died in 1885, Aowing between us, yet cleave closer than those that seven years before the invalid poet made an end. stand nearest and dearest around thee-love thee day and night-last thoughts, first thoughts, my soul's pas- She did not live to see old age; probably her emo- sionate yearning towards thy divine soul, every hour, tional struggles, as was the case with Mary Woll- every deed and thought-my love for my children, my stonecraft, helped to shorten her life. hopes, aspirations for them, all taking new shape, new height through this great love. My soul has staked all The volume contains very few letters from Walt Whitman. All the others, as Mrs. Gilchrist's Whitman's kind but discouraging responses only daughter communicates, are in her possession. On served to fan the flame. She offers her all to him; the whole, one does not regret that they have she prays to minister to his wants, to share her escaped publication. The few specimens given, as income with him, to take upon herself the attacks the editor remarks, probably reflect the tone of them of his defamers, to bear him children; she covets the all. While no man could be expected to do anything, Liebestod with him. but retreat before such ecstasies of self-surrender, the human male who would not feel some com- If God were to say to me, "See, he that you love you shall not be given to in this life-he is going to set sail placency in such a situation probably does not exist. on the unknown sea-will you go with him?" never yet All things considered, Whitman seems to have borne has bride sprung into her husband's arms with the joy himself admirably throughout the long ordeal. A with which I would take thy hand and spring from the shore. delicate obligation to him was involved in the pub- In return she demands nothing, not even replies lication of these letters, of which the literary exec- to her letters. Pathetically she hits upon an expedi- wise he would not insist that the chief value of utor seems to have been_happily unconscious. Other- ent to relieve her wistful longing to know whether her letters are received or not. He is to post her the collection lies in its being a "tribute” to the an American newspaper on receipt of each letter. personality of "America's most unique man of Whitman seems to have committed himself to this genius.” The letters have a value in themselves quite apart from the genius of the man who in- As time went on the passionate letter writer was spired them. Emotions of the kind that possessed visited by moments of insight. Anne Gilchrist have the power to convert almost any It may be that this shaping of my life course toward person of the opposite sex into a "most unique" you will have to be all inward, that object. After all, these letters contribute nothing ful, tender love growing ever deeper and stronger out of that will have to go dumb and actionless all my very important or significant to the biography of days here. Walt Whitman; but they do contribute a great There were letters that she destroyed after re- deal to the psychology of romantic love and to the lieving her ardent soul in writing them a method biography of the romantic lover who resides some- which, by the way, is highly recommended by Grete where is the psyche of each of us. Meissel-Hess in The Sexual Crisis. But such mo- KATHARINE ANTHONY. UN 3 extent. the grate- 1919 THE DIAL 17 or "sweated" trades. The whole body of semi- soning is apt to stop at that point, and to pay too organization, not so strong as that of the skilled ess enormously accelerated by the war. Practically regulations, which it had cost them more than half a all the pre-war workers in the war industries were absorbed into jobs which were at least semi-skilled, or adults, or by workers transferred from inessential that pledge they are clearly entitled; but their rea- The Rise Rise of the “Unskilled” THERE HERE ARE MANY reasons which make the organic skilled and unskilled workers gained greatly in status zation of skilled workers in Trade Unions far easier as a result of war conditions. Also their pay in than that of the less skilled. The skilled workmen most cases increased; and even where this increase are better paid and can therefore more easily afford was offset by the rise in the cost of living, the ex- to make a regular contribution. Moreover they penditure of a few pence weekly on Trade Union often pay a high contribution, receiving in return membership seemed a far smaller thing than before. not only dispute benefit but also insurance against At the same time a common consciousness began unemployment, sickness, and old age; and whatever to grow up among the less skilled workers. They the disadvantages of the mingling of "friendly" and found the attitude of the old-established Unions fighting activities may be, it undoubtedly conduces toward them often hard and unsympathetic, because to stability and permanence of organization, as well the skilled men often felt that the less skilled were as to conservatism of spirit. Yet again, the skilled doing them out of their jobs, and feared the cutting workers have a closer bond of craft pride and craft of rates by their competition in the crafts. The interest than is possible for the less skilled workers. general labor Unions therefore grew, as it were, fac- This of course is commonplace. What needs ex ing both ways. They confronted the employers with plaining is not the fact that organization has usually demands for better conditions, but they also con- been weak among the less skilled workers, but the fronted the skilled Unions with claims for better fact that during the years preceding the war and consideration. Their consciousness of their common still more during the war period it has made remark- opportunity and their common danger in industry able strides. The number of members in the “gen- took the place of craft spirit and acted as a powerful eral labor” Unions in Great Britain, which rep- incentive to combination. resent principally this type of workers, rose It is still an open question how far this conscious- from 118,000 in 1910 to 366,000 in 1914, and the ness, and the organization which has sprung from total is now something like 800,000. Why has it will survive the shock of the return to peace-time this extraordinary growth taken place? conditions. Severe unemployment or dislocation is The principal explanation of the pre-war growth likely at once to show its effect in a reduced mem- lies in the increasing prevalence of industrial unrest during the years preceding the war. Industrial un- bership in the general labor Unions. This type of rest , which some call "the swing of the pendulum” membership has always been peculiarly unstable, and of public opinion from political to industrial action, there are many who prophesy that it will not outlast always means, naturally, a large accession to Trade the special conditions which called it into being. I Union membership. To this must be added as a do not know, but I believe that enough of it will further cause the fact that the sharp line of cleavage survive to be a powerful factor during the coming between the skilled and the unskilled was gradually years of reconstruction. being blurred, and that the tendency of machinery What, then, is the relation which this mass of and management was towards the creation of a newly organized workers bears, and is likely to bear, growing body of semi-skilled workers, recruited from to the older established Trade Unions, and to the the ranks of the unskilled, who encroached on the rank and file movements which I discussed in my trades of the skilled workers and at the same time last article? Clearly, there are large possible diver- very greatly reduced the proportion of really un- gences of attitude between them, and these di- skilled workers in industry. Together with the vergences, without wise handling, may easily become growth of “semi-skill,” went a tendency towards divergences of actual policy. The official Trade Unionism of the skilled workers is apt to ignore, if not to repudiate, the claims of the less skilled. Its members have patri- century of struggle to establish. They have received in return an absolute promise from the Government that these customs and regulations will be restored newcomers to industry, whether girls intact at the end of the war. To the redemption of workers , but still appreciable and definite. The creation of "semi-skill” was , of course , a proc- oticaliy suspended during the war their customs and and the lower ranges of jobs were more and more filled either by 18 January 11 THE DIAL The war recon- little regard to the practical expediencies and tions or to combine into a common program of a exigencies of the situation. lasting kind. The need is for a bigger idea, and for The less skilled workers, on the other hand, con a bigger basis of combination, to replace both alike. scious both of pre-war repression and of war-time We saw, in the last article, that the "rank and service, are likely to adopt the standpoint of mean file” movement, which has its origin and its main ing to hold their gains, J'y suis: j'y reste. Some strength among the skilled workers, is largely based of them say in effect to the skilled workers: "We on the repudiation of the "craft" principle and on could not trust our interests in your hands before the assertion of the rival principles of class and in- the war, and we cannot trust them now. dustry. We saw also that a considerable "rank and has brought us into a position from which you self- file” movement exists among the less skilled workers, ishly excluded us before the war, and we are not though it is not so strongly organized as are the shop prepared, because pledges have been given which do stewards of the skilled trades. The main difference is not bind us, to revert to our pre-war condition of that, whereas the younger skilled workers tend to servitude and inferiority.” The case is not always favor the combination in one Union of all the work- so plainly stated, but that is the case, reduced to its ers in a particular industry, whatever their degree of essential elements. skill, the unskilled are led by their present form of Clearly this is a position which presents consider- association, which extends over most industries, to able dangers to the Trade Union movement. If the look forward rather to the combination in one Union skilled and the less skilled workers spend time and of all workers, without regard to skill or industry. effort in these internal struggles, the employers will Reconciliation of these two problems is by no means reconstruct industry according to their own plans, impossible; but the difference of attitude is at present and Labor will have no effective voice in its , a barrier to effective common action and to the unity struction. of all the advanced forces. This point however must not be pressed too far. Union by class—the One Big Union idea-in- It is still possible, and even likely, that the official volves too sharp a break with the present to be im- Trade Unionism of the skilled workers and the mediately practicable. Union by industry can hardly official Trade Unionism of the less skilled, realizing be accomplished, in some industries at least, in face their common danger, will reach at least a temporary of the present strength of the general labor Unions. agreement and meet the employers with a common The moral seems to be that the process of consolida- program, in which each will concede something to tion must be pushed as far as possible in each camp the other. This is strongly to be hoped ; and for separately on the official side, and that in the shop this the best elements in both sections are working. steward and workshop committee movement the two But even if a temporary agreement is reached, and must find their immediate field for common action skilled and less skilled cooperate effectively in deal and for propaganda. In the end, I believe that the ing with the problems of reconstruction, there will One Big Union idea will prove to be the only way still remain big differences between them which it is of straightening out the tangle of British Trade essential to transcend if the recurrence of trouble is Union organization; but the time for that is to be avoided. not yet. The plain fact is that while the Trade Unionism It may be a matter for surprise that in this article of the skilled workers is built upon a basis of craft I have said nothing about the women workers as a which excludes and antagonizes the unskilled, the distinct factor. The truth is that only in one respect Trade Unionism of the less skilled workers is largely can they be regarded as a distinct factor: generally based upon this antagonism, at least in the minds of speaking the women in the war trades count mainly many of the leaders. To mention only two of the as a section of the less-skilled workers, a majority of most prominent, Mr. J. R. Clynes of the General those who are organized being found in the general Workers and Mr. J. N. Bell of the National Amal- labor Unions which admit both sexes, and only a gamated Union of Labor have both dwelt frequently minority, though an active one, in the National Fed- upon the function of the general labor Union in eration of Women Workers. The respect in which protecting the less skilled workers, not only against the position of some women is different from that the employers, but against the skilled workers. The of the less skilled men is that, as the men have passed two forms of organization are thus built upon ideas from the unskilled to the semi-skilled grades, the which are mutually exclusive and partly antagonistic. women have in many cases taken their place on un- This means that in neither is there any resting skilled work, though many women have of course place. The idea of craft and the idea of "no-craft" been employed on semi-skilled and even on skilled are alike inadequate to fit modern industrial condi- jobs. The unskilled women and girls hold their 1919 THE DIAL 19 common man. material wealth and man power unavoidably brings chances of peace and war, at home and abroad, in come in for some gain in prestige and in perquisites, vested interests and certain groups of the kept classes sity somewhat loosened the strangle-hold of the stand to gain something in the way of perquisites and free income; but always and in the nature of the case position in the vital industries only precariously, and ing is that between the skilled and the 'less skilled are unlikely to count for much as a factor in recon workers. This I believe can and will be temporarily struction. They must be considered and provided met by mutual concessions; but it can only be met for; but they will not exercise any considerable force. permanently by the emergence of a broader spirit Men's and women's interests will not diverge in any and the achievement of a more comprehensive form important respect: the real cleavage that needs heal of organization. G. D. H. Cole. The Modern Point of View and the New Order VII LIVE AND LET LIVE NATION's inalienable right of self-direction the total gain is less than the cost, and always the and self-help is of the same nature and derivation gain goes to the kept classes and the cost falls on the as the like inalienable right of self-help vested in an So much is notorious, particularly irresponsible king by the grace of God. In both so far as it is a question of material gain and loss. cases alike it is a divine right, in the sense that it is So far as it is an immaterial question of jealousy and irresponsible and will not bear scrutiny, being an prestige, the line of division runs between nations, arbitrary right.of self-help at the cost of any whom but as regards material gain and loss it is always a may concern. There is the further parallel that division between the kept classes and the common in both cases alike the ordinary exercise of these man; and always the common man has more to lose rights confers no material benefit on the underlying than the kept classes stand to gain. community. In practical effect the exercise of such The war is now concluded, provisionally, and divine rights, whether by a sovereign monarch or peace is in prospect for the immediate future, also by the officials of a sovereign nation, works damage provisionally. As is true between individuals, so and discomfort to one and another, within the na- tional frontiers or beyond them, with nothing better also among the nations, peace means the same thing as Live and Let Live, which also means the same to show for it than some relatively slight gain in thing as a world made safe for democracy . And the prestige or in wealth for some relatively small group rule of Live and Let Live means the discontinuance of privileged persons or vested interests. And the of animosity and discrimination between the nations. gain of those who profit by this means is always got Therefore it involves the disallowance of such in- at the cost of the common man at home and abroad. compatible national pretensions as are likely to afford These inalienable rights are an abundant source of ground for international grievances--which comes grievances to be redressed at the cost of the common near involving the disallowance of all those claims and perquisites that habitually go in under the It has long been a stale commonplace that the captions of "national self-determination” and “na- quarrels of competitive kings in pursuit of their di- vine rights have brought nothing but damage and tional integrity,” as these phrases are employed in discomfort to the peoples whose material wealth and diplomatic intercourse. At the same time it involves man power have been made use of for national enter- the disallowance of all those class pretensions and vested interests that make for dissension within the prise of this kind. And it is no less evident, though nation. It will is not a practicable basis of peace , se haps. Les notorious, that the pursuit of national whether within the nation or between the nations. advantages by competitive nations by use of the same, So much is plain matter of course. What may be the and discomfort to all the peoples concerned. There line course the reservation that in the one case the going forward wat home and abroad—all that is kings and their accomplices and pensioners have suficiently perplexing. At home in America for the transient time being, man. vested interests on the country's industry; and in so doing it has shocked the safe and sane business men 20 January 11 THE DIAL into a state of indignant trepidation and has at the guard all this apparatus of mutual defeat and dis- same time doubled the country's industrial output. trust—and indeed this is the chief or sole object of But all that has avowedly been only for the transient their solicitude, as it also is the chief or sole object time being, "for the period of the war," as a dis of these vested interests for whose benefit the diplo- tasteful concession to demands that would not wait. matic gentlemen of the old school continue to So that the country now faces a return to the pre manage the affairs of the nations. carious conditions of a provisional peace on the lines The state of the case is plainly to be seen in the of the status quo ante. Already the vested interests proposals of those nationalities that are now coming are again tightening their hold and are busily ar forward with a new claim to national self-determina- ranging for a return to business as usual; which tion. Invariably any examination of the bill of means working at cross-purposes as usual, waste of particulars set up by the spokesmen of these proposed work and materials as usual, restriction of output as new national establishments will show that the usual, unemployment as usual, labor quarrels as material point of it all is an endeavor to set up a usual, competitive selling as usual, mendacious ad national apparatus for working at mutual cross- vertising as usual, waste of superfuities as usual by purposes with their neighbors, to add something to the kept classes, and privation as usual for the com the waste and confusion caused by the national dis- mon man. All of which may conceivably be put up criminations already in force, to violate the rule of with by this people “lest a worse evil befall.” All Live and Let Live at some new point and by some this runs blamelessly in under the rule of Live and further apparatus of discomfort. Let Live as interpreted in the light of those en There are nationalities that get along well lightened principles of self-help that go to make up enough, to all appearance, without being “nations” the modern point of view and the established scheme in that militant and obstructive fashion that is aimed of law and order, although it does not meet the at in these projected creations of the diplomatic needs of the same rule as it would be enforced by nation-makers. Such are the Welsh and the Scotch, the exigencies of the new order in industry. for instance. But it is not the object-lesson of Meanwhile, abroad, 'the gentlemen of the old Welsh or Scottish experience that guides the new school who direct the affairs of the nations are laying projects. The nationalities which are now escaping down the lines on which peace is to be established from a rapacious imperialism of the old order are and maintained, with a painstaking regard for all being organized and managed by the safe and sane those national pretensions and discriminations that gentlemen of the old school, who have got their have always made for international embroilment, notions of safety and sanity from the diplomatic and with an equally painstaking disregard for all intrigue of that outworn imperialism out of which those exigencies of the new order that call for a these oppressed nationalities aim to escape. And de facto observance of the rule of Live and Let Live. these gentlemen of the old school are making no It is notorious beyond need of specification that the move in the direction of tolerance and good will- new order in industry, even more insistently than as how should they when all their conceptions of any industrial situation that has gone before, calls what is right and expedient are the diplomatic pre- for a wide and free intercourse in trade and in- conceptions of the old regime. They, being gentle- dustry, regardless of national frontiers and national men of the old school, will have none of that amica- jealousies. In this connection a national frontier, ble and unassuming nationality which contents the as it is commonly made use of in current state Welsh and the Scotch, who have tried out this mat- craft, is a line of demarkation for working at cross ter and have in the end come to hold fast only so purposes, for mutual obstruction and distrust. It much of their national pretensions as will do no is only necessary to recall that the erection of a new material harm. What is aimed at is not a disallow- national frontier across any community which has ance of bootless national jealousies, but only a shift previously enjoyed the privilege of free intercourse from an intolerable imperialism on a large scale to unburdened with customs frontiers will be felt to an ersatz-emperialism drawn on a smaller scale, con- be a grievous burden, and that the erection of such ducted on the same general lines of competitive a line of demarkation for other diplomatic work at diplomacy and serving interests of the same general mutual cross-purposes is likewise an unmistakable kind-vested interests of business or of privilege. nuisance. The projected new nations are not patterned on Yet in the peace negotiations now going forward the Welsh or the Scottish model, but for all that the gentlemen of the old school to whom the affairs there is nothing novel in their design; and how of the nations have been "entrusted”—by shrewd should there be when they are the offspring of the management on their own part-continue to safe- imagination of these safe and sane gentlemen of -- 1919 21 THE DIAL the old school fertilized with the ancient concep tic statemaking, comparable with the state of Prus- tions of imperialistic diplomacy and national pres- sia before Frederick the Great Pickpocket came to tige? In effect it is all drawn to the scale and the throne. And now, with much sage counsel from pattern already made famous by the Balkan states. the safe and sane statesmen of the status quo ante, It should also be safe to presume that the place and Czechs, Slovaks, Slovenes, Ruthenians, Ukrainians, value of these newly emerging nations in the comity Croats, Poles and Polaks are breathlessly elbowing of peoples under the prospective regime of pro their way into line with these minuscular Machiavel- visional peace will be something not notably different lians. Quite unchastened by their age-long experi- from what the Balkan states have habitually placed ence in adversity they are all alike clamoring for on view—which may be deprecated by many well national establishments stocked up with all the meaning persons, but which is scarcely to be undone time-tried contrivances for discomfort and defeat. by well-wishing. The chances of war and politics With one hand they are making frantic gestures of have thrown the fortunes of these projected new distress for an “outlet to the sea" by means of nations into the hands of these politic gentlemen of which to escape obstruction of their over-seas trade the old school, and by force of inveterate habit these by their nationally minded neighbors, while with the very practical persons are unable to conceive that other hand they are feverishly at work to contrive anything else than a Balkan state is fit to take the a customs frontier of their own together with other place of that imperial rule that has now fallen into devices for obstructing their neighbors' trade and decay. So Balkan-state national establishments ap their own, so soon as they shall have any trade to pear to be the best there is in prospect in the new obstruct. Such is the force of habit and tradition. world of safe democracy. In other words, these peoples are aiming to become So true is this that even in those instances, such nations in full standing. as the Finns and other fragments of the Russian im And all the while it is plain to all men that a perial dominions, where a newly emerging nation has national "outlet to the sea" has no meaning in time set out to go on its way without taking pains to of peace and in the absence of national governments safeguard the grievances of the old order-even in working at cross-purposes. Which comes near to these instances that should seem to concern no one saying that the sole material object of these new but themselves, the gentlemen of the old school who projects in nation-making is to work at cross-pur- guard the political institutions of the old order in poses with their neighbors across the new-found the world at large find it impossible to keep their national frontiers. So also it is plain that this hands off and to let these adventurous pilgrims of mutual working at cross-purposes between the na- hope go about their own business in their own way. tions hinders the keeping of the peace, even when it Self-determination proves to be insufferable if it is all mitigated with all the approved apparatus of partakes of the new order rather than of the old, diplomatic make-believe, compromise, and intrigue- at least so long as the safe and sane gentlemen of just as it is plain that the peace is not to be kept by the old school can hinder it by any means at their use of armaments, but all the while national arma- command. It is felt that the vested interests which ments are also included as an indispensable adjunct underlie the gentlemen of the old school would not of national life, in the projects of these new nations be sufficiently secure in the keeping of these unshorn of the Balkan pattern. The right to carry arms is and unshaven pilgrims of hope, and the doubt may an inalienable right of national self-determination be well taken. So that, within the intellectual hori- and an indispensable means of self-help, as under- zon of the practical statesmen, the only safe, sane, stood by these nation-makers of the old school. So and profitable manner of national establishment and also it is plain that national pretensions in the field national policy for these newcomers is something of foreign trade and investment, and all the diver- it may also be admitted quite broadly that these profitable enterprise of the vested interests in foreign newly arriving peoples commonly are content to seek parts, run consistently at cross-purposes with the their national fortunes along precisely these Balkan- keeping of the peace. state lines, though the Finns and their like are per- haps to be counted as an unruly exception to the rule. And all the while the rule of Live and Let Live, These Balkan states, whose spirit, aims, and ways as it works out within the framework of the new industrial order, will not tolerate these things. But here so admirable in the eyes of the gentlemanly the rule of Live and Let Live, which embodies the keepers of the old political and economic order, are world's hope of peace on earth and a practicable a case of imperialism in the raw. They are all and several still in the pickpocket stage of dynas- modicum of good will among men, is not of the essence of that timeworn statesmanship which is simply 22 January 11 THE DIAL now busily making the world safe for the vested It is easy to fall into a state of perturbation about interests. Neglect and disallowance of those things the evil case of the submerged, exploited, and op- that make for embroilment does not enter into the pressed minor nationalities; and it is not unusual to counsels of the nation- makers or of those stupendous jump to the conclusion that national self-determina- figures of veiled statecraft that now move in the tion will surely mend their evil case. National self- background and are shaping the destinies of these determination and national integrity are words to and other nations with a view to the status quo ante. conjure with, and there is no denying that very substantial results have been known to follow from All these peoples that now hope to be nations have such conjuring. But self-determination is not a long been nationalities. A nation is an organization sovereign remedy, particularly not as regards the for collective offense and defense, in peace and war material conditions of life for the common man, for -essentially based on hate and fear of other na that somewhat more than nine-tenths of the popula- tions; a nationality is a cultural group, bound to tion who always finally have to bear the cost of any gether by home-bred affinities of language, tradition, national establishment. It has been tried, and the use and wont, and commonly also by a supposed point is left in doubt. So the case of Belgium or of community of race-essentially based on sympathies Serbia during the past four years has been scarcely and sentiments of self-complacency within itself. less evil than that of the Armenians or the Poles. The Welsh and the Scotch are nationalities, more Belgium and Serbia were nations, in due form, very or less well defined, although they are not nations much after the pattern aimed at in the new pro- in the ordinary meaning of the word; so also are the jected nations already spoken of, whereas the Ar- Irish, with a difference, and such others as the Finns menians and the Poles have been subject minor and the Armenians. The American republic is a nationalities. Belgium, Serbia, and Poland have nation, but not a nationality in any full measure. been subject to the ravages of an imperial power The Welsh and the Scotch have learned the wisdom which claims rank as a civilized people, whereas the of Live and Let Live, within the peace of the Em Armenians have been manhandled by the Turks. pire, and they are not moving to break bounds and So again, the Irish are a subject minor nationality, set up a national integrity after the Balkan pattern. whereas the Roumanians are a nation in due form. The case of the Irish is peculiar; at least so they In fact the Roumanians are just such a Balkan state say. They, that is to say the Irish by sentiment as the Irish aspire to become. But no doubt the rather than by domicile, the Irish people as con common man is appreciably worse off in his ma- trasted with the vested interests of Ulster, of the terial circumstances in Roumania than in Ireland. landlords, of the Church, and of the bureaucracy, Japan, too, is not only a self-determining nation these Irish have long been a nationality and are now with a full charge of national integrity, but it is a mobilizing all their force to set up a Balkan state, Great Power; yet the common man—the somewhat autonomous and defensible, within the formal more than nine-tenths of the population—is doubt- bounds of the Empire or without. Their case is less worse off in point of hard usage and privation peculiar and instructive. It throws a light on the in Japan than in Ireland. margin of tolerance, of what the traffic will bear, In further illustration of this doubt and per- beyond which an increased pressure on a subject plexity with regard to the material value of national population will bring no added profit to the vested self-determination, the case of the three Scandinavian interests for whose benefit the pressure is brought countries may be worth citing. They are all and to bear. It is a case of the Common Man hard several self-determining nations, in that Pickwickian ridden in due legal form by the vested interests of sense in which any country which is not a Great the Island, and of the neighboring island, which Power may be self-determining in the twentieth cen- are duly backed by an alien and biased bureaucracy tury. But they differ in size, population, wealth, aided and abetted by the priestly pickpockets of the power, and political consequence. In these respects poor. So caught in this way between the devil and the sequence runs: Sweden, Denmark, Norway, the the deep sea, it is small wonder if they choose in the latter being the smallest, poorest, least self-determin- end to follow counsels of desperation and are mov ing, and altogether the most spectacularly foolish ing to throw their lot into the deep sea of national of the lot. But so far as concerns the material con- self-help and international intrigue. They have ditions of life for the common man, they are un- reached the point where they have ceased to say: mistakably the most favorable, or the most nearly "It might have been worse.” The case of the Finns, tolerable, in Norway, and the least so in Sweden. Jews, and Armenians is not greatly different in gen- The upshot of evidence from these, and from other eral effect. instances that might be cited, is to leave the point 1919 THE DIAL 23 at every point. Yet they are content to carry a national consular service of more grotesque dimen- believe the less mischief is it likely to work at home sions still. This situation is heightened by their and the more nearly will it be compatible with the in doubt. It is not evident that the common man has relatively sterile soil, their somewhat special and anything to gain by national self-determination, so narrow range of natural resources, and their high far as regards his material conditions of life; nor latitude, which precludes any home growth of many does it appear, on the evidence of these instances, of the indispensable materials of industry under the that he has much to lose by that means. new order. Yet they are content to carry their These Scandinavians differ from the Balkan customs tariff, their special commercial treaties, and states in that they perforce have no imperialistic their consular service—for the benefit of their vested ambitions. There may of course be a question on interests. this head so far as concerns the frame of mind of It should seem that this elaborate superfluity of the royal establishment in the greater .one of the national outlay and obstruction should work great Scandinavian kingdoms; there is not much that is hardship to the underlying community whose in- worth saying about that matter, and the less that is dustry is called on to carry this burden of lag, leak, said , the less annoyance. It is a matter of no sig- and friction. And doubtless the burden is suffici- nificance, anyway. The Scandinavians are in effect ently real. It amounts of course to the nation's not imperialistic, perforce. Which means that in working at cross-purposes with itself, for the benefit their international relations they formally adhere of those special interests that stand to gain a little to the rule of Live and Let Live. Not so in their something by it all. But in this as in other works domestic policy, however. They have all endowed of sabotage there are compensating effects, and these themselves with all the encumbrances of national should not be overlooked ; particularly since the case pretensions and discrimination which their circum is fairly typical of what commonly happens. The stances will admit. Apart from a court and church waste and sabotage of the national establishment and which foot up to nothing more comfortable than a its obstructive policy works no intolerable hardship, gratuitious bill of expense, they are also content to because it all runs its course and eats its fill within carry the burden of a national armament, a pro- that margin of sabotage and wasteful consumption tective tariff, a national consular service, and a that would have to be taken care of by some other diplomatic service which takes care of a moderately agency in the absence of this one. That is to say, burdensome series of treaty agreements governing something like the same volume of sabotage and the trade relations of Scandinavian business com- waste is indispensable to the prosperity of business munity—all designed for the benefit of the vested under the conditions of the new order, so long as interests and the kept classes, and all at the cost of business and industry are managed under the con- ditions imposed by the price system. By one means The case of these relatively free, relatively un- or another prices must be maintained at a profitable assuming, and relatively equitable national estab- level; therefore the output must be restricted to a lishments is also instructive. They come as near the reasonable rate and volume, and wasteful consump- rule of Live and Let Live as any national establish tion must be provided for on pain of a failing mar- ment well can and still remain a national estab ket. And all this may as well be taken care of by use Jishment actuated by notions of competitive,self-help of a princely court, an otiose church , a picturesque But all the while the national administration runs army, a well-fed diplomatic and consular service, along, with nothing better to show to any impartial and a customs frontier. In the absence of all this scrutiny than a considerable fiscal burden and a national apparatus of sabotage substantially the same moderate volume of hindrance to the country's in- results would have to be got at by the less seemly dustry, together with some incidental benefit to the vested interests and the kept classes at the cost of the means of a furtive conspiracy in restraint of trade among the vested interests. There is always some- underlying community. These Scandinavians oc- thing to be said for the national integrity. cupy a peculiar position in the industrial world. They are each and several too small to make up The case of these Scandinavian nations, taken in connection and comparison with what is to be seen anything like a self-contained industrial community elsewhere, appears to say that a national establish- even under the most unreserved pressure of national ment which has no pretensions to power and no im- exclusiveness . Their industries necessarily are part perialistic ambitions is preferable , in point of econ- and parcel of the industrial system at large, with and customs tariff of fairly grotesque dimensions and a and self-help. The more nearly the national in- tegrity and self-determination approaches to make- the common man. a licha they are bound in relations of give rand wake which carries these attributes of self-determination 24 THE DIAL January 11 ness. rule of Live and Let Live in dealing with its terest is a prescriptive right to get something for neighbors. And the further implication is plain nothing. Now any project of reconstruction the without argument, that the most beneficent change scope and method of which are governed by consid- that can conceivably overtake any national establish erations of tangible performance is likely to allow ment would be to let it fall into “innocuous only a subsidiary consideration or something less to desuetude.” Apparently, the less the better, with the legitimate claims of the vested interests, whether no apparent limit short of the vanishing point. they -are vested interests of business or of privilege. Such appears to be the object-lesson enforced by It is more than probable that in such a case national recent and current events, in so far as concerns the pretensions in the way of preferential concessions in material fortunes of the underlying community at commerce and investment will be allowed to fall into large as well as the keeping of the peace. But it neglect, so far as to lose all value to any vested in- does not therefore follow that all men and classes terest whose fortunes they touch. These things have will have the same interest in so neutralizing the no effect in the way of net tangible performance. nation's powers and disallowing the national pre- They only afford ground for preferential pecuniary tensions. The existing nations are not of a homo- rights, always at the cost of someone else ; but they geneous make-up within themselves—perhaps less so are of the essence of things in that pecuniary order in proportion as they have progressively come under within which the vested interests of business live the rule of the new order in industry and in busi- and move. So also such a matter-of-fact project of There is an increasingly evident cleavage of reconstruction will be likely materially to revise out- interest between industry and business, or between standing credit obligations, including corporation production and ownership, or between tangible per securities, or perhaps even to disallow claims of this formance and free income-one phrase may serve as character to free income on the part of beneficiaries well as another, and neither is quite satisfactory to who can show no claim on grounds of current tangi- mark the contrast of interest between the common ble performance. All of which is inimical to the best man on the one hand and the vested interests and good of the vested interests and the kept classes. kept classes on the other hand. But it should be Reconstruction which partakes of this character sufficiently plain that the national establishment and in any sensible degree will necessarily be viewed with its control of affairs has a value for the vested in the liveliest apprehension by the gentlemanly states- terests different from what it has for the underlying men of the old school, by the kept classes, and by the community. captains of finance. It will be deplored as a sub- Quite plainly, the new order in industry has no version of the economic order, a destruction of the use or place for national discrimination or national country's wealth, a disorganization of industry, and pretensions of any kind; and quite plainly such a a sure way to poverty, bloodshed, and pestilence. In phrase as "national integrity" has no shadow of point of fact, of course, what such a project may be meaning for this new industrial order which over counted on to subvert is the dominion of ownership runs national frontiers and overcomes national dis- by which the vested interests control and retard the crimination as best it can, in all directions and all rate and volume of production. The destruction of the time. For industry as carried on under the new wealth in such a case will touch, directly, only the order, the overcoming of national discrimination is value of the securities, not the material objects to part of the ordinary day's work. But it is otherwise which these securities have given title of ownership; with the new order of business enterprise-large- it would be a disallowance of ownership, not a de- scale, corporate, resting on intangible assets, and struction of useful goods. Nor need any disorgani- turning on free income which flows from managerial zation or disability of productive industry follow sabotage. The business community has urgent need from such a move; indeed, the apprehended cancel- of an efficient national establishment both at home ment of the claims to income covered by negotiable and abroad. A settled government, duly equipped securities would by that much cancel the fixed over- with national pretensions, and with legal and mili- head charges resting on industrial enterprise, and so tary power to maintain the sacredness of contracts further production by that much. But for those at home and to enforce the claims of its business men persons and classes whose keep is drawn from pre- aboard—such an establishment is invaluable for the scriptive rights of ownership or of privilege the con- conduct of business, though its industrial value may sequences of such a shifting of ground from vested not unusually be less than nothing. interest to tangible performance would doubtless be Industry is a matter of tangible performance in deplorable. In short, “Bolshevism is a menace”; the way of producing goods and services. And in and the wayfaring man is likely to ask: this connection it is well to recall that a vested in- to whom? THORSTEIN VEBLEN. menace 1919 THE DIAL 25 His new works sustain his reputation, though they As an entertainment this piece is by far the most The New Work of Puccini PROBABLY the most interesting musical event of the most ambitious. Puccini has been working on it for year was the world premiere of Puccini's three one some time. There were rumors of it as far back as act operas—at the Metropolitan Opera House in 1914, and the play from which it is built (Didier New York December 14, 1918. During eight years Gold's La Houppelande) was performed in Paris we have been waiting for new work from Puccini, about 1910. The story is simple—the aging hus- for since The Girl of the Golden West he has pro band kills the lover. The scene is strikingly set duced only La Rondine (Monte Carlo, April 1917), upon a barge on the Seine in Paris. Of course the which is equally uninteresting in words and music. people are not French: neither is Minnie American, Puccini is the most popular living composer for nor Madame Butterfly Japanese. The music is the stage ; and he deserves his place. He has always thoroughly interesting: Puccini has made a number remained himself, yet he has always felt the wider of harmonic experiments, and has succeeded with movements of musical development. He is never a them; and the orchestration is sensitive and daring. pioneer, but he always profits by the advanced Melodically, however, the opera is not so successful, idioms. Nor is he ever the last to lay the old aside. for the composer has yet to learn that exotic har- He has kept to the middle path. monies will not enrich a cheap tune. (I am not A bigger reason yet is that he never forgets that referring, it will be understood, to tunes whose color an opera should be an evening's entertainment. is intentionally that of the streets.) Especially bad Therefore he wisely goes to dramatists for librettos. in this respect is the climax of a duet to Paris, Edgar was a revision of Musset's La Coupe et les Ma chi lascia il sobborgo, made still more irritating Lèvres; Manon Lescaut had already been success- by the succeeding pause for applause. The employ- fully treated as an opera by Massenet; Tosca was ment of the hand-organ is amusing and clever, and by Sardou, Madame Butterfly by Long and Belasco, compares favorably with Strawinsky's use of it in and The Girl of the Golden West by Belasco. He Petrushka; and after the exit of Talpa and Frugola established his own theory of opera (or “musical there is excellent suspense, but it is sustained too drama,” as he prefers to call it) long before Caval- long, and the husband's extended aria to the river is leria Rusticana and I Pagliacci popularized it. He bad dramatically and not quite successful musically. avoids the choppy effect of the old recitative-aria- The final curtain, however—the husband madly scena style; he also escapes the monotony of Teu- Ainging his wife at her lover's corpse—is unfor- tonic leit-motif elaborations. Instead Puccini has gettable. solved the problem by combining the aria with the Suor Angelica, the second of the trio, is, I feel, never-ending melody. His drama Aows unin- distinct failure. The music is far too unsophisti- terrupted, but the higher moments are formalized cated to be natural; there is too much repetition of into conventional melodies. Thus he adapts the phrases; and the climaxes are not adequate. As for . Wagnerian method to the spirit of Bizet, sacrificing the libretto, the plot does not seem very natural; the action is padded with irrelevant semi-episodes; Nor is this so much theory as instinct, for Puccini and the end is operatic in the worst sense. In Il actually possesses that rare combination, the lyric Tabarro Puccini made the modern mistake of elim- plus the dramatic sense . He can write tunes that inating all sympathy for the characters; in Suor all the more exciting by his orchestral accompani- sentimentalizing. The story is that of a daughter ment. Moreover he is a great scene painter. The -exterior of the Café Momus in La Bohème, the slow of a patrician family who fell and was forced to enter a convent. Seven years later she hears of the snow of the opening of the third act, Madame But death of her son, takes poison, and is rewarded with terfly's ascent of the hill, the flight of her relatives in the twilight, Johnson and Minnie's departure of the nuns-Hoating about in the garden is pretty; a vision of the Virgin. The effect of the white robes through the great cedars, the homesick minstrel in the saloon: all these and more are to be remembered sonality of Farrar made the performance a success. Gianni Schicchi, however, more than redeemed it. a neither action nor song. S may not add to it. They are three: a tragedy, a romance , and a comedy, all centered about death. The first , Il Tabarro, is the most sophisticated, the essentially the same stock as Buffulmacchio. A ras- successful of the three. It is a story out of the In- 26 January 11 THE DIAL cally lawyer, he is called in to break the will of a dies have not kept pace. The influences of other rich Florentine merchant, for the relatives have dis composers are less noticeable; Puccini is more than covered that most of the property has been left to ever himself. The greatest faults were perhaps the the Church. There is only one way to do it: they moments of unsustained suspense, the occasional bundle the corpse out; Gianni takes the dead man's cheap tunes, and the set places for applause. A pos- place (his death has not yet been made public); the sible effect of the evening may well be the establish- notary is called in; and a new will is dictated. ment of the trilogy of one-act operas, which would Gianni gives each of the relatives a generous in- be a fashion both fresh and satisfactory. As we have heritance; but the richest of all he calmly leaves to moved from the epic through the novel to the short himself, knowing that the relatives dare not inter- story, so we may come to prefer three brief musical fere. As soon as the notary is gone, they set upon tales to the older, ponderous forms. him; but he arms himself with a stick and drives More is to be expected from Puccini, for there them all out of the palace—his palace now! have been rumors of other one-act operas: Anima The music throughout is carefully subordinated to Allegri, from Guntero's comedy of the same name; the action, as it should be, though wi ut losing its I Due Zoccoletti from Ouida's Two Little Wooden own interest. It is fairly modern, yet unaffected; Shoes; and a third, a farce about a party of Euro- and it is packed with color and vitality. A chorus peans captured by cannibals. These cannibals had of "poisoned laughter" is especially good. Yet there once been captured by Europeans and made to build are weak spots—notably Lauretta's sweet little song, a model village at a World's Fair; so they now re- O mio babbino, which is as cheap a song as Puccini has ever written, and which was duly encored. tort in kind upon the Europeans. There may be still An enjoyable evening, if not epoch-making. Puc- other operas in store for us: Il Tabarro and Gianni cini has reached his maturity: his orchestration is Schicchi must make us hope there are. perfected, his harmonies nearly so, though his melo- S. FOSTER DAMON. A Typically American Personality THESE HESE UNITED. STATES have not lacked powerful thing still more big as a world-idea), calls us and picturesque leaders among their governors. back to the constitutional and ethnic structure of But sometimes they fail to write their autobiog our country and the personality, dignity, and dy- raphies, and sometimes they become senators or presi- namics of its individual parts. Though so vigorous dents; and the strength and individuality of the and old-fashioned a lover of the Union that to him provincial ruler, dowered with the strength and indi the Civil War was still "the War of the Rebellion," viduality of his own province, becomes a fading and the recent statue to Lee a blasphemy, as Gov- tradition or is merged with national qualities, inter ernor, Pennypacker would brook no interference ests, and events. In The Autobiography of a Penn- from Washington in the settlement of domestic coal- sylvanian (John C. Winston; Philadelphia; $3) strikes; and, as scholar, he devoted himself exclu- Governor Pennypacker has recorded himself—"un- sively to the history of his state, taking now and altered, unexpurgated, and unedited” by his execu then a fall out of Massachusetts (and her expatriated tors, according to the published request of distin son, “the discoverer of Philadelphia,” whom he calls guished friends, who knowing “a job printer” on the evidence of some two hun- The whims are many dred and odd chiefly mercantile publications of Of Governor Penny- Franklin's press in his own private library). One Pennypacker of Penn feels the Pennsylvanian not alone in the Pennsyl- doubtless conjectured a manuscript disconcerting in vanian subject matter; quite as much in the essen- its honesty, keenness, and mirth. And he has re tially Pennsylvanian (sometimes Philadelphian!) corded himself as a Pennsylvanian to whom his gestures, tones, outlook. There is the state manner, state, with a vaster population than the England very different from the state manner of a Virginian of Elizabeth, and with traditions of indisputable aristocrat or of a Bay State Brahmin or even of a leadership in American ideas and ideals, was the Wisconsin Progressive. In spite of its glorious pro- greatest of our commonwealths. vincialism, Pennsylvania has a rugged cosmopolitan There is something vital for America in this note ancestry the Dutch, the Germans, the Swedes, the -something that, in these days when the federal idea English, the Scotch, the Irish; Church of England, is all in all (except as it too is merging into some Mennonite, Quaker; Liberty Bell and Gettysburg 1919 THE DIAL 27 incog up into the country and buying job lots of authors, corresponding with or interviewing schol- have all contributed to the Pennsylvanian “manner,” ars abroad, editing law cases or old documents, even as they nearly all contributed to the physical writing innumerable books and pamphlets, and read- or mental antecedents of Pennypacker himself. ing eight or so languages (mostly self-taught); as But it is for Pennypacker, after all, rather than politician, standing up for Blaine; as banqueter (and for his state, that his book has enduring pith. For the City of Brotherly Love has always been much Pennypacker, too, rather than for politics. That given to these social affairs) saying with gusto the request of those distinguished friends who wanted thing he was supposed not to say, and taking home him "unexpurgated" emphasizes the manuscript as the menus to be preserved and bound; as candidate, "an invaluable historical document." There are electioneering thus-wise: “I don't know whether I new and kindlier lights on Quay, who assisted, with- will make a good governor or not-you will have out ever controlling, his grateful but independent to run the risk and take the responsibility”; as gov- contemporary; there is some inside history of old ernor, collecting bugs in Wetzel Swamp or "crush- political campaigns (federal, state, city); there are ing the freedom of the press"—its freedom to pub- Civil War reminiscences; there is a full account of lish filth, libel, and lies unpunished—and answering his triumphant governorship, "four years filled with unperturbed the reporter's query, “Does not this storms from start to finish”; and there is a wel continuel objurgation [the press attacks] disturb come plenty of ruthlessly keen and honest comment you?” by taking his cue from a momentary rumb- on the character and conduct of the great and the bling in the western sky: “I have often sat upon this near-great, living and dead. . Yet his public life porch when the clouds gathered out yonder, and was focal to no great crisis, stood for no great presently the lightnings Aashed and the thunders epceh, was identified with no great movement, state rattled until in the uproar my voice could not be or federal; and thus the record cannot have the heard. Where those storms have gone no man larger historical significance of the autobiography knows, and here I am sitting on this porch still.” of, say, Carl Schurz or of Grant, or perhaps of He has lived with zest-interested in all sorts of LaFollette. But a man's a man for a' that, and things, but chiefly in Pennsylvania and in human may turn up sturdy, wise, human without making nature; he has got some things done that seemed to great history or being made great by history. Any- him (and to Pennsylvania and to the rest of us) one who reads this autobiography will meet therein worth doing. And in this, the summing up, he is somebody who will make a difference for him: that living the whole business over—with zest too. But is its ultimate significance. the effect is as far from braggadocio as from under- Charles Francis Adams sets down near the begin- statement: such a combination of rollicking and in- ning of his autobiography (which by the way was genuous frankness and self-satisfaction, with philo- one of the last books the Pennsylvanian records as sophical sagacity and the critical spirit (toward his read, in the notebook he always kept at his elbow): own life and character as well as toward all else), “I now humbly thank fortune that I have almost is not often found. got through life without making a conspicuous ass of On the other hand, if this vigorous, reflective, myself.”. This may be the Boston understatement, forthright, eccentric, and withal kindly man ever the indifferentis of one born to a name and a knew the agonies of pain, sickness, and death, ever tradition supposedly so secure that self-depreciation brooded in any suffering of the spirit, ever was lifted is simply good form is one's set—and an Adams or by great music or great love or any other of the a Lowell in Boston still talks, I think, mostly to his spiritually expanding instrumentalities of human Setu But nothing like this for Samuel Whitaker life, he has left us here no record. Nor is there but Pennypacker! He has had a ripping time being a word here and there about his own fireside. It is done to: from the days when he had colic as a country baby to the days when, as Governor, his about a man busy in the everyday world , who sees tousled head was cartooned by the press of the nation through make-believe, helps good things along, col- He has had an even more ripping time doing to: lects all sorts of souvenirs, remembers everybody's as judge, giving a chap eight months for cutting full name, knows everybody's genealogy, and creates off a dog's tail, and performing other stunts based unconsciously through three score years and ten, on opinions unusual in the derivative and artificial out of himself and out of his neighborhood, a typi- some sort of thing, though its typical limitations in queer old books at German farmhouse auctions; subtility, inwardness, imagination, sense of propor- as antiquarian and scholar, discovering dates and tion, and mellow taste should not be forgotten. WILLIAM ELLERY LEONARD. inte at the sober judiciary; "as bibliophile, tijoring cally American personality which is a good whole- 28 January 11 THE DIAL Eugenics-Made in Germany na- THERE HERE ARE two logics—a logic of passion and a of anthropological and archeological evidence; so on, logic of fact. The latter accumulates its material, against the incontrovertible witness of anthropology classifies it according to its nature, allows it to and archeology that the basic advances of civilization assume the pattern inevitable to that nature, and are due to the Alpine and Mediterranean types in the calls the pattern the law which governs the ma Orient, Greece, and Italy; that the geographical terial; the law emerges from the facts, not the facts distribution of ethnic types crosses the lines from the law. Quite contrary is the procedure of tional boundaries; that it is absurd, consequently, to the logic of passion. It begins as an impulse, a identify race, type, and nation. prejudice, an appetite, a wish,' conscious perhaps, But the evidence of science matters as little to more often unconscious, always starved, voracious, Mr. Humphreys as to that renegade Englishman, and ashamed of the candor and frankness of day, Houston Stewart Chamberlain, and the rest of the always seeking disguise and justification, and always, Pan-Germanist priesthood. He presents this myth- consequently, sucking into its vortex all sorts of ological fancy as fact, without authority and without materials, relevant and irrelevant, important and argument, and upon it he bases his “racial prospect.” worthless, that will give it aid and comfort and France is racially exhausted; England is distinctly right, that will make it seem reasonable. The on the way to exhaustion; whatever contribution to pattern into which materials so gathered fall is not civilization came from Russia was made by Teutons; the effect of their essential nature, not the revelation the Germans alone, being a young race, and a pure of their underlying unity, not a natural pattern. race, and a good race, and Aryan—oh so Aryan ! The pattern into which materials so gathered fall have the future in their hands. Against them there is an artificial pattern; its unity is the unity of the are however the renewed Anglo-Saxon stocks of the passion or prejudice that holds them together, and Anzac lands, and of America. But America gives when it lapses, they scatter. The differentia of Mr. Humphreys pause—America, the melting-pot, such a pattern are easily observable: its elements are is a mongrel farm, and the mixing of the inferior incongruous with one another; the bulk of them are races from Central and Southern Europe, of the in- assumptions, dogmas, speculations, conjectųres, pre- digenous Indian and imported African with the su- sented as facts because they sustain the passion which perior Anglo-Saxon means degeneration. Of course holds them together. · Whatever correct material is African and Indian sometimes do things Aryans mixed with them they distort and diminish in value. might be proud of, but those things are to be The logic of Mr. Seth K. Humphreys in Man attributed to Aryan blood ! kind: Racial Values and the Racial Prospect Thus Mr. Seth Humphreys, concerning the value (Scribner; $1.50) is the logic of passion. Indeed and future of mankind, oblivious—or ignorant of this book of Mr. Humphreys' needs only an intro- the sober finding of anthropology and archeology; duction by a professional patriot to make it oblivious or ignorant, or wilfully ignoring, the social a perfect thing of its kind. It has the hortatory and economic history of the nations of whose future unction, the smattering of sciences, the dogmatism, he so glibly and cathedrally disposes, particularly and the pretentiousness which the protagonists of of Germany's, the factors in whose "spectacular rise" American Junkerism have standardized for the read- ing public. Its style is perhaps too fine, too re-. He has uttered a passion, not recorded a perception. are very far from being even fifty per cent Aryan. strained. But that is an incident. The play's the The pity of his utterance lies in the perversion it thing, and the play—was made in Germany. In that land of passionate self-appreciation there was operates on certain eugenic considerations of great invented a tall, strong, blond, brainy being, every importance, and altogether independent of the myth- inch a German, who was described as coming out of ology with which it is applied. That the superior are the North, and creating all over Europe and Asia- for a variety of reasons infertile, that the multiplica- from Japan to Italy—any particular item of civiliza- tion of the inferior is excessive, that the war has tion that the Germans liked. They called this blond produced an inevitable disproportion of females to aborigine “Aryan.” Because they fancied they liked males, in which the breeding of the superior is placed Christianity they declared that Jesus was an Aryan. at a still greater disadvantage, are all matters de- Because they fancied they liked Japanese prints, they serving the deepest attention of the classes concerned declared that the Aryan blood in the Japanese made with the conservation of the race, in whatever na- them. And so on. So on, against the total absence tion. That the principle which must govern the 1919 THE DIAL 29 sex. is most strangely and poignantly alone. Whether, A Bisque-Play, we see only a mantel shelf and a solemn-eyed, gnomelike, with naively interested eyes use of any chosen remedy in this situation must in tions of this sort with racial mythology? The volve an enhanced reproduction of the eugenically answer is that in the logic of the passions reality is fit and a greatly diminished reproduction of the made to minister to fancy in the hope that it may eugenically unfit cannot be too much stressed. And impart some of its solidity to the object of desire. it is true also that such a principle must needs gen- ΤΙ process is technically called "rationalization." erate very definite changes in the conventions of Mr. Humphreys' book is a more tactful attempt than Mr. Madison Grant's to “rationalize" war But why blur and depreciate important concep- prejudice. H. M. Kallen. Kreymborg's Marionettes WHITMAN HITMAN AND not Poe was the true pioneer of roots. This is apparent even in Mushrooms, for American poetry. Poe filled narrow unpliant forms never since the great Walt scattered his Leaves over with a wild, fantastic, supple life. He played freely an offended continent has there been a poetic firstling within circumscribed boundaries, because boundaries that has shown so few “influences.” Its method, did not constrict him he was the kind of bird that then tentative, uncertain, seemed a seed blown from sings most sweetly in a cage. nowhere. Now we feel its upward growth in these But Whitman's was a grandly nihilistic gesture. Plays for Poem-Mimes, in which common words He assailed the whole bastille of form and brought made taut like strings seem to have acquired a new it tumbling about his own ears. He was a liberator and silvery timbre. of rhythms as Nietzsche was of ethics. And at that Kreymborg seems to melt life as in a crucible and he achieved no modern miracle. His was the world pour it into these quaintly human marionettes from old revolt of life, weary of constraining her mighty whom it perpetually brims over. Except for Mani- rhythms in “piano tunes.” Wholly a democrat, he was concerned only with the broad and common kin and Minikin—who probably flouted their be- currents of existence—whatever surrounded and in- getter's plan by announcing themselves as full-blown cluded the life of crowds—and like most democrats egos—one can imagine these little dramas being he was unaware of nuances. But in a literary sense staged in souls and played by “the people who live his service to America equaled that of Washington in people," so eerily intimate are they. and the co-Fathers of the Revolution. Like theirs, All six plays have a musical structure. Deftly, bis : Declaration of Independence sounded cabar. surely , with his sensitive musician's fingers , Kreym- baric yawp over the roofs of the world.” And borg touches those tenuous quivering threads that though we may smile tolerantly at the clumsy ways radiate beneath the compact surface of life. First of a pioneer and clear away his good rank grasses, he makes a silence—a silence of wheels and cranes it is over his unrailed clearing rather than along the and a silence of subways and barrel organs—even a slender trail of Poe that the truly American poets silence of feet stamping upon gallery floors. And you who would watch his swaying motifs in their He has made it easier for men so unlike as Frost rhythmic dances and listen to their subtile music, and Sandburg and Bodenheim and Masters to grow and push out horizons. Even Vachel Lindsay would must pass through this luminous silence that sur- rounds them like an aura. But if you would enjoy oft have had space enough for his adorable ragtime, the full luster of each silvery dissonance you must if Whitman's breath had not blown over the stucco hush those too clamorous memories of Broadway palaces and rose gardens and high English hedges , and the blind white scream of spotlights. For and left a great clear space like a prairie for free Kreymborg sweeps away all ready-made gestures He deals direct with of this large incoherence that is America, Kreymborg But of all the poets that are now travailing out life , and life needs silence to be heard. When the curtain rises on Manikin and Minikin: like some elfin Hamlet, folded in an ironic smile as in a cloak, or gazing out of his own Mushrooms, huge clock ticking away eternity between "two aris- tocratic bisque figures, a boy'in cerise and a girl in on an unrelated world, he seems to have no artistic cornflower blue.” The servant girl, whom we never see but of whose nearness we are always aware, has will pass to their own. rhythms to gallop in. 30 January 11 THE DIAL -- turned them away from each other so that they see again, tagging and dancing away, making impish only mouths. One leaves it with a sense of futility and of being wounded uselessly and of feeling bits of the everlasting armchair, the everlasting tiger skin, severed life fumbling for each other. And yet, for the everlasting yellow, green and purple books. those of us who have seen Jack's House produced And into these two inanimates, who recall their by the Other Players and listened to the wistfully childhood in the English museum, Kreymborg has importunate accompaniment of Julian Freedman's poured a full, sweet tide of life. We do not think of music, this parody of a home them as puppets but as living essences—gestures of will rock in our memory surrounded beauty, captured like two bright birds no matter what we grow to. and held static in time. Minikin asking: In Blue and Green: A Shadow-Play love—avid, Who made me what I am- morbidly aware, eternally touching and swaying who dreamed me in motionless clay? apart—is again the dominant motif. The two fig- or voicing her jealousy of the servant-Minikin who ures, talking in silvery monotones while “fragments does not know how old she is—is as perfect of her of their lives dance a shadow-dance" against a blue kind as any of the great characters of literature. California sky, compare their dissonances with an Manikin says in his sad wise philosophy: exquisite and intimate clarity, flowing through each other's consciousness like two streams of faintly The life of an animate iridescent water. If a man and woman could so is a procession of deaths with but a secret sorrowing candle commune through their mortal opacity, then these guttering lower and lower two might be any man and any woman who had on the path to the gravem the life of an inanimate tried to mold the other to his own image, is as serenely enduring- only to find the image/mean, as all still things are. commonplace, bitterly familiar- And I feel this little play to be of such stuff as a sight to be effaced with the first recognition. will prove to be “serenely enduring.” Unlike some This thought of our multiple spiritual recreations of Kreymborg's other work, it has no loose repeti- of each other finds constant expression in Kreym- tions straying like uncared-for children, and no borg's work. The old figure in When the Willow frayed ends; the whole is correlated into a perfect Nods says of the Girl: form. A lesser artist might have made a catastrophic Your least sly look finale by letting the servant girl “shatter the great recreates folk to your image; happy centuries ahead” by sweeping Minikin from and it is the main theme of People Who Die.' In "the everlasting shelf.” As it is, the play leaves off this lonely Dream-Play, Love has almost ceased to on the progressive chord. Only the mellow chimes importune her dead children. And the two figures of the clock striking the hour round the silence like are as shells that "we hold to our ear" and through the last touch on a jewel. which we hear the roaring backwash of life. It Of the comedies, Lima Beans: A Scherzo-Play, seems in a sense to be a sequel to Blue and Green, with a dainty allegro movement, is a prolonged rip- penetrating even deeper than the latter into inner ple of quaintly satirical laughter in which Kreym- sacristies. As dramatic structures these two plays borg, delicately whimsically as some supernaturally are the weakest in the group. Perhaps they are wise gnome, mocks at life with her own symbols. spiritual records done at a too close perspective to be Jack's House: A Cubic-Play is not so easily expressed in conscious terms of art. But in order disposed of. It has a way of leaving one's concep to assume any dramatic or even any permanent tion of it swinging foolishly like an empty cage. At literary value they would have to be recast and all first one follows pleasantly the miming of its two those groping segments constrained into some definite figures and smiles at Jack's expectations of his doll form. is, they are as good wine that has been wife, who is hardly more than a delicious pout, spilled on the ground instead of poured into clear-cut and what has a pout to do with home-making? goblets. Later this little oblique satire on the American home The book is at once a challenge and a stimu- acts as an emotional irritant. There is something lus. It reminds us that the artist's interpre- vaguely chilling about an atmosphere where tation of life must be more than a record of action two black pillows or a corroboration of registered emotions. Kipling on our green couch achieved these brilliantly—and reached his period be- are the make-believe children. Besides, the poet's fore thirty. Our individual reactions to the tangible thought has a trick of whisking into ambush and out beat in ever dwindling vibrations—the exploration 1919 THE DIAL 31 cance. sence. Imagination and Vision I modest postulate which, at all events, clears the writer of all suspicion of the charlatanism so fre- Search, "Æ" selects a number of spiritual adven- of the intangible is the one inexhaustible adventure. titude is serenely robust, and his regret is never for Blows, gifts, kisses, wine, stars, winds, sun—the People Who Die, but for “the people who die in time comes to every artist when he has answered people,” those fragile and lovely images the ego even these, and when the raised and visible signs by fashions of its beloved. which our mute souls quibble to each other need to Whether we like him or not, it will soon be be re-energized by the impetus of some new discov- obligatory to recognize Kreymborg as an impelling ery. And it is this spirit of discovery—this getting force in the new American drama. In discarding out and making a clearing, instead of huddling in old forms he has merely thrown away what to him mental tenements—that is Kreymborg's great signifi are worn-out swaddlings no longer whole enough or spacious enough to contain the living, growing es- In one almost painfully clutching gesture—that of His aim is to make life face itself anew by musically monotonous repetitions-he resembles the aid of new symbols—life, never to be persuaded Maeterlinck. But he has none of the great Bel or reconciled by its own “bitterly familiar” image. gian's fear of personal extinction. His spiritual at- LOLA RIDGE. IS SOME years now since "Æ" published a tures and endeavors to reveal their significance. To book of the nature of this Candle of Vision (Mac- 'this end his account is restricted to experiences which millan; London), which breaks the line of political have some similarity to those of our common dreams, writings that have given Mr. George W. Russell “not because they are in any way wonderful, but a public unknown to the earlier "Æ.” Indeed, rather because they are like things many people see, only the readers of esoteric magazines and the and so they may more readily follow my argument." hoarders of rare pamphlets will easily recall the last Many eloquent and beautiful pages are given to prose publication of “Æ's,” to which the present this retrospective narrative of dreams, visions, and volume attaches itself in the lineage of his work. imaginations since the poet's boyhood, when the There were chapters in Imaginations and Reveries “mysterious life quickening within my life” began (Macmillan; 1915) to remind us that "Æ,” the to reveal itself. They are revelations rather than mystic, was not completely submerged in Mr. proofs of a doctrine which appeals to reason while George Russell, the cooperator and economist. That . defying it. “Æ” proceeds very reasonably to ex- book, consisting for the most part of reprinted early plain how these first “intimations of immortality" essays, may serve as a bridge between the poet of came to him, and how he set himself by concen- Homeward (1894) and The Earth Breath (1897) trated meditation to obtain control of the means and the prose author of The Candle of Vision, for of access the divine universe, to that pleroma of here he has returned to analyze and to expound the the Gnostics. The labor of concentration, the rigid experiences and teaching of his verse. These medi- setting of the faculties upon some mental object, tations are “the efforts of an artist and poet to relate leaves the neophyte “trembling as at the close of a his own vision to the vision of the seers and writers laborious day.” A thousand conflicting desires and emotions crowd in upon the brain to deflect the will Readers of “Æ's” poems remember them as the from its purpose; but once the power of concentra- records of certain spiritual experiences as suggestive, tion has been acquired, “the inexpressible yearning and often as beautiful, as they are rare in the lives of the vast majority of unmeditative," incurious be satisfied. Through this discipline “Æ" passed, people . By the exercise of will power and concen- and he invites others to follow him and to share tration "Æ" is able to attain to that vision of the the ecstasies and wonders of the visions of super- divine world about us whose existence he now at- nature thus obtained. He tells of the power so tempts to prove. “There is no personal virtue in me other than this, that I followed a path all may won, by virtue of which a word in the page of a in book could transport him to scenes stored up travel , but on which few do journey." With this the Eternal Memory; of the flickering through his brain of pictures in the minds of friends and quently prevalent to the detriment of psychical re- strangers; of sudden illuminations of the darkness shrouding past and future, in which he saw phan- tasms of the life of ancient Ireland and the avatar of the sacred books." 32 January 11 THE DIAL H ever of our race, the "child of destiny around whom “Æ's” theories one accepts, "we must postulate the future of Ireland was to pivot.” If in many of an unsleeping consciousness within ourselves while these pictures "Æ” strays from the line of com the brain is asleep; and the unsleeping creature was mon experience to which he promised to keep in either the creator of the dream or the actor in a his selection, nobody will regret that, in exchange, real event.” He likens himself in one case to “a he has given us some beautiful, suggestive, and man in a dark hall so utterly lightless, so soundless, wonderful adventures of an artist's soul. After all that nothing reaches him; and then the door is it is doubtful if more than a fraction of the public suddenly Aung open, and he sees a crowd hurrying will, if honest, do more than grant his premises by, and then the door is closed, and he is again in in order to hear what he has to tell. “Æ" prom darkness." Such is the dream which is not "self- ises the same powers of vision and imagination to created fantasy,” but a sudden consciousness of being every disciple; but if we eliminate, as is often so in another sphere where a glimpse is obtained of difficult, the pseudo-mystics from those who are events whose beginning and end are not seen: truly psychic, it must inevitably be the case that On that hypothesis there were journeyings of the soul many are called but few are chosen. before and after the moment remembered, but the action The elimination of the fakers and table-turning in priority and succession I could not remember, be cause there was as yet no kinship in the brain to the amateurs of cheap mysteries is essential if we are mood of the unsleeping soul or to the deed it did. to have serious attention paid to psychical revelations. "Æ,” so happily free from the stigma governing the two-fold hypothesis of "Æ,” there is Arising out of this interpretation of dreams, and of the mystery-mongers, has been able to raise in an interesting analysis of the difference between im- this book some points of the deepest interest. He tries, and asks us to try, to discover what element agination and vision, although the two are often confounded. "If I look out of the windows of the of truth lies in imagination. He cannot accept the facile methods of the now fashionable psycho- soul,” he writes, that is not an act of imagination, but a "vision of something which already exists, analysts who can explain everything by reference and which in itself must be unchanged by the act to memory and suppressed desires. Assuming that our dreams are old memories refashioned “Æ" of seeing.” On the other hand, "by imagination what exists in latency or essence is outrealised and asks: is given a form in thought, and we can contemplate What is it combines with such miraculous skill the with full consciousness that which hitherto has been things seen,' taking a tint here, a fragment of form there, which uses the colours and forms of memory as unrevealed, or only intuitionally surmised.” Hence a palette to paint such masterpieces ? it follows that the images of imagination may be And he argues that it is "just as marvelous but referred "definitely to an internal creator, with not so credible” to assume that there is an artistic power to use or re-mould pre-existing forms and faculty in the subconscious memory, as to believe, endow them with life, motion and voice.” In other with him, that dreams come “not by way of the words, that, artist in our subconsciousness whose physical senses transformed to memory,” but “like power to refashion memories was defined by "Æ" the image thought transferred, or by obscure ways as “just as marvelous but not so credible" as his reflected from spheres above us, from the lives of own theory, is now postulated to explain the acts others and the visions of others." The figures of of imagination as distinct from vision. The differ- dreams move; "they have life and expression. The entiation is important, granting the author's funda- sunlight casts authentic moving shadows on the mental theory of the universe, but he is expecting ground." How can such effects be produced by too much of the unconverted when he asks them to figures composed of innumerable fixed impressions endow imagination with creative faculties denied in in the brain, which, if recombined, could hardly the case of memory. The more so as he has by no make a more lifelike effect than a face, composed means succeeded in showing a real divergence be- of a hundred thousand pictures of heads refashioned tween acts of vision and acts of imagination. The and pasted together? phenomena described in both cases are to the un- Dreams are explicable, as “Æ" sees it, in either initiated remarkably similar. of two ways; they are “self-created fantasy” or “the The dreams recorded, wonderful as many of them mirroring in the brain of an experience of soul in are, may be traced to memories, and since there is a real sphere of being.” While this provides an evidently a mysterious power of refashioning the escape from the irritating dogmatism of the Freudian impressions received by the brain, it is possible to scientists, it leaves "the plain workaday people" no explain "Æ's" visions and dreams by the hypothesis further advanced in the discussion. Whichever of he rejects. At no time does he seem to be aware of 1919 THE DIAL 33 adventurers; the third to, social philosophers and economists; and only in the fourth has the war correspondent come distinctly into his own. Of this Palmer does not disguise the fact that the machine spondents, command attention-Frederick Palmer's direction, shortcomings in execution. What he im- the important fact that the mind records uncon These points are merely a 'few amongst the many sciously innumerable impressions. He writes as if suggested by this unique spiritual autobiography, he could always be certain of exactly what phenom- which is packed with ideas and richly colored with ena have been impressed upon his memory, and he beautiful reveries. It is not only an essential part argues that when he sees in dreams something of of the work which “Æ” has given to the world which he had no earthly knowledge this is a proof in his verse but it opens up the most attractive fields of supernatural revelation. But I fancy that any of speculation. Here is a man who has found a reader with a knowledge of physics and of sailing, new way to truth and knowledge, and who is only for example, could show “Æ" how his description too anxious to submit his methods for examination of the aerial ships is the obvious result of a lay- and to invite others to adopt them. If the great man's vague recollections of matters with which he metaphysicians and philosophers had essayed these has no real acquaintance. His airships have steer strange paths along which “Æ" has pursued his ing wheels, though they move in no element in quest, they might have arrived at a perception of which they could be so controlled-surely an in life more vital to an age conscious of the limitations stance of a landsman's unscientific memory, recalling of reason. Will and imagination, so large a factor the casually observed fact that ships are steered by in this mystic doctrine of the universe—were they a wheel. Indeed it will be evident to anyone who not the basis of Schopenhauer's metaphysic? Steeped analyzes "Æ's” pictures that they are essentially as he was in the sacred writings of the East, which refashioned memories, colored, it is true, by the have meant so much to "Æ," he just failed to artistic and metaphysical preoccupations of the realize their teaching. If in the end The Candle of author. Had his mind been stored with other lore than the Eastern scriptures, had his eye been that Vision brings us no nearer than before to the solu- of a mechanical engineer instead of an artist, his tion of the profound mystery of being, it renews an imaginations and visions would have been molded old approach to the mysterious problem which chal- accordingly. Unless perhaps they were entirely ex- lenges the intelligence of humanity. tinguished ! ERNEST A. BOYD. The American Soldier LITERATURE of the war has passed America in France (Dodd, Mead; $1.75) and through several phases as marked as the phases of Floyd Gibbons And They Thought we wouldn't our interest and participation in the conflict itself. Fight (George H. Doran; $2). The outbreak of the war found us intellectually The titles of these books correctly prophesy their unprepared, and there followed a feverish eruption of contents, style, and general approach. Mr. Palmer explanation. Studies of national ambitions, trade writes as a historian—a plain unvarnished tale. rivalries , diplomatic backgrounds were quickly From his position on General Pershing's staff as placed before the public. Then as our citizens censor we may assume that his book is the result became engaged in relief work, or sporadically as of the fullest information and of the highest dis- combatants, their immediate view of the phenomena cretion. It is in fact the first complete official view of the war and personal experience in it became of America's part in the war. And with every staple. As our neutrality wore thin and it became allowance for reserve it is a convincing as well as clear that we should be involved in the final phase an impressive one. Mr. Palmer writes as a historian; as arbiter if not as contestant, there appeared fore- he also writes as a soldier, not only with an efface- casts of the settlement in which we must have a part. And when we became belligerent the literature tot fellow soldiers which is both engaging and inspiring. tion. These several phases have belonged for differt reminiscence , little anecdote and illustration. The het elasses of writers–the first to historians, pub- impression which emerges is that of a whole, a licists , and other informed persons; the second to powerful and highly organized machine, in which the individual is not lost indeed, but multiplied until his personal record is an impertinence. Mr. final phase two books, both by well-known corre- did not work perfectly, that there were errors in AMERICAN 34 January 11 THE DIAL 1 plies however is the superhuman effort, the extremity From the multitude of incidents he disengages the of toil and sacrifice, with which the individual American soldier as a type, distinct as the French member of the vast complex set himself to limit poilu of Barbusse or the British Tommy of Captain the area of mistake and make good the effects of Beith—a national figure although racially of Italian, shortage. It is easy to divine beneath the surface English, Celtic, Slavic, or Teutonic extraction. It of his narrative of a successful army the vital con would be impossible to recreate this figure in a tribution of the man, not only behind the gun, but critical summary, but some of his salient traits may behind the telephone receiver, the motor wheel, even be enumerated—his imperturbable coolness, his in- the ledger and the counter. solent courage, his disconcerting unexpectedness, his And this is the view which America will be glad tolerant good nature, his humor that surmounts to take in the future—a view of the campaign in pain, and his irony that circumvents' fate. And a France as a national enterprise in which the qual- few bits of his lively conversation may be quoted. ities which had marked the geographical, industrial, The men in the tree-tóp lookout waiting for the and scientific expansion of the nation were directed German fire: a single end, animated miraculous energy, "Why in hell don't they come back at us?” Griffith crowned by complete achievement, and glorified by asks. "I've had myself all tuned up for the last twenty heroic sacrifice. minutes to have a leg blown off and be thankful. I hate Mr. Floyd Gibbons, of the Chicago Tribune, this waiting stuff.” “Keep your shirt on, Pete," Stanton remarks. “Give writes like a newspaper man. In reading his book 'em a chance to get their breath and come out of their one is reminded of his veteran predecessors, the holes. That barrage drove 'em down a couple hundred correspondents the Civil War, of Browne and feet into the ground and they haven't any elevators to come up on." Richardson, and of those classics, Four Years in Secessia and The Field, The Dungeon, and The The wireless operator in the open summerhouse: Escape; and one recognizes how much journalism "Seems so peaceful here with the sun streaming down has gained in amplitude and richness and raciness over these old walls,” he said. "What do you hear out of the air?” I asked. by the intensive cultivation of “the story" at the "Oh, we pick up a lot of junk,” he replied. "A hands of the humbler members of the craft. Mr. few minutes ago I heard a Ġerman aeroplane signaling Gibbons has the closeness of contact with his ma- by wireless to a German battery and directing its fire. I could tell every time the aviator said the shot was terial, the intimacy with his characters, the im short or over. It's kinder funny to sit back here in quiet mediateness of style that mark the expert police and listen in on the war, isn't it?" or baseball reporter. His book is a succession of Dan Bailey, who had lost a leg at Cantigny: journalistic tours de force of which the first, the "I know what I'm going to do when I get home,” he sinking of the Laconia, and the last, the wounding said. “I'm going to get a job.as an instructor in a roller- of the author during the taking of the Belleau skating rink." Woods by the American marines, are masterpieces The record of the American soldier as revealed in worthy of G. W. Steevens. Between these are lesser both these books is a valuable comment on democ- stories, the taking over of the first front-line sector racy in war. After all, the practical issue between by American troops, an inspection of the trenches, democracy and autocracy turned on the question of a raid into the enemy dugouts reported by telephone, relative efficiency in the test of survival in direct a bombardment, and the rush of the Second Division conflict of arms. It was the belief of autocracy in into Picardy to stem the German offensive. Where the essential military unfitness of democracy that Mr. Palmer is summary, Mr. Gibbons is detailed; gave it confidence in forcing the issues that inevit- where the former is literal and expository, the latter ably added first England and later America to its is picturesque and illustrative: America in France is enemies. It appeared to the best authorities that detached and impersonal; individual traits and inci the complicated processes of modern warfare could dents are the essence of And They Thought We not be learned by the ordinary citizen in less than Wouldn't Fight. two years of intensive training—that a system of Mr. Gibbons made it his business to know the instruction of such levies could not be maintained American soldier, not as an unidentifiable factor in except by a military caste with a tradition of su- the grim unity of his formations, but as the individ- periority to the body of citizens that reflected the ual, who accepts regimentation with the same autocracy of the state. Above all, the testing of humorous stoicism with which he accepts war. Mr. armies in maneuver and the constant practice of the Gibbons constantly allows him to escape from his general staff in handling large bodies of men and enforced into his real character, to appear as Big material was deemed essential. It is true that Moriarity, or Missouri Slim, or the dying Wop. America entered the war under tutelage—that our 1 THE DIAL 35 And as a Crow Indian imperiled his life crawling into the for the purpose, present difficulties of a different tethered to the tent pegs, it is difficult to hold that produces far-reaching changes in economic activity, unpreparedness was in part at the expense of our provided was economized to the last degree, used allies. But granting the contribution of staff work as leaven in the whole effervescing mass. and of instruction in major and minor tactics, which result our army became an extraordinarily flexible was so generously given, the attainment of the and responsive instrument, preserving the best fea- American officers and men gives ground for belief tures of democratic organization. The officers could in the ability of democracy to take care of itself. not send their men into battle in rigid formations, What part if any our high command played in trained to mechanical exactness of maneuver at word the major strategy of the last months of the war of command, but they could lead them anywhere. may never be disclosed. Even the story of the Amer The result was, it is true, in the American as in the ican general who took personal responsibility for English army, which was trained on essentially the the counter-offensive at Chateau-Thierry may re same principle, a disproportionate loss of officers. main apocryphal. But the mastery of the art of war That is the price which democracy must always pay by field officers and men of the American forces is an for being—the sacrifice of its leaders. But that the achievement in education of which the example individual maintained himself in spite of the draft should not be lost. The result was brought about and the training and the discipline—the whole proc- by an extraordinary spirit of cooperation between ess of regimentation-and will return personally officers and men. Apart from a small number avail the richer for his experience, no one who reads these able for active service in the regular army and na volumes can doubt. In his justification of democ- tional guard, our officers were college boys sum racy as against autocracy in war the American moned to turn their training to a field which they soldier recalls the boast of Pericles to the Athenians: had never thought to enter. Their success was per "Whereas the Spartans from early youth are al- haps a surprise to the faculties which had trained ways undergoing laborious exercises which are to them. They had to teach themselves, and each make them brave, we live at ease yet are equally other, and their men. The men taught them ready to face danger.” selves and each other. The limited expert instruction ROBERT Morss LOVETT. The Economic Interpretation of History: A Footnote Halad by some votaries of the political sciences he could much more readily have stolen several un- as a generalization comparable with the theory of picketed horses roaming about the outskirts. If he evolution, the economic interpretation of history has chose the more arduous method, it was to gain found small favor in the eyes of anthropologists. not any material benefit but social prestige, which This is not due to any peculiarly bourgeois atmos was attainable only through some traditionally recog- phere that invests anthropological thought, as ex nized act of bravery. treme adherents of the materialistic conception Nevertheless every exaggeration in the realm of might assume. The grounds for an a priori bias thought seems bound to lead as a normal reaction against that view lie in quite different directions. to an equal and contrary perversity. The very super- For one thing, the complexities of civilization even ciliousness with which the modern ethnologist re- in its humbler levels are such that antagonism is jects economic causation invites a cautious reexamina- at once roused by advertisements of any vaụnted tion of the ground. Obviously, the most favorable master key, whether economic or geographical or conditions for a fair test of economic influences on what not. On the other hand, the students of human culture are rightly suspicious of any attempt to the structure of society would obtain if we had make reason shoulder the responsibility for most or knowledge of a given community at one stage and equally satisfactory knowledge of the same com- even for much of what mankind has done. They munity at a later period when some basic change of are so constantly confronted with the power of other impulses that ideological rather than utilitarian economic existence had supervened. Our Western entices loom large in their consciousness as primary cion, because its complexityø obscures the factors at human action. When, for , work. Simpler modes of life, while better suited he was prompted by an economic motive, seeing that but frequently this modification is accompanied by 36 THE DIAL January 11 such disintegration of aboriginal life that nothing Since the herd requires everlasting care, boys and can be inferred as to the influence due to an enforced girls of ten are often impressed into the service, change from, say, the chase to agriculture. Again, while Maritime children of considerably greater age where the touch of civilization has not proved disas- continue the care-free existence of youth. A rein- trous—as among the Navaho of Arizona—we know deer-owner is master of valuable property and as little or nothing of the earlier status of the people such exacts obedience and deference even in senility. examined ; we cannot say what has been the effect of Not so among the sea-hunters, where success is de- stock-raising on Navaho custom and thought, for pendent on physical prowess, where every morsel of the simple reason that records are wanting for the food is the result of labor and privation. Here the ancient life of this tribe before the Spaniards had old men automatically drop out of the race and are taught them to rear sheep. degraded to the position of tolerated dependents. Yet the case is not utterly hopeless, and the north With the Maritime people there is little to rouse easternmost part of Siberia furnishes us with most native cupidity, and theft is relatively rare. The instructive data. In this region we encounter a introduction of reindeer greatly stimulated theft primitive tribe known as the Chukchi, which is and avarice. A traveler through Maritime terri- divided into two groups differing widely as to their tory is entertained scot-free for several days; and a mode of subsistence. The Maritime branch con host will not stop short of sacrificing his sledge or tinues to support itself by fishing and hunting in the house-supports to furnish fuel. In striking contrast ancestral fashion, presenting on the whole a re to such generosity stands the custom of the Rein- markably Eskimo-like type of Arctic culture. With deer people—inhospitable to the point of churlish- the remainder of the Chukchi these methods of gain ness and unscrupulous in stealing their guest's pos- ing a livelihood are overshadowed by utilization of sessions. Finally may be mentioned an illustration domesticated reindeer, a feature borrowed from of the subtle influence exerted by the very fact of other Siberian aborigines in relatively recent times. property rights. Property becomes in a way an end A comparison of the Maritime and the Reindeer in itself, as in modern rules of primogeniture. With Chukchi thus supplies us with a definite test of the Maritime people, to be sure, the eldest son gets what changes may follow a modification of eco the best share of his father's implements, but the nomic conditions; and we are particularly fortu house is simply broken down and its contents divided nate in being able to derive our data from Bogoras' among the survivors. Such division strikes the Rein- monograph, one of the classics of modern ethnog deer Chukchi as almost sacrilegious. The house raphy for amplitude of detail and trustworthiness. must descend to the heir-apparent undivided. Fail- Very significant differences appear in matrimonial ing issue, a wealthy reindeer-breeder will go to any relations. The Maritime Chukchi is not nearly so lengths to perpetuate his hoard by adopting a remote dependent on a woman's care as the reindeer-breeder, relative or transmitting the whole to a friend. whose tents and clothes demand constant attention. It seems to have been only within the last hundred Accordingly bachelorhood is more common among years that the Chukchi developed into intensive rein- the sea-hunters than with the reindeer-breeders. deer-breeders. During this extremely brief span of The Maritime Chukchi is barely able to provide time, then, economic specialization has produced pro- for one woman and her issue, so that even bigamy is found alterations in the social usages of the Chukchi extremely rare, while a wealthy Reindeer Chukchi -nay, in their very outlook on life and their ulti- often has one wife to take care of each of his herds. mate ideals. In view of the ocular demonstration The need of assistants to tend the reindeer has also supplied by a comparison of the Maritime and the fostered a particular form of courtship—the scrip- Reindeer Chukchi, the total rejection of economic tural method of gaining a bride by rendering a factors as a cultural force appears untenable. herdsman's services to her father. Equally suggest- Doubtless they are even in this instance far from ive is the status of members of the family. In both being the only ones. A sane appraisal of their effi- groups woman normally is in a subordinate position, cacy may be suggested by an analogy from the his- but while the wives of the Reindeer Chukchi have tory of philosophy. The early Greek philosophers' much the harder labor they also have an occasional attempt to describe the universe solely in terms of chance to gain the ascendancy. When a widow has water is no longer more than a metaphysical curios- appropriated her husband's herd she plays the domi- ity; but no one doubts the important part which nant role during her children's minority and may water has played in the fashioning of the globe. An lord it over a second spouse. The influence of assumed cause may not be omnipotent, yet it may property in fashioning customary law is even more be very far indeed from being reduced to impotence. clearly seen in the position of children and father. ROBERT H. LOWIE. 1919 37 THE DIAL ment. London, December 9 THE CHEERFUL turmoil of the armistice celebra- that he knew nothing about pictures but he knew tions has been succeeded here by the more doubtful what he liked and further added, ingratiatingly, that turmoil of a General Election; and but for one the works of the man to whom he was talking looked circumstance literature would have been swamped. as though they might have been done by a child of This one circumstance is the fact that the Labor seven. However, the young painter got his appoint- Party is the rising force in British politics; and the This of course was too good to last; and Labor Party, since the revision of its basis by which presently Colonel Buchan had put over his head a it opened its arms to mental as well as manual work “Minister of Information,” Lord Beaverbrooke, a ers, seems to be regarded by British authors with Canadian financier, whose chief connection with more enthusiasm than any other. We all expected literature consisted in his recent acquisition of con- as a consequence of this that several of the Labor trol over a London morning paper. Of him I am candidates would be men of letters; but our expecta told that one day early this year he asked one of his tions have been disappointed, save by Mr. J. C. departments to furnish him with a list of the most Squire, who is standing for the University of Cam-, successful English war-poets. In due course the bridge. He will probably not succeed at the first list arrived, headed by the name of Rupert Brooke. attempt; but he will lay a foundation for the future. The Minister of Information then directed one of In that future Mr. Maurice Hewlett, who adds his secretaries to write to Mr. Brooke, making an to a complete understanding of the agricultural appointment for an interview. Lord Beaverbrooke laborer a capacity for writing poetry about him, may did, however, introduce into his Ministry a real be persuaded to reconsider his decision not to stand; man of letters in the person of Mr. Arnold Bennett; and encouraged by these examples others may enter and, not long before the cessation of hostilities, Mr. the field. Then we shall have what I think we have Bennett attained a position there equivalent to that never had before, poets and authors in the House of of Permanent Under-Secretary of State in one of Commons who, on taking their seats, will remain the War Department Offices. I do not know how poets and authors just as much as a stockbroker remains a stockbroker. Hítherto the nearest ap- to convey to anyone not intimately acquainted with our social structure what a solidly and respectably proach we have had has been in journalists who have glorious position this is. I can only say that it is decided to subordinate journalism to the more im- solid and respectable and glorious indeed. I look posing career of politics. And then, I suppose, the forward with excitement to the description which millennium will begin; or at least the claims of Mr. Bennett, now unchained, will surely give us literature will receive attention commensurable with of his sensations in it. In addition to these, other that given to the claims of cheese. men of letters have made themselves useful in various Certainly if women have deserved the vote by branches of the public service. Mr. Walter de la their indispensability during the war, authors, for Mare has decorated as well as strengthened the have deserved a greater influence Ministry of Food; a little group has introduced on affairs. Our Government surprisingly perceived some intelligence into the Intelligence Department that literature might be used to strengthen opinion; of the War Office, and others have found employ- and—this being truly remarkable—they asked a ment in the Censorship. Some have even received number of literary men to advise them how it should some of the mysterious orders and distinctions which be done. They also appointed Colonel John Buchan are now distributed with a lavish hand. So we may to be Director of Propaganda. Colonel Buchan is fairly claim to have played our part in the civilian a publisher and also the genial author of a number life of our nation at war. Now that the normal of "shockers” which are better written than most status of things is returning and the ordinary chan- of their kind. The choice might have been better: nel into public life is again Parliamentary politics it might also have been worse. Colonel Buchan did , the same reason, alertness to the latest movements. this work well, if not with much imagination or much shall Forget neither cur rights nor our duties. Poets when he interviewed a young, rather advanced en inter who sought the post of - Oficial Artistico e brightens the rather drab ranks of its legions by the front, he remarked , in a time-honored formula , adopting a few more as candidates. I am told that are now, curiously, regarded as useful and worthy members society; 38 January 11 THE DIAL 2 We are thus, you will perceive, all rather turned difficult to say that any train of thought cannot outward upon the nation's affairs than inward reach the same goal. I do not think that it matters upon our own. This will account for the fact that very much. But it is one of the minor curiosities the autumn publishing season has been, on the whole, of life that a person so essentially of the second rate rather dull. There has been a new volume of should have proved so disconcertingly immortal. poems by Mr. W. H. Davies, a book by Mr. Hud- The evil that men do rarely lives after them in so son, this, that, and the other—all very pleasant to obvious a shape and still more rarely, I think, does have. The publication of Swinburne's letters (the so little harm. real collection this time) and the appearance of an There was a time when Wilde was looked to as enormous work by Sir James Frazer called Folklore the regenerator of the English theater; and The in the Old Testament, are events; but they are Importance of Being Earnest is, I suppose, still the productive rather of satisfaction than of rapture. most perfect stage-play we have had since Congreve. No great genius has suddenly flamed into sight; nor But one comedy does not make a renaissance; and is it probable that any of us should yet have noticed Wilde's other plays all led into a cul-de-sac. We him if he had. (I must put it on record that I am were still looking for the regenerator (there had aware of the logical Aaw in this sentence; and I been several other candidates in the meanwhile) leave it at that.) when the war broke out and suspended dramatic One attractive and interesting personality has activity to make way for the sort of play that is been removed from us by the death, the compara- expected to amuse subalterns home on leave. I tively early death, of Mr. Robert Ross. Mr. Ross am led into this train of thought by reading a volume was a writer and an art critic with his own claims of reprinted essays by a very clever dramatic critic, to distinction; but he was best known in the general world of letters as the devoted friend and posthu- Captain James E. Agate . His book Buzz! Buzz! mous defender of Oscar Wilde. The cult of Wilde (Collins; 6s.) is as clever as its title, which, unless has been to me always a rather incomprehensible you are much quicker than I am, you have not yet thing. That he was a wit I will readily believe; recognized as Shakespearean quotation. But it in- that he was a great poet even in The Ballad of duced in me a feeling of profound weariness. Are Reading Gaol, which nevertheless has a certain we, I asked myself, to begin all over again the hope- power, I am prepared stoutly to deny. His career less struggle to force the intellectual drama (thrice and his pose, the things for which he was first fol- damnable phrase) down the throats of audiences lowed and then pursued, were frankly borrowed; velop again, having mercifully forgotten it, that old who very sensibly do not want it? Are we to de- and I cannot bring myself to think that he was a great man. Yet there is something potent in his factitious enthusiasm for the inexpressibly gloomy memory which still sets people by the ears; and no works of innumerable Germans, Swedes, Czechs, long intervals elapse between law cases (mostly libel and other aliens, and to allow to grow in ourselves, actions) in which infuriated litigants throw his or, at the worst, to foster, that feeling of superiority name at one another across a pleasantly scandalized over the uninstructed which is generated by the court. One of Wilde's own associates in particular, visual knowledge of their unspeakable (I use the who had repented that connection, spent much word literally, of course) names? Are we, I cried energy in chasing Mr. Ross, who was far from re- as my despair rose unquenchably, to submit to end- penting; and this (one would think, somewhat un- less courses of plays by Bernard Shaw, in which the necessary) enthusiasm must have been one of the undeniable treasures of wit and fancy are corrupted principal curses of Mr. Ross' life. Yet he never by theories that have already begun to decay, mostly wavered in his faith or sought to dissemble it; and because there is nothing else we can honestly affirm I verily believe that he died holding Wilde to have to be more amusing than A Week-End at Brighton, been an epoch-making artist. One cannot but ad- the latest adapted French farce, or Cheer Up!, the mire so much steadfastness based on so inadequate All-Legs Revue? But, after all, there is hope for a foundation. Perhaps now that Mr. Ross is gone us in the distance. A play exists by the late James we shall hear Wilde's name mentioned less often Avoy Hecker which, I am told, is the best poetic in a good or an evil connection. Yet I doubt it. drama since Shakespeare. I put my faith, then, in a Early this year he and his factitious wickedness poetic theater which, apart from this, does not yet turned up in the ridiculous Pemberton-Billing affair exist. But more on this another time. Already I apropos of German influence in England, so it is overrun my space. EDWARD SHANKS. THE DIAL GEORGE DONLIN HAROLD STEARNS THORSTEIN VEBLEN HELEN MAROT Bolsheviki—and to those parts of Siberia under the avowed intentions of the statesmen of the Allies who have condescended to speak, and the overt acts ROBERT Morss LOVETT, Editor CLARENCE BRITTEN In Charge of the Reconstruction Program: JOHN DEWEY ON WHAT TERMS Will Russia BE PERMITTED TO of all the Governments of the Entente, give a clear enter the League of Nations? What price, political clue to the policy to be pursued towards Russia. and economic, must she pay for inclusion in the Under no circumstances is Soviet Russia to be recog- world confederation that is to give common security nized or to be admitted to the League of Nations. and protection to all states? Those who speak for Tempered only by the war-weariness of their own Soviet Russia and those who speak for the dis- peoples and the degree of skepticism which may be gruntled groups representing the opposing factions aroused in even the most gullible of publics, the have already asked these questions, but thus far the Governments of the Allies intend to destroy Soviet questions have remained unanswered. It is now Russia root and branch. Yet: as a matter of fact reasonably certain that no delegates will be con this failure to gain political recognition would not sidered accredited by Russia to the peace confer- particularly disturb the leaders of Soviet Russia if ence, and that her fate-as M. Clemenceau said in they could in any way arrange for economic coopera- his speech to the Chamber of Deputies on December 'tion with the Governments of their former Allies. 30 would be equally true of “the fate of nations in But the destruction contemplated is not mere po- all parts of the world”—will be determined by her litical isolation from the benefits of the League of former Allies, France, England, Italy, and America. Nations: it is actual economic destruction. Some Admittedly the policy which is to be pursued to- time ago the Soviet Government bought and paid wards Russia is of 'first-rate importance for the for nets and fishing instruments in Norway. The future peace of the world. Thus far, in spite of goods were shipped; on October 26 the boat trans- Senator Johnson's spirited and just queries , this porting them was stopped and the goods seized by the Government has not seen fit to enlighten its citizens. British. Other purchases in neutral countries have Lord Milner, speaking for the British Government, been prevented from leaving the warehouses. The has given some explanation, feeble and inadequate economic blockade is effective. Was it irony on the though it be. He has stated that it would be a part of M. Pichon when in the speech above quoted Magrant violation of British honor if those Russians he gracefully referred to the fact that because France who had aided the intervening troops were left to had already given so much to the common cause the tender mercies of the Bolsheviki. M. Pichon, "our allies should contribute to this intervention on speaking for the French Government, has given his a larger scale than we”? Not entirely irony. For explanation too. It is: intervention was "inevitable”. M. Pichon was not thinking merely of Great (he does not state exactly why); intervention has be- Britain's effective blockade against Russia. The come “defensive” in order to prevent the Bolsheviki hint was pretty plain that a large share of the task from invading the Ukraine, the Caucasus, and West- ern Siberia. But he is franker than his British col- of destroying Soviet Russia should in justice devolve , league. Amidst a storm of protest from the benches les proportionately than any other nation in the anew !", M. Pichon went on to explain that in the States' is to furnish the economic help and, if neces- future" an offensive intervention might be necessary in order to "destroy" Bolshevism. French troops sary, the military assistance required to guarantee that neither a Soviet Russia nor Germany shall long o desfighting the Russian “Republican”” army in continue to exist and to embarrass the victorious Odessa and England, France of War Trade Board has authorized Shipments hand, and in a "stable” Germany, on the other , the of goods to Finland--where the White Guapachas opportunity for exploitation of natural resources and e operated with the Germans in driving and the coprich'indemnities from a defeated and disciplined industrial nation. From every part of the discontinuance of this imperialistic adventure into which our Government is plunging us. et d'y Wanded at Riga, Reval, and Helsingforsave our naturally enough Se a weak Russia , on the one 40 January 11 THE DIAL . ers. SUPERFICIALLY, THE RESULTS OF The British promised in the heat of the campaign are carried out elections are discouraging to liberals: Asquith, Hen- literally, the result will be the increase of Bolshevism derson, Snowden, Macdonald are all defeated; the everywhere east of the Rhine, with consequent drains Liberal and Nationalist Parties are practically wiped upon British finance and men for holding in check out of existence; Labor acquires only sixty-five seats the very forces which the stupidity of its statesmen instead of the expected 100; Ireland threatens civil will have aroused. Every one of Lloyd George's war in its practical sweep for the Sinn Fein; the campaign chickens is coming home to roost—and Tories of England, France, and America pluck up with a tag to show its paternity. Moreover the heart and become shamelessly explicit in their de- national unity which inevitably prevailed for a few mands for a punitive, vindictive peace. Yet the ad- weeks following the close of the most successful of verb “superficially” is merited. If a general election wars is bound soon to disappear. The very intensity had been held in Germany three days after the start of the long political union sacrée of the war proved of the last March offensive, who can doubt that the its artificiality, and with the relaxing of external results would have been overwhelmingly conserva- hostility internal and domestic differences are cer- tive? And in less than nine months Germany turns tain to be accentuated and sharpened. Lloyd George revolutionary. In the first flush of a victory that has aroused high hopes; if those hopes are disap- must have seemed as sudden as it was complete, it pointed, the resentment will be greater than would was hardly to be expected that England would have been the case with a statesman who had repudiate the leader who had, in the popular mind modestly promised less. Labor should not now lose at any rate, successfully brought her through the its opportunity. It should point out the mistakes crisis. The day of election found England in a and broken promises of the Coalition regime calmly position more powerful and world dominant than and without exaggeration. It should do everything she has ever occupied in her history as an empire. in its power to strengthen the personnel of its lead- Was it to have been expected that a vote of confi For the indications are that England will see dence would then be denied? But there are fur- another General Election before summer, and that ther considerations which make the Coalition vic the country will then look as hopefully to Labor as tory less significant than appears on the surface of it is now looking to Coalition. the number of votes. London and Scotland polled less than half their electorate; Wales, just half; The CONVENTIONAL SOLDIERS' MONUMENT, FOR English boroughs and counties, a little more than all that is beautiful in the spirit that prompts its erec- half-striking proof, if proof were needed, that to a tion, is not the least ugly by-product of war. But large section of the electorate the contest was re what impresses the beholder is not so much its ugli-. garded as unreal and that suspicion of parliamentari- ness-and its appalling monotony in ugliness—as its anism is strong. Furthermore the system of "proxy" utter futility as a memorial. Spiked and rusting can- voting for the army inevitably produced a situation wherein about one third of the votes actually cast non in neglected corners have something to say, how- ever inappropriate; but to whom do the lumps of represented the considered political opinion of the granite and bronze which, after the Civil War, men in khaki. It is noteworthy that most of the broke out upon the Northern states like a rash com- ballots cast out were from soldiers and that across municate any notion of the passion for union, the hu- the slips were written expressions like “Send us mane pity, and the intolerable sacrifices which they home and we will vote," and “We have no informa- were piled up to commemorate? And now that we tion about the candidates.” Even granting, how- ever, that the Coalition victory represented the are concluding another great war, waged in much the same spirit, and in hundreds of deeply roused practically unanimous present day view of England, communities, are gathering funds for memorials, the evidence is definitive that a few weeks will see shall we again trust an ugly and dumb a marked shift in popular conviction. The whole problem of peace and reconstruction is placed last full measure of devotion? The War Camp the memory of those who have given that spirit the squarely upon Lloyd George's shoulders: he has Community Service hopes we shall not. given election hostages to fate in the form of all poses instead that we endow Community Houses, sorts of extravagant promises. But if the word of not unlike those the Service has built to further its English liberal journals is to be believed, the plans program of hospitality to men in uniform, and make for demobilization of the army and the reabsorption them permanent "living" memorials to our soldiers. of men into industry and the placing of them upon Such Houses, of course, would function differently the land are as uncoordinated and inadequate as our in communities of differing size; but there is no own. The Lloyd George Government will be faced reason why each of them should not acquire its own with a serious unemployment crisis before the Peace technique for serving the everyday social needs of Conference has concluded its sittings. Ireland openly its common owners and at the same time of keeping declares its intention to provoke serious military alive the memory of these days. Cities might main- clashes before the conference finishes its work. And tain democratic auditoriums like Faneuil Hall or if many of the peace terms which Lloyd George, Independence Hall; towns might transfer to the new masonry with It pro- " 1919 THE DIAL 41 said: a challenger whom even the greatest could not afford spirit of propaganda but of truth. House the richly varied activities which are begin to ignore. Time would have matured his judgment ning to cluster round community centers in the and perhaps mellowed a wit as urbane as any in our schools. Homes for community drama and music tradition. But it would scarcely have changed the might be provided. Memorials like these would of fundamental quality of his contribution to our in- necessity prove flexible in character, responsive to the tellectual life. The loss of that contribution is changing spirit of their communities: they could irremediable. All of us are the poorer for his going. not, as shafts of stone and metal must, become mere stubborn souvenirs of an archaic militarism. Phys- THE ATTITUDE OF The DIAL IN REGARD TO RUSSIA ically, they would be harder to make ugly in the first would seem to need no further explanation, yet in instance; and certainly an initial ugliness could be answer to correspondence received since the number remedied as the community's taste improved. In of December 14 went into circulation, it may be well the deafening barrage of after-the-war proposals to restate it. from war-time committees this suggestion of the First, The DiaL regards the case of Russia as War Camp Community Service is one to which we the most important of the problems affecting any one can profitably give ear. nation to be considered at the Peace Conference- Perhaps THE MEMORY THAT WILL LIVE MOST VIV- more important than Germany or Czecho-Slovakia or Poland or Jugo-Slavia or France or Italy or idly of Randolph Bourne is of his quick perception of Ireland. It involves in the most fundamental way sham and pretense. Pompous gentility and ritual- the whole question of democracy as affected by the ism, whether encrusted convention or mere tradition, relations between nations. As President Wilson has aroused his power of biting irony; for graceful and engaging as was his satire, it never lacked the edge The treatment accorded to Russia by her sister nations which gave it a peculiar distinction. Gifted with a in the months to come will be the acid test of their good fine and alert intelligence, Bourne coupled it with will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished an extraordinary ability as a craftsman in writing. from their own interests, and of their intelligent and He could easily have won more substantial recogni- unselfish sympathy. tion by employing his gifts in the service of the This problem is laid upon America the more ur- accepted and the acknowledged, but he never once gently because Russia, in spite of the immense sac- played false to his spontaneous sympathies and his rifices and sufferings of her people, will evidently personal bias. The direction of those sympathies not have an opportunity to speak for herself in that and that bias had become fairly clear even before his conference. untimely death: he demanded of life richer esthetic Second, in order that public opinion in the United experiences , the companionship of fuller intellectual States may be informed in regard to the present straightforwardness, more emotional range and state of affairs in Russia, the aims of her present flexibility than his American environment could Government, and the relation of that Government to possibly yield without radical transformation. that radical transformation Bourne gave his best To the Russian people, The Dial believes that the full- efforts and ability. In all of his work, whether in est publicity should be given to all the facts obtain- the book reviews that were themselves pieces of able. The Dial has no fear that the people of the United States will fail to give sympathy where it is or in his books or articles on educa- due and material support where it is needed if they tion or even politics, he was always sharply insistent upon the contributions which our immigrants could are allowed to understand the situation. It would make to our national life, mockingly contemptuous be a monstrous result of the war for democracy of the timidity and surviving Puritan shyness which now ended if as a result of restrictions upon freedom rejected them. He exposed unerringly the staleness of speech the United States should drift into another which comes from atrophy of the living spirit. Nor war which the public mind has had no opportunity was he perturbed or frightened at the more un- to understand or sanction. This would indeed be toward forms which faring rebellion might take—he to reverse President Wilson's motto: it would be Welcomed and understood them even when his atti Victory Without Peace. tude resulted in a kind of perversity of fairness- The Dial holds no brief for the present regime although he refused to be beguiled by new formulas which were the mere fashíonable radical escape from in Russia except in so far as it is misrepresented in a to in ments of fact which have been verified, and im- achievement that either his ability or his tempera- ment led him: he was rather a watchman and ques- gence, to answer questions, to supply copies of docu- tioner of the intellectual achievements of others- ments, to bring inquirers into contact with authorita- tive sources of information. It will act not in the creative writing the early His influence was a constant invigoration States. We shall publish from time to time state- the day were examined in a merciless Soceratie portant documents which have been authenticated. de was hardly in the way of systematic intellectuiti Tehenbide is prepared to serve as a Bureau of intelli- 42 January 11 THE DIAL -- -- Foreign Comment OPEN DIPLOMACY IN RUSSIA The following is a translation of the official declaration issued by the Russian Peace Delegation at the time of signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 3, 1918: The Workmen's and Peasants' Government of the Russian Republic, which has announced the cessation of war and has demobilized its army, is compelled by the attack of the German troops to accept the ultimatum pre- sented by Germany by announcement on the twenty-fourth of February and has delegated us to sign these terms which are being imposed on us by violence. The negotiations which previously took place in Brest- Litovsk between Russia on one side and Germany and her allies on the other made it evident to all that the so-called (by the German representatives) "Peace of Agreement" is in reality a peace definitely annexational and imperialistic. Now the Brest terms are made a great deal worse. The peace which now is being concluded here, in Brest-Litovsk, is not a peace based on free agree- ment of the people of Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey. It is a peace which is being dic- tated at the point of the gun. It is a peace which Revolu- tionary Russia is compelled to accept with its teeth clenched. It is a peace which, under the pretext of "liberation” of the frontier districts of Russia, in reality turns them into German provinces, and denies them the right of free definition which was granted to them by the Workmen's and Peasants' Government of Revolutionary Russia. It is a peace which under the pretext of re- establishing order in these districts, gives armed assist- ance to the oppressing classes against the working class, and helps to put back on the laboring masses the yoke of oppression, which was thrown off by the Russian Revolu- tion. It is a peace which imposes, for a long time, on the laboring people of Russia the old commercial treaty of 1904, which was made in the interests of the German agrarians, and which is now made even worse; and at the same time it assures the payment of interest to the German and Austro-Hungarian bourgeoisie on the obli- gations of the Czar's Government, which were repudiated by Revolutionary Russia. Finally, as if to emphasize clearly the real class character of the German armed raid, the German ultimatum attemp to stop the mouth of the Russian Revolution by prohibiting agitation di- rected against the governments of the Quadruple Alliance and their military authorities. But not only all that. Under the same pretext of re- establishing order, Germany by force of arms occupies districts with a pure Russian population and establishes there a regime of military occupation and a return to the pre-Revolutionary order. In the Ukraine and in Finland Germany demands the non-interference of Revolutionary Russia, and at the same time actively assists the counter- Revolutionary forces against Revolutionary workmen and peasants. In the Caucasus, in direct violation of the terms formulated by Germany itself in the ultimatum of February 21, Germany tears away for the benefit of Turkey the districts of Ardaghan, Karse, and Batume, which were not conquered even once by the Turkish armies, without any consideration whatsoever of the real will of the population of these districts. The most brazen forcible annexational seizures and possession of the most important strategic points, which can have only one purpose; the preparation of further invasion of Russia; and the defense of the capitalistic interests against the workmen's and peasants' revolution- these are the real aims that are served by the offensive of the German troops, undertaken on the eighteenth of February, without the seven days' notice which was assured by the armistice' treaty made between Russia and the powers of the Quadruple Alliance on the fifteenth of December 1917. This invasion was not stopped, in spite of the statement of the Council of People's Commissaires of its acceptance of terms formulated in the German ultimatum of Feb- ruary 21. This invasion was not stopped, in spite of the resumption of the work of the Peace Conference in Brest-Litovsk and in spite of the official protest of the Russian Delegation. By all this all the peace terms offered by Germany and her allies are reduced entirely to an ultimatum presented to Russia and supported from the side of the framers of this peace treaty by threat of direct armed violence. But in the created situation Russia has no possibility of choice. By demobilizing its armies the Russian Revolu- tion had placed its fate in the hands of the German people. The Russian Delegation in Brest-Litovsk had openly stated, in due time, that not a single honest man would believe that a war against Russia now might be a defen- sive war. Germany has undertaken the offensive. Under the slogan of establishing order, but in reality for the pur- poses of strangling the Russian Workmen's and Peasants' Revolution in the interests of the world's imperialism, German militarism has now succeeded in moving its troops against the workingmen and peasant masses of the Russian Socialist Republic. The German proletariat has not as yet proved to be sufficiently strong to stop this attack. We do not doubt for a single minute that this triumph of imperialism and militarism over the interna- tional proletarian revolution will prove to be only tem- porary and transitive. Under the present conditions the Soviet Government of the Russian Republic, which is left only to its own re- sources, cannot resist the armed offensive of German imperialism, and in the name of the preservation of Revolutionary Russia is compelled to accept the demands presented to it. We are authorized by our Government to sign the peace treaty. Compelled, in spite of our protest, to carry on negotiations under the very exceptional conditions of continuing military operations, which are not meeting with resistance from the Russian side, we cannot subject to any further butchery the Russian workmen and peas- ants, who have refused continue the any longer. We openly state before the face of workmen, peasants, and soldiers of Russia and Germany, before the face of the laboring and exploited classes of the whole world, that we are compelled to accept the ultimatum dictated by the side which is at the present time more powerful, and are signing immediately the ultimative peace treaty presented to us, desisting from any deliberation upon it whatsoever. It was in the same tenor that the Soviet Govern- ment later welcomed to Russia the first German Ambassador under the new treaty. We quote from the Russian newspaper Izvestia of April 27: The official reply of the Soviet Government of Russia to the greetings from the German Imperial Chancellor, Count Hertling, upon the presentation of credentials by the German Ambassador to Moscow, Count Mirbach, to the representatives of the Soviet Government. This reply was read to the German ambassador by Soverdlor, the chairman of the All Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets, in the Kremlin on April 26, 1918: “In the name of the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic I have the honor to greet in you, Mr. Ambas- sador, the representative of the power with which was concluded the peace treaty of Brest, as a result of which there was established between the two countries the peace to war THE DIAL 1919 43 districts, they have carried out "terrors" on a scale the possibility of export of raw materials from Russia but, as a majority rule, it is broader than ours was before which was so essential to the people. All the obstacles to Communications this peace must be removed. For this purpose our Com- missariat of Foreign Affairs has today sent a note to the German Government-a copy of which was handed to ALLIED Rubles you, Mr. Ambassador--the purpose of which is to remove all those dangers which threaten peace. Sir: It is reported that Great Britain and Japan "I permit myself to express the hope that you, Mr. Am- bassador, will, from your side, make all the necessary are issuing their own rubles in Russia. Washington, efforts for the satisfactory settlement of the problem and too, is reported to be paying attention to the same the securing of peace between the German Government subject and to contemplate issuing American rubles and the Soviet Republic." in Russia. This fundamental question arises: if the Allied The New STATESMAN ON THE SOVIETS governments are imbued with the desire to render financial aid to Russia, and if to their mind the best The opposition of English liberal opinion to mili- tary intervention in Russia, as reported in this col- remedy is to inflate Russia with new paper rubles, umn two weeks ago, is further manifested in the why do they not issue consolidated notes, guaranteed New Statesman. For more than a year that Liberal by all the Allied governments together? weekly has been consistently anti-Bolshevik. Now, In abstaining from answering the rhetorical ques- in its issue of December 21, it prints an article as- tion put above, let us emphasize with all possible serting that the Bolsheviki are the real restorers vigor that the issuing of rubles by foreign govern- of order in Russia: ments—no matter what motives are leading them to such a measure—can be considered only as the Order is more thoroughly reestablished in Russia now clearest kind of violation of Russian sovereignty. It than at any time since the fall of Czardom. Food dis- tribution is better organized than at any time during the is absolutely inconsistent with the principle of self- whole war. Factories are rapidly starting up again, as determination of nations. The right of issuing cur- fast as raw material can be obtained. Management of rency notes or allowing similar issues is the most the factories by committees failed, for obvious reasons. Management by the Soviets, with consultative committees sacred right of every nation and should be violated of employees, has been substituted with growing under no circumstances. Only the nation itself, under emergency, can alienate this right. The Bolsheviki, though hampered by undesirable tools, Let us consider the probable consequences of this are cleaning the country of bribery and corruption. issuing of rubles by foreign governments. "Terror" has ceased. It has been greatly exaggerated. If Nikolai Lenine had not been in bed, as the result of a Like the financial systems of all other belligerent wound, there would have been no "terror" in Moscow. governments except the United States, the financial There has been no execution in Moscow for two months. During the "terror" there were 400 executions, of which system of Russia is very much disturbed—the in- 60. per cent were corrupt Soviet officials. Inefficiency is évitable disturbance due to the terrible economic being remedied by rapid recruiting from the educated burden laid upon the shoulders of Russia during the war. The paper inflation of Russia amounts to at The Red army has become a real disciplined force, with least forty billion rubles, supported by a gold reserve a new spirit of revolutionary and nationalistic enthusiasm. Its numbers are uncertain, but there are at least 600,000 of about one billion rubles. It ought to be self-evi- dent that the inflation of Russian currency with has a chance against it. It has experienced nothing but han tichain plenty, but little artillery. No Russian army. Japanese, English, and American paper rubles can success since September. Great masses of professional Russia's financial system. have only one result—the further destruction of men and petty bourgeoisie have gone over to the Bolshe- viki during the past few months. In the large towns, the Now the English government is insuring the con- mehek men almost unanimously support these Bolsheviki . vertibility of its rubles into sterling at a rate of the peasants were hostile for a long time, but the forma exchange of forty rubles to one pound, that is , about tion of “poverty committees” and the administration of 127/2 cents. the affairs of every village in the interests of the peasants (From the newspaper report it is not Leninesulted in a great majority now keenly supporting gold or paper sterling.) Such a rate of exchange is clear whether the exchange of notes is insured in The invading British army, which six months ago much lower than the real exchange rate of Russian would have found many friends, now finds only a very few. These are mostly property owners. currency on the New York Stock Exchange today: White Guards (anti-Bolsheviki) temporarily occupied Where the about 18 cents. It is needless to point out that with the conclusion of the armistice, with the growing Red Guards never dreamed of. Any government estab- lished by us will need the support of foreign bayonets, as and the growing need of the Allied governments for the Russian proletariat are thoroughly imbued with Bol- Russian rubles to maintain their armies now occupy. ing Russian territory, the exchange rate of the Rus- The Bolsheviki would be certain to get a majority in a constituent assembly, but they prefer a Soviet govern. sian ruble, other things being equal, should show a ment. This is frankly class rule, in which property rising tendency. We saw indeed that the exchange owners have no voice until they become proletarians, rate of Russian currency in New York gradually increased from 8 cents to 25 in the middle of No- vember and only from that date-doubtless in con- success. 1 classes. shevism. the last reform act. 1 44 January 11 THE DIAL nection with the rumors of the intention of the the Allied governments ought to pay the Russian Allied governments to issue their own rubles in population for services and materials rendered to Russia—did this tendency stop. Thereafter the rate their armies with real goods which the Russian popu- of the Russian ruble began to fall. Evidently it will lation needs. If the Allied governments are really become lower, the more Japanese, English, and willing to render help to Russia, they ought to do it American rubles are issued. in a straightforward way by importing real goods But the financial consequences of the measure are into Russia. Of course such a form of help is more today only of subordinate importance. The eco risky and more complicated than the issuing of rubles nomic consequences are vital. -a measure designed not to render genuine eco- Russia needs economic help; she needs foodstuffs, nomic help to Russia but to get economic help from clothing, tools, farm machinery, and so on. She her. GEORGE J. KWASHA. needs economic goods. She cannot afford to supply with her own goods the Allied armies now occupying New York City. her territory and to export her materials into Allied countries without receiving an equivalent in real The DIGNITY OF LABOR goods instead of in paper money. In issuing their own rubles the Allied governments are issuing a SIR: According to various dispatches received in loan on the Russian market, a loan which does not America, it is a foregone conclusion that all efforts bear any interest. The Allied governments are pay- to establish democracies in Europe are doomed to ing for the materials, goods, and services they are failure. But, considering the plutocratic sources getting from the Russian people, not with real goods from which these reports are emanating, it at once but with obligations—no matter what they are called becomes apparent that the "wish is father to the nor how well their convertibility is insured. In- thought." The principal ground upon which these stead of rendering economic help to Russia, the in reports are founded seems to consist in the fact that flation of the Russian market with Japanese, Eng- the leaders of the different provisional governments lish, and American rubles has the tendency, on the are men who once upon a time performed human contrary, of getting economic help from Russia. ' It labor—actually worked and produced something, is thinly disguised exploitation. One was once a saddle-maker, another an electrical Of course a minority of wealthy Russians are in- worker, another an agriculturist, and another just an terested in such "help" because it will give them the editor-like Horace Greeley. possibility of exporting their capital from Russia What impresses one as peculiarly strange is the into foreign countries and thus of escaping heavy fact that many American newspapers profess to re- taxation, which they are certain to experience from gard, these objections as valid and logical reasons a democratic Russia. why any government under such leadership is neces- A second question arises: How is it possible to sarily unstable and transitory. But there are many bring into existence any commercial intercourse with shining examples in American history to prove the Russia without Russian currency having a stabilized senselessness of such a contention. The attempt thus value? Before answering this question, we ought to to belittle the new democratic leaders of Europe in emphasize that for the time being the only desirable the public mind is paralleled by the experiences of commercial intercourse with Russia is that which other noted men who have labored in the cause of gives her the goods she now so sadly needs. But the democracy and the rights of man. fact is, the policy of the Allied governments has the At the time of the American Revolution George effect of exporting goods from Russia without the Washington was denounced in Europe as a "rebel importing of equivalent real goods. The materials against constituted authority.” To discredit Wash- which can be exported from Russia should be paid ington he was sneeringly referred to as a "lowly for with an equivalent quantity of real goods im- agrarian.” His armies were characterized as a ported from abroad. The services which the Rus- "rabble composed of the lowest elements, principally sian people are actually rendering to the Allied ar ex-convicts from the British colonies." mies now occupying Russia should also be paid for No man ever braved more bitter vituperation and in equivalent real goods. slander than did Abraham Lincoln in the sixties. In The Russian ruble is the only legitimate rm of Easte newspapers he was caricatured in the most Russian currency. It should be the only one. vulgar and shameless manner. In the same spirit Under no circumstances are foreign governments en of malignity that marks the attacks being made upon titled to issue their own rubles on Russian soil. Pri- his prototypes in Europe today Lincoln was anathe- vate corporations which today intend to have com matized as an "untutored rail-splitter from the back- mercial intercourse with Russia ought to secure the woods." But one speech at Gettysburg was rubles necessary for purchasing materials in Russia sufficient to refute all the unjust imputations made for export through import of goods needed in Rus- against the dignity and scholarship of Lincoln. sia and through the selling of these goods to the Another great man whom history will record as Russian population for Russian rubles. In a word, one of America's most illustrious citizens was Henry 1919 THE DIAL 45 classic. He asked that some money be left to Cornell followed by all of us here at Dartmouth? THE University to make the place "more human." Upon DIAL has lost a very incisive and sane writer in him. these terms he might have left a legacy to almost every one of our universities. They teach the humanities and practice the most mechanistic con- George, author of the unanswerable treatise on ception of life and living. They are vast combina- political economy, Progress and Poverty. Col tions of trackless miles covered with buildings and lege professors, editors , and other paid apologists of scientific paraphernalia. They enroll tens of thou- institutions founded on special privilege vainly en sands of students. They employ formidable staffs deavored to explain away the masterly arguments of instruction. They turn out competent doctors contained in the works of George. Failing in this, and mechanics and lawyers. But they fail in molding it has been the practice of his critics to resort to character. They do not expose their students to the satire and ridicule. But the worst that mediocre finest that has been said, the highest that has been minds could ever charge against Henry George was thought, the noblest that has been written. They the fact that he was once an "itinerant printer," make efficiency their goal, and a vain triviality is thus placing him in the same company with Ben their reward. jamin Franklin, who, tired and footsore, trudged The best known and equally the best beloved of into Philadelphia. If the doctrines advocated by Cornell's younger alumni came back from the grave Henry George were now a law of the land, one to utter this plea for a greater humanity. He left would not witness the spectacle of statesmen at the execution of his wish to those who have survived Washington devising plans to reward soldiers with the war. The word has been spoken and there are swamps and boglands for their heroic services in many ears that have caught its deeper meaning. destroying militarism in Europe, whilst vast areas of fertile fields, already productive, are held out of use CORNELL '05. by speculators in land. New York City. Robert Ingersoll in his efforts to disprove the historicity of Christ never once disparaged the Ser- RANDOLPH BOURNE mon on the Mount because its author was a car- penter. This one example should impress everyone Sir: Long before I had met Randolph Bourne I with a reverence for the dignity of labor. seemed to divine from the tenor of his writing that he was one of those extraordinarily fine-grained men Dallas, Texas. Willis ANDREWS. that one meets but rarely in a lifetime and that it is always an exceptional privilege to know. It re- FREEDOM OF THE SEAS quired only a little sympathetic insight to feel that his occasional “bitterness” was in reality but the Sir: In your issue of December 14, page 563, you keen edge of a remorseless sincerity and that he comment on Churchill's "commendable bluntness" would have been as eager to cut and change his own in voicing Wilson's "fourth point.” I wonder soul with it as anyone else's. His extraordinary whether Mr. Churchill's motives in the matter are combination of the will to see things as they are with as commendable as his bluntness. I have not seen a warmth of idealism (not the phrase-making kind) any attempted explanation. Is it not strange, how- still haunts me as something particularly inspiring. ever, that a Government so anxious for the disarma- What I most liked, however, about Bourne was his ment of land forces shows an equal anxiety lest the exquisite sensibility to the esthetic in literature , to same policy be followed as regards naval power? that the Power in question is the leading naval na- him with his approval or sympathy, it was indeed tion , and is determined that the same mistake be something genuine. His own style was well-nigh not made one , stances it is highly discreet to demand that all rifles, ing bug. Under such circum- vulgarity of any kind as one shrinks from a disgust- including your own, be declared out of fashion- His loss will be keenly felt not only by THE DIAL especially when you have, in the meantime, cornered but by all who know how to appreciate a soul at once sensitive and remorselessly strong. Louis H. MiscHKIND. EDWARD SAPIR. Wheeling, West Virginia. Ottawa, Ontario. HUMANITY IN THE UNIVERSITY Sir: May I take this opportunity of expressing there was an expression which promises to become Site : In the will of othe late Willard Straight only my fellow-alumnus of Columbia, Mr. Randolph Sillman Bourne, whose work in The Dial has been e poly the matter is not so profound, considering One knew instinctively that if anything passed by ed only with a knife, when others car that her be merely clever. We imagine him shrinking from add a rifle to his wardrobe. the market on knives. WILLIAM S. KNICKERBOCKER. Dartmouth College. 46 January 11 THE DIAL Notes on New Books ject, even in advanced age, to the frailties of the flesh. We learn therefore more about Franklin's THE MARNE. By Edith Wharton. Appleton; private life than is customary in American pictures $1.25. of the admirable sage. His biographer stands par- ticularly aghast at Franklin's insensitiveness to the Mrs. Wharton's Marne is in no sense a navigable finer feelings of mankind,” in his treatment of both stream for the deeper emotions. One cannot stifle his legitimate and illegitimate children with the same the feeling that, were it not for the title and the tenderness and affection. This “ingenious natural- times, it would stand no higher than many another piece of opportunist fiction. Mrs. Wharton's story ism,” says our self-revealing biographer, was so --in its framework a sort of double exposure of unblushing and persistent as almost to have a certain "bastard moral value of its own." One can see how the great battleground—is centered upon interpret- ing the emotional experience of a serious-minded, very entertaining a study of a human life in such terms could be. France-loving American youth, impelled to action despite the clogged complacency of his wealthy en- vironment. But the artist has been subordinated to THE POETS OF Modern FRANCE. By Lud- the propagandist, until at intervals the author lapses wig Lewisohn. Huebsch; $1.50. into employing the well-thumbed counters of jour- A more appropriate title for these translations nalistic commonplace: would have been The Symbolistic Poets of France. The Lusitania showed America what the Germans For while the Belgians Rodenbach, Maeterlinck, were, Plattsburg tried to show her the only way of and Verhaeren are externally French, Mr. Lewisohn dealing with them. There had never been anything worth while in the deals almost entirely with the generation of the last world that had not had to be died for, and it was as quarter of the nineteenth century and fails to in- clear as day that a world which no one would die for clude Claudel or Péguy or the riotous band of could never be a world worth being alive in. "imagists” so dear to the modern poetic heart. The early pages sketch those superficial impulses Within these limits, however, he shows both insight of war charity—the bazaars and tableaux and and talent. There is an interesting if somewhat dances, “keeping up a kind of continuous picnic footless essay on the symbolistic movement, which on the ruins of civilization”—and here the touch is would have gained force by connecting the school more genuine. Later the story stumbles into sym more definitely with the Romantic expansionism of bolism, with the author standing stanchly at the the century, and by emphasizing that, as a piece of bellows lest the flame die out. In the range of technique, connotation through the deft use of com- Wharton fiction here is one novel which must be monplace words plays the great part in symbolistic classed among the “seconds.” art. This is followed by the sixty translations from the chief authors and a bibliography of their main works. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN Self-REVEALED. By The translator, alive to the peculiar difficulty of William Cabell Bruce. 2 vols. Putnam; $6. reproducing in English the rhythms and subtleties A brilliant English writer has recently bewailed of the French, succeeds best with Verlaine, Ver- the low state into which the art of biography has haeren, and the princely Régnier. The greatest of fallen.. "Those two fat volumes," he says, "with these, in fact of the entire group, is of course Ver: which it is our custom to commemorate the dead- haeren; and Mr. Lewisohn's rendering of The Mill who does not know them, with their ill-digested conveys well the Flemish poet's landscape and his masses of material, their slipshod style, their tone tortured sense of uttering the inutterable. Again of tedious panegyric, their lamentable lack of selec- in such a selection as Kahn's O bel Avril épanoui tion, of detachment, of design?" Mr. Bruce's (O lovely April rich and bright) he has caught biography of Franklin might almost have been writ- the spirit as well as the movement of the original. ten to illustrate this sentence. The author has col- "On the loud room falls silence like a trance" One regrets that this is not more often the case. lected a mass of facts from Franklin's own journals, hardly renders Samain's luminous Alexandrine (the letters, writings, and tumbled it into loose chapters, poem portrays a “dance"-Dans la salle en rumeur which have won for him from an amiable university a prize for the best American biography of the year. un silence a passé); whereas the poignant climax of Fernand Gregh's Mon Dieu qui n'es peut-être pas The book tells a great many interesting things about simply defies translation : certainly “Thee who, per- that shrewd and able pagan who bequeathed to haps, art not at all” comes nowhere near it. America a scale of bourgeois virtues about which he But let us not ask the impossible. The little himself must always more or less have had his tongue volume will win readers for the French Symbolists. in his cheek. Mr. Bruce's own atitude is a con That is its great merit. A translation, even the best, tribution. He spends much time in regrètting that is mainly an interpretation; and Mr. Lewisohn's so excellent a man should have been so much sub- interpretations are decidedly worth while. Line 1919 THE DIAL 47 that passes between Coquelin and his high-born but which make for military efficiency: a heavy turban, brother is properly overbearing and her rejected does not state that all male Sikhs bear it by the noble suitor cynical to the right degree and fore- order of one of the Gurus, because it was a name urbanity and elegance which is made manifest in supposed to be equals and fighters. He makes no THE ROMANCE OF OLD PHILADELPHIA. By impoverished Mlle. de Bergerac might have graced John T. Faris. Lippincott; $4.50. any polished novel or comedy of manners. True, Romance—the romance of daring the unknown, the narrative is from the lips of the baron's son, the romance of unique experience, the even greater but this is a novelist's self-justification. One feels romance of simple daily life—all these Mr. Faris wit, the story-tellers' iron sense of his art's proprie- offers us. He cunningly takes us on a trip of the ties, guarding reckless human passion. It is a well- imagination to a land made tangible by countless proportioned, graceful, and pungently written little realistic details. We make again that delightful dis- story, showing some study of the period which it covery that life is more strange and romantic than represents. But besides its insurgence there is an fiction as we read of English heirs being shanghaied earnest in it of Henry James' later exploration of and sold to slavery, of the trials and adventures of the English sceny, a jungle whose lions often turned travel more impossible than Crusoe's, of Philadel- out in his hands to be toy rabbits. phia's cave-dwellers—not Indians but English pio- neers. And these are tales garnered in Mr. Faris' HIRA SINGH. By Talbot Mundy. Bobbs- painstaking research among old letters, and other Merrill; $1.50. documents, so that they are as authentic as they are In the spring of 1915 some two hundred Sikh interesting. No dead bones dry as dust here, but troops were captured in Flanders by the Germans living figures—a colorful pageant of early Phila and sent to Turkey in the hope that they would delphia life. join the Turks. They escaped and marched to Ka- Through understanding how human beings gain bul in Afghanistan in four months, and thus re- experience, or by virtue of native literary ability, joined the fighting forces. Elmer Davis put Captain the author has known how to make us really ac Talbot Mundy, author of King of the Khybor quainted with the city's beginnings, and because of Rifles, in touch with these men, and he has con- this moving presentation of life the book becomes structed a story of their wanderings by sea and literature, which too few guidebooks are. Yet the through the mountains of Kurdistan which he tells literary quality subtracts not one iota from the au- thenticity and comprehensiveness of the account. in the first person as Hira Singh, bahadur of the The author's cast of mind permits him to select Sikh cavalry. It is a method which allowed Cap- with unerring judgment and no little humor those tain Mundy a chance for as much vividness as De- incidents which are not only most characteristic of foe's Captain Singleton, without tying him down to specific detail of routes and dates, and yet there the city's pioneer life but also most full of human is enough fact underlying the story to keep Hira interest. No doubt some of his brave success can be attributed to the natural richness of the subject Singh from resembling the G. A. Henty type of and the plentitude of its resources for the historian: hero Captain Mundy has formerly depicted. The narrative rivals in interest the march of the Ten Philadelphia has a past as romantically quaint and Thousand Greeks; and the Oriental craft of the ne- as historically important as any large American gotiations between the Sikh leader and the Turks city , and she has shown a smiling pride in her be- ginnings by a wise preservation of records. But, no reminds one of wily Xenophon bartering with tricky Tissaphernes in this same region. Of course the matter how preserved, records are only records until Armenian atrocities and the dire plottings of Ger- they fall under the eye of an imagination competent to re-create the romance of reality. many in the East are dragged in, but so cleverly as to become an integral element of the story. GABRIELLE DE BERGERAC. By Henry James. Captain Mundy has an intimate and sympathetic Penguin Series. Boni & Liveright; $1.25. knowledge of the Sikh as a faithful soldier of the British raj and a loyal ally of the Englishman, but Had Henry James pursued the vein of this early story he might have become wenovelist this plus initiative and intelligence. His use of local insurgence . For misalliance is the theme orelwhich color in external details is felicitous, and his com- the French Revolution, swept by thousseau Preceding viewe are in character. Unfortunately he slights the delin , servant-preceptor in the houses of the Ba.Com religious and truly Oriental aspects of the Sikh etmitted by the novelist to indulge in sisteccians he does not allude to some of the most obvious that do struggle of man against belonging to the warrior caste and all Sikhs were vertitutions. However, the youngle lad sanbagainst tells us that the name Singh means lion, but he 48 January 11 THE DIAL long hair and beard, a steel bracelet—these to ward whom she describes. At times however she is guilty off sword cuts—short drawers for quickness of of the flowery writing that some readers dislike to movement, in distinction from the cumbrous Mo associate with historical accounts. The pages con- hammedan and Hindu garb, and a sword, which tributed by Queen Marie are also written in a must always be worn by the true Sikh. This last rhapsodic style, and in some cases are really ex- item is so important that a Sikh professor from amples of prose poetry, welling up in the heart of a the college at Amhitzar who did not care to wear a ruler who has gone down among her people and sword openly while studying in America, always ministered to them without fear of plague or hard- carried a sword cane with him. ship. Queen Marie's outlook nevertheless is some- what too centripetal; she knows what her nation The English MIDDLE CLASS! By R. H. has suffered, for she has seen the devastation of land Gretton. Macmillan; $3.50. and body face to face; yet for all this her emphasis Mr. Gretton's book is an attempt to define the is not upon the land and the people but upon her meaning and significance of the "middle class” in own suffering. For a moment, to be sure, the other England. With clearness, judgment, and a sense side strikes her forcibly: of proportion the author maintains the hypothesis Why should I be chosen to represent an ideal? Why that "the middle class is that portion of the com- should just I be the symbol? What right have I to stand munity to which money is the primary condition above them, to buy glory with the shedding of their blood ? and the primary instrument of life.” In the opinion It is unfortunate that in a book whose sales will of the reviewer, the historical evidence presented help to swell the Roumania Relief Funds there fully justifies Mr. Gretton's contention. With this beginning, it is most desirable that the should occur passages that seek to palliate Rou- author should proceed to make a great comparative mania's attitude toward her Jews. It matters not study of the same development wherever else it may the Semites or not; they are entitled to justice, no whether the Jews of Roumania are racially akin to have taken place. For the Continent the materials are readily available, as the author very well knows, more and no less. And at this late date in soci- but what should be urged upon his attention is that ological study, to speak of any type of people as a theory of this importance must be tested in the “intruders” betrays not only a species of intolerance light of all the evidence available. What one does, but need for a greater knowledge of the reasons in fact, is to ask Mr. Gretton to put himself in behind the migratory movements of peoples. Despite the very forefront of the emerging generation of these faults the volume repays reading; it presents scholars whose point of departure is a devotion to a succinct, colorful account, suggestive and stim- the study of man rather than an academic interest ulating in the study of documents. For this subject is of absolutely fundamental importance to our compre- The CAUSES AND COURSE OF ORGANIC Evo- hension of modern life. Political society begins LUTION: A Study in Bioenergics. By John Muirhead Macfarlane. Macmillan ; $4. everywhere in individual self-assertion based upon ownership of land. The next step forward comes From time to time our ears are assailed with only with the discovery, on the part of a new order lugubrious plaints to the effect that we are living in society, of a second possible basis of self-asser- in an age of overspecialization in which the sense tion-namely, money—and this discovery dates, for for the meaning of the whole is utterly lost in the practical purposes, only from the sixteenth century. contemplation of detail. However justifiable such Today we are witnessing the blind, driving efforts strictures may be in particular cases, they betray of still another level of society to achieve the same a startling ignorance of history and human psychol- end. Let us clearly grasp the fact that the most ogy if they intend to suggest that the condition is a important task of today is to understand man. Mr. permanent and necessary one. For history shows in Gretton's contribution to this task is one to read, yery decisive manner that the periods of patient col- remember, and respect. lecting of facts are invariably followed by others of magnificent generalization, and the synthetic in- ROUMANIA: YESTERDAY AND TODAY. By stinct in man is far too deep-rooted to be bullied Mrs. Will Gordon. Introduction and two into quiescence by no matter how imposing an array chapters by the Queen of Roumania. Lane; of raw data. $3. Professor Macfarlane's book is a good illustration The reader of this book may gather, without much of this tendency. It represents the thoroughly hon- est attempt of a veteran botanist to outline his per- trouble, a fairly adequate idea of the backgrounds sonal philosophy of the universe after presenting of Roumanian culture and history, as well as a with much elaboration an account of biological evo- knowledge of the peculiar part the country played lution. The author expresses some interesting origi- Mrs. Gordon has a keen sense of the nal views in contending that plants did not develop picturesque and an ardent sympathy with the people in the ocean but in fresh-water areas. Unfortunate- fe in the war. 1919 THE DIAL 49 unwillingness to be fooled either by them or by his knowledge of the real nature of religion”; and, likes the gentleman adventurer who divides his life his discussion of the condition of Korean Buddhism, make the stories rather invigorating reading. He Christianize Japan. Similarly Professor Starr, in sharply between the luxurious modernity of the Fifth Avenue club and the blizzards of a Wyoming “Buddhism in Korea is dead”; instead he sketches ranch or the heat of an Arizona desert. He likes the theme of the brilliant Briton who turns up in an Indian tepee, or of strong, restless young capitalists who come home to die at the hands of angry strikers. ly for most readers, he does not mince technicalities But his men are less complicated and therefore more and adds to the existing terminology some rather convincing than the characters of those two women forbidding inventions of his own. The more gen writers with whom one inevitably associates him. eral sections display a thoroughgoing humanitarian John O'May is perhaps the least effective of the spirit and political liberalism not without a tincture stories, for it presents merely an adventurer who is of Christian theology. As a whole the book, with not shown up. But Mr. Burt makes up for his men its Aavor of the old-fashioned yet progressive spirit in the mystical strangeness of his women. He loves of noblesse obligeante, commands respect as a human the wistful, ill-mated woman found in a ranch or document without ranking as a remarkable contribu- mining-camp of the Western wilderness. Wings of tion to thought. the Morning, with its weird theme of the aeroplane, is a really beautiful picture of a woman's uncon- ADVENTURES IN INDIGENCE. By Laura Spen scious life breaking through the hard bright sur- cer Portor. Atlantic Monthly Press; $1.50. face. In the last story Mr. Burt handles the familiar theme of the blind soldier with a very sure The imagined joys of vagrancy are sung best by and powerful touch. Its climax of undeniable those who who punch clocks; the potency of poverty pathos concludes a most interesting book. is the turgid theme of the well-to-do. It is neces- sary to be somewhat removed from certain states of existence to do them literary homage, just as Steven- STUDIES IN JAPANESE BUDDHISM. By August son probably wrote about idleness upon one of his Karl. Reischauer. Macmillan; $2. busy days. Thus Adventures in Indigence will be- KOREAN BUDDHISM: History—Condition- guile you, not as the reflection of a state in which Art. Three Lectures. By Frederick Starr. you long to see yourself, but in a more aloof and Marshall Jones; $2. vicarious way. You will enjoy its philosophy so All students of Buddhism and all who are inter- long as you are comfortable in the knowledge that ested in the religions and philosophies of the Orient you need not practice it. will welcome these two books as significant con- To have known and yet to have loved the world! Is not tributions to the study of one of the world's three this the real heart of the matter? Is not this the true test after all, and the indisputable mark of a king's son? great living religions. In addition they may be And shall you not find it oftener among the poor than expected to advance American understanding of elsewhere? For he cannot be said to know the world who the life and ideals of our nearest Pacific neigh- has never been at its mercy; even as only he can be said bors, of ever growing importance to us. For one to have triumphed over it , who, having suffered all things at its hands, yet loves it with unconquerable is at once struck by the fact that both Professors Reischauer and Starr regard Buddhism as the one really living native religion (for the Mahayana This is the theme about which the author has Buddhism is so Mongolized as to be essentially na- eruped her sketches , giving them a sympathetic and tive, and the one really formidable rival of Chris- but not one which we should class among the in- ochraceful expression. A pleasant book, in a word, tianity. Indeed its encounters with Christianity dispensables for charity-hospital libraries. A rather have apparently reacted in the form of a veritable Buddhist renaissance, about which there is gather- palatable litele book, though it does Tack a pinch of ing, if not a nationalistic, at least a cultural con- sciousness; for it must be remembered that the art and literary traditions of Korea and Japan, in their John O'May. By Maxwell Struthers Burt. first impulse, came with Buddhism from China, and these traditional and esthetic elements are powerful Mr. Burt's stories follow pretty closely the tradi- culturels revivalser va The view that the religions of is from them he has learned that "air of keen and antiquity which will soon crumble to dust,” says the Orient are one and all like tottering castles of Professor Reischauer, "betrays a rather shallow fidelity. Scribner ; $1.35. lucid detachment from his characters, that air of oble and a strong intellectual threaca mapenehate that wimsetåke decades and perhaps centuries” to finds absurd the statement of Dr. Hulbert that the growth of a strong Buddhist revival, in which he even finds a covert nationalism resurgent: “Korean Buddhism of today is actually Korean, not Japanese. I can imagine nothing that would be more danger- 50 THE DIAL January 11 2 ous to Japanese control than a strong and vital explanatory paragraphs. He makes no attempt to Korean Buddhism that was hostile to Japan.” In- weigh Alan Seeger in the scales of definitive justice deed it may not be beyond the bounds of possibility as an artist, nor to have a finger in the pie of con- that the Japanese government may yet formally en troversy. This may be merely a negative virtue, courage Christianity in both Japan and Korea in but it is one which ought not be passed by in silence. the interests of national unity. Both books are made up of lecture series. Pro- HANDBOOK OF TRAVEL. Prepared by the Har- fessor Reischauer's lectures were the seventh series vard Travelers Club. Harvard University on the Deems Lectureship of New York University, Prese; $2.50. where they were delivered in 1913. The book itself however is a great expansion of the lectures, of chapters, each the work of one or more experts , This is an exceedingly valuable manual made up with valuable apparatus of notes and bibliography, the latter being a survey list of the principal Japan- ment, methods of transport, mapping and route on subjects relating to camping and camp equip- ese works. The plan of the seven lectures is: first; surveying, medicine, and records and observations of a survey of Buddhist origins in India and its spread through China; its history and assimilation in Japan, travel. A penchant for, as well as some experience where Buddhism has become the true religion of the in, pioneer work is presupposed. For instance, there people, taking, so to speak, all that is vital in Shinto are explicit directions for selecting camels and drom- there and Confucianism under its wing; an analysis of edaries, riding, packing, and caring for them; the doctrines, sects, and ethics of Japanese Bud- are also hints on dealing with natives in Africa. dhism; and finally a discussion of its prospects, mining positions by astronomical observations, and A long chapter gives rules and formulas for deter- which the lecturer naturally does not regard as hopeful, in rivalry with Christianity—a program another sets forth the manner in which data are which is not only comprehensive but is presented collected in the field for mapping the localities vis- with a detail for which the author's round dozen ited. The book is compact, covers a wide range of of years as a teacher of philosophy in Japan have subjects, and should be of much practical use to the given him competency. amateur explorer. Professor Starr's three lectures have a different foundation. They are in fact traveler's notes, based WAR VERSE. Edited by Frank Foxcroft. on several visits to Korea and laborious journeys to Crowell; $1.25. the Buddhist centers there; but they happen to be This collection of war poems, unlike most, is the notes of a trained ethnologist and a sharp ob worth its editor's trouble. There should, of course, server in, as he says, a "virgin field.” The book be a concession at the outset that the war will not "but scratches the surface" of the subject: but it as yet deliver much unalloyed and finished fairy gives an introduction where there was none before; gold. There will be poetry in time to come, since it shows that the subject is one of a very living probably no epoch of history, not even the Na- interest; and the numerous half-tones from the poleonic, will have so many or so impressive asso- author's photographs (unfortunately none too well ciations as this; the tense however is necessarily printed) afford a survey of Korean religious art future. The war is still very present. Tranquillity whose rarity will reenforce its welcome. is what we need, since memory is the parent of poetry; and tranquillity is not at present in general The VANGUARD OF AMERICAN VOLUNTEERS. Mr. Foxcroft's volume has its value, then, By Edwin W. Morse. Scribner; $1.50. less as a collection of poems—though there is a good War puts a premium upon the services of the deal of poetry in it—than as a collection of elo- compiler. Men who have gone into the fighting quence. doubly armed with sword and pen have not lacked Certain of the editor's inclusions have gained note for assistance in the task of placing their literary elsewhere: Rupert Brooke's four best sonnets are product in the hands of willing publishers. On the here, and Alan Seeger's Rendezvous with Death; heels of the early collections of war verse and war there is also Eden Phillpotts' exquisite Death and prose came the outpourings of the cultists and con- the Flowers; Henry Newbolt is represented by Fare- trovertists, but these are rapidly being effaced by by Sedan; Thomas Hardy with Before Marching well and the fine King's Highway; Hilaire Belloc their own dust. Mr. Morse, fortunately, has re- frained from being anything more pretentious than and After. These and a few others are perhaps a sympathetic compiler, intent upon presenting the high points of the collection, though the good within the scope of one volume the essential facts poems are by no means all followed by familiar concerning the early American fighters. Excerpts names; and if the collection shows nearly every from letters, and from newspaper and magazine degree and quality of execution, it nevertheless also contributions comprise most of the book. Mr. holds throughout a considerable elevation and dig- Morse's function has been to arrange the material nity. Christ in Flanders and Dr. John McCrae's in convenient divisions, and to link it with necessary In Flanders Fields could be chosen as typical of one use. 1919 51 THE DIAL The Scandinavian Classics "The series is, in its -dignified simplicity, a beautiful testimony to a literary solicitude which we hitherto have not been accustomed to associate with modern American culture. This undertaking is not in the least forced, but just well done." -August Brunius, the Swedish critic. Two volumes are issued annually. The following eleven are now ready: Comedies by Holberg Marie Grubbe. A Lady of the Three most characteristic plays by “The Seventeenth Century Molière of the North," the first great mod The first of J. P. Jacobsen's two great psy- ern in Scandinavian literature. chological novels. Poems by Tegnér Arnljot Gelline “Frithiof's Saga” and other poems by the In this verse romance Björnson has found lyrist who revealed the beauty of Swedish the most "daring and tremendous expres- literature to Longfellow. sion for the spirit of Old Norse paganism.” Poems and Songs by Björnstjerne Anthology of Swedish Lyrics A wonderful array of lyric achievement is Björnson revealed in this volume of Swedish verse, A catechism of Norwegian patriotic ideals. from 1750 to 1915, collected and translated by Charles Wharton Stork. Master Olof Gosta Berling's Saga-Part I Strindberg's historical-religious drama, Selma Lagerlöf's first romance, which won whose hero has been called “as uncompro- her immortal fame among world writers. mising at moments as Ibsen's Brand, but This translation is based up the excellent more living than he." British translation by Lillie Tudeer, now The Prose Edda of Snorri Sturluson out of print. It has been carefully edited by Hanna Astrup Larsen, the translator of Mythical tales of the North written by a Jacobsen's Marie Grubbe, and the eight master of Old Norse Prose. chapters omitted from Miss Tudeer's ver- sion have been added in masterly translation Modern Icelandic Plays by Velma Swanston Howard. “Eyvind of the Hills” and “The Hraun Gösta Berling's Saga–Part II Farm” by Jóhann Sigurjónsson, the young Containing the last chapters in the career of the profligate poet-priest of Värmland. The Price of Each Volume is $1.50 dramatist of Iceland. The American Scandinavian Foundation 25 West 45th Street, New York When writing to advertisers please nention Tax DIAL 52 January 11 THE DIAL aspect of the whole. They are not quite the “per unthinking; but it is rather a pity that the memoirs fect speech” that Arnold predicates as poetry. But of childhood should give the impression of an aerated they are something that enthusiasm might con text on the elements of pedagogy. Mrs. Bacon's ceivably urge as about as good; they are eloquence talents could be better employed than in presenting -eloquence which would undoubtedly be poetry but these excellent, but widely known, methods in child- for a certain lack of the terms of expression. And, training in this almost insufferably righteous way, at that, one is not sure that such eloquence may not The children in the book, fortunately, are real have a mark and moment equal to that of poetry of children, although surrounded by perfection. The less, or even of the same, inspiration; the reader will illustrations conform to the text in their general find himself very much held by such eloquence and fashion-magazine style. moved much in the same fashion in which poetry proper moves him. But, like eloquence, pieces of Books of the Fortnight this sort rather too much fall back on the locutions of custom used in untransmuted relations; and like The following list comprises The DIAL's selec- eloquence they rely for their power mainly on the tion of books recommended among the publications momentum and energy or poignancy of their sub- received during the last two weeks: stance. Poetry however is not poetry by virtue of The Chronicles of America: Elizabethan Sea Dogs, its momentum, and everyone will concede that there is a great deal of energetic and poignant prose. by William Wood; Pioneers of the Old South, by Mary Johnston; Crusaders New The language of poetry may have and doubtless France, by William Bennett Munro; The always should have the effect of simplicity; but it Conquest of New France, by George M. surely is not simple. Accordingly, although Christ in Flanders and In Flanders Fields are fine and Wrong; The Eve of the Revolution, by Carl doubtless enduring things, they are not quite poet- Becker; Washington and His Colleagues, by ically absolute, since they are somewhat impoverished Henry Jones Ford; The Forty Niners, by in the fit detail, the selective, rich specificity, the Stewart Edward White; Abraham Lincoln and various and mysterious wealth of poetry. the Union, by Nathaniel W. Stephenson; The American Spirit in Literature, by Bliss Perry Yet if the majority of these pieces seem not en The Passing of the Frontier, by Emersor tirely to achieve the spontaneous and coherent final- Hough. To be complete in 50 vols. 10 vols ity of poetry, it must certainly be marked that they ready. Yale University Press. $3.50 each are incoherent partly through their great burden of $175 a set. significance; it is an incoherence of the stable and The Great Change. By Charles W. Wood the steady, even the static, who are here deeply moved. It is an obviously English volume. It is 12mo, 214 pages. Boni & Liveright. $1.50. English, too, at the time when the English are India in Transition. A Study in Political Evolution historically, proverbially, at their best—in their hour By the Aga Khan. 8vo, 310 pages. G. P of adversity. Its eloquence well reflects the pain Putnam's Sons. $4.50. endured, the matter-of-fact sacrifice, the renewal of The Meaning of National Guilds. By Maurice B faith, the patriotic stir of pulse, the good yew stead- Reckitt and C. E. Bechhofer. iness of front which have characterized the British pages. Macmillan Co. $2.50. for the last four years. There will be more fin- War Neuroses. By John T. MacCurdy. 8vc ished poetry, and of greater reach and caliber, from 132 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.50. this war; yet it will be some time before the sin- Letters of Susan Hale. Edited by Caroline I cerity and national timbre of the English are more Atkinson, with an introduction by Edward F convincingly witnessed to than they are in these Hale. 12mo, 472 pages. Marshall Jones C poems, whose language, if not quite verbally equal $3.50. to the occasion, does yet give considerable breath Studies in Literature. By Arthur Quiller-Coucl again to the robust and resonant sentiments of that 8vo, 324 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.51 thoroughly English and very remarkable monarch, The Day's Burden: Studies, Literary and Politica Shakespeare's Henry V. and Miscellaneous Essays. By Thomas M. Kettle. 12mo, 218 pages. Charles Scribner ON OUR Hill. Josephine Daskam Bacon. Sons. $2 Scribner; $2. Java Head. A Novel. By Joseph Hergesheime The newest volume of this clever writer should 12mo, 255 pages. Alfred A. Knopf. $1.50. have been preserved merely as a family memento. The Queen of China, and Other Poems. By Et It is probable that the children of Josephine Daskám ward Shanks. 12mo, 240 pages. Mart Bacon are among the most fortunate in heredity and Secker (London). environment, and there are in this book, no doubt, Chinese Lyrics from the Book of Jade. Translate many suggestions as to education and development from the French of Judith Gautier by Jam which their mother is generous in supplying to the Whitall. Svo, 53 pages. B. W. Huebsch. $ 12mo, 45 1919 53 THE DIAL Abraham Lincoln University of Wisconsin Studies as a Man of Letters --- By Luther Emerson Robinson, M.A. The first comprehensive study of the life and work of the great Eman- cipator from the literary point of view. The author traces Lincoln's development as a man of letters, and describes the growth of those personal and governmental ideals which enabled him to reach the mind and heart of the people. With Appendix, containing all of Lincoln's notable addresses. state-papers and letters: Bibliography and Index. 12 mo; 342 pages; $150 net, At all bookstores, or from the publishers REILLY & BRITTON CO., CHICAGO Studies in Language and Literature No. 1. British Criticisms of American Writings: 1783- 1815, by William B. Cairns. Price 50 cents. A survey of British comment on American books during the nascent period of American national life, looking forward to an iuvestigation into all aspects of the rela- tions between the intellectual elements of the two nations during the first fifty years of American inde- pendence. No. 2. Studies by Members of the English Depart- ment. Price $1.00. A volume of miscellaneous papers in various fields of English scholarship: dedicat- ed to Professor F. G. Hubbard on the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of his entering the service of the University. No. 3. Classical Studies in honor of Charles Forster Smith, by his colleagues. Price $1.00. In Preparation The Position of the Roode en Witte Roos in the Saga of King Richard III, by O. J. Camp- bell. Goethe's Lyric Poems in English Translation prior to 1860, by Lucretia Van Tuyl Simmons. Studies in History and the Social Sciences No. 1. The Colonial Citizen of New York City, by Robert Francis Seybolt. Price 50 cents. A source-study of the essential characteristics of citizen- ship practice in colonial New York City, indicating by documentary evidence the medieval English ancestry of the citizen of today, Orders should be sent to Secretary, The Board of Regents, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS (QUAKERS) BOOKS at:—144 East 20th Street, New York; Friends Book Store, Richmond, Ind. SCHOOLS at:-Union Springs, N.Y.; George School, Pa.; Vassalboro, Me.: Spiceland, Ind.; Plain- field, Ind.; Vermilion Grove, Ill.; Oskaloosa, lowa. COLLEGES at:-Haverford, Pa.; Guilford College, N. C.; Wilmington, Ohio; Earlham, Ind.; Oskaloosa, lowa; Wichita, Kans.; Central City, Neb.; Newberg, Ore.; Whittier, Calif. ISSIA RUSSIA FROM THE VARANCIANS TO THE BOLSHEVIKS INFORMATION AT MT. KISCO, N. Y. nutha N. W Araba teha Lam, Download SI ALICE KAUSER AGENT-PLAYS DRAMATIST'S AGENT-PLAYS 1402 BROADWAY, NEW YORK (Established 1895) MOTION PICTURE DEPT., R. L. Giffen, Manager N. RUSSIA LABOR TEMPLE Fourteenth St. and Second Avenue, N. Y. C. OPEN FORUM SUNDAYS AT 8 P. M. January Meetings "Ways Into the New Social Order" Led by Richard Roberts of London (Author of "The Red Cap on the Cross”) TWO LECTURE COURSES by Dr. Will Durant (Author of Philosophy and the Social Problem) Wednesdays 8.15 P. M. January to June "Sociology, Civilization and Reconstruction" Sundays 5 P. M. January to June "A Review of Recent European Literature" Open discussion after each lecture. From the Varangians to the Bolsheviks, by RAY- MOND BEAZLEY, NEVIL FORBES and G. A. BIRKETT. 623 pages. (Postage extra, weight 2 lbs.) Net $4.25. What are the factors that led to the Bolshevik domination of Russia? Wherein does the Russian Revolution differ from the French Revolution? Why has Germany been so successful in her Rus- sian propaganda? Questions like these are an- swered by the facts as given in this book. One cannot fail to understand the Russians better after reading this volume. [Histories of the Belliger- ents Series.) At All Booksellers OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS A MERICAN BRANCH Thirty-five W. Thirty-second St., New York DORRES DOM NA INVETIO HOME When writing to advertisers please mention The Dial. 54 January 11 THE DIAL Current News As a guidebook to the Five Cities the volume is comprehensive and informing: everything from Lei- · Alfred A. Knopf is about to bring out a revised cester Square, which “took its name from Leicester translation of The Cabin, by Blasco Ibáñez, with House, which stood where Daly's Theatre and its an introduction by John Garrett Underhill. An companion buildings now stand, and was originally estimate of Ibáñez, by Isaac Goldberg, appeared in the house of . . ." to the British Museum and THE DIAL for November 16. The Bolsheviks and The Soviets: 76 Questions reader who remembers the author's other books may Soho comes in for conscientious mention. But the and Answers, by Albert Rhys Williams, has been well overlook the too evident auctorial enterprise published in pamphlet by the Rand School of Social which must have prompted the writing of this one. Science, New York. The price is ten cents a copy, In Thomas Burke's Nights in London however $6 a hundred in bundles. —first published in 1915 and recently brought out Poems, The Golden Hynde, and Flower of Old in a popular edition (Holt; $1.50)— —we see through Japan, the first three volumes of Alfred Noyes' the eyes of a passionate pligrim a more than real verse published in this country, have recently been London, “all the city a Whistler pastel taken over from the Macmillan Co. by the Fred- with its vistas of sudden beauty.” Breath-taking in erick A. Stokes Co. hese, with the books already its abandon is Mr. Burke's enthusiasm for his issued by Stokes, make a total of thirteen published beloved city. Night after night of the city's life- in America. in Limehouse, Whitechapel, East, West, North, The title frankly sets the bounds of attainment in South, at the Opera, and in the Music Halls—is James W. Foley's Friendly Rhymes (Dutton; $2). Aung before you in kaleidoscopic color until you The author does not aspire to rank higher than a see, with Aladdin himself at your elbow, nothing rhymester, possibly on the theory that the man with three nickels in his pocket can make as much jingle world. less that the real Arabian Nights of our modern as the man with three gold pieces. He writes on the philosophic level of the cartoonist's embodiment of Contributors the ultimate consumer, occasionally throwing in some dialect, or something with its major appeal to The Dial announces that with this issue Robert the juvenile reader. The book is illustrated. Morss Lovett, long a contributor to its columns, A vertiginous baffling of the expectation comes becomes its editor. In addition to his collaborations over one who peruses J. A. Faulkner's Wesley as with William Vaughn Moody—A History of Eng, Sociologist, Theologian and Churchman (Abingdon lish Literature (1902) and A First View of Press; 75 cts.), for here one learns successively that English Literature (1905)—Mr. Lovett is the au- Wesley was not a sociologist, not a theologian, not thor of Cowards, a play produced in 1914, and of a churchman. But he was a fine type of religious two novels—Richard Gresham (1904) and A organizer, a personality with a happy faculty of Winged Victory (1907). He comes to The Dial loving domination, and a tireless laborer for a bet- from the University of Chicago, where he has been ter Church of England, a better nation, and a better a member of the Department of English since 1893 humanity. Professor Faulkner has presented a pen and a dean since 1903. picture of Wesley that is authoritative and—brief. The change in editors is enforced the con- The Lyric for January announces that the Lyric tinued ill health of George Donlin, who, though Society offers $500 each for the three best books of necessarily absent from the offices, will remain on poetry submitted to it before April 1. There are no the staff of The Dial as an associate editor and restrictions upon the volumes except that they must will contribute as his health permits. be in English. The donor is an American who pre- fers to remain anonymous; the judges will be an Mr. Gilbert E. Roe is a New York lawyer and nounced later. The Lyric Society was formed a the author of Our Judicial Oligarchy and of vari- year ago to encourage the publication and distribu- Cus legal articles. tion of poetry in America and a better compensation Miss Katharine Anthony received the degree of for poets. Somewhat interrupted by the war, it is bachelor of philosophy from the University of Chi- now endeavoring to extend its membership. Com- She has been instructor in English munications should be addressed to Samuel Roth, in Wellesley College, has done research work in Secretary, 1425 Grand Concourse, New York City. economics with the Russell Sage Foundation, and That E. V. Lucas was unutterably weary of his is at present engaged in social work in New York endless “wanderings” in Venice, Paris, Holland, City. Miss Anthony is the author of Mothers Who Florence, when he wrote A Wanderer in London, Must Earn (1914), Feminism in Germany and first issued in 1906 and now reprinted (Macmillan; Scandinavia (1915), and Labor Laws of New $2)-none can doubt. Surely the essayist must re York (1917). gretfully have surrendered some pleasanter task to The other contributors to this number have pre- undertake this methodical mapping out of London. viously written for THE DIAL. cago in 1905. 1919 55 THE DIAL Unusual Opportunity for Send for Descriptive 4. THE BIOLOGY OF WAR By Dr. G. F. Nicolai A vital conception of war supplying solid ground for sane men and women to stand on. 800, 594 pages. $3.50. Published by THE CENTURY CO., New York. January Clearance HURT HIMEBAUGH E BROWNE ZA BOOK 471 FIFTH AVE. 3 "Take, for instance, so absorbing a tale as THE CABIN SALE opp. LIBRARY NEW YORK 17 [By Vicente Blasco Ibanez, author of THE FOUR HORSEMEN OF THE APOCALYPSE) - superior both to THE FI UR HORSEMEN and MARE NOSTRUM as a work of art." - The Dial. $1.50 net at all bookshops ALFRED A. KNOPF, NEW YORK Discerning Book-Buyer's Catalogue JUST THE POWER OF DANTE PUBLISHED BY CHARLES HALL GRANDGENT Professor of Romance Languages, Harvard University The book consists of a series of eight lectures delivered at the Lowell Institute in the autumn of 1917, reinforced with other ma- terial. The translations are by the author. Price $2.00, postage lic. MARSHALL JONES COMPANY, PUBLISHERS 212 SUMMER STREET, BOSTON, MASS. THE BRICK ROW BOOK SHOP, INC. . (E. Byrne Hackett) NEW HAVEN, CONN. Begs to announce the opening of an office in the ANDERSON GALLERIES (PARK AVE. and 59TH STREET) for the sale of LITERARY PROPERTIES, RARE AND CHOICE BOOKS, MANUSCRIPTS, AUTOGRAPH LETTERS. THE MODERN LIBRARY OF THE WORLD'S BEST BOOKS Sixty-four titles now published-14 new volumes just issued. The Dial says "There is scarcely a title that fails to awaken interest. The series doubly welcome at this time"-only 70c. a volume wherever books are sold. Catalog on request. BONI & LIVERIGHT, 10572 W. 40th Street, New York APPRAISALS MADE OF LIBRARIES. AUCTION_COMMISSIONS EXECUTED. Telephone: Plaza 4414. High St., New Haven, Conn., and 489 Park Ave., New York. Le Livre Contemporain A magazine devoted Sent free on to French Literature application. SCHOENHOF BOOK CO. French Bookshop 128 Tremont Street Boston, Mass. FUTNAUS ThePutnam Bookstore 2west45"St.5AVEN.Y. Book Buyers BOOKS THE NEW YORK BUREAU OF REVISION Thirty-eighth Year. LETTERS OF CRITICISM, EXPERT Revision of MSS. Advice as to publication. Address DR. TITUS M. COAN, 424 W. 119th St., New York City who cannot get satisfactory local service, are urged to establish relations with our bookstore. We handle every kind of book, wherever published. Questions about literary matters answered promptly. We have customers in nearly every part of the globe. Safe delivery guaranteed to any address. Our bookselling experience extends over 80 years. I wish to buy any books or pamphlets printed in America before 1800 C. GERHARDT, 25 West 420 St., New York ANTIQUARIAN BOOK CO. Evesham Road, Stratford-on-Avon, England Dealers in Rare Books and First Editions: Dickens, Thack- eray. Stevenson, Kipling, Conrad, Masefield, Wells, Noyes, The Latest Authoritative Book on Bulgaria, Turkey and the Balkans Dunsany, etc., etc. The Cradle of the War: Catalogues mailed free on request THE BOLSHEVIKI AND THE SOVIETS A series of questions and answers covering vital points of information regarding Russia by Albert Rhys Williams $6.00 a hundred Rand Book Store , 17 East 15th Street, New York When writing to advertisers please mention The Dial. THE NEAR EAST AND PAN-GERMANISM By H. CHARLES WOODS, F.R.G.S. A really valuable work, based on intimate first-hand knowledge of the Near-East and its Rulers. Special chapters devoted to the Dardanelles campaign, the Salonica operations, the Bagdad Railway and the de- signs of Germany under her Mittel - Europa scheme. With valuable maps and illustrations. $2.50 net. LITTLE BROWN & CO., Publishers, BOSTON 10 cents a copy 56 January 11, 1919 THE DIAL New APPLETON Books EDITH WHARTON'S New Story THE MARNE * The reader's first sensation on closing this volume is one of sheer wonder at its richness, for if ever the phrase 'much in little applied to any book it surely applies to this one. Always a critic of life, Mrs. Wharton has never written a broader, keener criticism than this, her first long story of the war.”—New York Times. “Only an artist could have written this story. Only a woman heart-torn could have endowed it with life and with such exquisite- ness of feeling. A superb picture to stir the soul and to treasure in the memory.”- Philadelphia Press. To miss it is to miss one of the most notable stories of the year. $1.25 net. Unchained Russia Prussian Political Philosophy BY CHARLES E. RUSSELL BY WESTEL W. WILLOUGHBY To understand the Russian situation, read this striking and accurate account of The political principles which have made chaotic Russia its conflicting parties Germany a menace to democracy in con- and their aims—its leaders and its pos- trast to American democratic ideals. sible future. $1.50 net. $1.50 net. PROF. JOHN BACH MCMASTER'S IMPORTANT HISTORICAL VOLUME The United States in the World War From the viewpoint of the trained historian, Professor McMaster presents the facts leading to our participation in the war. His book is a complete and authentic history of the developments in this country from August, 1914, to April, 1918. It deals with Germany's method of making war, her propaganda in this country, the restriction of neutral trade, the submarine outrages, the treachery of Germany's officials, the peace notes, and our dec- laration of war. This is the most timely, authoritative, and generally interesting valuable book on the subject of America's participation in the War. With map. 8vo. Blue cloth. $3.00 net. New Publications of the Institute for Government Research The Problem of A National The Movement for Budgetary The Canadian Budgetary System Budget Reform in the States BY HAROLD G. VILLARD BY W. F. WILLOUGHBY BY W. F. WILLOUGHBY AND W. W. WILLOUGHBY A clear, scientific statement of Reproduces in full, all of the How the British budgetary sys- the making of national budgets legislation concerning the in tem works satisfactorily and in Europe, Great Britain and troduction of budgetary sys otherwise in a country whose the United States, with many tems in the states, with critical conditions are similar to those specific suggestions. $2.75 net. analyses. $2:7'5 net. in the United States. $2.50 net. For Sale at All Bookstores These Are Appleton Books D. APPLETON & COMPANY Pablishers, New York GROLIER CRAFT 68 PRESS, INC., N. Y. A Voice Out of Russia Company, Inc.-Martyn Johnson, President-at 152 West Thirteenth Street, New York, N. Y. Entered as Second. THE DIAL A FORTNIGHTLY VOL. LXVI NEW YORK NO. 782 JANUARY 25, 1919 A Voice OUT OF RUSSIA George V. Lomonossoff 61 LUFBERY. Verse Mabel Kingsley Richardson 66 The GUNS IN SURREY: A MEREDITH REMEMBRANCE . Fullerton L. Waldo 67 OUT OF A Day. Verse . Herbert J. Seligmann 70 MILITARY TRAINING AS EDUCATION George Soule 71 LAMARTINE, THE PATRIOT OF THE FEBRUARY REVOLUTION William A. Nitze 73 THE MODERN POINT OF VIEW AND THE New ORDER : Thorstein Veblen 75 VIII. The Vested Interests and the Common Man. The LITERARY ABBOZZO Conrad Aiken 83 The BIOLOGY OF WAR . Will Durant 84 AN AMERICAN PENDENNIS Robert Morss Lovett 86 EMPTY BALLOONS James Weber Linn 87 EDITORIALS 89 FOREIGN COMMENT: Barbusse's View of President Wilson.—Questions.—Peace or War? 92 COMMUNICATIONS: The Blood of the Martyrs. 93 Notes on New Books: The Sacred Beetle and Others.—Young Adventure.–Four Years 96 in the White North.– Confessions of an Opera Singer.—The Flaming Crucible.—The Founda- tions and Nature of Verse.—Some Happenings.—Out of the Silences. Companga (founded in 1880 by Francis F. Browne) is published every other Saturday by The Dia! - Publishing 1919, by The Dial Publishing Company, Inc. Foreign Postage,' so cents. 15 Cents a Copy $3.00 a Year 58 THE DIAL January 25 Ready January 25th Sir Gilbert Parker's Strongest and Most Daring Novel in Recent Years WILD YOUTH AND ANOTHER By SIR GILBERT PARKER. 4 Illustrations. $1.50 Net. An intense and thrilling drama, staged in the Canadian west. Into this colorful world, to the booming town of Askatoon, Joel Mazarine brings his young wife, Louise. She is a white flower of unawakened girlhood, sold to a rich old man by a selfish mother, to save their family fortunes. The spectators of the drama of Mazarine's Louise and Orlando are the young doctor, kindly and wise, the rough survivors of pioneer days, and the newcomers who are building up the new and modern town. Orlando Guise is the owner of Slow Down Ranch which adjoins Mazarine's property. Louise has almost become the hapless victim of her husband's cruelty, fading like a parched flower, when chance brings her in contact with Orlando; they “change eyes,” without volition of their own. The result is a heart-gripping tale of love and jealousy, hate and exquisite romance. Recent Publications of General Interest The Springtide of Life Poems of Childhood Esmeralda or Every Little Bit Helps By ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE By NINA WILCOX PUTNAM and NORMAN With a Preface by Edmund Gosse. JACOBSON Illustrated by ARTHUR RACKHAM. Illustrated in color and black and white, $1.00 net. 8 color plates and many illustrations in the text. A western girl in the China Shop of Society, $3.00 net. breaking the treasures of tradition with the de- Edmund Gosse has carried out a plan once lighted co-operation of all types of men—and made by the poet, to gather his poems on child- helping to win the war with an originality of hood in one volume, and Arthur Rackham has method that is bewildering but full of "pep" and interpreted them exquisitely. and individuality effective. A delightful ro- mance and a heroine who will create her own The Historical Nights Entertainment welcome. By RAFAEL SABATINI, Author of “The Clear the Decks ! Snare," "Banner of the Bull," etc. $1.75 net. A Tale of the American Navy Today. A remarkable work in which the author, with By "COMMANDER" all of his rare skill in re-creating historical scenes, has described a group of famous events, 20 Photographic Illustrations. $1.50 net. such as "The Murder of the Duke of Gandia,' A thrilling tale of our navy boys in action- "The Story of St. Bartholomew," and others of based on fact. Thousands of our American equal or greater import. The fact that each boys are today living the life of the hero of story culminates in the dramatic happenings of this book. It was written by a U. S. Naval a night leads to the captions: The Night of Be- Officer during off hours in actual naval service. trayal, The Night of Charity, The Night of A wholly enthralling story of American naval Massacre, etc. The author is supreme in his activities is here described—the fun, the dan- power to picture vividly, and in a new manner, gers, the everyday life, the encounters with the scenes already more than famous through great enemy. foreign writers such as Dumas. Decorative Textiles The Romance of Old Philadelphia By GEORGE LELAND HUNTER By JOHN T. FARIS, Author of 580 Illustrations in color and halftones; hand- "Old Roads Out of Philadelphia" somely bound. $15 net. 100 Illustrations. Octavo. $4.50 net. The first comprehensive book on decorative textiles for wall, floor, and furniture coverings. The fact that Philadelphia was the center for A perfect reservoir of combinations and a long period of the colonial life of the nation schemes old and new. The illustrations are gives this volume a historical appeal to all remarkable for both quality and quantity, show- Americans. The illustrations are of the most ing texture values as they have never been varied and interesting character. shown before. A magnificent work. AT ALL BOOKSTORES J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY PUBLISHERS PHILADELPHIA When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL 1919 THE DIAL 59 AMONG DUTTON BOOKS OF An extraordinarily beautiful account of the manner in which a young inan gradually learned to withdraw his soul from SPECIAL INTEREST FICTION THE SHADOW OF THE CATHEDRAL. By VICENTE BLASCO IBAÑEZ By the Author of "The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse.” A new edition entirely reset with an Introduction by WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS. Ready. Net, $1.90 A vivid, dramatic story in which the author of "The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse" presents the undercurrents of democratic feeling in a nation long passive but now stirring under the dead weight of age-long traditions by which the church and monarchy rule Spain. It is superbly written with profound knowledge and intense conviction. THE CRESCENT MOON. By the Author of "Marching on Tanga,” FRANCIS BRETT YOUNG His new book is a strange and picturesque romance set against the colorful, unhackneyed background of German East Africa. It is a love story of unusual charm, tinged with the mystery of African jungles and a hint of hidden cults. Ready. Net, $1.75 THE CHALLENGE TO SIRIUS. By the Author of "Sussex Gorse," SHEILA KAYE-SMITH "Straight ahead burned a great lamp, Sirius, symbol of the Divine Indifference," quotes the author on the title-page of a significant story written with a quiet power and sureness of touch that is unusual. Its scenes swing from a sleepy Sussex village to literary London, to America in Civil War times, to a remote forest pueblo in Yucatan and back in full circle to the little isle of Oxney, between Sussex and Kent. Ready. Net, $1.90 THE HIGHWAYMAN. By H. C. BAILEY A gallant romance of conspiracy, misunderstanding, and of as high-hearted love as ever banished pride of place or hope of preferment, and made even crowns and kingdoms seem of minor worth. Ready. Net, $1.60 JACQUOU THE REBEL. By EUGENE LE ROY Translated by Eleanor Stimson Brooks. The first volume of The Library of French Fiction which aims to exhibit the customs and manners of all classes of French society through a selection of masterpieces. This volume pictures a section of life in Perigord which had hardly changed for a century and reveals the gentle qualities which have made French civilization so valuable to the world. Ready. Net, $1.90 Others to follow: Nono, by GASTON ROUPnel; Two Banks of the Seine, by F. VANDEREM. THE FOUR HORSEMEN OF THE APOCALYPSE. By VICENTE BLASCO IBAÑEZ This supreme work of genius still holds first place in literature of the war. from a shelf-full of books are all to be gained with greater clearness, force and unity from this one volume; others declare that as long as the Great War lives in the memory of the race this will be read, that its picture of the sweep and ebb of the first battle of the Marne surpasses even Victor Hugo's famous “Waterloo." Net, $1.90 THE GARDEN OF SURVIVAL. By the “Master of Mystery,” ALGERNON BLACKWOOD There is no living writer who expresses so subtly and with such exquisite beauty the power of undying love to exert its influence even from beyond the grave itself. Ready. Net, $1.25 WHILE PARIS LAUGHED. The latest novel by LEONARD MERRICK Being the Pranks and Passions of the Poet Tricotrin in the gay laughing Paris of before the war. “Had Leonard Merrick Pean born in France, his brilliancy, wit, pathos and keen insight into life would have made his name a household word no less than Alphonse Daudet's.”—The Nation. To be ready Jan. 25. Net, $1.75 MISCELLANEOUS FRANCE FACING GERMANY. By GEORGES CLEMENCEAU, Premier of France from which France looks to the peaces stablethe struggle are its statements of the condition and the hope of France that it from malaysis of the origins and progress of the struggle between France and Germany: An expression of the viewpoint becomes at once one of the essential books to any one following the peace discussion. Net, $2.00 THE DAREDEVIL OF THE ARMY. By Captain A. P. CORCORAN Forteperiences as a "Buzzer" and Despatch Rider. Death capture, accidents—any may overtake him on his road, but none credited him with the salvation of the British forces.” tra i deter: or terrify him. The Jaredevil that is the name he earned in the early days of the war, when General French Net, $1.50 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL OF PHYSICAL DISCIPLINARY TRAINING. By Lieut.-Col. H. J. KOEHLER, U. S. A.. of wat op directed the physical training at West Point , and of the men in many officers' training camps. The Secretary The advantage of this discipline is not merely to make men look fit, but actually to training camps; to the battlefields coulerafoddowe Colukotinlar ana impressive story trof physical and moral adequacy. Ready about Feb. 1 THE FORGOTTEN THRESHOLD. Being the Diary of ARTHUR MIDDLETON the outside world and place it in direct communion with God. Ready shortly. Net, $1.00 of War, Newton D. BAKER, says: make them be fit; All of these may be ordered (postage extra) of any bookseller or direct from E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY, 681 Fifth Avenue, New York When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL 60 January 25 THE DIAL What the Peace Conference Will Do GREAT PEA CE 1 These new books clarify the problems of the Peace Conference and outline the structure of the New World. They are necessary to an intelligent under- standing of Reconstruction. H. H. Powers' New Book THE A highly original and brilliant discussion of Nationality and the general principles on which the new order must be built to insure a lasting peace and the progress of civilization. $2.25. AMERICA AMONG THE NA. TIONS, Mr. Powers' recent book, lays particular emphasis on our part in the days to come. “For an understanding of the new crisis that we are fac- ing in 1918, we know of no book more searching or readable.”—The Outlook. $1.50. Walter Weyl's New New Book THE END OF THE WAR Shows the problems President Wilson now faces at the Peace Conference and what the defeat or victory of his policies will mean to us and all liberal Europe. "The most courageous book on politics published in America since the beginning of the War.”—The Dial. $2.00. A frank and stimulating discussion of America is found in Mr. Weyl's AMERICAN WORLD POLICIES. “It exposes dangers that lurk in what to the casual eye seems evidence of national success.”—N. Y. Post. $2.25. Ernest Poole's New Books on Russia THE VILLA GE "Filled, crammed with revelations of Russian character, sentiments, opinions, purposes. One of the most enlightening books on the Russian problem that have been written since the Revolution.”—N. Y. Tribune. $1.50. In Mr. Poole's THE DARK PEOPLE the importance of Russia's great peasant population is revealed. “A sincere and strikingly successful attempt to get at the mind and heart of the Russian people.”—N. Y. Post. $1.50. “The Future Belongs to the People” KARL LIEBKNECHT By Translated by Dr. S. Zimand, with a Foreword by Dr. Walter Weyl. A book that reveals Liebknecht's position on many of the great problems now before the German people. These essays and speeches made in war time give a new basis on which to judge Liebknecht's power and place in the new Germany. $1.25. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY Publishers NEW YORK When writing to advertisers please mention To DIAL THE DIAL It was already evident in 1905, but not being suffici- cruel and powerful enemy totally unarmed. This A FORTNIGHTLY A Voice Out of Russia Americans have always pictured Russia as some known that the war found Russia inadequately fairyland such as India or Tibet. Formerly it was prepared. Nevertheless we performed the self- the land of the Czars, the whip, and the Cossack, imposed duties more than honestly; we performed and now it is the land of the still less comprehensible them with self-sacrifice. And this did not fail to Bolsheviki. Yet there is a great likeness in char react; owing to the undeveloped state of our eco- acter between Americans and Russians: for instance, nomic life we were ruined by hunger and poverty devotion to land, love of liberty, natural humor, by the third year of the war. and a carefree attitude. But there is a great dif This did not happen at once. We passed three ference, owing to historic reasons, between the mode stages in falling down the slope. The first stage of life of the United States and that of Russia. First passed with the cry: “The war will end soon !". of all, the white pioneers went into the forests and Owing to this belief the factories and shops con- prairies of this country one by one or in small groups tinued to work according to the usual peace pro- and settled immediately as 'individual farmers. gram and met the demands of the consumers at the The Russian people migrated a thousand years ago expense of the army's needs. Russia had everything from the Carpathians to the east en masse. They in abundance; moreover the cessation of exports occupied lands for "artels” (groups). ring that created a surplus of goods. The heart of the country thousand years they grew accustomed to cultivating did not feel the hardships of the war. It is true that the land by communistic methods. But the Ameri- 12,000,000 youths and men were torn away from can farmer is first of all an owner, whereas the their families, but the tears for them dissolved in Russian peasant is a communist—and here lies the the ocean of apathy and plenty brought about by the reason of the success of Socialistic teaching in Rus flow of money into the villages. The last is of such sia, Second, in America material and spiritual great importance that we must go into details of it. advantages are distributed among the population We know what enormous expenditures à modern more evenly than in Russia. Until the very out- war requires. Russia did not have enough gold, break of the Revolution the law distinctly divided and attempts to raise internal loans were unsuccess- the Russian “subjects” into two uneven parts: 3 per ful, owing to the ignorance of the masses. Therefore cent of the population were the so-called "priv- only one way was open to us, to print paper money. ileged" classes and 97 per cent the so-called "tax- The sudden increase of its amount in circulation paying" people. All comforts and necessities of did not fail to show results ; the ruble began to fall life , including education, were the privilege of the in value and prices of commodities began to increase 3 per cent; admittance to high schools and universi accordingly. Inasmuch as the peasant was getting ties, to state service and officers" rank was totally double prices , the peasant sold everything: grain, elosed to the 97 per cent. It should not be for cattle, linen, grandmother's dresses. "The village is gotten that 85 per cent of the population were freed growing rich,” shouted the newspapers. from the state of slavery only fifty-eight years ago, and naturally they still bear much malice to their But soon, very soon, the Russian peasant learned a bitter lesson as to the value of money. As thunder former masters . But even among the 3 per cent of the privileged there was not full content; the from a clear sky came the news of our retreat from It was the Carpathians in the spring of 1915. capitalistic class and the Intelligentsia were de found that in order to proceed with the war we prived of political power, which was monopolized by court adventurers. Discontent was universal. lacked the most necessary commodities; it was found that our children and fathers were facing the most ently organized, it was crushed. The war precipitated the climax. It is well It is well dustry. brought about a feverish mobilization of our in- 62 January 25 THE DIAL 1 The second stage ensued and ran under the motto: Nicholas the Russian people were governed by his “Everything for the war.” We sacrificed our en German wife and a clique of scoundrels. Loyal tire industry to the prosecution of the war. We did hands, desiring to uphold the prestige of the throne, not merely cease to manufacture nails, candles, and assassinated Rasputin; but in answer to this followed agricultural machinery, but we even gave up 75 per orgies over his corpse, the “provocation" of street cent of our textile industry for war needs. And disturbances in Petrograd, and the dispersing of the thus the so-called' goods famine ensued. But the Duma. Then the moment came when all of us- country did not have articles of necessity, and al from Lenin to Purishkevitch (the leader of the though goods were yet to be obtained in the cities famous “Black Hundred")—understood that this nothing reached the village. Having money on hand, sort of thing could not continue any longer, that the the peasant found that he could not purchase any Czar's regime had outlived itself. And it fell—fell thing with it. He could not understand it at first, ' painlessly and with ease, as a decayed apple falls but when he realized it, he became very angry and from a tree. refused to sell grain for the army and cities. “I In place of Nicholas II came the Government of don't want your money,” he said to the agents of Prince Lvoff, the Government of Cadets—a revolu- the Government and to erchants who would come tionary Government without revolutionists. I shall for the grain. “Give me gingham, nails, scythes, never forget the comment about this Government by boots—and unless you give me these, you will not a former minister of the Czar, Krivoshein. “This get my grain.” During the Czar's regime even Government,” said Krivoshein after he was told of flogging was resorted to, but the peasant was quite its composition, "has one great fault; it is too mod- determined in his refusal to sell grain. erate. · Two months ago it would have satisfied the As a result of this the army and the cities re country; now it is too late. It will not have power, mained without bread, and the cattle were partly and thus, Sirs, you will sacrifice your own newborn consumed and partly starved by lack of hay. A child—the Revolution—and also our all-beloved shortage of foodstuffs began, and in addition to this Fatherland, Russia.” These words proved to be many refugees from Poland and Lithuania fled in prophetic. The composition of the First Provisional the fall of 1915 to the interior cities. Nevertheless Government was not in accordance with the senti- we managed to push through the trying winter of ment of the country. And as a result, side by side 1915-16. And in the fall of 1916 the situation with this Government, sprang up the Soviets, backed became still worse. Due to additional recruiting of by the confidence of the great masses of the people. soldiers a shortage of labor occurred. The culti- Among the ministers of the First Provisional Gov- vated area suffered a decrease of 30 per cent. And ernment there were to be found no men with tech- then in November there was an acute shortage of nical experience of state administration. Lvoff and locomotives on the railroads. We never had had Miliukoff gave ministerial places to their party many of them. And during the war, owing to the in friends. The Director of the Imperial Ballet was tensive usage, they were worn out and there was no given the portfolio of the Ministry of Finance; means of repairing them. As a result of this, the physician, the Ministry of Agriculture. railroads were totally disorganized. On the Don The organization of the Second Provisional Gov- and in Siberia, for instance, grain and hay were ernment, which included representatives of the radi- rotting at the stations, while on the Roumanian cal bourgeoisie and Moderate Socialists, slightly front I personally witnessed how thousands of horses changed the picture. They could not very well were falling of exhaustion and hunger. And the agree. Creative energy was expended in internal inhabitants had to sustain themselves upon the meat strife. The compromised decisions were not clear. of these fallen horses. Conditions in the cities were The Second Provisional Government also lacked not much better. Hunger and cold penetrated state experience and will-power. Doubtless the everywhere. The most timid citizens began to burden placed upon these governments by events complain and protest. And what meanwhile was proved to be too heavy. The time demanded going on within the Government? Dissipation with giants, but instead found midgets. But what was Rasputin and the placing of favorites in ministerial the problem of both Provisional Governments with posts. All slightly capable ministers, in spite of pub- which they could not cope? The Provisional Gov- lic opinion, were driven out and in their places were ernments themselves were saying that their aim was put known thieves, cretins, and traitors. A sort of to call a Constituent Assembly. They did not madness, hopeless madness, enveloped Tsarskoye realize that the Constituent Assembly was not the Selo and in the name of the weak-willed, drunken final end, but only a means, a means of expressing 2 موزی a 1919 THE DIAL 63 hastened with material aid to Russia ? I do not blame them for it. "One's own interests are near- the will of the people and of solving problems placed est." And meanwhile the army was diminishing before them. The substantial mistake of both Pro and diminishing—hunger had driven the soldiers visional Governments was that they mistook the from the trenches. means for the end. State administration presented a similar picture. When the March Revolution broke out three Its problems could not be postponed until the con- colossal questions confronted the Russian people: vocation of the Constituent Assembly. By force of 1. What is to be done about the war? events the Provisional Government was compelled 2. How is the Russian state to be organized ? to tolerate the self-appointed unlawful Soviets; more 3. How are famine and economic disintegration than that, they had to listen to their demands at- to be stopped ? tentively and as a result to proclaim Russia a Re- Now the Constituent Assembly was to be con public. This measure undoubtedly undermined the voked in ten months. Even in normal peaceful prestige of the Constituent Assembly and the belief times it is impossible to stop the current of life for in its indispensability. For this the Provisional Gov- ten months. And a revolution is a social condition ernments could scarcely be blamed. Their fault in which the pulsation of events is increased ten to was that they had remained behind the current of twentyfold. It ought to have been self-evident that life and the expectations of the people. And what the wheel of national life could not be stopped for were these expectations? The capitalists and the ten months either by Lvoff or Kerensky. No matter Intelligentsia, approximately 17/2 per cent of the how they urged the convocation of the Constituent population, were dreaming only of seizing political Assembly, they were themselves compelled by force power. The peasants—75 per cent of the popula- of events to solve, little by little, the very questions tion—were dreaming of the land. The soldiers—and. which they desired to give over to the decision of the these numbered about 10 per cent of the popula- Constituent Assembly. tion_dreamed of peace and of returning to their Consider the problem of the war. Was it possible dear ones at home; and finally, the workingmen, who to say to the Germans: "Wait, gentlemen. Do not numbered also about 10 per cent, dreamed of seizing shoot until the Constituent Assembly meets. When control of industry. it meets, it will decide whether or not we shall go The Provisional Governments promised every- on killing you”? Even the Allies would not agree thing, but asked for delay until the convocation of to such a decision. Yet in spite of the fact that we the Constituent Assembly. But the peasants and had sacrificed for the Allies about seven millions of workers preferred to realize their desire to get the our sons, they demanded that revolutionary Russia land and the means of production immediately by should participate more actively in the war. revolutionary means. “This is safer. At present An answer to these demands should have been the power is in our hands, and what will happen given immediately. To postpone the answer until tomorrow, we do not know.” This was well under- the convocation of the Constituent Assembly was stood by the Bolsheviki and this is where the meaning impossible . The Provisional Government realized of their doctrine, “the deepening of the Revolution" perfectly well that a hungry, barefooted Russia, —that is, the immediate realization of the people's with its disorganized railroads, could not possibly desires through revolutionary means - lies. And wage war even as it had during the Czar's regime. here lies the cause of their success. And the treaties signed by the Czar and the Allies Much is being said at present that such a solution could have no moral significance for free Russia. Therefore the circumstances and the dignity of Rus- of social problems is not democratic, that violence from the Left is just as hideous as violence from the sia required that the Provisional Government give Right. In substance this is true, but the trouble is to its Allies a friendly but firm repulse. It should that the Kingdom of God on earth has not come as have demanded immediate aid and should even have yet, and force can be crushed only by force. Every threatened separate peace. At that time we still had revolution provokes violence; why, asked the Rus- an army, and the Germans would have paid us highly for a separate peace. But our youthful min- sians, is it justifiable to overthrow the Czar by force, and not the bankers? isters and ambassadors, instead of taking such a firm But I have anticipated. Before speaking of the course, bowed before the Allies and gave all sorts of assurances that Russia would never conclude a present, let us return to the Provisional Govern- ments and see how they solved the third funda- separate peace. Why then should the Allies have mental problem; that is, the reorganization of the economic life of the country. The question can be answered in a few words: “They did not solve." 64 January 25 THE DIAL * Lacking economic experience and not venturing, for hardly be doubted. Lenin was obliged to present fear of the Allies, to decrease war production or the the Brest-Litovsk peace treaty for ratification to the number of soldiers at the front, the Provisional Congress of Soviets. · At that moment, as far as I Governments enacted nothing new. And conditions am concerned, the question as to who betrayed were growing worse: occupied with the “deepening whom was finally understood and decided. Upon of the Revolution,” the workmen hardly worked. presenting the peace treaty for ratification of the The productivity of shops and factories decreased Congress, Lenin did not deny it was humiliating. manyfold. General economic disintegration con But at the same time he insisted that this humilia- stantly increased. The villages had no goods, and tion was temporary, that the German revolution was the cities and army had no bread. A real famine not far away. Many did not believe it at that time, ensued and this was followed as usual by robberies but now the German revolution is an accomplished and violence. They reached their height in August- fact. September of 1917—about two months before As far as state organization was concerned, the the Bolshevik Revolution took place. The Pro- Soviet Government decided that at that time the visional Government even at that time had no question could be postponed. Russia was in the authority or power. The prestige of any power is throes of a social revolution and in the midst of a always best measured by the forces that rally around struggle with internal and external enemies of the it for its defense. And the Provisional Government new order. Russia is being built by the plain people, for its defense could only rally Junkers, a few Cos by the peasants—slowly, firmly, and without any sacks, and the Women's Battalion of Death. And definite plan. To foretell into what forms this re- it can hardly be said that the Bolshevik offensive building will finally shape is utterly impossible. It was an unexpected blow to the Provisional Govern- can, however, be definitely said that the present ment. Just the reverse: the Bolsheviki widely ad- rebuilding of Russia is not the last word of the Rus- vertised it two weeks in advance, so that the Provi sian Revolution. The word "Soviet” will probably sional Government had sufficient foreknowledge. It remain with us forever. The Russian people grew is therefore evident that it was in possession of fond of it. It was also adopted in Germany, but defensive forces and that the popularity of the Pro the meaning attached to this word will be perfected visional Government was not greater than that of in the future. However, it must be kept in mind the Czar's. that the controversy which split Russian society into One way or another, fourteen months ago the two uncompromising camps does not pertain to its power was transferred definitely and finally to the meaning. This controversy does not formally touch Soviets, with the Bolsheviki as the dominating po upon the ideology of the future, but solely concerns litical power. And thus came their turn to decide the tactics of the present. The adherents of one the vital questions of war, state, and economic camp say that it is first necessary to shape Russia organization. The question of the war they decided into a definite political form, to establish a per- to solve immediately. They disclosed the secret manent government and to let it decide social prob- treaties showing imperialistic war aims of the En lems slowly; that it is beyond the strength of the tente, at the same time offering the Allies a general Russian people to accomplish a social and political democratic peace. The latter did not even answer! revolution at the same time; that it is necessary to And this fact is of utmost importance, because it be satisfied for the present with the political revolu- arouses serious doubt as to who was betrayed by tion alone, and to bring about the social reforms whom—whether we have betrayed the Allies, or the through evolution. More than that, representatives Allies have betrayed us. Not having received any of this camp insist that our people are young and answer, the Soviet Government started pourparlers"dark"; that the time has not arrived for them to for a separate peace. It could not possibly have decide their own destiny; that the people do not acted differently. It was impossible to wage war know what they need, but that they, the representa- further: the army had run away, the railroads had tives of the radicals and the Socialist Intelligentsia, come to a standstill. Nevertheless, when the preda- do know. Therefore they are the ones to govern tory tendencies of the Kaiser became evident, the the “dark” people, to educate the people, to prepare Soviet Government delayed the ratification of the the people for self-government. peace treaty and entered into negotiations with the The representatives of the opposition camp, on the Allies, promising to reestablish the Russian front if other hand, insist that their experiences with the the Allies would come to their aid. The Allies did first two Provisional Governments and especially not accept this proposal, the sincerity of which can with the third—the Omsk Government, which is 1919 THE DIAL 65 was overthrown in Russia, I, as well as many others, now dormant in the pocket of Kolchak—is sufficient believed that Russia could not cope with the political warning not to repeat mistakes. Their deep con revolution, war, and the social reyolution at the viction is that the Russian people are interested most same time. It was true. We were thrown out of of all in social reforms and demand these reforms the war, and for this we had to pay with the Brest- immediately by revolutionary means. Yes, the Rus Litovsk treaty. . But we are confronted with an sian people are "dark" and uncultured, but they pos accomplished fact and we are powerless to turn back sess a natural common sense. They will acquire the wheel of events. We have lost the war, yet in their knowledge in the process of reconstruction. social progress we have taken tremendous steps Without the Intelligentsia they cannot possibly ahead. And now the question is—What are we get along, but they want to select from the latter to do? Insist that the social revolution is untimely? those who are willing to serve them, and not those Shall we, together with the reactionaries and Czar- who want to govern them against their will. The ists, liquidate all the gains of the Revolution and “darkness” of the Russian masses naturally obstructs assist the French and English in dividing Russia the tempo of the Russian Revolution. I repeat, among themselves? Or shall we, with our opponents Russia is being rebuilt by the peasants—slowly, from the Left, defend Russia and the Revolution firmly, and without any definite plan. In this proc from her internal and foreign enemies? As far as I ess of rebuilding much has to be broken down. It am concerned, there can be no question, and that is is also true that it is beyond the power of the Russian why, while remaining a Moderate Socialist , I sin- people to accomplish both political and social recon cerely and conscientiously believe that I must serve struction. Now the Russian people are busy with Russia under the Soviet banner. the construction of a new social order, and when There is still another point to be considered. We this shall have been crystallized into definite form, may not fully agree with the Soviet Government; they can begin the political construction of Russia. we may doubt the possibility of realizing some of its It can be foretold already that for the new social ideals, but we can hardly deny the fact that it is conditions new political forms will be required. It consistent and clear in its demands. The opponents may also be predicted that neither the French nor of the Soviet Government have no platform what- the American clothes will fit the free Russian peas- soever and they cannot have any. They represent ant; it will be necessary to sew special Russian the most picturesque conglomerate: side by side with clothes of new cuts. And such work requires time old Revolutionists we see former 'officials of the and care: "Measure the cloth seven times and cut it Czasis police; side by side with noble dreamers we once,” says an old Russian proverb. And history see the faces of criminals; side by side with mon- confirms it. Of all the constitutions that were ever archists we see anarchists—all of them are united written on our planet, the most flexible one has in their mad desire to overthrow the Soviet Govern- proved to be the Constitution of the United States. ment; and the old English diplomats, who are oper- Written in 1787 , with seventeen amendments, it is ating behind their backs, have finally realized that alive today. But it must not be forgotten that it such a union is not stable and that it must be re- was written in 1787, eleven years after the Declara- placed by a whip. tion of Independence. Why then ask of Russia that And so the Siberian khedive Kolchak has appeared she write her political constitution in definite on the horizon. He began his political career with form only one year after the Revolution, a revolution the arrest of the members of the Constituent As- deeper than that of 1776? It may be retorted that sembly, with the reopening of the vodka factories , social reforms require just as much care; that they and with the reintroduction of the Czar's rules also cannot be decided in haste. I perfectly agree against Jews. So the question is as follows: Kol- with this, but I also understand that the Russian chak, or the Soviets?—The dictatorship of the work- people do not care to wait any longer and do not ing people, or the dictatorship of an insignificant trust the “masters.” No words are strong enough group of adventurers, behind the backs of whom to convince me to the contrary. To back one's argu- th are foreigners? The ole, or generals? The ments with Japanese bayonets and English machine decision is clear. guns is just as criminal, in my opinion, as The Soviet Government has found it difficult to assassinate one's own mother. And all the outcries bring the economic life of Russia back to normal. of the interventionists—that this is a "democratic" The peasants have received the land, but remain way of helping Russia—are mere hypocrisy. without agricultural implements, nails, and textile When one and one-half years ago the monarchy goods. The workmen have obtained control over production, but remain without bread and without to 66 January 25 THE DIAL coal. Production itself has slowed down. The most Europe, than Russia. All our seas are not free. Our important factor in this situation is the isolation of Government is most of all international. Moreover Russia. She is practically excluded from the world the interests of exchange between Russia and America exchange. She is now like a besieged fortress, a at present should be mutual. During the war the fortress which the enemy wants to take, if not by United States has tremendously developed her pro- force of arms then by hunger. By what right? For duction, and she needs foreign markets. Russia what? It is said that we have committed two sins: could be one. She needs goods. She cannot of first, we do not want to pay the debt to France. herself increase production and stimulate industry. Yes, in principle we do not consider ourselves re Yet we have plenty to pay with: our natural re- sponsible for the Czar's loans, because part of them sources are enormous. The question of how to were expended for the oppression of the Russian utilize these resources in order to pay for your goods people. But practically we do not refuse to discuss may be decided upon by mutual understanding and this matter—this is quite clear from the note of discussion either in Washington or in Moscow, but Tchitcherin of October 26. Second, it is being said surely this cannot be decided by mutual destruction that we have betrayed the Allies. In my opinion the in the swamps of Archangel. The Soviet Govern- Allies have betrayed us and are now dividing among ment has attempted many a time to begin such dis- themselves the booty which was promised to us. cussions. But we do not protest against this. Proclaiming a This argument is usually disposed of by referring peace without annexations and contributions, Russia to the Bolshevik danger. First of all, the responsi- has renounced her participation in the division of bility of power has compelled the Bolsheviki to be- any booty. But having sacrificed for the Allies come more moderate. Second, the Soviets and the 7,000,000 of her sons, she is justified in demanding Bolsheviki are not one and the same. The Bolshe- that she be left alone. But let us assume for a sec viki at the present time dominate the Soviets—to a ond that we are guilty of breaking a treaty: then great extent because of the policy of the Allies. Yet, what about Italy who broke the treaty with the fearing Bolshevism, you are cultivating it. More Central Powers? She is being complimented on it! than that, by your actions you justify its ideology. But we also have a third sin, of which people As far as the philosophic side of the question is con- do not speak aloud: are weak, but our cerned, we differ from the Bolsheviki in the matter land is rich—why not make use of it? I understand of natural impulses. The Bolsheviki say that such this perfectly well. Together with England we par- impulses are only class interests. We, realizing that titioned Persia and only a short while ago we class interests are the most important interests of dreamed of the partition of Austria and Turkey. mankind, nevertheless believe that mankind has And now we are being partitioned! I understand other interests: religious, moral, national, and it all. I understand the English and French very esthetic. At present this point of view is being well, but I cannot understand the Americans at all. subjected to a difficult trial. There is some ground We owe you very little; we have no treaties with for your accusation that the Bolsheviki are serving you and never had any, and in the division of Rus the interests of one class only. But what about those sia you do not intend to participate. Why then do who attempt to tighten a steel lasso around the neck you keep your soldiers in Russia ? The interests of of Russia, those who forget that she came to this the United States do not conflict with the interests condition fighting with the Allies and for the Allies of Russia. More than that, no other country is —whom are those interventionists serving? The more interested in the realization of the ideals of class interests of the propertied class or the ideal of the freedom of the seas and the League of Nations , justice? Is it really possible that these ideals are which your President is faithfully upholding in only a myth? GEORGE V. LOMONOSSOFF. we 1 Lufbery Lure of all far countries called him, Seas enticed, and skies enthralled him, Knowing neither fold nor fastness, Breaking futile bonds that galled him, Only Venture led him 'captive with her spell. But the wonderlands that drew him, And the venturing that slew him, Pale beside the golden vastness Of the realms that opened to him In the little flowering garden where he fell. MABEL KINGSLEY RICHARDSON. 1919 THE DIAL 67 Yet I saw men, with three horses in a team, reap dwellers on Aetna or Vesuvius hobble over the cool- wish I had asked twice as much.". when I talked with a man whose visible worldly edge of the wood above the garden, where the master canted indignantly not on the plight of his own vil- garded the blue distance of the vale. The spirit of lage but on the sacrilege at Rheims. On the way from London to Box Hill you pass meeting of Richard and Lucy, trembled in the air. The Guns in Surrey: A Meredith Remembrance E.CHT DAYS AGO, in a car with two French officers, through Leatherhead, where men blinded in war- I swirled through rain and mud into the eviscerated fare are wrapping poles with wickerwork to make towns of Villeneuve and Fère-en-Tardenois in the roadways for the guns, and Mitcham, where the fin- Château-Thierry sector. It was, they told me, the est lavender field in England has surrendered to the first correspondent's car to enter these places on the utilitarian potato. Detraining at Box Hill station, iron heel of the military occupation. As now I I halted at the inn where Keats poured out his soul roam the rural lanes and meadows of England, upon the moonlight, in the last lines of Endymion. where “cows flap a slow tail knee-deep in river” There I inquired the way to George Meredith's and primeval beeches spread an umbrageous coolness house. It was scarcely more than the turn of a on my pathway, I can distinctly hear, thudding corner distant. Outside the gate was a little boy against the air, the great guns at the Front in Flan who did not know about George Meredith, but he ders and in Normandy. balanced in a basket on his round blue cap a pig's I have seen how the cannon tore the heart out head he firmly intended to deliver to the cook, of bleeding village after bleeding village there in Between the pink ears of the pig, upthrust like France. I went from one incredible crater of rifle-sights above the rim of the basket, one beheld ruin to the next, and I felt amid the bare and aching a garden of exceeding loveliness. The face of the desolation as one might feel who wandered in the dark stone house, ivy-mantled, had for eyes toward arid silence of the mountains of the moon. I could the sunlight white-rimmed windows that gazed not reconcile the sight with the world we know benevolently upon a close-cropped, smooth-rolled and love, the world we live in the owls and foxes oval green with a sundial in the midst, geraniums, of Ossian never looked on so complete a bankruptcy and orange-tinted begonias. Inclosing the lawn was of all the beauty of this good green earth: nor ever a noble hedge, half again a tall man's height, of box did the ghoulish ululation of hyena, jackal, or coyote and yew with not a dead leaf showing in the dense fall on a place so lonely. Let not these broken contexture. walls , these bleaching heaps of rubble, these frac- Beyond the hedge was Coe the gardener, whose tured shells of lath and plaster be likened to Pom- time and hand-and-foot devotion belonged to George peii and Herculaneum—for these ruins are of today, Meredith for thirty years, If a man is not a hero and they still pulsate and throb, are warm and bleed to his valet, no adage forbids the homage of a gar- and agonize. Still they cry out to God from a soil dener. moist with the blood of his innocents, to know if he has abdicated his white throne or will come to “I can see him now," said Coe, dropping the hoe- them again and bless and heal their brokenness. handle and dusting his broad hands against each I did not understand how the stars could look other briskly, “I can see him as he ran across the lawn from the gate waving a letter, and I can hear or the sweet birds be singing, or him call up to his wife's window "The Americans the flowers spring again in the red of poppies, the have discovered me! It was a letter from one of white of the “Queen's necklace,” the blue of corn- flowers , round shell-holes of green scum, implements you about Diana of the Crossways. of battle charred and rusted, bodies still denied a “He gave me the manuscripts of Diana, of The Amazing Marriage, and of One of Our Conquer- I sold them to Mr. Pierpont Morgan. Mr. Morgan's butler heard Mr. Morgan say to some- amid the jagged walls that were their houses, as the I butler told a friend of mine, and he told me. ing lava to their denuded vineyards . I saw "love among the ruins," and life too was there; and He spied a weed, and stooped to pull it. Then he led the way by hobnails to the tiny chalet on the manure pile and a pitchfork, he des- wrote and paced the forest path and musefully re- down complacently, burial. ors. held he saw the peasants trudging backard encamic paid him twice as much if he had asked it. The the poems Melampus and Outer and Inner, or of the 68 THE DIAL January 25 99 1 23 “Mr. Meredith had a board across his knee when on a steamship a passenger who had one. He used he wrote,” said Coe. “He didn't use a table. He to complain about it to me, because it would creak had a dachshund too. He admired the Germans and sway and the mattress would get in a big lump for some things—he always felt they were such tre- on one side. mendous scholars. He thought well of the French, “Once we went to visit, and he slept in a bed too, and in a fighting way. 'Coe,' he said to me one that was on all fours, very substantial, sir, and very day, ‘if our armies were led by French officers we restful. could walk over the world.' “I said to him afterwards, 'Why can't you have "Here's where he did his own walking, sir, a similar sort of a bed at Box Hill, sir?' mostly." "So he let me get him one of iron, and he liked He parted the bushes to a little path that ran it well. along behind the chalet, accurately, and as though "He was walking and thinking and writing to the it knew its own mind, for a distance of perhaps end of his days, though he grew feeble and leaned five hundred feet. Holly, yew, and pines were thick more and more upon my arm. He was vexed he beside and above the narrow way. "He would couldn't climb the hill so easily. His body was gather the twigs,” said Coe, “and tell me to make a dying; but his head was as brisk as ever.” price on them. He'd give the money to his daugh We left the gardener to his watering-pot, his ter, for her good works. 'Fourpence,' I would say borders, and his memories, and crossed the vale to the when he pointed to a little pile he had collected. slope of the further hill and stepped into the little 'Now Coe,' he would say, 'don't be unreasonable! old thatched chapel with its red oak beams—St. You know very well that pile is worth two shillings Michael's chapel, West Humble, parish of Michael- if it's worth a penny. But I was firm with him, ham. The heads of pigs and the heads of saints, sir, and it was my price I paid him. gargoyle-wise, were cheek by jowl among the ancient "He would sit here in the chalet thinking and rafters. Was' there anything symbolic in my meet- writing, in his shirt sleeves, when he wasn't walking ing the pig's head in the butcher-boy’s hands, in such up and down the path. close juxtaposition to the spiritual—almost ethereal you know what time it is?' I'd ask him. -features of George Meredith ? An aeroplane droned overhead and the guns at the “ 'It's six o'clock,' I'd tell him. “Time for you Front were throbbing like muffled drums, and the to be getting ready for your dinner.' words of Enid Bagnold floated into mind: “But I couldn't get him to knock off and come down to the house as if he was an ordinary human And there thumps at the heart of the hill On the house-wall--and runs being. In the grass at the foot of the trees 'It's here, Coe! he'd cry, excited-like. 'It's The Reminder. The guns. here! No use trying when It isn't here!' Then he Every field, road, and the lane of the region was would go on writing, and his soup was cold. mapped by the Germans ere Mr. Britling saw it “After breakfast, every day, he had his cigar, and through. The Battle of Dorking had been planned. his paper, and then he waited for It to come. German baroņs owned estates in the vicinage. "If anybody came and there was anything in the When the German Emperor was in England at the upper story, he was delighted. dedication of the Victoria Memorial a decade ago "A Publisher came from America.” (Coe pro he toured the south coast with his staff officers for nounced "publisher” with a capital.) weeks. 'Well, what do you want my books for?' he But the beech and the yew, the holly and the said. 'You can get plenty of books in America.' bracken whispered naught of this to me as we clam- “The Publisher said, 'Aye, we can get plenty, but bered meanderingly to the high, free openness of they would flare up over your head for twenty-five Ranmore Common over the virid felt of the spring- minutes and then fade out. We want your books, ing sod. Ranmore church, the creation of Sir Gil- to circulate them in cheap covers and make them bert Scott in flint rubble, seemed nothing for a Sur- known among the crowd. Your books will live.' rey landscape to be very proud of as a beacon: but! “The answer seemed to please him. as we came down the hill on the other side toward "Mr. Meredith slept here in this little hut, and Westcott, braking and sliding on our heels, I liked here he had his bath. For some time he used a what my friends thought aloud of the common land. swinging hammock for his bed, but he didn't have They spoke with the voice of the people. "When much comfort in it. He got the idea from meeting WE have the right of way, WE have it forever. 'Do “ 'No.' 1 1919 THE DIAL 69 descendants of John, still are lords of the manor, bids among other things the deposit of old metal. resentfully as we force a shorter path through it to the crest of the hill. "When is kissing not in The commoner stands up and fights the big land season? When the gorse is not in bloom.” That is lord." to say, for about six weeks of the running year. Over the tops of the beeches that firmly kept their What means this white circle drawn about a Scotch footing in the shale, we saw vistas that realized fir? It is marked for slaughter that it may go to L'Allegro and Il Penseroso, and I stopped to stroke line the trenches. Circumventing a rabbit-warren the nose of a strawberry roan with shaggy fetlocks with nobody at home we come out through the mel- who put his head over the stile in a sober curiosity. Plow, kine-like breath of the trees and the sod to a There were hedgerows of yews and Scotch firs stand gaunt tower on the hilltop. It was placed over the ing in a luminous translation of the sunlight into remains of someone. I do not wonder that he golden Vandyke brown. By unromantically named remained. Pipp Brook below us, we espied the white convolvu From a height of a thousand feet above sea level lus, the evening primrose, the massed rhododendrons one looks out over laughing leagues of farming land -only the leaves—and even (pray, what was, it do and woodland, the dark green of oaks and elms ing in that gallery ?) a young thicket of bamboo. shading to the fawn yellow of the exuberant fields Somewhere in the vicinity, once upon a time, of wheat and oats, sun-dappled or beclouded. The there was a bell known as the "Wipers Bell” from sea is barely to be descried. The fields are irregu- the name of Ypres, whence it was brought in the lar of outline compared with those of France and time of Edward III. Someone has lost it, within Belgium. Their corners are as eccentrically angu- living memory. How careless of him, to misplace a lar as broken glass. ton or two of bell-metal! But the name “Wipers Bell” is still a household word in this withdrawn The air of security with which the cows and and quiet neighborhood, as though to bear witness sheep of England browse and drowse militates that the British soldier's pronunciation of the famous against all prospect of such pitiable desolation as Flanders city is no new thing under the sun. one sees in the invaded countryside of France. How The beginnings of Tillingbourne stream trickled could it happen here? How could the shells hurtle from an iron pipe at the road's edge, but a man blasphemously into a village dreaming under its came with a bucket and took it away for his horses thatches and its honeysuckle, its geraniums and its climbing roses? It is left to the old men and the Lo! the beech-mast, beloved of our rummaging women to labor in the fields where once the feet of four-footed little brother Porcus since before the the young men trod sturdily. They are beyond Romans came. Where are we coming? “Friday the Channel-or beyond the stars. It is they who Street!" A curious name for a village. Can it be make these dull reverberations of the guns that Frigedoeges treow—Friday's tree? smite our ears. When Gerald du Maurier wrote These fox- gloves remind us that digitalis is now extracted from the play An Englishman's Home, men and women them, even as belladonna is expressed from the mocked him for it. Lord Roberts "pleaded and deadly nightshade—so that no longer need England was not heard.” Between the Huns and Britain depend on Germany for the supply of these things . For this hour of rest upon Leith Hill, for the men with their bodies have reared a living wall. But where is Friday Street? Is the street sign writ brooding tranquillity of smoking chimneys there be- a voice impinges musically on low, for the ruminant composure of the beasts of the field with their legs tucked under them, for the cool, "You are at the beginning of Friday Street now.” deep shade of the beech trees and the pink translu- A scarlet bush of geum gleams brilliantly at the cence on the firs and the garden of enchantment door , with a fiery trail of climbing nasturtium on where George Meredith amid his flowers heard the lark ascending—for these things men by the How dull we were that we did not know! hundreds of thousands bleed and die. Shall any On the great Alank of Leith Hill the Evelyns, town of England be struck into rubble by the guns as the towns of France were wrecked and desolated ? and their sign—let the Germans take notice-for- As I write the question the answer is borne afar upon the wind from Normandy, over the blue water So that we seem to be safe. The gorse pricks us and the fields with their nodding grain, under a spot- less heaven that is still God's own. FULLERTON L. WALDO. under our very eyes. perchance in honeysuckle? Over the hedgerow our discussion. the doorposts. 70 THE DIAL January 25 Out of a Day PASSERBY I am the wind That goes smiling to himself Down forgotten garden ways Plucking pearl strands from yesterday's spider webs, Rocking dead Autumn leaves To sleep. There is a garden On a northern hillside Waiting To Aling its shoots sunward To burst into blossom, fiery, jubilant- I am the wind. I shall come on the wings of dawn Laughing to myself At a secret I have forgotten And I shall whisper to leaves and tendrils, To buds and shoots and branches. SHORE Wind-burnished sands Swept by slow surges Of hammered silver, Lighted with opal fires Of white foam Blown like a dancer's spirit In the wind to vanish, A fading brightness Under steely skies— Take me to you, O desolate sands And waving plumy grasses, Extinguish this restless fire of spirit That I may become Silent clear beauty Like the dunes Against the sky. WANDERER There is an enchanted hill Close by the sea All crystal still Where my love laughing led me. Blows the wind and water sings Hoarse runic tunes Of vanished things Fled from life, haunting pale dunes. Over that hill shadows fly Cast by wild wings Far in the sky, And a voice-silver it sings. Ancient towers thrust gold spires Up to the sun, And misty fires Toss and fall, whirling they run. Far from towns and mortal eyes Down by the sand That old hill lies Bare of men—untrodden land. Lost the pathway, dead my love, Lost the hill And wings above- I go on, seeking it still. Hot suns will shine after I have whispered And riotous blooms will toss their heads In that garden And birds will flutter, Hummingbirds and tanagers, Swift as thoughts, But not so swift as I Who, unlike thought, Pass Into nothingness. NOCTURNE O music of hand clasped in hand And beating pulse pressed upon pulse, I have felt sad seas Thunder .your cadence in my body While shrill gulls Flaunted their whiteness In wind-tossed spume; I have heard restless winds Sighing through wildly waving treetops ; I have heard thunder Strike And the echo go bounding over the mountain sides, And the soft lapping of endless waves In the hot silence of summer nights. L'ENVOI Gently the petals of time Unseen, unheard, Sublime, Cover your glance, your smile, your word, And my rhyme. HERBERT J. SELIGMANN. THE DIAL 71 Military Training as Education accomplishment than if he were practicing the latest plishments is thought of intrinsic value by many. IN: IN SPITE OF the “war to end war," many good citi- certain positions, to move it expeditiously and in a zens are urging the establishment of universal mili- predetermined series of motions from one of these tary training in this country. If, as we were as positions to another, to take his appointed place in sured so many times during the past two years, the many complicated formations of troops—but no one defeat of Germany will permit the nations to organ of these rifle positions or formations of men is ever ize for peace without fear of unexpected interrup- used in battle. When saluting a superior officer tion, the proposal must be advanced because its advo- he must hold his hand and arm at a certain angle; cates believe six months or more in the army will be he must learn in deep detail when to salute and indispensable in American education. Now what when not to salute. Except for brief periods of is the educational value of military training in times rest, the whole time of the recruit is taken of peace? Ask the next man you see, and he will up with intensive training in these and a hun- doubtless say, as did an officer at the farewell dinner dred other rituals, and the effort to be letter-perfect of our training company, that it teaches a man to in them is as exacting as must be the education of an keep his shoes shined and his trousers creased, and to English butler. When a man becomes proficient say “sir” to his seniors. It may also help him to in them he is called “a good soldier,” and it is fre- learn how to stand straight. quently said that a good soldier cannot be made Other benefits are, indeed, expected. There is a inside of three years; in fact some old sergeants vague approval of the “discipline" which a short assert that a good soldier must be born. At any experience of the military regime is supposed to in- rate, the attention which the recruit must give to stil into our unruly youth. Often this seems to be such matters absorbs nearly all his intelligence and merely a polite expression of the hope that laborers nervous energy. So absorbing were they, that it was will be taught not to strike and servants to be more difficult to remember that a war was being fought. zealous. But behind that exists a more worthy feel The expected intimacy with the primitive did not ing—that if our young men are all run through the appear. We slept in wooden buildings, on cots and military machine we shall as a nation understand mattresses, and between sheets. Our food was fur- better how to work together and to produce more nished according to regulations from the Quarter- efficiently the results we want. And underlying all master, and cooked on stoves by cooks appointed is an instinct which helped to send many of us into and trained for that purpose. In none of the organi- the army. It is the desire to get away from a too zations of which I was a member were tents pitched, artificial and overcivilized world, a desire to gain and the anticipated practice in the uses of a rifle was power from victory over primitive hardships. The confined to one half a day on the range. We had nation will become more masculine, it is believed, if some exercise, but not so much as any man can get in men are thrown together and taught how to get an outdoor job or in a camping or sailing trip. along in a hostile world. It must not be supposed that any changes in this However it may have been with the men who regime will be made as a result of the war. The saw actual fighting in France, those of us who re- first dogma of the military man is that training of mained six months or more in camps on this side felt this sort, rather than training in the actual business an immense relief in returning to civilian simplicity of warfare, is necessary as a kind of first coat before and directness after the curiously artificialized ex- the final polish of field maneuvers can be applied. istence of the army. The man who puts on a uni- “The best battery on the parade ground is the best form soon discovers that he has not come nearer battery in action.” Traditional infantry drill, like to reality—on the contrary, that he is farther away the into a stiff pattern of behavior which is as difficult any more practical exercise. We ought therefore to practice gracefully as the etiquette of a Bour- to consider whether forcing young men to behave com.court. A dozen times a day the soldierus according to these strange formalities for a few called to a formality at which he dare not be a mo- ment late, and what he does at this formality has no months is likely to produce the benefits anticipated. more relation with the trade of war or any useful The constant obedience which is required to make men alert in essentially ridiculous accom- inon it than ever. Every moment is a formaliwas posed to furnish - an essential disciplinary basis for tango in a ballroom. He learns to hold his rifle in Yet it is doubtful whether such obedience, solemn- 72 THE DIAL January 25 ly enforced as it is by the fear of unpleasant pun When the armistice was announced the answer to ishments, can form a habit which will last long my question came. A striking failure of morale in the more natural civilian environment, where was felt throughout the school, the commandant be- superiors may be selected, and a man's worth is ing so worried by it that he announced that we more often measured by his originality and initiative should probably be retained in the service another than by his lack of it. The effect of such discipline year. Yet now the purpose for which we en- before the war ended was merely repressive, and tered the army was removed, almost everyone brought about nothing but an urgent desire to escape found his studies only something to be endured in it. On the one hand many men were eager to silence until he could get out of his uniform. When get to the front, where "something real was doing,” the announcement came that candidates could make and they would at least have a chance to employ a choice between immediate discharge and remaining themselves in an undertaking which seemed to have to win reserve commissions on inactive duty, all some reason for existence. On the other hand classes except those within a week or two of gradua- those of any ambition were eager to become officers tion melted away, and this in spite of a most deter- and so escape the stultifying obligations of the mined effort on the part of the responsible officers ranks. The only ones who remained inert under to bring disrepute on the men who availed them- the routine were a few old regular army men to selves of the privilege of resignation. whom it had become an easy and professional habit, Will the men who have experienced military edu- one which they would relinquish only reluctantly cation under the semi-peaceful conditions on this for any occupation demanding mental effort. side of the Atlantic favor universal training? If It is pure myth that the soldier acquires any capa to do so meant that they would have to spend bility in cooperation for hard work. Most of the another day in the service, the negative majority tasks imposed upon him, particularly the physical would be overwhelming. During my six months in labor usually known as “fatigue duty,” are obviously uniform I have not talked with a single officer or invented to keep him busy. No one watches his man who was a civilian before the war and intended work except to prevent him fron loafing. He knows to remain in the army after the end of the emer- that a hard worker will acquire little credit from gency. Yet one is inclined, once an unprofitable superiors, but will on the other hand be regarded experience is over, to count it a benefit and grant it by his comrades as a scab. He knows that the more a sentimental value. The men who would be sent he accomplishes the more will be given him to do. to camp under the proposed law are not yet of voting If he happens to begin his duties under the command age. Their elders may exhibit the quite human of a good-natured sergeant he will probably be trait of wishing to enforce on the younger genera- warned that there is no particular use in exerting tion the same drilling they themselves have endured. himself. Many a man has told me that he never There is also the impulse to exalt a loyalty to one's had such an easy time of it as regards work before own past. At our farewell dinner the officers caught he entered the army. The prevailing effort of the up the spirit of fellowship naturally existing among enlisted man is to shirk as much as possible. The so many men who had lived so strangely together, colloquial use of "soldiering” is well justified by and converted it into loyalty to the school and the fact. One of the most common remarks of the private is that the army has made him so lazy that speak well of the military, to behave like soldiers army. We were flattered on our record, bidden to he will never be able to do good work again. Those of us who succeeded in getting to an offi- the rest of our lives, and to vote for universal service. cers' training school found plenty to keep us busy, public should not take without critical examina: Such counsels are sure to have their effect. But the and we seemed closer to the activities which we had expected to find in war. We still felt, however, military training as a method of education for peace , tion the arguments usually advanced in behalf of the gray repression caused by the stiff pattern of rou- tine. I often wondered how much of our energy They should, on the contrary, weigh well such and interest was due to our desire to be effective statements as were made by our commandant, when in the war against Germany, and how much to he expressed his sympathy because we had missed any validity in the military method itself. So far so narrowly the chance of fighting Germans, and at- as we did good work and gained anything at all tempted to console us by adding that labor troubles out of the highly formalized teaching, it often weré imminent in this country, and that we might seemed to me that we did so only through a con- be called out at any time for "riot duty.” sciousness of our function in the actual hostilities. GEORGE SOULE. THE DIAL 1919 73 -at first demeanor were. But he was the man-of-the-hour if subjected.” Lamartine, the Patriot of the February Revolution AN AMERICAN LIFE of Lamartine seems ever an individual was, and neither his country nor blush—as appropriate as a French life of Long- the world at large has ever accorded him the honor fellow. Mr. Whitehouse's two volumes (The Life that is properly his. Thus, it is particularly as a of Lamartine Houghton Mifflin; $16) are not in vindication of Lamartine the poet-politician, that tended primarily for scholars, and as for the casual Mr. Whitehouse has written his life. reader, he has learned long ago that Lamartine, like The world into which Alphonse was born in 1790 Longfellow, is little more than a Wordsworth was one of turmoil and upheaval ; and so it remained manqué-an estimate which the present work in the until his declining years. Well documented, Mr. main upholds. La poésie lamartinienne had its day Whitehouse neglects no important detail of the fam- and will continue to have its Brahmans. Le Lac ily history. Faithful to their royalist attachments and l'Isolement are unrivaled in their harmony and the poet's parents weathered the storm of the Great romantic idealism. Sainte-Beuve celebrated their Revolution tant bien que mal, giving to their son appearance in the words: “One passed suddenly as "free" an education as their means and lights al- from a poetry dry, meagre and poor, to a poetry lowed, both of which were considerable. The Chev- broad, abundant, elevated and all divine.” But the alier-as the father was called-had a marked lean- world at large is cast in a rougher mold; it is at ing for literature and literary composition, while once more sophisticated and more simple because the mother, the stronger influence with the poet, more experienced and profound; and it is to the united an "inexorable Catholicism” to a sentimen- credit of Lamartine that he himself held "this tal admiration for Rousseau. “Doubtless," writes sublime gift of the gods in slight esteem.” At the her son, “because Rousseau possessed more than height of his literary fame (1838) he wrote to a genius: he had soul.” And it is precisely this qual- friend: "Poetry has never been more to me than a ity, more than genius, insight, or ideas that is charac- prayer; the most beautiful and intense act of teristic of Lamartine himself. Another significant thought, but the shortest, and the one which deducts fact is the reenforcement of the Rousseauistic prin- the least from the day's work.” The fact is, and it is ciples by the poet's contact with the peasantry of the object of Mr. Whitehouse to keep us from for- the family estate at Milly and by the soothing, reli- getting it, that Lamartine's "day's work” was politi- gious atmosphere of the Jesuit school in Belley with cal and not literary. The poet who in his youth its beautiful surroundings and its proximity to the sang of Graziella and Elvire, whose Wertherized Alps. Desultory as Lamartine's education was, the soul longed for eternity, who in 1818 was all “de- aristocratic background, the Jesuit training for ac- spair and loneliness and lack of interest," is the self- tion, the humanitarianism of Rousseau and later of same person who in 1847 wrote the Histoire des Madame de Staël—of whom he became a great ad- Girondins; who a year later aided if he did not mirer-conspired to instil in him a belief in the instigate the fall of the July monarchy, and who progress of mankind and in himself as its prophet during the bedlam that followed alone had the cour- which only the complete disillusionment of later life age and the skill—not to speak of his tireless energy was to destroy. -to conciliate the mob and to establish at least the semblance of a constitutional form of government. To say then that Lamartine carried the Roman- ticism of literature into politics is not enough. As That in so doing he simply replaced one form of early as 1811 he confessed to his friend Virieu : autocracy by another , the bourgeois reactionary “Je me suis créé des sociétés comme des maîtresses : Louis Philippe by the glittering imperialist Louis Napoléon , adds to the tragedy of his already tragic latter than the former. The detail did not escape This remark is far truer of the 'imaginaires.' life. But the unfortunate result cannot in the least mar Lamartine's heroism or cloud the disinterested the alert eye of Anatole France in his l’Elvire de ideal of which he was as much a victim as an origi- Lamartine. Only Mr. Whitehouse is precise in nator. There is no denying it: Lamartine made a saying: strange Minister of Foreign Affairs for the Provi- "Whatever the relations between Lamartine and the limpid sional Government—Heine wittily called him Madamehe loftye spirituality of his poetry , for the birth . “Minister foreign to Affairs”—and a still stranger of which she was directly responsible, is beyond all cavil. revolutionary leader, aristocratic as his origin and It was an ideal that Lamartine loved, perhaps, but Julie was not unworthy of the idealization to which she was 1) 74 THE DIAL January 25 And he further notes that, as Madame Charles her- mob-ridden capital when the lightning played about self was to learn with bitterness, the fisherman's his head and he nevertheless found the words to daughter Graziella had already inspired similar lofty calm the mob, and we accompany him in his mo- effusions on the poet's part, and Madame Charles ment of triumph on the fifteenth of May as he rode "not unnaturally objected to being classed in her through Paris to the shouts of Vive la République. lover's mind with the little Neapolitan grisette. Perhaps it is captious to ask for more, still we long With an eye on posterity she protested at being one for a synthesis of so many details. Fascinating as day styled 'une bonne femme, pleine de coeur,' who Mr. Whitehouse's account is, the "complete" La- had loved the poet Lamartine.” So much for the martine does not altogether emerge. lover. As for Lamartine the politician, he too ideal One reason for this doubtless is that Mr. White- ized, and the glamour in which he enveloped his house has isolated his hero somewhat more than the political acts are, in his biographer's opinion, the facts warrant. It is true we are told: main cause of his gravest mistakes. Only an ideal- A Legitimist and Monarchist by tradition, but a pro- ist could cling to a faith in the progressive liberalism gressive and fervent advocate, by conviction, for the most of the French nation—and in his own popularity, generous grants of political and social liberties, Lamar- tine invariably struggled for the doctrines he upheld. at the moment when the reactionary forces, appar- ent to all but him, were about to seat Napoléon III But the idea is not developed and its relationship on his uncle's throne. "M. de Lamartine n'entend to the philosophy of Cousin—one of the progenitors rien à la politique,” scornfully said the radical of our own Transcendentalism-is not recognized. Ledru-Rollin, the opponent whom Lamartine was That Lamartine's pantheism, noted by Mr. White- not only to outwit but to treat with unparalleled house en passant, is akin to Cousin's Spontaneous generosity. We must grant that “Lamartine did Reason "acquainting us with the true and essential not possess, politically speaking, a very fine sense of nature of things,” is shown among other instances values.” Of the great French quality, esprit, he had by the poet's advice to Lord Byron: not a glimmer. And yet the truth is that Lamartine Descends du rang des dieux qu'usurpait ton audace; the politician is a complex of qualities. Poetry apart, Tout est bien, tout est bon, tout est grand à sa place. he was essentially a being cleft into by opposing ten- And also by the poetic-one is tempted to say “po- dencies: an aristocrat's generosity (which never litical”—application he makes of it in the preface to failed him), a poet's enthusiasm and vanity, and a Jocelyn: statesman's instinct for conciliation and general Les hommes ne s'intéressent plus tant aux individual- ideas. To these traits should be added an ineradic- ités, ils les prennent pour ce qu'elles sont: des moyens ou des obstacles dans l'oeuvre commune. L'intérêt du able aloofness—which may have been the product of genre humain s'attache au genre humain lui-même. La the conflicting elements named. poésie redevient sacrée par la vérité, comme elle le Some such conclusion the reader will draw from fut jadis par la fable; elle redevient religieuse par raison, et populaire par la philosophie. L'épopée n'est Mr. Whitehouse's illuminating pages. The traits plus nationale ni héroique, elle est bien plus, elle est are there, though not always connectedly set forth. humanitaire. Mr. Whitehouse narrates well. The chapters on the However it is Humanity in no modern, sociological Abdication of Louis Philippe, the Provisional Gov sense of first-hand acquaintance, but Humanity as a ernment, the thrilling Sixteenth of April, and Louis Platonic vision, a Wertherized, Ossianic fusion of Napoleon Bonaparte, read like a romance. An eye- lyric motifs set to the roll of harmonious and re- witness of those momentous days could not have seen sounding music. Such is the verse the poet writes, as much for he would have had to be ubiquitous. Nor such are the orations he pronounces in the Cham- does the hero fail to occupy the center of the action bre or to the populace of the Revolution. This, it or occupyit unnecessarily: Lamartine's absences from seems, is the dominant and connecting motive of this the arena are as significant as his presences. Thus extraordinary life. Lamartine was a chantre or, we get a picture of the “man” Lamartine, as a boy, as Mr. Whitehouse recognizes at the outset, a a lover, a diplomat, a traveler in the Orient, a vates. Had he himself not made the descent- husband, a father, and a patriot. Above all, we are he the son of the ancien régime—which he urges present at the adventure of Lake Bourget, when upon Byron? The Republic was to him the fruition Julie comes to possess his glowing soul, once for all; of those who reason "spontaneously,” not from be- we see him in the Chambre in the heat of debate, low but from above. “Ou servir des idées, ou rien, in the anguish of those sleepless nights during the voilà ma devise,” he wrote to the Marquis de la Revolution, when he expected every moment to be Grange. Hence the attempt or attempts to place shot and yet never quailed, in the streets of the the monarchy on the side of the people; and hence la 1919 75 THE DIAL when these failed, his efforts by conciliatory means to the man that made him at once a patriot and a seer. brush the monarchy aside and let the people rule For visionary and facile as Lamartine was, and pre- though he considered that the moment was prema mature as he realized some of his policies to be, ture; hence finally the failure to see, because of the he yet was right in so far that democracy must be obsession that held him, the forces which were gath- coupled with magnanimity, that any so-called liberal ering for his destruction. This is not to deny him form of government must be founded on the higher certain real political qualities: he could be astute, instincts of the race and have faith in them and as when he kept the Opposition guessing or when he consistently appeal to them—as Lamartine did—or refused posts obviously beyond his capacities; he democracy like the autocracy it seeks to destroy is made friends, few to be sure but genuine ones; he another name for tyranny. The tragedy of Lamar- upheld the national prestige abroad despite a foreign tine's life is epitomized in the phrase: J'ai vécu pour policy often ill-advised. All these points his biog- la foule, je veux dormir seul. It would be a greater rapher sees and is just to. tragedy still if the principle for which he lived But he might have dwelt at greater length on the should prove illusory. faculté maîtresse of his hero: the clarifying side of WILLIAM A. Nitze. The Modern Point of View and the New Order IN on VIII. THE VESTED INTERESTS AND THE COMMON MAN N THE EIGHTEENTH century certain principles of of civilized life was therewith endorsed by the enlightened common sense were thrown into formal civilized peoples, in the eighteenth century, these shape and adopted by the civilized peoples of that rights of self-direction and self-help were counted time to govern the system of law and order, use as the particular and sufficient safeguard of and wont, under which they chose to live. So far equity and efficiency in any civilized country. They as concerns economic relations the principles which were counted on to establish equality among men in so became incorporated into the system of civilized all their economic relations and to maintain the law and custom at that time were the principles of industrial system at the highest practicable degree equal opportunity, self-determination, and self-help. of productive efficiency. They were counted on to Chief among the specific rights by which this civil give enduring effect to the rule of Live and Let ized scheme of equal opportunity and self-help were Live. And such is still the value ascribed to these to be safeguarded were the rights of free contract rights in the esteem of modern men. The main- and security of property. These make up the sub tenance of law and order still means primarily and stantial core of that system of principles which is chiefly the maintenance of these rights of ownership called the modern point of view, in so far as con- and pecuniary obligation. cerns trade, industry, investment, credit obligations, But things have changed since that time in such and whatever else may properly be spoken of as a way that the rule of Live and Let Live is no economic institutions. And these still stand over longer sufficiently safeguarded by maintaining these today as paramount among the inalienable rights rights in the shape given them in the eighteenth cen- of all free citizens in all free countries; they are tury—or at least there are large sections of the the groundwork of the economic system as it runs people in these civilized countries who are beginning today, and this existing system can undergo no to think so, which is just as good for practical pur- material change of character so long as these par- poses. Things have changed in such a way, since amount rights of civilized men continue to be the ow inalienable. Any move to set these rights aside holdingsenow controls the nation's industry, and would be subversive of the modern economic order ; therefore controls the conditions of life for those whereas no revision or alteration of established who are or wish to be engaged in industry—at the rights and usages will amount to a revolutionary same time that the same ownership of large wealth movement so long as it does not disallow these controls the markets and thereby controls the con- paramount economic rights. ditions of life for those who have to resort to the When the constituent principles of the modern markets to sell or buy. In other words, it has come point of view were accepted and the modern scheme to pass with the change of circumstances that the 76 January 25 THE DIAL rule of Live and Let Live now waits on the dis- cretion of the owners of large wealth. In fact, those thoughtful men in the eighteenth century who made so much of these constituent principles of the mod- ern point of view did not contemplate anything like the system of large wealth, large-scale industry, and large-scale commerce and credit which prevails to- day. They did not foresee the new order in in- dustry and business, and the system of rights and obligations which they installed, therefore, made no provision for the new order of things that has come on since their time. The new order has brought the machine industry, corporation finance, big business, and the world market. Under this new order in business and in- dustry, business controls industry. Invested wealth in large holdings controls the country's industrial system, directly by ownership of the plant, as in the mechanical industries, or indirectly through the market, as in farming. So that the population of these civilized countries now falls into two main classes: those who own wealth invested in large holdings and who thereby control the conditions of life for the rest; and those who do not own wealth in sufficiently large holdings and whose conditions of life are therefore controlled by these others. It is a division, not between those who have something and those who have nothing—as many socialists would be inclined to describe it—but between those who own wealth enough to make it count, and those who do not. And all the while the scale on which the control of industry and the market is exercised goes on in- creasing; from which it follows that what was large enough for assured independence yesterday is no longer large enough for tomorrow. Seen from an- other direction, it is at the same time a division be- tween those who live on free income and those who live by work—a division between the kept classes and the underlying community from which their keep is drawn. It is sometimes spoken of in this bearing-particularly by certain socialists—as a di- vision between those who do no useful work and those who do; but this would be a hasty generaliza- tion, since not a few of those persons who have no assured free income also do no work that is of material use, as, for example, menial servants. But the gravest significance of this cleavage that so runs through the population of the advanced industrial countries lies in the fact that it is a division between the vested interests and the common man. division between those who control the conditions of work and the rate and volume of output and to whom the net output of industry goes as free in- come, on the one hand, and those who have the work to do and to whom a livelihood is allowed by those in control, on the other hand. In point of numbers it is a very uneven division, of course. A vested interest is a legitimate right to get some- thing for nothing, usually a prescriptive right to an income which is secured by controlling the traffic at one point or another. The owners of such a pre- scriptive right are also spoken of as a vested in- terest. Such persons make up what are called the kept classes. But the kept classes also comprise many persons who are entitled to a free income on other grounds than their ownership and control of industry or the market, as, for example, landlords and other persons classed as "gentry," the clergy, the Crown—where there is a Crown—and its officials, civil and military. Contrasted with these classes who make up the vested interests, and who derive an income from the established order of ownership and privilege, is the common man. He is common in the respect that he is not vested with such a pre- scriptive right to get something for nothing. And he is called common because such is the common lot of men under the new order of business and in- dustry; and such will continue (increasingly) to be the common lot so long as the enlightened principles of secure ownership and self-help handed down from the eighteenth century continue to rule human af- fairs under the new order of industry. The kept classes, whose free income is secured to them by the legitimate rights of the vested interests, are less numerous than the common -less numerous by some ninty-five per cent or thereabouts —and less serviceable to the community at large in perhaps the same proportion, so far as regards any conceivable use for any material purpose. In this sense they are uncommon. But it is not usual to speak of the kept classes as the uncommon classes, since they personally differ from the common run of mankind in no sensible respect. It is more usual to speak of them as “the better classes,” because they are in better circumstances and are better able to do as they like. Their place in the economic scheme of the civilized world is to consume the net product of the country's industry over cost, and so prevent a glut of the market. man- It is a But this broad distinction between the kept classes and their vested interests on the one side and the common man on the other side is by no means hard and fast. Doubtful cases are frequent, and a shift- ing across the line occurs now and again, but the broad distinction is not doubtful for all that. The great distinguishing mark of the common man is that he is helpless within the rules of the game as it is played in the twentieth century under the en- . 1919 THE DIAL 77 underlying organization. The rank and file as- lightened principles of the eighteenth century. the prerogatives of their organization. They are There are all degrees of this helplessness that char- apparently moved by a feeling that so long as the acterizes the common lot. So much so that certain established arrangements are maintained they will classes, professions, and occupations—such as the come in for a little something over and above what clergy, the military, the courts, police, and legal pro would come to them if they were to make common fession—are perhaps to be classed as belonging cause with the undistinguished common lot. In primarily with the vested interests, although they other words, they have a vested interest in a narrow can scarcely be counted as vested interests in their margin of preference over and above what goes to own right, but rather as outlying and subsidiary the common man. But this narrow margin of net vested interests whose security of tenure is con gain over the common lot, this vested right to get ditioned on their serving the purposes of those prin a narrow margin of something for nothing, has cipal and self-directing vested interests whose tenure hitherto been sufficient to shape their sentiments and rests immediately on large holdings of invested outlook in such a way as, in effect, to keep them wealth. The income which goes to these subsidiary loyal to the large business interests with whom they or dependent vested interests is of the nature of free negotiate for this narrow margin of preference. As income, in so far that it is drawn from the yearly is true of the vested interests in business, so in the product of the underlying community; but in an case of the A. F. of L., the ordinary ways and other sense it is scarcely to be counted as "free" means of enforcing their claim to a little something income, in that its continuance depends on the good over and above is the use of a reasonable sabotage, will of those controlling vested interests whose in the way of restriction, retardation, and unemploy- power rests on the ownership of large invested ment. Yet the constituency of the A. F. of L., taken wealth. Still it will be found that these subsidiary man for man, is not readily to be distinguished from or auxiliary vested interests uniformly range them the common sort so far as regards their conditions of selves with their superiors in the same class, rather life. The spirit of vested interest which animates than with the common man. By sentiment and them may, in fact, be nothing more to the point than habitual outlook they belong with the kept classes, an aimless survival. in that they are stanch defenders of that established Farther along the same line, larger and even more order of law and custom which secures the great perplexing, is the case of the American farmers, who vested interests in power and insures the free income also are in the habit of ranging themselves, on the of the kept classes. In any twofold division of the whole, with the vested interests rather than with the population these are therefore, on the whole, to 'be common man. By sentiment and outlook the farm- ranged on the side of the old order, the vested in- ers are, commonly, steady votaries of that established terests, and the kept classes, both in sentiment and order which enables the vested interests to do a “big as regards the circumstances which condition their business” at their expense. Such is the tradition which still binds the farmers, however unequivo- Beyond these, whose life interests are, after all, cally their material circumstances under the new closely bound up with the kept classes, there are order of business and industry might seem to drive other vested interests of a more doubtful and per- the other way. In the ordinary case the American plexing kind; classes and occupations which would farmer is now as helpless to control his own condi- seem to belong with the common lot, but which range tions of life as the commonest of the common run. themselves at least provisionally with the vested in- He is caught between the vested interests who buy terests and can scarcely be denied standing as such. cheap and the vested interests who sell dear, and it Such, as an illustrative instance, is the A. F. of L. is for him to take or leave what is offered-but Not that the constituency of the A. F. of L. can ordinarily to take it, on pain of "getting lefa be said to live on free income, and is therefore to be counted in with the kept classes—the only reserva- There is still afloat among the rural population a slow-dying tradition of the “Independent Farmer," tion on that head would conceivably be the corps of who is reputed once upon a time to have lived his own life and done his own work as good him seemed, of that organization and exercise a prescriptive right and who was content to let the world wag. But to dispose of its forces, at the same time that they all that has gone by as completely , as the other things habitually come in for an income drawn from the one that are bolest one tapes which begin with "Once upon suredly are not of the kept classes, nor do they a time.”. It has gone by into the same waste of regrets the like on the defensive in maintaining a vested interest in once upon a time. But the country-town retailer life and comfort. visibly come in for a free incomeses yet they stand creures-with retailer is believed to have enjoyed 78 January 25 THE DIAL stands stiffly on the vested rights of the trade and farmer's work and livelihood has now come to de- of the town; he is by sentiment and habitual outlook pend on the highly impersonal maneuvers of those a business man who guides, or would like to guide, massive interests that move in the background and his enterprise by the principle of charging what the find a profit in buying cheap and selling dear. In traffic will bear, of buying cheap and selling dear. point of law and custom there is, of course, nothing He still manages to sell dear, but he does not com to hinder the American farmer from considering monly buy cheap, except what he buys of the farmer, himself to be possessed of a vested interest in his for the massive vested interests in the background farm and its working, if that pleases his fancy. The now decide for him, in the main, how much his circumstances which decide what he may do with traffic will bear. He is not placed so very differently his farm and its equipment, however, are prescribed from the farmer in this respect, except that, being a for him quite deliberately and quite narrowly by middleman, he can in some appreciable degree shift those other vested interests in the background that the burden to a third party. The third party in the are massive enough to regulate the course of things case is the farmer; the massive vested interests who in business and industry at large. He is caught in move in the background of the market do not lend the system, and he does not govern the set and mo- themselves to that purpose. tions of the system. So that the question of his Except for the increasing number of tenant farm effectual standing as a vested interest becomes a ers, the American farmers of the large agricultural question of fact, not of preference and genial sections still are owners who cultivate their own tradition. ground. They are owners of property, who might A vested interest is a legitimate right to get some- be said to have an investment in their own farms, thing for nothing. The American farmer-say, the and therefore fancy that they have a vested interest ordinary farmer of the grain-growing Middle in the farm and its earning-capacity. They have West-can be said to be possessed of such a vested carried over out of the past and its old order of interest only if he habitually and securely gets some- things a delusion to the effect that they have some thing in the way of free income above cost, counting thing to lose. It is quite a natural and rather an as cost the ordinary rate of wages for work done engaging delusion, since, barring incumbrances, they on the farm plus ordinary returns on the replacement are seised of a good and valid title at law, to a very value of the means of production which he employs. tangible and useful form of property. And by due Now it is notorious that, except for quite exceptional provision of law and custom they are quite free to cases, there are no intangible assets in farming; and use or abuse their holdings in the land, to buy and intangible assets are the chief and ordinary indication sell it and its produce altogether at their own pleas- of free income, that is to say, of getting something It is small wonder if the farmers, with the for nothing. Any concern that can claim no in- genial traditions of the day before yesterday still tangible assets, in the way of valuable good-will, running full and free in their sophisticated brains, monopoly rights, or outstanding corporation securi- are given to consider themselves typical holders of a ties, has no claim to be rated as a vested interest. legitimate vested interest of a very substantial kind. What constitutes a valid claim to standing as a In all of which they count without their host; their vested interest is the assured customary ability to get host, under the new order of business, being those something more in the way of income than a full massive vested interests that move obscurely in the equivalent for tangible performance in the way of background of the market, and whose rule of life it productive work. is to buy cheap and sell dear. The returns which these farmers are in the habit In the ordinary case the farmers of the great of getting from their own work and from the work American farming regions are owners of the land of their household and hired help do not ordinarily and improvements, except for an increasing propor include anything that can be called free or unearned tion of tenant farmers. But it is the farmer-own income—unless one should go so far as to declare that is commonly had in mind in speaking of the that income reckoned at ordinary rates on the tangi, American farmers as a class. Barring incumbrances, ble assets engaged in this industry is to be classed these farmer-owners have a good and valid title to as unearned income, which is not the usual meaning 'their land and improvements; but their title remains of the expression. It may be that popular opinion good only so long as the run of the market for what on these matters will take such a turn some time they need and what they have to sell does not take that men will come to consider that income which is such a turn that the title will pass by process of derived from the use of land and equipment is liquidation into other hands, as may always happen. rightly to be counted as unearned income, because it And the run of the market which conditions the does not correspond to any tangible performance in ure. 1919 THE DIAL 79 courts to discourage any change of insight or opinion. ings, not in their current use as a means of produc- should throw the American farmer in with the beyond what the vested interests of business can always take over at their own discretion and in has ceased to be a self-directing agent; and self-help background of the market are increasingly in a although, of course, in point of legal formality he still continues to enjoy all the ancient rights and the way of productive work on the part of the person immunities of secure ownership and self-help. Yet to whom it goes. But for the present that is not the it is no less patent a fact of current history that popular sense of the matter, and that is not the the American farmer continues, on the whole, to meaning of the words in popular usage. For the stand fast by those principles of self-help and free present, at least, reasonable returns on the replace bargaining which enable the vested interests to play ment value of tangible assets are not considered to fast and loose with him and all his works. Such be unearned income. is the force of habit and tradition. It is true the habits of thought engendered by the The reason, or at least the preconception, by machine system in industry and by the mechanically force of which the American farmers have been standardized organization of daily life under this led, in effect, to side with the vested interests rather new order, as well as by the material sciences, are than with the common man, comes of the fact that of such a character as would incline the common the farmers are not only farmers but also owners man to rate all men and things in terms of tangible of speculative real estate. And it is as speculators performance rather than in terms of legal title and in land values that they find themselves on the side ancient usage. And it may well come to pass, in of unearned income. Aš land-owners they aim and time, that men will consider any income unearned, confidently hope to get something for nothing in which exceeds a fair return for tangible performance' the unearned increase of land values. But all the in the way of productive work on the part of the while they overlook the fact that, the future in- person to whom the income goes. The mechanistic crease of land values, on which they pin their hopes, logic of the new order of industry drives in that is already discounted in the present price of the land direction, and it may well be that the frame of mind -except for exceptional and fortuitous cases. As engendered by this training in matter-of-fact ways is known to all persons who are at all informed on of thinking will presently so shape popular sentiment this topic, farmland holdings in the typical Amer- that all income from property, simply on the basis ican farming - regions are overcapitalized, in the of ownership, will be disallowed, whether the prop- sense that the current market value of these farm- erty is tangible or intangible. All that is a specula- lands is considerably greater than the capitalized tive question running into the future. It is to be value of the income to be derived from their current recognized and taken account of that the immutable use as farmlands. This excess value of the farm- principles of law and equity, in matters of owner- lands is a speculative value due to discounting the ship and income as well as in other connections, are future increased value which these lands are ex- products of habit, and that habits are always liable pected to gain with the further growth of popula- to change in response to altered circumstances, and tion and with increasing facilities for marketing the drift of circumstances is now apparently setting the farm products of the locality. It is therefore in that direction. But popular sentiment has not yet reached that degree of emancipation from those as a land speculator holding his land for a rise, not as a husbandman cultivating the soil for a livelihood, good old principles of self-help and secure ownership that the prairie farmer, for example, comes in for that go to make up the modern (eighteenth century) an excess value and an overcapitalization of his point of view in law and custom. The equity of holdings. All of which has much in common with income derived from the use of tangible property the intangible assets of the vested interests, and may presently become a moot question ; but it is not all of which persuades the prairie farmer that he so today, outside of certain classes in the population is of a class apart from the common man who has whom the law and the courts are endeavoring to nothing to lose. But he can come in for this un- discourage. It is the business of the law and the earned gain only by the eventual sale of his hold- It appears, therefore, that his conditions of life tion in farming. As a business man doing a specu- lative business in farmlands the American farmer, common man who has substantially nothing to lose, in a small way, runs true to form and so is entitled to a modest place among that class of substantial citizens who get something for nothing by cornering their own good time. In point of material fact he the supply and “sitting tight.” And all the while the massive interests that move obscurely in the de for him a farmer just so much of this stillborn gain as they may dispassionately consider to be convenient for 80 January 25 THE DIAL His re- a move. their own use. And the farmer-speculator of the evident that the facts of everyday life under the prairies continues to stand fast by the principles of new order do not fall in with the inherited prin- equity which entitle the vested interests to play fast ciples of law and custom; but the farmers, farm and loose with him and all his works. laborers, factory hands, mine workmen, lumber The facts of the case stand somewhat different hands, and retail tradesmen have not come to any- as regards the American farmer's gains from his thing like a realization of the new order of economic work as a husbandman, or from the use which he life which throws them in together on one side of a makes of his land and stock in farming. line of division, on the other side of which stand turns from his work are notably scant. So much the vested interests and the kept classes. They have so that it is still an open question whether, taken not yet come to realize that all of them together one with another, the American farmer's assets in have nothing to lose except such things as the land and other equipment enable him, one year with vested interests can quite legally, and legitimately another, to earn more than what would count as deprive them of, with full sanction of law and ordinary wages for the labor which these assets custom as it runs, so soon and so far as it shall suit enable him to put into his product. But it is be- the convenience of the vested interests to make such yond question that the common run of those Amer- These people of the variegated mass have ican farmers who "work their own land" get at no safeguard, in fact, against the control of their the best a very modest return for the use of their conditions of life exercised by those massive inter- land and stock--so scant, indeed, that if usage ests that move obscurely in the background of the admitted such an expression it would be fair to market, except such considerations of expediency say that the farmer, considered as a going concern, as may govern the maneuvers of those massive ones should be credited with an appreciable item of who so move obscurely in the background. That "negative intangible assets,” such as habitually to is to say, the conditions of life for the variegated reduce the net average return on his total active mass are determined by what the traffic will bear,- assets appreciably below the ordinary rate of dis according to the calculations of self-help which count. His case, in other words, is the reverse of guide the vested interests, all the while that the the typical business concern of the larger sort, farmers, workmen, consumers, the common lot, are which comes in for a net excess over ordinary rates still animated with the fancy that they have them- of discount on its tangible assets, and which is selves something to say in these premises. thereby enabled to write into its accounts a certain It is otherwise with the vested interests, on the amount of intangible assets, and so come into line whole. They take a more perspicuous view of their as a vested interest. The farmer, too, is caught in own case and of the predicament of the common the net of the new order; but his occupation does man, the party of the second part. Whereas the not belong to that new order of business enterprise variegated mass that makes up the common lot have in which earning-capacity habitually outruns the not hitherto deliberately taken sides together or capitalized value of the underlying physical prop defined their own attitude toward the established erty. system of law and order and its continuance, and so are neither in the right nor in the wrong as Evidently the cleavage due to be brought on by regards this matter, the vested interests and the kept the new order in business and industry, between classes, on the other hand, have reached insight and the vested interests and the common man, has not definition of what they need, want, and are entitled yet fallen into clear lines, at least not in America. to. They have deliberated and chosen their part The common man does not know himself as such, in the division, partly by interest and partly by in- at least not yet, and the sections of the population grained habitual bent, no doubtand they are al- which go to make up the common lot as contrasted ways in the right. They owe their position and the with the vested interests have not yet. learned to blessings that come of it-free income and social make common The American tradition prerogative to the continued enforcement of stands in the way. This tradition says that the eighteenth century principles of law and order un- people of the republic are made up of ungraded der conditions created by the twentieth century masterless men who enjoy all the rights and im state of the industrial arts. Therefore it is in- munities of self-direction, self-help, free bargaining, cumbent on them, in point of expediency, to stand , and equal opportunity, quite after the fashion that strongly for the established order of inalienable was sketched into the great constituent documents eighteenth century rights; and they are at the same of the eighteenth century. Much doubt and some time in the right, in point of law and morals, in so discontent is afoot. It is becoming increasingly doing, since what is right in law and morals is cause. 1919 81 THE DIAL always a question of settled habit, and settled habit the legitimate right of the kept classes to their keep is always a legacy out of the past. To take their at the cost of the underlying community, does not own part, therefore, the vested interests and the fall in with the lines of that mechanistic outlook and kept classes have nothing more perplexing to do mechanistic logic which is forever gaining ground than simply to follow the leadings of their settled as the new order of industry goes forward. Such code in all questions of law and order and thereby free income, which measures neither the investor's to fall neatly in with the leading of their own pe personal contribution to the production of goods cuniary advantage, and always and on both counts nor his necessary consumption while engaged in to keep their poise as safe and sound citizens intelli- industry, does not fit in with that mechanistic gently abiding by the good old principles of right reckoning that runs in terms of tangible perform- and honest living which safeguard their vested ance, and that grows ever increasingly habitual and rights. convincing with every further habituation to the The common man is not so fortunate. He cannot new order of things in the industrial world. Vested effectually take his own part in this difficult con perquisites have no place in the new scheme of juncture of circumstances without getting on the things; hence the new scheme is a menace. It is wrong side of the established run of law and morals. true, the well stabilized principles of the eighteenth Unless he is content to go on as the party of the century still continue to rate the investor as a pro- second part in a traffic that is controlled by the mas- ducer of goods; but it is equally true that such a sive interests on the footing of what they consider rating is palpable nonsense according to the mechan- that the traffic will bear, he will find himself in the istic calculus of the new order brought into bearing wrong and may even come in for the comfortless by the mechanical industry and material science. attention of the courts. Whereas if he makes his This may all be an untoward and distasteful turn peace with the established run of law and custom, of circumstances, but there is no gain of tranquillity and so continues to be rated as a good man and true, to be got from ignoring it. he will find that his livelihood falls into a dubious So it comes about that, increasingly, throughout and increasingly precarious case. It is not for broad classes in these industrial countries there is nothing that he is a common man. coming to be visible a lack of respect and affection So caught in a quandary, it is small wonder if the for the vested interests, whether of business or of common man is somewhat irresponsible and un privilege; and it rises to the pitch of distrust and steady in his aims and conduct, so far as touches plain disallowance among those on whom the pre- industrial affairs. A pious regard for the received conceptions of the eighteenth century sit more lightly code of right and honest living holds him to a sub and loosely. It still is all vague and shifty-so much missive quietism, a make-believe of self-help and so that the guardians of law and order are still per- fair dealing, whereas the material and pecuniary suaded that they “have the situation in hand.” But circumstances that condition his livelihood under the popular feeling of incongruity and uselessness this new order drive him to fall back on the under- in the current run of law and custom under the rule lying rule of Live and Let Live, and to revise the of these timeworn preconceptions is visibly gaining established code of law and custom to such purpose ground and gathering consistency, even in so well that the underlying rule of life shall be brought into ordered a republic as America. A cleavage of senti- bearing in point of fact as well as in point of legal ment is beginning to run between the vested interests formality. And the training to which the hard and the variegated mass of the common lot; and matter-of-fact logic of the machine industry and increasingly the common man is growing apathetic, the mechanical organization of life now subjects or even impervious, to appeals grounded on these him, constantly bends him to a matter-of-fact out- timeworn preconceptions of equity and good usage. look, to a rating of men and things in terms of The fact of such a cleavage, as well as the existence fangible performance , and to an ever Slighter respect of any ground for it, is painstakingly denied by the for the traditional principles that have come down spokesmen of the vested interests ; and in support of constantly and increasingly exposed to the risk of platy fashion in which certain monopolistic labor votaries of law and order. In other words, vested an undesirable citizen in the eyes of the organizations “stand. pat.” It is true, such a quasi- rights to free income are no longer felt to be secure vested interest as the A. F. of L., which unbidden in case the common man should take over the direc- assumes to speak for the common man, can doubtless be counted on to "stand pat” on that system of im- Such a vested right to free income, that is to say ponderables in which its vested perquisites reside. So also the kept classes, and their stewards among tion of affairs. 82 January 25 THE DIAL the keepers of law and custom, are inflexibly con free bargain and self-help. There is reason to be- tent to let well enough alone. They can be counted lieve that to their own thinking, when cast in the on to see nothing more to the point than a stupidly terms in which they conceive these things, their subversive rapacity in that loosening of the bonds notions of reasonable human intercourse are not of convention that so makes light of the sacred rights equally fantastic and inconclusive. So, there is the of vested interest. Interested motives may count for dread word, Syndicalism, which is quite properly something on both sides, but it is also true that the unintelligible to the kept classes and the adepts of kept classes and the businesslike managers of the corporation finance, and which has no definable vested interests, whose place in the economy of na meaning within the constituent principles of the ture it is to make money by conforming to the eighteenth century. But the notion of it seems to received law and custom, have not in the same de come easy, by mere lapse of habit, to these others gree undergone the shattering discipline of the New in whom the discipline of the New Order has begun Order. They are, therefore, still to be found stand to displace the preconceptions of the eighteenth ing blamelessly on the stable principles of the Mod century. ern Point of View. Then there are, in this country, the agrarian. But a large fraction of the people in the indus- syndicalists, in the shape of the Nonpartisan League trial countries is visibly growing uneasy under these large, loose, animated, and untidy, but sure of principles as they work out under existing circum itself in its settled disallowance of the Vested In- stances. So, for example, it is evident that the terests, and fast passing the limit of tolerance in common man within the United Kingdom, in so far its inattention to the timeworn principles of equity. as the Labor Party is his accredited spokesman, is How serious is the moral dereliction and the sub- increasingly restive under the state of “things as versive stupidity of these agrarian syndicalists, in they are," and it is scarcely less evident that he the eyes of those who still hold fast to the eighteenth finds his abiding grievance in the Vested Interests century, may be gathered from the animation of the and that system of law and custom which cherishes business community, the commercial clubs, the them. And these men, as well as their like in other Rotarians, and the traveling salesmen, in any place countries, are still in an unsettled state of advance where the League raises its untidy head. And as if to positions more definitely at variance with the advisedly to complete the case, these agrarians, as received law and custom. In some instances, and well as their running-mates in the industrial centers indeed in more or less massive formation, this move and along the open road, are found to be slack in ment of dissent has already reached the limit of respect of their national spirit. So, at least, it is tolerance and has found itself sharply checked by said by those who are interested to know. the constituted keepers of law and custom. It is not that these and their like are ready with It is perhaps not unwarranted to count the "a satisfactory constructive program," such as the I. W. W. as such a vanguard of dissent, in spite people of the uplift require to be shown before of the slight consistency and the exuberance of its they will believe that things are due to change. It movements. After all, these and their like, here is something of a simpler and cruder sort, such as and in other countries , are an element of appre- history is full of, to the effect that whenever and ciable weight in the population. They are also so far as the timeworn rules no longer fit the new increasingly numerous, in spite of well-conceived material circumstances they presently fail to carry repressive measures, and they appear to grow in conviction as they once did. Such wear and tear creasingly sure. And it will not do to lose sight of institutions is unavoidable where circumstances of the presumption that, while they may be gravely change; and it is through the altered personal equa- in the wrong, they are likely not to be far out of tion of those elements of the population which are touch with the undistinguished mass of the common most directly exposed to the changing circumstances sort who still continue to live within the law. It that the wear and tear of institutions may be ex- should seem likely that the peculiar moral and in- pected to take effect. To these untidy creatures of tellectual bent which marks them as “undesirable the New Order common honesty appears to mean citizens" will, all the while, be found to run closer to that of the common man than the corresponding vaguely something else, perhaps something more bent of the law-abiding beneficiaries under the exacting, than what was “nominated in the bond" existing system. at the time when the free bargain and self-help were Vaguely, perhaps, and with a picturesque irre- written into the moral constitution of Christendom sponsibility, these and their like are talking and by the handicraft industry and the petty trade. And thinking at cross-purposes with the principles of why should it not? THORSTEIN VEBLEN. 1919 THE DIAL 83 their employment of the abbozzo should be chiefly few shorter poems which are clusters of glittering The provocatively incomplete—which is to be sharp- poem, The Ghetto, in which the vigorous and the ly distinguished from the merely truncated or slov- enly-has its charm, its beautiful suggestiveness; reactions are fullest and truest. Here she is under The Literary Abbozzo The Italians use the word abbozzo-meaning find the abbozzo insufficient, he will want to sub- a sketch or unfinished work-not only in reference stitute for this charm, this delicate hover, a beauty to drawing or painting but also as a sculptural term. and strength more palpable. The charm which in- The group of unfinished sculptures by Michelangelo heres in the implied rather than the explicit he in Florence, for example, takes this name; they are knows how to retain he will retain it in the dim called simply abbozzi. The stone is still rough- counterpoint of thought itself. the conception has only just begun to appear; it has The poems of Miss Lola Ridge (The Ghetto and not yet wholly or freely emerged. There is an im-- Other Poems—Huebsch; $1.25) raise all these pressiveness in the way in which the powerful figures issues sharply, no less because the author has rich- seem struggling with the rock for release. And it is ness and originality of sensibility, and at times bril- no wonder that Rodin and others have seen in this liance of idea, than because she follows this now particular stage of a piece of sculpture a hint for a too common vogue. Here is a vivid personality, new method based on the clear enough esthetic value even a powerful one, clearly aware of the peculiar of what might be called the provocatively incom- experience which is its own—a not too frequent plete. gift. It rejoices in the streaming and garishly lighted Unfortunately, in literature as in sculpture, the multiplicity of the city: it turns eagerly toward vogue of the incomplete has become too general, and the semi-tropical fecundity of the meaner streets and has in consequence attracted many who are without tenement districts. Here it is the human item that a clear understanding of its principles. Two mis most attracts Miss Ridge— Jews, for the most part, conceptions regarding it are particularly common: seen darkly and warmly against a background of one, that it is relatively formless, and therefore eas social consciousness, of rebelliousness even. She ier than a method more precise; the other, that it is arranges her figures for us with a muscular force a universal style, applicable to any one of the whole which seems masculine; it is singular to come upon gamut of themes. Neither of these notions, of a book written by a woman in which vigor is so course, is true. The literary abbozzo-or to be clearly a more natural quality than grace. This is more precise, the poetic abbozzo-demands a high sometimes merely strident, it is true. When she degree of skill, a very sure instinct. And it should compares Time to a paralytic, "A mildewed hulk be equally apparent that it is properly applicable to above the nations squatting,” one fails to respond. what is relatively only a small number of moods or Nor is one moved precisely as Miss Ridge might themes among which one might place conspicuous hope when she tells us of a wind which “noses ly the dithyrambic and the enumerative. These are among them like a skunk that roots about the heart.” moods which irregularity will often save from mo- It is apparent from the frequency with which such notony. Whitman's catalogues would be even worse than they are had they been written as conscien- falsities occur—particularly in the section called tiously in heroic couplets. The same is perhaps Labor—that Miss Ridge is a trifle obsessed with the concern of being powerful: she forgets that the harsh true of the dithyrambs of Ossian. Both poets to is only harsh when used sparingly, the loud only have been successful in a more skilfully elaborate loud when it emerges from the quiet. She is uncer- style would have been compelled to delete a great tain enough of herself to deal in harshnesses whole- which would no doubt have been an sale and to scream them. But with due allowances made for these extrava- This makes one a little suspicious of the abbozzo: is it possible that we overrate it a trifle? Might we gances—the extravagances of the brilliant but some- not safely suggest to those artists whom we suspect what too abounding amateur—one must pay one's respects to Miss Ridge for her very frequent verbal of greatness , or even of very great skill merely, that felicities, for her images brightly lighted, for a is relaxation? But they will hardly need to be told. phrases, and for the human richness of one longer deal improvement. tender are admirably fused. Here Miss Ridge's but in proportion as the artist is 'powerful he will no compulsion to be strident. And it is precisely 84 January 25 THE DIAL because here she is relatively most successful that one to use for the most part a direct prose, with only sel- is most awkwardly conscious of the defects inher dom an interpellation of the metrical, and the metri- ent in the whole method for which Miss Ridge cal of a not particularly skilful sort. The latent stands. This is a use of the “provocatively incom harmonies are, never evoked. plete”—as concerns form-in which, unfortunately, One hesitates to make suggestions. Miss Ridge the provocative has been left out. If we consider might have to sacrifice too much vigor and richness again, for a moment, Michelangelo's abbozzi we to obtain a greater beauty of form: the effort might become aware how slightly, by comparison, Miss prove her undoing. By the degree of her success or Ridge's figures have begun to emerge. Have they failure in this undertaking, however, she would be- emerged enough to suggest the clear overtone of the come aware of her real capacities as an artist. Or thing completed? The charm of the incomplete is is she wise enough to know beforehand that the of course in its positing of a norm which it suggests, effort would be fruitless, and that she has already approaches, retreats from, or at points actually reached what is for her the right pitch? That touches. The ghost of completeness alternately would be a confession but it would leave us, even shines and dims. But for Miss Ridge these subtle- so, a wide margin for gratitude. ties of form do not come forward. She is content CONRAD AIKEN. The Biology of War IN OCTOBER 1914, when ninety-three of Ger tions. If war mean merely individual fighting, it many's savants signed their famous Manifesto to is natural enough, and conceivably desirable as an the Civilized (sic) World, defending the course of occasional relief from "law and order”; if war mean their government in the negotiations that had led fighting between two groups of the one species, then to war, one man, Dr. G. F. Nicolai, Professor of war is an unnatural, exceptional thing in the animal Physiology at the University of Berlin and consult- world, being popular only among ants and men. ing specialist to the German Empress, refused to Almost throughout nature struggle is with environ- lend his name to the document. Rather he de mental obstruction rather than within the species: nounced it as venially evasive and insincere, drew the teeth and claws of the tiger are for other species, up a contrary document indicting the whole diplo ndt for other tigers. Struggle within the species is macy of imperialistic Europe, and went about, indirect: the best equipped for getting food and Quixote-like, seeking signatures. Getting nøne, he fighting other species survive; the worst equipped wrote with angry vigor The Biology of War (Cen- succumb. Struggle is natural, but war is human. tury; $3.50), had it published in Switzerland, "There is nothing natural, nothing great, nothing allowed it to be smuggled into Germany, and noble about war; it is merely one of the numberless naturally found his way into jail. There two young consequences of the introduction of private prop- scientists, won by his passionate courage, came to his erty.” Hence the ants, which accumulate property, rescue, hurried him in latest romantic style to a also know the arts of slavery and war. waiting aeroplane, and flew with him to Denmark. It is less than half a truth, too, that war is Artistry in style and method must not be asked naturally based in the pugnacity of the "herd” of a book so conceived and born; nor any sustained (Trotter's yiew). It is clear enough that we love calmness of speech or judgment in contemporary our families and our homes, and are by native dis- reference. The book is not so much a scientific position ready to fight for them; it is not clear that treatise as an extended polemical pamphlet, almost we are by nature disposed to fight for 60,000,000 a diatribe—but it would have taken a bloodless man people whom we have never seen. We must be to write with frigid impartiality in the midst of taught that these three score millions are to be war-mad foes. What most stirs Dr. Nicolai to fought for, and that these others over the border impassioned rebuttal is the contention of Junker are “natural” food for our powder. It is true that scribes that war is biologically natural, inevitable, we are born with a' disposition to fight for our and desirable. It might be one or another of these; goods; it is not true that we are born with a disposi- but to argue for all three is to fall on the other side tion to fight to protect the goods of others. We have of the truth. Of course the fact in this matter to be taught that the goods of others are (only for eludes absolute statement and lurks among distinc the passing purpose) our own. If we were born 1919 THE DIAL 85 And so selected which for vital purposes other than war cratic class-structures, for example, and the coercive with a disposition to fight for other people's goods, state, and collective conceit, and a tongued-tied and for people whom we have never seen, we would press, and the subtly poisoned wells of public have fought without urging for the wage-slaves of thought. Selection might conceivably proceed by Lawrence and the slaughtered serfs of Colorado. economic competition (as now, to some degree, Without urging we would not do it. And it is not within the state) rather than by ordeal of battle; otherwise with war: a thousand reams of print and and there are some who believe that the last ordeal a thousand reels of film must stretch our little would not have come had economic competition been pugnacities to the mighty scope of war. left quite free. When selection by war replaces selec- those who, like Freud and Jones, reduce war to tion by economic ability, premium and incentive are "unconscious” motivation, miss the center of the taken from the creative capacities of production and fact. These unconscious sources will suffice to pro placed upon the disruptive faculties of competitive duce a scrimmage on the campus or a quarrel in the destruction. The trouble with war is not that it is streets; but war calls for conscious organization, a dangerous struggle—there were more deaths by stimulation and direction, and its sources are to be infantile disease in England during the first year found rather in the minority that stimulates and organizes and directs than in the really gentle mob of the war than by battle on the English front—but that fights and dies or lives to pay. Hence, finally, that it is a foolish one, unfair and unproductive of the error of those who (like our author) think to anything but further war. destroy war by proving it financially injurious to the The bald truth of the matter, of course, is that the victorious nation. War will go merrily on, genera- biological argument for war is an afterthought, an tion after generation, so long as it may seem effort some have made to conceal economic privilege profitable to the minority that chances to be in in the decent drapery of science, as others have tried power—and in the present structure and complexity to cover it with idealistic gloss. A victorious Ger- of states it is always a minority that wields the many would have withdrawn the drapery and shown power. Therefore democracy, if it is democracy, us a Belgium conquered and a middle Europe ab- does in some modest measure make for peace; for sorbed and feudalized; a victorious England frankly to distribute power is to decrease the individual forgets that she fought for “the rights of small share in the spoils, and so to lessen the temptations nations,” and prepares to add some unwilling col- onies to her vast collection. Germany is learning But the biologs of wars are not so easily routed. the lesson of this deceit; victory may blind us to it. Surely war weeds out the unfit, and aptly serves Germany began with Bernhardi, and ends with selection. So far as “the unfit” means individuals , Nicolai; we began with Nicolai, and seem resolved the argument is among the casualties of the war. to end with Bernhardi. Nicolai appeals to Ger- It is the "unfit” that have survived to increase and many to think internationally; one wonders will multiply; it is the "fit” whose clear flame has been she be permitted. Apparently, if the imperialistic snuffed out in the painless ecstasy of battle. “The bloc that signed the Pact of London on September blind, deaf and dumb, idiots, hunchbacks, scrofulous 5, 1914 maintains ascendancy at Paris, the nations and impotent persons, imbeciles, paralytics, epileps that have lost this war for democracy and against tics, dwarfs, and abortions—all these militarism will have won it, and the nations that stay at home and dress their ulcers while the brave, have won it will have lost it. The Allies have given strong young men are rotting on the battle-field.” freedom to Germany, and seem willing to accept So far as "the unfit” are groups and institutions, Prussianism in return. the argument has better ground; it was this, no One is reminded of the story (source forgotten) doubt , that Heraclitus, Carlyle of Ephesus, had in of the Dukhobor who, forgetting the geographical mind when he declared that "war is the father of variability of morals, tried to go naked in the streets all things.” But it is as clear as a day in June that of London. A policeman set out gravely to capture the fitness by which institutions and groups are him, but found himself distanced because of his selected in war is not fitness in general Hut fitness heavy clothing. Therefore he divested himself , as merely for war. And in this process of elimination he ran, of garment after garment, until he was and survival many groups and institutions may be naked : and so lightened caught his prey. But then it was impossible to tell which was the Dukhobor are not as obviously "fix" as they might be: auto- and which was the policeman. Will DURANT. that call to arms. . can 86 January 25 THE DIAL An American Pendennis THE IE CHANCES for the great American novel grow that found nourishment upon youthful profiles.” fewer and fewer. The novels which we regard as He notes with uncanny precision the architectural characteristic of England, or France, or Spain were arrangements of the houses, just beginning to boast written when the social classes of those countries the bathroom, in which “the American plumber were still in the stratified contact prescribed by joke was planted"; the domestic service, at wages feudalism, or when it could be truthfully said that of two to three dollars a week; the horse cars which certain of these classes did not count. If these would wait for a lady who whistled from an up- characteristic and circumscriptive novels had not stairs window, "while she shut the window, put on been written, it is safe to say that we should forever her hat and cloak, went downstairs, found an um- lack them. The American novel delayed its advent brella, told the girl what to have for dinner, and beyond the time when our life was simple and homo came forth from the house." He recalls the habit geneous, until its program has become too ambitious of serenading with such songs as Silver Threads for fulfilment. American novelists have chosen to Among the Gold, and Kathleen Mavourneen; the work within sectional limits or class limits: where sports, croquet and archery, with euchre for indoors; they have attempted to transcend the boundaries and the esthetic movement. He delights us with alike of locality and class they have merely illus the brilliant slang of the period when “Does your trated the magnitude of their task without perform- mother know you're out?” was a mild insult, and ing it. The great American novel must remain a the conventional repartee to “Pull down your vest," goal to be approximated, not attained. was "Wipe off your chin.” But though this be true, the approach to the In this period Major Amberson built Amberson American novel will continue to intrigue us—in no Addition, the local Versailles, with cast-iron statues book of the past year more subtly than in Mr. at the intersections of the streets-Minerva, Mer- Booth Tarkington's The Magnificent Ambersons cury, Gla tor, Emperor Augustus, Wounded Doe (Doubleday, Page; $1.50). The primary demand -and in the center the Amberson Mansion on a that the American novel shall give us the specific four-acre lot, with sixty thousand dollars' worth of quality of American life, not in its local manifesta- black walnut woodwork inside. The Addition is a tions and dialect but in its general bearing and symbol of the magnificence of the Ambersons and language, is here eminently fulfilled. The scene of their period. Its decay marks the destructive of the story is clearly the Middle West, and the progress of the American city with its waste, mean- atmosphere is that of a newly arrived city, Indian ness, and squalor. The last view of Amberson Ad- apolis, or Cleveland, or Omaha; but the spiritual dition has a grotesque pathos which we all recognize: values are no less current in Boston, or Atlanta, or One Other houses had become boarding-houses. San Francisco-in short they are American. The having torn out part of an old stone-trimmed bay window limitation that it is a class novel is balanced by the for purposes of commercial display, showed two sus- fact that it is the typically American class which is pended petticoats and a pair of oyster-coloured flannel trousers to prove the claims of its black-and-gilt sigo: presented—the class which incarnates the American "French Cleaning and Dye House." Its next neighbour ideal and to which all good Americans aspire. And also sported a remodelled front and permitted no doubt that its mission in life was to attend cosily upon death: its period is that of the flowering of American civil- "J. M. Rolsener, Caskets. The Funeral Home.” And ization after the Civil War, the last truly American beyond that, a plain old honest four-square gray-painted period before foreign influence set in with the brick house was Aamboyantly decorated with a great gilt scroll on the railing of the old-fashioned veranda: World's Fair. “Mutual Benev't Order Cavaliers and Dames of Purity." How total is Mr. Tarkington's recall of the The combination of characters embodies the American Biedermeyer period is evident in the typical American family group with external ma- pages of his mise en scene. It was the period when terial for complications of the purely American elegance of personal appearance was believed to rest more upon the texture of garments than upon variety. There is young George, his grandfather, Major Amberson, his mother and her consort of their shaping. “A silk dress remained the inferior Minafer clan, his uncles, the congress- distinguished by merely remaining silk." He re- man and the would-be ambassador, his aunt Fanny minds us of the stovepipe hat, in which "without self-consciousness men went rowing"; and "the long on the Minafer side; and challenging the magnifi- cence of the Ambersons there are Eugene Morgan, contagion of the Derby," of which the crown varied the wanderer returning to the scenes of his youth from a bucket to a spoon; and of the “Side-burns with his strange belief in horseless carriages, and 1919 THE DIAL 87 wishful to know from a careful student of nude models how far down he had ever seen a blush To ridicule their set performances is in itself ridicu- Lucy, his daughter. There are materials for two and work, largely on faith. Our confidence in the romances in two generations, which Mr. Tarkington telepathic machinery by which the reconciliation of develops with his usual enthusiasm for youth and George and the Morgans is brought about is im- tenderness for middle age. But the real love of perfect. This machinery, however, is to be taken the book is that of Isabel Minafer for her son in part symbolically. It represents the love of Isabel George. Minafer still watching over and protecting her son. George Amberson Minafer is the product of the Once again we have an old and dignified theme, this magnificence of the Ambersons and the love of his time the theme of atonement, wrought into the mother. He lives with intolerable egoism in the world which these have created for him. He is the common stuff of American life, but so subtly that aristocratic tough boy, who in his Fauntleroy suit we are hardly aware of it. The love of Isabel and brown curls fights the street boys and tells the nearly ruined her son; but in some mysterious way minister to go to hell. Later he drives furiously the spiritual value of it is not lost, and in the end through the streets of his native town to the exasper- it becomes his salvation. ation and danger of its citizens. He insults his This solution gives the final touch of American guests, scorns his father, bullies his aunt. He quality to Mr. Tarkington's novel. It is not with completes the climax when he interferes brutally to him merely a matter of crude optimism or of pro- blight the second blooming romance of his mother. viding the novel reader's satisfaction. It is rather Yet in all this George is but the victim of the dead an assessment of life values in which the world ap- hand of the former generation. His mother's love pears to America. Readers of the Education of is as a congenital ailment which leaves him incom Henry Adams will remember his question—"The plete. George Minafer is in fact a moral idiot; in woman had once been supreme—why was she un- destroying his mother's romance he wrecks his own. known in America ?” Mr. Tarkington's novel gives There is something very powerful in Mr. Tarking- Sex in one form is prepotent in ton's working out of this theme—the love of Isabel America. "An American Virgin would never dare Minafer for her son is really a monstrous paradox command,” says Adams. True, but an American but it is clothed in a garb so usual, so domestic, that mother in her subjection is stronger than the Virgin we do not recognize it for what it is. It is the fate on her throne. It is to Mr. Tarkington's credit as of Greek tragedy in an American home. an artist that he fits this theme perfectly into the It is this sense that George is a victim and not American setting and handles it with reserve and moraly responsible which occurs again and again proportion, in good faith and without cynicism. His just in time to keep the reader from renouncing method is disarmingly simple and his touch gentle, him utterly as a cur and a cad. It is this that justifies his redemption. Here Mr. Tarkington's place of urbanity. Above all, he gives us spiritual with the good nature that in America takes the hand is less sure than in the downward movement of his story, and the result less convincing. We values according to American standards, and pro- have to take George's regeneration by virtue of the fesses his own artistic belief in them. purging power of enforced renunciation, of poverty ROBERT Morss LOVETT. Empty Balloons A few of the Victorian letter writers, at their extend, repays for a hundred pages of common- best , are the best. Fitzgerald, for instance; often place. Rossetti ; and somewhat less often, Morris. More- But most of the collections of these Victorian over they were all almost unimaginably voluminous. letters are stodge. They lie upon the readers with a So the field was white for the reapers, and indefat weight heavy as frost. Often the letters are signed igably has it been reaped. Even now we occasion- by great names, but even the signature of a Pickwick ally get a new collection with power to charm. lends no thrill to chops and tomato sauce. When Even when, as in a recent volume which dealt with they foreshadow publication, as they often do, they the sculptor Woolner, the letters center about some wholly second-rate figure they occasionally give side- have the dullness of a rehearsal; they lack the inspi- rational realization of an actual audience. lights that are marvelously revealing. Darwin, Why were the Victorians, or so many of them, so dull off the platform of their public appearance? one answer. 88 THE DIAL January 25 any relief. lous. Tennyson, for all his sentimentality, will last The letters include both his own and many writ- in the grateful memory of men till melody no longer ten to him. His own letters are, as Carlyle re- charms the ear. We did hear his voice, far above marked of his writing in general, mild and lucent. singing; we hear it still. The world is full of clever They deal mostly with the abstractions of political women nowadays, but the Mill on the Floss remains and social reform. Infrequently Helps comments serenely above their competition. Ruskin and Mat on people he meets, Mrs. Stowe for instance, of thew Arnold, according to Professor Phelps in The whom he says, “She seems to me a ladylike, very sen- Pure Gold of Nineteenth Century Literature, are sible, unassuming person.” The description does not pyrites; but careful smelting seems still to reward badly fit Sir Arthur. Of the letters he received, the many readers of their articles. But oh the letters of most numerous are from Ruskin and Carlyle. Tennyson and George Eliot and Ruskin and Arnold ! Ruskin and Carlyle appear not infrequently also Solemn or playful, they are equally ponderous. in the other volume-letters written to Mrs. Drew. The Victorians were like great balloons. In pub She was Mary Gladstone, third daughter of Wil- lic they were filled with purpose. That purpose liam E. Gladstone. As the letters in the Helps col- buoyed them up and carried them soaring. In pri lection run to 1875, and those in the Drew collection vate life they seem to have become somehow de from 1878 to 1913, one might naturally conclude Alated, and in consequence lax and flabby of thought. that the two volumes takerr together would give a And this laxity and flabbiness appears in their cor sort of consecutive general view of England for the respondence. Their letters are neither natural and sixty years or so preceding the war. No conclusion friendly, like Fitzgerald's, nor vivid and powerful, could be more erroneous. Consecutiveness of im- like Emerson's; merely dull. pression is entirely lacking—even the consecutive- In this sad world one demands either to be in ness of the kaleidoscope, which at least falls into pat- formed, or to be inspired, or to be diverted. Grant terns. Ruskin, Burne-Jones, and George Wyndham ing for the sake of the argument that the English are the only individuals in the volume whose char- letter-writers seldom inspire the reader, may one acters stand out in further inquire why they so seldom divert? Are Of these Ruskin unfortunately is made to appear the English really not a humorous people, such as unpardonably silly. Of course, he was an old man Lord Bryce in his well-known analysis of Americans writing to a young girl; the years had battered him, declares us to be? Certainly Bairnsfather is humor and his indignations had weakened his mentality; s—but then Bairnsfather is Scotch, is he not? yet these were the years of Praeterita, and the mushy Wells is humorous—but then Wells is—Wells. But futility of Ruskin's letters in this volume we really how about Charlie Chaplin? No, the charge fails. ought to have been spared. Burne-Jones' letters are And there are few Americans who will not admit quite another matter. A letter from him on the the immense superiority of Punch to Life, provided threatened restoration of St. Mark's Cathedral in they have read both publications, or even provided Venice is nearer to vigor than anything else in the they have read Life only. And yet Punch is always whole languid book; and his industry, his kindliness, self-conscious, and usually pompous; can humor be and his melancholy are all made plain. But easily pompous and self-conscious ? These are not profound speculations. But then, the most attractive figure of them all is Wyndham's. the volumes that educed them—Correspondence of An utter aristocrat, he prayed from the bottom of Sir Arthur Helps, Edited by E. A. Helps (Lane; capacity to manage themselves he was never able to his heart for the welfare of the people, in whose $4) and Some Hawarden Letters: 1878-1913, edited by Lisle March-Phillipps and Bertram Christian believe; a cultivated and fastidious gentleman, he (Dodd, Mead; $4)— -are not very profound, either, loved above all things directness, strength, and although in both cases the attitude of the editors vigor; he never cherished an animosity, never for- might fairly be called reverential. The correspond- got a favor, and never made a dull speech. But even ence of Sir Arthur Helps is edited by his son. Sir he has written some dull letters which the editor Arthur was Clerk of the Privy Council of England; faithfully includes. had the honor of editing the Prince Consort's Some Hawarden Letters is attractively illus- Speeches and Addresses and the Queen's Leaves trated, including a photograph of Mrs. Drew's mar- from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands; riage certificate, with the signatures of Edward VII wrote many volumes, including fiction, all forgotten and George V as witnesses. Somehow this particu- now, but in their day highly praised by Helps' many lar illustration seems to epitomize the volume. friends. Helps died in 1875. JAMES WEBER Linn. ous- THE DIAL distasteful to him—a policy, moreover, which is people—or their temper. GEORGE DONLIN CLARENCE BRITTEN HAROLD STBARNS JOHN DEWEY THORSTEIN VEBLEN HELEN MAROT democratic Russian policy instead of being, as he is, obviously embarrassed by a policy which is personally until there is no mistaking the will of the American ROBERT MORss LOVETT, Editor In Charge of the Reconstruction Program: HOW MUCH LONGER WILL THE AMERICAN PUBLIC thoroughly ambiguous. But we have conclusive evi- endure our shameful intervention in Russia ? How dence that the President has never been so informed much longer are we to permit our troops, enlisted -until it has become too late. We may here point under a democratic banner, to be used as pawns in out that Lloyd George has been forced to change his the imperialistic political game which the Allies have attitude toward the Soviet Government in Russia by been and are now openly playing in that country? the rising anger and protest of the British people. We have no hesitation in asking these questions, for For us also but one corrective force remains the the truth is that if our Government does not see fit force of a united and angered public opinion. It soon to put a stop to this anti-American adventure, must be made clear to our Government and to the the American people will put a stop to it themselves. President that the lives of our men in Russia are not We have already endured too many mistakes in our a matter of negligible importance. It must be made Russian policy quietly to endure many more. The clear that we entered this war to crush German most recent incident in that policy—the mishandling militarism, and that with this task accomplished, of the communication from the British Government we are not interested in acting as the bond collectors by our State Department-shows how little our for any European Government. It must be made officials are to be entrusted with the formulation of clear that we are disgusted and ashamed at the any democratic foreign policy, when left unchecked campaign of falsehood and misrepresentation about or uncriticized. The British note proposed recogni- Russia which our Government has seen fit to allow. tion, at least tacitly, of the Soviet Government in It must be made clear that our Government is the Russia, and representation of that Government at servant and not the master of the American people. the Peace Conference. Yet incredible as it may It is for the people and not for a small autocratic seen, this proposal of supreme importance appar. clique to say whether our men are to remain in ently did not even reach the eyes of Acting Secretary Russia killing Russian peasants and workingmen. of State Frank L. Polk until after the publication As the New Statesman succinctly says of English of M. Pichon's statement in Paris rejecting the policy in its issue of December 21 proposal in the name of France. Needless to add, the proposal was not communicated to the President What we now seem to be drifting into is a war against a Government which now commands the , allegiance of in Paris , and if newspaper dispatches report cor- the mass of the Russian people, a war which, whatever rectly, our peace delegates there were it may be in theory, would in effect inevitably prove to be as much astonished as the general public at the revelation a war on behalf of a small monarchist class. However that the proposal had been made. This is only one certain we may be that the Bolsheviks' experiment in "catastrophic Socialism” will fail, it is not our business incident among many where important documents, to stop it. We may watch it with interest, or we may either through malice or through ignorance, have contemptuously say that we will "leave Russia to stew been lost somewhere in the red tape of the State in her own juice.” But we have neither the duty nor Department so that they have never reached the even the right to suppress it merely because we dislike it and to kill British soldiers in the operation. people who ought first to have seen them. All the It is the duty of every American to inform himself evidence goes to show that our State Department is an example of monumental inefficiency. This recent of the real situation. Already there has been organ- incident is appalling enough to make people lose all tirely of patriotic Americans, for the purpose of ized a Truth About Russia Society, composed en- confidence in its method of handling our foreign, giving the public the established and undisputed doubt that had President Wilson Veen informed of Everyone should help in the arrangements for mass hier important developments in the situation of macerings , in the circulation of petitions. Everyone today be the advocate of a simple and direct and washingtonte This type of legitimate pressure upon our elected representatives should not be relinquished 90 THE DIAL January 25 . THẾ Peace CONFERENCE IS CONFRONTED BY It is therefore possible that the urgent need will four groups of questions: penological, 'territorial, result in the creation of the instrument. And it is commercial, and social. Of these the first three are further possible that through the League such a sys- most interesting to the type of mind of members of tem of political and commercial readjustments the Conference; but while they are in the fore- throughout the world may be reached that the ground, the social situation enforced by the challenge social question may be kept in the background, and of Bolshevism must be latent in every discussion. It left to be answered by the nations individually, is this situation which makes the all-inclusive and under the aegis of self-determination. The connec- transcending problem of the Conference the question tion between the social situation and political policy whether it can make peace at all, whether the ele in the minds of the diplomats who compose the ments in control of the dominant nations can so Conference is obvious. It is the pressure of social harmonize their penological, political, and commer unrest that is impelling certain nations to demand cial interests that the fabric of international relations the uttermost fruits of victory in territory and in- can be restored. For if they fail—if they cannot demnity. But only the blindest fail to see that end war and the menace of it—the present civiliza extreme demands enforced against one nation will tion is doomed. Now the restoration of the inter- make that nation a home for the anarchy which national fabric is brought within bounds of possi- is a menace to all. And only the dullest imagine bility by the proposed League of Free Nations. that the people of any nation will support the strain There has been much discussion as to whether its of continued preparedness for a war made inevitable establishment should be given priority over other by a peace of conquest. To put it plainly, the funda- matters, or be relegated to the background, to be mental necessity for a better world is a great sacrifice taken up after territorial claims and financial penal- of the instinct for possession. If the Peace Confer- ties have been adjusted. Such postponement, how- ence can arrange a plan under which this sacrifice is ever, was promptly seen to imply that the League made primarily by the existing nations, through a of Nations would be dealt with perfunctorily, half- generous arrangement of their political and com- heartedly, and skeptically; at best it would be a mercial relations, then we may look with some confi- vague union, valuable chiefly as a preliminary sketch dence toward a relatively peaceful social readjust- of what good intentions might accomplish if backed ment within their borders. But if this plan fails—if by an authority that would in all probability be lack the predatory instincts sway the Conference to con- ing; at worst it would be a Holy Alliance designed cern itself chiefly with demands for territory, in- to insure the permanence of such arrangements, demnity, and commercial privilege on the part of the territorial and commercial , as the dominant powers victors—then, indeed, the rulers of the world will might impose. Only if the establishment of the have proved once more their unfitness, and this time League of Nations be given priority is there much the people cannot be deceived. It will then be cer- chance of its becoming an effective power in the tain that no beneficent world order can come out of world. Those who regard the League as the pri- societies which are based on the possessive instincts mary object of the Conference will probably not have the strength to secure this priority of considera- of mankind. To deny priority to the League is to tion, but the territorial and commercial questions are grant it to the Revolution. The choice is before the so complicated and difficult that it may prove that Conference—a peace of generosity, self-denial, and the sponsors of this or that claim or policy may be good will—or anarchy. driven to support the priority of the League, as the only possible means of securing progress. It is com- THE PROGRAM Of The New SCHOOL FOR SOCIAL ing to be perceived that only by renunciation is any Research marks two departures from the conven- political settlement of the world possible. The tional academic attitude toward the social sciences. Central Powers have already been notified pretty One is in the direction of realism in education-an clearly of the sacrifices expected of them; the finger application of principles as old as Comenius. of the world is pointed at grasping Italy; Poland, Roumania and the New Slavic States will be called qualified and earnest men and women, whether they have The object of the school will be to give properly upon to modify their demands. Nothing would had an academic education or not, an opportunity to advance the settlement so much as the inclusion of carry on serious and profitable advanced research in the Ireland, Egypt, India, and the Philippines under fields of government and social organization. Here they may not only study the actual conditions and follow the the formula of self-determination. Now the League, changes which are constantly taking place in our dynamic truly conceived, represents essentially just this idea society, but they will be enabled to see our present dif- of renunciation-it undertakes to insure that sacri- ficulties in the light of scientific, philosophic, and his- torical knowledge. Hitherto there has commonly been a fice of sovereignty or possession shall not mean loss fatal gap between so-called theory and practice. It is of safety or prosperity. It is evident that the the chief business of the new school to bridge this gap; League, if it were already in existence, would sim- for all intelligent practice is based on theory, and all theories that are calculated to aid reform are nothing plify enormously the problems of settlement by pro- but broad and critical ways of viewing practice. viding machinery and safeguards for their solution. The other is in the direction of simplifying 1919 THE DIAL for Armenian and Syrian relief, which will last the week of January 12 to 19, should enlist the sympathy 91 academic machinery and releasing both students and of everyone. Millions of Armenians, Greeks, Syri- teachers from the regimentation which is the basis ans, and Persians were deprived of all their posses- of academic organization and hierarchy. Of the sions and of the very means of life in 1915, when students the program has this to say: they were deported and massacred by the Turks. Nearly four millions of these people have survived, The regular students will be presumed to be in the school to carry on each for himself his own chosen work struggling into precarious safety in Syria, Mesopo- with the help of the men and books which are put at his tamia, and the Russian Caucasus. Here for months disposal. In every case each of them will have his special past they have been utterly dependent on the charity line of outside investigation into the social and economic and political phenomena of the world in which we live. of strangers. To all their miseries the final over- This line he will be pursuing, regardless of terms and whelming sorrow of family separation has often lectures, with such persistence as his energy permits. been added-indeed the marvel is that any remnant Informal discussion, reading, individual pondering, and has survived, that any refugees, after years of wan- above all a constant anxiety to get a first hand acquaint- ance with what is actually going on, will be the main dering and torment, staggered, starving and half- ambitions of this new school. naked, into any sphere of help. These pathetic There will be no ordinary "examinations,” no system beings, alien in race, religion, and sympathies to the of accountancy which enables the indifferent student to accumulate academic credit bit by bit. The only credit government under which they have lived for cen- possible will be the willingness of the instructors to ex- turies, make an especially immediate appeal. For press approval of the student's ability, achievements, and the chaos of the Near East has for so long been promise. everybody's business that it runs the risk of soon And of the teachers: becoming nobody's business. It should be a point of honor with America that we will not allow these It is hoped that no "inferiority complex" will be formed feel themselves hopelessly subordinated to men who have feel free the younger members, who in many institutions people to perish. And fortunately the American Committee does not contemplate mere charity. To passed the state of active readjustment. There will be no feed the hungry and clothe the naked is only the academic ranks or hierarchy, except the distinctions, in no way invidious, between the regular staff,' upon whom beginning. The commission intends to examine the conduct of the school will devolve, the temporary causes and so far as possible devise preventive work assistants or apprentices, and the lecturers from the out for the future. The American expedition will in- side who will be appointed for a term only. clude trained nurses, doctors, expert mechanics, There is a third departure, implicit though not sanitary engineers, agriculturists, orphanage super- formally expressed in the present announcement. It intendents , and teachers. Yet important as this is obviously the intention of the founders to emanci work is, it must be financed entirely by voluntary pate the new School for Research from any depend- subscription. We are offered a practical oppor- ence upon capitalistic interests which have been as tunity to show what esprit de corps among nations sumed to influence social and economic teaching in means. For whatever the foundation of the future American colleges. , In this respect it may be re- garded as a movement in the direction of dissent, League of Nations, it must rest for its last security non-conformity, congregationalism, similar to that pity for unmerited suffering. upon the spiritual sanction of fellowship and human which marks the decline of established churches and is a prelude to their disestablishment. By the dis- Since its last issue The Dial has received many establishment of a church–Irish, Welsh, Anglican, or Gallican—is understood not only the exclusion of communications in confirmation of its demand for its clergy from official sanction, but, more important, the release of political prisoners, including conscien- the separation of the institution from endowments, tious objectors. It is possible to publish only one of official revenue, and patronage. The disestablish- these—the admirably reasoned statement of the ment of university education in the United States problems of conscience and martyrdom in war which may scarcely be prophesied from the appearance of appears on page 93. The facts in regard to the the new school as a sort of free kirk outside the treatment of conscientious objectors are now appear- jurisdiction of the synod. Nevertheless it is a sign of ing in the press, notably in the New York World. the times which may become a portent. They bear out the conclusion that American soldiers The school opens February first at 465 West can be guilty of atrocities no less mad than those Twenty-presence among the attributed to their enemies—and further establish son, W. C. Mitchell, and others will indicate to to deal with his subordinates committing them. readers of The Dial the character and value of His original order discharging three officers was the instruction offered. The Dial greets the New withdrawn because they were in the regular army School with cordial good wishes. and could not be dismissed without trial—and no charges have been brought. The release of con- scientious objectors now in confinement, the pun- teachers of Professors Veblen , begrace j. amonkoblihe the impotence of a well-intentioned Secretary of War ties of the American people. They are a challenge to its chivalry—a test of its morale. 92 THE DIAL January 25 over Foreign Comment of Nations shrinking to the dimensions of exclusive or official clubs, at all those grand appeals to a hate-ridden fraternity, at all those machinations that would bring BARBUSSe's View OF PRESIDENT WILSON about an internationalism devoid of any international spirit. From the day that President Wilson landed in But we would usurp the prerogatives of those who shall France we have been learning of the French Social judge us some day, if we should assign his proper place ists' attempts to “capture” Wilson. This may have to the man whose public promises are not a mere veil cast secret dealings; to the man who, in our been somewhat confusing to those not acquainted troublous times, has been not only the mightiest among with the partisan bitterness of French politics, for men, but the most clear-sighted and the most sincere; to the truth of the matter is that all the radical parties the man who has been able to define masterfully the in Europe are hoping to use Wilson as a club over complex world problem by planting the accurate stakes of his formulas-democracy versus autocracy, self-deter- the more reactionary members of their own govern mination of nations, open diplomacy, no annexations and ments. In Italy, especially, the overtures of the no indemnities, no economic barriers; to the chief of state Socialist Party to President Wilson over the head who has not jeered at the democratic strivings of Russia and Germany; to the splendid logician who dared to say of the regular Government had a dramatic directness that general interest must be placed above national in- and appeal. The following article written by Henri terest, a noble saying which casts upon world ethics a Barbusse, author of Under Fire, in the December radiance comparable to that which, emanating from the precepts of the early Christians, revolutionized the souls 15, 1918 issue of Le Populaire, the Paris Socialist of men. paper, reveals what high hopes the radical parties It is the duty of the Socialist Party to greet respectfully of France place in President Wilson. The transla- and to acclaim gratefully the President of the United tion is by Andre Tridon. The article in Le Popu- thought does not allow us to retain many illusions) that laire was called Wilson, Citizen of the World, and Wilson the Exceptional will become some day Wilson the follows: Lonely; that the ambitions of other dominating forces may succeed in discarding or in disfiguring by burlesquing, it, Wilson is one of the loftiest figures in this war and in a doctrine whose complete, or simply honest, application our times, if not the loftiest. Above ambition, compro- would officially deal a death blow to imperialism; and mise, and world-wide intrigue, he has stated principles that little by little all beauty shall be taken away from the which are to regulate the common life of human societies, Wilsonian Commandments. We shall wage a stubborn in words which are admirably clear and accurate. The fight that such a thing may never be. Regardless of body of his messages constitutes the noblest and most whatever may happen, however, the great party of the complete presentation any statesman ever made of the poor, of the workers, of mankind, will never cease to essential postulates of internationalism. He has not been give his deserts to the ruler who has proved the most the first to formulate a doctrine of international politics sensational broadener of ideas and destroyer of abuses. which in its main points and in its general spirit is that The socialist ideal must not become identified with of the socialist party, but at least he has seen far ahead, any man, whatever his genius or his sense of justice may he has seen the ultimate goal. He has understood that be. That ideal has become too lucid, too conscious, too advance in one direction is inseparable from advance in concrete. The Peoples' International will sooner or later other directions, that truth begets truth and that all truths put an end to the deepest and most interminable of human become one, and that the important thing is to create tragedies, and that organization shall be reared by the something consistent, to be really constructive. masses themselves, over the age-worn remains of a The very importance of his presidential post enhances cankered society. But it shall be elementary justice on his glory, not only because it has given more weight to the part of the new society to recognize the enormous his words, but because it raised obstacles which he had advance achieved by the ideas of social liberation, thanks to surmount. He is a great ethical teacher, a great human to the school-teacher who became the ruler of the world's type. He is a forerunner of the integral democracy. mightiest nation. It shall be said then that, alone among Thanks to him and regardless of what tomorrow may the mighty, in these days of deluge, he found himself in bring, the first step taken by democracy was a giant accord with eternal truth, and that, after all, no human stride. being has done more than he has to eliminate an order Compared to him the men who govern Europe cut of things which for the past six thousand years has been small figures, and as far as we French are concerned, we breeding war, and to eliminate war which for the past shall have no cause to pride ourselves, some day, on the six thousand years has upheld this order of things. small stir created, after Wilson's creative words, by the harangues of those academicians who preside over our Henri BARBUSSE. republic and our cabinet, and who have only been moved by the thought of a peaceful organization of the world- QUESTIONS the ones, to silence; the others, to irony. It is not difficult for anyone to say that he desires justice and universal peace. In the Toronto Statesman of January 11, 1919 That was the constant pretension of Napoleon I and of William II. Nor it is difficult for appears a list of questions which the British Labor anyone to say that he agrees with Wilson. Many have Party, in the recent election in England, asked of been proclaiming that they do. Lloyd George. Needless to say, the British Gov- It would be better, however, to realize what such a ernment did not answer them. Neither were they profession of faith binds one to. It would be better to understand that whosoever wants the end must want the answered in the campaign speeches of the Coalition It would be better to want both the means and candidates. The text is substantially as follows: the end. 1. If at this time, when the future of the world is being Archangel fighting Bolshevik Russia ? Are there now 50,000 soldiers of the Allies at Is their com- built up under conditions which are not such as to re- assure the righteous-minded, we did not feel so deeply mander now in London asking for reinforcements? Will perturbed, we would smile at all those projected Leagues the safety of these men be endangered unless they are recalled before the winter ice makes their return impos- means. 1919 THE DIAL 93 of January on did not do anything to prevent our armies sible? Is the Government influenced in this matter by the Communications fact that the French Government accepted Russian cou- pons as payment for war loans ? THE BLOOD OF THE MARTYRS 2. Does the Government believe that the documents proving the Bolsheviki to have been in league with the German militarists are genuine? Does the Censor pass Sir: The letter of John Nevin Sayre, which them for publication in the press? Were they refused was published in THE DIAL of December 28, here as forgeries before a more credulous institution in prompts me to write to you in regard to the treat- Washington accepted them? ment of political prisoners in America—a matter 3. Is the British Government taking any steps for the which touches the conscience of each one of us. restoration of the Czardom in Russia ? Is it true that the new currency for Northern Russia was sent from this For several months I have followed with increas- country and was found on arrival to bear the imperial ing interest and amazement the discussion and eagle? Was this just folly or intelligent anticipation? communications published in some of our journals concerning the small group of conscientious objectors PEACE OR WAR? to physical combat, who are now caught between the upper and nether millstones of popular supersti- On February 24, 1918, Nicolai Lenin made the tion and inertia. I have finally come to believe that following statement (given only in its essential the circumstances concerning these men constitute part) in justification of his contention that the so intricate and curious a problem that their rescue harsh terms of Brest-Litovsk, imposed upon helpless can only be effected by finding whose peculiar wards Russia by the Germans, should be ratified. The they are, and which of our institutions should claim statement was part of his fight against revolutionary the right of interpreting their situation in a manner ideology which issued in no definite action. It to secure their exemption from further punishment. presents a striking contrast to the fiery invective The liberal press has put the burden of this responsi- of Trotsky: bility quite squarely upon its readers and it is now The reply of the Germans, as the leaders see, gives necessary that a still further specialization of re- us terms of peace even more difficult than those of Brest sponsibility be accepted. Litovsk. And yet I am absolutely convinced that only In the first analysis the release of these prisoners complete intoxication with the revolutionary phrase can persuade anyone to refuse to sign these terms. This is will be a thoroughly practical issue and will have why I began in articles in the Pravda signed "Karpov" a to be undertaken on definite grounds by persons to merciless struggle against the "revolutionary phrase” and against the "revolutionary itch” because I saw in it the whose special keeping has been entrusted the order greatest danger to our party—and therefore to the revo- of interests peculiarly menaced by the incarceration lution. Revolutionary parties that strictly carry out and legalized illtreatment of these men. revolutionary slogans have been ill with “revolutionary phrase” many times in history, and perished on account Instinctively some of us turn to the Church, feel. In thesis 17 I wrote that if we should refuse ing that the Church does truly claim the right to to sign the proposed peace, then "hardest defeats will compel Russia to make an even more unprofitable peace." protect the man or woman who clearly follows the It proved to be even worse because our retreating and dictates of that which we have grown accustomed to demobilizing army refused altogether to fight. At the call conscience. All of us know that the human de les int moment only impetuous phrases could force Rus- lineage of the Church militant is a lineage of saints sia, in its immediate hopeless condition, back into the war; and I personally will of course not remain for a and martyrs, and that in all ages these have con. • second in a government or on the central committee of stituted a small residue of beings differing from the our party, if the policy of phrase is to take the upper mass of persons with whom they have been con- bied . Today the bitter truth has shown itself so horribly temporaries, and who, because of some phase of geoisie of Russia is rejoicing and celebrating the arrival other-mindedness concerning right and wrong not of the Germans. Only those who are intoxicated with in consonance with the common-mindedness, have police phrases can shut their eyes to the fact that the opposed the common will rather than betray the policy of a revolutionary war-without an army—is water to the mill of the bourgeoisie. In Dwinsk Russian offi- truth as it appeared to them. Such beings in all cers are already wearing . In times have brought upon themselves monstrous suf- joy. In Petrograd, on the papers-the Rietch, the Dielo Naroda, the Novy Lutch, for sin has also condemned them for folly, since and others-everyone is preparing to celebrate the an- ticipated overthrow of Soviet power by the Germans. they have chosen sorrow and bitter hardship rather Everybody must by this time see that those against this than speak the word or give the sign of yielding immediate , against this supremely difficult peace, are ruining Soviet power. We are compelled to go through which would place them once again in harmony with their fellows and bring relief from their sufferings. This peace will not stop the a Revolutionary Army not by phrases and exclamations.. as it was being organized by those who, from the 7th the rightful apologist for all those who suffer for conscience' sake; but I also believe that her his- torical affiliation with the State, especially in times of war, makes her sincerely doubt the genuineness of it. Poves hitzebe bourgeoisie greeted the Germans with great ferings. The crowd which has condemned them a most difficult peace. relor de la semanang and his teases wie mit einige Personally, I shall always believe that the Church is ating a serious, national, mighty army. 94 January 25 THE DIAL as of any call which inclines an individual to place Nevertheless, many and bitter are one's reflections himself at variance with the national decree in war at this point when one considers the countless and time. So that, although the Church honors above flagrant instances known to us all wherein the most all other possessions those martyrs who in past cen respectable and honored citizens continually evade turies have shed the bitter tears and blood of physical enacted law concerning such questions as payment of anguish rather than submit to decrees which were taxes, customs duties, and many other matters where repugnant to their conscience, she appears to find sophistical cunning and manipulation of the letter herself unable to defend the same quality of conduct enable the "wise" to defeat entirely the spirit of the when such conduct is in disaccord with the generally law. Such offenders have no sense whatever of sin recognized interests of the State in times of war. or even of wrongdoing; and yet among groups of Such a thought causes infinite distress and raises such wilful evaders of the law one finds the strong- within one the question as to how far the temporal est condemnation of the conscientious objector kingdom has made ground over the kingdom where to physical combat, as one who defrauds the "we wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against State. principalities, against powers, against the rulers of Would it not be safer in the long run to turn this the darkness of this world, against spiritual wicked- group over to the pathologist, and to acknowledge at ness in high places.” once that the age is rightly committed to the cult If we admit that these men are sincere in their of pseudo-pragmatic values, and that such persons convictions, then we must look upon them whether are willing to endure suffering and anguish or no as martyrs, since they suffer for conscience' sake. On the other hand, if we consider martydom the sense of being ignorant of how to obtain what rather than relinquish their ideals are defective, in an inconvenience and anachronism in these later days, our celebration of such virtues as practised they want at the expense of others rather than at in the past becomes simply a fashion of homage and their own expense ? From this point of view, cer- tribute to a legendary and mythical period of great tainly, these persons have been lacking in common beauty and dignity. No other way seems open to us sense to entail upon themselves consequences so out of proportion to their fault, when, by a little ma- unless we are prepared to admit that God himself has so unmistakably sanctioned warfare between neuvering, they could have had an easy time with nations that the man who obeys a contrary indication not too much loss of dignity or without violating is misled by the voice of the Evil One and therefore, fication whatever for a man's willingness to endure too obviously their own ideals. If there is any justi- from the medieval point of view, can only be turned from his evil way by torture. great sorrows rather than yield to the temptation of The difficulty may lie far deeper than many of us betraying by one jot his conception of right, then realize and may be inherent in the origin of the such institutions as proclaim the reality and claim these men deserve to find protection at the hand of Church itself, which, rooted and grounded as it is in the Mosaic tradition, may carry with it an uncon- of a spiritual life; but if, on the other hand, no such claim can be defended in any vital sense, then these scious sanction of war and therefore an instinctive execration of those who fail to defend the State. men should be protected from further persecution If we admit such a conclusion we must indeed seek intelligence and victims of a kind of pathologic on the ground that they are defective in ordinary elsewhere for the protection of these beings, though obstinacy and hallucination. Whichever way we with a heavy heart and much sorrow, since we believe these men to be innocent and believe also put it, it seems to me that they are entitled to rescue that the living Church is our greatest medium for and to amends from society itself, which through its the expression of lasting good. heedlessness and lack of inquiry into affairs for Turning to the body of men to whom justice as which it is entirely responsible allows injustices embodied in law is especially committed, one also of this nature to go unrebuked and unchallenged finds great difficulties, for this body is in a practical nay more, to be actually committed in its name. sense dedicated, it seems to me, rather to the defense The anguish of these abandoned ones cries out of that which is legal than to the reinterpretation of upon our comfort and upon our easily held creeds. man's relationship to his fellow man in a living, Even though we do not succeed in righting their changing race. In its estimation, what law has here- grievous wrong so that they gain relief through such tofore sanctioned by use and confirmed by honorable action, I have an inner feeling that they will be the precedent is lawful; so that the past, with its earlier last of America's sons sacrificed to a medieval con- beliefs and practices , conditions most heavily the ception of disciplinary punishment, and that in spite acceptance of a later concept. How, therefore, can of the material conceptions of our age vicarious we ask its protection for men who have in a sense sacrifice will again have justified itself and that the become a law unto themselves and are in conflict suffering of this little company will not have been with the common will as embodied in the laws? in vain. ANNIE WETMORE HASELTINE. 1919 95 THE DIAL Scribner Publications Another Sheaf The Great Adventure By John Galsworthy Present-Day Studies in American Nationalism. This is another volume of Mr. Galsworthy's By Theodore Roosevelt charming and characteristic essays and studies. "Classic contributions to the philosophy of citi- It has a particularly timely interest in that it is so largely concerned with questions, material zenship and of patriotism." Including “The and artistic, of reconstruction; and it has a more Men Who Pay With Their Bodies for Their special interest for Americans in many of its Soul's Desire," "This Is the People's War; Put studies which deal with American standards, It Through,” “The Square Deal in American- intellectual and practical. Among the titles ism,”. “The German Horror," "Parlor Bolshev- ism." $1.00 net. "American and Briton," "The Drama in England and America,” “Impressions of France," "Balance Sheet of the Soldier Work- man," "The Road," etc. $1.50 net. are: The Only Possible Peace Victory By André Cheradame By Frederic C. Howe "The most weighty and important book of the day dealing with the immediate business of the whole world at this stage of the war.”—New York Evening Sun. $1.50 net. Commissioner of Immigration of the Port of New York. Dr. Howe sees the European war from an en- tirely new angle as a struggle for imperialism of world states and primarily economic. the colossal imperialistic classes that have risen to power during the last twenty-five years, and traces the war to the industrial rather than exclusively to the Junker classes. $1.50 net. sketches the economic development of Germany Petrograd Since the Revolution .. He. (The City of Trouble) By Meriel Buchanan “Tourgenieff himself could not more perfectly have epitomized the story of the Russian counter- revolution.”—New York Tribune. $1.35 net. Figures from American History JEFFERSON DAVIS By Armistead C. Gordon "It has charm, solidity, and a certain fairness and poise which befits this moment in our na- tional history. One sees in it the Jefferson Davis who will ultimately emerge from the pages of unbiased historical study."-Edwin 0. Alderman, President of the University of Virginia. Psychology and the Day's Work By Prof. Edgar James Swift "This book is not the typical dry as dust text on psychology, but all of the author's points are illustrated by anecdotes from experience and from extensive literature which makes the book extraordinarily entertaining.”—Journal of the American Medical Association. $2.00 net. THOMAS JEFFERSON By Prof. David Saville Mazzey, of Columbia University "Dr. Muzzey does not pretend to disclose any hitherto unknown facts about Jefferson, but he does review the known facts temperately, im- partially and with a sanity that commends his work to all who would have a just conception of one of the foremost founders of the Republic.” -New York Tribune. Other volumes in preparation. Each $1.50 net. Simple Souls By John Hastings Turner "The book is full of delicious comedy situations. A most entertaining and delightful novel that can be commended to those who are looking for something out of the ordinary.”—Philadelphia Public Ledger $1.35 nét. CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS BOOKS HILLI FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK SCRIBNERS MAGAZINE When writing to advertisers please mention Tax DIAL. 96 THE DIAL January 25 Notes on New Books Throughout, however, Benét has a lyricism rather reminiscent of Noyes. Indeed his poem on Keats suffers by these foreign echoes. THE SACRED BEETLE AND OTHERS. By J. But what is good in his poetry is naturally what Henri Fabre. Dodd, Mead; $1.60. is his own. And his own is versatility. Perhaps The cult of Fabre appears to be enjoying a rather is, rather, poetic understanding, for what Benét longer lease of life than customarily falls to any does is to paint against a sympathetic background fashion, whether of clothes, the dance, or literature, people caught in an emotion, But because he is a so that a superficial observer would stoutly deny that man and is young, it is courage that most engages it was merely a cult. But the simple fact remains him—not the fearlessness of brute strength, but the inexorable: the extraordinary, humanistic genius of indomitable Galahad in men. These poems make Fabre, coupled with the talent of his translators one paraphrase the familiar line to read: “The and the faith of his publishers, has succeeded in quality of courage is not strained.” Mr. Benét making it rather clever and stylish to know some writes of battle and writes well. It is not to de- thing about the humble insects to whose lives the preciate the worth of his achievement to say that great French naturalist devoted his own. The this is a book of promise. Souvenirs Entomologiques are, in their way, as unique and permanent as Brehm's animal studies in FOUR YEARS IN THE WHITE NORTH. By theirs, or White's Selborne; and unquestionably Donald B. MacMillan. Harper; $4. Fabre will endure as a master of his particular field. The Sacred Beetle and Others is the eighth If you have ever stepped from an overheated com- of the Fabre translations. Alexander Teixeira de mittee-room into the clear, frosty air of a November Mattos gives us every nuance and charm of the night, then you have a physical parallel for the original; and the various life-cycles narrated with sort of mental lung-filling with which one turns the such quaint anthropomorphism and side-glances at pages of this book after too much perusing of war philosophy make us regret, very keenly, that the volumes. Sledging over uncharted wastes at the top of the world-far from Soviets and censorships stern requirements of animal and comparative psychology forbid them the name of “Science." may not be the best way to keep in touch with war, but it is an admirable way to keep in touch with some things which war-logged folk are in danger YOUNG ADVENTURE. By Stephen Vincent of losing. Even the illustrations of this book are a Benét. Yale University Press; $1.25. relief, after endless Sunday supplements with their A tonic humor is one of the chief gifts of this rotogravure revelations of devastation. The author charming young poet. Whether he paints a Portrait has set down the varied adventures of the Crocker of a Baby, writes a stinging Elegy for an Enemy, Land Expedition during four years of exploration or makes acute analysis of The Breaking Point, he in North Greenland, an undertaking which, though evinces an intellectual vigor which rarely_accom- it disproved the existence of Crocker Lånd as placed panies so profound a passion for beauty. That he upon our latest maps, resulted in many discoveries has the latter is clear, in the very opening of the of positive value. Mr. MacMillan writes with the pok, in that curiously uneven and intriguing poem, enthusiasm of a pathfinder rather than the cold pre- The Drug-Shop, or, Endymion in Edmonstoun: cision of a scientist, filling the narrative with bits of experience in which the human and humorous Night falls; the great jars glow against the dark, elements have been retained. There is, for example, Dark green, dusk red, and, like a coiling snake, Writhing eternally in smoky gyres, this appreciative passage with its tribute to crafts- Great ropes of gorgeous vapor twist and turn manship and orderliness. Somehow, we always had Within them. So the Eastern fishermen the idea that igloos were messy, murky holes: Saw the swart genie rise. It is a pleasure to see an Eskimo cut and handle snow. The same evocative magic is in his ballad The One cannot but admire the skill and dexterity with which Hemp, one of the most dramatic poems in the book. he cuts it on the surface, breaks it out with his toe, lays Take for example the manner in which he induces so it up on the wall, bevels the edges, and thumps it into place with his hand. I wonder if there are any other different a mood as this: people in the world who attempt to build an arch or dome The sky was blue, and the sea was still, without support. Starting from the ground in The waves lapped softly, hill on hill, from right to left, the blocks mount higher and higher, And between one wave and another wave ever assuming a more horizontal position, until the last The doomed man's cries were little and shrill. two or three appear to hang in the air,' the last block locking the whole structure. Drama is of the essence of his verse. Entering a newly constructed igloo seems like a vision poem at least Benét is not so much at Browning's tiful ethereal blue ; everything the bed, the two side plat- of fairy-land, the light filtering through the snow a beau- feet as in Browning's chair. One can imagine old forms, the wall-absolutely spotless. Robert looking with a fond eye at this young man who so perfectly comprehends the fascination of In the course of the narrative the author contrives gorgeous Roman settings and murders of finesse. travel to put this expedition in its true perspective. to drop sufficient historical background of Arctic . spiral In one 1919 97 THE DIAL Which Shall It Be? Wilson or Clemenceau Smuts or Lodge Cecil or Reed Economic Freedom or Rival Armaments League of Nations or Balance of Power Over 7,000,000 men have been killed. Over 14,000,000 men have been wounded. The debt of France equals half her total wealth. That of England equals 37% of her total wealth. Ours will equal 50 billion dollars. Your children will pay. Do You Want Another War? Mass meetings are cabling Wilson their support. Senator after senator is taking his stand. The liberal forces are throwing their weight in the scales for the new statemanship. The League of Nations hangs in the balance. The next few weeks will decide. Shall your influence be lost ? Your only time is now. A cable from you to the President-a cable from your club, church, union, chamber of commerce-will help. We want MEMBERS, MEETINGS, MONEY, to promote a more general realization and support by the public of the condi- tions indispensable to the success, at the Peace Conference and thereafter, of American aims and policy as outlined by President Wilson. LEAGUE OF FREE NATIONS ASSOCIATION 130 West 42nd Street, N. Y. C. John R. Commons John Dewey Edwin F. Gay A. Lawrence Lowell Judge Julian W. Mack Thomas W. Lamont Henry Bruere Helen Marot Frank P. Walsh Here are a few of the signers of our Statement: Charles A. Beard WENDELL T. BUSH, Treasurer LEAGUE OF FREE NATIONS ASSOCIATION John Graham Brooks 130 WEST 42ND STREET, NEW YORK CITY Felix Frankfurter Mark x Judge Learned Hand []1. Please send copy of your Statement of Prin. ciples. Thomas L. Chadbourne [].2 Enclose $.. to be applied to the Julia Lathrop purposes of the Association. Herbert Croly Name Street Lawson Purdy City Jacob Schiff Dorothy Whitney Straight E. R. A. Seligman The membership fee is $5.00 a year. Enrollment is free. The work is supported entirely by Ida M. Tarbell voluntary contribution- E John A. Voll When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL. J. Randolph Coolidge, JT. John F. Moors 98 January 25 THE DIAL There are illuminating bits of observation concern Here the facts of hardship and privation are not ing the life and habits of the Eskimos and the animal glossed, but baldly painted in quick strokes. Here life of that region. Supplementary chapters by W. are the mud and misery and madness, made real in Elmer Ekblaw and an ornithological appendix com- unadorned sentences. In between, however, there plete the volume. are passages of eloquence which seem to be set off not without the suspicion of a time-fuse. The inter- CONFESSIONS OF AN OPERA SINGER. By Kath est ebbs at these soarings by appointment. The leen Howard. Knopf; $2. translation, by Arthur B. Maurice, testifies to a These are not confessions in the Rousseau sense. sympathetic absorption in the original. The threat in the title is withdrawn in the text, giving place merely to a series of reminiscences THE FOUNDATIONS AND NATURE OF VERSE. operatic experiences in France, England, and Ger By Cary F. Jacob. Columbia University many. The singer is discreetly brief regarding the Press; $1.50. Metropolitan Opera House. If there is any con- fessing to be done about that, it will have to wait freer forms of verse should be attended by a re- It is only natural that the rapid development of for she dismisses it in a single paragraph at the end. crudescence of interest in problems of prosody. The Pictures of pension life abroad, of rehearsals and old problem of the essential basis or bases of English trial performances, are penned with considerable vividness, and there are amusing sidelights on the verse is now being threshed out all over again. The relation in point of rhythm between prose and verse management of opera in Germany, ranging all the has become a curiously live question. Some see in way up to the artistic efficiency of Prince Henry of Prussia, who sent word to the contralto on one prose and verse two naturally distinct and unbridge- occasion that she played Carmen with skirts too long. merely the poles of a continuous gamut of possible able forms of expression; others consider them as Discussing the cramped dimensions of some of the forms, some of which are only now being consciously stages in Germany, Miss Howard admits once play- explored as artistic media. ing through an entire scene with the end of her train caught in the door by which she had entered, Jacob takes us over a great deal of familiar ground, In his conscientious if somewhat dull book Dr. and she did not know it. Those who revel in peeps leads us, with shrewd deliberation, into manyja backstage will welcome the contralto's “confessions." But did she, or the printer, write “the acoustic is”? blind alley of negation, leaves himself apparently little or no ground to stand on, and triumphantly concludes with a statement of principles and natural THE FLAMING CRUCIBLE. By André Fri limitations. Too much space is devoted to prelim- bourg. Macmillan ; $1.50. inaries-acoustic, ethnographic, psychologic. It is Although, from the first page to the last, this book difficult to see, for instance, what meat the humble bears evidence of authentic personal reaction, it is prosodist is expected to extract from the lengthy the closing chapters—dealing with the returned chapter on pitch, with its array of citations from soldier's halting readjustment to his pre-war sur- technical treatises on acoustics and from antiquated roundings—that are most significant. Perhaps it is works of an ethnographic nature. On the whole because we are so sated with the fighting reac one gathers that Dr. Jacob's psychologic and purely tions (since more writers have chosen to deal with musical equipment is superior to either his culture- them) that these closing pages of The Flaming historical or his linguistic equipment. This may Crucible seem to carry a fresher note. Both in well be erring on the right side, but it also tends poignant literary expression and in illuminating to limit his perspective in a way that is not always flashes of psychology, this groping of a war-racked fortunate. Phonetic phenomena are as good as consciousness among the strange yet familiar paths ignored. Again, the problems of English verse of security gives the book distinctive merit. structure are not set against a historical or compara- Fribourg writes in the febrile, sometimes almost tive background that would serve to bring out in brittle, style of a man whose calmer faculties have proper relief its own essential peculiarities. been swept aside in an abrupt clash with the primi The book offers nothing really new. To the dev- tive elements of his nature. And with this surrender otees of freer prosodic forms it will prove a dis- comes acceptance of the fatalism of the soldier: appointment. No natural basis, however broad, is Why should I go more quickly? If I hasten I shall be pointed out that would justify free verse as a realm hit by the bullet that would have passed before me; if i of artistic promise. Between the accidental rhythms delay, by the bullet that would have passed behind. In any event I shall exhaust myself the sooner. of prose and the more or less rigidly recurrent metric Learn to wait. Whatever you do your blood is going to course units of normal verse Dr..Jacobs throws no bridge. utes, any one of which may be your last, are ininitely of psychologic and prosodic authorities, as needlessly The book strikes one, despite its liberal employment precious. Every bullet that grazes you will reveal some- thing and show the way; for, when the mortal stroke narrow in outlook. Like many prosodists, Dr. comes , illusions fly away. 'Death, face to face, is clearly Jacob attaches probably too great importance to the purely objective and experimental study of rhythmic seen. 1919 THE DIAL したがっ ​ASIA RUSSIA FROM THE VARUNCIANI TO THE BOLSHEVIKS Bargains in Books Lan Ne What . her Bew Deber Nerdes .. Ora Um hinter قت RUSSIA Unusual Opportunity for Send for Descriptive 99 In our Overstock Catalogue for 1919 will be found hundreds of interesting and important books offered at greatly reduced prices. From the Varangians to the Bolsheviks, by RAYMOND BEAZLEY, NEVIL FORBES and G. A. BIRKETT. 623 pages. All are new books in perfect (Postage extra, weight 2 lbs.) Net $4.25 condition. What are the factors that led to the Bolshevik domina- tion of Russia ? Wherein does the Russian Revolution The quantities are limited. differ from the French Revolution? Why has Ger- many been so successful in her Russian propaganda ? Don't delay: Send for Over- Questions like these are answered by the facts as given stock Catalogue now. in this book. One cannot fail to understand the Rus- sians better after reading this volume. [Histories of the Belligerents Series.] THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO. Wholesale Dealers in the Books of All Publishers 354 Fourth Ave. NEW YORK At Twenty-Sixth St. By J. A. R. MARRIOTT. Second edition revised, with eleven maps and appendixes, giving a list of the Otto- man rulers, and the shrinkage of the Ottoman Empire in Europe, 1817-1914. Crown 8vo (8x5), pp. xii + 538. (Postage extra, weight 2 lbs.) Net $4.25 HIMEBAUGH A systematic account of the origin and development of the Eastern Question, dealing successively with the Ottomans, Hapsburgs, Russian Empire, the Hellenic BROWNE Kingdom and the New Balkan States, with an epilogue brought down to June, 1918. [Histories of the Bellig- erent Series.] The Partition of Europe, 1715-1815, by Philip Guedalla. Cr. 8vo (742x574). Pp. 320. (Postage ex- tra.) $1.50 The Fall of the Old Order, 1763-1815, by I. L. Plunket. Cr. 8vo. (71/2x574). Pp. 248. (Postage Discerning Book-Buyers extra.) $1.50 From Metternich to Bismarck, 1815-1878, by L. Cecil Jane. Cr. 8vo. (77/2x574). Pp. 288. (Postage THE COMING CRISIS! extra.) $1.50 Outlines of European History, by M. O. Davis. How Shall We Meet It? With table of dates, 16 illustrations, 13 maps, and an How Shall We Reorganize to Meet index. Cr. 8vo (71/2x5). Pp. 146. (Postage extra.) $1.00 --The Impending Fall in Wages? --The Conflict Between Labor and Capital ? Outlines of Modern History, by J. D. Rogers. - The Instability of Capital? Cr. -Panics and Unemployment? With 16 illustrations, two maps, and an index. $1.15 -The International Wars of To-morrow? 8vo (742x574). Pp. 222. (Postage extra.) - The Expression of Natural Yearnings? Read At all Booksellers or from the Publishers THE LAW OF STRUGGLE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS By HYMAN SEGAL Cloth, $1.50 postpaid. AMERICAN BRANCH MASSADA PUBLISHING CO., Fiebrening Thirty-five W. Thirty-second St., New York When writing to advertisers please mention The DIAL. THE EASTERN QUESTION Clearance January HURT 0 22 BOOK 471 FIFTH AVE. SALE FIFTH AVE. opp. LIBRARY NEW YORK Catalogue DONTIT DONNA - ILYMRA tha Іоо THE DIAL January 25 phenomena. A subtler and ultimately more fruitful gave a certain quality to The Woodcarver of analysis would have demanded a wider definition of ’Lympus. One has difficulty in accepting the reality the concept of periodicity and a greater willingness of a man brought up in the wilds of western Can- to evaluate the more intimately subjective rhythmic ada, schooled in stoic repressions and hardship, only factors. The same stanza may be truly verse to one to slip simultaneously into love and rhapsody thus: subject, just as truly prose to another, according to "What more can a man ask for in this world? This whether or not a rhythmic contour (not necessarily one hour here with you. And then my luck-think of it!- a rigid metrical pattern) is clearly apperceived by to be one infinitesimal human atom sandwiched in be- the reader or hearer. tween the upheaved, broken-in-pieces, red-lava-overflowed strata of two ages in humanity's history; and, just at the right moment, to be given a fighting chance to strike one SOME HAPPENINGS. By Horace Annesley blow for the survival of what should be most fit for this Vachell. Doran; $1.50. world." The Englishman, though he travels extensively Guided by Miss Waller's pen, out of the silences and frequently writes about his travels, is not usually comes hyperbole. credited with taking on much color from the scenes and people he visits. This cannot be said of Ho Books of the Fortnight Annesley Vachell, who in his collection of short The following list comprises The DIAL's selec- stories, Some Happenings, tells tales of Western life tion of books recommended among the publications with true appreciation of its quality, tales of peasant received during the last two weeks: life in France with sympathetic understanding of the Breton character, and tales of the West and East The League of Nations: Today and Tomorrow. By Horace M. Kallen. 12mo, 181 pages. Ends of London with insight and humor. Through- out these stories the human values are emphasized American Charities. By Amos G. Warner. With Marshall Jones Co. $1.50. and the writer brings to light the essential kindli- ness which is said to be inherent in every man, how- a biographical preface by George Elliott How- ever rough or arid or vulgar he may appear to be. ard. Third edition, revised by Mary Roberts Coolidge. 12mo, 541 pages. Thomas Y. Especially noteworthy for its Cockney wit is Bean- feasters, and for its poignant appeal the tragic story Crowell Co. $2.50. of The Death Mask. Those who like love and The Development of Rates of Postage: An Histori- laughter-love that is not too urgent, and laughter cal and Analytical Study. By A. D. Smith. that is not too loud—who enjoy humorous character- With an introduction by Herbert Samuel. 8vo, ization and varied settings, will find this book to 431 pages. Macmillan Co. $5. their taste, but those who require the complexity The History of Religions. By E. Washburn Hop- that exists in actual life may find the texture of these kins. 12mo, 624 pages. Macmillan Co. $3. tales somewhat Aimsy. Thirty Years in Tropical Australia. By Gilbert White. With an introduction by H. H. Mont- OUT OF THE SILENCES. By Mary E. Waller. gomery. Illustrated, 12mo, 264 pages. Mac- millan Co. $3.75. Little, Brown; $1.50. The History of Henry Fielding. By Wilbur L. Miss Waller has neglected that quite necessary Cross. Illustrated, 8vo, 1273 pages. 3 vols. duty of the novelist–to fix the tempo of her story, The Early Years of the Saturday Club: 1855- Yale University Press. Boxed, $15. and then to remain faithful to it. Her failure to do this results in a compositional defect which 1876. By Edward , Waldo Emerson. 8vo, thwarts the reader at every turn. She improvises 514 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $7.50. upon her material, running her hands up and down The English Poets: Selections with Critical Intro- the emotional keys for a series of loosely articulated ductions. Edited by Thomas Humphry effects, some of which carry and some of which fail. Ward. Vol. 5: Browning to Rupert Brooke. This absence of tempo—a tempo in harmony with 12mo, 653 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.10. the mood of the story—is evident in the lagging Collected Plays and Collected Poems. By John and disproportionately detailed beginning, which Masefield. 12mo, 1161 pages. 2 vols. Mac- throws the ensuing chapters out of focus, and in millan Co. $2.75. the author's inability to rivet attention upon her Counter-Attack and Other Poems. By Siegfried central figure of the "man-boy, indomitable of will, Sassoon. With an introduction by Robert inbued with the symbolism and nature worship of Nichols. 12mo, 64 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. the Indians, eager for the new, the strange." In $1.25. order to bring the threads of the improvisation into Beyond Life. By James Branch Cabell. 12mo, 366 the semblance of harmony, there is a final chord pages. Robert M. McBride & Co. $1.50. echoing the thunders of war, but even this device Tin Cowrie Dass. A novel. contributes little sweep to the story. Miss Waller Rideout. 12mo, 163 pages. Duffield & Co. here displays little of that warmth of insight which $1.25. By Henry Miller 1919 IOI THE DIAL REMINISCENCES OF LAFCADIO HEARN By Setsuko Koizumi A fresh, vivid and intimate portrait of Lafcadio Hearn by his Japanese wife. $1.00 net Houghton Mifflin Company BOSTON THE BIOLOGY OF WAR By Dr. G. F. Nicolai A vital conception of war supplying solid ground for sane men and women to stand on. 8vo, 594 pages. $3.50. Published by THE CENTURY CO., New York. The League of Nations Today and Tomorrow By H. M. Kallen Purpose, principles, organization and administration of a world-republic and a practical working programme. $1.50 Net If your dealer has sold all his copies of this important book, order direct, at $1.60 postpaid, from the publishers. Marshall Jones Company 212 Summer St., Boston, Mass. THE MODERN LIBRARY OF THE WORLD'S BEST BOOKS Sixty-four titles now published 14 new volumes just issued. The Dial says "There is scarcely a title that fails to awaken interest. The series is doubly welcome at this time" -only 70c. a volume wherever books are sold. Catalog on request. BONI & LIVERIGHT, 10572 W. 40th Street, New York Le Livre Contemporain THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS (QUAKERS) A magazine devoted Sont free on 10 French Literature application. SCHOENHOF BOOK CO. French Bookshop 128 Tremont Street Boston, Mass. ANTIQUARIAN BOOK CO. Evesham Road, Stratford-on-Avon, England Dealers in Rare Books and First Editions: Dickens, Thack- eray, Stevenson, Kipling, Conrad, Masefield, Wells, Noyes, Dunsany, etc., otc. Catalogues mailed free on request BOOKS at:-144 East 20th Street, New York; Friends Book Store, Richmond, Ind. SCHOOLS at:-Union Springs, N.Y.; George School, Pa.; Vassalboro, Me.; Spiceland, Ind.; Plain- field, Ind.; Vermilion Giove, III.; Oskaloosa, lowa. COLLEGES at:-Haverford, Pa.; Guilford College, N. C.; Wilmington, Ohio; Earlham, Ind.; Oskaloosa, lowa; Wichita, Kans.; Central City, Neb.; Newberg. Ore.; Whittier, Calif. INFORMATION AT MT. KISCO, N. Y. WANTED: Position as Companion-Secretary by young woman, capable, active and loyalto employer's interests, with several years experience in business and travel. Address "X" care of The Dial. 152 West 13th Street, New York City. I wish to buy any books or pamphlets printed in America before 1800 C. GERHARDT, 25 West 42d St., New York THE NEW YORK BUREAU OF REVISION Thirty-eighth Year. LETTERS OF CRITICISM, EXPERT REVISION OF MSS. Advice as to publication. Address DR. TITUS M. COAN, 424 W. 119th St., New York City The Latest Authoritative Book on Bulgaria, Turkey and the Balkans The Cradle of the War: Abraham Lincoln As a Man of Letters By Luther Emerson Robinson, M.A. THE NEAR EAST AND PAN-GERMANISM By H. CHARLES WOODS, F.R.G. S. A really valuable work, based on intimate first-hand knowledge of the Near-East and its Rulers. Special chapters devoted to the Dardanelles campaign, the Salonica operations, the Bagdad Railway and the de- With valuable maps and illustrations. $2.50 net. LITTLE BROWN & Co., Publishers, BOSTON The first comprehensive study of the life and work of the great Eman- cipator from the literary point of view. The author traces Lincoln's development as a man of letters, and describes the growth of those personal and governmental ideals which enabled him to reach the mind and heart of the people. With Appendix, containing all of Lincoln's notable addresses, state-papers and letters: Bibliography and Index. 12 mo; 342 pages; $1.50 net. At all bookstores, or from the publishers. THE REILLY & LEE CO., CHICAGO When writing to advertisers please mention T,& DIAL. IO2 January 25 THE DIAL cotts. Current News ris; The American Air Service, by Arthur Sweetser; The Strategy of Minerals, by George R. Smith; and A novel by Sir Gilbert Parker, Wild Youth and Commercial Policy in War Time and After, by Another, is announced for February by the Lippin- W. S. Culbertson. The League of Free Nations Association, whose Percy MacKaye's new play, Washington: The Statement of Principles was published in the Novem- Man Who Made Us Famous, is to be issued at once ber 30 issue of The DIAL, has announced a series by Alfred A. Knopf. of luncheon discussions at the Cafe Boulevard, New The February list of the Stokes Co. announces York City, every Saturday during the Peace Con- Gertrude Atherton's novel, The Avalanche, for ference. The meetings of January 11 and 18 were early issue. devoted to discussions of The Problem of the Adri- John Reed's book on the Russian Revolution is atic and The Problem of Poland and Dantzig. shortly to be brought out by Boni and Liveright January 25 the Association will present a program under the title Ten Days That Shook the World. on Armenia, and a subsequent meeting will be de- The American Jewish Historical Society is to hold voted to general discussion of the League of Nations. its twenty-seventh annual meeting at Newark, New The luncheons are open to the public. Jersey, February 11 and 12. The program of the P. Blakiston's Son and Co. (Philadelphia) have Convention will consist mainly of addresses on Jew- recently issued the second edition of their series of ish history. handbooks on nursing and first aid, which were pre- The New America: By an Englishman, is the pared for and endorsed by the American Red Cross. title of a book by Frank Dilnot, soon to be issued The list includes two volumes by Colonel Charles by the Macmillan Co. Mr. Dilnot has for some Lynch of the Army Medical Corps—American Red time been a correspondent from this country to Cross Text-Book on First Aid (Woman's Edition) English newspapers. and American Red Cross Text-Book on First Aid A series of lectures delivered last winter by Pro- (General Edition)--and Jane A. Delano's Ameri- fessor A. C. McLaughlin of the University of Chi- can Red Cross Text-Book on Home Hygiene and cago on the derivation of American political prin- Care of the Sick, revised and rewritten by Anne ciples is to be issued in book form by E. P. Dutton Hervey Strong. and Co. under the title America and Britain. Abraham Lincoln as a Man of Letters, by Luther Contributors E. Robinson, has recently appeared from the press of the Reilly and Lee Co. The volume has an appen George V. Lomonossoff, some time Professor of dix which includes all of Lincoln's notable addresses, Railroad Economics and Locomotives at the Poly- state papers, and letters. technic Institute in Kiev and later in Warsaw, is Captain H. G. Gilliland, who was for some now Professor of the same subject at the Petrograd months a prisoner of war in German prison camps, Institute of Ways of Communication and Manager has written a book on My German Prisons, which of the Experimental Bureau on Types of Locomo- Houghton Mifflin Co. are now publishing. The book tives. Under the first Provisional Government was previously issued in England, but owing to the (Lvoff) he was Assistant Minister of Ways of rigorous censorship at that time, was suppressed. Communication, and under the second (Kerensky) The gathering up of the results of modern Biblical he was made that Ministry's Chief Envoy to Amer- criticism into an attractive and popular book is the ica. He is the author of some fifteen books on rail- difficult task George Hodges has accomplished in roading. How to Know the Bible (Bobbs-Merrill; $1.50). Fullerton L. Waldo (Harvard, 1898) is an asso- He has treated the significant problems arising from ciate editor of the Philadelphia Public Ledger. As a critical study of the Old and New Testaments, war correspondent he has been to the Balkans, to the making of the Bible, inspiration, and the origin Turkey, and to the Western Front. His book, and value of each separate book; and he has com America at the Front, has just been issued by bined these subjects in an easy, Aowing narrative Dutton. replete with delightful and fascinating turns. Dean Previous to his entrance into the army, Lieutenant Hodges is a popularizer of rare ability. D. Appleton and Co. have in preparation a series staff of the New Republic. George Soule was for four years on the editorial of thirty volumes to be published during the winter With this number Professor Veblen concludes his and early spring under the general title Problems series of papers on The Modern Point of View and of War and Reconstruction. The volumes an the New Order. nounced for immediate publication include Govern Mabel K. Richardson has contributed poems to ment Organization in War Time and After, by Contemporary Verse, the Midland, and other W. F. Willoughby; Government Insurance in War periodicals. She is Librarian at the University of Time and After, by Samuel McCune Lindsay; The South Dakota, Vermillion. Colleges in War Time and After, by Park R. Kolbe; The other contributors to this issue have pre- The Redemption of the Disabled, by Garrard Har- viously written for The DIAL. 1919 IO3 THE DIAL COMING Norman Angella series of articles on INTERNAL SOCIAL CONDITIONS ABROAD. Thorstein Veblen—a series on CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS IN RECONSTRUCTION, a concrete application of his theory outlined in "The Modern Point of View and the New Order.” John Dewey—THE PSYCHOLOGY OF ROOSEVELT — THE AMERICAN Robert Morss Lovett—STUDIES OF CONTEMPORARY FOR- EIGN WRITERS-a series of critical essays. THE DIAL Is this the first or the second or the third time you have picked up THE DIAL at a newsstand ? More George Moore and his “Conver- sations.” More Richard Aldington and his “Letters to Unknown Women." More on Russia. More foreign comment and important documents. More gen- eral articles on art, literature, and the drama. And always the best critical comment on current books that exists in America. Perhaps you have come to the conclusion that THE DIAL is a real find. Pin a dollar bill to this coupon. That you don't want to miss an issue if you can help it. Many others have come to that conclusion. They are writing in-hundreds of them— "Put me on your sub- scription list so I'll be sure not to miss anything.” Why not be safe? Dial Publishing Co. 152 West 13th Street Enclosed find $1.00. Send me THE DIAL for 4 months. D 1/25 When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL. 104 January 25, 1919 THE DIAL JAVA HEAD If you have read GREEN MANSIONS OF FAR AWAY AND LONG AGO, you will want to get W. H. Hudson's exquisite story for chil. dren of all ages A LITTLE BOY LOST Illustrated. $1.50 nel A NEW NOVEL BY JOSEPH HERGESHEIMER Author of "The Three Black Pennys” Joseph HerceShermer is generally regarded as our most important novelist. Java Head is easily his finest work. PUBLISHER.N. Y. ALFRED. A. KNOPF AM in JAYA HEAD is a novel of the American, merchant marine at the beginning of the great clipper Indies; a story of choleric ship masters, charming girls, and an aristocratic Manchu woman carmine and jades and crusted gold. There is a drama as secret and poisonous as opium, lovely old gardens with lilac trees and green lattices, and elm-shaded streets ending at the harbor with the brigs unloading, ivory from Africa and the ships crowding on their topsails for Canton. It is a romantic novel-and yet true--rather than a study of drab manners; there is no purpose in it other than the pleasure to be found in the spectacle of life supported by high courage and made beautiful by women in peacock shawls. WASHINGTON THE MAN WHO MADE US A Ballad Play By PERCY MACKAYE This play chooses boldly as its central figure, for the first time in our drama, the great character of Washington, whose still living spirit leads today the revolution and reconstruction of the world. Washington, the Man-"neither statue nor statehouse painting," but dynamic human being-is here depicted: the man in his prime and vigor-from a glowing lad of eighteen, fresh from the soil of Virginia, to the scarred veteran of fifty, grappling the human problems of a continent. The delineation is br