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SOME OF WHITE & ALLEN'S
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232
[Dec.,
THE DIAL
THE CENTURY MAGAZINE.
NIMS & KNIGHT, Troy, N. Y.
pan
per.
M
FINE ART GIFT BOOKS
PUBLISHED BY
The December number of the Century Magazine is remark-
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SELECTIONS FROM WELLINGTON'S LETTERS; QUEENS OF SONG. Ten Portraits designed
now published for the first time. This correspondence ex-
and etched on copper by F. L. KIRKPATRICK and C. A.
tends over a period of several years,--to within a fortnight
WORRALL. Biographies by ROBERT N. STEPHENS. Etch-
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QUEENS OF THE DRAMA. Ten Portraits
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mercial Advertiser says: “ It is as rattling good reading as
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C. A. WORRALL. Biographies by ROBERT N. STEPHENS.
THE NEW CROTON AQUEDUCT. The first com-
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CENTURY was one of the features of the Paris Exposition. ing and statuary by BECKWITH, CHASE, INNess and others.
It is reproduced in miniature. The text is by ALFRED STEV Text by RIPLEY HITCHCOCK, CHARLES DEKAY, and others.
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1889.]
233
THE DIAL
A. C. MCCLURG & CO.'S NEW BOOKS.
its life,
the distinctive inte ens with the elder
history of France
FACT, FANCY, AND FABLE. A New Hand- THE STORY OF TONTY. An Historical Ro-
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ted from Cyclopædias. Compiled by HENRY F. RED Competent critics, the author among them, regard this story
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MUSICAL MOMENTS. Short Selections (Poe Revolution," completed in 1827, yet his subsequent political
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J. E. P. 16mo, $1.00.
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234
[Dec.,
THE DIAL
BEAUTIFUL BOOKS FOR THE HOLIDAYS.
MELODIES FROM NATURE. By Wm. Wordsworth. | WHITE SAILS. By EMMA HUNTINGTON Nason. Svo,
Arranged by Emily Lucas Blackall. Illustrated with 17 beautifully illustrated, bound in white and silver, $1.50.
photogravures from scenes around the home of the poet, 1 " Whoever reads one of the thirty-five gems the book con-
nd over 60 original drawings by IlIRAM 1 tains will be compelled to read them all."-N. Y. W'i
BARNES. Quarto, cloth, silver edges, 55 ; full morocco, $8.1 CURISTMAS EVE AND EASTER DAY ; and Other
The selections are made with excellent taste and discrimin-
Poems. Edited, with notes and introduction, by HELOISE E.
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HERSEY. Preface by W.J. ROLFE. 16mo, cloth, 75 cents;
life. They are the choicest gems of nature's greatest poet.
vegetable parchment, $1.00.
TIIE SECRET WAY; A Lost Tale of Miletus. By Sir Each of the poems has a brief introduction and explanatory
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SMALL. Octavo, garnet and gold, $:3.00; morocco, $5.00. aim only to explain difficult allusions and constructions.
The first and best of eight classic tales done into English
verse by Bulwer. The poem itself is noble and inspiriting,
FOR THE GIRLS.
full of picturesque imagery. Mr. Small's illustrations, which THREE LITTLE MAIDS. By Mary BATHURST DEANE.
fitly interpret this dream of life and love, have all the rich Illustrated by F, 0. SMALL. Quarto, cloth, $1.50.
charm of the Orient. “This fine, ringing, and beautiful old Nothing more delightful has ever been written for girls of
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should be one of the most popular gift-books of the season." of three bonnie, winsone, English lassies and their friends.
- Boston Transcript.
SWEETBRIER. By M. E. W. SHERWOOD. 12mo, $1.25.
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A breakfast-table council votes unanimously to take the
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WARWICK BROOKES' PENCIL PICTURES OF periments colloquially told, where the professor takes a group
CHILD-LIFE. With biographical reminiscences by T.
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IDEAL POEMS FROM ENGLISH POETS. Illustra Hints about talking, reading, studying, exercising, caring for
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THE STORY OF THE AMERICAN SOLDIER. By
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PLUCKY SMALLS. By MARY BRADFORD CROWNIN-
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in which some thrilling incidents founded on fact are described
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1889.]
235
THE DIAL
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$1.75.-3. Two DauGHTERS OF ONE RACE. By W. Heini-
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Mrs. J. W. Davis.-5. WIVES OF MEN OF GENIUS. By Al-
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STRICKLAND (AGNES). Lives of the Queens of England. 1
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WARE (WILLIAM). Works of. Embracing “ Zenobia ;
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ROBERT ELSMERE. By Mrs. HUMPHRY WARD. Library
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tors, still possess their olden witchery in the hands of the mas-
ter, for none save he can mingle them into bewildering har-
mony."—N. Y. Herald.
BAILEY (PHILIP JAMES). FESTUS. A Poem. (New
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MACAULAY'S LAYS OF ANCIENT ROME. Beautifully
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latemburg. Translatku W. Heimbursreparation.
For sale by all booksellers, or sent, postpaid, on receipt of the price, by the pubiishers,
WORTHINGTON COMPANY, NO. 747 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.


236
[Dec.,
THE DIAL
VARIOUS HOLIDAY PUBLICATIONS.
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A Year of Good Wishes.
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* Madonnas by Old Masters," “ Fac-similes of Aquarelles,"
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Send for New CATALOGUE containing full descriptions of many Art and HOLIDAY PUBLICATIONS. Mention THE DIAL.
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FREDERICK A. STOKES & BROTHER,
PUBLISHERS, IMPORTERS, BOOKSELLERS, STATIONERS, AND DEALERS IN WORKS OF ART,
No. 182 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY.


1889.]
237
THE DIAL
DODD, MEAD & CO.'S NEW PUBLICATIONS.
THE DIARY OF PHILIP HONE.
BATTLEFIELDS OF '61.
Edited by BAYARD TUCKERMAN. In 2 vols., large 8vo, $7.50. | A narrative of the military operations of the War for the Un-
Philip Hone, a member of an old Knickerbocker family, ion from its outbreak to the end of the Peninsular Cam-
was one of the few men of his time in America who had the paign. By Willis J. ABBOT, author of " Blue Jackets of
leisure to keep a diary and the varied experience to make
61," "Blue Jackets of 1812,” “Blue Jackets of '76."
such a record valuable to posterity. He held the office of 4to, with 28 full-page illustrations by W.C. JACKSON. $3.
Mayor of New York, and for many years was high in the
counsels of the Whig party, and was closely identified with EMANUEL : A Story of the Messiah.
the leading interests of the city. His diary extends from 1828
By William FORBES COOLEY. 12mo, cloth, $1.50.
to 1845. The political life of these years is commented upon
A strong and original religious novel, abounding in vivid
by one who was familiar with its inner workings. Daniel
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| sketches of the men and scenes among which our Lord moved.
contemporaries, are familiarly described and conversations POEMS ON SEVERAL OCCASIONS.
with them recorded. A graphic description is given of the
famous Tippecanoe election, in which Hone took an active
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The Knickerbocker of to-day will learn what company was America under the title “Vignettes in Rhyme " and "At the
present at his father's wedding, where his grandfather most Sign of the Lyre." The edition has been especially prepared
frequently dined, and what people thought about him. The by the author, and a goodly number of poems have been
student of the history of New York will find Hone's Diary a added which appear now for the first time. It is the author's
mine of information ; the gossips of to-day will pause to enjoy | edition, published by special arrangement with him.
the forgotten small-talk of their grandmothers.
TAKEN ALIVE, and Other Stories.
PALESTINE.
By the late EDWARD P. EoE. 12mo, cloth, uniform with Mr.
By MAJOR CONDER, R.F., Leader of the Palestine Explora Roe's other stories ; $1.50.
tion Society. With maps and illustrations. 12mo, $1.25. This volume contains eight or ten stories, some of them of
Being the second volume in the series of Great Explorers | very considerable length, which have appeared in various
and Explorations.
periodicals or were found among Mr. Roe's papers at his death.
It completes the edition of his stories, making the eighteenth
LIFE OF JOHN DAVIS, Navigator, 1550-1605. volume of the series.
By CLEMENS R. MARKHAM, C.B., F.R.S. 12mo, cloth, with
Mr. Roe's two works on Gardening have also been issued in
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| a shape uniform with his novels.
the series of “Great Explorers and Explorations.” Other
THE HOME ACRE.
volumes will follow rapidly.
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THE ABBE CONSTANTIN.
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Thus bringing this most valuable treatise within the reach
LETTERS of the DUKE OF WELLINGTON
of everyone.
THE GOLDEN DAYS OF '49.
TO MISS J., 1834-1851.
By Kirk MUNROE. A story of the opening of California and
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she felt she had been especially called of God to do a great
With a Critical Estimate of his Character and Public Acts.
work. Looking around her for an object, her attention was
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By BAYARD TUCKERMAN. 2 vols., 12mo, cloth, with sev-
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CONSUELO.
THE MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE
By GEORGE SAND. Translated from the French by FRANK
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ANCIENT EGYPTIANS.
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BIRCH, LL.D., D.C.L., Keeper of the Egyptian and Oriental
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FEET OF CLAY.
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In Bella Clucas Mrs. Barr has drawn one of those noble
WHAT MIGHT HAVE BEEN EXPECTED.
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by social position and conventional standards. Bella Clucas
LIFE'S LONG BATTLE WON.
stands alone in the native purity and dignity of her nature, as
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has ever portrayed.
Life,'' etc. 12mo, cloth, $1.00.
DODD, MEAD & COMPANY, 753 & 755 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.


238
[Dec.,
THE DIAL
Hon. W. E. Gladstone says, in the “ Nineteenth Century”: “ It may even be pronounced a book without a parallel.”
MARIE BASHKIRTSEFF.
THE JOURNAL OF A YOUNG ARTIST “FROM CHILDHOOD TO DEATH.”'
Translated by MARY J. SERRANO, with appendix, describing a visit to Mlle. Bashkirtseff, by François
Coppée. One octavo volume, with Portrait and Illustrations, new style of binding, gilt top, etc. $2.00.
In this Journal, Mlle. Bashkirtseff not only writes of herself with perfect frankness, but she is equally frank
in speaking of the artists and men of letters who were her companions in Paris from 1878 to 1884. With such
enthusiastic praise as this book has evoked, it cannot fail to attract the attention of those who read for instruction
and those who read for entertainment only.
HELEN ZIMMERN says in “ Blackwood's Magazine”:
JOSEPHINE LAZARUS says, in “Scribner's Monthly”:
"No one can lay down, without emotion, the pages of this "The Journal of Marie Bashkirtseff is in many ways a
diary, in which a human soul has voluntarily laid its very in- unique book-something never before attempted and never to
most fibres bare before us.”
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THE SONG OF THE BROOK.
By ALFRED TENNYSON. After Illustrations by WEDWORTH WADSWORTH, beautifully reproduced in
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The Rivers of Great ‘Britain: Rivers
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" A book of unusual beauty. Each plate is handsome
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New Zealand After Fifty Years.
By EDWARD WAKEFIELD. With numerous illustra-
tions. One vol., 8vo, cloth. $2.00.
Mr. Wakefield has the faculty of being exhaustive
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Star-Land.
Being Talks with Young People about the Wonders of
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F.R.S., F.R.A.S, author of “Story of the Heavens,"
etc. 12mo, cloth, illustrated. $2.00.
Subscribe Now for the New Volume of
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COMPLETE CATALOGUE SENT FREE UPON APPLICATION.
CASSELL & COMPANY, LIMITED, 104-106 FOURTH Ave., New York.


1889.]
THE DIAL
239
= = = = = - - --
=
=
=
--
PORTER & COATES'S NEW BOOKS.
Esther's Fortune: A Romance for Girls.
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240
[Dec.,
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A. C. ARMSTRONG & SON’S NEW PUBLICATIONS.
The New Cabinet Red Line Edition of
WORDSWORTH'S POETICAL WORKS.
With Life of the Poet, Portrait, and other Illustrations. In 8 vols., 16mo, from new type, and beautifully printed,
with red lines, by the Glasgow University Press, ON PAPER SPECIALLY MADE FOR THIS EDITION. Hand-
somely bound in cloth, red edges, in a neat cloth box, $5.00; also in French morocco, gilt edges, box to match,
$9.00; full Turkey morocco, and full calf, round corners, gilt edges, box to match, $15.00
Wordsworth’s value as a poet is particularly great at this present time. There is no poet who can be studied to better
advantage. In these convenient volumes, songs, sonnets, and passages of familiar beauty will be, moreover, re-read with new
delight by those who have found in their acquaintance with Wordsworth one of the strongest and most undying consolations
and most vivid influences of their intellectual life.
THE BOOK-WORM.-SECOND SERIES.
AN ILLUSTRATED TREASURY OF Old-TIME LITERATURE. Tastefully printed in old style, on antique paper,
with numerous illustrations and ornamental embellishments. Octavo, cloth, $3.00.
THE BOOK-Worm is a treasury of knowledge on old-time literature, and presents its readers with stores of wisdom on
subjects which are attractive to the book-lover, giving him, in a readable form, much out-of-the-way and little-known infor-
mation on the literature of the past. In its pages will be found chapters on Scarce Books, the works of Special Presses, First
Editions and Unique Copies, and their former and present value; Remarkable Dedications, Book-selling Reminiscences, Amer-
icana, Elizabethan Literature, Great Libraries, Collectors, Whims, etc., and nearly every other conceivable topic relating to books
and their surroundings; Early Book Auctions and old Catalogues ; Ancient Bookbinding and old Printing Presses, etc. A very
full Index is added, which puts this information at the ready command of the reader.
New Illustrated Works on Japan and Asia.
THE INDUSTRIES OF JAPAN.
Together with an Account of its Agriculture, Mining, Forestry, Arts, and Commerce. From travels and researches
undertaken at the cost of the Prussian Government. By Prof. J. J. Rein, University of Bonn. Ilustrated
by engravings, lithographs, and native fabrics, many full-page engravings, and colored maps. Octavo, cloth,
gilt top, $10.00. Uniform with same author's “ Japan: Travels and Researches."
“ Dr. Rein urites about the industries of Japan with scientific accuracy and characteristic thoroughness; in fact, we know
of no work, out of the scores which have been written on the social and industrial condition of the Land of the Rising Sun
WHICH, SO FAR AS LEARNING AND PRACTICAL UTILITY ARE CONCERNED, IS WORTHY OF COMPARISON WITH THIS MAS-
TERLY SURVEY."
" It is the ripened fruit of over fifteen years observation and study in Japan and Europe. ... Life-long culture and
equipment in the sciences enabled him to see vastly more than the average traveller. ... With fidelity to truth, even in
matters apparently trivial, and with notable literary skill, he has produced a book which is as readable as it is informing. No
other work begins to cover the ground with such a circumference of treatment. This portly octavo is a hand-book and ency-
clopædia in one."--Boston Literary World.
“Readers of Dr. Rein's first volume on Japan will naturally expect to find in the present part, which is published as a
separate work, the same painstaking thoroughness which characterized the earlier issue; and they will not be disappointed.
In no work has any approach been made to the completeness and detailed minuteness which mark the volume before us.”—
London Saturday Review.
“It is, in the first place, lucidly and unpretentiously written, in a style refreshingly free from the jargon and exaggeration
so many writers fall into who make Japan their theme. ..The various divisions of the subject are handled with a full-
ness of knowledge that leaves little room for criticism; the language is throughout that of a man of science accustomed to
understand and weigh evidence, and the Prussian Government may be congratulated on an expenditure which has produced by
far the best book that has been uritten on modern Japan.”- London Athenarum.
* A magnificent achievement, a shining example of patience, learning, and fine literary form. The book stands out as
easily first in its special field as Fujii rises among the lesser mountains of the Japanese Islands. Indeed, in one of the manifold
senses of the name of the sacred peak, this book of Prof. Rein's is Fuji : for it is peerless, and there are no two such.??-
New York Critic.
THROUGH THE HEART OF ASIA-OVER THE PAMÎR TO INDIA.
By GABRIEL BONVALOT. With 250 illustrations (many of them full-page engravings) by ALBERT PEPIN.
Translated from the French by C. B. PITMAN. Two vols., imperial 8vo, cloth, $10.50.
The London Spectator says: "The pages are illustrated by hundreds of engravings, many being good and helpful to the
letterpress. The volumes, written throughout with French brightness, ARE A VALUABLE CONTRIBUTION TO OUR KNOW-
LEDGE OF CENTRAL ASIA.”
A. C. Armstrong & Son, 714 Broadway, New York.


1889.]
241
THE DIAL
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PRANG'S ART-BOOKS FOR 1889-90.
A Summer Day. A Poem. By MARGARET DE- | Golden Sunsets. By L. K. HARLOW. Six full-page
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HARLOW. Illuminated covers. Size, 6 1-2 x 4 1-2. Envel cover design in colors. Size, 9 1-2 x 6 1-4. Boxed, $2.00.
oped, 35 cents.
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H. WEEKS. Illustrated in monochrome and pen-work by
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veloped, 35 cents.
Numerous full-page illustrations in color by L. K. HARLOW.
Midnight Chimes. A Poem. By JULIA C. R.
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NEW STUDIES.- CATALOGUES ON APPLICATION.
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SAN FRANCISCO: 329 Commercial Street,


242
[Dec.,
THE DIAL
CHOICE. STANDARD.
POPULAR.
Ume for
LADIES' STATIONERY.
A few years ago, our fashionable peo-
ple would use no Stationery but Imported
Beacon Lights of History.
goods. The American styles and makes
The World's Heroes. By Dr. John Lord. Seven did not come up to what they required.
volumes, giving a connected view of the World's Messrs. Z. & W.M. CRANE set to work
Life for Five Thousand Years.
to prove that as good or better goods could
Bryant's Poetry and Song. be made in this country as abroad. How
Nearly 2,000 Choice Poems. Illustrated. well they have succeeded is sbown by the
Tourgee's Famous Novels.
fact that foreign goods are now scarcely
Sets of five volumes or of seven volumes. Illus-
quoted in the market, wbile CRANE'S
trated.
goods are staple stock with every dealer of
Henry Ward Beecber's Works. any pretensions. This firm bas done
Norwood Sermons, Patriotic Addresses, Comforting much during the past two or three years
Thoughts, etc.
to produce a taste for dead-finish Papers,
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Davis.
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Tenants of an Old Farm.
Dr. Henry C. McCook's delightful story of Insect RAMSER'S ENVELOPE HOLDER
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AND MAIL BOX.
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An ingenious device for holding envelopes,
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The True Story of a Great Life. By WILLIAM O.
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wasted. It will hold 500 envelopes, and feed
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Bullet and Shel.
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PUBLISHERS,
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Sole Manufacturers.


1889.]
213
THE DIAL
FOR 1890
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morocco, gilt top, with frontispiece in photogravure.
referred to, and give a reliable and chronological history of
I., The Gold Bug, by Edgar Allan Poe.
one's acts, while if entered in a memorandum book they are
II., RAB AND His FRIENDS and MARJORIE FLEMING, by soon lost.
John Brown, M.D.
CHILDREN SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED TO USE DIARIES.
III., THE GOOD-NATURED Man, by Oliver Goldsmith.
Nothing BETTER FOR A CHRISTMAS OR A NEW YEAR'S
IV., THE CULPRIT Fay, by Joseph Rodman Drake.
PRESENT.
V., OUR BEST SOCIETY, by George William Curtis.
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VI., SWEETNESS AND Light, by Matthew Arnold.
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KNICKERBOCKER NUGGETS:
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XXII., AMERICAN WAR BALLADS. 2 vols. Illus. $2.50.
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XXIII., Songs OF FAIRY LAND. Illustrated. $1.25.
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XXIV., AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. $1.
XXV., SESAME AND LILIES, by John Ruskin. $1.00.
A SELECTION FROM HORACE WALPOLE'S LET-
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and fac-similes. $6.00.
A MIDSUMMER DRIVE THROUGH THE PYRE FOR SALE BY ALL STATIONERS.
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TO THE LIONS. A Story of the Persecutions of the
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PUBLISHED BY
GREAT WORDS FROM GREAT AMERICANS. The Cambridgeport Diary Company,
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* * Illustrated Fall List, and Catalogue No. 6 of Old and
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Rare Imported Books, sent on application.
| J. G. BATTERSON, RODNEY DENNIS, J. E. MORRIS,
G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, New York and London. ||
President.
Secretary. Asst. Sec'y.
THE TRAVELERS,
OF HARTFORD, CONN.


244
[Dec., 1889.
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PUBLISHED BY G. & C. MERRIAM & CO., SPRINGFIELD, Mass.
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JAN 6 1890
THE DIAL
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PUBLISHED BY
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M
CHICAGO, JANUARY, 1890.
[Vol. X., No. 117.)
TERMS-$1.50 PER YEAR.
AMONG CANNIBALS.
An Account of Four Years' Travels in Australia, and of Camp Life with the Aborigines of Queensland. By
Carl LUMHOLTZ. With over 100 illustrations. 8vo, $5.00.
“Mr. Lumholtz selected for his study the lowest race known to exist-a race only just entering upon the Stone Age. Here,
in an unvisited corner of Northern Australia, was an indubitably veracious picture of man's life in the infancy of the race.
His book is made up of an extraordinary narrative and a series of brilliant pictures."—Boston Transcript.
THE AMERICAN RAILWAY.
THE VIKING AGE.
Its Construction, Development, Management, and Ap-
pliances. With 225 illustrations. Bound in half
leather. 8vo, $6.00 net.
“This sumptuously made and illustrated volume consists
of essays by specialists upon every branch of the American
railway system. While the work is one for permanent instruc-
tion, its artistic side gives it all the attraction of a special
Christmas publication. It should find a large circulation, for
its matter is most valuable, while the manner of presenting
the matter is attractive and interesting.”—N. Y. Tribune.
The Early History, Manners, and Customs of the Ances-
tors of the English-Speaking Nations. By Paul B.
DU CHAILLU. With 1,400 illustrations. Two vols.,
8vo, $7.50.
“The author's greatest work. To the student of history
the volumes will be invaluable, while to the general reader
the attractive style, together with the profuse and admirable
illustrations, will make them a mine of instructive pleasure."
-N. Y. Observer.
ASPECTS OF THE EARTH.
A Popular Account of Some Familiar Geological Phenomena. By N. S. SHALER, Professor of Geology at Har-
vard. With 100 illustrations. 8vo, $4.00.
** The author has sought, as he says, 'to show the relation of natural forces to the fortunes of men, and thereby to secure,
on the part of the reader, the interest which belongs to matters which affect the human welfare alone.' Earthquakes, volca-
noes, cyclones, etc., have the strongest human interest and relations. The subjects are as interesting as the way in which they
are treated, and the illustrations are not only numerous but interesting.”—N. Y. Tribune.
STRANGE TRUE STORIES OF | SFORZA: A Story of Milan.
LOUISIANA.
By WILLIAM WALDORF Astor, author of - Valentino."
By GEORGE W. CABLE. In an original and artistic
12mo, $1.50.
“It is an historical novel of the best type, for it is dyed
binding. Square 12mo, illustrated, $2.00.
through and through with the bright Italian tints of the
“A charming book, charmingly bound, printed, and pic epoch in which the tale is set. Nowhere does the narrative
tured."- Washington Capitol.
halt."'- Christian Union.
“Full of local color and fidelity to nature. The characters
" It is handsomely illustrated, and will attract general at-
are vigorously sketched. Indeed, the book as a whole may
tention, both because of its essential character and the excel be called one of the best historical novels that have recently
lence of the style.”—N. Y. Journal of Commerce.
| appeared.”— Boston Saturday Evening Gazette.
SAID IN FUN.
By Philip H. WELCH, author of “The Tailor-Made Girl.” Preface by ROBERT G. B1;TLER. Square 4to, $1.25.
With full-page illustrations by W. A. Rogers, Bush, Kemble, Attwood, Herford, Smedley, Snyder, Gibson, Sheppard,
Van Schaick, Opper, Taylor, Frost, Woolf, Sterner, " Chip,” Mitchell. The brightest of Mr. Welch's witty paragraphs and
sketches have been gathered from all quarters, and some unpublished matter has been added, the whole making, with illus-
trations, a book full of the rarest fun in picture and text.
THE POETRY of TENNYSON. | ENGLISH LANDS, LETTERS,
By the Rev. HENRY VAN DYKE, D.D. 12mo, $1.50.
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246
[Jan.,
THE DIAL
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248
[Jan., 1890.
THE DIAL
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JAN 6 1890
THE DIAL
(ONTEXTS,
----
-
-
- - --- -
- ------ --
Vol. X. JANUARY, 1890. No. 117. of magazine criticism and contemporary pam-
phlets concerning him, of books dedicated to
---- - _ -
him, and the yet more flattering endless imita-
tions of his work in all lands and tongues.
There are the imitations by Sir R. Blackmore
SIR RICHARD STEELE. C. A. L. Richards . . . 249
and Bishop Middleton and Leigh Ilunt, by
THE ECONOMIC OUTLOOK. Jeremiah W. Jenks . 232 Van Effen and Bodmer and Gottsched and
TWO BOOKS CONCERNING CHAUCER. Melville Kramer, by Marivaux and Granet, La Croix
B. Anderson .............. 234 and Malte Brun, De Foöre and Manent and
NEW BOOKS IN PEDAGOGY. G. T. W. Patrick . 257 Guizot. They are published in London and
MARIE BASHKIRTSEFF'S JOURNAL. Genevieve
Paris, in Hanover and Gottingen, in Leyden
Grant ..... 239
and Copenhagen, in Fleneburg and Berlin and
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS .......... 261
Milan, in Melbourne and in Honolulu. There
Miss Edwards's U'ntrodden Peaks and Unfrequented
has been a Danish, a Belgian, a French, a Swiss,
Valleys.-Clayden's Rogers and His Contemporaries.
a Dutch, a Prussian, an Italian Spectator; a
- Wakefield's New Zealand After Fifty Years.-- European and an American Spectator ; a Cath-
Aryan Sun-Myths the Origin of Religions.-- Prud olic Spectator and a Protestant Guardian ; a
den's Story of the Bacteria.- Panin's Lectures on Female Spectator and a Juvenile Spectator ;
Russian Literature.--Verschoyle's History of Ancient a French Spectator at the National Assembly,
Civilization.- Ellwanger's The Garden's Story.-- a Spectator during the Revolution, a Spectator
Abbott's Days Out of Doors.-- Jameson's Duruy's
under the Royal Government; a Female Tatler
History of France.
and Fairy Tatler, a Tatler Revived, and Der
TOPICS IN JANUARY PERIODICALS . .... 264 Poetische Tadler; a Spectatrice, a Spettatore, a
BOOKS OF THE MONTH . . . . . . . . . . 263
Bubler, a Bubillard, and a Babbelaer.' Surely
it is a sounding fame which has such multitu-
dinous echoes. Mr. Aitkin would seem to have
SIR RICHARD STEELE.*
caught and recorded, as on a phonographic
- More than a century and a half has passed since
cylinder, each farthest reverberation, each last
Richard Steele died, and much that is of value has been dying cadence along the verge of the horizon.
written about him; but it is only recently that any ac From London to Ilonolulu is a far cry!
curate study of the facts of his life has been attempted, Steele died September 1, 1729. It was
and the present work is the first in which an endeavor
more than half a century later when John
has been made to treat the subject exhaustively.”
Nichols published an edition of “ The Tatler,"
It is in these words that Mr. Aitken intro-
with notes in which many biographic details
duces his two comely octavos. In print, paper,
were embedded. The Correspondence of Steele,
and cover, and in abundant pertinent illustra-
with literary and historical anecdotes by the
tions from authentic portraits of Steele, his
same editor, was issued the following year,
wife, his mother-in-law, and his charming chil-
1787. Bisset and Chalmers added little to our
dren, these volumes leave nothing to be de-
knowledge. Dr. Drake only gave the old facts
sired. They are enriched with a very copious
a re-setting. Macaulay, in his essay on Addi-
bibliography of the original and all subse-
son, used Steele as a foil to relieve the greater
quent editions of Steele's separate and collected
essayist, a sharp black to heighten the lights
works, and also of their translations, German,
of his artful portraiture, and bitterly assailed
French, and Italian, published in all sorts of
his character. Thackeray handled him with a
places,- in London, Edinburgh, Dublin, in
half-loving, half-contemptuous compassion, as
Paris, Rouen, Luynes, in Amsterdam and Rot-
for a kindly fellow one couldn't help liking,
terdam, the Hague and Hamburg, Dresden,
without overmuch respecting. Foster, in the
Leipsic, Frankfort, Bâle, New York, Boston,
“ Quarterly,” came to the rescue, and asserted
and Cincinnati. There is a list of the chief
| Steele's genius and character against both the
volumes of biography and criticism upon Steele,
pity and the scorn. There was a life by Mr.
* THE LIFE OF RICHARD STEELE. In Two Volumes. By
H. R. Montgomery, in 1865, padded with
George A. Aitken. Boston: Houghton, Mitilin & Co. | sketches of all Steele's famous contemporaries.


250
[Jan.,
THE DIAL
Lately Mr. Austin Dobson has published a vol. or more successfully for every shred and parti-
ume of well-chosen selections from Steele's es cle of material, relevant and irrelevant, than he
says, with a luminous introduction, and also a has done. Nobody is likely to dive deeper, or,
brief life of the essayist, “ charmingly written, it must be confessed, come up drier, than he.
containing many new facts, as well as others If anywhere a modest and shrinking fact has
set in a fresh light."
eluded his gaze in some forgotten archives, let
And now comes Mr. Aitken, gleaning every it not prematurely congratulate itself on its
where, in the remotest and unlikeliest corners |escape. Mr. Aitken is sure to pounce upon it
of the field, turning up the very stones for the presently and book it for his next edition.
chance of an overlooked grain or two of mat- May it not be a wife's cousin's pedigree, nor a
ter, and bringing us these eight or nine hun legal pleading, nor a business assignment, for
dred closely printed pages as the result. He with these the present volumes are already
has searched the Public Record office, the Pro overweighted. Mr. Aitken's scrupulous method
bate Registry, the College of Arms, the Vicar- may be illustrated by his details of several last
General's office, Doctors' Commons, the Board wills of a family of Fords in St. Michael's Par-
of Green Cloth, the Lord Chamberlain's De ish, Barbados, with his grave comment, " I do
partment, in London. The Public Record not believe they were related to the family to
office at Dublin and the Records at Birming which Margaret Ford [Steele's first wife] be-
ham have been ransacked. The British Mu longed.” Could anything be less in point? It
seum, the South Kensington Museum, the Bod is not Steele's will, nor Margaret Ford's will,
leian and Lambeth, the libraries of Berlin, Mu nor even the will of a presumable cousin, near
nich, and Paris, the College Books at Oxford, | or far, of Margaret Ford, but simply the will
the Parish and District Registers at Carmar- or wills of several other Fords, resident, indeed,
then, have all been rummaged to some purpose. | in the same island, but not in the same parish
New letters and manuscripts have been found. or neighborhood. Had the biographer pos-
Private collections have yielded copies for sessed a saving trace of the humor of his sub-
publication. Original family portraits in pri- ject he would have lessened the bulk of his
vate hands have been submitted to the pho work by a good many tedious pages. We have
tographer. Sources of information have been sometimes said we should be willing to read
exactly indicated, to the great comfort of fu- | Thackeray's notes of his weekly interviews
ture explorers. In Steele's own manuscripts with his laundress,--not from any undue in-
the cancelled words have been noted, so that terest in the contents of her basket, nor un-
we may catch the writer's thoughts in the very worthy curiosity as to the condition of a great
moment of their birth, observe the winged folly man's wardrobe, but for the sheer charm that
as it flies, and discern the mental processes Thackeray's pen would give to the most trivial
by which one phrase or idea was preferred to or unsavory details. So Steele's briefest note
another.
to his dear Prue, with its delicate cajoleries, its
In one sense, this must be the definitive bi memoranda of seven pennyworth of walnuts at
ography of Steele. These handsome volumes five to the penny, with the guilty postscript,
are such externally as the somewhat modish and “ There are but twenty-nine walnuts," leaving
coxcombical subject of them would have relish us vainly to conjecture the fate of the missing
ed as the court dress in which he should make half-dozen,—had he cracked and eaten them?
his bow to the fastidious monarch, Posterity. or had the vender at the street-corner scanted
Not curled wig and lace ruffles and jewelled ra- his measure ?—and the subsequent note, with
pier could better become the Christian Hero of | its remorseful propitiative offering of a larger
Lord Lucas's regiment, or the M.P. from Stock quantity of walnuts, which we trust reached
bridge Ilants, or Boroughbridge, Yorkshire. his dear Prue untampered with, — notes like
Whoever would know to the full Captain Steele these we cannot have in excess. They may be
of the Coldstream Guards, or Sir Richard Steele mere glow-worm illuminations, but they do
of the Tatler and Spectator and Englishman brighten the picture. But interpose an attor-
and Lover and Reader and Plebeian and Spinney between us and the author; give us his
ster, the author of the Ode on the Duke of breathless, unpunctuated, so-much-a-line-on-the-
Marlborough, of the Conscious Lovers and largest-foolscap record, and, as Marie Bashkirt-
the Tender Husband, must give his days and seff said of reading Dumas in the absence of a
his nights to the study of Mr. Aitken. No- New Testament, it is not the same thing."
body after him is likely to search more painfully The least critical of readers detects the differ-


1890.]
251
THE DIAL
ence. As Lamb's discriminating hostess, when together. Rather, he sorts and labels them ;
he touched the keys of the piano, happily con- but they don't make a tree any better pigeon-
jectured, “it could not be the maid,” so in holed than huddled. The vital sap does not
turning back to a perusal of - The Tatler ” run through them either way. There is noth-
or “ The Guardian,” we say,-- No, this is not ing so awkward as a misplaced fact,—except
the attorney. It could not be engrossed on a cinder in the eye, which is very like it.
legal parchment or bound in law calf. Yet all Too much of fault-finding! Mr. Aitken de-
the receipts of the stamp office are not given serves the credit of great laboriousness, scru-
us, nor the confidential figures of the agent's pulous fairness, and profound interest in his
outlay at the contested elections. Perhaps theme. You feel that the words of his preface
Mr. Aitken may not be the final biographer | are abundantly justified :
after all !
“I have endeavored to show Steele as he was ; the
Let us be just ; it is no small merit to be work has been one of love, but I have aimed at setting
painstaking. Here is gathered the rich mate forth everything impartially. I have, at any rate, not
rial which the touch of a Macaulay or Foster
knowingly withheld or misrepresented any facts, and I
am confident that the result of the fuller study of his
or Thackeray may one day make live. If
life, which is now rendered practicable, will be the con-
he shall want to know the precise sources of
viction that, in spite of weaknesses, which are among
Steele's income, just how much he derived the most apparent of all those to which mortals are
from his first wife's property and his second
liable, Steele's character is more attractive and essen-
tially nobler than that of any of the greatest of his con-
wife's property at a given date; if he is curi-
temporaries in the world of letters.”
ous as to the first wife's name, maiden and
widow, hitherto undiscovered ; if he would be Mr. Aitken's view of Steele is substantially
quite sure that Steele was a Captain of Foot, this: he was a man whose intellectual gifts
and in the Guards, but not, as commonly were fresh and exuberant rather than mature,
stated, of Fusileers; if he would know the whose work was original and suggestive rather
date of Lord Lucas's commission as colonel
then finished and complete, whose style was
of the regiment in which Steele was to serve, easy and delightful, slipshod and inaccurate ;
and the amount of pay due him on June 24, who was, not the father of the English essay,
1702; if he would distinguish clearly Fusi for both Cowley and Temple had preceded him,
leers, which Steele's men were not, from Mus but the father of the modern periodical essay,
keteers and Pikemen and Grenadiers, which the discoverer of the thoughtful editorial on
they really were ; if he would know the items social and moral questions, inferior to Addison
of Swift's tavern reckoning, the days he met
in fulness of thought and wealth of scholarship
Addison and spent 2s. 60..- it is all here. | and delicacy of expression, yet throwing out
A fact has a fatal fascination for Mr. Aitkin. the careless hint and unvalued example which
A date is a delight. His work is in admirable Addison bettered and elaborated. Steele was
logical order and chronological order, but lacks no poet, though worse verses than his on the
the form of life. Some men are chaotic ; Mr. | Duke of Marlborough have passed for poetry,
Aitken is not that. Some men run hither and and raised for their author “ a slender stock
yon from death-bed back to christening, and so, of praise.” He was no dramatist, though the
by way of courtship and marriage, make their author of moderately successful dramas that
meandering way to the author's birth; Mr. | gave hints to Sheridan, who could mount his
Aitken is not of these. Only he is destitute jewels better, even when they were but paste.
of constructive and penetrative imagination ; He was a truth-loving humorist, not so much
he is without sense of literary perspective. a thinker as a moralist and preacher, unfeign-
Where you look for a balanced composition, edly anxious to better the world he lived in,
he gives you a well-stocked palette, a loaded to laugh it out of its foibles and dissuade it
brush, and a handful of thumb-nail sketches from its sins. If the preacher was sometimes
of divers and sundry studio properties, some overtaken in a fault, it was no more than the
of which might be worked into his picture and common fate of moralists who do not proclaim
some might not. They may be good to have, their own virtue in urging the cause of virtue,
but they lack adjustment and right relation. or declare themselves impeccable because so-
As Lowell says,
berly convinced that the world of which they
“ Roots, wood, bark, and leaves singly perfect may be, are a part has gone far enough astray.
But, clapt hodge-podge together, they don't make a tree.” i Steele is not a complex person. He was
Mr. Aitken does not clap them hodge-podge 1 “ in wit a man, in character a child." "His


252
[Jan.,
THE DIAL
---
-
defects lie on the surface and are visible to all : have given every vital illuminating fact, and
he was thriftless and often in debt, and he left Steele before us in his true attitude as a
sometimes indulged too much in the pleasures delightful, faulty person, a mixture of graces
of the table.” He was generous to prodigality and foibles incomparable; the friend of Addi-
with an income often small and always preca- son, the defender of Marlborough, the generous
rious. He was easily overcome with wine in foe of Swift; the delight of the coffee-houses ;
an age of hard drinkers, when otherwise decent the torment of his peevish wife, the tender
folk did not hesitate to own that they were father of his children ; the frank patriot, the
drunk last night and proposed to be drunk victim of party, the moralist who playfully
again to-morrow. He was a frequent trans wooed his age to goodness, and the precursor
gressor, and an honest penitent; his purpose of Lamb and of Hazlitt, of Thackeray and
wis praiseworthy, and his will unstable; the Trollope, of Washington Irving and of George
spirit was willing, but the flesh was weak. In William Curtis.
. C. A. L. RICHARDS.
polities he was upright and outright, a citizen
-- - -- ----
of public spirit, a patriot at his own grave
cost. He honored women when chivalry to
THE ECONOMIC OUTLOOK.*
women was extinct; he proclaimed their vir-
- The book may not be so interesting or at-
tues and graces when those about him treated
tractive as some others, but it satisfies,'' was a
them as puppets and toys. If he haunted the
remark maile some time since about a leading
exchange and the coffee-house, he loved and
enshrined the home. He cared for children
economic work. The speaker had in mind the
breadth of treatment that shows not merely
with exceptional tenderness, and in his last
mastery of the subject in hand, but especially
days of infirmity and loneliness he found his
the coolness of judgment and catholicity of
best solace in watching and encouraging their
mind that give one confidence in an author ;
sports. To an exacting and difficult wife, a
and, in a scientific work, this it is that satisfies,
coquettish beauty and prim housewife, some-
rather than brilliancy of style, originality of
what frosty and uncomfortable at all times,
method, or new information. We are never
and perennially fretted by his heedless Bohe-
at rest, never satisfied with partisanship in a
mian ways, he was a patient and adoring hus-
scientific work, however much we may be at-
band. He idolized his friends, putting himself
tracted or amused by it.
at Addison's feet with almost too obsequious
"Recent Economic Changes" is a book that,
and reverential a devotion, and he accepted
in most respects, is of this satisfactory kind,
the cool regard of that somewhat bloodless
and the author, too, has uncommon skill in
man of letters as his overplus of recompense.
making statistical matter interesting ; but here
He was forgiving to his enemies, forbearing to
and there one feels a touch of the author's
his calumniators. He was a very human sort
contempt for the fallacies of opponents-espe-
of being—no mediæval saint, though not so
cially for the bimetallists and protectionists —
unlike St. Peter ; no ideal - Christian hero,"
that, though justitiable perhaps, is hardly pleas-
though with a good deal in his composition of
ing in such a work. In other respects the book
the spirit of St. John. He was one who fol-
is admirable, and has that breadth and fulness
lowed far off, and lost the path sometimes, and
of treatment that does satisfy.
stumbled and fell sadly and grotesquely, but
The business depression of the last fifteen
still looked toward the light that lighteth every
years is an economic phenomenon worthy of
man. He did not attain his own ideal, but
careful study. It has caused a revolution in
was well above the mark of his time.
To a student of Steele, Mr. Aitken's vol-
the tariff system of most of the European
states; has been, perhaps, the chief cause,
unes are ‘in valuable. To a lover of letters,
though an indirect one, of the spread of the
hoping for a charming portrait, fitly framed,
doctrine of bimetallism; and has also been a
of a picturesque person, and set against a back-
ground full of color, they will be a little dis-
chief factor in that long list of movements, in-
appointing. He will be vexed at the lost
cluding acts of governments, of capitalists, and
opportunity, will wish for a kit-cat instead of
of laborers, that is commonly grouped under
the head of the labor movement.” Mr.
a colossal canvas. He will long to puff away
some 6 vacant chaff well-meant for grain." He *RECENT ECONOMIC CHANGES, and their Effects on the
will declare that a single volume, to be held in!
in | Production and Distribution of Wealth and the Well-being
of Society. By David A. Wells, LL.D., D.C.L. New York:
the hand and dreamed over by the fire, could i 1. Appleton & Co.


1890.]
253
THE DIAL
Wells's book is an attempt to explain the value till it reaches its former price, is one
causes of this depression by a careful study of not commonly accepted by either monometal-
the facts of business. All the leading branches, lists or bimetallists; though it might have en-
in all important countries, are taken, and the couraged the Secretary of the Treasury, in his
development, regarding amount of products, late recommendation regarding silver, with
prices, labor cost, wages, etc., considered. His the hope that thereby he might secure both
conclusion is based upon the time-worn eco silver - influence” and a profit for the treas-
nomic paradox that improvements in methods ury. It is shown that the decline in prices is
of production cause temporary distress to the general in all industries affected by the later
producers. The old fight of the Leicestershire important inventions, but not in those depend-
hosiery weavers against the introduction of ent mostly on hand-labor,—e. g., hand-woven
knitting machinery, with their smashing of lace, gloves, cut-glass, horses, eggs, etc.; nor
thousands of machines, had the same cause as is manual or domestic or professional service
have many of the labor revolts of to-day ; but cheaper, but rather the contrary. No reduction
their discomfort was of comparatively short in price, it is claimed, can be found that may
duration, and they were but a small part of not be satisfactorily explained by causes that
the working people of England. The last de- have sufficiently influenced the supply of the
cade has seen so continual an improvement in article in question, or the demand for it, with-
methods of production and in labor-saving ma out any change in the value of gold. A close
chines,—and that, too, in nearly all lines of in examination of the prices of the staple articles
dustry,—that the distress has been continual of commerce seems to justify the assertion.
and world-wide. No sooner has the capitalist 1 At the present time, probably no part of the
fairly adopted one improved machine, than it book is more likely to be of practical value
must be thrown away for a still later and bet- | than the discussion of the tariff and bounty
ter invention, which must be purchased at dear systems of Europe. Unfortunately, the people
cost, if the manufacturer would not see himself who most need such books are too apt to be
eclipsed by his rivals. The laborer, supplanted willing to rely upon their party organ. Mr.
by some tireless toiler of steel, has no sooner Wells has long been known as a freetrader,
found himself a new trade than another inven- and many, on this account, will be inclined to
tion casts him again adrift. The telegraph doubt the fairness of the discussion ; but his
and telephone have enabled brokers without facts are from authoritative sources, and his
capital to mediate between the foreign pro arguments are not those that are used only by
ducer and consumer; and the wholesale import freetraders. Four or five years ago, avowed
ers who, two decades ago, backed by almost protectionists in Germany - men who had
boundless capital, kept on hand a stock suffi- | themselves advocated the tariff system of their
cient to supply a continent, find themselves country-had already become convinced that
without an occupation.
in certain industries their tariff was a mere
This great saving in capital and labor that tax for the benefit of a class ; that longer to
comes from improved processes has brought uphold it on these industries was to shut out
about, of course, remarkable reductions in the benefits of the improvements of the mod-
prices, and therewith a lowering of profits. | ern methods, and that it should be removed
The quantities of goods sold and consumed on those articles, even if the removal involved
show no diminution in the main, but rather a loss to some producers. Mr. Wells, though occa-
large increase,-a fact which proves that busi- sionally speaking of protectionism as irrational
ness is not stopping, but that the depression is in principle, nevertheless in the main discusses
rather due to small profits. The capitalists the question from the standpoint of such pro-
suffer most, proportionally. Wages, on the tectionists, those who wish to put a tariff only
whole, have steadily risen, though individuals where it seems likely ultimately to establish
have, of course, suffered greatly at times from firmly some industry in the country, but who
lack of employment, on the introduction of still believe in protectionism as a governmental
new processes.
policy. Of course he would be likely to carry
A telling argument is made against those his recommendations of tariff revision farther
bimetallists who ascribe the general decline in than most such men. His accounts of the sugar
prices to an appreciation in the value of gold. industry of Europe, and especially of the sys-
Mr. Wells's opinion, however, that silver istem of subsidies to steamship lines, prove of
likely soon, from natural causes, to increase in / marked interest.


254
[Jan.,
THE DIAL
In reading the economic literature of the industrial depression from which we seem to
past few years, there is nothing that gives be just emerging. It is certainly encouraging
greater pleasure than to note the number of that so able a review of the industrial situation
statistical investigators who are convincing can reach the conclusion—" That the immense
themselves and others that the laboring men, material progress that these changes have en-
popularly so called, i. l., the manual laborers, tailed has been, for mankind in general, a move-
are advancing in position and are raising their ment upward and not downward ; for the bet-
standard of life very rapidly, probably propor ter and not for the worse ; and that the epoch
tionally more rapidly than any other class. of time under consideration will hereafter rank
Mr. Wells takes his stand now fully on this in history as one that has had no parallel, but
side, basing his conclusions mainly on the in- which corresponds in importance with the pe-
vestigations of Atkinson and Grosvenor in this riods that successively succeeded the Crusades,
country, Giffen and Caird in England, and the invention of gunpowder, the emancipation
Guyot and Grad in France. Some of our eco- of thought through the Reformation, and the
nomists have feared that these “optimists” were invention of the steam-engine; when the whole
injuring seriously the cause of labor, and of civ plane of civilization and humanity rose to a
ilization as well, by showing thus fully the pro higher level, each great movement being ac-
gress of the working class. If people were companied by social disturbances of great mag-
convinced that the tendency of the times were nitude and serious import, but which experi-
toward such improvement, the sympathy of ence has proved were but temporary in their
society for the poor in their real suffering, it nature, and infinitesimal in their influence for
has been said, would be lessened, and the la evil, in comparison with the good that fol-
borers themselves would feel their energies | lowed.”
JEREMIAH W. JENKS.
sooner flag. Mr. Wells guards against the
-- - --- -- - -
former effect by showing how real, how very
severe, the suffering of the individual laborers Two BOOKS CONCERNING CHAUCER.*
is made by these changes in methods of pro The problem of constructing an aqueduct
duction, though the laborers as a class are so that should bring the living waters of Dan
much benefited in the long run. There seems Chaucer's “ well of English undefiled ” within
to be little fear of the laborer's energy slack- the reach of every thirsty soul, has long been
ening, for a chief cause of his dissatisfaction a fascinating one. Dryden attempted to pop-
is his progress, his increase in intelligence, orularize Chaucer by reproducing his stories in
general information.
the metrical language of the seventeenth cen-
Incidentally, of course, in a discussion of so tury; and Wordsworth, about a hundred years
great range as one involving the whole trend later, made an experiment in the same direc-
of economic society, many of the questions of tion. Each of these attempts suffers, however,
the day are touched upon, and always with from the inevitable limitations and defects of
Mr. Wells's well-known keenness and vigor. all translations. Dryden, having too little faith
No more clearly-cut statement of the principles in his author, could not resist the temptation
involved in the eight-hour working-day move to embroider and improve upon his original.
ment can be found. It would be healthful | Even Wordsworth, with all his simplicity and
reading for the mass of our laborers. Among | immediateness, fails, as Matthew Arnold has
other suggestive and valuable topics discussed remarked, to impart to his versions the divine
are American habits of working and spending fluidity” of Chaucer's diction and movement.
as contrasted with those of other nations, and | There is in the father of English poetry an ex-
the real status of this country in respect to quisite combination of gifts and graces which
the distribution of wealth, and its comparative is found in none of his modern imitators or
amount. In the latter discussion, not a few translators. Whoever would taste his delicious
people will be surprised to learn that the per favor must master his dialect.
capita wealth of Great Britain is $1,245, of One of the most promising of recent at-
Holland $1,200, to some $860 in the United
* CHAUCER'S CANTERBURY Tales, Annotated and Ac-
States.
cented, with Illustrations of English Life in Chaucer's Time.
As a whole, the book is a mine of well Revised Edition, with Illustrations from the Ellesmere MS.
digested information on the leading lines of
By John Saunders. New York: Macmillan & Co.
CHAUCER: THE LEGEND OF Good WOMEN. Edited by the
business enterprise, as well as a most thorough Rev. Walter W. Skeat, Litt. D. (Clarendon Press Series.)
discussion of the causes and character of the New York: Macmillan & Co.


1890.1
255
THE DIAL
-
-
tempts to induce readers to take this trouble is modern reader. But the word is not used by
Mr. Saunders's “ Canterbury Tales,”—a book the apothecary in any of the six MSS. reprinted
which has been well-known in England for by Mr. Furnivall. Such errors do not appear
some years and which now lies before us in a to be frequent enough to seriously impair the
revised form. The modernization of the lan value of the work, which seems, on the whole,
guage has been managed with skill and deli well calculated to lure some minds back to the
cacy ; beyond the introduction of a uniform “ perpetual fountain of good-sense” where it
standard of spelling and the use of marks of takes its rise.
accentuation, there appear to be no alterations The Reverend Professor Skeat's edition of
of the text. Archaic words are explained in - The Legend of Good Women” is marked by
convenient foot-notes.
all the thoroughness of research, the patient
In one respect the title is very misleading, attention to details, that students of Chaucer
implying as it does a new edition of Chaucer's have learned to expect from this eminent spe-
great work. The following title would describe cialist. The Legend is one of the poet's most
the book much better: “ The Canterbury Tales delightful works, notable in many respects, es-
retold in pleasant prose, with copious extracts pecially as exemplifying his earliest use of the
from the originals, and with abundant notes so-called heroic couplet, which was henceforth
and comments by J. S.” In other words, the to be the medium of his best and most charac-
author selects such passages from the tales as teristic work. More than this, we study here
seem to him the most original, and fills in the not merely Chaucer's first use of a metrical
gaps himself. Some of the tales are greatly form previously unfamiliar to him, but also the
abridged or entirely suppressed. The prologue first use in English of what is, next to blank
and its characters are made the text for chatty verse, our most sonorous and our most import-
but instructive comments upon most of the ant metre. It is not too much to say that
phases of social life and manners alluded to by this is the first edition which fairly represents
the poet. These chapters are evidently the the poet's skill in the management of his new
fruit of wide and independent reading, and, Pegasus. A comparison of Professor Skeat's
extending as they do over 169 pages, constitute text with the best ones previously accessible
an important feature of the book. At the close brings out clearly the incomparable superiority
of each of the tales the author indulges in a of the present edition. The editor's collation
chapter of critical remarks, which are valuable of all the principal MSS. has enabled him to
to the general reader, and from which more make many emendations affecting the sense,
special readers will be likely to cull some use and almost innumerable corrections in the
ful hints. Popular as his aim is, Mr. Saunders metre. These authorized changes are so nu-
is evidently abreast of the most recent re merous as really to give a new complexion to
searches in Chaucer-lore; if not himself a the style and to necessitate a revision of critical
specialist, he has carefully surveyed the results judgments based upon the poet's apparently
at which specialists have arrived. Without the negligent management of the new metrical
slightest parade of erudition, the book is strewn form.
with references to the publications of the Chau Had Mr. Skeat given us nothing but this
cer Society and to the investigations of Skeat, admirable text, he would have earned the grati-
Ten Brink, Kittredge, and many others. It is tude of every student of the poet. But he gives
to be regretted that these references have not much more than this. In the first place, he
been grouped in a convenient list, so as to give prints the earlier and the later text of the Pro-
the purchaser of the book a bibliography into logue to the Legend in such a way as to make
the bargain. The colorless reproductions of comparison easy, and the comparison is well
the quaint illustrations of the Ellesmere MS. worth making. He everywhere gives in foot-
add materially to the attractiveness of the book. notes all the important variants of the best
There are some mistakes, or errors of judg- MSS. Moreover, in an Introduction extend-
ment, of which but a single example can here ing to 54 pages there is much interesting mat-
be adduced. At page 366, the apothecary of ter relating to the two forms of the Prologue,
the Pardoner's Tale is made to asseverate thus to the date, subject, sources, and metre of the
(though not in verse): “ As wisely as may Legend, and to the improvements in the present
God save my soul.” Possibly “ wisely” is a edition. Finally, there is a profusion of instruct-
misprint for Chaucer's “ wisly”; if so, there ive notes in this editor's well-known style, and
should be a foot-note for the benefit of the the usual glossarial and other indexes. In size


256
THE DIAL
[Jan.,
-- - ---
the volume is uniform with the same editor's are presumed by him, or by the Delegates of
recently published edition of Chaucer's Minor the Clarendon Press, or by both parties, to be
edited for the nursery; in fact, however, they
handsomer and more considerable in appear are edited for mature students, and are of great
ance than his other school editions.
use even to the most learned Chaucerians. The
For, alas ! this is also a school edition. Like value of the present edition consists, as we have
its predecessors, it has been prepared for the seen, very largely in the fact that it gives us
benefit of Mr. Skeat's ideal, or rather, let us for the first time the results of a critical com-
hope, imaginary schoolboy, who is such a piti parison of all the MSS. It is edited for stu-
ful creature in every respect save in erudition. dents who are interested in the minutest varia-
We all know Macaulay's schoolboy, and we tions of the MSS. For example, in line 1816
are sure that, despite his frequent tribulations, of the present text occurs the verb - Wex."
he is of a much robuster type. Mr. Skeat's In the foot-note are printed the following six
schoolboy is so tender that he is not supposed variants, with the names of the MSS. where
to know that it is (or was in Chaucer's time) they severally appear: “wex, wexe, wax, wexed,
quite customary for husband and wife to occupy wox, woxe.” On the same page three entire
the same bed ; accordingly Chaucer's innocent lines, containing twenty-four words, are omitted,
allusions to that social circumstance are vigil and are treated in the notes and glossary as if
antly suppressed, and some [bracketed] false they existed not. Such is the system. Of
statement, duly rimed and metred, is foisted course, the careful student is likely to be as
upon the student. For this metrical mendac much interested in some of these twenty-four
ity, virginibus puerisque, the reverend expur omitted words, as in the verb “wex ” which is
gator probably excuses himself by virtue of treated with so much consideration. But un-
that time-honored ethical principle that one less he be the happy possessor of Mr. Furni-,
may tell lies to children. For the not indecor vall's six-text reprint, with plenty of time to use
ous phrase " and gooth with her to beddë,” it, he must make shift with the popular editions
Mr. Skeat substitutes “ [and leith his feith to for such passages as offend against the “rever-
weddë]," which is surely quite another matter. ence due to [very small] boys.” At such
In the legend of Lucretia, instead of the words points Mr. Skeat grimly claps the book to,
u blindë lust," Mr. Skeat carefully inserts places it on a high shelf with its back to the
"[sinful thoght]''; for “she shal my lemman wall, and observes with Master Chaucer : " Ye
be," he substitutes “[I wol again her see)." get namore of me."
As to Tarquin's threat to slay the stable-boy While this extreme prudishness must be em-
and lay him in Lucretia's bed in order to give phatically condemned, yet we should not allow
color to an accusation of adultery, Mr. Skeat it to prejudice us against the solid merits of the
simply omits it and inserts a row of dots. work before us. It is to be distinctly borne in
Apparently he has never paused from his de- mind that this is the first edition in which it
lightful researches to consider how fearful the has been possible to read this famous poem
responsibility he is incurring in encouraging with full appreciation and enjoyment. In con-
this phenomenally tender youth, ticklish of vir clusion, I cannot forbear to advert, in the
tue, to read an author so ribald as old Chaucer briefest way, to the remarkable misuse which
is upon occasion. Does the Rev. Mr. Skeat Professor Skeat has been making in his edi-
suppose that, in these days of sixpenny books, tions of Chaucer for the past ten years, and
this erudite babe will be so pitifully stupid as which he repeats here, of that strain in Tenny-
not to think to buy an unexpurgated copy of son's - Vision of Sin” beginning :
the author so insistently brought to his notice ? L " Then methought I heard a hollow sound
Does he expect teachers to collude with him in
Gathering up from all the lower ground."
fibbing to this " sely child ” by explaining the It will be noted that these lines present, metri-
bracketed passages as conjectural emendations ? | cally considered, a kind of anacrusis; they de-
And how does he imagine that an innocent, part from the pentameter type by the defect of
who must not know there is such a thing as a syllable in the first foot. That such lines
s blind lust," is to comprehend such a tale as occur, singly and sporadically, in Chaucer, Pro-
that of the rape of Lucrece, especially when fessor Skeat adduces a good deal of evidence
the nodus of the story is omitted ?
to prove. But it is strange that he should
From another point of view this prudishness persist in thinking Tennyson's use of this pe-
is still more unfortunate. Mr. Skeat's editions | culiar metre analogous with Chaucer's. It does


1890.]
257
THE DIAL
---
-
--
---
--
not appear that the elder poet made use of this to hasten as much as possible the development
metrical device, or irregularity, in any two suc of his mental activity. An endless series of
cessive lines of the heroic pentameter. Ten object lessons teaches him to perceive, to ob-
nyson, on the other hand, in the passage so serve, to recognize new likenesses and differ-
triumphantly adduced by Professor Skeat in ences. Every promise of spontaneity is care-
support of his contention (which I am not pre fully nursed. Originality, inventiveness, re-
pared to dispute), departs from the normal search, are studiously encouraged. To train
pentameter in a dozen successive lines, and the memory, that psychical balance-wheel hold-
shortly afterward plunges into far wilder me ing us down to the past, is an antiquated cus-
trical irregularities. All this he does, as every tom. The individuality of the pupil is studied
attentive reader must surely feel, deliberately and reverenced. Variations are fixed and per-
and with definite artistic purpose. In the nor- petuated, and the process of mental evolution is
mal pentameter couplet the dance of sin could hurried onward. Such an education produces
never have become so“ fast and furious.” keen observers, shrewd classifiers, original
There is a world of difference between such thinkers,—the very qualities required to pro-
artistic irregularities as these and Chaucer's | mote the physical sciences and push forward
occasional and apparently aimless anacrusis. our material development.
That a scholar whose life is devoted to subjects Professor Morgan's - Studies in Pedagogy"
of this sort should seem impervious to a dis may be called a thesaurus of pedagogical max-
tinction so obvious, is very strange. It is per ims representing the orthodoxy of the “new
haps still stranger that the lynx-eyed reviewers education.” It is a good book full of good
of two hemispheres should, for ten years, have things. It is not, perhaps, a book that will
allowed such a nugget of criticism to slip find midnight readers, for one seems to have
through their sieves.
heard these maxims before. Training not in-
MELVILLE B. ANDERSON. struction, things not words, thought not mem-
ory, activity not receptivity, are principles hav-
ing a familiar sound ; but as long as pedagog-
NEW BOOKS IN PEDAGOGY.*
ical theory is so far in advance of pedagogical
There are two commonplaces in pedagogical practice as it is at present, all lovers of human-
science nowadays that no writer thinks of ques ity will welcome these thoughts, whether offered
tioning. Subjectively, the end in education is in the polished and naive manner of Professor
training rather than instruction ; objectively, it Morgan, or shot at us in the pessimistic fashion
is the promotion of the material sciences. To of Ellen Kenyon. We are especially grateful
write an interrogation point after either of these to the author for the chapter on Training in
dogmas, is to commit the unpardonable peda Music. We wish every educator would recog-
gogical sin. The supremacy of the material nize as clearly the elevating, purifying, and
sciences may be called the American idea in harmonizing power of music, and the duty of
education. It has made us what we are, and the state to provide educators in it. The Greek
is daily making us more so. A moment's conception of musical education cannot be over-
thought will show that these two principles praised. It is the very thing we most need in
supplement each other. From the kindergar American schools. Only in this way can our
ten up, the attempt is no longer to instruct the growing eye-mindedness be checked, and the
pupil in a body of accumulated knowledge, but noble voice and ear saved from defeat in their
present unfair struggle with the hand and eye.
* STUDIES IN PEDAGOGY. By Thomas J. Morgan. Boston:
Silver, Burdett & Co.
It would seem, however, that Professor Morgan
THE COMING SCHOOL. By Ellen E. Kenyon. New York: has not appreciated the real psychological basis
Cassell & Co.
of this need of musical education, for in his
EUROPEAN SCHOOLS. By L. R. Klemm, Ph.D. New
chapter on examinations he produces ten argu-
York: D. Appleton & Co.
EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES. By Richard G. Boone. 1
ments in favor of written examinations, and
New York: D. Appleton & Co.
seems to encourage instead of correcting the
MonogRAPHS ON THE HISTORY OF EDICATION : 1.--His- vice, so prevalent in our public schools, of
tory of Education in North Carolina, by Charles Lee Smith.
making the pupil a mere writing-machine. On
II.-History of Higher Education in South Carolina, by
Colyer Meriwether, A.B. III.- Education in Georgia, by the training of the senses, nothing could be
Charles Edgeworth Jones. IV.-History of Education in
more harmless than his little chapter of eight
Florida, by George Gary Bush, Ph.D. V.-- Higher Education
in Wisconsin, by William F. Allen and David E. Spence.
pages devoted to this vital subject. The ideal
Washington: Government Printing Office.
í schoolmaster, Professor Morgan characterizes


258
[Jan.,
THE DIAL
as a manly man, a philanthropist, a patriot, a forbears to notice her remarkable combination
scholar, a philosopher, an artist, and a Chris- of more remarkable words.
tian.
Dr. Klemm, the author of “ European
Quite in contrast to these pretty pedagogical Schools,” a late issue in the “ International
generalities are the burning words of Ellen E. Education Series,” is to be envied for having
Kenyon in a little book called - The Coming written the very book that we wanted. Those
School." It is the passionate outery of a prac of us who have searched in vain through
tical school-teacher against formalism in method libraries for some brief and intelligible account
and shams in practice. The author has caught of what German schools actually are to-day,
the spirit of Pestalozzi and Rousseau, remind- will welcome with delight Dr. Klemm's handy
ing us of the latter by her earnestness and of little volume. In America we have led the
the former by her “ enthusiasm of humanity.” world in so many things, that we forget to fol-
She is a lover of childhood and of nature, a low where others are leaders. Germany is ad-
hater of cant and form. So long have the mitted to have the best educational system in
Froebelian principles of education been known the world ; but to the present hour our ignor-
and approved, so little are they realized in ance of German methods, and particularly of
existing schools, that sarcasm is the only ex- German schools, is dense. The author does
pression adequate to the author's indignation. not profess to write a systematic account of
Everywhere we see the cramming, hot-house, European schools. His book is more like a
memory method, whose end is the graduating rambler's notes. He uses his pencil as freely
examination, whose ultimate cause is the polit as his pen, so that we really see the German
ical unprofessional school-board. But our fe school both within and without. He has no
male pessimist is also an optimist. The “ com method but a geographical one, and his style is
ing school” will offer remedies for these defects. so free and easy that it sometimes becomes
Its focus will be the primary grade. Here, at jaunty. Side by side we find a discussion of
that critical moment when the mind of the Herbathian pedagogy and a description and
child first expands, will be found the well sketch of a simple device for a map-holder.
trained and best-paid teachers, instead of the Nevertheless, the book is readable—almost too
tyros. Here will be studied objects, objects, readable to lay down unfinished. On German
objects, not words. Here will evermore be methods of teaching, Dr. Klemm says:
trained perception, not memory. Here the
“In his famous report, Horace Mann said: “In Ger-
method will always be from the known to the
many I never saw a teacher hearing a recitation with a
unknown. Shall we proceed from the whole to book in his hand, nor a teacher sitting while hearing a
the part ? Not always. That is the way to recitation. This holds good still. I passed through
study the apple, but not the earth. The latter
six rooms repeatedly during the day I spent in the
Duisburg · Mittelschule,' and saw or heard nine lessons
is somewhat too large for the child to get a
or recitations, but not once did I see a teacher with a
percept of. Here, in the coming school,” book in his hands, not even during a lesson in reading
a box lined with blue satin, and filled with and literature. I expect you to read so that I may
specimens of spar, ore, and other minerals, will
understand you instantly,' the teacher said to the class;
be not only the text-book for teaching reading,
and they did it, to be sure."
writing, arithmetic, geography, history, govern In the German primary schools no text-books
ment, finance, grammar, composition, drawing, are used in teaching arithmetic, algebra, geom-
painting, and modelling, but also the means of etry, botany, zoology, or geography. A com-
training the attention, judgment, reasoning, passionate smile was the questioner's answer
imagination, and the emotions. Here, to build when he asked whether a text-book in grammar
character more than to impart knowledge will were used. Originality in method, freedom
be the teacher's aim. Here, sympathy, court from formalism, the study of objects, charac-
esy, and heroism will be taught before reading, terize the German schools. Over there one
writing, and arithmetic. This woman is in hears little of “ keeping school, hearing recita-
such dead earnest, the abuses she attacks are so tions, setting tasks, assigning lessons." In
apparent, the reforms she advocates are so ur- method, the German primary school is a minia-
gent, that one hesitates to criticize the extreme ture German university. The teacher gives
character of the changes she would introduce, his pupils his own knowledge, in the form, if
or her too trustful following of Colonel Parker not of set lectures, yet very often of chalk talks.
and the Quincy methods. One is disarmed, Next day the pupil is quizzed, and in turn re-
too, of literary criticism by her preface, and I cites with crayon i hand, sketching as he talks.


1890.]
THE DIAL
259
=
Training in music is more thorough and more colleges, the college curriculum of study, state
extended than in America. The teacher plays colleges, privately endowed colleges, denomina-
the violin, leads the singing himself, and gives tional colleges, professional schools, reforma-
instruction in original composition. Thus far, tory schools, governmental departments of edu-
Germany is doing something to train the ear cation, etc. In the chapter on “ Education of
and voice. Nevertheless, the whole tendency Unfortunates," we find, for instance, ten pages
of education there, as here, is to increase the devoted to a condensed and convenient account
prevailing eye-mindedness of the age. Our of Indian education. The author's plan, indeed,
author complains of the inability of Germans is too comprehensive for his space, as is shown
to talk on their feet, saying that in their stum in his chapter on - The General Government
bling attempts to express themselves orally in and Education," when he goes so far afield as
public, they compare not at all with Americans. to treat, of course in the briefest way, of the
This is not wonderful, however, when we reflect coast survey, the signal service, and related
that from the kindergarten to the university subjects. In a teacher's handbook, however,
the boy is required to express his thoughts even those hasty references may be useful. The
more and more by writing and drawing, and chapter on the “ Gradation of Schools” shows
less and less by oral statements. The peda the present existence of 544 kindergartens,
gogical discovery of our age is that it is easier with 25,952 pupils. Of these schools, 158 are
to impress the mind through the eye than supported by public funds.
through the ear. Whatever the subject, the In the history of education, a most valuable
teacher writes it on the board and illustrates work is in progress by the indefatigable young
it by a figure. The pupil copies it in his note workers at Johns Hopkins University. These
book, and on examination day writes it out on contributions to American Educational History
paper. Grammar is taught by a diagram and are edited by Professor Adams, and printed by
political economy by a curve. Blackboards the National Bureau of Education. Mono-
and maps cover the walls ; globes, figures, mod graphs on the History of Education in North
els, physical and chemical apparatus, cover the Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and
tables. No wonder that the graduate from Wisconsin have thus far appeared, written for
those schools finds himself tongue-tied, and the most part by young men from their respect-
limited to the ambition of writing a book. In ive states and studying at the Johủs Hopkins
the reaction from the old routine memory University. Their monographs are complete
methods, the voice and ear and memory are histories of education in the several states named,
neglected, and a certain finer culture connected the motives of the authors evidently being to
with these is lost. For the last ten years, the treat the subjects so exhaustively as to preclude
time given to drawing and modelling in our the necessity of anyone undertaking the same
schools has been steadily and rapidly increas work after them.
ing. There has been no proportionate increase
G. T. W. PATRICK.
in the time given to the more humanistic sub-
---- --
jects of music, conversation, and oratory.
In the same series, Professor Boone has writ-
MARIE BASIIKIRTSEFF'S JOURNAL.*
ten a book of permanent worth, entitled “Edu | The Journal of Marie Bashkirtseff, –a trans-
cation in the United States." It is a concise lation of which has just appeared in America,
account of the rise, progress, and present con- although the original was published over a year
dition of American schools, colleges, and uni ago in Paris,- is one of those books which
versities. Part one treats of the Colonial immediately become a part of the soul of the
Period, and describes in a most interesting reader. That ambitious, morbid, suffering girl
manner the first educational effort in New gives to us in this wonderful book, which ap-
England, and the founding of Harvard and peals to the deepest and most natural feeling
Yale colleges and the college of William and of the human heart, that exquisite emotional
Mary. In part three is traced the develop thrill which tender music rendered by a master,
ment of the whole American system of educa- | noble sentiments uttered by a great orator, or
tion, in all its branches. The subject is a vast | the magnetic voice of a Patti or a Gayarré,
one and the treatment necessarily brief. It | sometimes gives. When we put aside this
embraces the creation of school funds, the dis-
* Marie BASHKIRTSEFF. The Journal of a Young Artist,
trict system, state, county, and city supervision,
1860-1884. Translated by Mary J. Serrano. Illustrated. New
norinal schools and pedagogical departments in York: Cassell & Co.
-
-


260
[Jan.,
THE DIAL
record of a daily life so intense in every line, Marie Bashkirtseff, like Alfred de Musset,
revealing a nature containing such possibilities was a true child of the nineteenth century,-
of greatness, we are oppressed with a feeling believing in yet haunted by the shadow of
of indescribable sadness. The writer says belief, disbelief”; passionate, seeking for noble
somewhere in her Journal: “ It would be cu- ideals, yet shackled by the chains of environ-
rious if this record of my failures and of my ment, analyzing every emotion until it rose up
obscure life should be the means of procuring like a Frankenstein to terrify her, enjoying
for me the fame I long for, and shall always even her own sufferings and her own tears.
long for.” Erultée, beloved, beautiful, talented, She says :
her book has made her famous,—but too late. “I love to weep, I love to give myself up to despair;
Marie Bashkirtseff was born in Pultava, I love to be troubled and sorrowful.”
Russia, on the 11th of November, 1860. She Alfred de Musset expresses the same sentiment
was very beautiful, with delicate exquisitely in the pathetic lines:
modelled features, golden hair, and gray eyes
“Le seul bien qui me reste au monde
curiously deep and sweet. Her face was an
Est d'avoir quelquefois pleuré.”.
intellectual as well as a beautiful one, but it She sighed for happiness, but, like a will-o'-
lacked repose. A shadow of unrest, as delicate | the-wisp, it always evaded her. A passionate
as might be left by the wing of a bird, always melancholy came in its place, and a resolve to
rested there. At fifteen she already dreamed strive for the admiration of the world, with all
of being famous. She says:
the strength of her frail body and her heroic soul
“I am ambitions—that is my greatest fault. The --for thus she hoped to be happy. “Nature
beauties and the ruins of Rome make me dizzy. I intended me to be happy," she says, “but-
should like to be Cæsar, Augustus, Marcus Aurelius,
"Pourquoi dans ton quvre céleste
Vero, Caracalla, Solon, the Pope; I should like to be all
Tant d' éléments si peu d'accord ? "
these, and I am nothing. .. Ah! how weary I
am of my obscurity! I am consumed by inaction. I
Marie had a pure and correct literary taste,
am growing mouldy in this darkness. Oh, for the light, and loved the strength and virility of the clas-
the light, the light!”
sics. She says in her Journal :
Diderot wrote, a hundred years before :
“No melodrama, no romance, no sensational comedy
“ A delicious repose, a sweet book to read, a walk in
of Dumas or of George Sand, has left so clear a souve-
some open and solitary spot, a conversation in which
nir and so profound and natural an impression upon me
one discloses all one's heart, a strong emotion that brings
as the description of the taking of Troy.”
the tears to one's eyes and makes the heart beat faster, Plato was always open on her desk. When
whether it comes of some tale of generous action, or of she left Nice, she says that she took with her
a sentiment of tenderness, of health, of gaiety, of lib-
“the encyclopædia, a volume of Plato, Dante,
erty, of indolence,--there is the true happiness, nor
shall I ever know any other.”
Ariosto, and Shakespeare,”—a curious library
This ideal of the sage of the 18th century
for a girl of fifteen.
would not have contented our 19th century |
Like all people of poetic and artistic nature,
she loved Italy.
hot-house blossom. She writes :
“Life is not the same there as elsewhere. It is free,
“ To count neither on friendship, nor gratitude, nor
fantastic, large, reckless and yet languid, fiery yet gen-
loyalty, nor honesty; to elevate one's self courageously
tle, like its sun, its sky, its glowing plain.”
above the meannesses of humanity, and take one's stand
between them and God; to get all one can out of life,
However, in the autumn of 1877, Madame
and that quickly; to do no injury to one's fellow-beings; Bashkirtseff, Marie's mother,—said to have
to make one's life luxurious and magnificent; to be in- | been one of the most beautiful women in Rus-
dependent, so far as it be possible, of others; to possess
sia,—decided to live in Paris. At first Marie
power!—-yes, power!—no matter by what means !--this
is to be feared and respected; this is to be strong, and
writes:
that is the height of human felicity, because one's fel-
“ Paris kills me! It is a café, a well-kept hotel, a
low-beings are then muzzled, and either through coward bazaar.”
ice or for other reasons will not seek to tear one to A day or two later she adds :
pieces.
« The mere word Italy causes me an emotion such as
"Is it not strange to hear me reason in this way?
no other word, such as no one's presence, has ever done."
Yes, but this manner of reasoning in a young creature
like me is but another proof of how bad the world is;
Later on, she acknowledged the charm of Paris,
it must be thoroughly saturated with wickedness to have -as, sooner or later, everyone does who re-
so saddened me in so short a time. I am only fifteen." mains there long enough to become a part of
This cynicism at fifteen might revolt us, were its intellectual life.
it not the cynicism of a noble heart tortured by In September, 1877, she entered the Atelier
doubt, and not that of corruption or experience. Julien to study painting; and from this time


1890.]
261
THE DIAL
her life was a constant struggle between ambi was carried to her house to spend the few
tion and disease. She worked many hours a hours remaining at her side. It is a pathetic
day, and in a very short time showed a true picture,—the shadow of death over them both ;
genius for her art. The presentiment of an and yet they still desired to paint, the artistic
early death still seemed to haunt her, even in spirit almost surviving the soul itself. She
the midst of success, and she writes in 1878: writes :
- To die? It would be absurd; and yet I think I “ Bastien-Lepage goes from bad to worse. I am un-
am going to die. It is impossible that I should live' able to work. My picture (La Rue) will not be finished.
long. I am not constituted like other people; I have a Here are misfortunes enough! He is dying, and he
great deal too much of some things in my nature, a suffers intensely. When I am with him, I feel as if he
great deal too little of others, and a character not made were no longer of this earth; he already soars above us;
to last. If I were a goddess, and the whole universe there are days when I feel as if I too soared above this
were employed in my service, I should still find the earth. I see the people around me, they speak to me,
service badly rendered. There is no one more exacting, I answer them, but I am no longer of them. I feel a
more capricious, more impatient, than I am. There is passive indifference to everything, a sensation somewhat
sometimes, perhaps even always, a certain basis of i like that produced by opium. . . . Yes, he is
reason and justice in my words, only that I cannot ex- | dying, and the thought does not move me, I am indiffer-
plain clearly what I want to say. I say this, however, ent to it; something is fading out of sight-that is all.
that my life cannot last long. My projects, my hopes, And then everything will be ended-everything will be
my little vanities, all fallen to pieces! I have deceived ended. I shall die with the dying year.”
myself in everything!”
Two weeks before her death, she writes ;
Again she says:
“I have not been able to go out for the past few
"I do not fear death, but life is so short that to days. I am very ill, although I am not confined to bed.
waste it is infamous. Art! I picture it to myself like ... Ah, my God! and my picture, my picture,
a great light shining before me in the distance, and I ! my picture!”
forget everything else but this, and I shall press for Marie Bashkirtseff died at the age of twenty-
ward to the goal, my eyes fixed upon this light.”
four, October 31, 1884,- just eleven days after
As her malady progresses she becomes slightly
the last entry in her Journal. She left over
deaf, and this causes her the most profound
one hundred and fifty pictures and sketches,
discouragement. She writes :
and this phenomenal book.
"I shall never recover my hearing, then. It will be
endurable, but there will always be a veil between me
GENEVIEVE GRANT.
and the rest of the world. The wind among the trees,
the murmur of the brook, the rain striking against the
window-panes, whispered words,--I shall hear none of
BRIEFS ON NEW Books.
these. . . . I am accustomed to it, but it is none
the less horrible.”
The exterior of Miss Edwards's “ Untrodden
Paths and Unfrequented Valleys” (Routledge) is
Her most successful picture, “ A Meeting,"
so coarse and tawdry, its cover design of mountain,
was exposed in the Salon of 1881, and was the
cliff, ocean, and sky, is so forbidding, that except
picture most talked of that year. Marie could for the attraction of the author's name one would
scarcely believe in her success. She says in scarcely be tempted to open the book. But Amelia
her Journal :
B. Edwards is a name of charm, and more than
“Ah! I begin to believe it a little, but for fear of | ever just now while her presence in this country is
believing too much I do not perinit myself to feel satis adding fresh laurels to a reputation already famous
faction but with reserves of which you have no idea.
in so many different directions, that she may be
Enfin ! I shall be the last to believe that the world
pronounced the most versatile woman-in the best
believes in me.”
sense of that much-abused word versatile--now be-
Though oppressed by physical weakness, she
fore the public. As long ago as 1853 she began
still works continually, but writes :
writing for magazines and prepared an abridgement
« Oh, this dreadful lassitude! Is it natural to feel of French history and a school history of England.
thus at my age? In the evenings when I am tired out Two years later she began novel-writing with - My
and half asleep, divine harmonies Hoat through my | Brother's Wife"; and the list has since included
brain; they rise and fall, like the strains of an orches- i .. The La
- The Ladder of Life," - Hand and Glove," “ Bar-
tra, but independent of my volition. If we only knew
| bara's History," " Half a Million of Money,” “ Miss
what there is bevond--but we do not; and then, it is
Carew," " Debenham's Vow,” - In Days of My
precisely this feeling of curiosity I have about it that
Youth," - Monsieur Maurice," and Lord Bracken-
quakes the thought of death less terrible to me.”
bury.” But in America she is less known as a
Her friendship with Bastien-Lepage, whom
novelist than as a scholar, organizer, traveller, art
she diescribes as “ not a painter only, a poet,
critic, and lecturer. The Egyptian Exploration
a psychologist, a metaphysician, a creator,'' — i
Fund, of which she is vice-president and honorary
was a very tender one. He too was doomed to secretary, derives about half its income from this
an early death; and when she was dying, he side of the Atlantic. Largely through her immense


262
[Jan.,
THE DIAL
energy this fund has been kept together; and several compared with the fortunes of to-day, accomplished
of the finest treasures having been secured by the far more for its possessor and his friends in the
Boston museum of fine arts, her lectures in Boston way of facilitating and stimulating the intellectual
are given by invitation of that institution—the first life than any other fortune ever did, before or since.
it has ever extended to man or woman. In New In the person of Rogers, as Mr. Clayden well says,
Haven, also, she has had the signal honor of being the _" the contemporary of Pitt and Burke and Fox
first woman ever invited to lecture by the trustees | lives to be the personal friend of Mr. Gladstone ; a
of Yale College. Columbia recognizes her scholar-man who had knocked at Dr. Johnson's door, and
ship by bestowing the degree of L.H.D., and Smith spent a day with Adam Smith, and heard Robert-
by the degree of LL.D. It goes without saying that son and Dr. Blair preach, entertains Macaulay and
with Miss Edwards's eye for seeing, pen for telling, Dickens and Mr. Tennyson and Mr. Ruskin.” Of
and pencil for sketching, the story of any of her the long life of Samuel Rogers, and of his relations
travels could not fail to be other than fascinating with eminent contemporaries, Mr. Clayden has given
reading. And such our book with the forbidding is a very satisfactory account. Though sufficiently
cover and the non-committal title proves to be, , full, the book deals chiefly with distinguished names.
as we are taken through that little-known region It is replete with interesting details, and contains a
called the Dolomites, lying in the Southern Tyrol good deal of matter hitherto unpublished that will
and north-west of Venice. It is pleasant to note throw new light upon the characters of eminent
also that while the first edition, published sixteen writers.
-
years ago, was dedicated to " My American Friends EDWARD WAKEFIELD'S “ New Zealand after
at Roine,” the present dedication is “ To My Amer- ! Fifty Years” (Cassell) is a work of more extensive
ican Friends in all Parts of the World”-surely a scope than its title indicates. · The fifty years"
very large and responsive number of persons. count from the 30th of September, 1839, when a
CLAYDEN's life of Samuel Rogers, now complete
British colony, under the name of the New Zealand
Company, took formal possession of the island and
in three volumes, the first entitled “ The Early Life
laid the foundations for a British nation in the South
of Samuel Rogers ” and the other two “Rogers and
Seas. But the country had been discovered and
his Contemporaries ” (Roberts), is chiefly of value
named two hundred years earlier by the Dutch
for the fresh glimpses it affords of the literary celeb-
i navigator Tasman; had been explored and repeat-
rities of the former half of this century and for the
edly visited during the latter part of the 18th cen-
worthy ideal it sets before our men of wealth.
Rogers's place among literary men is not on the first
tury by Captain Cook; while several efforts had
already been made by England to establish a native
plane, with the great and prolific artists in prose į
state under British authority. It is true, however,
and verse; nor is it even on the second plane, with
that quite all that marks the present prosperity of
the men in whom the stream of creative genius is
New Zealand dates from these fifty years, during
slender and intermittent; it is rather on the third
which a population of 600,000 Europeans and 40,-
plane, among the men of talent and culture who, by ,
000 civilized natives has taken the place of 100,-
laborious imitation, are capable of producing some-
000 cannibals. A vigorous, free, young, civilized
thing nearly resembling creative work. Note the
nation has supplanted a sanguinary, degrailed, and
marked contrast between the wit of Rogers and the
effete barbarism, and entered on a career which, in
wit of Sydney Smith. Rogers's wit was cold, studied,
the historian's opinion, is destined to be the most
elaborate; Smith's was warm, spontaneous, im-
prosperous of all the British colonies in the South-
promptu. “When men came away after an even-
ern hemisphere. The natural features of the coun-
ing with Sydney Smith they onlv remembered how
try, its climate and scenery, fauna and flora, are
greatly they had enjoyed themselves and how in-
finitely amusing he was ; after contact with Rogers,
described by a lover's pen ; the statistics relating to
population, trade and commerce, business and tran-
one or two sharp sayings were deeply implanted in
sit, politics and laws, education and taxation, are
the memory, very often, indeed, to rankle there."
very complete. Numerous full-page illustrations add
Rogers said of Smith: “ Whenever the conversation
to the value of the work, by giving a distinct im-
is getting dull, he throws in some touch which makes
i pression of many things connected with this little-
it rebound and rise again as light as air.” Smith
understood country, whose past has been so short
wrote of Rogers: “Show me a more kind and
but whose future is so highly promising.
friendly man; secondly, one from good manners,
knowledge, fun, taste, and observation, more agree- The essential similarity of the mythologies of all
able: thirdly, a man of more strict political integ- peoples, and their common origin in the personifica-
rity, and of better character in private life.” These tion by primitive man of the mysterious phenomena
mutual compliments lead us to believe that, though of nature, are facts with which the researches of
Smith and Rogers were rival wits, their rivalry was comparative mythology have long made us familiar.
of the pleasantest kind. Though Rogers sometimes : In - Aryan Sun-Myths the Origin of Religions”
said ill-natured things, there is no lack of evidence (Nims & Knight) the inquiry proceeds one step
to show that he really had a very kind heart. , further, and enters the domain of comparative the-
Rogers's wealth, though it woul«l not seem great if | ology. The correspondences between the religious


1890.]
263
THE DIAL
systems of all Indo-Germanic nations are traced in scientific research in this direction in a style so plain
detail, shown to extend even to minor features of and definite as to be easy reading to all whom it
dogma and belief, and all alike to be outgrowths of may concern—namely, everybody
the old sun-myths of the ancient Aryans. Migrating
from their first home in the high lands of Central IVAN PANIN'S " Lectures on Russian Literature”
Asia, wherever the Aryans went their myths went
(Putnam) deal mainly with the four great writers,
with them, and appeared in the course of time, after Pushkin, Gogol, Tourguenieff, and Tolstoi. Although
their origin was forgotten, as the groundwork of the critic starts out with granting that there is no
religions. Sometimes there was little change, at creative originality in Russian literature — not a
other times the transformation was so great that
single contribution to philosophy, to art, to letters,
the links between old and new are not readily de-
having been born on Russian soil — he finds in this
tected ; but all religions have had their origin in very limitation of the Russian national character
primitive conceptions of the numerous phenomena the source of many virtues of spiritual life, whence
which the Aryan could observe but not explain comes the powerful hold that Russian literature has
such as the relation between the sun and the earth, suddenly gained upon thoughtful hearts, and which,
the succession of day and night, of summer and in his opinion, will cause future writers to look to the
winter, of storm and calm, of cloud and tempest, of Russians for models in their art—to Gogol for pure
golilen sunshine and bright blue sky. Thus in humor, to Tourguenieff for the worship of natural
Hindoo, Persian, Greek, and Christian theologies beauty, to Tolstoi for the worship of moral beauty.
are to be found the traces of the same germ-stories,
It is pleasant to meet a critic so thoroughly in love
known to our ancestors, but taking somewhat differ with his subject as the present writer, but he greatly
ent forms according to the different conditions to impairs his value as a vade mecum by very astonish-
which they were subjected. The writer, whose ! ing judgments of writers with whom he is less in
name appears nowhere in the work, claims no or sympathy-for example, George Eliot, Thackeray,
iginality except in the arrangement of material, and Dickens—as well as by his general pessimistic
and its condensation from numerous sources. Mr. attitude toward the present literary situation nearly
Charles Morris contributes a valuable introduction, everywhere outside of Russia. Surely it is a some-
and there are seventeen pages of reference notes to what extravagant statement that “ letters every-
the sources of authority.
where else seem to run to waste and ruin"; that Tour-
guenieff's “ Virgin Soil” as a work of architecture
DR. PRUDDEN'S “ Story of the Bacteria” (Put • bears the same relation to the · Mill on the Floss'
nam) deals with the lowliest and smallest of all the that the Capitol at Washington bears to the capital
forms of life with which we are acquainted. Quite at Albany: the one is a rounded-out thing of beauty,
invisible to the naked eye, entirely unknown to man the other an angular monstrosity "; and that, as to
until within a few years, so simple in their structure form, - the only English writers of fiction worthy
and activities that only very lately has it been set to be compared with Tourguenieff are, in England,
tled that they belong to the vegetable and not to the Walter Scott, and in this country, Mr. Howells.”
animal world, the role of these humble and silent
creatures proves to be an exceedingly importanti TEACHERS who aim to give their classes a course
one in nature, and to furnish material for very cu- ! in ancient history which shall, through the neces-
rious and interesting study. Although the larger sities of the case, be brief and yet not barren,
number of varieties are found to be very useful, in will be grateful to Mr. Verschoyle for the admir-
deed indispensable to the continuance of the higher able manual, “ The History of Ancient Civiliza-
forms of life upon the earth, there are others of tion” (Appleton), which, while based upon D.l-
poisonous nature which become fruitful sources of coudray's - Histoire Sommaire de la Civilization,”
disease to man and animals. The study of these has incorporated with it the wisdom of Wilkinson,
disease-producing bacteria is one which now engages Oppert, Curtius, Jebb, and Mommsen, and even of
large numbers of scientific workers all over the writers so recent as Perrot and Chipiez. For the
civilized world, and men now cultivate at will in merit of the work is in the fact that it is a history
the laboratory the very living essence and causes of of civilization in its underlying principles, in relig-
such diseases as consumption, typhoid fever, Asiatic ion, institutions, and social conditions, rather than
cholera, and diphtheria. From the knowledge thus merely in the concrete happenings which catch the
gained, new and efficient means are devised for attention of the careless observer. These latter
treating and preventing the bacterial diseases, so have concise notice, but are fully explained by a
that it seems not unlikely that the science of medi- fuller discussion of the social life and modes of
cine has entered upon a new and brilliant epoch in thinking which made them possible. Such a book
its history, and hope is cherished of the widespread as this, if supplemented by a companion volume on
prevention of misery and disease. For the realiza Modern Civilization, would be far more useful with
tion of this hope, so much of coöperation will be college classes than the time-honored “Guizot,"
needed, depending upon the intelligence and faith which simply assumes on the part of students a
fulness of private individuals, that it is well to have knowledge commensurate with that of a distin-
a book like this, presenting the latest results of guished lecturer at the Sorbonne. The chapter on


264
[Jan.,
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“ The Religion and Social State of the Jews" is cern in life or literature in which he did not take a keen
especially valuable, as so few writers on history as | interest. Rarely is such an endowment of warm sym-
drawn from the Bible are to be found between the
pathies, high aims, and thorough scholarship, found in
two extremes of wooden reproduction of sixteenth
an individual. Professor Allen was born in Massachu-
setts in 1830, graduated at Harvard in 1851, and after
century ideas as to Biblical history, and rash Ger-
teaching in various institutions came to the University
man repudiation of the very records themselves.
of Wisconsin in 1867, where he held first the chair
Two books of interest to Nature-lovers are, " The
of Ancient Languages, and latterly that of History.
Among his associates he was regarded as the best equip-
Garden's Story" by George H. Ellwanger, and
ped and most scholarly member of the college faculty,
“ Days Out of Doors” by Charles C. Abbott, both
while his long list of classical text-books made him
published by D. Appleton & Co. The sub-title of
known to teachers and scholars throughout the country.
the first-named book, " Pleasures and Trials of an
His last work, which occupied him almost up to the
Amateur Gardener,” seems not very happily chosen, time of his death, was a History of Rome, which will be
unless it were a part of the author's purpose to published shortly by Messrs. Ginn & Co. of Boston. A
surprise the reader by developing from this com man of singular disinterestedness, and of modest and
monplace title and the somewhat technical-sounding retiring personality, Professor Allen was yet a strong
table of contents, a series of essays of such fine
spiritual power in his calling and his community; and his
literary grace, and so full of apt reference to the
useful life and scholarly achievements have made his
name honored wherever known.
best that has been said or sung about flowers and
fruits and seasons, as to charm any reader, however
indifferent to floriculture. The delightful art of TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
the contents being matched by daintiness of outward
January, 1890.
dress, the book would make a pretty gift to any Air Navigation. R. H. Thurston. Forum.
one not hopelessly unresponsive to inanimate nature.
Bashkirtseff, Marie. Genevieve Grant. Dial.
Blue-beard, The Original. Louis Fréchette. Arena.
Those who are more moved by the voices and the Capital Punishment. H. 0. Pentecost. Arena.
life of the external world will perhaps prefer the
Cave Life, Effect on Animals. A.S. Packard. Pop. Science,
Chaucer, Two Books Concerning. M. B. Anderson. Dial.
“ Days out of Doors ” that begin in January and Chinese, Philosophy of. John Heard, Jr. Harper.
end with December. It has, however, far less Chinese Theory of Evolution. Adele M. Field. Pop. Science.
Cotton Manufacture in the U.S. Edw. Atkinson. Pop. Sci.
charm as literature; though its many bits of interest Date Palm, The. S. S. Boynton. Overland.
ing information concerning the life of bees and birds Democracy in England. Henry Labouchere. Forum.
and beetles and butterflies and other familiar small
Dickinson, John. Frank Gaylord Cook. Atlantic.
Economic Outlook, The. J. W. Jenks. Dial.
folk, conveyed in a style both clear and lively, will Electricity in the Household. A. E. Kennelly. Scribner.
doubtless commend it to youthful readers.
English Love Songs. Agnes Repplier. Atlantic.
Evolution in Popular Ideals. F. A. Doughty Arena.
God in the Constitution. Robert G. Ingersoll. Arena.
The Histoire de France by M. Victor Duruy,
Land Irrigation. H. J. Philpott. Popular Science.
for some time minister of public instruction in Land Question. Herbert Spencer, and Others. Pop. Science,
France, has long been recognized as the best short
Magnetism and Hypnotism. J. M. Charcot. Forum.
Marriage, Ethies of. W.S. Lilly. Forum.
history of that country. Professor J. F. Jameson Massachusetts Reformatory, The. R. A. Woods. Andover.
has therefore done a good service by presenting to
National Militia, Re-establishment of. A.D.Cutler. Overland
Nationalism. Laurence Grönlund. Arena.
the American public an abridged translation of it, Nationalistic Socialism. J. R. Bridge. Arena.
with two additions of his own—a life of the author, Newspaper Fiction. Wm. Westall. Lippincott.
and a “Continuation” down to the present year.
Newspapers, Endowments for. F. H. Page. Andorer.
Orchids. J. Dybowski. Popular Science.
The translation, by Mrs. M. Carey, is in good idio- Over the Teacups. 0. W. Holmes. Atlantic.
matic English, and no doubt accurate. M. Duruy's
Palm Trees. M. J. Poisson. Popular Science.
Paris Exposition, The. W.C. Brownell. Scribner.
sympathies are liberal, and this is the prevailing Pedagogy, Books about. G. T. W. Patrick. Dial.
tone of the book, although with a laudable and suc-
Poverty, Greeley's Cure for. R. Welch. Forum.
Prehistoric Man in America. J. W. Powell. Forum.
cessful effort to preserve impartiality :--sometimes Prophecy, Fulfilment of. Prof. Ryder. Andover.
perhaps too much so, as where the coup d'etat of Public Schools and Crime. Benj. Reece. Popular Science
Rum Power, The. Henry George. Arena.
1851 receives a mere dry mention, with no moral
Russian Army, The. Harper.
judgment. There are a number of excellent maps, Shakespeare. Dion Boucicault. Arena.
in French.
Shakespeare, Theatrical Renaissance of. Lippincott.
Smyrna Fig Harvest. Harper.
Spanish Female Beauty. 11. T. Finck. Scribner.
By the death of Professor W. F. Allen, at Madison,
St. Andrews. Andrew Lang. Harper.
Wisconsin, December 9, The Dial lost one of its most Steele, Sir Richard. C. A. L. Richards. Diai.
constant and efficient contributors, and the West one of
Taouist Religion, The. W. G. Benton. Popular Science.
Tariff and the Farmer.
its foremost scholars, authors, and educators. Profes-
J. G. Carlisle. Forum.
Tripoli of Barbary. A. F. Jacassy. Scribner.
sor Allen began writing for this journal at an early Two and a Half Per Cent. George Iles. Popular Science.
period of its history, and continued up to the time of U.S. Pension Office, The. Gaillard Hunt. Atlantic,
his sudden death, a brief notice by him appearing in
Ute Indians, Wrongs of the. G. T. Kercheval. Forum.
Ventura County, California. Mrs. Eames. Overland.
the present issue. His reviews, both signed and un Veto Power, Abuses of the. F. A. Conkling. Forum.
signed, were chiefly of historical works, but represented Water-Storage in the West. Walter G. Bates. Scribner.
also many departments of literature. Versatility was,
Westminster Confession, Revision of. C.A.Briggs. Andover
Willis, N. P. R. H. Stoddard. Lippincott.
indeed, a marked characteristic of his talents and ac-
Wilson, Alexander Popular Science,
quirements. There were few subjects of serious con Woman and the State. Goldwin Smith. Forum,


1890.)
THE DIAL
265
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FIOTI


266
[Jan.,
THE DIAL
THE BOOK OF THE YEAR.
Hon. W. E. Gladstone says, in - The Nineteenth Century”: “ It may even be pronounced
a book without a parallel.”
MARIE BASHKIRTSEFF.
THE JOURNAL OF A YOUNG ARTIST “ FROM CHILDHOOD TO DEATH.”
Translated by MARY J. SERRANO, with appendix describing a visit to Mlle. Bashkirtseff, by François
Coppée. One octavo volume, with Portrait and Illustrations, new style of binding, gilt top, etc.
Price, $2.00.
In this Journal, Mlle. Bashkirtseff not only writes of herself with perfect frankness, but she is equally frank
in speaking of the artists and men of letters who were her companions in Paris from 1878 to 1884. With such
enthusiastic praise as this book has evoked, it cannot fail to attract the attention of those who read for instruction
and those who read for entertainment only.
HELEN ZIMMERN says, in Blackwood's Magazine: “No one can lay down without emotion the pages of
this diary, in which a human soul has voluntarily laid its very inmost fibres bare before us."
LOUISE CHANDLER MOULTON says, in The Boston Herald : “ For once I do not marvel at Mr. Gladstone's
enthusiasm. Surely this cry out of the grave will make itself heard above most of the other voices of this
century.”
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a monument."
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268
[Jan., 1890.
THE DIAL
ANALOGIES OF ENGLISH ORTHOGRAPHY
As recommended by Bishop Lowth, Walker, Perry, and many other distinguisbed
English Philologists, and carried out in
WEBSTER'S DICTIONARIES
In adding English formatives, as, ing, ed, er, &c., a single consonant at the end of a word is doubled when
the accent falls on the last syllable ; as, begin'ning, refer'red, &c.; but is not doubled when the accent falls on any
preceding syllable ; as, gar' dener, &c. The following words come under the last rule:
Ap-parſeling,-ed,-er Chis'el
Gam'bol
Lev'el
Pis' tol
Shriv'el
Bar'rel-ing-ed-er Coun'sel
Gib'bet
Li'bel
Pom'mel
Sniv'el
Ben'e-fit-ing-ed Cud'gel
Gos'sip
Lim'it
Pos'til
Tas'sel
Bev'el-ing-ed
Dis-hev'el
Grav'el
Mar'shal
Quar'rel
Tram'mel
Bi'as-ing-ed
Driv'el
Grov'el
Mar'vel
Ray'el
Trav'el
Big'ot-ed
Du'el
Hand'sel
Model
Rev'el
Tun'nel
Bow'el
Em-bow'el
Hatch'el
Pan'el
Ri'val
Un-rav'el
Can'cel
En-am'el
Im-per'il
Par'cel
Riv'et
Vict'ual
Car'ol
Em-pan'el
Jew'el
Par’al-lel
Row'el
Wor'ship
Cav'il
E'qual
Ken'nel
Pen'cil
Shov'el
Wool'en
Chan'nel
Gal’lop
La'bel
Per'il
Chancellor, from Chancellarius ; crystalline, crystallize, &c., from the Greek kpioraimoç; metalline, metallurgy,
&c., from metallum ; cancellate, cancellation, &c., from cancello, cancellatio ; lamellar, from lamella ; ercellence,
from excellentia ; tranquillity, from tranquillitas, are a class of words which, for etymological reasons, do not come
under the above rule. The following words should be spelled according to the analogy of the English language,
with the termination er :-
Amber
Fiber
Meager
Peter
Omber
Sepulcher
Chamber
Luster
Meagerly
Saltpeter
Somber
Specter
Center
Muster
Meter
Miter
Saber
Maneuver
Enter
Eager
Diameter
Niter
Scepter
Theater
Cider
Eagerly
Acre, massacre, and lucre are necessary exceptions, to avoid an erroneous pronunciation, as c is soft before e.
Chancre and ogre are seldom used, and are hardly English.
Compounds of words ending in II, as, befall, miscall, install, forestall, inthrall, enroll, retain the double 1, to
prevent the false pronunciation, befāl, enrol, &c. For the same reason, double I should be retained in the nouns,
Installment
Inthrallment
Thralldom
Enrollment
Both etymology and analogy require that defense, offense, and pretense, from the Latin defensus, offensus, pre-
tensus, should be spelled with s instead of c.
Defense
Offense
Pretense
Expense
Defensive
Offensive
Pretension
Recompense
Defensively
Offensively
Suspense, &c.
License, &c.
Derivatives of dull, will, skill, and full retain the ll, as,-
Fullness
Dullness
Skillful
Willful
Like stillness, illness, stiffness, gruffness, crossness, &c., to prevent the inconvenience of exceptions.
High
Cow
Practice, v.
Villain
Captain
Lax
Hight
How
Practice, n.
Villainy like Captaincy
Tax
Highly
Plow
Villainous
Mountain
Wax
Highness
Now
Notice, n.
Mountainous
Mold, molt, like gold, bold, fold, coll, &c., not mould, moult.
Woe should take e, like doe, foe, shoe, toe, and all similar nouns of one syllable. The termination in o belongs
among monosyllables to the other parts of speech, as, go, so, and to nouns of more than one syllable, as, motto,
potato, tomato, &c.
Where current good usage sanctions two different modes of spelling the same word, Webster
now recognizes both, giving the first as his preference, and thus sanctioning either; thus:
DEFENSE DEFENCE METER METRE TRAVELER TRAVELLER HEIGHT Hight Plow Plough
-- - - - - - - - -
Ax
Notice, i'.
PUBLISHED BY G. & C. MERRIAM & CO., SPRINGFIELD, Mass.
THE DIAL PRESS, CHICAGO.


HARVARD
FEB 8 1890
THE DIAL
A Monthly Journal of Current Literature
PUBLISHED BY
A. C. MCCLURG & CO,
113 CHICAGO, FEBRUARY, 1890.
[Vol. X., No. 118.]
TERMS-$1.50 PER YEAR.
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THE TRAVELERS
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Assets, January 1, 1890 - - - - - $11,528,649. 30
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58,185
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STATISTICS FOR THE YEAR 1889.
LIFE DEPARTMENT.
Number of Life Policies written to date -
New Life Insurance written in 1889
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(A Gain over 1888 of more than $1,000,000.00.)
Paid Life Policy-holders to date - - - - -
Paid Life Policy-holders in 1889 - - - -
ACCIDENT DEPARTMENT.
Number of Accident Policies written to date -
Number of Accident Policies written in 1889 . .
Number of Accident Claims paid in 1889
Whole number of Accident Claims paid -
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1,619,588
104,348
14,428
201,591
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JAS. G. BATTERSON, PRESIDENT. , RODNEY DENNIS, SECRETARY.
JOHN E. MORRIS, ASSISTANT SECRETARY.


270
[Feb.,
THE DIAL
DODD, MEAD AND COMPANY
ANNOUNCE FOR PUBLICATION IN FEBRUARY:
A NEW WORK BY PROF. DANA: ! The Stories of the Three Burglars.
Characteristics of Volcanoes. By Frank R. Stockton. 12mo, cloth, $1; paper, 50 ets.
With Contributions of Facts and Principles from the
Hawaiian Islands. By JAMES D. Dana, Professor
The Great War Syndicate.
of Geology in Yale University. With many maps, By FRANK R. STOCKTOX. 12 mo, cloth, $1; paper, 50 cts.
and illustrations. Oetavo, cloth, $3.50.
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A NEW EDITION :
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Corals and Coral Islands.
Miss Mordeck's Father.
By James D. Dana, Professor of Geology in Yale Uni-
je
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1890.]
TIIE DIAL
271
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272
[Feb.,
THE DIAL
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1890.)
273
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274
[Feb., 1890.
THE DIAL
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FEB & 1890
THE DIAL
-
-
Vol. X. FEBRUARY, 1890. No. 118.
The causes of the separation were Garrison's
leadership, which his opponents called his dic-
tatorship; his violence and severity of expres-
CONTENTS.
sion ; his opposition to political action ; his
tendency to his afterward-favorite doctrine of
GARRISON AND THE ANTI-SLAVERY MOVE-
disunion and destruction of the Constitution
MENT. Samuel Willard . ........ 275
of the United States ; his non-resistance; his
RECENT BOOKS OF POETRY. William Morton anti-sabbatarianism ; his woman's-rights doc-
Payne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 trines; and his determination to bring all these
THE NEW BIOLOGICAL METHOD IN TEACH unpopular and thus objectionable views for-
ING PHYSIOLOGY. Henry L. Osborn ... 283
ward in anti-slavery meetings, at all times and
A KNICKERBOCKER DIARIST. Edward Gilpin
places. The American Anti-Slavery Society
was divided. The Garrisonians kept the or-
Johnson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
ganization ; the seceders formed the American
BOSTON TOWN. H. W. Thurston . ...... 288
and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. This in-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. ......... 289 cluded some of the most active and steadfast
Rossetti's Dante Gabriel Rossetti.-Darwin's Struc workers in the cause, -- as Birney, Leavitt,
ture and Distribution of Coral Reefs.-Henderson's Phelps, Torrey, Goodell, the Tappans, Whit-
The Story of Music.- Mrs. Jacobi's Physiological tier, Beriah Green, Elizur Wright, Alvan Stew-
Notes on Primary Education and the Study of Lan-
art, and Gerrit Smith. Each party charged
guage.--Myers's General History.--Madame Carette's the other with trickery and fraud. The exec-
Recollections of the Court of the Tuileries.- Traill's utive committee of the original society, in
Life of Strafford.—Corbett’s Life of Monk.–Rus which the New York party predominated, had
sell's Life of Dampier.
sold its organ, “ The Emancipator,” to Joshua
TOPICS IN FEBRUARY PERIODICALS . . . . 291
Leavitt. This the Boston party called a fraud-
ulent proceeding. Each party accused the
BOOKS OF THE MONTH . ......... 291
other of packing the annual meeting. Garri-
son wrote that the special steamer that carried
his party had 450 on board. - There never
GARRISON AND THE ANTI-SLAVERY MOVE-
has been such a mass of • ultraism' afloat,” he
MENT IN AMERICA.*
says, “ since the first victim was stolen from
In THE DIAL for November, 1885, the first the fire-smitten and blood-red soil of Africa.”
and second volumes of Garrison's life, written So the good men quarrelled, and never shook
by his sons, were reviewed at some length, hands and smiled on each other again until
with remarks upon the anti-slavery conflict in their work had been taken up by the armies
general, and with discussion of Mr. Garrison's of the United States and slavery fell into the
character and influence, and of his career, so bloody chasm.” “If he set out to contend,”
far as set forth in those two volumes. They says Emerson, “ almost St. Paul will lie; al-
carried his life through 1840, and covered the most St. John will hate.”
first eleven years of his work as editor of “ The In the former review we cited that aston-
Liberator”; they told of the beginning and ishing perversion of fact and logic shown in
progress of that portion of the general anti-| Garrison's calling the “ new organization," as
slavery movement which may be called espe it was entitled, “ the worst form of pro-slav-
cially Garrisonian ; they related his trials and ery.” The two volumes before us show much
triumphs ; and closed with an account of the of the same unreasonable attitude of thought
great rupture between the Garrisonian Aboli- | and expression toward opponents. The 6 new
tionists and the others, whom we may call the organization” was pro-slavery because it did not
New York party, as Garrison's was the Boston walk and work with him. Mr. Garrison never
party.
learned to be charitable or fair in his orations
or resolutions, so long as the fight continued
* WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON, 1805-1879. The Story of
his Life Told by his Children. In four volumes. Vols. III.
bitter. He was the Boanerges, always call-
and IV. Illustrated. New York: The Century Co. ing down fire from heaven upon the villages
-
-
-
-


276
[Feb.,
THE DIAL
of those that did not receive his mastering thunderbolt that consumed slavery. The South-
ideas.
erner's fear of insurrection was overbalanced
“Could great men thunder
As Jove himself does, Jove would ne'er be quiet ;
by his love of slavery, and by his doctrine of
For every pelting petty officer
political independence. The negro had been
Would use his heaven for thunder,
so debased by slavery that he lacked both the
Nothing but thunder."
courage and the enterprise to free himself; and
Very soon after this division in the ranks,
it was one of the cursed effects of slavery that
Mr. Garrison developed his doctrine that the
it did so emasculate him.
Constitution of the United States was “a cov-
And, in passing, we may well bear testimony
enant with Death and an agreement with
Hell.” The more he thought of it the more
to the great work done especially by two men
whose memories bear many a stain for their
he became convinced that the way to eman-
shares in the conflict between slavery and lib-
cipation lay through secession and disunion
erty : Clay, the Great Compromiser, and Web-
voluntarily adopted by the North; and, ere
ster, the Great Expounder of the Constitu-
long, he began to call every man “pro-slavery”
tion. In the gigantic struggle, the compro-
who did not agree to this dogma. “No
mises all crumbled to dust: of the expositions,
UNION WITH SLAVE-HOLDERS!” This was his
one proved inexpugnable, the assertion of na-
thunder-cry against State and Church alike.
tionality ; but the real work of these men,
In 1848 he said, “Our Disunion ground is
invulnerable [for his credit as a writer we
which went through the fire, was their creation
of a love for the Union, and of a conviction of
must say he rarely committed such a blunder
its excellence and its absolute necessity. The
as that figure), and to it all parties at the
compromises in the Constitution had been made
North must come ere long.” In 1857 : “ If,
therefore, Disunion be a matter of slow growth
for union : the great compromises on the Mis-
souri question, on the Tariff and Nullification,
-as it is—I am sure that it is a true growth,
even those of 1850, had been made to save the
and that everything is gained thereby. I ex-
Union, which was perpetually exalted and glo-
pect it will go on, slowly gathering to itself
rified, until men of the South yielded it unwill-
friends and advocates, until at last it shall cul-
ingly, and men of the North laid down their
minate in an all-pervading Northern sentiment,
lives by thousands to save it. Garrison regard-
and the great work be easily accomplished”
ed the Union as the sole support of slavery: it
(III., 453). If this speech showed ignorance
of the deep sentiment of the North, another
proved to be exactly the opposite, the mighty
engine of its destruction ; and all the bargain-
part of it showed how completely he misunder-
ing of Clay and the truckling of Webster, in-
stood the South, and the negro as well.
stead of destroying the efficacy of their sub-
“When the North shall withdraw from the Union,
... we shall have the slaveholders at our doors,
stantial work, did but increase it. But it
crying for mercy. Rely upon it, there is not an intel needed the War of the Secession over their
ligent slaveholder at the South who is for a dissolution graves to prove it. If a third name be added
of the Union. I do not care what the folly or insanity
to these two, it must be that of Andrew Jack-
of the Southern nullifiers may be; . . . not one of
son, their great political opponent. His fam-
them is willing to have the cord cut, and the South
permitted to try the experiment. If it be otherwise,
ous sentiment, “The Federal Union—it must
God grant that she may soon take this step, and see and shall be preserved !” was a true battle-
whether she will be able to hold a single slave one hour cry. The present writer has never liked either
after the deed is done ” (III., 456-7).
of these men ; but the logic of history wrings
Great mistakes were made on both sides : but
from him this recognition of their lasting work.
when Garrison was saying this, Southern Un-
Is it not strange that the authors of these
ionists were making a desperate fight in all the
volumes give several pages to the defense of
Gulf States against Secessionists; and they the Garrisonian disunionism, and try to prove
knew that Toombs and Yancey were in ear-
it the only orthodoxy, the very ark of salva-
nest. Within four years after this, the cords
tion?
were cut by six states, and soon five more fol “A new revolution was called for; and the only won-
lowed. And then what did the negro do? He | der is, not that Mr. Garrison was the first to proclaim
neither rose against his master nor ran away it, but that he should have waited so long to perfect
from him, until the Union army became an
his doctrine of immediate emancipation by coupling it
with an equally immediate policy of withdrawal from
army of liberation. Garrison's judgment was
all part and parcel in the support of a blood-stained
at fault in every respect. The Northerner's
Government. In the domain of individual conscience,
love for the Union was the conductor of the the success of both the doctrine and the policy was in-


1890.)
277
THE DIAL
stantaneous. Nothing more remained to extinguish ab-
solutely the responsibility of the Garrisonian Abolition-
ists for the enslavement of their countrymen. They
alone of the entire population of the United States had
washed their hands of slavery, historically and in time
present. . . . All other considerations yielded to
this religious purification of themselves before their
Creator" (III., 117).
And so, forsooth, while these men held up
to God their clean hands, helpless for any prac-
tical work except to aid fugitives, and are glo-
rified therefor, we must turn round to see the
brave Lovejoy (who] gave his breast to the
bullets of a mob”;* Birney and Allan, who
fled from Alabama to save their lives; the
dauntless Giddings, who went to Congress in
risk of his life; Sumner, on whose devoted
head were poured out murderously-ruffian
blows; Whittier and Lowell, whose inspired
pens moved thousands of hearts with sympa-
thy and love of liberty ; and Chase, and Lea-
vitt, and the other Lovejoy, and Goodell, and
Smith, and thousands more, who spent and
were spent in the noble cause,—these we are
to see with hands foul with the blood of the
slave, while really rending chains and batter-
ing down the doors of the prison-house! Clean
hands for disunionists only!
The authors add, “ But anti-slavery disunion
is seldom weighed in its own scales." No won-
der: the beam is ill-balanced, and the weights
m is ill-balanced, and the weights
are false. It must be weighed in the scales of
the general reason of mankind. It is vain in
this day to talk of “the unassailable logic of
the Abolition position ”; to claim that in some
respects - its value cannot be overestimated,”
and to boast that " in the desperate councils of
the Slave Power, the hopes of peace through
fresh compromises ..were dampened
by the spectacle of this “saving remnant of
irreconcilables whose leader was Garrison".
(III., 119).
The plain fact is that this Disunionism broke
down Garrison's influence and immensely dam-
aged his work. His sincerity, his zeal, his
self-sacrifice, his courage, his power as an ora-
tor and a writer, his many lovable personal
qualities, all these could not save his ship from
foundering upon the steadfast rock of Northern
faith in the Union of States and in the polit-
ical methods of a free people, who are never
exactly right, indeed, and can never hold up
those boasted clean hands, but who have the
virtue of forever becoming right.
That the sons of Garrison, in writing their
father's life, should defend him as far as pos-
sible, is natural ; that they should so pervert
history as to exaggerate his importance in the
great struggle, was to be expected ; but that
they should deform the whole third volume
with glorification of his greatest mistake, is
more than strange. After citing certain con-
temptuous articles from Southern newspapers,
of which Senator Hammond's famous “ mud-
sill” phrase was typical, they say: “ How the
love of Union on the part of the North ever
survived such representative expressions of
contempt and contumely as these must always
remain a mystery" (III., 435). To those who
grew up like most Americans, and like the
old Abolitionists (non-Garrisonian, we mean),
whose heads are gray with years, a fast-dimin-
ishing band, there is no mystery at all. We
used to answer such stuff by saying, “Gentle-
men of the South, this Union belongs to us,
and to Liberty: if you don't like our com-
pany, you may go out of the house; we stay."
While we were doing this, these younger men,
one born in 1840 and the other in 1848, were
growing up in an atmosphere of disunion, look-
ing at the Constitution and the Union always
through the belittling end of the spy-glass. In
result, they appear as ill-qualified to judge of
the sentiments of the American people and of
the history of that time as is a Moslem Mool-
lah to interpret the Epistle to the Galatians.
There is a constant claim that great things
were accomplished by the Garrisonian Aboli-
tionists, so that the South was especially afraid
of them, as hinted in the passage quoted above,
“ the spectacle of this ósaving remnant' of
irreconcilables whose leader was Garrison."
The very last paragraphs of Vol. III. repeat
this extraordinary assumption. Who broke
the “ covenant with Death and the agreement
with Hell ” ? The writer says it was not done
“ by Northern manhood, conscience, church,
and clergy," " but on the one hand by the sim-
ple fidelity of a remnant pledged to eternal
hostility to slavery wherever found and legal-
ized, and to incessant agitation—on the other,
by the sheer wickedness and dementia of the
short-sighted Slave Power.” Every body but
these biographers sees that Northern manhood
and conscience, long-suffering indeed, and slow
to be stirred to violence, hoping and believing
that discussion and truth would conquer all
political evils, were the real power which the
South found arrayed against it, and against
which it revolted ; and church and clergy cer-
tainly had an honorable part in the uprising.
And it may be seen by reading the periodicals
* Emerson, Essay on Heroism.


278
[Feb.,
THE DIAL
of the time that nobody was caring for the
s“ remnant,” or for what it was about. After
having abused anti-slavery in politics and the
Republican party to the utmost of his vast
power of vituperation, and after having called
Mr. Lincoln “ this huckster in politics,” “ this
county-court advocate," “ the slave-hound of
Illinois ” (III., 503), Wendell Phillips had
the impudence to turn round when Lincoln
was elected, saying, “ For the first time in our
history, the slave has chosen a President of
the United States. ... Lincoln is in place,
Garrison in power” (III., 505). How does
the world see it by this time?
It is pleasant to turn from this third volume,
with its frequent lines of abuse (such as S. S.
Foster's declaration that “ the Methodist Epis-
copal Church is worse than any brothel in the
city of New York,” a favorite assertion of his ),
and with its faults in matters of fact and of
reasoning, to the fourth volume. As soon as
the Secession was assured and completed, Gar-
rison found himself in harmony and commun-
ion with most people about him. While they
were getting hotter and angrier, he was grow-
ing cooler. We heard a clergyman say that
he shrank from the imprecatory psalms (the
109th, for instance), until secession occurred,
and then he found use for them. Most people
then wanted Garrison to go on cursing the
South. But Mr. Garrison, as a non-resistant
and as a lover of peace, could no longer curse
the slave-holders in the name of God, now that
he saw " the glory of the coming of the Lord”
and “the fateful lightning of his terrible swift
sword.” How different in tone is this :
“ Yet I pray you to remember that the slave-holders
are just as merciful and forbearing as they can be in
their situation—not a whit more brutal, bloody, satanic
than they are obliged to be in the terrible exigencies in
which, as slave-holders, they are placed. They are men
of like passions with ourselves; they are of our common
country; and if we had been brought up in the midst of
slavery, as they have been,-if we had our property in
slaves, as they have,-if we had had the same training
and education that they have received,-of course we
should have been just as much disposed to do all in our
power to support slavery, and to put down freedom, by
the same atrocious acts, as themselves. . . . But
let us return them good for evil by seizing this oppor-
tunity to deliver them from their deadliest curse; that
is Christian” (IV., 32).
While often finding fault with things done
by Mr. Lincoln,—even to printing one of his
orders between heavy black lines, —he opposed
to one of Phillips's fulminations sentences like
this, all of them full of kind appreciation of
the President's difficulties :
“I hold that it is not wise for us to be too microscopic
in endeavoring to find disagreeable and annoying things,
still less to assume that everything is waxing worse and
worse, and that there is little or no hope. No! broaden
your views; take a more philosophical grasp of the great
question. ... I do not know that some margin of
allowance may not be made even for the Administra-
tion. I would rather be over-magnanimous than want-
ing in justice” (IV., 44).
Then he imagines a conference with Lincoln,
and puts in his mouth a shrewd defense of his
course. Ah! if he had always shown such a
generous appreciation of the motives and acts
of others, how strongly and gladly should we
praise him! But perhaps it was needful that
he should be fierce and uncompromising, to do
his work.
This last volume shows Garrison at his
best, with the great object of his life accom-
plished, with respect and honor yielded him,
and with full and sympathetic recognition of
his sacrifices and labors. His journey to
Charleston to be present at the raising of the
flag anew over the ruins of Sumter, his with-
drawing from the Anti-Slavery Society, his
closing the publication of - The Liberator,"
and the making up of the national testimonial
to support his declining years,—all these make
very interesting chapters. We find the chap-
ter on “ Inner Traits " well told and delight-
ful; it is written with the affection of sons, but
with perfect good taste.
With respect to the value of the book as a
contribution to the history of our country in
the period of about fifty-five years which Gar-
rison's active life covers, we must give it high
rank. However sharply we may have spoken
of some opinions and views, it is all written
with a charming frankness and honesty, and
with a wonderful skill in making it useful to
the student. Its index of seventy-seven pages,
in fine type, shows the drudgery of indexing
raised to an art. One notable feature of it is,
that with every personal name there is given,
if possible, the date of the person's birth and
death, and sometimes other data of interest;
we counted about 170 names so treated in A
and B alone.
Nor should we forget to renew our praise of
the printers for the beauty and accuracy of
their work, and of the publishers for the dress
they have given these beautiful volumes. We
turn to take one look more at the portrait that
faces the title-page of the last volume, and
gives us the impression of a lovely and loving
old age, worthy of honor and full of peace.
SAMUEL WILLARD.


1890.]
279
THE DIAL
RECENT BOOKS OF POETRY.*
“Speak good words! much misgiving faltered I.
“Good words, the best, Balaustion ! He is crowned,
Gone with his Attic ivy home to feast,
Since Aischulos required companionship."
The death of Robert Browning will recall
to many the noble scene in “ Aristophanes'
Apology” which describes the death of Eurip-
ides, and which, mutatis mutandis, echoes so
much of our own feeling in the present bereave-
ment. On the one hand, there is the inevitable
sorrow that a great spirit has departed this
life, intensified, in the case of Mr. Browning,
by the thought that not only is an individual
· account closed by his death, but that we are
brought by it a long step nearer to the close
of an epoch in English poetry—and that epoch
second only to the great Elizabethan one. On
the other hand, there is a deep sense of satis-
faction that his death has left no promise unful-
filled, that life has granted him an achievement
adequate to his aim, and that, to recur to the
scene already mentioned, -
“As he willed, he worked :
And, as he worked, he wanted not, be sure,
Triumph his whole life through, submitting work
To work's right judges, never to the wrong,
To competency, not ineptitude.”
There are many who, in their adaptation to
present circumstances of the lines which we
have placed at the head of this article, would
substitute for the name of Æschylus that of
Shakespeare. To associate the name of Mr.
Browning with that of Shakespeare does not
seem to us warranted by the genius of the
former poet. He is akin to Shakespeare in
the possession of the dramatic instinct, but
wholly unlike him in his mode of expression
and in his envisagement of life and its perplex-
ities. In the matter of expression, Lord Tenny-
son is far more truly Shakespearean than Mr.
Browning can be said ever to have been ; in fact,
few stronger contrasts are offered by poetry
than that between Shakespeare's divinely har-
monious speech and Mr. Browning's always
rugged and generally uncouth discourse. As
for the philosophical substance of Mr. Brown-
ing's poetry, an invincible optimism ever pro-
tected from his siege the most secret recesses
of the soul. The spirit in which the closing
scene of “Lear” was conceived could not be
his, nor his the prophetic vision of the essential
unreality of things granted to Prospero in
• The Tempest.” To Mr. Browning the world
was very real indeed ; very much a matter of
sense and perception. It was, to our mind, a
truer discernment that impelled Landor to ad-
dress his friend in these terms :
* Shakespeare is not our poet, but the world's,
Therefore on him no speech! and brief for thee,
Browning! Since Chaucer was alive and hale,
No man hath walked along our roads with step
So active, so inquiring eye, or tongue
So varied in discourse.
Mr. Browning's attitude towards men and
things has always seemed to us much like that
of the father of English poetry. The vast dif-
ference between what the two men have to say
is, after all, accounted for by the difference
between the ages which they looked upon.
Time is not likely to deal gently with Mr.
Browning's work. As long as the Browning
societies continue to exist, complete editions
will doubtless be in a certain demand, and his
most shapeless and enigmatical work will not
be without readers. Then, a great deal of
this work, which must be “ caviare to the gen-
eral," will live in the estimation of the spec-
ialist--the classical student, the historian, and
the artist to whom it is really addressed, and
who finds it intelligible enough. But the stu-
dent of literature for its own sake, the lover
of poetry pure and simple, will be content to
leave most of the volumes unread, still holding
Browning to be a great poet by virtue of the
“ Men and Women,” and the dramatic scenes,
lyrics, and idyls. The recently published vol-
ume, “ Asolando, Fancies and Facts,” will not
be counted by such a reader among his treas-
ures. Like nearly all that Mr. Browning has
published during the past fifteen years, it ex-
hibits the objectionable features of his work,
--
-
-
-
* ASOLANDO : FANCIES AND Facts. By Robert Browning.
Boston: Houghton, MifMin & Co.
DEMETER AND OTHER POEMs. By Alfred, Lord Tenny-
son, D.C.L., P.L. New York: Macmillan & Co.
WYNDHAM TOWERS. By Thomas Bailey Aldrich. Bos-
ton: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
IN THE GARDEN OF DREAMS. Lyrics and Sonnets. By
Louise Chandler Moulton. Boston: Roberts Brothers.
The HERMITAGE AND LATER POEMs. By Edward Row-
land Sill. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
LAKE LYRICS AND OTHER POEMs. By William Wilfred
Campbell. St. John, N. B.: J. & A. McMillan.
THE TREASURY OF SACRED Song. Selected from the
English Lyrical Poetry of Four Centuries. By Francis T.
Palgrave. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. New York: Mac-
millan & Co.
INTERLUDES, LYRICS, AND Idyls, from the Poetic and
Dramatic Works of Alfred, Lord Tennyson. Boston: Hough-
ton, Mifflin & Co.
BALLADS, LYRICS, AND SONNETS, from the Poetic Works
of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Boston: Houghton,
Mifflin & Co.
GUDRUN: A MEDIEVAL EPIC. Translated from the Mid-
dle High German by Mary Pickering Nichols. Boston:
Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
THREE DRAMAS OF EURIPIDES. By William Cranston
Lawton. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.


280
[Feb.,
THE DIAL
with but little of its meridian power and beauty. memorative verse. “Owd Roä” is a story in
There are some thirty short pieces, altogether, Lincolnshire dialect, certainly the equal of any
and no one of them fastens upon the memory. of the poet's previous experiments in this man-
They reveal the kindly sagacious old man, of ner. “The Ring” and “ Romney's Remorse"
wide knowledge and healthy interest in life, are two rather long poems with stories to tell,
but only here and there the poet. It would the latter of the two having the dramatic force
be a pity, upon this occasion, to associate any of Browning, with the grace of form to which
of these poems with the noble memory of the Browning rarely attained. Such beautiful
dead master, when so many examples of his poems as “ The Progress of Spring," " Merlin
really great work throng unbidden upon the and the Gleam,” and “ Far--Far-Away” may
mind at the thought of his death.
but be mentioned here, although each is a lyric
With Lord Tennyson's new volume the case marvel. “Vastness” has been published before,
is different. Here we have work in all the great and now deepens the impression it first made.
poet's different manners, and, with hardly an The same thing may be said of The Thros-
exception, the work deserves to rank with the tle,” whose melody is simply bewitching.
best. The production of such work as this | To three of the poems we must give more
volume contains, at so advanced an age, is, we than a passing reference. The one entitled
believe, unparalleled in English literature. We “ By an Evolutionist " shows us that the poet
must look to Goethe and Hugo for its like.
has made his own the aim of his Ulysses-
The idyl of - Demeter and Persephone” at
" To follow knowledge like a sinking star
Beyond the utmost bound of human thought."
once takes its place, not only with the “ Tire-
sias” of a few years ago, but with the “ Titho-
An English writer in “ The Athenæum” (pre-
nus” and the “ Ulysses" of the poet's golden
sumably Mr. Theodore Watts) has furnished
prime, if any period may be so designated in
so apt a commentary on this remarkable poem
the case of a poet who has been uninterrupt-
that we must make use of it here. He says :
edly writing masterpieces for over half a cen-
“In a certain sense, the most important poem in the
volume is the one called • By an Evolutionist,' where
tury. How Tennysonian, in the noblest sense,
the only famous poet who has given attention to the
is this vision of a new order of things, which
movements of modern science confronts boldly at last
brings the poem to a close :
what they will all have to confront by and by, the new
“Yet I, Earth-Goddess, am but ill-content
cosmogony of growth. Many of the readers of this
With them, who still are highest. Those gray heads,
poem will recall the terrible shock the doctrine that
What meant they by their · Fate beyond the Fates
man was descended from the brutes gave to all of us.
But younger kindlier Gods to bear us down,
It had the fascination of a horrible repulsion. It seemed
As we bore down the Gods before us? Gods,
to mock at poetry, mock at art, mock at the charm of
To quench, not hurl, the thunderbolt; to stay,
womanhood, mock at religion, mock at everything that
Not spread, the plague, the famine ; Gods indeed,
the idealist's soul had previously cherished. There
To send the noon into the night, and break
The sunless halls of Hades into Heaven?
seemed to be no possibility of reconciling idealism with
Till thy dark lord accept and love the Sun,
such a hideous reality as this. Thousands of thinkers
And all the Shadow die into the Light,
passed through this ordeal. The refusal to accept the
When thou shalt dwell the whole bright year with me,
inevitable destroyed Carlyle as a thinker, and destroyed
And souls of men, who grew beyond their race,
Browning, and many another. And yet it has to be
And made themselves as Gods against the fear
accepted, and idealism has to be reconciled to it. How
Of Death and Hell; and thou that hast from men,
Lord Tennyson strove with it is seen in many a poem,
As Queen of Death, that worship which is Fear,
from · In Memoriam' down to the poem called · Par-
Henceforth, as having risen from out the Dead,
nassus' in this volume, where the Muses are depicted
Shalt ever send thy life along with mine
From buried grain thro' springing blade, and bless
as overshadowed by Astronomy and Geology.”
Their garner'd Autumn also, reap with me,
And now for the first and last quatrains of
Earth-inother, in the harvest hymns of Earth
The worship which is Love, and see no more
the poem in question, which are all that we
The Stone, the Wheel, the dimly-glimmering lawns have space for :
Of that Elysium, all the hateful tires
“ The Lord let the house of a brute to the soul of a man,
Of torment, and the shadowy warrior glide
And the man said, · Am I your debtor?!
Along the silent field of Asphodel."
And the Lord-Not yet, but make it as clean as you can,
Over most of these new poems we must has-
And then I will let you a better.'
tily pass. The Jubilee Ode is the only piece “I have climbed to the snows of Age, and I gaze at a field in
in which the poet writes as the Laureate. The
the Past,
Where I sank with the body at times in the sloughs of a
personal poems addressed to Professor Jebb,
low desire;
to Ward, to Mary Boyle, the early, and W. But I hear no yelp of the beast, and the Man is quiet at
last
G. Palgrave, the later friend of the writer, are
As he stands on the heights of his life with a glimpse of
exquisite examples of congratulatory or com-
a height that is higher."


1890.]
281
THE DIAL
The two other poems to which special refer- mained for his later years to attempt the larger
ence must be made are those that open and art of the epic,—for an epic, or something like
close the volume. The former, dedicated to one, his poem of “ Wyndham Towers” must
Lord Dufferin, is a tribute of thanks to the be called. It tells a grim Elizabethan legend
Indian Viceroy for his kindness to Lionel Ten- of two brothers, at feud with one another for
nyson, the son of the poet, who died on his the love of a girl, who both met their death on
way home from India. The verses are in the the same night—the one at his brother's mur-
measure of “In Memoriam," and open with derous hands, the slayer at the hands of a fate
this stately stanza:
which imprisoned him, living, in the tomb of
“At times our Britain cannot rest,
his victim. The story is told in blank verse
At times her steps are swift and rash;
which bears the marks of careful elaboration
She moving, at her girdle clash
The golden keys of East and West."
and of a conscientious study of the great Eliza-
bethan models of that form of composition.
The following verses, as beautiful as any of
An occasional verse, such as this,-
“ In Memoriam," tell of the lost son and of his
“Poet, soldier, courtier, 'twas the mode,"
debt to the Dufferins:
or this, –
"A soul that, watch'd from earliest youth,
“ 'Tis said the Malays have an arrow steeped,"
And on thro' many a brightening year,
Had never swerved for craft or fear,
must be pronounced faulty; but the poem, as
By one side-path, from simple truth;
a whole, is remarkably correct as to form, as
* Who might have chased and claspt Renown
well as endowed with picturesque and imagin-
And caught her chaplet here--and there
ative qualities of a high order. Then, there
In haunts of jungle-poisoned air
The flame of life went wavering down ;
are occasionally lines that dimly recall familiar
“But ere he left your fatal shore,
passages of English poetry. There is at least
And lay on that funereal boat,
a suggestion of Keats in
Dying, ‘Unspeakable,' he wrote,
“O for a cavern in deep-bowelled earth,”
Their kindness,' and he wrote no more."
and of Tennyson in the couplet,
It would seem that the utmost possibilities of "Made Shakespeare, Rawleigh, Grenvile, Oxenham,
the English tongue for pathetic expression were And set them stars in the fore-front of Time.
reached in these lines, but the closing poem of There is a suggestion, too, in this,
the volume shows that the poet can surpass "Quick, ere the dusky petals of the night,
even himself. It is hardly rash to say that our
Unclosing, bare the fiery heart of dawn.”
whole literature contains nothing more beauti But such suggestions are perhaps inevitable in
ful in its pathos than the verses entitled - Cross-
any poem written by a modern, with all the past
ing the Bar.”
tradition of English poetry lying, more or less
“Sunset and evening star,
unconsciously, in his memory. We quote the
And one clear call for me!
following as an illustration of Mr. Aldrich's
And may there be no moaning of the bar,
When I put out to sea,
verse at its best:
“Her gray scarred sire
" But such a tide as moving seems asleep,
Had for cloth-doublet changed the steel cuirass,
Too full for sound and foam,
The sword for gardener's fork, and so henceforth
When that which drew from out the boundless deep
In the mild autumn and sundown of life,
Turns again home.
Moving erect among his curves and squares
“Twilight and evening bell,
Of lily, rose, and purple flower-de-luce,
And after that the dark !
Set none but harmless squadrons in the field-
And may there be no sadness of farewell,
Save now and then at tavem, where he posed,
When I embark ;
Tankard in hand and prattling of old days,
A white-mustached epitome of wars."
“For tho’ from out our bourne of Time and Place
The flood may bear me far,
“ Wyndham Towers” is a poem that appeals
I hope to see my Pilot face to face
very strongly to the cultured taste and the po-
When I have crost the bar.”
etical sensibilities, and shows us, among other
In the presence of such poetry, criticism must
things, that the great art of blank verse is not
give place to reverence. What poet ever | yet a lost one. It is a work distinctly credit-
crowned his work with such a swan-song as able, not only to Mr. Aldrich himself, but to
this? It comes to us with the impressiveness American literature.
and sanctity of a benediction, flooding all the A far-off echo of Rossetti, a somewhat closer
soul with peace.
reflection of the mood and manner of the blind
In the poetic art of the cameo or the intag- younger poet, Rossetti's disciple, to whose mem-
lio, Mr. Aldrich is a past master; it has re- | ory these verses are dedicated, appeals to us in


282
[Feb.,
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Mrs. Moulton's new volume. We quote the poetical speech, and the lack of that concen-
octave of a sonnet entitled “ An Open Door": tration of thought of which Mr. Sill afterward
“That longed-for door stood open, and he passed
became a master, show how much the writer
On through the star-sown fields of light, and stayed had yet to learn of his art. The miscellaneous
Before its threshold, glad and unafraid.
Since all that Life or Death could do at last
poems of a later date are better, but in read-
Was over, and the hour so long forecast
ing them one realizes that Mr. Sill's best work
Had brought his footsteps thither. Undismayed
was all picked out for the earlier volume.
He entered. Were his lips on her lips laid?
God knows. They met, and their new day was vast."
Mr. William Wilfred Campbell is a new-
This is the peculiar note of pathos to which
comer in the group of young Canadian poets
to which we have formerly called attention in
Marston has accustomed us, with at least a
connection with the work of Professor C. G.
suggestion of the ampler passion of his master.
The weakness of the last line, which allows the
D. Roberts and Mr. Archibald Lampmann.
exigencies of rhyme to appear a little too prom-
Mr. Campbell sings fluently, and with feeling,
of the lake region and of the aspects of nature
inently, is characteristic of many of Mrs. Moul-
in the northern wilds. His verse is somewhat
ton's lyrics and sonnets, which are, on the
whole, admirable in their conception and ex-
lacking in finish, but evinces a deep and true
pression. Here is a fragment of a lyric that
poetical sympathy with nature, and occasion-
ally produces a pure and sustained lyric note.
recalls Marston even more forcibly:
“ To offer poetry for poetry's sake”--this
“Pale in the pallid moonlight,
is the avowed object of Mr. Palgrave in his
White as the rose on her breast,
She stood in the fair Rose-garden
“ Treasury of Sacred Song.” That the editor
With her shy young love confessed.
of “ The Golden Treasury” may be trusted to
" The roses climbed to kiss her,
successfully carry out such an object is a fore-
The violets, purple and sweet,
Breathed their despair in the fragrance
gone conclusion. This little volume, with its
That bathed her beautiful feet.
423 examples of the poetry of devotion, is a
"She stood there, stately and slender,
worthy representative of that portion of our
Gold hair on her shoulders shed,
literature with which it deals. Extending from
Clothed all in white, like the visions
Dunbar's '“ Christ's Nativity” to the selection
When the living behold the dead.
of lyrics by Lord Tennyson, its range is the
“There, with her lover beside her,
With life and with love she thrilled-
range of the whole of English poetry, and the
What mattered the world's wide sorrow
exquisite taste of the editor has excluded from
To her with her joy fulfilled ? "
his selection everything that is meretricious or
The verse of this volume is tender and grace vulgar. Everything about the book is admir-
ful from first to last. The sonnet form is that able: its beautiful typography and its half-
most frequently made use of, and so skilfully vellum binding, its characteristic preface and
as to attract attention even in these days of its critical and biographical notes, its choice of
good sonnet-workmanship. The volume closes material and its chronological arrangement.
with a cluster of rondels, rondeaux, and trio- | All of the old favorites are here, and many
lets, which are as pretty as those forms of comparatively unknown pieces of great beauty.
verse ought to be. There is possibly a little We note with particular pleasure the ample
incongruity in addressing a rondel to our sim- representation given to Henry Vaughan and to
ple Quaker poet, but the compliment paid is John Henry Newman. If we could have wished
one that Mr. Whittier will know how to appre for anything more than is given, it would have
ciate, and then Mr. Swinburne has shown us been for a larger selection from Miss Christina
that the rondel may be used for almost any Rossetti, the devotional poet par excellence of
purpose.
our time. Herbert, of course, and Kerr and
“ The Hermitage, and Later Poems," by Mr. Keble and Heber and Bonar and Faber are
Edward Rowland Sill, is a companion volume all well represented, and a hundred or more
to that published just after Mr. Sill's death. of other writers.
More than one-half of the volume is taken up The pretty volumes of selections from the
by the titular poem, which was originally pub- poetry of Mr. and Mrs. Browning, published
lished in 1867, and which shows the poetic a year or more ago, seem to have been success-
instinct but the inexperienced hand. There is ful, for we now have similar volumes from
in this poem much of the felicity of expression Tennyson and Longfellow added to the series,
and all of the serious purpose of the writer's to which has been given the name of “ The
later work; but the occasional lapses into un- | Dollar Classics.” The white and olive-green


1890.]
283
THE DIAL
cloth in which these books are bound is very whole of Euripides in the masterly French ver-
neat, and their typography is in the very best sion of M. Leconte de Lisle ; but no adequate
of taste. The Tennyson volume gives us " in- | English version of any of the plays has been
terludes, lyrics, and idyls,” including the songs placed at his disposal until the present time,
from “ The Princess” and “ Idyls of the King,” | with the exception of Mr. Browning's marvel-
such favorite poems as “ Godiva,” - Sir Gala lous transcriptions from the “ Alkestis” and
had,” and - The Beggar Maid,” and such mas the “ Herakles.” But even Mr. Browning's
terpieces as “Ulysses," " Tithonus," and the magnificent performance is, in the case of the
“ Morte d'Arthur.” We also note the inclu- “ Alkestis,” incomplete, and so Mr. Lawton's
sion of both “ Locksley Halls.” Of course, we translation of this play is not wholly a work
would like to have more than is provided, but of supererogation, while the two other plays in-
the volumes contain all that the limits of the cluded in the present volume are properly pre-
series will allow. The Longfellow volume is sented to English readers for the first time.
made up of ballads, lyrics, and sonnets," Mr. Lawton proposes to issue further volumes
and includes nearly all the old familiar pieces. of this character, if the reception of this one
But it is like turning from wine to water to shall encourage him so to do, which it certainly
take up the best that Longfellow has to offer, will if it is in any way proportional to the mer-
after reading from the divine pages of the its of the volume now published.
Laureate.
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
The Middle High German epic of “Gudrun,"
which dates from about 1210, and which is only
second in importance, in mediaval German lit- THE NEW BIOLOGICAL METHOD IN TEACH-
erature, to the “ Nibelungenlied,” whose com-
ING PHYSIOLOGY.*
position but just preceded it, has been trans Though the evidence from physiology in
lated into metrical English by Miss Mary Pick- favor of the doctrine of organic evolution is
ering Nichols; and the translation is beauti- by no means a small contribution to the bulk
fully printed in a volume adorned with head of evidence in the case, physiologists in gen-
and tail pieces from early German books, and eral seem to have given but slight attention to
a fac-simile of a page of the Ambrasian manu the bearing of physiological data upon the evo-
script of the poem, the only original manuscript lution doctrine, and to have derived but slight
known to exist. The translation has been made assistance from its application in their teach-
from Bartsch's Leipzig edition of 1874, and ings. The science of morphology has been
gives the entire thirty-two songs into which the immensely benefited by the use of the hypoth-
poem is divided. We select a stanza of the esis, both because it has led research into many
translation at random :
new and hitherto unsuspected avenues, and
** Now in the land of Normandy the tale was widely told
because these have led to many new discov-
That never fairer maidendid any man behold
eries. If the evolution hypothesis be correct,
Than was King Hettel's daughter, Gu-drun, the high-
and the multicellular higher organisms are the
born lady.
A king, whose name was Hartmut, to her then turned descendants of unicellular lower ones, whose
his love,
primitive functions have been specialized in
to woo her ready!”
various directions with heightened precision of
The translator has certainly made a notable performance and more perfect adaptation of
addition to the library of English versions of form, then we must regard the cells as the
the monuments of other literatures.
units of physiological action and trace all ac-
Mr. William Cranston Lawton has done a tivities back to them. Physiological differen-
real service to literature in his translation, with tiation always precedes morphological, as is
its suggestive commentary, of the “ Alkestis," abundantly shown in the muscular and nervous
• Medea,” and “ Hippolytos” of Euripides. functions of coelenterates, in which distinct
The number of the extant dramas of this poet, tissues, muscular and nervous, are not to be
so much greater than that in the case of either | found. And yet, morphologists have pushed
Æschylus or Sophocles, and the tendency of crit- | the studies of the cell much harder than the
icism, from Aristophanes downward, to speak physiologists, and have now a distinct company
slightingly of Euripides as the poet of the de -the cytologists—interested in cell morphol-
cadence, has caused him to be unduly neglected ogy ; so that students from the start are forced
by the translator. The modern reader who |
*A TEXT-BOOK OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY. By Wesley
does not know Greek can, it is true, read the | Mills. New York: D. Appleton & Co.


284
[Feb.,
THE DIAL
=
=
to regard the cell as the unit of structure, while | A third qualification entitles Prof. Mills's
the physiologist is much less forced to realize book to the very thoughtful attention of read-
that the cell is also the unit of physiological ers and teachers. The conclusions throughout
activity.
are based on data which are brought before
The science of biology to-day accepts the the reader, the evidence and inferences from
Darwinian hypothesis in some form, and it is it are thus considered, and the experimental
reasonable to suppose that physiology can be method thoroughly illustrated. This we re-
guided, in research and to results, much as gard as of the greatest importance in general,
morphology has been, if this doctrine is relied and in physiology for the medical student in
upon as a working hypothesis. Hence, when particular. We go so far as to deny that any
ever a new contribution in the ranks of text | positive value attaches to any barren verbal
books in this department appears, which em- information in any department; but however
phasizes the cell doctrine and keeps the facts that may be, we contend that in all practice in
of cell-life constantly before the reader, we feel the class-room the student shall base his asser-
that the book is timely. Professor Mills, in tions upon experimental data. These data
his “ Animal Physiology,” declares his guid- should, so far as possible, be the results of ac-
ing purpose in the words :
tual experiment; and our author is very ingen-
“ The student of physiology who proceeds scientifically ious and suggestive in his directions for self-
must endeavor, in investigating the functions 'of each
experimentation. When the experiments can-
organ, to learn the exact behavior of each cell as deter-
not be performed, they can be described, and
mined by its own inherent tendencies and modified by
the action of neighboring cells.”
the results studied and inductions formed from
Our present conception of an organ likens
them. To the medical student, as remarked
it to a colony of individuals of various occupa-
above, this method is of very great import-
ance; for he will have very many opportuni-
tions, who react upon each other; and of its
work as the product of joint activities, both
ties as a practitioner of observing facts, and
principal and subordinate. And we further
will be guided to safe inductive conclusions.
conceive of the various organs as in mutual
This does not mean that the medical practi-
tioner should venture into unknown grounds,
relations in all parts of the body, so that an
operation of any organ at any moment is re-
inspired by his love of discovery, or “try ex-
garded as being the algebraic sum of innumer-
periments" upon his patients ; and yet in truth
able reactions both within and without the or-
every new case is a possible revelation to the
gan in question. Professor Mills's work has
careful student. When the practice of medi-
the further merit of keeping this view of the
cine becomes a careful and intelligent diagno-
mode of physiological action constantly before
sis of the conditions and the application of the
the student. Thus, on page 517, referring to
specific remedy needed to bring about the cor-
cerebral function, we read :
rect healthy balance, we poor suffering patients
“The functional capacity of the individual elements,
will be delivered from the hands of guessers
especially of the cortical cells, both as the result of in-
and come under the care of those who under-
nate inherited powers and as altered by education, is of stand our case. There is vast ground for hope
course of great importance. By education we mean from the medical education of to-day, both for
all those influences that have been brought to bear upon
improved treatment and progress in new meth-
these cells from without. . . . It must be clear
ods of combating disease.
that what any set of cells can accomplish must depend
upon their capacity to appropriate nourishment, which While we thus commend the point of view
will be modified by blood supply, the behavior of se of Professor Mills as likely to advance the
creting organs, etc. In a word, the intellectual are de-
cause of sound learning, we do not unhesitat-
pendent on a great variety of factors. The brain and
ingly commend his departure from the custom-
other parts are so mutually related that they cannot be
understood by any isolated consideration of one or the
ary method of dividing the whole subject into
other."
chapters, each of which treats of one topic.
The highest performance that can be expected | This plan has the disadvantage of leaving the
from the animal, with the largest number of unguarded student with the notion of the inde-
favorable factors, is this algebraic total; and pendence of each subject; but it has great ad-
history, studied through paleontology, wonder vantages in favor of clearness of analysis of
fully bears this out, as when we look at the the subject matter. In the practical operation
race between the reptile and the bird on the of educational methods, the teacher must insist
one hand, or the reptile and the mammal on that the pupil shall keep before him a clear
the other.
analysis of a complex subject, and a due ap-


1890.]
285
THE DIAL
preciation of the subordination of its parts. glandular metabolism, and the special gland
We regard this requirement as imperative, physiology of separate organs be treated in
both for correct grasp of any subject and for chapters on the special physiology of those
formation of careful mental habit. Believing organs.
as we do in the supreme importance of a correct In details, we can give the work our very
apprehension of all the factors of a complex heartiest approval. Professor Mills is very
whole, we cannot afford to permit the student well known to biologists as a student of untir-
to fall into any confusion upon the various ing activity in physiological research, and one
events in any organ's activity. Thus, in his who has contributed many new and interesting
treatment of the subject of digestion the au discoveries to the science. In every respect his
thor considers under one head all the digestive work is brought down to date, and is thoroughly
juices, under another secretion as a physiolog trustworthy. Very few errors seem to have
ical process, then the movements of digestive gotten into the text, whether of mere typo-
organs, then the removal of products, and fol graphical nature or of statement. The work
lowing this the changes produced in food in is throughout clear and intelligible. In many
the alimentary canal. A sufficient account of places very much condensed, it is yet nowhere
stomach physiology will require notice of the obscure. A wonderful amount of information
chemical and mechanical condition of the food has been placed in the volume of 700 pages-
as it enters that organ ; the changes, chemical much more than in any other text-book of its
and mechanical, produced by the gastric fluids ; size. The work makes much of comparative
the history of these fuids; their source and physiology, a practice followed in Milne Ed-
the conditions of their production ; the originwards's treatise, and in the work by Dr. Car-
of movements of the stomach wall, causing penter modelled after that of the French zool-
mixture of gastric fluids and the food; the re- ogist, but little employed by most text-book
moval of the contents of the stomach, partly writers. The volume is superbly illustrated,
by absorption, partly by passage to the small the resources of the Messrs. Appleton, from
intestine. The student can collate these facts their very numerous scientific publications, en-
from Professor Mills's account, but they arenabling them to illustrate a very great range
scattered over seventy-five pages and mixed of subjects.
HENRY L. OSBORN.
with details of the physiology of other organs,
so that only a skilful student could compile
them. An anatomical analysis of the members
A KNICKERBOCKER DIARIST.*
of any part—as, for instance, the stomach-
At first glance, the two handsome volumes
followed by a full discussion of the work of
devoted to "The Diary of Philip Hone" seem
each, would make possible a picture of the ac- to be, like Falstaff, - out of all reasonable com.
tivity of the organ at any point in the digest-
pass "'; and one is inclined to charge the ed-
ive process. This mode of treatment need not
itor, Mr. Bayard Tuckerman, with inconsid-
detract from the conception of parts as interde-
erateness. Mr. Hone's claim as a diarist
pendent, but rather this interdependence must
to so large a share of our attention is, how-
be taken into account to explain the work of the
ever, largely justified by the very considerable
various structural elements. Stomach physiol-
amount of useful and amusing matter he pro-
ogy will thus include the examination of vascu-
vided for us. The Diary, in its original form,
lar and muscular as well as glandular activity,
comprises, we are told, “twenty-eight quarto
and the work of its related organs, the mouth volumes, closely written on both sides of the
and the small intestine. It is to be noticed,
page”; and although Mr. Tuckerman gives us
however, that the method of treating the whole
in the present work only a quarter of this Gar-
digestive process as one process, and tracing
gantuan performance, a little further - boiling-
each portion of the whole process through its down” might have been judicious. A word
history in each organ, presents the connection
about the author and a glance at his pages may
of the steps in the whole process very forcibly.
not prove unacceptable to the reader.
Thus, in the question of secretion as a physio Mr. Hone's dates are 1780-1851. Born in
logical process, the whole of digestive secretion New York, he received a common-school edu-
can well be treated together ; and yet this gen-
cation, and at seventeen years of age began his
eral physiology of secretion, we think, can bet-
THE DIARY OF Philip Hoxe. Edited, with an Intro-
ter include the consideration of all gamaltar duction, by Bayard Tuckerman. In two volumes. With
activity and be treated at the same time with | Portrait. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.


286
[Feb.,
THE DIAL
mercantile career as clerk to his brother, an alty, that Mr. Hone formed the momentous
auctioneer employed in selling the cargoes resolve of keeping a record of passing events
brought to the port of New York by the fleet — rather as a means of handy reference than
of American merchantmen. In 1799 he be- as a literary pursuit. The occupation seems
came a partner in the firm, and in 1820 was to have had a fatal fascination for him. It is
enabled to retire from business with a fortune the familiar story of a practice harmless in its
then considered very large. The leisure thus | inception growing imperceptibly into a habit
honorably earned was spent in a way that overmastering in its strength and grave in its
shows Mr. Hone to have been a man of refine- results. In less than a year—as Mr. Tucker-
ment and good sense ; but one does not find man tells us—Mr. Hone “ found that he had
that he either coveted or merited any special only to go a step further to convert his com-
eminence. From 1824 to 1826 he was assist-mon-place book into a diary”; and one is not
ant alderman ; he served one term—very cred surprised to read, soon after, that “the keep-
itably—as mayor, and was defeated later on in ing of the diary became a rooted habit; so that
a state senatorial contest. He was a Whig, when infirmity had curtailed other occupations,
and claims the distinction of having been the he adhered to this one almost to the day of his
first to apply that designation to his party. death.” The logical result and outcome was,
The astonishing number of corporations—char of course, the “twenty-eight quarto volumes,
itable, social, and mercantile—with which he closely written on both sides of the page."
was prominently connected testifies to his pop Mr. Hone's house was one of the social cen-
ularity and integrity; and Mr. Tuckerman as tres of New York; as a host, its master was
sures us that, through his devotion to the du widely popular ; the leading literary, political,
ties thus entailed upon him, Mr. Hone lost a and artistic lights of the time,-Clay, Webster,
great many good dinners-a serious matter to Irving, Charles Dickens, Charles and Fanny
one who was something of a bon-virant. We Kemble, were glad to "stretch their legs [I
do not find, however, that the martyr's role beg Miss Kemble's pardon under his mahog-
was, in general, to his liking. He was em any”; and it is aggravating to find a host, so
phatically a man who loved a quiet life, and generous to his contemporaries, serving up for
who was not unwilling to secure present tran us in his diary such Barmecide feasts as this :
quillity even at the expense of political princi “ The following gentlemen dined with us; it was a
ple. Toward the vital issues of the day-slav very pleasant party, as might be expected from such
ery and its attendant questions—his attitude
material: Charles Kean, Lieutenant-Governor Bradish,
Hon. Richard Bayard, Hon. Ogden Hoffman,”-
was as unheroic as that of the mass of his
and so on to the close of the entry. The rec-
party. Harried on the one hand by the Abo-
litionists—who would despoil him of his ease
ords of these symposia are too often confined
—and on the other by the slave-holders—who
to the guest-lists, and these our editor, whose
shocked his conscience — Mr. Hone pathetic-
ways are sometimes inscrutable, gives us en-
ally cried, “ A plague o' both your houses ! ”
tire. Surely, one may be pardoned for com-
Though he foresaw that the Gordian knot must
plaining of Mr. Hone when he tells us how
sooner or later be cut by the sword of civil
eloquent, how - full of anecdote and pleasant
war, he was only anxious to postpone the cut-
gossip," Mr. Webster was; how witty, spark-
ting. The men who resolved to undertake the
ling, satirical, instructive, Mr. Clay, Mr. Dick-
task themselves, rather than to bequeath it to
ens, Mr. Irving, Lord Morpeth, were,—and
posterity, were, in his eyes, fanatics who would
then keeps all the good things to himself. Of
- bring destruction upon their own heads, and
Mr. Hone's own conversational good things,
civil war into the bosom of our hitherto happy
however, we have a number of specimens in
country.” As a hater, Mr. Hone would have
the Diary, and it must be confessed they give
pleased Dr. Johnson. He hated an Abolition-
one rather a poor opinion of his gifts in that
ist, he hated a Pro-Slavery man, he hated the
way. His favorite form of witticism seems to
have been the pun--and it is as a punster that
elder Bennett, and he hated President Jackson !
he is at his worst.
more than all three together. Jackson's oppo-
A specimen pun or two
sition to the National Bank — a policy which
may be subjoined. Ex-President Van Buren
Mr. Hone held responsible for the most widely
having reached New York on a wet day, Mr.
Hone wrote:
divergent evils—is the King Charles's head of
“ His reign being over in Washington, New York's
his memorial.
favorite son was entitled to rain here; and he stood it as
It was in 1827, at the close of his mayor- | if, like his friend Benton, he had been born a weteran."


1890.]
287
THE DIAL
A Mr. St. Clair Clarke once asked him, "What front window one morning, Mr. Hone witness-
do you think of a man with five hundred wives, ed an encounter between William C. Bryant
Mr. Hone?” Not having a smoked glass, Mr. (shades of Parnassus!) and William L. Stone.
Clarke was at once blinded by the retort, “I “ The former commenced the attack by striking
think he must be a very harem-scarem fellow.” | Stone over the head with a cowskin.” Gen-
With many such gems as these did Mr. Hone eral Jackson, in a duel with one Dickenson,-
enrich his Diary, always carefully italicizing “After Dickenson had fired, deliberately buttoned
the important words—probably out of kindness | up his coat, took deliberate aim, and fired. Dickenson
to his Scotch readers.
fell on his face, uttered a groan, and expired. In a
letter to a friend soon after, Jackson said: "I left the
When Dickens visited America in 1842, he
damned rascal weltering in his blood.'”.
was entertained by Mr. Hone, who describes
One is gratified to find that Mr. Hone's con-
him as
temporaries drew the line at cannibalism.
" A small, bright-eyed, intelligent-looking young fel-
In connection with Fanny Kemble, some
low, thirty years of age, somewhat of a dandy in his
dress, with rings and things and fine array: Ürisk in | amusing incidents are recorded ; the fun, how-
his manner, and of a lively conversation.... Mrs. ever, being chiefly at Mr. Hone's expense.
Dickens is a little, fat, English-looking woman, of an Shortly after Miss Kemble's arrival from En-
agreeable cou