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336
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A. B. ELLIS, of the British Army; and Colonel
Country Library." 12mo, paper, 50 cts.; cloth, $1.00.
GARRICK MALLERY concludes his paper on curious
W. D. HOWELLS says in Harper's Monthly: “The fascina-
modes of
tion of Doña Luz and her history is that of a most tender and
tragic beauty. We know hardly any figure in fiction more
GREETING BY GESTURE.
lovely and affecting than Doña Luz, ... It is all very
fine and masterly work, scarcely to be matched in the con-
Other articles deal with industrial, zoological, polit temporary fiction of our language, if that is not putting the
ical, and geographical subjects. Dr. SAMUEL L.
case too faintly."
MITCHELL, one of the most prominent figures in
A SENSITIVE PLANT.
the scientific and literary life of the United States A new Novel by E. and D. GERARD, joint authors of
during the first quarter of this century, is the sub “Reata,” “ The Waters of Hercules,” etc. Now
ject of the usual Biographical Sketch and Front Ready. No. 66 « Town and Country Library.” 12mo,
ispiece Portrait. There are good things, also, in
paper, 50 cents; cloth, 75 cents.
Editorial, Correspondence, and other departments.
In Press—Ready in April :
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By THOMAS A. JANVIER.
PUBLISHED BY D. APPLETON & CO., | D. APPLETON & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS,
1, 3, & 5 Bond Street, New YORK.
1, 3, & 5 Bond Street, NEW YORK.


THE DIAL
LIBRARY
Vol. XI. MARCH, 1891. No. 131. well-beloved, of Tennyson, Carlyle, and Thack-
eray, and was one of the first to hail the rising
genius of Swinburne. Among statesmen, he
CONTENTS.
had known Melbourne, Peel, and Palmerston
LIFE, LETTERS, AND FRIENDSHIPS OF RICH-
in the heyday of their fame; had first seen
ARD MONCKTON MILNES. Edward Gilpin Mr. Gladstone as an Oxford undergraduate ;
Johnson ............... 339 had been the associate of Disraeli when he was
THE MAKERS OF AMERICA. Andrew C. Mc-
still only the social aspirant of Gore House ;
Laughlin ............... 342
had been the confidant of Louis Napoleon, and
ERDMANN'S HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY. Will had known Louis Philippe, Thiers, Guizot, and
iam M. Salter ... .. ........ 344 Lamartine, alike in their days of triumph and
THE CLOSING YEARS OF THE IRISH PARLIA- of defeat. These were but a few of the friend-
MENT. William Eliot Furness . . . . . . 346
ships of Monckton Milnes ; and his biographer
MODERN USES OF ELECTRICITY. H. S. Carhart 348
aptly remarks in this connection that,
"Great as the interest of such friendships must be,
FRANCIS DANA HEMENWAY. Minerva B. Norton 350
they did not suffice to absorb his affections. The rich-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS . ......... 351 est outpourings of his heart were in many cases reserved
Earle's English Prose: Its Elements, History, and for men of whom the world knew little or nothing."
Usage.-Curtin's Myths and Folk-Tales of the Rus-
sians, Western Slavs, and Magyars.-Dobson's Four
It is as the friend of great men, rather than
Frenchwomen.--Dunckley's Lord Melbourne.--Pyle's as the great man, that Milnes will, broadly
The Buccaneers and Marooners of America.- Bab speaking, be known to those who come after
cock's The Two Lost Centuries of Britain.
him--a fact sufficiently evident in the general
INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT A FACT ... 354
trend and composition of the present work.
INTELLECTUAL PROGRESS AND THE WORLD'S Lord Houghton was handicapped in the race
FAIR ................ 355 for that success which wins enduring fame by
DEATH OF DR. ALEXANDER WINCHELL :. 355 those qualities which dazzled and attracted his
TOPICS IN MARCH PERIODICALS. .....
contemporaries ; the brilliant versatility of tal-
BOOKS OF THE MONTH ..........
ent and catholicity of taste and sympathy which
gained him ephemeral distinction deterred him
from pursuing consistently a career of politics
or of letters—in either of which he might, per-
LIFE, LETTERS, AND FRIENDSHIPS OF
RICHARD MONCKTON MILNES.*
haps, have attained greatness. In the words
of Aubrey De Vere —
Mr. Wemyss Reid's biography of the first
“ He had not much of solid ambition, nor did he
Lord Houghton is unusually rich in elements
value social distinction as much as intellectual excite-
of general interest; and readers who know or ment and ceaseless novelty.”
care least about Monckton Milnes himself will
One must not, however, while emphasizing
be abundantly entertained by the varied mass
the disparity between Milnes's ability and his
of general information, gossip, and correspond-
achievements, depreciate the latter unduly. His
ence which enter into the story of his life.
prose writing charmed his generation and will
Lord Houghton was for half a century a con-
long be read by lovers of good English ; and
spicuous figure in European society, achieving
his poetry, chaste to a degree and enriched with
a unique three-fold distinction as a man of let-
a vein of finely-suggestive reflection, held its
ters, of affairs, and, in the higher sense, of
own undimmed in the light of Tennyson's gen-
fashion ; and was the intimate friend and corre-
ius. Landor held strongly to the opinion that
spondent of the most eminent men and women
Milnes was ahead of all his living contempora-
of his day. He knew Wordsworth, Landor,
ries as a poet ; in Crabbe Robinson's Diary
and Sidney Smith ; was the friend, trusted and
(1838)—alluding to a breakfast at which Lan-
* LIFE, LETTERS, AND FRIENDSHIPS OF RICHÁRD MONCK-
dor was present—we read :
TON MILNEs, First Lord Houghton. By T. Wemyss Reid.
With Introduction by Richard Henry Stoddard. In two vol-
“A great deal of rattling on the part of Landor, who
umes. With two Portraits. New York : Cassell Publishing | maintained Blake to be the greatest of poets, and that
Company.
Milnes is the greatest poet now living in England.”
56


340
[March,
THE DIAL
--
-
Milnes does not seem to have been taken so Lord Houghton was not of this class ; still less
seriously by Wordsworth, who, on learning that was his beneficence of the thrifty sort that re-
the young man intended going to the masked gards charity as an investment—as a banking
ball at Buckingham Palace in the character of of treasure, away from moth and rust, and at
Chaucer, observed, “ If Richard Milnes goes a high rate of interest. Florence Nightingale,
to the Queen's ball in the character of Chau- his warm friend and co-laborer in the field of
cer, it only remains for me to go to it in that disinterested good works, records a story of
of Richard Milnes." Undoubtedly, certain him that dwarfs formal panegyric:
pieces by Milnes will find a place in every an "His brilliancy and talents in tongue or pen—whether
thology of English verse.
political, social, or literary-were inspired chiefly by
Lord Houghton's political career, though goodwill towards man ; but he had the same voice and
in the main disappointing to himself and his manners for the dirty brat as he had for a duchess, the
same desire to give pleasure and good : for both were
friends, was not without brilliant episodes, and
his wits and his kindness. Once, at Redhill (the Re-
was certainly marked by one notable and un formatory), where we were with a party, and the chiefs
selfish triumph-his share in the establishment were explaining to us the system in the court-yard, a
of reformatories for children who had been mean, stunted, villainons-looking little fellow crept
born, or driven by force of circumstances, into
across the yard (quite out of order, and by himself),
and stole a dirty paw into Mr. Milnes's hand. Not a
the criminal classes. Milnes's social reputation
word passed ; the boy stayed quite quiet and contented
and his literary successes stood in the way of if he could but touch his benefactor who had placed
his political advancement-especially as it hap- him there. He was evidently not only his benefactor,
pened to be Sir Robert Peel to whom he looked
but his friend." .
for office. Sir Robert was what is known as We are glad that Miss Nightingale has pre-
“ an eminently practical man ”-synonymous, | served this scene for us. The picture of the
too often, with an eminently hard-headed, fortunate Lord Houghton, the poet, wit, and
narrow-minded, short-sighted man ”—and was scholar, the intimate of kings and statesmen,
quite unable to see in the man of letters and standing hand-in-hand with the desolate little
the man of society a possible man of affairs. waif in the Redhill prison-yard, is a singularly
In his social career Lord Houghton achieved engaging one, and touches problems more in-
an almost unique distinction ; and it was for tricate than the character of an individual.
such a career that his temperament peculiarly Naturally, Mr. Reid dwells upon Lord
fitted him. We believe that we do no injus Houghton's more solid qualities rather than
tice to his memory when we say that few men upon those eccentricities which went at least
have tested more fully the worth of that genial as far as his merits in drawing upon him so
philosophy which takes large and grateful ac- large a share of public notice. A number of
count of the good things of the hour, " leaving | amusing anecdotes, however, are given illus-
the rest to the Gods.” “ He warmed both trative of the side of his character best known
hands before the fire of life," said his friend to the world at large. Upon his entry, in
Landor; and we confess we see no reason for 1836, into London society, it became Milnes's
treating this as an admission to be offset by a ambition to emulate the poet Rogers, whose
formal enumeration of specific virtues—as if " literary breakfasts” were a well-known Lon-
an acceptance of the blessings of this life im- don institution, in the role of a host at whose
plied an enfeebled claim upon those of the table men of ability could meet on equal terms,
next. Perhaps Mr. Wemyss Reid feels that irrespective of creed, party, or social standing.
the spirit of Macaulay's Puritans, who forbade Milnes seems to have gone quite bevond his
bull-baiting " not because it gave pain to the prototype, and the result of the universality
bull, but because it gave pleasure to the spec- of his invitations was sometimes rather start-
tators,” still lies heavy upon his countrymen. ling. It is related that one day at his table
Lord Houghton's fondness for the sunshine of someone asked if Courvoisier, the notorious
life was no mere selfish epicureanism ; and the murderer, had been hanged that morning; when
consciousness that there were multitudes beyond his sister immediately responded, " I hope so,
the reach of the pleasant beams was for him a or Richard will have him at his breakfast party
source of constant disquietude and of good next Thursday.” Carlyle used to say that if
works. There are, no doubt, persons who, Christ was again on earth Milnes would ask
though callous of temperament and emotionally | him to breakfast, and the clubs would all be
incapable of realizing the sufferings of others, talking of the good things Christ had said.
are extremely beneficent from a sense of duty. | Milnes was fond of mystifying his friends —


1891.]
341
THE DIAL
9
no difficult task, certainly, with his English gentleman likes me better daily, since he finds I wont
ones — with unexpected and paradoxical re-
bile. He has flashes of wit, of intelligence, and almost
originality. At all events, he wants not flashes of si-
marks. When, for instance, he was elevated
lence.”
to the Peerage, in 1863, a friend greeted him
In another letter, Carlyle gives his opinion
under his new title and solemnly asked him
of the Corn Laws—and of a dull sermon :
how it felt to be a lord.
“A real Squire's bane I define these laws to be ;
“Milnes's eyes twinkled with irrepressible humor, as
sweet to the tooth of Squire, but rapidly accelerating
he answered, I never knew until to-day how immeas-
all Squires, as if they needed acceleration, in their course
urable is the gulf which divides the humblest member
downward. Sir Peel is a great man ; can bribe, coerce,
of the Peerage from the most exalted commoner in
palaver, gain a majority of seventy ; but Sir Peel can-
England.'”
not make water run permanently upwards, or an En-
Lord Tennyson, who evidently knew his coun glish nation walk on the crown of their heads. . . .
trymen, warned our author against printing
Did I ever tell you how near I was bursting into abso-
lute tears over your old fat-sided parson at Fryston that
this ; for, said he, “ Every fool will think that
day? It is literally a kind of fact. The droning hol-
Milnes meant it."
lowness of the poor old man, droning as out of ages of
The circle of Milnes's friendships embraced old eternities things unspeakable into things unheara-
many of the most illustrious men and women ble, empty as the braying of an ass, was infinitely pa-
of his day; and with nearly all these people
thetic in that mood of mine.”
his relations were so confidential as to lend
The following is from one of Milnes's own
special value to the letters freely interspersed
letters :
throughout the text of the present work. Among
“I have a letter from Hawthorne, the author of The
his correspondents may be mentioned Guizot,
Scarlet Letter,' from Boston, in which he says that he
could not have conceived anything so delightful as
Gladstone, Tennyson, Browning, Wordsworth,
civil war,' and deeply regrets that his youth was cast
Landor, Matthew Arnold, Thackeray, Emer in a quiet time. Who cares,' he adds, about the
son, Carlyle, Thiers, Lamartine, and Charles amount of blood and treasure ? Men must die, even
Sumner. Carlyle's letters are very amusing
if not pierced by bullets ; and gunpowder is the most
and characteristic, and we shall allow ourselves
exciting of luxuries. Emerson breathes slaughter as
fiercely as any of us.'"
a few extracts from one written to his wife
from Fryston, the country-seat of Lord Hough-
We must not omit mentioning here that dur.
ton's father, where the Sage of Chelsea was
ing our Civil War Milnes ranged himself on
then a guest.
the side of the friends of the North, with an
« Richard, I find, lays himself out while in this quar-
earnestness not inferior to that of Mr. Bright
ter to do hospitalities, and of course to collect notabili-
and Mr. W. E. Forster-a fact that goes far
ties about him and play them off one against the other. in explaining the extraordinary warmth of his
I am his trump card at present. These last two nights reception in America in 1874.
he has brought a trio of barristers to dine-producing
Among the many tributes to Milnes, we find
champagne, etc. Plate of Marry silver, four or five
embroidered lackeys, and the rest of it, are the order
the following from the poet Heine. It is from
of all days. Our first trio consisted of Sir Francis Doyle, a letter written to Lady Duff Gordon :
another elderly wigsman (name forgotten), and little “ Yes, I do not know what possessed me to dislike
Roebuck! He is practising as advocate now, that little the English, and to be so spiteful towards them, but it
Roebuck, as lean, acrid, contentious, and loquacious as ! really was only petulance. I never hated them. I was
ever. He flew at me, do what I would, some three or only once in England, but knew no one, and found Lon-
four times like a kind of cockatrice_had to be swept don very dreary, and the people in the streets odious.
back again ; far more to the general entertainment than But England has revenged herself well ; she has sent
to mine. ... Last night our trio was admitted to me most excellent friends—thyself and Milnes—that
be a kind of failure ; three greater blockheads the lee- good Milnes—and others."
lang nicht ye wadna find in Christendee. Richard had
But it is impossible here to give the reader
to exert himself ; but he is really dexterous, the villain.
He pricks into you with questions, with remarks, with
a fair idea of the richness and variety of mat-
all kinds of fly tackle to make you bite-does gener- ter of these two handsome volumes ; and it
ally contrive to get you into some sort of speech. ... only remains to add a word as to the editing.
Richard's sister is also here.... I think she is de-
Those who have read Mr. Wemyss Reid's Life
cidedly worth something. About the height of Rich-
ard, which makes a respectable stature for a gown, the
of W. E. Forster need not be reminded that
same face as he, but translated into the female cut, and he brings exceptional qualifications to a task of
surmounted with lace and braided hair ; of a satirical, this kind—not the least of which is a thorough
witty turn, not wanting in affability, but rather want-
understanding of the true scope and purpose of
ing in the art of speech ; above all, rather afraid of
biography. Every page of the work in hand
me. ... The mother is a very good woman, with
a mild, high-sailing way, to which in old times her fig-
testifies to the writer's aim to set clearly before
ure and beauty must have corresponded well. The old | the reader the real Monckton Milnes—rather


342
[March,
THE DIAL
than to display his own literary paces. Those
who may be unwilling to accept his perhaps
too high estimate of Lord Houghton's standing
and powers are furnished with ample material
for forming an independent judgment. The
selection and arrangement of the correspond
ence is admirable, and the narrative graceful,
easy, and always to the point. In short, we
have no more conscientious and capable worker
in this branch of literature than Mr. Wemyss
Reid, and we trust the present excursion into
the field of biography will not be his last.
EDWARD GILPIN JOHNSON.
THE MAKERS OF AMERICA.*
A new series of short biographies entitled
** Makers of America ” affords favorable op-
portunity for the study of American history.
Representative men have been chosen as cen-
tres from which to study fundamental princi-
ples and facts which have fashioned America
and directed its progress. The idea is not a
novel one, save perhaps in its boldness and
its breadth. Lives of men from La Salle to
Charles Sumner are included in the series as
announced by the publishers. Discoverers, sa-
vants, statesmen, and theologians are to have
their claims as master-builders presented.
Alexander Hamilton was preëminently a
“ maker.” His work was one of construc-
tion solely. Disorder, confusion, aught ap-
proaching anarchy, distressed him ; and his life
was devoted to arrangement and systemization.
Professor Sumner has fully appreciated that
the first and greatest work of the Federalist
statesman was to bring order out of the chaos
of revolution. From the Stamp-Act Congress
to the definitive treaty, patriotism and diso-
bedience were synonymous. The generation
which grew into political activity in those years
of stress and danger was schooled in the acts
of opposition and in the tactics of rebellion.
Even before Yorktown, “ King Cong” was an
odious representative of what was hateful in
external government; and when this revolu-
tionary body was shorn of its strength by the
Articles of Confederation, and found itself re-
duced from the role of government to that of
an humble petitioner, the average citizen of the
states scoffed at its impotent pleadings and
contented himself with occasional alms, while
he satisfied his political cravings by advocating
in his own assembly some spiteful piece of leg-
islation aimed at the prosperity of a neighbor-
ing state. In an admirable series of chap-
ters on the Features of American Public Life,
1765-1780, Professor Sumner has depicted
the society which so much needed the stern
hand of discipline. In nearly every instance he
has gone for his materials to original sources,
and has gleaned his facts from contemporane-
ous recital. These chapters have not escaped
the usual perils of such narrative; an attempt
to show the confusion and disorder has resulted
in the use of colors too dark and sombre ; there
is no suggestion of anything but the direst self-
ishness and childish petulance and grumbling.
Yet such words as these are a healthful anti-
dote to the customary accounts of the godlike
nobility of Revolutionary men, who seem to
stalk across the pages of history like so many
Homeric heroes.
The great work of Hamilton as a national-
ist or a continentalist, in the critical period
1783–87, has not been amply portrayed. Of
course the limits of the volume prevent the ex-
tended discussion of any one theme; but it is
disappointing to discover that the author does
not find space for a careful estimate of the
deeds of those years. If he desires to show
fully “how and in what sense Alexander Ham-
ilton was one of the makers of this American
State,” he can scarcely afford to forget the toil
and the energy with which the youthful states-
man strove by the side of Washington and
Madison against narrow particularism and local
jealousy.
At Philadelphia, and in the New York con-
vention, Hamilton stood for government. In
each instance he was a builder. Although he
did not take such an active part as did Madi-
son in the actual construction of the Constitu-
tion, he thoroughly understood its scope, and
threw his influence continually on the side of
order and in favor of a government which
would be equipped against anarchy and the
forces of disintegration. New York, feeling al-
ready her superior commercial position, thought
herself able to defeat union by a refusal to ac-
cept the Constitution. Here Hamilton's work
was prodigious ; had it not been for his efforts
the keystone in the arch of states would not
have been placed in position. The Anti-Feder-
* ALEXANDER HAMILTON. By William Graham Sumner,
LL.D. “Makers of America." New York: Dodd, Mead
& Co.
GEORGE CALVERT AND CECILIUS CALVERT, Barons Bal-
timore of Baltimore. By William Hand Browne. “Makers
of America." New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
LIFE OF GENERAL OGLETHORPE. By Henry Bruce. “Mak-
ers of America." New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.


1891.]
343
THE DIAL
alists controlled over two-thirds of the conven took the Constitution, which was a mere writ-
tion, and formed the majority of the people of ten document, and translated it into action.
the state ; but against these huge odds the He, more than any other man, with Washing-
Federalists conquered. If the end of oratory ton's great influence behind him, made the
is to convince and to change adversaries into American State, as much as as any man can
friends, measured by such accomplishments be said to make an ethical entity. When the
Hamilton was the first of American orators. American people agreed that a certain written
The author of this little biography finds small document contained a description of their con-
space for an account of this masterpiece of stitution, such an act did not completely estab-
constructive politics and statesmanship. The lish the structure of the state ; nor did all the
Anti-Federalists in the convention proposed at organs of national sovereignty at once come
one time to accept the Constitution condition into being, each doing its part and fitting into
ally. Hamilton hastily conferred with Madi. its place. Hamilton's work was to make the
son, who immediately wrote back that an un Constitution (or, in other words, the structure
conditional ratification was alone admissible. of the state), as seen in government, conform
Without considering the reply of Madison, to the will of the state as it was partly and
Professor Sumner makes the following state formally expressed by the paper description
ment:
agreed upon.
“ The fact here stated (the expectation in New York It cannot be denied that the Federalist lead-
that revenue difficulties would immediately break up er succeeded in his work of bringing system
the Union], and the apparent willingness of Hamilton
to agree to a conditional ratification by New York, must
out of confusion and of laying the practical
be taken as coinplete demonstration that even the most
foundations of an orderly state. Democracy
advanced Federalists did not suppose that the states in 1800 meant, as it does to-day, more than a
were forming an irrevocable union.”
form of government: it was a sentiment. Its
The truth is that Hamilton was not willing. advocates were political and social philanthro-
In a moment of despair he asked Madison's pists. But, thanks to the tireless energy of
opinion, but that was all ; he worked valiantly Hamilton, this beautiful theory was forced to
on until complete success was the result. One rise slowly on broad solid abutments built from
question from a weary and almost disheartened the material of history. Jeffersonian democ-
man forms small basis for a “complete demon racy had to be engrafted—to change the figure
stration " when all the rest of his career is op —upon the flourishing stalks of the Federalist
posed to such interpretation.
state. Theorizer as Jefferson was, he could
A reader must confess to disappointment not follow the example of his kind the world
again in the treatment of Hamilton's financial over and pluck up past institutions by the
policy. No one is better able than Professor roots. One can hardly agree with the intima-
Sumner to give a clear and brilliant criticism tion of Professor Sumner that Hamilton's en-
of these important acts in the conduct of the ergy o'erleapt itself, and that reaction swept
treasury department. But an attempt to do away lasting traces of his toil.
so within such meagre limits is necessarily un No one is better qualified than Mr. William
satisfactory. A plain statement of how Ham Hand Browne to write the lives of the Lords
ilton's measures marshalled the friends of gov Baltimore, the founders of Maryland. In the
ernment in the commercial North and won the space of 175 pages he clearly and concisely
mercantile and professional classes to his side gives the chief facts in the first years of the
would be sufficient, one would think. The doc- history of Maryland, and tells the story of its
trine of " implied powers," put forth by Ham two founders. His narrative, short as it is,
ilton as the defense of the bank, was infinitely will leave little room for the arguments which
more important than the bank itself, whether have tortured past historians and readers. One
it be based on good or bad principles of polit writer has praised the noble generosity of the
ical economy; statesmanship occasionally rises Calverts, as the fathers of American tolera-
superior to thrift. This doctrine is not men tion. Another has sneered at the mercantile
tioned in this volume, yet it was of the utmost consciences of men who would sell their relig-
importance. Marshall accepted it, and made ion for success in colonization. A third asserts
it the head of the corner in his masterly work that Cecilius was rather below than above in-
of constitutional construction.
tolerance. In fact, the second Lord Baltimore
The work of Hamilton as a maker of Amer was not the kindly-spirited man that Penn was,
ica was the work of the Federalist party. He , nor was he above the commercial gain to be


344
[March,
THE DIAL
derived from religious harmony. But there is that Oglethorpe, though ninety-five, weazened
every evidence in his work that he recognized and wrinkled and lacking his teeth, has the
the human folly of coercion in matters of con eyes and ears, articulation, limbs, and memory
science, and advocated mutual respect for dif that would suit a boy, " if a boy could recollect
fering opinions. Mr. Browne has made use of a century backward.” Mrs. Hannah More
his peculiar privileges in the preparation of writes the same year : “I am just going to
this volume. The Maryland Historical Soci. Alirt a couple of hours with my beau, General
ety has become possessed of the ancient papers Oglethorpe.” Samuel Rogers used to tell how
of the Calvert family, and the author has con- the General looked at the sale of Dr. Johnson's
sulted these original sources of information, books,-“very, very old, and his skin altogether
hitherto unknown to historians. From the lit like parchment; the youngsters whispered with
ter and rubbish of an old conservatory in En awe that in his youth he had shot snipe in Con-
gland this valuable material was exhumed, and duit street, near the corner of Bond street."
is now securely preserved in the vaults of the Such interesting descriptions of this gentleman
society in Baltimore. Such interesting docu | of the old school could be multiplied, but there
ments as the instructions issued to the first col. is no need. Mr. Bruce has done his work well,
onists, the author has transcribed at length. and the student of American history owes him
The book is a scholarly piece of work, and a debt of gratitude for his bright, entertaining
a real addition to American historical litera- | narrative. ANDREW C. MCLAUGHLIN.
ture.
Of all the prominent persons connected with
our early history, Oglethorpe has been one of ERDMANN'S HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY.*
the most vague and picturesque. Mr. Bruce
It is certainly to the credit of our country
has done much to render the outlines distinct,
that the two leading German manuals of the
without robbing this interesting figure of its
history of philosophy should be made accessi-
romance. With rare skill and industry he has
ble to English readers by the hands of Amer-
brought together little tidbits of gossip and dry
ican scholars. The late Professor George S.
historical facts, dim allusions and vivid descrip-
Morris, of the University of Michigan, trans-
tions, and has formed a bright breezy narra-
lated (1872) Ueberweg's excellent “Grundriss
tive, singularly interesting and satisfactory.
der Geschichte der Philosophie"; and now
He who picks up the book expecting to obtain
Professor W. S. Hough, of the University of
a complete recital of Oglethorpe's life in all
Minnesota, appears as the editor of an English
its details will be disappointed. Such a task
translation of Erdmann's work bearing the
would be an impossible one; and the author's
same title — a work which Professor Hough
work has been to get what facts he could, guess
probably does not exaggerate the importance
shrewdly at others, and help the imagination
of in saying that it has been long recognized
to a picture. The generous impulses as well
in Germany as the best of its kind. Honor
as the executive vigor of this old-time gentle-
thus attaches not only to America, but to that
man stand fairly before us. Oglethorpe has
portion of it ordinarily thought to be deficient
been called a historical character because he
in culture and in graver interests—the West.
was complimented by Pope, and because his
The only extended history of philosophy
name appeared in the pages of Boswell. One
| down to 1872 — Schwegler's brief hand-book
resents the insinuation that the founder of
being left out of account—was that of George
Georgia must rely for his fame upon the fact
Ilenry Lewes. This brilliant but rather su-
that the vain and silly prince among biograph-
perficial writer composed his book in the first
ers mentioned his name, or that he was hon-
place (1815-6) with the avowed purpose of
ored with an artificial couplet. And yet one
dissuading “the youth of England from wast-
of the makers of America has a peculiar inter-
ing energy on insoluble problems,” and em-
est as we see him arguing with Johnson on the
ployed history - as an instrument of criticism
existence of ghosts, or pouring a little wine on
to disclose the successive failures of successive
the bare table that he may with a wet finger
schools." Later editions (under the title The
describe the siege of Belgrade. For the brave
Biographical History of Philosophy," 1857,
old general had, as a boy, fought under the
gallant Eugene, and had seen the mighty Marl-
* A HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY. By Johann Eduard Erd-
borough. He lived to be nearly a hundred
| mann, Professor of Philosophy in the University of Halle.
English Translation, Edited by Professor Williston S. Hough,
years old. Florace Walpole complains, in 1785, | Ph.M. In three volumes. New York: Macmillan & Co.


1891.]
345
THE DIAL
ere
and “ The History of Philosophy from Thales the Middle Ages. Ceberweg made a depart-
to Comte," 1867 and 1871) were much en- ure in giving attention to Mediaval Philoso-
larged, and adopted a more serious tone; but phy; but Erdmann gives greater attention.
the original spirit and purpose were confessedly “I have sought before everything,” says Erd-
unchanged. So pessimistic a view was ill-fitted mann, “ so to represent such systems as have
to put one into sympathetic relations with the been treated in a step-motherly fashion by oth-
earnest attempts of great thinkers of the past ers that a complete view of them might be ob-
to gain a rational solution of the ultimate prob tained”; and Mediaval Philosophy receives
lems of existence; and Lewes often failed in more than twice the space devoted to the An-
consequence to understand the doctrines he por cient. Very justly does he ask whether men,
trayed, -as witness his caricature of the views who " among other things have given us our
of Hegel. It was a boon, then, to English speak entire philosophical terminology, are to be
ing people when Professor Morris presented a counted as nothing." Yet the treatment of
translation of Ueberweg's “ Grundriss.” This Ancient Philosophy is a marvel of compact
Koenigsberg professor had no partisan aim to statement. Secondly, Erdmann gives an ad-
serve, was painstaking and accurate, and his mirable account of the German philosophy of
work was peculiarly rich in bibliographical ref- the present century (since Hegel). Ueber-
ices. The American translation was made weg's exposition covers, after Schopenhauer,
additionally valuable by an Appendix on En only Herbart (who died 1811) and Beneke
glish and American Philosophy, written by (died 1854); what follows is little more than
Dr. (then President) Noah Porter, and by a list of authors' names with their works, al-
another on Philosophy in Italy, by Dr. Botta. though in a few instances brief statements of
Ueberweg, however, as Mr. Thomas Davidson their views, borrowed from Erdmann, mainly,
has remarked, was a scholar rather than a phil. have been added in Morris's translation. But
osopher, far more reliable than Lewes, yet with the third volume of the work now under review,
out first-rate philosophical penetration. In the though much briefer than the others, is en-
Introduction to Morris's translation which Pro tirely devoted to post-Hegelian developments,
fessor Philip Schaff contributed, the latter in exclusive of Schopenhauer and Herbart, who
timated that in selecting a work to be trans are treated in the second volume. It describes
lated, the choice had lain between Ueberweg's the dissolution of the Hegelian school, and the
“ Grundriss” and that of Erdmann; and the later attempts at a reconstruction of philoso-
philosophical public is to be congratulated on phy, including among others Lange, Eduard
having at length Erdmann's work within von Hartmann, Ulrici, Trendelenburg, and
reach. Ueberweg’s “ History" has still its Fechner, and ending with Lotze. It is not
peculiar value; Erdmann's does not compare easy to write of the movements of one's own
with it in richness of bibliographical material. time; and if the worth of a piece of work could
But Erdmann has the rare power of going right be determined, as the Socialists would have us
to the heart and centre of a philosophical sys- | think, by the amount of labor spent on it, Erd-
tem, and expressing it with a clearness and a mann tells us that this part of his “ History"
vigor all his own. It is not a mere correct would be decidedly the best. But though Erd-
statement, but a living reproduction of others' mann is dissatisfied with it, this is evidently
views, that we find in his pages. He is able to because of the very high standards of his intel-
do this in the case of philosophers with whomlectual conscience, and I can join with a “Mind”
he disagrees. His own standpoint is that of reviewer (barring-shall I call it?-the An-
critical right-wing Hegelianism (for he rec- glicism of his language) in saying, “it is cer-
ognizes Hegel's limitations); yet not only can tain that no such bright and instructive a [sic]
he write sympathetically of Lotze, he gives a presentation has ever yet come from another
thorough and lucid statement of the views of hand.” It may not accord with the popular
Dühring; and only from Erdmann's expressly | notion that an Hegelian should be modest,
saying so at the close of it, should we know but I must own that a more modest and scrupu-
that the study of Dühring's system had been lous writer on philosophical subjects than Erd-
to him (for personal reasons) a disagreeable | mann I have yet to come across, unless it be
task.
Lotze, for whom Erdmann himself has a warm
Aside from this fundamental merit, the char- | feeling. The positivist Lewes is audacity it-
acteristic excellences of Erdmann's “ History” self compared with him.
are as follows: First, a very full treatment of It is a pity that Professor Hough should not


346
[March,
THE DIAL
must brought hinty and art was a stron
have followed Erdmann's suggestion and added Wallace and D. G. Ritchie of Oxford, Professor
to this last volume an exposition of French William Knight of St. Andrews, N. B., James
Philosophy in the nineteenth century, and also Bonar, Bernard Bosanquet, and Professor Pflei.
one of English. “ If these outlines,” says Erd- derer of Berlin, who will write on “ The Devel-
mann, referring to the work now translated, opment of Rational Theology since Kant.” The
“should ever find French or English translat Library, on the historical side, will deal almost
ors, it would properly be their matter to sup exclusively with modern developments in phil-
ply these additions.” Such an undertaking may osophy. Erdmann's “ History” and the entire
have seemed formidable, and perhaps there are series should be in the library of every college
few who would not almost despair of producing that pretends to make serious work of philoso-
anything that would bear to be placed along phy, or indeed to deal with it at all ; individ-
side the masterly analysis of Erdmann. Yet uals with philosophical interests will need no
Dr. Porter's sketch in Morris's “ Leberweg" urging, and will be only thankful to Professor
certainly needs supplementing and fortifying ; Hough and Professor Muirhead for the rich
and French philosophy, with at least the one treasures thus brought, or to be brought, to
great name of Renouvier, is much nearer home their doors. William M. SALTER.
to us than the Italian. .
The translation (actually made, it should be
said, by several hands) might be better, and THE CLOSING YEARS OF THE IRISH
certainly does not err on the side of too great
PARLIAMENT.*
freedom ; but it is reasonably good. The Pre-
In the concluding sentence of the sixth vol-
faces we have found hardest reading ; the ac-
ume of his “ History of England in the Eight-
count of Lotze is almost as smooth as could be
eenth Century,” Mr. Lecky uses these words :
wished. But why should a sentence like the
“I propose to devote the last volume of this work to
following be permitted ?—" It was a strong in- la history of the closing years of the Irish Parliament ;
clination to poetry and art which was what of the great rebellion which it encountered; and of the
first brought him to study philosophy” (Vol.
Act of Union by which it was finally destroyed."
III., p. 300,—the italics, of course, my own). This promise is now fulfilled; but instead of
The work is well supplied with indexes, one one volume, the subject with which the author
at the close of each volume and a general one proposed to end his history has required two
at the end ; but I have happened to notice that —the seventh and eighth of the series. They
while this last gives the minor references to are wholly devoted to the history of Ireland
Beneke and Fortlage in Vol. II., it omits the from the year 1793 to the year 1800, when
principal ones in Vol. III., where these phil. the Act of Union merged the legislature of
osophers are treated in extenso.
that country in the Imperial Parliament of
It should be stated in conclusion that Erd Great Britain. In his Preface, Mr. Lecky
mann's " History” forms the Introduction to apologizes for the unexpected length of this
a Library of Poilosophy, to be edited by Pro part of his work, as follows:
fessor J. H. Muirhead, M.A., of London. The “I had hoped to do this in the compass of a single
Library is to be mainly historical, first of phi-
moderate volume, but a more careful examination has
convinced me that in order to do justice to this event-
losophical and ethical theories, secondly of spe-
ful period of Irish history it is necessary to treat it on
cial sciences like psychology, political philos a larger scale. . . . It will be objected that the
ophy, æsthetics. But there will be also original addition of two long volumes to the large amount of
and independent treatises by eminent names, Irish history already contained in this book has com-
as, for example, " The Theory of Ethics" by
pletely destroyed the proportion of my work. It must,
however, be remembered that the present volumes form
Professor Edward Caird of Glasgow, and “The
3, in reality a supplementary history, dealing with Irish
Theory of Knowledge" by James Ward of affairs during eight eventful years which are not com-
Cambridge, who wrote the article “ Psychol prised in my English narrative. In Irish history ...
ogy” in the Encyclopædia Britannica. Among
it is not difficult to select on either side the materials
of a very effective party narrative. I have endeavored
the historical contributors are such names as
to write this history in a different spirit. Perhaps
Professor Andrew Seth (whose critique on
another generation may be more capable than the pres-
Hegelianism in his “ Hegelianism and Person ent one of judging how far I have succeeded.”
ality” is one of the marked contributions to I think no one will deny that this endeavor of
English philosophical thought of recent years,
* ENGLAND IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. By William
indicating the beginnings of a reaction against Edward Hartpole Lecky. Vols. VII, and VIII. New York:
the ascendancy of T. H. Green), Professor W. 1 D. Appleton & Co.


1891.]
347
THE DIAL
the historian to write in a non-partisan spirit under the guidance of her resident gentry, might have
has been well sustained and successfully car-
contributed at least as much as Scotland to the pros-
ried out. Mr. Lecky certainly impresses his
perity of the Empire. But from the day when Pitt
recalled Lord Fitzwilliam, the course of her history was
reader with his fairness and impartiality when changed. Intense and growing hatred of England, re-
treating of the many vexed questions which vived religious and class animosities, a savage rebellion
are met in following out the course of the rela savagely repressed, a legislative union prematurely and
tions between England and Ireland. In ap-
corruptly carried, mark the closing years of the eight-
eenth century; and after ninety years of direct British
portioning the blame to be attributed to the
government the condition of Ireland is universally rec-
one side or the other, in awarding the meed of ognized as the chief scandal and the chief weakness of
praise and approval without reference to pos the Empire."
sible bias, and in summing up the case in all These words are an epitome of the whole story.
its aspects and phases, his language is always With the appointment of Lord Camden, who
such as the judge on the bench might be ex succeeded Fitzwilliam, the government of the
pected to use, and never, or certainly most island, under the dictation of the English cab-
rarely, takes the tone of the advocate cham inet, and by means of a parliament from which
pioning one particular side. But though he Grattan, the greatest Irishman of his time, had
who reads these final volumes, coming to them withdrawn, and which was completely subserv-
without previous prejudice, will, to even a ient to the executive, entered on a policy which
greater degree than in studying the earlier speedily reawakened sectarian hate and suspi-
part of the work, feel sure when he reaches cion, and drove the organizations of the Defend-
the end that Mr. Lecky has tried to do jus ers and the United Irishmen to coalesce; a
tice to the acts and opinions, motives and con policy which spread confusion and lawlessness
victions of all who took part in the drama, he through the country, and culminated in a rebel-
will be no less sure that however wild and fa lion which just failed of success, owing to the
natical the Irish rebels may have been in their mistakes of the French contingents who were
aims and deeds, however cruel and bloodthirsty, expected to support the insurgents, and to the
however unreasoning and led by prejudice, the winds and waves of ocean, which, as in the
English Government must bear the greater days of the Spanish Armada, seemed indeed
share of responsibility for the genesis and de to fight for England.
velopment of the Rebellion of 1798, on account In the early stages of conspiracy, the most
of its breach of all faith in regard to expecta disappointed portions of the people seem to
tions excited and hopes raised, if not to pledges have been the Presbyterians of the north, who,
actually given and assurances made.
strongly tainted with republicanism and the
In 1793 and 1794, as is very evident from doctrines of Thomas Paine, had warmly sym-
the authorities with which the pages of this pathized with the Americans in their struggle
work are full—authorities which, it is claimed, for independence, and looked to France and
have never before been available or used, the French revolutionists as models. But as
had the Viceroy, Lord Fitzwilliam, been sus time passed, the views of these portions of the
tained by the King and the English Cabinet, people underwent a change, - influenced, it
and allowed, as he believed and asserted he may be, by the Orange movement, which was
was to be allowed, to frankly accept the meas violently Protestant and encouraged and fos-
ure brought forward in the Irish Parliament tered the reawakened religious animosities, and
for repeal of the Catholic disabilities, and the influenced later by disapproval of the course
measures which would have resulted therefrom,
which the French government was pursuing
the disaffection would gradually have disap toward Switzerland and the United States.
peared, and the country would have been far The change was so marked that when the
more likely to advance in prosperity and wealth, schemes and plots broke out into open hostili-
in patriotism and loyalty, in civilization and ties, Ulster, the stronghold of Presbyterian
happiness. Mr. Lecky writes :
dissent, remained almost entirely quiescent,
“For at least fifteen years before this ſthe recall of
and the rebellion was confined almost wholly
Fitzwilliam] occurred, the country had been steadily to the middle parts of the island. Even there
and incontestably improving. Religious animosities ap it does not seem to have been inspired by any
peared to have almost died away. Material prosperity
exalted sentiments of patriotism or a desire for
was advancing with an unprecedented rapidity. ...
With the removal of the few remaining religious disa-
independence, but merely by sectarian hate
bilities, a settlement of tithes, and a moderate reform
and the grinding sufferings produced by unjust
of Parliament, it still seemed probable that Ireland, I and discriminating laws, and by a cruel repress-


348
[March,
THE DIAL
ive tyranny, which harried the lower classes of cere convictions of a prime minister who, for
the inhabitants, burning their homes and tor the sake of office, seems to have stifled his own
turing their bodies. The chapters which tell better sense of what was right and wise. The
of the period of active hostilities are of absorb result has been—what might have been fore-
ing interest, and in them the various acts of seen, and what the opponents of the union gave
the drama are placed with vivid distinctness warning that it would be that after ninety
before the reader. Yet here, as in all other years, to use Mr. Lecky's words,-
parts of his work, Mr. Lecky does not hesitate | “ The political condition has certainly not improved,
to speak in high terins of the abilities and mo and the difficulty of Irish government has not dimin-
tives of the actors, whether on the side of the
ished. ... The union has not made Ireland either
a loyal or a united country. The two nations that in-
insurgents or in the ranks of the government;
habit it still remain distinct. Political leadership has
and when recounting acts of lawlessness and
largely passed into hands to which no sane and honora-
savagery he does not fail to state the provoca- ble statesman would entrust the task of maintaining
tions which called them forth, and should be law, or securing property, or enforcing contracts, or
regarded as palliating them. Indeed, it is only
protecting loyal men, or supporting in times of difti-
by the most careful reading that one can hope
culty and danger the interests of the Empire."
to find out the individual opinion of the his-
A review of Mr. Lecky's great work ought
torian, so thoroughly does he seem to sink
not to be ended without a protest against the
his individuality in the role of a narrator of
very indifferent, not to say discreditable, form
events.
in which this history is presented to the Amer-
The Rebellion of 1798 was hardly over, the
ican reader. While the print is good, it is the
complete pacification by an overwhelming mil-
only part of the book that is at all satisfactory.
itary force was not yet thoroughly accom-
The volumes are clumsy, and the margins mean;
plished, when the English Government brought and the general appearance of the work is far
forward and undertook to carry through the
below the usually high standard of the house
measure of legislative union with England,
which publishes it. It is to be hoped that the
toward which it almost seems as if the double-
English edition is more in consonance, in ap-
dealing policy which had had so much to do
pearance and workmanship, with the import-
in bringing about the civil war had been con ance of the subject matter.
stantly and consciously leading, as indeed has
WILLIAM ELIOT FURNESS.
often been charged by Irish writers of the op-
position. When the measure was first brought
forward by Cornwallis and Castlereagh, no
MODERN USES OF ELECTRICITY.*
portion of the population desired it or consid-
ered it a wise or safe measure for that time;
The time was, not many years since, when
yet notwithstanding this it was carried through,
popular knowledge of electrical phenomena was
by the most corrupt means, although with the
limited to the meagre information obtainable
greatest difficulty-the government being ac-
from a common friction machine, a leyden jar,
tually defeated in the parliament of 1799.
and a spangled tube, exhibited by the travel-
Bribery was unblushingly resorted to, peerages
ling showman ; and the only widely-known ap-
were created, promotions made, places and even
plication of electricity was the electric tele-
money given to those who could be purchased. graph. The electric arc light, produced by a
The cabinet in England had decided that the Bunsen or Grove battery, was a novelty wit-
union was to be a Protestant union ; but the nessed only by the few who were fortunate
Catholic clergy were induced to advocate it,
enough to secure the rare opportunity. The
and the Catholic population to make no objec- telephone was not even a vision at this period,
tion, by arguments which amounted to assur which is still within the remembrance of the
ances, and which there is every reason to be young; and the incandescent light had not yet
lieve Cornwallis and Pitt both meant to be
been thought of by the Wizard of Menlo Park.
understood as assurances and pledges, that a
The modern period of inventive activity in
repeal of all Catholic disabilities and griev the marvellous applications of electricity was
ances would speedily be granted by an impe-
inaugurated by the invention and public exhi-
rial parliament. Yet these assurances were
t these assurances were bition of the telephone in 1876, the year of our
most basely left unfulfilled, through the obsti-
National Centennial. About the same time the
nacy and narrow-mindedness of a half-mad * ELECTRICITY IN DAILY LIFE. New York: Charles Scrib-
king, dominating the honest judgment and sin- ner's Sons.


1891.]
349
THE DIAL
intelligent per all the essential. lready severa
subdivision of the electric arc became a fait “ The Electric Railway of To-day” is the
accompli, largely through the inventive genius subject of Mr. Joseph Wetzler, one of the ed-
of Mr. Brush; and in five years several sys- itors of the New York - Electrical Engineer.”
tems of incandescent electric lighting were The perusal of this interesting chapter by any
claimants for public favor at the Paris Expo- intelligent person cannot fail to put him in
sition of Electricity. Since then, electricity has possession of all the essential details of the
entered into the affairs of our daily lives with electric railway. There are already several
a rapidity entirely in keeping with its charac hundred electric railways in the United States,
ter ; now no large city building is without its carrying thousands of passengers daily ; and
electric lights, and no modern house can lay while danger from the currents (or voltage)
any claim to completeness without its electric employed for this purpose is quite remote, it
bells, its burglar-alarm, and, at the least, its is certainly the part of wisdom for intelligent
electric gas-lighting apparatus.
people to make themselves familiar with the
The larger way in which electricity enters electrical and mechanical features involved in
into modern public appliances in street-lighting the system.
and the transmission of power has created a “ Electricity in Lighting" could not have
new branch of engineering, which has already found an abler exponent than President Henry
become an equal competitor with the older ones Morton of the Stevens Institute of Technology.
of civil, mechanical, and mining engineering. One finds one's self carried along through the
The important services rendered by electricity | historical and mechanical details of this sub-
and the dangers attending its use create the ject with the firmness and grasp that indicate
demand and accent the necessity for public in the master. The history of electric lighting
telligence respecting its laws and properties. is confined to the present century; but so
Journals devoted exclusively to electricity do numerous and active have been the workers
not perform the function of public education ; in this field that the literature of the subject
they appeal to the professional and scientific is already voluminous, and a number of dis-
classes, whose duties or inclinations have al tinct and more or less independent systems
ready made them more or less familiar with must be described. Electric arc lighting, elec-
electrical phenomena and inventions. It is tric incandescent lighting, lighting by means
most fortunate and timely, then, that literary of storage batteries, and incandescent lighting
periodicals have assumed the task of public by alternating current machines and transform-
enlightenment and the satisfaction of a lauda ers, furnish topics enough for a treatise instead
ble curiosity to understand some of the inter- of a single chapter of a book.
esting methods by means of which electricity The telegraph is an old subject, but “ The
has become the servant of man both in peace Telegraph of To-day ” has many new and in-
and war.
teresting features, as described by Mr. C. L.
- Electricity in Daily Life" is the outgrowth Buckingham, attorney and counsel for the
of a series of fascinating articles written for Western Union Telegraph Company. These
"Scribner's Magazine” by specialists. Each include the printing telegraph, instruments for
writer is thoroughly conversant with his sub stock quotations, automatic systems of trans.
ject, and has not learned it from books only. | mission, the train telegraph by induction, and
Professor Brackett of Princeton writes the lead submarine transmission and testing.
ing chapter, and deals with general principles In appropriate juxtaposition to Mr. Buck-
and the facts underlying methods of electrical | ingham's chapter is one on “ The Making and
measurement. He seizes on the salient points Laying of a Cable,” by Herbert Laws Webb,
of electrical action, and explains them in a one of the staff of the Metropolitan Telephone
genuinely scientific and popular way. This Company. The voyage of a cable-laying ship
paper lays the foundation for the more specific is described, and the chapter reads like a tale
topics following
of the sea. It must certainly be a surprise to
Mr. F. L. Pope describes - The Electric the public to learn that no less than thirty-
Motor and its Applications.” His chapter is seven vessels, with an aggregate gross tonnage
nearly all historical, and exhibits the evolution of about 54,600 tons, comprise the cable feet
of the modern electric motor, from the toy-like of the world. The North Atlantic alone is
mechanism of Faraday and Henry for produc crossed by eleven cables, all laid since 1870;
ing motion by the agency of electricity, to the and the submarine telegraph system of the
electric railway motor of the present.
world consists of more than 120,000 nautica)


350
[March,
THE DIAL
miles of cable. In laying these, the bed of nating system. And yet they are produced in
the ocean has been explored with great care, a way nearly identical with the physician's
and the cables have been located on such lines - Faradic currents."
as to avoid being sawn asunder by sharp crags, The caution urged by Dr. Starr against
or torn in twain by festooning from submarine touching a wire used in electric lighting would
rocky cliffs. So accurately is the course of be of more value if it were more discriminat-
each cable defined that if a break or fault oc ing. The reason given is that the currents
curs it can be located electrically from the used in lighting are several hundred times
shore, and a repair-ship proceeds directly to greater than those which can safely be applied
the spot indicated, and, grappling the cable, to the body.” But the fact remains that the
lifts it to the surface of the ocean. During incandescent system, which involves much the
the process of repairing a fault over nine hun largest currents, is the safest to handle, in
dred miles from land recently, the cable-ship fact, is not in the least dangerous ; while are-
sighted and recognized a vessel speeding west light circuits, though carrying relatively small
ward. The instruments were at once attached currents, are the exceedingly dangerous ones.
to the cable, and the news flashed to New York, The dangerous system is the one employing
announcing the passage of the liner on its voy high voltage ; but this feature Dr. Starr takes
age landward.
no account of. Nor does it follow at all that
The subjects of the two following chapters, a wire at a high voltage, or one carrying a large
- Electricity in Land and Naval Warfare," are current, is dangerous to the touch. Whether
full of interest, especially to the electrician ; or not a dangerous current will pass through
but they appeal less directly, perhaps, to the the body depends entirely upon other circum-
popular mind than the chapter on “ Electricity stances. The potential, or voltage, of a wire
in the Household,” by Mr. A, E. Kennelly, must be high to be dangerous. The wire may
Mr. Edison's chief electrician.
not be dangerous to touch even then, but it is
Dr. Starr's chapter on “ Electricity in Re certainly the part of wisdom to let it alone
lation to the Human Body” closes the book. unless one has the technical knowledge to be
It is a matter for genuine congratulation of certain that it is not dangerous.
the public that electro-therapeutics has now The illustrations of this large and handsome
been taken from the hands of quacks and char volume are numerous and helpful, and the
latans, and is recognized as an integral part typography and presswork are all that could
of a medical education. It is true that very be desired.
much remains to be done to insure thorough
H. S. CARHART.
scientific knowledge of electrical laws and phe-
nomena on the part of practicing physicians
and medical teachers. Very much more than
FRANCIS DANA HEMENWAY.*
the therapeutic properties of electrical cur-
So modest in spirit and so limited by frail
rents must be mastered by the practitioner and
medical teacher in order to insure for electric-
health was the late Dr. Hemenway that his rare
ity its proper place as a curative agent. On
qualities as a man of letters are too little known.
the other hand, it should not be permissible to
From his early years he indulged in a wide
apply it as a remedial agent except in the
range of reading, and all that is best in the
hands of a duly qualified physician.
literature of all lands and ages passed through
That the medical profession does not keep
the alembic of his mind leaving no residuum of
up with the march of the science of electricity
base material, but distilled by the pure flame
is illustrated by some points in Dr. Starr's ar-
of his appreciation into an atmosphere in which
ticle, to which it may be permissible to draw
be consciously lived and into which others en-
attention. Why should physicians persist in
tered when they came near him. “ His words
calling current electricity « Galvanism”? or
were showers of pearls," says one of his pupils,
induced electricity "Faradism”? or why should
“ a few of which we saved.” “ He recognized
it be the universal practice among them to speak
that no two words are exactly synonymous, and
of the currents from the secondary of an induc-
his selection seemed a little less than the choice
tion coil as “ Faradic currents”? It has prob THE LIFE AND SELECTED WRITINGS OF FRANCIS DANA
ably not occurred to them that electricians do HEMENWAY, late Professor of Hebrew and Biblical Literature
in the Garrett Biblical Institute, Evanston, Illinois. By Chas.
not apply this proper adjective to the currents
F. Bradley, Amos W. Patten, and Charles M. Stuart.
which make the glow-lamps shine in the alter- / Cincinnati and Chicago : Cranston & Stowe.


1891.]
THE DIAL
351
- - - - -
of a conscience profoundly impressed with the of her own life, which fitly appears as her me-
moral quality of speech.”
morial on the last page of her husband's biog-
Concentration was the secret of the great life- raphy. It must suggest to every reader the loss
work which he accomplished at the early age which has fallen on the world since it misses a
of fifty-three. The throne of his power was the household of which such a husband and wife
professor's chair, and all his gifts and graces | were the head.
MINERVA B. NORTON.
and requirements were perfectly subordinated
to the work of teaching, to which he was de-
voted at Evanston for more than a quarter of
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
a century. Professor Bradley has well fulfilled
the task of biographer in his too brief sketch.
PROFESSOR JOHN EARLE's handsome volume of
The practical side of life with Dr. Hemenway
530 pages, entitled - English Prose: Its Elements,
History, and Usage” (Putnam), is somewhat of a
was never disjoined from his high qualities as
new departure in the treatment of that subject, and
thinker, writer, and teacher. His letter to his
is admirable both in conception and execution. Un-
elder son, who had chosen the profession of
like Blair and Campbell, who deal mainly with the
medicine, is a model of practical advice, and de rhetorical graces of composition, or Herbert Spen-
serves to become a classic for its high ideal, its cer when he seeks to evolve the whole structure of lit-
breadth of view, and its choice of expression. erary diction out of a single maxim, our author pre-
As a theologian, Dr. Hemenway, while loyal scribes the culture of English diction as a means of
to the church of his choice, seemed incapable
attaining improved habits of thought. Therefore
of prejudice. He breathed an “unsectarian
something deeper is required than the effort of su-
air” and rejoiced in the beams of the catholic
perficial imitation, and his first endeavor is to col-
lect and group the most elementary and fundamental
sun.” The selections from his sermons and ad-
data of the subject. English being a language that
dresses show, more than anything we find else-
| has been greatly influenced by other languages, es-
where, the virile qualities of his thinking and
pecially by Latin and French, the secret of know-
the beauty of his character. He“ discovers the ing English consists in discerning how much of orig-
very joints and cleavage of the truth,' and finds inal remains unaffected. Superstructure is more
error as though he were gifted with Ithuriel's conspicuous than basis, and it is easier to see the
spear. Perfect self-devotion to the truth is the effects of foreign influence than it is to recognize
key to his character, and his teaching is en-
the stubborn rock of vernacular idiom. Accord-
forced by his example as well as by his thorough-
| ingly, the first four chapters of the book are ana-
lytic, and deal with such subjects as “ Choice of
ness of thought, his clear analysis, his delicacy
Expression,” “ The Import of Grammar," “ Bear-
of treatment and application, and the gleams of
ings of Philology,” etc. English having a much
humor and the flashes of kindly sarcasm which
larger stock of words than any other language that
light his pages. It is to be regretted that a life
ever existed in the world, word-choosing must have
so affluent in thought and utterance should be a peculiarly important place in the practice of En-
represented in a limited selection of his dis glish composition. To write English well, a man
courses by some which contain repetitions. must be completely in touch with the English vo-
“ Dr. Hemenway's life was set to music," cabulary, and one of the most useful exercises tow-
writes a contributor to these reminiscences. His
ard that acquirement is to study the three main
poetical temperament, his religious nature and
divisions of English words, corresponding to the
his exquisite taste led him to become an emi-
great eras of our literary history. In illustration,
the author gives thirty pages of words, arranged in
nent hymnologist. It is matter for congratu-
three parallel columns, headed respectively Saxon,
lation to all lovers of lyric poetry that the lec-
Romanic, Latin, and urges that no writer can af-
tures on hymnody which he had finished are ford to dispense with some such exercise, continu-
here published, and of regret that the projected ously carried on as a part of his professional drill,
work of which they were to form a part must whereby he learns to feel the difference between
forever remain incomplete. No man was ever words of similar definition, to know their taste and
more free from pedantry. The reader quite savor, and to perceive the effect each will have on
escapes the rubbish sometimes found in works of
the context. Even more interesting than these an-
alytical chapters are those which follow concerning
similar plan, and gains the nice discrimination,
the constructive elements of English Prose. Pro-
the independent thought, and the spiritual ap-
fessor Earle agrees with Coleridge and Matthew
preciation which render this part of the work a
Arnold in regarding the distinction between poetry
delight. It is enriched with notes of perma- and prose as something more than a merely super-
nent value by Mr. Stuart. Mrs. Hemenwayficial and accidental difference of form, being seated
sums up in a single sentence all she desired said in the nature of things. Prose is the literary evo-


352
[March,
THE DIAL
lution of conversation, as poetry is the literary evo- | English prose are to be found in the poets, and more
lution of singing. Nevertheless, prose diction should especially in Chaucer. The third culmination found
hold itself as far removed from the depressions of its most representative writer in Samuel Johnson,
the colloquial on the one hand as from the eleva- whom Professor Earle rates as “ unapproachably
tions of poetry on the other. Its first requirement | and incomparably the best of all models from which
is elevation ; the study of the poets is good disci- the spirit of genuine, true, and wholesome diction is
pline, yet “poetical prose” is to be avoided. A to be imbibed.” Every student, and especially every
second great point of distinction between prose and literary worker, will welcome this scholarly work by
poetry is in respect to lucidity. Poetry may be the Rawlinsonian Professor of Anglo-Saxon in the
transparent or it may be obscure, according to the University of Oxford, since it is true, as he says,
genius of the poet, since poetry appeals chiefly to " whereas our Poetry has called forth a succession
the imagination ; but prose must be lucid to fulfil of critical literature from the times of Elizabeth
its office and furnish an instrument of communica until now, no like attention has been paid to English
tion between mind and mind. Variation is the third Prose.”
desideratum of a good prose diction, and one which
Ix Mr. Jeremiah Curtin's - Myths and Folk-
should pervade every part-words, phrases, idioms,
sentences. The author combats both the short-word
Tales of the Russians, Western Slavs, and Mag-
yars ” (Little, Brown & Co.), is shown the same
and the short-sentence fallacies as specifics for good
industry, care, and enthusiasm that has character-
writing, and insists that the only rule is to be loyal
ized his former work in his chosen field of labor.
to thought, and to subserve the thought with a di-
versity of form answerable to the copious variety
Mythology having already accomplished the mag-
nificent result of explaining the brotherhood and
of its nature. Thus has come that latest advance
blood-bond of Aryan nations, and their relation to
and leading characteristic of modern prose, the de-
the Semitic race, there remains for it the yet greater
velopment of the paragraph. To his mastery of
mission of demonstrating that there is also a higher
the form of the paragraph Macaulay owes his wide
and mightier bond-a kinship of all created things
popularity, and here he is facile princeps of all
with one another. For this purpose, a science of
modern English writers. The newspaper press has
done much to perfect this modern feature of prose
mythology must be established ; and towards this
the first and most important step must be the col-
writing. Even in the historical portions of this
lecting, from races other than the Aryan and Se-
subject, a field which has been so thoroughly tilled
that it would seem almost impossible to say any-
mitic, of the old stories in which are embodied their
thing new, Professor Earle departs from the lead
beliefs and views of the world. Believing that
of his predecessors. It has been customary to speak
“ all myths have the same origin and that all run
parallel to a certain point, which may be taken as
of our prose literature as dating from the sixteenth
the point to which the least developed peoples have
century, and to treat earlier specimens as chance,
risen," Mr. Curtin spares no pains in his researches
sporadic things, freaks of nature that in some way
into the early literature of the chief primitive
or other are exceptional and do not count. He in-
races of the earth. Less than a year has passed
sists, however, that we possess a longer pedigree of
since the publication of his admirable work on
prose literature than any other country in Europe,
and that if we seek to trace it up to its starting-
* Irish Folk-Lore"; the present volume adds his
discoveries among three other important nations,
point we are not brought to a stand until we have
while the Polish myth-tales are promised for an
mounted up to the very earliest times, past the
early date. Thus new stores are furnished not only
threshold of English Christianity out into the hea-
then times beyond, and are close up to the first
for the student of literature and of history but
also for the domain of religion, since it is undoubt-
struggles of the invasion. Not all of this stream
of history is of equally ready application to living
edly true, as our author claims, that “ without
mythology there can be no thorough understanding
usage, however, there being certain epochs at which
of any religion on earth, either in its inception or
the language has culminated into a standard which
its growth.”
has retained its literary value for generations and
for centuries. These great points of culmination DECIDEDLY misnamed is Austin Dobson's - Four
are three-namely, the tenth, the fifteenth, and the Frenchwomen” (Dodd), for of the four treated
eighteenth centuries; and on these he concentrates the Princess de Lamballe was by birth an Italian,
his attention. The tenth century marks the first Charlotte Corday and Manon Phlipon (afterward
great epoch, because then English prose reached a | Mme. Roland) belonged by education among Plu-
certain pitch of youthful ripeness, vigor, and inge-| tarch's men of the ancient republics, and Mme.
nuity, and exhibited with great distinctness the ele de Genlis was a born actress, an intriguing Becky
mentary types of prose diction. This individuality | Sharp, a moral Proteus who could at will assume
was retained for more than a century and a half, any age or sex or country or principles. Despite
and accordingly there is no exercise so worthy to certain juvenile faults of style, the book is both
be recommended as translation to and fro between enjoyable and useful in its way to one who knows
old English and modern English. In the age which enough to profit by it and yet does not know too
built up the second culmination, the materials for much. For the merely English reader, the pages


1891.]
353
THE DIAL
----
are almost invariably too much besprinkled with Lord Byron to you.' Lord Byron said, “That
quotations from the French and other languages. | offer was made to you before ; may I ask why you
Sometimes, indeed, the body of the page is French rejected it?' He begged permission to come and
while only the sprinkling is English. Often again see me. He did so the next day. Rogers and
when the words are English the idiom is still Moore were standing by me. I was on the sofa.
French. This is notably the case when Mr. Dob- | I had just come in from riding. I was filthy and
son attempts translation, and brings forth such heated. When Lord Byron was announced, I flew
hybrid enormities as “ her true friends to her," or out of the room to wash myself. When I returned
** How old is she, your grandchild, Mademoiselle Rogers said, · Lord Byron, you are a happy man.
Rotisset?” To balance this blundering, however, | Lady Caroline has been sitting in all her dirt with
we have some wit, as where in speaking of Mme. | us, but when you were announced she flew to beau-
Roland's early reading Mr. Dobson characterizes tify herself.'” Having put up with his wife's vaga-
Rousseau as "the choice dish-the peacock's ries till patience ceased to be a virtue, Lord Mel-
brains-of this mixed entertainment." Persons bourne took steps to secure a separation. The
who understand a little French, but have not time final arrangements were made and the parting
to read more than an epitome of the French | interview was to take place. The interview
works on which these papers are based, will find in lasted so long that his brother thought it right to
this volume much interesting and brightly-stated |
| venture in, when he found Lady Caroline seated
information, which, though gathered some decades by his siile tenderly feeding him with bits of thin
ago, is yet reasonably accurate. The account of bread and butter. She had had him to herself for
Mme. de Genlis is based upon her eight volumes one half-hour, and her low caressing voice had
of memoirs and occupies nearly one-half of Mr. won a short reprieve." The volumes of this series
Dobson's little volume of two hundred odd pages; contain portraits and are well printed and bound.
the account of Charlotte Corday is based upon M.
Huard's - Memoir” of that lady published in
VOLUME V. of Macmillan's “ Adventure Series"
1866 and upon her so-called “ Political Works”
- The Buccaneers and Marooners of America”-
published at Caen in 1863; that of Mme. Ro-
should satisfy the most truculent reader. The ed-
land upon the edition of her - Memoirs ” pub-
itor, Mr. Howard Pyle, has divided his sanguinary
lished in 1864 by M. Daubon; and that of the
work into two parts: the first, a translation of John
Princess de Lamballe upon her “Life” by M. de
Esquemeling's old history of “ Dee Americaenische
Lescure, published in the same decade. Thus these
Zee Roovers," written in 1678, and first done into
papers have not profited by the careful investiga-
English in 1684; and the second, “A True Account
tions of the last score of years, and are hardly
of Four Notorious Pirates -Captains Teach alias
worthy of the present Austin Dobson, however prom-
Blackbeard, Kidd, Roberts, and Avery.” We have
ising they may have appeared for the young man he
read this book with considerable interest. It has
was when the articles originally got into print.
renewed our acquaintance with several valued
friends of our youth, and pleasantly recalled a time
A READABLE sketch of Queen Victoria's first when we ourselves had some thought of hoisting
Premier and early Mentor, Lord Melbourne, is the black flag-should opportunity offer. Captain
contributed by Dr. Henry Dunckley to Messrs. Edward Teach alias Blackbeard was an especial
Harpers' series of compact political biographies, hero with us at that time. In outward appearance
· The Queen's Prime Ministers." While Lord the Captain was indeed a man to fill the soul of
Melbourne was not, despite his Premiership, in any boyhood with honest admiration :-“ His beard was
sense a great man, he bore no inconsiderable share black, which he suffered to grow of an extravagant
in great events; and the story of his private life length; as to breadth, it came up to his eyes. He
is sufficiently piquant to attract readers who might was accustomed to twist it with ribbons, in small
shrink from following Dr. Dunckley into the maze tails, after the manner of our Ramillie wigs, and
of British politics. Lord Melbourne, it will be turn them about his ears. In time of action he
remembered, enjoyed the questionable distinction wore a sling over his shoulders with three brace of
of being the husband--the “ unspeakable husband,” pistols hanging in holsters like bandaliers, and
Carlyle might have said-of Byron's Lady Caro- stuck lighted matches under his hat, which, appear-
line Lamb; and an amusing chapter is devoted to ing on each side of his face, his eyes naturally
that lady's escapades. In a letter to a friend, Lady looking fierce and wild, made him altogether such
Caroline thus describes her first meeting with Lord a figure that imagination cannot form an idea of a
Byron: “I was one night at Lady Westmore fury from hell to look more frightful.” It is only
land's; the women were all throwing their heads | just to record of Captain Teach that he died fight-
at him ; Lady Westmoreland led me up to him, I ing like a very Paladin against the minions of law
looked earnestly at him, and turned on my heel. and order. “ They were now”-says the narrator
My opinion in my journal was, “mad, bad, and _" closely and warmly engaged, the lieutenant
dangerous to know.' A day or two passed; I was and twelve men against Blackbeard and fourteen,
sitting with Lord and Larly Holland, when he was till the sea was tinctured with blood round the ves-
announced. Lady Holland said, “I must present sel. Blackbeard received a shot into his body from


352
[March,
THE DIAL
lution of conversation, as poetry is the literary evo English prose are to be found in the poets, and more
lution of singing. Nevertheless, prose diction should especially in Chaucer. The third culmination found
hold itself as far removed from the depressions of its most representative writer in Samuel Johnson,
the colloquial on the one hand as from the eleva- whom Professor Earle rates as “unapproachably
tions of poetry on the other. Its first requirement and incomparably the best of all models from which
is elevation; the study of the poets is good disci-| the spirit of genuine, true, and wholesome diction is
pline, yet “poetical prose” is to be avoided. A to be imbibed.” Every student, and especially every
second great point of distinction between prose and literary worker, will welcome this scholarly work by
poetry is in respect to lucidity. Poetry may be the Rawlinsonian Professor of Anglo-Saxon in the
transparent or it may be obscure, according to the University of Oxford, since it is true, as he says,
genius of the poet, since poetry appeals chiefly to “ whereas our Poetry has called forth a succession
the imagination ; but prose must be lucid to fulfil of critical literature from the times of Elizabeth
its office and furnish an instrument of communica- | until now, no like attention has been paid to English
tion between mind and mind. Variation is the third Prose."
desideratum of a good prose diction, and one which
Ix Mr. Jeremiah Curtin's “ Myths and Folk-
should pervade every part—words, phrases, idioms,
Tales of the Russians, Western Slavs, and Mag-
sentences. The author combats both the short-word
yars” (Little, Brown & Co.), is shown the same
and the short-sentence fallacies as specifics for good
industry, care, and enthusiasm that has character-
writing, and insists that the only rule is to be loyal
ized his former work in his chosen field of labor.
to thought, and to subserve the thought with a di-
Mythology having already accomplished the mag-
versity of form answerable to the copious variety
nificent result of explaining the brotherhood and
of its nature. Thus has come that latest advance
blood-bond of Aryan nations, and their relation to
and leading characteristic of modern prose, the de-
the Semitic race, there remains for it the yet greater
velopment of the paragraph. To his mastery of
mission of demonstrating that there is also a higher
the form of the paragraph Macaulay owes his wide
and mightier bond—a kinship of all created things
popularity, and here he is facile princeps of all
with one another. For this purpose, a science of
modern English writers. The newspaper press has
mythology must be established ; and towards this
done much to perfect this modern feature of prose
the first and most important step must be the col-
writing. Even in the historical portions of this
lecting, from races other than the Aryan and Se-
subject, a field which has been so thoroughly tilled
mitic, of the old stories in which are embodied their
that it would seem almost impossible to say any-
beliefs and views of the world. Believing that
thing new, Professor Earle departs from the lead
“ all myths have the same origin and that all run
of his predecessors. It has been customary to speak
parallel to a certain point, which may be taken as
of our prose literature as dating from the sixteenth
the point to which the least developed peoples have
century, and to treat earlier specimens as chance,
risen,” Mr. Curtin spares no pains in his researches
sporadic things, freaks of nature that in some way
into the early literature of the chief primitive
or other are exceptional and do not count. He in-
races of the earth. Less than a year has passed
sists, however, that we possess a longer pedigree of
since the publication of his admirable work on
prose literature than any other country in Europe,
* Irish Folk-Lore”; the present volume adds his
and that if we seek to trace it up to its starting-
discoveries among three other important nations,
point we are not brought to a stand until we have
while the Polish myth-tales are promised for an
mounted up to the very earliest times, past the
early date. Thus new stores are furnished not only
threshold of English Christianity out into the hea-
for the student of literature and of history but
then times beyond, and are close up to the first
struggles of the invasion. Not all of this stream
also for the domain of religion, since it is undoubt-
of history is of equally ready application to living
edly true, as our author claims, that “ without
mythology there can be no thorough understanding
usage, however, there being certain epochs at which
of any religion on earth, either in its inception or
the language has culminated into a standard which
its growth."
has retained its literary value for generations and
for centuries. These great points of culmination DECIDEDLY misnamed is Austin Dobson's - Four
are three-namely, the tenth, the fifteenth, and the Frenchwomen ” (Dodd), for of the four treated
eighteenth centuries ; and on these he concentrates | the Princess de Lamballe was by birth an Italian,
his attention. The tenth century marks the first Charlotte Corday and Manon Phlipon (afterward
great epoch, because then English prose reached a Mme. Roland) belonged by education among Plu-
certain pitch of youthful ripeness, vigor, and inge tarch's men of the ancient republics, and Mme.
nuity, and exhibited with great distinctness the ele- de Genlis was a born actress, an intriguing Becky
mentary types of prose diction. This individuality Sharp, a moral Proteus who could at will assume
was retained for more than a century and a half, any age or sex or country or principles. Despite
and accordingly there is no exercise so worthy to certain juvenile faults of style, the book is both
be recommended as translation to and fro between enjoyable and useful in its way to one who knows
old English and modern English. In the age which enough to profit by it and yet does not know too
built up the second culmination, the materials for ' much. For the merely English reader, the pages


1891.]
353
THE DIAL
are almost invariably too much besprinkled with Lord Byron to you.' Lord Byron said, “That
quotations from the French and other languages. I offer was made to you before ; may I ask why you
Sometimes, indeed, the body of the page is French rejected it?' He begged permission to come and
while only the sprinkling is English. Often again see me. He did so the next day. Rogers and
when the words are English the idiom is still | Moore were standing by me. I was on the sofa.
French. This is notably the case when Mr. Dob- I had just come in from riding. I was filthy and
son attempts translation, and brings forth such heated. When Lord Byron was announced, I flew
hybrid enormities as “ her true friends to her,” or out of the room to wash myself. When I returned
** How old is she, your grandchild, Mademoiselle Rogers said, • Lord Byron, you are a happy man.
Rotisset?” To balance this blundering, however, Lady Caroline has been sitting in all her dirt with
we have some wit, as where in speaking of Mme. us, but when you were announced she flew to beau-
Roland's early reading Mr. Dobson characterizes tify herself.'” Having put up with his wife's vaga-
Rousseau as “the choice dish--the peacock's ries till patience ceased to be a virtue, Lord Mel-
brains—of this mixed entertainment." Persons bourne took steps to secure a separation. The
who understand a little French, but have not time final arrangements were made and the parting
to read more than an epitome of the French interview was to take place. “The interview
works on which these papers are based, will find in lasted so long that his brother thought it right to
this volume much interesting and brightly-stated venture in, when he found Lady Caroline seated
information, which, though gathered some decades by his side tenderly feeding him with bits of thin
ago, is yet reasonably accurate. The account of I bread and butter. She had had him to herself for
Mme. de Genlis is based upon her eight volumes one half-hour, and her low caressing voice had
of memoirs and occupies nearly one-half of Mr. won a short reprieve.” The volumes of this series
Dobson's little volume of two hundred odd pages; contain portraits and are well printed and bound.
the account of Charlotte Corday is based upon M.
Huard's “ Memoir” of that lady published in
VOLUME V. of Macmillan's “ Adventure Series”
1866 and upon her so-called “ Political Works”.
-- The Buccaneers and Marooners of America"-
published at Caen in 1863; that of Mme. Ro-
should satisfy the most truculent reader. The ed-
land upon the edition of her “ Memoirs” pub-
itor, Mr. Howard Pyle, has divided his sanguinary
lished in 1864 by M. Daubon; and that of the
work into two parts: the first, a translation of John
Princess de Lamballe upon her “Life” by M. de
Esquemeling's old history of “ Dee Americaenische
Lescure, published in the same decade. Thus these
Zee Roovers," written in 1678, and first done into
papers have not profited by the careful investiga-
English in 1684 ; and the second, "A True Account
tions of the last score of years, and are hardly
of Four Notorious Pirates -Captains Teach alias
worthy of the present Austin Dobson, however prom-
Blackbeard, Kidd, Roberts, and Avery.” We have
ising they may have appeared for the young man he
read this book with considerable interest. It has
was when the articles originally got into print.
renewed our acquaintance with several valued
friends of our youth, and pleasantly recalled a time
A READABLE sketch of Queen Victoria's first when we ourselves had some thought of hoisting
Premier and early Mentor, Lord Melbourne, is the black flag-shoulil opportunity offer. Captain
contributed by Dr. Henry Dunckley to Messrs. Edward Teach alias Blackbeard was an especial
Harpers' series of compact political biographies, hero with us at that time. In outward appearance
· The Queen's Prime Ministers." While Lord the Captain was indeed a man to fill the soul of
Melbourne was not, despite his Premiership, in any boyhood with honest admiration :-—_" His beard was
sense a great man, he bore no inconsiderable share black, which he suffered to grow of an extravagant
in great events; and the story of his private life length; as to breadth, it came up to his eyes. He
is sufficiently piquant to attract readers who might was accustomed to twist it with ribbons, in small
shrink from following Dr. Dunckley into the maze tails, after the manner of our Ramillie wigs, and
of British politics. Lord Melbourne, it will be turn them about his ears. In time of action he
remembered, enjoyed the questionable distinction wore a sling over his shoulders with three brace of
of being the husband—the “ unspeakable husband," pistols hanging in holsters like bandaliers, and
Carlyle might have said--of Byron's Lady Caro stuck lighted matches under his hat, which, appear-
line Lamb; and an amusing chapter is devoted to ing on each side of his face, his eyes naturally
that lady's escapades. In a letter to a friend, Lady looking fierce and wild, made him altogether such
Caroline thus describes her first meeting with Lord | a figure that imagination cannot form an idea of a
Byron: “I was one night at Lady Westmore fury from hell to look more frightful.” It is only
land's; the women were all throwing their heads just to record of Captain Teach that he died fight-
at him ; Lady Westmoreland led me up to him, I ing like a very Paladin against the minions of law
looked earnestly at him, and turned on my heel. and order. “ They were now”-says the narrator
My opinion in my journal was, “mad, bad, and —“ closely and warmly engaged, the lieutenant
dangerous to know.' A day or two passed ; I was and twelve men against Blackbeard and fourteen,
sitting with Lord and Lady Holland, when he was till the sea was tinctured with blood round the ves-
announced. Lady Holland said, “I must present I sel. Blackbeard received a shot into his body from


354
· [March,
THE DIAL
the pistol that Lieutenant Maynard discharged, yet ened lover of his country. That International
he stood his ground, and fought with great fury till Copyright is both just and expedient, is a proposi-
he received five-and-twenty wounds, five of them tion which has long been accepted by nearly all civ-
by shot. At length, as he was cocking another pis- ilized nations except our own; and perhaps no
tol, having fired several before, he fell down dead.” | other cause has done more to encourage foreign
Part I. is largely taken up with the adventures of ideas of our crudeness and provincialism as a peo-
Captains Lolonois and Morgan—" Carlislean (sic) ple than our refusal to accept a principle so well
heroes,” the editor styles them—the narrator Es established in both ethics and jurisprudence. A
quemeling speaking from personal knowledge. The certain narrowness of view, and a patriotic jealousy
volume contains several portraits ; and Mr. Pyle, of foreign ideas and customs, are of course natural
in his Introduction, institutes a sort of freeboot- to a young and rapidly developing country ; but
ing expedition of his own against the conventions these things are no longer becoming to a people so
of English composition.
large and intelligent as our own, with pretensions to
cosmopolitan influence and culture. The passage
The two centuries in Mr. W. H. Babcock's | of this act may therefore be regarded as marking
“ The Two Lost Centuries of Britain ” (Lippincott)
a new and hopeful era in our higher national devel-
are those two which followed the evacuation of
opment.
Britain by the Roman forces for the more pressing
More important than any of the detailed provis-
duty of defending Rome itself from the barba-
ions of the bill is the fact that it is an affirmation
rians of Northern Europe, and during which the
by our highest law-making power, doubtless for all
Saxon conquest of the island was gradually be-
time, of the broad principle of International Copy-
coming complete. Historically speaking only can
right. This principle is so simple and so obviously
these centuries be called “ lost,” for, as Mr. Bab-
just that there is needed only a little familiarity
cock himself points out, it is here that the fancy
with it to cause wonder that it could ever have
of mankind, from Mark the Anchorite to Alfred
been seriously denied. It asserts no more than
Tennyson, has lingered as in a dream,” here that
that a man's right to the products of his own men-
“ the greatest researches have yielded to the spell
tal labor shall not be limited by geographical lines ;
and gone knight-erranting as in no other field.”
that an author's property in his writings shall not
Hengist and his beautiful daughter Rowena, Vor-
become common spoils outside his own country.
tigern the mighty British Chieftain, Ambrose the
Such a principle, as has been often shown, is not
prince of the sanctuary, Geraint the hero of Enid,
only in accord with sound morals, but is absolutely
even the great King Arthur himself, all belong to
necessary to the fostering and growth of that no-
this period. But it is romance rather than history
blest of a nation's products, its literature. Author-
that has perpetuated their names. Mr. Babcock,
ship is a profession, and those who follow it must
consulting original authorities and using legitimate
have the means of livelihood. It is a profession,
methods for reconstructing the life of the times,
too, which in its very nature subjects all new-comers
being master also of an uncommonly picturesque
to the most strenuous and all but insuperable com-
and direct style, is fairly entitled to the credit of
petition. The struggling author, as has been said.
finding his long-lost centuries and restoring them
finds himself competing for popular favor and pat-
to their rightful home in the annals of England in
ronage not only with other living authors, but with
the making. The book is occasionally at fault in
the whole body of authors, living and dead, whose
assuming too much knowledge on the part of the
books are accessible to buyers. The case is thus bad
reader. If instead of saying “ We all know the
enough, but it is rendered still more desperate by the
story" or of alluding indirectly to the well-known
fact that the books of foreign authors, being allowed
tale," he had paused to recount these, we should
republication in this country without expense for au-
not need to supplement his book with the encyclo-
thor's royalty, can be offered at just so much lower
pædia or other reference books, in order to a full
prices; and thus the poor native author finds himself
comprehension of the situation. Nor would this
working in competition with those who (involunta-
have swelled the book unduly or abated any of its
rily) work for nothing. The effect has been, as ex-
charms.
pressed by Sir Henry Maine, that “the whole Amer-
_ = _==
ican community has been condemned to a literary
_-
servitude unparalleled in the history of thought.”
INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT A FACT.
This disgraceful servitude International Copyright
will end. It will protect the American author from
The final enactment by the United States of an 'such unjust rivalry at home, while extending his mar-
International Copyright law is a cause of gratula- ket by insuring him the same protection in other
tion that is not limited to authors and others di | countries that foreign authors are given in our own.
rectly interested in literature. It is indeed a great This protection will cover, as of course it should, the
triumph for these, and a just reward for their pa- right of an author to choose his publisher anywhere,
tient and resolute struggle. But beyond this, it is and make his own bargain with him, precisely as he
a triumph of conscience and good morals which does now in his own country. This is simply allow-
should be a source of satisfaction to every enlight- | ing freedom of contract, abroad as well as at home;


1891.]
355
THE DIAL
and the bugbear of “monopoly ” has no more basis INTELLECTUAL PROGRESS AND THE
than this.
WORLD'S FAIR.
A minor but happy incident of this new law will be In such an exhibition as is contemplated in the World's
the disappearance of such terms as “pirate” and “ban Fair at Chicago in 1893, it is of course inevitable that
dit,” by which publishers who have renounced the chief prominence should be given to material things.
practice of reprinting foreign books without authors' The fair is, first of all, for the people ; and its success
leave characterize those contemporaries who are a lit must depend on the ability of its managers to make a
tle tardy in quitting that time-honored branch of the
good display of those things in which the people are
trade. Piracy is not an act sanctioned by law, and it is
most generally interested. Machinery and inventions,
agricultural products and appliances, fish and domestic
hardly warrantable to call a man a "pirate” who
animals, strange sights and curiosities, are greater at-
conducts a lawful business in a lawful manner. The
tractions to the many than exhibits of music or litera-
not unfamiliar euphemism, “ Business is business,"
ture, or other form of æsthetic art. A picture gallery
though often of dubious morality, may just as well ex is of course always a prime attraction, and hence its great
cuse this as other objectionable commercial methods. practical value and its prominence in exhibitions for the
The ethics of trade—if, malgré Herbert Spencer, masses. It is for the very reason that the interest in
there be such—are as yet too crude and unformu literature, for example, is so comparatively limited, that
lated for such austerity of judgment in business
the few who recognize its claims must see that they are
affairs; and the proverbial zeal of recent converts
not overlooked. The trite saying that “the chief glory
of a nation is its literature" seems not yet to have im-
is unpleasantly apparent in their severe denuncia-
pressed itself strongly on the minds of the managers of
tions of others. That “ book piracy” has so long
the fair. In a published list of fifteen proposed depart-
been practised in America is the fault of the law
ments for the exhibition, the word “ literature ” does not
rather than of the publishers; and the fraternity occur even as a sub-title in any of the rather compre-
is to be congratulated that the objectionable prac hensive classifications. The omission of course should
tice and the objectionable term will now disappear be and will be remedied. Literature had a conspicuous
together.
display at the last World's Fair at Paris, and the United
The more important details of the new bill are
States was fully and creditably represented. Provision
should be made for a still more ample representation at
given below. Opinions will of course differ as to the
the World's Fair in 1893. The result will be of the
wisdom of some of its provisions ; but it must be re-
highest importance to our national literature, and to our
membered that these are in the nature of things
culture and progress as a people. It is certainly desir-
experimental, and that experience will show what able to let the world see that though so largely en-
amendments are needed to secure the best practical grossed in material things, Americans have not wholly
results. The chief thing now is that after fifty years neglected the concerns of the higher life. A most useful
of agitation International Copyright is definitely rec factor to this end promises to be found in the World's
ognized by the laws of the United States; and it is
Fair Auxiliary, an organization quite independent of the
at once a promise of brighter days for American lit-
World's Fair, yet working in harmony with it, and having
in several instances the same officers in its organization.
erature and a triumph for civilization.
It is the purpose of this Auxiliary to hold a series of
SYNOPSIS OF THE NEW LAW.
international congresses during the exposition, for the
purpose of discussing and presenting to the world the
The new law, which will go into effect July 1, is in
best results of universal progress in intellectual and
the form of amendments to the existing copyright laws
spiritual affairs. The subjects include education, relig-
of the United States. The chief feature is the removal
ion, political science and economy, sociology, charitable
of the clause in the old law restricting copyright pro-
work, literature, art, general and special sciences, phil-
tection to citizens and residents of this country, and its
osophy, and other categories, which are in charge of
extension to the citizens of any country which permits
special committees for working out the plans in detail.
or shall hereafter permit to citizens of the United States
Distinguished men of all countries have been invited to
the benefit of copyright on substantially the same basis
become honorary members and participate in the pro-
as its own citizens—the existence of this reciprocal con-
ceedings of the congresses ; and many have already ac-
dition in foreign countries to be determined and an-
cepted. The plans of this Auxiliary are of the most
nounced by the President of the United States, as oc-
comprehensive character, and promise to supplement ad-
casion may require. Books of foreign authors must,
mirably the more material if scarcely more important
however, be printed from type set within the limits of
features of the World's Fair.
the United States or from plates made therefrom; and
the publication of the book in this country must be sim-
ultaneous with its foreign publication. The act will,
DEATH OF DR. ALEXANDER WINCHELL.
of course, apply only to books published after it shall
go into effect, and has no relation to foreign works pre The death of Dr. Alexander Winchell, at Ann Arbor,
viously issued. The importation of copyrighted books, Mich., February 19, removed one of the foremost of
engravings, cuts, etc., printed abroad is prohibited, ex American scientists, educators, and authors. Dr. Win-
cept in the case of persons purchasing for use and not chell was in his sixty-seventh year, having been born in
for sale. The provisions of the act are extended to Dutchess County, New York, in 1824. Graduating at
authors or composers of dramatic and musical works, Wesleyan University in 1847, he taught for a time in
and to inventors or designers of maps, charts, engrav various institutions in New Jersey and in the South, and
ings, cuts, prints, lithographs, photographs, paintings, | in 1853 began what proved to be his life-work, as a
drawings, chromos, and statuary.
| professor in the University of Michigan. For a time he


356
[March,
THE DIAL
taught physics and civil engineering ; later he held the
chair of geology, zoology, and botany ; and later still,
that of geology and palæontology, which was his position
at the time of his death. His work at the University
of Michigan was interrupted, thongh not terminated, by
a short term as Chancellor of the University of Syracuse
(N. Y.), and by a similar connection with the Vander-
bilt University (Tenn. ), from 1873 to 1879. As an
educator, Dr. Winchell held high rank, and will be af-
fectionately remembered by thousands who have had the
benefit of his learned and luminous instruction, especially
in his favorite branch, geology. He was twice the State
Geologist of Michigan, was officially connected with the
U. S. Geological Survey, and at the time of his death
was President of the American Geological Society. Dr.
Winchell was an early and efficient worker in the modern
movement for the popularization of science. He had a
rare faculty for presenting scientific truths in an en-
tertaining form for the unscientific reader, and his works
have had a wide circulation. The titles of his principal
books are “ Sketches of Creation,” « Evolution,” “Ge-
ology of Stars,” « Preadamites," “ Geological Excur-
sions," “ World Life,” and “Sparks from a Geologist's
Hammer.” He was a facile and versatile writer, and
contributed often to the leading magazines and reviews.
Of a singularly devout nature and strong religious convic-
tions, it was perhaps the misfortune of Dr. Winchell that
he felt called upon to undertake the task, rather thank-
less in his day, of “reconciling" religion and science ;
and though none could doubt his courage and sincerity,
or be untouched by his spiritual ardor, it was inevitable
that such a role should lead on the one hand to a certain
loss of prestige in the school of modern science which
insists on the absolute freedom of scientific investigation
heedless of where it leads, and on the other to a certain
distrust of his soundness in theological and denomina-
tional circles which had little relish for what seemed
his apologetic and compromising attitude toward relig-
ion. That Dr. Winchell was not insensible to this per-
sonal disadvantage is evident enough from the last paper
he wrote for THE DIAL (April, 1890), a review of the
work of Dr. Howard MacQueary, for which its author has
just stood trial before a court of his denomination. The
review, it may be mentioned, showed the strongest sym-
pathy with the views of Dr. MacQueary, and expressed
the opinion that his work « marks a milestone in the
progress of humanity-an æonic milestone.” Dr. Win-
chell was one of The DIAL's oldest and most valued con-
tributors, and a keen sense of personal loss is added to
the regret with which the close of his distinguished and
useful career is chronicled.
England and America. A. C. Coxe. Forum.
Erdmann's Philosophy. W. M. Salter. Dial.
Evolution and Morality. C. F. Deems. Arena.
Formative Influences. Martha J. Lamb. Forum.
Frémont and Montgomery. Josiah Royce. Century.
Erémont Explorations. Jessie Frémont. Century.
Frémont's Expedition. Century.
French Actresses. Edouard Mahé. Cosmopolitan.
Gettysburg. General Sickles, and others. North American,
God, Freedom, Immortality. Sully-Prudhomme. Overland.
Greeley Letters. Joel Benton. Lippincott.
Greeting by Gesture. Garrick Mallery. Popular Science.
Heat, Non-Conductors of. J. M. Ordway. Popular Science.
Heredity. H. F. Osborn. Atlantic.
Home Rule. W. E. H. Lecky. North American.
Houghton, Lord. Edward G. Johnson. Dial.
Immigration. Solomon Schindler. Arena.
Indians in America. J. P. Reed. Cosmopolitan.
Insanity and Self-Control. W. A. Hamımond. North American.
Irish Parliament's Closing Years. W. E. Furness. Dial.
Iron-Working Industry. W. F. Durfee. Popuiar Science.
Japonica. Edwin Amold. Scribner.
Jews in Russia. P. G. Hubert, Jr. Forum.
Johnson's Island. Horace Carpenter. Century.
Koch's Consumption Cure. G. A. Heron. Popular Science.
Literature, A National. Walt Whitman. North American.
Literature, Immoral in. Albert Ross. Arena.
London and American Clubs. E. S. Nadal. Scribner.
Louisbourg, Capture of. Francis Parkman. Atiantic.
Malungeons. W. A. Dromgoole. Arena.
Matrimony. Mrs. M. E. W. Sherwood. North American.
Milwaukee, Charles King. Cosmopolitan.
Mount St. Elias. M. B. Kerr. Scribner.
Municipal Reform. 0. S. Teall. Cosmopolitan.
Music, Nationality in. Francis Korbay. Harper.
Nationalization of the Land. J. R. Buchanan. Arena.
Nicaragua Canal. John Sherman. Forum.
Noto, Japan. Percival Lowell. Atlantic.
Old-Age. Walt Whitman. Lippincott.
Patent System, Our. Park Benjamin Forum.
Pond Ornamentation. Samuel Parsons, Jr. Scribner.
Protestant Missions. Edmund Collins. Cosmopolitan.
Public Schools, A New Policy for. John Bascom. Forum.
Railroad Problems. A. T. Hadley. Atlantic,
Railroads and Governmental Control. W.M. Acworth, Forum
Rear Guard, The. Rose Troup. North American.
Religious Freedom. Max Müller. Forum.
Rings and Trusts. William Barry. Forum.
Roman Labor Unions. G. A. Danziger. Cosmopolitan.
Sandwich Islands. Claus Spreckels. North American.
San Francisco Parks. C. S. Greene. Overland.
Shelley the Sceptic. Howard MacQueary. Arena.
Silver. G. S. Boutwell. Forum.
Silver Coinage. E. 0. Leech. North American.
Sisal Cultivation. J. I. Northrop. Popuar Science.
Social Problems. E. E. Hale. Cosmopolitan..
Socialistic Tendencies. Wm. Graham. Popular Science.
Speaker as Premier. A. B. Hart. Atlantic.
Starving Column, March With. J. M. Jephson. Scribner.
State Tyranny. S. W. Cooper. Popular Science.
State Universities. G. E. Howard. - Atlantic.
Swiss Referendum. W. D. McCracken. Arena.
Talleyrand's Memoirs. Century.
Texas, Camp and Travel in. Dagmar Mariager. Overland.
" The People," Shibboleth of. W. S. Lilly. Forum.
Tibet and China. W. W. Rockhill. Century.
Vodu-Worship. A. B. Ellis. Popular Science.
War Correspondent's Life. F. Villiers. Cosmopolitan.
Whist, American Leads at. N. B. Trist. Harper.
White, Richard Grant. F. P. Church, Atlantic.
Working Girls' Clubs. Florence Lockwood. Century.
World's Fair and Intellectual Progress. Dial.
--
----
--
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
March, 1891.
Agricultural Education. J. K. Reeve. Lippincott.
America, Makers of. A. C. McLaughlin. Dial.
Animals, Government among. J. W. Slater, Popular Science.
Argentine Capital. Theodore Child. Harper.'
Australian Cities. G. R. Parkin. Century.
California and McKinley Bill. J. P. Irish. Overland.
Cements. C. D. Jameson. Popular Science.
Century Club. A. R. Macdonough. Century.
Chinese Leak. Julian Ralph. Harper.
Climate, Adaptation to. M. Ménard. Popular Science.
Commercial Union. Erastus Wiman. North American.
Crook in the Indian Country. J. G. Bourke. Century.
Drama of the Future. Alfred Hennequin. Arena.
Drunkenness a Crime. H. A. Hartt. Arena.
Edinburgh's Literary Landmarks. Laurence Hutton. Harper,
Electricity in Daily Life. H. S. Carhart. Dial.
BOOKS OF THE MONTH.
[The following list includes all books received by THE DIAL
during the month of February, 1891.]
HISTORY.
Hannibal: A History of the Art of War among the Cartha-
ginians and Romans down to the Battle of Pydna, 168 B.C.,
and an Account of the Second Punic War. By Theodore
Ayrault Dodge, author of “Great Captains." With 2
Illustrations, 8vo, pp. 684, gilt top, uncut. Houghton,
Mifflin & Co. $5.00.


1891.]
357
THE DIAL
Appendiculæ Historiæ : or, Shreds of History Hung on a
Horn. By Fred W. Lucas. With maps, 4to, pp. 216,
uncut edges. London: Henry Stevens & Son. Net, $7.35.
The Founding of the German Empire by William I. By
Heinrich von Sybel. Translated by Marshall Livingston
Perrin, Ph.D., assisted by Gamaliel Bradford, Jr. In 5
vols. Vol. II., with frontispiece, 8vo, pp. 634. T. Y.
Crowell & Co. $2.00.
New York. By Theodore Roosevelt, author of "The Win-
ning of the West." 12mo, pp. 232. Longmans' “His-
toric Towns” Series. $1.25.
The Colonies, 1492-1750. By Reuben Gold Thwaites,
author of “Historic Waterways." With four maps,
16mo, pp. 301. Longmans' “Epochs of American His-
tory." $1.25.
Woman's Work in America. Edited by Annie Nathan
Meyer, with an Introduction by Julia Ward Howe, 16mo,
pp. 457. Henry Holt & Co. $1.50.
Seminary Notes on Recent Historical Literature. By
Dr. H. B. Adams, and others. 8vo, pp. 105. Johns
Hopkins Press. Paper, 50 cents.
The American Indians. "Old South Leaflets" for 1890.
16mo. D. C. Heath & Co. Paper, 25 cents.
BIOGRAPHY.
The Life, Letters, and Friendships of Richard Monck-
ton Milnes, First Lord Houghton. By T. Wemyss Reid.
With Introduction by Richard Henry Stoddard. With
two Portraits, 2 vols., 8vo. Cassell Publishing Co. $5.00.
Boswell's Life of Johnson. Including Boswell's Journal
of a Tour to the Hebrides and Johnson's Diary of a Jour-
ney into North Wales. Edited by George Birkbeck Hill,
D.C.L. In 6 vols., illustrated, 8vo, gilt top. Harper &
Bros. $10.00.
Further Records (1848-1883). A Series of Letters by
Frances Anne Kemble, forming a Sequel to “Records of
a Girlhood” and “Records of Later Life." With Por-
trait, 12mo, pp. 380. Henry Holt & Co. $2.00.
Pericles, and the Golden Age of Athens. By Evelyn Abbott,
M.A., author of " A History of Greece." With frontis-
piece, 12mo, pp. 379. Putnam's “Heroes of the Na-
tions." $1.50.
Petrarch: A Sketch of his Life and Works. By May Alden
Ward, author of “Dante: A Sketch.” 16mo, pp. 293.
Roberts Bros. $1.25.
Lord Melbourne. By Henry Dunckley, M.A., LL.D. With
Portrait, 16mo, pp.243. Harper & Brothers. $1.00.
Alexander Hamilton, the Constructive Statesman. By
Lewis Henry Boutell. 16mo, pp. 66. Chicago: Privately
Printed.
LITERARY MISCELLAN Y.
The Correspondence and Public Papers of John Jay,
First Chief Justice of the United States, etc. Edited by
Henry P. Johnston, A.M. Vol. II., 1781-1782. 8vo, pp.
452, gilt top, uncut. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $5.00.
The Cambridge Shakespeare. Edited by William Aldis
Wright. New edition, in 9 vols. Vol. I., 8vo, pp. 520,
uncut. Macmillan & Co. $3.00.
A Guide-Book to the Poetic and Dramatic Works of Robert
Browning. By George Willis Cooke, author of " Poets
and Problems." Crown 8vo, pp. 450, gilt top. Hough-
ton, Mifflin & Co. $2.00.
English Writers : An Attempt toward a History of English
Literature. By Henry Morley, LL.D. Vol. VI., From
Chaucer to Caxton. 12mo, pp. 370, gilt top. Cassell
Publishing Company. $1.50.
Studies in Literature. By John Morley. 16mo, pp. 347,
uncut. Macmillan & Co. $1.50.
Foreign Quotations, Ancient and Modern: A Literary
Manual. Compiled by John Devoe Belton. 12mo, pp.
249. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50.
The Collected Writings of Thomas De Quincey. Ed-
ited by David Masson. New and enlarged edition, in 14
vols. Vol. XIV., Miscellanea and Index. 16mo, pp. 447,
uncut. Macmillan & Co. $1.25.
Poetic and Verse Criticism of the Reign of Elizabeth.
By Felix E. Schelling, A.M. 8vo, pp. 97. University of
Penn. Publications. N. D. C. Hodges. $1.00.
Talks with Athenian Youths. Translations from the
Charmides, Lysis, Laches, Euthydemus, and Theactetus,
of Plato. 12mo, pp. 178. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.00.1
A Fragment of the Babylonian “Dibbarra” Epic. By
Morris Jastrow, Jr., Ph.D. 8vo, pp. 42. University of
Penn. Publications. N. D. C. Hodges. 60 cents.
Tales from Shakespeare's Comedies. By Charles and
Mary Lamb. Edited, with Notes, by William J. Rolfe.
Litt. D. Illustrated, 16mo, pp. 269. Harper's “ English
Classics." 50 cents.
Old Mortality. By Sir Walter Scott, Bart. Complete edi-
tion, with notes and glossary. 16mo, pp. 504. Ginn's
“ Classics for Children," 70 cents.
The Ancient Mariner. Annoted by Henry N. Hudson.
16mo, pp. 21. Ginn & Co.
Second Essay on the Earl of Chatham. By T. B, Mac-
aulay. With Notes and a Sketch of Macaulay's Life.
16mo, pp. 91. Ginn & Co.
POETRY.
The Sisters' Tragedy, with other Poems. By Thomas
Bailey Aldrich. 16mo, pp. 108, gilt top. Houghton,
Mifflin & Co. $1.25.
The Witch of En-Dor, and other Poems. By Francis S.
Saltus. With frontispiece portrait. Limited edition, 8vo,
pp. 330, gilt top, uncut edges. C. W. Moulton. $2.50.
Women Poets of the Victorian Era. Edited, with an In-
troduction and Notes, by Mrs. William Sharp. 24mo,
pp. 295, uncut. “The Canterbury Poets." A. Lovell
& Co. 40 cents.
Etchings in Verse. By Charles Lemuel Thompson. 16mo,
pp. 147, gilt top. A. D. F. Randolph & Co. $1.25.
Odd Spell Verses. By H. W. Holley. 12mo, pp. 188. C.
W. Moulton. $1.25.
Bohemia, and other Poems. By Isabella T. Aitken. 16mo,
pp. 160, gilt top. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.00.
Dramatic Sketches and Poems. By Louis J. Block.
16mo, pp. 220, gilt top. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.00.
An Easter Carol. By Phillips Brooks. Illustrated in color,
4to. E. P. Dutton & Co. Torchon, $1.00.
Songs of the Spirit. By Isaac R. Baxley, author of "The
Temple of Alanthur." 24mo, pp. 100. C. W. Moulton.
Cabin and Plantation Songs, as sung by the Hampton
Students. Arranged by Thomas P. Fenner and Freder-
ick G. Rathbun. Enlarged edition, with frontispiece,
8vo, pp. 125. G. P. Putnam's Sons. Paper, 50 cents.
Comedies by Alfred De Musset. Translated and edited,
with an Introduction, by S. L. Gwynn. 16mo, pp. 199,
uncut. A. Lovell & Co. 10 cents.
FICTION.
A Sappho of Green Springs, and other Stories. By Bret
Harte. 16mo, pp. 294. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25.
In the Cheering-up Business. By Mary Catherine Lee,
author of " A Quaker Girl of Nantucket.” 16mo, pp.
322. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25.
Stand Fast, Craig-Royston! By William Black, author
of “Prince Fortunatus." Illustrated, 12mo, pp. 429.
Harper & Bros. $1.25.
Told after Supper. By Jerome K. Jerome. Illustrated
by Kenneth M. Skeaping. 12mo, pp. 169. Henry Holt
& Co. $1.00.
A Child's Romance. By Pierre Loti, author of “Rarahu.''
Translated from the French by Mrs. Clara Bell, 18mo,
pp. 284. W. S. Gottsberger & Co. $1.00.
Cassell's Sunshine Series-New volumes : The Man with
a Thumb, by W. C. Hudson (Barclay North); A Mys-
tery, translated from the French of Mme. Henry Gréville
by Anna Dyer Page ; Tin-Types taken in the Streets of
New York, by Lemuel Ely Quigg. Per vol., 50 cents.
Lippincott's American Novels-New volumes : The Ro-
mance of a Spanish Nun, by Alice Montgomery Baldy;
Two Soldiers, and Dunraven Ranch, by Capt. Charles
King, U.S.A. Per vol., 50 cents.
Harper's Franklin Square Library-New volume: The
Great Taboo, by Grant Allen. 40 cents.
Lovell's International Series-New volume : Urith, by
S. Baring-Gould. 50 cents.
Lovell's Series of Foreign Literature - New volume:
Scum, by Valdes, with Introduction by Edmund Gosse.
50 cents.
Worthington's Rose Library-New volume : Was it Love?
by Paul Bourget, translated by Cowden Curwen, illus-
trated. 50 cents.


358
[March,
THE DIAL
Lovell's American Authors' Series--New volume : Pau-
RELIGION AND THEOLOGY.
line, by Julian Hawthorne. 50 cents.
Lovell's Westminster Series-New volumes : Under the
| A Washington Bible-Class. By Gail Hamilton. 12mo,
Deodars, by Rudyard Kipling ; Merry, Merry Boys, by pp. 303. D. Appleton & Co. $1.50.
B. L. Farjeon; The Light that Failed, by Rudyard Kip The Bible Abridged: Being Selections from the Scriptures
ling. Per vol., 25 cents.
of the Old and New Testaments, forming an Outline of
the Important Events in Sacred History in their proper
JUVENILE.
sequence. Arranged, for Families and Schools, by Rev.
Angela : A Sketch. By Alice Weber, author of " At Sixes
David Greene Haskins, S.T.D. 12mo, pp. 399. Ginn &
Co. $1.50,
and Sevens.” Illustrated, pp. 201. E. P. Dutton & Co.
The Great Discourse of Jesus the Christ, the Son of God:
$1.25.
Gid Granger: The Story of a Rough Boy. By William 0.
A Topical Arrangement and Analysis of all his Words
recorded in the New Testament separated from the Con-
Stoddard, author of “Chuck Purdy." Illustrated, pp.
258. D. Lothrop Co. $1.25.
text. 12mo, pp. 361, gilt top. A. D. F. Randolph &
Co. $1.50.
Life and Times of Jesus, as Related by Thomas Didymus.
SCHOOL AND COLLEGE TEXT-BOOKS.
By James Freeman Clarke, author of " Ten Great Relig-
An Elementary Latin Dictionary. By Charlton T. Lewis, ions." New edition, 12mo, pp. 448. “Good Company
Ph.D., author of “Harper's Latin Dictionary." 12mo,
Series." Lee & Shepard. Paper, 50 cents.
pp. 952. Harper & Bros. $2.00.
Positive Religion: Essays, Fragments, and Hints. By Jos-
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1891.]
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366
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1891.]
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368
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1891.]
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370
[April, 1891.
THE DIAL
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THE DIAL
--- -
-- ---
Vol. XI. APRIL, 1891. No. 132. was prepared in Europe, and would give “ the
result of the studies of the last two decades,
and exhibit the whole subject as it stands to-
CONTENTS.
day in the historical world.” How unwarranted
THE FINDING OF WINELAND. Julius E. Olson . 371
this claim is, a cursory comparison with Mr.
Reeves's book will make very evident. The
THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF CARDINAL NEW-
fact alone that the names of Dr. Gudbrand
MAN. William M. Lawrence ....... 374
Vigfusson of Oxford and Dr. Gustav Storm
PREHISTORIC AMERICA. James 0. Pierce . . . 377
of Christiania are not even incidentally men-
THE SEQUEL OF “TWO YEARS BEFORE THE tioned by DeCosta shows plainly that his book
MAST.” Edward Playfair Anderson .... 379 is far behind the times ; for it is quite impos-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS .......... 382 sible to speak of recent studies in Old Norse
The Tsar and His People.-Schelling's Poetic and literature without making reference to Dr. Vig-
Verse Criticism of the Reign of Elizabeth.- Jules
Breton's The Life of an Artist : An Autobiography.
fusson, and equally impossible to discuss the
- Mrs. Oliphant's Royal Edinburgh: Her Saints,
Vinland sagas, on the basis of modern scholar-
Kings, Prophets, and Poets.--Mahaffy's The Greek ship, without allusion to the work of Dr. Storm.
World under Roman Sway, from Polybius to Plu-
tarch.--Hutton's Curiosities of the American Stage.
And yet, DeCosta's book is not to be set aside
May Alden Ward's Petrarch: His Life and Works. as entirely without value. He has not, and
--Reave's How We Went and What We Saw.
does not pretend to have, a knowledge of Old
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF SPRING PUBLICATIONS 384 Norse, but he has been a diligent student of
TOPICS IN APRIL PERIODICALS . . . . . . 38.3 Rafn's “ Antiquitates Americanæ,” and is a
BOOKS OF THE MONTH .......... 386
zealous advocate of the Norse claims. In speak-
ing of the stand taken by Mr. Justin Winsor,
Mr. DeCosta makes some sober remarks on the
THE FINDING OF WINELAND.* historical value of the sagas, which are incom-
Two books have recently appeared that rep-|
parably more telling against Mr. Winsor than
resent two different phases of the problem of
are Prof. E. N. Horsford's effusions. It will
the Norse voyages of discovery to America.
be remembered that in 1885 a monument was
“ The Finding of Wineland,” by Arthur Mid-
erected in Boston in honor of Leif Erikson.
dleton Reeves, a sumptuous work of unusual
Members of the Massachusetts Historical So-
excellence, is the result of the very latest re-
ciety tried to discourage the project “ on the
searches by the most eminent Northern schol-
ground that no satisfactory evidence existed to
ars in the study of the saga literature relating
show that any spot in New England had been
to this subject ; while "The Pre-Columbian Dis-
reached by the Northmen." Christopher Co-
covery of America,” by the Rev. Benjamin F.
lumbus did not land on the New England
DeCosta, is practically a re-telling in English
shores, nor even on the North American con-
of the facts as presented by C. C. Rafn, the
tinent; but there would certainly be nothing
Danish antiquarian, over half a century ago.
inappropriate in erecting a monument to his
The first edition of DeCosta's book was pub-
honor in the city of Boston. The committee
lished in 1868, and was considered a valuable
came to their conclusion because antiquarians
treatise in its day. The new one has been
have failed to find any relics of the Northmen
somewhat enlarged, especially in the way of
in New England. Dr. Storm, after a critical
foot-notes, which purport to show the present
examination of the saga narratives, is of the
state of the discussion. The prospectus issued
opinion that the Northmen were never in New
by the publishers announced that this edition
England, and believes that Vinland was Nova
Scotia ; but he arrives at these conclusions
*THE FINDING OF WINELAND THE Good: The History
of the Icelandic Discovery of America. Edited and trans-
from a careful sturly of the sagas, not by cast-
lated from the earliest records, by Arthur Middleton Reeves. ing discredit upon them, as is done in these
With phototype plates of the vellum MSS. of the Sagas. New
words of the committee:
York: Macmillan & Co.
THE PRE-COLUMBIAN DISCOVERY OF AMERICA BY THE
“ There is the same sort of reason for believing in
NORTHMEN. With translations from the Icelandic Sagas. By Leif Erikson that there is for believing in Agamemnon,
B. F. DeCosta. Second Edition. Albany: Joel Munsell's Sons. | -- they are both traditions accepted by the later writ-


372
[April,
THE DIAL
ers; but there is no more reason for regarding as true in 1477, received any knowledge concerning
the details related about his discoveries, than there is
Vinland that was of any use to him in making
for accepting as historical truth the narratives contained
his famous voyage.
in the Homeric poems.”
From the number of books and articles that
Mr. Winsor accepts this report, and says the
have been written in this country concerning
language - seems to be the result of the best
the Norse discoveries, it would seem that the
historical criticism.” It must be evident, how-
subject ought to be pretty well understood. It
ever, if a moment of thought is given to the
is high time that our antiquarians and histor-
matter, that the members of the committee,
ical writers should have agreed upon some con-
men with at best a superficial acquaintance
servative common-sense conclusion. Instead
with Old Norse literature and history, were not
of having weighed the question in the scales of
in possession of the knowledge requisite for
sober sense, some, fascinated with the theme,
giving a sound historical criticism on the sagas.
have gone daft in defense of fantastic specula-
The reference to Agamemnon shows this plainly
tions; while others, on the ground of disagree-
enough, for Leif Erikson was as certainly an
ment in the details of the different narratives,
historical character as Christopher Columbus.
have cast clouds of doubt on the general truth-
There cannot be the possibility of a doubt on
fulness of the sagas, so that the brief and simple
this point.
history of the Vinland voyages " has been put
In the struggle with the opponents of the
in jeopardy no less by those who would prove
project to erect a monument, Professor Hors-
too much than by those who would deny all.”
ford seems to have taken the lead, for he de-
The origin of the entanglement dates back
livered the oration at the unveiling of the mon | to Rafn's “ Antiquitates Americanæ,” pub-
ument, and has since published several works lished in 1837. Had all his conclusions been
on the Norse discoveries, in which he announces tenable, conscientious American scholars would
that he has found remains of the Northmen in
have forced a general acceptance of them. But
Massachusetts, and even contends that he has they were not tenable. In the words of Mr.
located Leif's booths, mentioned in the sagas. Reeves, he failed to winnow the sound his-
His bold theories and unwarranted assump torical material from that which was unsub-
tions bear the ear-marks of archæological cru stantiated.” As a result there has been more
dity, and stand in striking contrast to Winsor's or less confusion in the discussion of the sub-
despairing observation that -
ject, increased by the fact that there are two
“ The more these details are scanned in the different accounts of the Norse discoveries preserved in
sagas, the more they confuse the investigator; and the the sagas. In various respects these two ac-
more successive relators try to enlighten us, the more
counts do not agree, and Rafn, following the
our doubts are strengthened, till we end with the con-
viction that all attempts at consistent enravelment leave
lead of earlier Old Norse scholars, unfortu-
nothing but a vague sense of something somewhere | nately gave precedence to the account which
done."
both Vigfusson and Storm say must take a
These words, published in so pretentious a subordinate place, without, however, being dis-
work as “ Narrative and Critical History of carded. Dr. Storm, who is professor of his-
America," are very apt to give—in fact, have tory in the University of Christiania, Norway,
already to some extent given—the impression has devoted much time to the study of Old
that the sagas are of very doubtful historical Norse literature, especially the Vinland sagas,
value, and that a “ consistent enravelment” of and also all the literature relating to the Norse
this question is impossible. Although DeCosta discoveries, and his investigations have given
apparently knows nothing of the investigations the discussion a new turn; he has found a
by recent Scandinavian scholars, he neverthe “ consistent enravelment” possible. His opin-
less finds a sufficient number of arguments, ions are based on careful and painstaking re-
based on Rafu's work, to support the main search, and will no doubt settle the question
facts of the Vinland sagas. Details have not to the satisfaction of even so sceptical a student
dazed him, as they seem to have dlazed Win of the question as Justin Winsor. The results
sor. It should be noted in this connection that of his labors are embodied in a comparatively
DeCosta does not agree with Rafn in the lat small work entitled “Studies relating to the
ter's contention that the Newport Tower and Vinland Voyages ” ( Studier over Vinlands-
the Dighton Writing Rock are relies of the reiserne, Vinlands Ġeografi og Ethnograti,
Northmen's visit to our shores. Nor does he Copenhagen, 1888). It first appeared in the
believe that Columbus, on his visit to Iceland publications of the Society of Northern Anti-


1891.]
THE DIAL
373
-- - ----- ---------- - - -
quaries, in 1887. In 1889 the author pub- In this connection it may be of interest to
lished an English version, somewhat curtailed, show on what grounds Storm, Vigfusson, and
however, which had previously appeared in the Reeves differ with Rafn. As before stated,
Mémoires of the same society. Dr. Storm's the principal saga accounts of the Vinland voy-
essay presupposes on the part of his readers a ages are found in two separate and independ-
familiarity with the Vinland sagas, and hence ent versions, which in various points do not
does not give translations of them.
agree. The question has therefore been, Which
Fortunately, the general results of Dr. account shall be accepted on points where there
Storm's work, together with a unique presen is disagreement? The first of these accounts
tation of the records themselves, from the hand (first because it was the only version known
of Mr. Arthur Middleton Reeves, are now ac- to Rafn's predecessors, and the one to which
cessible to Americans in a sumptuous octavo he gave first place in - Antiquitates Ameri-
volume, a real édition de lure. Following out canæ") is found in a collection of sagas known
the line of research indicated by Dr. Storm, as “ The Flat Island Book,” so called because
Mr. Reeves has laid before us the whole subject, it was owned by a man who lived on Flat Is-
giving not only an intelligent and lucid account land, a small island in one of the Icelandic
of recent investigations, but also phototypes of fjords. In this vellum there are two minor
the saga vellums, an accompanying printed historical narratives, one of which is called the
text, page by page and line by line, for easy 66 Short Story of Eric the Red," and the other
reference, together with excellent translations the - Short Story of the Greenlanders.” These
into English. This handsome and scholarly two disjoined accounts are known as the - Flat
work will be a revelation to American students, Island Book” version of the Vinland voyages.
and a splendid monument to the attainments It is not known with any degree of certainty
of the author. Mr. Reeves studied Old Norse where the - Flat Island Book ” was written,
at Cornell University under Professor Willard nor have we any definite information concern-
Fiske, a renowned Old Norse scholar. Some ing the original material from which the tran-
years ago he visited Iceland, and afterwards scripts of these two narratives were made. The
went to Copenhagen, the Mecca of Scandina- details of this account are what has caused so
vian scholars, where he concluded to publish a much discussion.
work, the special feature of which was to be The second account is preserved in two dif-
fac-similes of the vellums relating to the Vin- ferent vellums of the Arne-Magnæan Collec-
land sagas. He visited Dr. Storm in Chris- tion in Copenhagen. The one is commonly
tiania, Norway; and as he speaks of his book called “ Hauk's Book," and is No. 544 in the
in the highest terms, makes frequent reference collection. The Vinland narrative in this vel-
to it, and also gives Dr. Storm due credit for
Willard Fiske, with whom, in 1879, he made a trip to Iceland,
personal assistance freely rendered, we can He afterwards visited the other Scandinavian countries, where
safely say that in its general tenor Mr. Reeves's
he met many scholars. He spent considerable time in Copen-
hagen, making active preparations for his recent work, and
book follows Dr. Storm's work. We do not
after having seen it through the Clarendon Press, he returned
say this to deprive Mr. Reeves of any credit, last October to his home in Richmond, Indiana. At the time
but simply to indicate the solid foundation
of his death he had about half completed a translation of one
of the largest and most important sagas, the Laxdæla Saga,
upon which he has built. The line of argu which he intended to publish jointly with Dr. Valtyr Gud-
ment has been suggested by Storm ; the facts mundson, a learned Icelander connected with the University
of Copenhagen. The Laxdæla Saga is rich in materials relat-
have been laboriously gathered, collated, and
ing to the home life, manners, and customs of the Icelanders
properly presented by Mr. Reeves.*
of the tenth and eleventh centuries. Mr. Reeves felt that
---- - ---
the habits of these people should be brought directly to the
* Since this review was written, the sad news has been re- notice of their English kinsmen ; and the eager coöperation of
ceived that Mr. Reeves met a tragic death, February 25, in a Dr. Gudmundson, who is an authority in saga literature, and
railroad wreck at Hagerstown, Indiana. Those who may con especially in such of it as pertains to the private life and
the pages of "The Finding of Wineland the Good" will re-i dwellings of his early countrymen, assured for the projected
gret that the author could not have lived to enjoy the literary work an interest, a fidelity, and a completeness most valna-
reward that this excellent work will certainly bring, and those ! ble to the historical student. Introductory chapters and notes
who know that he had many plans for future work in Icelan of full explanation were to accompany the translation proper;
dic literature will deeply deplore his untimely death. Young, and as Mr. Reeves's private library (Icelandic) of over 2,000
gifted, and admirably equipped for a scholarly career in his titles and the rare books of the libraries at Copenhagen were
chosen field of study, what might he not have done for Ice at the command of these practised scholars, we may gain a
landic literature in this country? The few students of Old slight inkling of what was in course of preparation. Other
Norse literature, scattered throughout the land, will feel his works pertaining to his favorite subjects were in embryo, all
loss very keenly.
of which have now come to naught. Those who knew Mr.
Mr. Reeves was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, October 7, 1836. | Reeves personally admired him not only for his scholarly
In 1878 he graduated at Cornell University, where he became attributes, but quite as much for his many amiable traits of
interested in the Scandinavian languages, taught by Professor! character.


374
THE DIAL
(April,
-
lum is called “ Thorfinn Karlsefne's Saga," and A. M. 557, in the words of Mr. Reeves,
a name applied to it in the eighteenth cen afford the most graphic and succinct exposition
tury by the great manuscript collector Arne of the discovery, and, supported as they are
Magnusson. The other vellum is No. 557 in throughout by contemporaneous history, ap-
the same collection. The story which relates pear in every respect most worthy of credence.
to Vinland in this vellum is called “ The Saga Mr. Reeves does not enter upon a discussion
of Eric the Red." These two narratives, - | as to what part of the American continent
namely, in Nos. 544 and 557,-tell the same was visited by the Northmen. Various allu-
story, and should properly bear the same name, sions and several important notes indicate Dr.
6. The Saga of Eric the Red." They are so Storm's defence of the conclusion that Vinland
clearly allied, and belong so naturally together, was Nova Scotia. On this point Dr. Storm's
that Mr. Reeves gives but one translation for work contains material and suggestions for
both, the saga as contained in - Hauk's Book” another book in English. Mr. Reeves has
having been most closely followed. Concern been more interested in bringing together the
ing this vellum, Mr. Reeves gives this inter- information found in Icelandic literature rela-
esting information :
tive to the discovery, in giving complete fac-
“ This manuscript has derived its name from its similes of the two versions, and in tracing the
owner, for whom the work was doubtless written, and history of each of the manuscripts. The ad.
who himself participated in the labor of its preparation.
mirable phototypic reproductions of these, fifty-
This man, to whom the manuscript traces its origin,
has, happily, left, not only in the manuscript itself, but
five pages in all, complete, and very satisfacto-
in the history of his time, a record which enables us to | rily done, give an excellent idea of the pres-
determine with exceptional accuracy many dates in his ent state of the beautifully written vellums.
life, and from these it is possible to assign approximate
Before concluding, it is necessary to say that
dates to that portion of the vellum which contains the
narrative of the discovery. This fact possesses the
we cannot approve of the form “ Wineland"
greatest interest, since of no one of those who partici-
which Mr. Reeves has adopted, although we
pated in the conservation of the elder sagas have we are well aware that Vigfusson used it. Vine-
data so precise as those which have been preserved to land” would have been better, but - Vinland"
us of Hauk Erlendson, to whose care, actual and poten-
has grown familiar to American readers, and
tial, this manuscript owes its existence."
as it is the common orthography of the Old
Thus we see that there are two accounts of the
Norse texts, we see no reason why it should be
Vinland voyages, the “ Flat Island Book " ver-
changed. The question of the orthography of
sion, and the one found in Nos. 544 and 577.
Vigfusson calls the - Flat Island Book” ac-
proper names, however, is always a trouble-
some one. The principle to be followed, we
count the “ Northern " version, and the other
think, is that of rational simplification. But
the “ Western " version, for he believes them
this is not a matter of much importance. The
to have originated in the north and west of
many excellences of the book in hand brush
Iceland respectively, and adds that the “West-
these minor considerations aside.
ern" ranks far higher as a literary work, and
The world of letters owes Mr. Reeves a debt
that it is free from grave errors of fact which
of gratitude for his great work. In its beau-
disfigure the other. Taking up the thread here,
tiful half-vellum binding it will be an orna-
Dr. Storm points out these errors of fact, and
ment to any book collection, and ought, on ac-
comes to this conclusion concerning the histor-
ical value of the “Flat Island Book” narrative:
count of its sterling scholarship, to find a place
in every historical library in this country.
“ Whatever is known only from the Greenland story
[in the “ Flat Island Book”] must be considered as
JULIUS E. Olson.
doubtful, and whatever is at variance with early tradi-
tion must be rejected as lacking historical foundation.”
Thus he refuses to accept as historical the ac-
THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF CARDINAL
count of the voyage of Bjarne Herjulfson, who
NEWMAN.*
is not mentioned in the “ W'estern " version, Upon the death of Cardinal Newman the
and whose voyage cannot be confirmed by any public at once assumed an attitude of expect-
existing collateral evidence; while the state ancy as to his memoirs and literary remains.
ments in the Western" version, giving the pri. It felt, in view of the career and influence of
ority of discovery to Leif Erikson, are logically | * LETTERS AND CORRESPONDENCE OF JOHN HENRY NEW-
consistent, and can be collaterally confirmed. | MAN, during his life in the English Church. With a brief
The “ Flat Island Book," therefore, must be
Autobiography. Edited, at Cardinal Newman's request, by
Anne Mozley. In two volumes, with portraits. New York:
used with circumspection ; while Hauk's Book Longmans, Green & Co.


1891.]
375
THE DIAL
this remarkable man, that no ordinary biogra- so much space is given in the introduction to
phy would satisfy its ideas of justice to itself an explanation of the plan. It begins with a
and to Cardinal Newman ; and it was willing quotation from a letter to Mrs. John Mozley,
to give ample time for the preparation of such dated May 18, 1863.
a work as the case demanded. It could the “ It has ever been a hobby of mine, though perhaps
better afford to be indulgent, since the Cardi- ; it is a truism and not a hobby, that the true life of a
nal himself had spoken so freely in the 66 Apol. | man is in his letters. Not only for the interest of a
ogia.” The prompt appearance of the two
biography, but for arriving at the inside of things, the
volumes containing what is to be regarded as
publication of letters is the true method.”
the authorized history of Newman's Protestant It would appear from this that at the time of
career is, therefore, an agreeable surprise. The preparing the “Apologia” Newman began
task of the biographer and editor has been a gathering in his letters to his friends, and, be-
difficult one, because it embraced that part of
lieving that the Protestant part of his life
his life wherein he drew most upon the inter- | should be written by a Protestant, committed
est of the public; and this difficulty was in-
them, with the memoir he had written in 1874,
creased by the fact that the events alluded to the editor in 1885.
to in these volumes occurred some fifty years In a very real sense, these volumes may be
ago. The editor has done her work as well, considered as an enlarged and informal edition
perhaps, as it could be done with conformity of the “ Apologia.” But the peculiar charm
to the limitations placed upon her by the Car of style which one feels in reading that work
dinal himself ; so that if the volumes are in is absent in these letters--at least as a rule.
any way unsatisfactory it is because she has No matter what our judgment at this day may
loyally held to the wishes of the dead. For | be of that book as a matter of controversy, no
what we have here is not a history of these man ever put out a book which showed more
famous years, illustrated by Newman's letters ; ability and taste in the use of exact language.
but, as the title-page truly says, the “ letters The contrast is felt in these volumes when one
and correspondence” up to 1845, preceded by turns from the memoir to the correspondence.
a “ brief autobiography,” written in the third The memoir is valuable in showing the source
person and illustrated by letters connecting of those opinions received by Newinan from
the different chapters,—this preceded by a short Dr. Hawkins and from Whately, which influ-
and meagre account of his school life, and this enced him away from his evangelical position.
in turn preceded by a lengthy introduction. And one is struck with Newman's simplicity in
The result of this method is to destroy the quoting a compliment paid him by Whately -
unity of the work, and, what is worse, make it that “ Newman was the clearest-headed man he
impossible for one to feel satisfaction in read- [Whately] ever knew” (page 93). The me-
ing the great mass of correspondence unless hemoir loses in power greatly by the use of the
is already acquainted with the leading facts of third person ; and, though it takes the reacler
Newman's life or resorts to other sources of in from Newman's boyhood up to 1833, and
formation, like the monograph of Mr. Hutton brings him through the date of his relinquish-
or the reminiscences of Mr. Froude and Mr. ing the Oxford tutorship, it does so, one may
Mozley. About one hundred and fifty pages say, at arm's length.
are occupied with introduction and memoir, The letters begin with 1826. About this
and about seven hundred with letters, closely time the Bill for Catholic Emancipation, passed
printed and following each other page after in 1829, was agitating the country. Newman
page, with only here and there a line to indi planted himself firmly against the measure, on
cate the connection. These letters are not all the ground that “ Nothing will satisfy the Ro-
by the Cardinal, but many are from others to man Catholics. If this be granted, unques-
him; and they are supposed to explain and il- tionably they will ask for more.” This was
lustrate each other. The reader who comes to his sincere position then, stated in the inform-
these volumes for his first impressions of Car- ality of a letter to his sister Harriet. And for
dinal Newman's life will quickly turn to the | some time on, his letters are simply letters in
- Apologia” as the key to make the letters in the broad sense of familiar expression of con-
telligible, or else to the lives of those who were | viction. The death of his sister Mary gives a
associated in the Oxford Movement. We do peculiar gentleness to his home letters, though
not think we err greatly when we imagine that they always contained allusions and references
this difficulty was foreseen by the editor, since to the course of events at Oxford. Until the


376
[April,
THE DIAL
Mediterranean experience and his illness, they We are surprised, when we read his letters
were simply the expressions of an intelligent of this time, to see how little Cardinal New-
Oxford man, who believed in his country and man the logician, the subtle analyst of other
his church, and was ambitious to read and to i men's minds, was informed concerning the pro-
know about every subject of the day. He was , cesses and progress of his own thoughts. It
not at all surprised at the positions he was 'is surprising to note his indifference toward
called upon to assume, and was more likely to other men of great influence-such, for exam-
be surprised that anyone should differ from ple, as Arnold. How little he comprehended
him. The movement which had really begun the work which Tract Number 90 was to do
in the friendship with Froude and Pusey, and for him and for others, may be seen in the fol-
the work of contending for the supremacy of lowing letter to his sister, Mrs. Thomas Mozley,
the Church over the State, are of course often dated March 9, 1841:
spoken of, and the plans under discussion are ; "I have got into what may prove a serious mess
referred to; but the range of references is not here. I have just published a Tract (90) which I did
broad, and the persons alluded to are not many. not feel likely to attract attention. I sent it to Keble be-
fore publishing. He, too, made no remark upon it.
After and during the Mediterranean voyage,
But people are taking it up very warmly-- thanks, I
the letters are very largely descriptive; but believe, entirely to Golightly."
many of them close with one or more of those !
'' A few days later he wrote to the same sister:
exquisite poems which have so endeared New-
"I fear I am clean dished. The Heads of Honses
man as a poet. This part of the volume is in-
are at this very moment concocting a manifesto against
teresting, especially when we see how through me. Do not think I fear for my cause. We have had
out his illness the conviction comes to him that too great a run of luck.”
he has a mission to save the Church from The reference to - Golightly" is character-
Protestantism on the one side and Romanism istic. Golightly--not the tract-is responsi-
on the other. But it may dispel illusions to ble for the agitation. True, he anticipated a
find that some of the poems, including " Lead “ row" of some sort, but not the sort that
Kindly Light,” were as much the result of came: this a long letter of Mr. Church shows.
homesickness, or some other ordinary sugges- ! Everyone else saw just what was coming, and
tion, as of any special spiritual experience. the surprise of Newman seems almost incon-
The whole of the second volume is concerned ceivable. Here is part of his postscript to
with the movement which eventuated in New Church's note, dated March 21, 1811:
man's going over to Rome. Henceforth we “Carissine:- Church has told you the scrape I have
find the initials - J. H. N.” attached to rules, got into. Yet, though my own infirmity mixes with
explanations, fragments of diaries, inserted to everything I do, I trust you would approve of my po-
make the course of thought clear. The letters
sition. I now am in my right place, which I have long
wished to be in, which I did not know how to attain,
grow not less formal, but reveal more of the
and which has been brought about without my intention."
controversialist. He is intense in his words,
sarcastic, ironical, bolder in his demands upon
But ready or not, Newman had brought the
his friends. The Tracts are defended : plans are
hour of conflict unto and upon himself. The
discussed in which caution to the very edge of
letters indicate something more than an inten-
tion to defend the Church of England ; he is
candor is advocated ; references to his reading
examining the Church-working to find her.
and to the works he is writing are met in the let-
ters; and all that he may bring back his beloved
Harsh epithets about Rome vanish. His let-
Church to the ground he thought she should
ters are now dated at Littlemore. He is en-
occupy by virtue of her divine authority.
deavoring to write calmly, to act deliberately:
In a letter written March 28, 1831, to the
yet he really is doing neither. He no longer
Rev. James Rose, he suggests the preparation
calls the Church of Rome - Roman Catholic,"
of a book explaining and defining the thirty-
but Catholic. It is in vain for him to resent
the judgment of the world and to grieve over
nine articles on a religious basis. It was this
the fears of his friends; they see, more accu-
same subject that came to his mind—or, rather,
we might say emphasized itself on his mind —
rately than he, the end, and since it is to come
at this time. It is now 1841, and Tract Number
they want it quickly over. Let us append
some further letters to his sister:
90 appears and produces the crisis. More ef-
fective by far is its interpretation of the arti-
“Sept. 29, 1813.
“I do so despair of the Church of England, and am
cles than the book which he proposed to write
so evidently cast off by her, and, on the other hand, I
would have been.
am so drawn to the church of Rome, that I think it


1891.]
377
THE DIAL
safer, as a matter of honesty, not to keep my living. in hot haste from Aston Hall to Littlemore,
This is a very different thing from having any in " to fulfil a work in God's service.” He did
tention of joining the Church of Rome. However, to
avow generally as much as I have said would be wrong
not know what was wanted of him, but started
for ten thousand reasons. People cannot understand a at once and without delay, notwithstanding the
man being in a state of doubt, of misgiving, of being un rain which fell in torrents, and arrived after
equal to responsibilities, &c.; but they will conclude a journey of five hours, dripping wet, at Lit-
that he has clear views either one way or the other.
All I know is, that I could not, without hypocrisy, pro-
tlemore. On his admission to the house, New-
fess myself any longer a teacher and a champion for our
man flung himself humbly at his feet, saying
Church.” [The Italics are Newman's.]
that he would not rise until the father had
Also the following, dated Nov. 18, 1844: blessed him and received him “into the Chur
“ I cannot make out that I have any motive, but a of Jesus Christ.
sense of indefinite risk to my soul, in remaining where
With the letter of announcement the vol-
I am. A clear conviction of the substantial identity of ume substantially closes, though some letters
Christianity and the Roman system has been on my
of general character are added, one on Thack-
mind for three years. It is more than five years since
the conviction first came on me, though I struggled
eray being particularly noteworthy. It will be
against it and overcame it. I have nothing to draw me seen that these volumes afford considerable se-
elsewhere—I am giving up everything."
lected material from which the life of Newman
We should be glad to quote, if space per-
is yet to be written. But in the 6 Apologia ”
mitted, the letter to his sister, of December,
there are allusions to letters which do not ap-
1844, in which he alludes to the embarrass-
pear here, with references also to his relations
ment of his position, and wherein he says: “I with the Catholics ; and these are really essen-
believe the Roman Church to be true, and tial to complete the history of this period.
have come to this belief without any assigna-
There is scarcely any idea given us of the won-
ble fault on my part”; adding that he has derful ministry at St. Mary's. In a word, we
6 submitted everything to Keble, who can de have here two volumes really edited by Car-
tect nothing.fuulty.” Therefore, though others dinal Newman, and containing only those let-
who have not this knowledge may be saved in ters which either he was willing or was thought
the Church of England, he cannot be.
to be willing to give to the world in further
Meanwhile the agony continues ; his fellow- | justification of that sincerity which the “ Apol-
ship is given up, and in reply to his sister he ogia" had defended. Whether this course was
writes (March 15, 1845):
in reality wise or just, we do not pretend to
“Pity me, my dear Jemima. What have I done say ; but to those who desire to know truly the
thus to be deserted, thus to be left to take a wrong man and the period, this method certainly can-
course, if it is wrong? I began by defending my own
not be commended as satisfactory.
Church with all my might, when others would not de-
fend her. I, in a fair measure, succeeded. At the
William M. LAWRENCE.
very time of this success, before any reverse, in the
course of my reading it breaks upon me that I am in a
schismatical Church. I oppose myself to the notion. I
write against it-year after year I write against it, and
PREHISTORIC AMERICA.*
I do my utmost to keep others in the Church. From
Crowning his many years of industrious re-
the time my doubts come upon me I begin to live more
search among the stone-graves and mounds of
strictly; and really from that time to this I have done
more towards my inward improvement, as far as I can
Tennessee, General Gates P. Thruston of
judge, than in any time of my life.”
Nashville has prepared an elaborate treatise
The end is announced in the following:
descriptive and illustrative of the works them-
« Littlemore, October 8, 1845.
selves and their contents,- a volume of 360
"My Dear Jemima:- I must tell you what will pain pages, published in a most attractive form by
you greatly, but I will make it as short as you would Messrs. Robert Clarke & Co. The immedi-
wish me to do. This night Father Dominic, the Pas-
ate occasion of its preparation was the recent
sionist, sleeps here. He does not know of my inten-
tion, but I shall ask him to receive me into what I be *THE ANTIQUITIES OF TENNESSEE AND THE ADJACENT
lieve to be the One Fold of the Redeemer. This will STATES. By Gates P. Thruston, Corresponding Secretary of
not go until all is over.”
the Tennessee Historical Society. With 263 Illustrations.
Cincinnati : Robert Clarke & Co.
With this brief and quiet announcement, THE ANTIQUITIES OF THE STATE OF OHIO. Illustrated
contrast the account of his entrance into the with maps, plans, and views. By Henry A. Shepherd. Cin-
Roman Communion given by another author-
cinnati: Robert Clarke & Co.
PREHISTORIC AMERICA. By the Marquis de Nadaillac.
ity-one to whom Mr. Hutton alludes in his
Translated by V. D'Anvers. Edited by W. H. Dall. With
monograph. Father Dominic was summoned | 219 illustrations. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.


378
[April,
THE DIAL
=
discovery, in the vicinity of Nashville, of an once recognize the rarity and unique character of many
other ancient stone-grave cemetery, of unusual
of the fine specimens engraved, especially of the me-
chanical and ceremonial classes. They will probably
size, which has yielded a large supply of pre-
agree with the writer, that in excellence of workman-
historic articles, many of which make new dis-
ship, and in beauty and variety of forms, they surpass
closures to the archæologist. Nashville is in the remains of art in chipped stone work of any other
the centre of the territory of which the stone- section of the Mississippi Valley. We know of no an-
graves are a characteristic feature, and Gen-
ves are a characteristic feature and Gen tiquities equalling them, north of the stone and obsidian
knives and flakes of the ancient Mexicans.”
eral Thruston has been a leader in investigating
this peculiar system of early burials and in gath-
Among the novel forms of these implements are
ering and comparing the articles unearthed. several specimens of "hook” or sickle," an ar-
Naturally this line of inquiry has been broad ticle of flint or chert with a hooked point, and
ened so as to include the earth-works and other one with a double hook, similar to the claw of a
remains of the Mound-builders, and to bring | crawfish, which specimens General Thruston
into comparison the antiquities of the whole classes among the ceremonial or - totem” im-
Mississippi Valley. General Thruston's pri- ! plements. While the smoothed stone objects
vate collection of archæological treasures is a are in less variety in this field than those of
museum in itself, and, with the collection of chipped stone, there is a large assortment, ex-
the State Historical Society, of which he is an hibiting some rare forms, the material of which
active member, furnishes the basis for this ex- 1 is usually from some distant point. The stone
haustive treatise, which the author modestly whistle, of dark gray steatite, made with artis-
styles 6 a series of historical and ethnological tic and musical skill, deserves mention as de-
studies.” The illustrations of prehistoric "finds" | cidedly unique. In pottery, the implements of
are furnished so generously as to exceed in num- | baked clay, found in the last discovered stone-
ber those by which Nadaillac, in his “ Prehis grave cemetery,—which General Thruston, not
toric America,” exhibits the characteristics of without plausibility, pronounces to be plaster-
ancient art and mechanism for the entire con ing trowels,—tend to broaden, in a novel way,
tinent. Among them are a number of excellent our knowledge of the customs of prehistoric
full-page photo-engravings, in which pottery,
America. Pipes in interesting variety are por-
stone and terra-cotta images, and stone imple- trayed and described, among them being one
ments, are artistically represented. Numerous which tells a new tale of the extent of ancient
private cabinets of other enthusiastic collectors commerce. It is a pipe of a form not com-
have been levied on for loans of rare or unusual mon, of the catlinite or red pipestone of west-
forms of the work of the prehistoric artisans, ern Minnesota, and the only one of that mate-
to be represented in these illustrations. Re-
rial which has thus far been found at so great
cent researches in mounds and graves have
a distance from the only known quarry. Oc-
greatly enlarged the variety of articles discov casional objects of hammered copper, and fre-
ered, the field of their uses, and the extent of quent instances of engraved marine shells,found
handiwork represented by them; and General in and about the graves, also attest a wide com-
Thruston's volume brings down to date the merce with the far north and the south. Hints
fullest and most extended knowledge concern of a broader diversity of art and science than
ing these antiquities of America. The genuine has been heretofore attributed to the Mound-
enthusiasm of an earnest and honest investi builders are found in such objects as a collec- .
gator characterizes his treatment of every tion of carefully-made bone implements, resem-
branch of the general subject. Images, idols, bling spatula, and suggestive of a primitive
pottery, pipes, implements of chipped stone, medicine shop. If the author's plausible the-
smoothed stone implements, and gorgets, rings ory is correct, that the large and handsome ob-
and utensils of shell, copper, and bone, are |jects of chipped stone, exhibited by him, were
branches of ancient art, to each of which an sceptres, new light is thrown upon the cere-
interesting and instructive chapter is devoted, monial life of these “ stranger-people.”
with a fullness of treatment which makes the Simultaneously with the “Antiquities of Ten-
work one of rare value to archeologists, and nessee,” the same publishers issue the “An-
of fascinating interest to all general readers. tiquities of Ohio," by Henry A. Shepherd,
Of the chipped stone implements here rep being a portion of that author's “ Popular His-
resented, the author appropriately says: tory of the State of Ohio," reprinted as a sep-
"Collectors and archaeologists of experience, who look | arate volume. Attention is here principally
with genuine interest upon new and rare types, will at l directed to the stone-works and earth-works left


1891.]
379
THE DIAL
by prehistoric inhabitants, built for purposes America was an immigrant, and that there were
of fortification, observation, ceremony, and sac-doubtless successive immigrations, and prob-
rifice. Many of these works have been hereto-ably by more than one route. He fails to find
fore described and illustrated in our periodical | any close connection between the Mound-build-
literature. The present compendium treats them í ers of the Mississippi Valley and the Temple-
collectively and comparatively, with full-page builders of Central America. Shepherd is
topographical illustrations and minute descrip-| satisfied that the Mound-builders were a race
tions, giving the reader an impressive view of separate from, earlier than, and superior to the
their magnitude and extent. The great num Indians, and traces occasional remains of an-
ber of fortifications there found mark Ohio as other people more ancient than the Mound-
an ancient battle-ground. Less proportion of builders. Thruston is of the opinion that the
space is given in this volume to the relics found stone-grave race of Tennessee, probably a
in the mounds ; but accounts are given in de branch of the family of Mound-builders, were
tail of several excavations, with descriptions of but a more advanced type of the normal North
the mode adopted and the situation of the rel American Indians ; that their active life in
ics discovered. Several specimens of unique both the Cumberland and Tennessee valleys was
sculpture in stone are selected for illustration ; but slightly prehistoric; and that possibly they
and the noted - Cincinnati Tablet" is pictured may have been in the later occupation of their
and described, with such account as tradition villages, and in the use of their stone-grave
and recollection can give of the mound in which cemeteries, when De Sot) marched his Span-
it was found.
iards across the southern frontier of their ter-
The comprehensive treatise by the Marquis ritory. He is inclined to contend stoutly for
de Nadaillac, entitled -- Prehistoric America," the theory that they were affiliated closely to
appears in a new edition, with some slight re- the general race of the red men, and that the
vision and modification, principally as to new higher state of art and greater remove from
discoveries in the archæology of North Amer- | barbarism, indicated in the relics found in the
ica. Covering the field of the entire 'Ameri stone-graves, was due to the development re-
can Continent, it brings into one volume, for sulting from a partial evolution out of nomadic
convenient comparisons, the artistic and me into agricultural and industrial life.
chanical remains of the Aztec and Toltec races Miss Mary Murfree introduces into her latest
in Mexico and ('entral America, and of the and current story of the Tennessee mountains,
South American peoples, together with those and sets her characters to discussing, the prob-
of the early occupants of North America. Only lem of the small stone-graves of East Tennes-
a summary account of the remains left by these see,-.P., Are they the graves of children, or
various peoples could be expected in one such of a pygmy race? General Thruston will per-
volume; but as a summary, Nadaillac's book haps consent to the reopening of this question
remains, as it has been, most acceptable to all for the purposes of romance, although in his
classes of readers. The objects chosen for il- book he treats it as closed, saying that “there
lustration have been carefully selected so as to is no foundation whatever for the popular
exhibit the most marked and peculiar types in myth” of the graves of a race of pygmies hav-
ancient art and handiwork. The author has ing been found anywhere in Tennessee.
shown himself not only an enthusiastic but an
JAMES (). PIERCE.
appreciative archæologist, in the skill with
which he has grouped the materials and pre-
sented the considerations most interesting to THE SEQU'EL OF “Two YEARS BEFORE
his fellow-students.
THE MAST."*
Nadaillac does not aim at an anthropolog- All who have read - Two Years Before the
ical discussion of his subject, his work being | Mast” and who has not ? — will find Mr.
principally archæological. The same feature | Adams's performance in his recently-published
is discovered in the other treatises above men- . Richard Henry Dana : A Biography” better
tioned. Probably it is yet too early, with our than the promise of his title. What he prom-
comparatively sparse data and imperfect know- ises is biography, but more than two-thirds of
ledge, for a broader and more philosophical dis- what he gives us is autobiography. Unlike most
cussion of the characteristics of the prehistoric
Americans.
* RICHARD HENRY Dana: A Biography. By Charles
But these writers all have their Francis Adams. In Two Volumes. Boston: Houghton,
opinions. Nadaillac thinks primitive man in Mittlin & Co.


380
THE DIAL
[April,
----
--
---
--- -
-- -- -- -- - - --
biographers, moreover, he unobtrusively puts After all, considering the demand for men of
his own remarks in smaller type than that in intellect in other professions made by our
which the letters and journals are printed. His newly-settled country and our democratic in-
remarks are judicious and to the point. He stitutions, the wonder is not that America has
confines himself almost wholly to filling up produced so few men of letters, but that it has
lacunae and to furnishing brief comments upon produced so many. While we boast no “ mute
his author's text. When he does err, it is on inglorious Milton," we probably have many
the safe side, — namely, by saying too little men who, like Milton, have devoted the best
rather than by saying too much. Nor is it years of life to the "noises and hoarse disputes"
at all derogatory to Mr. Adams to say that of their times, but, unlike him, have not been
the account here given of Dana would be but forced by events to spend the evening of their
meagre had not the latter, fortunately for us, days in unfolding the perfect flower of their
kept a diary with more or less regularity for genius. But there is no evidence in the vol-
the two decades of his manhood from 1841 to umes before us that Dana ever looked forward
1860. This diary alone fills about one-half of to a time when he might devote the remainder
our two volumes. Like its great predecessor, of his days to literature, or that he ever desired
the diary of “ Two Years Before the Mast," it to be more than an amateur in this highest of
is written in the vigorous, terse, and simple the arts. Far from condemning him for fail-
style which yields the greatest number of con- | ure in what he never attempted, we must rather
crete impressions to the square inch of space. wonder at the measure of success attained by
In some places, as in the jottings relating to his few casual publications.
the Sandwich Islands trip, the sentences are Dana is best known, and will ever be best
so short and the phrases are so clipped as to known to the general reader, by his earliest
remind us of our old friend Jingle of - Pick- work, “ Two Years Before the Mast." This
wick Papers.” But this is exceptional. In book, written before he left the Cambridge
general, the style of the diary is full enough Law School, was indirectly the result of an at-
to be pleasing to the eye and ear, rapid and tack of measles. To this ignoble cause Dana
condensed enough to afford to the mind the unquestionably owed most of his fame, and
charm of constantly varied impressions. Thus | perhaps all of his success. For the measles
Dana's diary in many respects forms a worthy left him with eyes so weak that, forbidden to
sequel of - Two Years Before the Mast,” while continue his collegiate studies, and thus thrown
it adds another to the list of his published writ upon his own resources, this boy of eighteen
ings, another to our sources of regret that this chose to take an ocean voyage, and thought he
list is so brief. One can hardly read these pages would derive most benefit by taking it before
without wishing that Dana had made literature the mast.” The experiment proved entirely
his vocation, and not merely his avocation. satisfactory; for Dana not only restored his
Some of Dana's friends, including his pres- eyesight, but gained a robust health that en-
ent biographer, are disposed to erect over him abled him to endure the strain of the most
the broken column that tells of early promise | arduous professional labor for a quarter of a
unfulfilled and a life-work incomplete. And century without a break-down. Had it not
if we regard him merely as a man of letters, been for this - course in natural life,” as Mr.
we must certainly agree with them. Surely Adams aptly names the voyage, Dana would
the genial shade of Goldsmith will pardon us ! in all probability have come out of the profes-
for calling Dana the man-
sional school a faccid and ineffective stripling,
* Who, born for the universe, narrowed his mind,
not one-tenth part of the man he actually be-
And to clients gave up what was meant for mankind.”
came. "Two Years Before the Mast" is still
Possessing, as is shown by his earliest work, a so much read that it may be called, without
rare power both of seeing the true inwardness Macaulay's exaggeration, a book that every
and of describing the true outwardness of schoolboy knows. It immediately secured a
things, he early sold his birthright to great wide circulation, both in this country and in
literary success for the mess of pottage offered England, where Moxon soon brought out an
by the law. Perhaps, however, it is no more edition for which he generously gave the author
than fair that since no less than three cele- more than the Harpers had paid for the origi-
brated American authors— Irving, Bryant, and wal manuscript. I need not here speak of its
Lowell—forsook law for literature, one author racy idiomatic English, its spice of youthful
- Dana— should forsake literature for law. I adventure, its wholesome atmosphere redolent


1891.]
381
THE DIAL
of sea-spray flung up by the breezes. Here ' tions. For pleading the cause of the oppressed,
was an American author who gave to his facts Dana was assaulted on the street by the agents
so much of the charm of Defoe's fictions that of the slave-hunters, and received every testi-
a writer in the - Encyclopædia Britannica" mony of regard from the friends of liberty.
calls him - The author of the popular novel Mr. Adams considers Dana's connection with
• Two Years Before the Mast,' which is founded these cases as the one great act of his life.
on personal experience.” This rare skill in. After 1854, Dana never had another opportu-
descriptive and narrative writing was not again 'nity to defend a hunted slave.
employed by Dana, except in the diary, until, In the summer of 1856, Dana had his first
as the fruit of a brief respite snatched almost glimpse of Europe. Most of his short vaca-
clandestinely from his law-practice, he pub- tion was spent in England. Here he met a
lished - To ('uba and Back," in 1859. Of this most flattering reception, which he thoroughly
latter book Mr. Adams says:
enjoyed. It was probably the happiest episode
** Though by no means equal as a literary perform- in Dana's life. His delight in England and
ance to · Two Years Before the Mast,' in this country things English was so hearty that it recalls
at least . Cuba and Back 'has probably had almost as Irving, and is in marked contrast with the un-
large a sale, for it has passed through no less than
favorable view of Hawthorne, who was in En-
twelve editions, and is still called for in Havana as a
guide-book. Indeed, only when read during a visit to gland at the same time. Dana then drew a
Cuba can its literary merit be appreciated; for, consid- charming picture, for the benefit of his family-
ering the short time he was on the island, and the scant circle at home, of English scenery and English
opportunities he enjoyed there, it is remarkable how life. both of which he saw at their best. There
much Dana saw, and how quickly he grasped the essen-
I was no doubt something in Dana's character
tial points in the situation as it then was."
that made the best English society peculiarly
Dana began his legal career at Boston in
congenial to him, for he was himself a man of
the year 1810 by writing on the laws and cus-
good family and ancestral traditions, very much
toms regulating the relations between the sail-
of a gentleman, somewhat formal, aristocratic,
ors, officers, and owners of a ship. His little and exclusive, with a great admiration for dis-
treatise be called - The Seaman's Friend," a 'tinction of mann
tinction of manner.
title subsequently fully as well deserved by the Within the vers after his return he was
author as by the book. Moxon gave to his !
suddenly smitten down with an ominous fit of
English edition the name of - The Seaman's
indigestion, which warned him once more to
Manual.” The book is written in a clear and
seek relaxation in travelling. This time he was
simple style, but from the nature of the sub-
advised to make a voyage around the world.
ject appeals only to a limited class. It was, i
He did so, and he gives us in his journal a
however, of material assistance to Dana in se-
brief account of the trip. It was at this time
curing maritime practice; and such was bis!
that he gathered material for the concluding
prosperity that, beginning in the law in Sep-
e] , chapter of his - Two Years Before the Mast,"
tember by occupying an office jointly with an-
appended to the author's edition first issued
other person, in November he was able to rent
to rent by Messrs. Fields, Osgood & Co. in 1868, the
two rooms in the old State House for himself Harpers' copyright having expired.
and a student, and at the end of a year felt
: rent
In",
In politics, Dana was prominent in the or-
that his circumstances warranted marriage. canization of the Free Soil party. Yet, as Mr.
He soon became widely known as an authority i
ecame widely known as an authority Adams well says,-
on maritime law, and in war-time was called
į “ He never gave himself sufficiently to political ques-
upon by the government to serve as United | tions to exercise a perceptible influence upon results.
States District Attorney, in which capacity he ! His was but an intermittent voice in a loud and sus-
proved of great assistance in cases of prize. tained tumult.”
But his practice was by no means wholly Dana was a delegate to the Whig Convention
maritime; and if we consider his services and ' at Buffalo in 1848, and helped to nominate
sufferings in the cause of the fugitive siaves Van Buren and Charles F. Adams. He took
arrested under the act of 1850, we shall be dis- an active part in the campaign that followed,
posed to add to the title of - Seaman's Friend" ! making speeches in favor of the candidates.
that of “ Negro's Friend." lle came to the de- He was a recognized leader in the Massa-
fense of Shadrach, Sims, and Anthony Burns, chusetts Constitutional Convention in 1853.
in the midst of a tempest of furious altercation | Though appointed United States District At-
between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery fac- torney by Lincoln in 1861, Dana appears to


382
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[April,
- - - - - - - -
have had very little enthusiasm or even respect a government for the people who have evolved it.
for Lincoln himself. He did not think the General conclusions drawn from facts collected by
Emancipation Proclamation a valid or states those who have avowedly gone in quest of only a
manlike document, and potes at Washington
certain set of facts—we say nothing of obvious
the absence of personal loyalty to the Presi-
temptations and unconscious tendencies to over-
color--certainly need correction; and a volume
dent. Dana served two terms in the Massa-
sd- furnishing data for the correction of our views of
chusetts legislature, in 1865) and 1866, as rep- Russian society will be welcome to all who prefer
resentative from Cambridge. In 1868 he ran truth to emotional indulgence. Such a volume.
for Congress in opposition to General Butler, within the limitations imposed by its popular char-
the party noininee, but was defeated. The last acter, is - The Tsar and His People" (Harper), a
time Dana's name came up in politics was in collection of illustrated articles reprinted from * Har-
1876, when he was nominated by President per's Monthly.” These are nine in number: - Social
Grant for the English mission. The nomina- Life in Russia" and Through the Caucasus." by
tion was rejected by the Senate through the '
We, the Vicomte De Vogüé; · Palatial Petersburg,” The
Fair of Nijnii Novgorod," " Holy Moscow," - The
exertions of Dana's enemies, General Butler
! Kremlin and Russian Art," and - Modern Russian
and Mr. W. B. Lawrence.
Art,” by Theodore Child ; - Russian Bronzes,” by
. This brings us to the cloud that darkened Clarence Cook: "A Russian Village," by Vasili
all the latter part of Dana's life--namely, the ! Verestchagin. Of these papers, the two by M. De
Lawrence-Wheaton controversy. Mr. W. B. , Vogüé are the richest in facts, as well as the most
Lawrence had already published two editions of considerable for suggestiveness, depth of observa-
Wheaton's -- International Law," but his work tion, and literary quality. Within his limited space
proving unsatisfactory to Wheaton's widow and the writer has condensed a long series of brilliant
daughter, Dana was asked to prepare a third
pictures of Russian social life and its material en-
edition which should be independent of the
vironment, and an intelligible general view of the
two others. Dana did so; but having carelessly
civil structure, which he likens to a Gothic cathe-
dral. It would certainly be a difficult matter to
or involuntarily used some of Lawrence's cita-
say, within the same space-limits, more about Rus-
tions on points touching which scarcely any sia than he has said. The articles contributed by
other references were available, he was vehe Mr. Child, though of lighter texture, are fresh and
mently and persistently accused by Lawrence full of interest ; and are, as already intimated, free
of infringing the latter's copyright. The case from suspiciously melodramatic clanking of fetters
was continued for many years, and finally com and whizzing of the knout, and other dismal ac-
mitted to a master-in-chancery, who kept it
companiments of average accounts of Russian travel.
back for several years longer. The whole of
The volune is a capital one for illustration, and
the master's report is appended to the present
artists and artisans have fully improved the oppor-
tunity.
life of Dana, and vindicates the latter com-
pletely from any but a few slight and frivolous The University of Pennsylvania announces a se-
technical infringements. But, alas! the vindi- ries of publications in Philology, Literature, and
cation came too late. Dana died at Rome Jan | Archæology, and the first of these monographs
nary 6, 1882.
(which are to be prepared by Professors and others
EDWARD PLAYFAIR ANDERSON.
connected with the University) is at hand in the
form of “ Poetic and Verse Criticism of the Reign
of Elizabeth,” by Professor Schelling. It is a most
interesting phase of English criticism that the wri.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
ter treats. At the time when the freest genius of
A BOOK about Russia, uuseasoned with the hor- England was finding its proper field in the drama,
rors of Nihilism and Siberian exile, will probably when blank verse was being made the means to ex-
remind the reader of the play of Hamlet with Ham press all conceivable poetic passion, a good many
let left out; and may, at first, be disappointing in pedants and a few true poets were puzzling their
that it makes no appeal to that love of sensational- brains over the future of English poetry, and more
ism so freely ministered to by late Russian travel- especially of English metre. Entirely without the
lers. The lurid tales of Russian governmental op- | aid of their treatises, discussions, and wranglings,
pression have so long furnished us with a pretext the question settled itself in the one possible way,
for waxing inexpensively benevolent and enjoyably and the system of accent, not quantity, was uni-
indignant over the wrongs of the unfortunates, that versally accepted as the underlying principle of
we may be even reluctant to turn to the brighter | English verse. But it was not accepted without
siile of the picture or at least to take that broad much spilling of ink, pro and con. It was by no
view of the entire field which tends to bring home means unnatural that those poets to whom rhyme
to is the prosaic truth as to the natural fitness of 'seemed doggerel, who looked with dismay at the


1891.)
THE DIAL
383
------
-
-
--
--- - ------ --- -- ------
growing disregard of authority, should turn back removal to Paris, his early struggles and final tri-
to the ancients for some sure and safe guide through umphs. The later chapters are enriched with crit-
the bewilderment of the age. And accordingly they icisms, frank yet kindly, of the work of eminent
proposed in sober earnest that English poetry should contemporaries, and the reader catches occasional
be constructed according to classic models, that glimpses of the coterie of great painters who, with
verse feet should be made up of long and short Breton himself, have added so much to the fame of
vowels, instead of accented and unaccented sylla- the national art. The volume is acceptably gotten
bles, and that the classic metres should be adhered up and contains an excellent portrait of the author.
to. They preached this and they practised it, and
their preaching and practise called out other vol-
In her “ Royal Edinburgh: Her Saints, Kings,
umes in reply. It is this period of criticism that
Prophets, and Poets " (Macmillan), Mrs. Oliphant
Professor Schelling discusses. Gascoigne, James has traced graphically and sympathetically the pic-
VI., Gabriel Harvey, Puttenham, Lodge, Daniel, turesque side of the story of the romantic city,
Sidney, and others, pass rapidly in review. The which, from its ancient nucleus perched like a
gist of each man's work, and a running comment-
hawk's nest on the crest of Castle Rock, has ex-
ary, are given. Especially full is the treatment of
tended itself, with many vicissitudes, first eastward
Sir Philip Sidney's “ Apologie for Poetrie.” The | down the Higli Street and the Canongate to Holy-
critical remarks that are made are both interesting
rood, then in later times northward across the long
and scholarly, and in general the monograph gives
hollow, until was evolved the Edina of our day,
an entertaining and accurate account of the works
where mediæval grimness and picturesqueness and
under discussion. The book succeeds outwardly as
modern convenience and smug regularity seem try-
well as inwardly, for its 100 pages are excellently
ing to stare each other out of countenance. To trace
printed, neatly bound, and make up a model Uni-
the true civic growth of Edinburgh, its rather zig-
versity publication. (N. D. C. Hodges, New York : zag progress from a state of fitfully industrial mil-
City, Agent for the University.)
itancy and chronic disturbance to its present condi-
tion as a stable centre of wealth soberly earned and
A VERY charming book is the Autobiography of soberly enjoyed, is a difficult task, and one which
Jules Breton (Appleton), in the true sense a life the author has not, save in a limited degree, pro-
record, frank, artless, sympathetic, suggesting on posed to herself. But of romantic Edinburgh, the
every page an artist's sensitiveness to outward im tourist's Mecca, the city of St. Margaret, of the
pressions, a poet's perception of remote resemblan knightly James, of Mary Stuart, Rizzio, and stern
ces. The book is eminently a painter's book, - a John Knox, the city of a thousand associations
series of pictures drawn from memory,— the ear woven round it by the genius of Scott, she fur-
lier ones misty, phantasmagoric, tinged with the nishes a wealth of historical facts. We know of
sentiment that clings round one's recollections of no better preparative to an intelligent enjoyment of
childhood, the later ones distinct, precise in detail, the “ sights” of Edinburgh than this book by Mrs.
drawn with the accurate pencil of realism. M. Oliphant, and as such it should prove useful to
Breton, being poet as well as painter, cloes not open many American readers. The contents of the vol-
his “Life” in the conventional way with dates and ume are divided into four parts: Part I., • Marga-
genealogical intricacies grubbed up from parish reg ret of Scotland, Atheling—Queen and Saint”; Part
isters and kindred dusty receptacles, which one is II., “ The Stewards of Scotland” (comprising the
apt to read under protest and forget as soon as pos reigns of the Jameses); Part III., “ The Times of
sible. He hands us, so to speak, the orange ready the Prophets” (a graphic review of the events
peeled. A fact with him, to be presentable, must centering about the struggle between Mary and
be a living fact, a link in the chain of recollection Knox); and Part IV., " The Modern City" (com-
upon which he has long been accustomed to dwell prising three interesting chapters on Allan Ram-
with pleasure or pain--good evidence of its forma say, Burns, and Scott). The volume is a tasteful
tive influence and consequent biographical value. one, and the illustrations (there are sixty of them,
Among the strongest of his early impressions were chiefly Edinburgh views) by George Reid, R.S.A.,
those made upon him by his first walk in the for are of quite unusual artistic merit.
est. He recalls - the coolness, like that of a church,
the strange odors, the night-like silence, the ob In his recently-issued volume, “ The Greek World
scurity, through which, at times, flashed dazzling Under Roman Sway-From Polybius to Plutarch ”
gleams of light, and the solemn and mysterious (Macmillan), Professor J. P. Mahaffy resumes the
sense of awe inspired by all this, as if one felt here subject pursued in his “Greek Life and Thought,”
the invisible presence of the Deity. ... At and completes another stage in the social life and
times I shut my eyes, dazzled by the green fulgura- civilization of the Greeks,- namely, that comprised
tions of the sun darting over tufts of heather and in the period dating from the subjugation of Hel-
fern that glowed like red and black flames among lenic lands by the Romans down to the accession of
the turf, striped like the skin of a wild cat." From Hadrian, or, to speak more definitely, down to
the scenes of his boyhood M. Breton passes on to about the year 120 A.D. Professor Mahaffy's
his student life in De Vigne's atelier in Ghent, his reason for halting at this point is two-fold: first


384
THE DIAL
[April,
- - ----- - - -- =
because it was then that Greece recovered, by vir- Avignon and subsequent travels, his coronation at
tue of her arts, that supremacy which had been lost Rome and relations with Colonna, Rienzi, and the
to her arms ; second, because it is only up to this Visconti, his sojourn at Venice, Padua, and Arqua,
limit that Hellenism may be discussed without tak his letters, Latin works, and Italian poems. The
ing into account the new force, Christianity, which author makes good use of her limited space, and,
had indeed been born and was being preached, but wasting no time over familiar Petrarchan conun-
had as yet left hardly a trace of its influence on the drums and conventional rhapsodies, goes straight
great Greek teachers. The present work is impor- | at her subject, honestly trying to set before the
tant to the student as embodying results of recent | reader Petrarch the man—not the mere love-lorn
archäological activity, and as treating concisely and sonneteer sighing like a furnace after a problemat-
clearly the somewhat misty period of fusion of the ical Laura, but the patriot, the humanist, the stu-
Hellenic and Roman civilizations. Of the fusion dent of antiquity, the pioneer of modern European
of Christianity with both, the author promises to culture. We are glad to find in this unpretentious
treat in a subsequent volume. The present work little sketch of “ the first modern man” sanity and
is no mere compilation, or repository of dry facts directness instead of the customary mawkishness
to be turned to on occasion ; like kindred books by and spinning of speculative cobwebs. The volume
Professor Mahaffy, it partakes of the character of is well printed and is supplied with an Index and a
the historical essay. The narrative is easy, graphic, Table of Authorities.
agreeably free from pedantry--the besetting sin of
books of its class,--and invigorated by a vein of In - How We Went and What We Saw" (Put-
independent thought. A sufficient Index is pro- nam), Mr. Charles McCormick Reeve furnishes a
vided, and the references to authorities are full. readable account of a fying trip through Egypt,
Syria, and the Ægean Islands, including brief ac-
A CAPITAL book in its way, and one that has | counts of Alexandria, Cairo, Constantinople, Dam-
special claims upon the older generation of Amer- ascus, Athens, and other cities en roule. As the
ican play-goers, is Mr. Laurence Hutton's “ Curios- | author was - on pleasure bent," one must not find
ities of the American Stage " ( Harper). The na fault with his observations on the score of superfi-
ture of the contents is indicated by the following ciality. His book is an unusually readable and
chapter-headings : “ The American Play” (a chap- ' lively record of the experiences and impressions of
ter comparable, by the way, to the famous one on a sharp-sighted and intelligent American traveller.
the snakes of Ireland), “ The American Stage Ne- While Mr. Reeve indulges perhaps too freely his
gro," • American Burlesque," “ Infant Phenomena turn for the humorous, he is never betrayed into
of America," and "A Century of American Ham that silly irreverence for venerable things that has
lets." To those who look back affectionately upon marred two-thirds of American travel-books since
the days when Forrest, the Keans, Macready, Mrs. the advent of The Innocents Abroad." The vol-
Ritchie, and their compeers, to say nothing of such ume, unlike most books of its class, is not illus-
lesser lights as Thomas D. Rice (Jim Crow), the
immortal Christys, Mark Smith, G. L. Fox, and
• a host of others” (the expression is peculiarly ap-
propriate here), trod the boards, Mr. Hutton's book
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF SPRING PUBLICI-
will prove infinite riches in a little room." We
TIONS.
do not mean to imply that the players of to-day are The announcements of books to be published in
neglected. They are all noted, from Booth and l America this spring are of rather more than usual in-
Barrett to the versatile Mr. Dixey–who first courted! terest, showing many substantial and important works
fame, it seems, as - the fore-less of the heifer" in į in prospect, and a healthful condition of the publishing
Evangeline." Mr. Hutton's book is anecdotal
traile. The lists are too long to be given in full, but
from them we have selected what seem to be the more
and descriptive rather than critical. Essentially, it!
important titles in the various departments ; and these
is a series of chapters from the annals of the Amer- i
we give below. Books already published and received
ican stave_from which, by the way, we are sure by THE Dial are of course not included here, but are
prised to find the name of Charlotte Cushman omit- ' given in the regular list of - Books of the Month."
ted. Externally the volume is very attractive, and
History. - The American Revolution, by John Fiske
its permanent value is assured by a series of excel Houghton; The Discovery and Spanish Conquest of Amer
lent portraits, many of them from rare prints in ica, by John Fiske (Houghton); The Spanish Confederacy, by
the possession of collectors.
Thomas Marshall Green Clarke); Vol. III. of Renan's His-
tory of the People of Israel (Roberts) ; The Hittites: Their
Inscriptions and Their History, by John Campbell Ran-
In a pretty volume of 28.5 pages, Messrs. Rob-
dolphi ; The Story of Portugal, by H. Morse Stevens, in the
erts Brothers issue a readable sketch of - Petrarch, Story of the Nations series Putnam); The Story of Messa-
His Life and Works." The book is by May Alden chusetts, by E. E. Hale (Lothrop): The Old Navy and the
Ward, who will be favorably remembered for a
New, by Daniel Ammens, L'.S. X. (Lippincott); History of
the 19th Army Corps, by R. B. Irwin, illus. Putnam .
similar sketch of Dante. The work, intended for
BIOGRAPHY. MEMOIRS, ETC. -A Publisher and His Frienk
popular reading, is mainly biographical, touchinga memoir of the late John Murray, by Samuel Smiles srit
brietly Petrarch's birth and childhood, his life at ner); Later Leaves, being further reminiscences of Vontigo
trated


1891.]
THE DIAL
385
inn).
-
-- --
- _-- -
Williams (Houghton) ; My Three Score Years and Ten, an Dole (Heath); Parties and Patronage, by L. G. Tyler, in
autobiography by Thomas Ball (Roberts); Life and Times of Questions of the Day series (Putnam); Dictionary of Political
John Dickinson, by Charles J. Stillé (Lippincott); Jenny Economy, edited by R. H. I. Palgrave (Macmillan); Gides's
Lind, the Artist, by H. S. Holland and W. S. Rockstro, illus Principles of Political Economy, translated by E. P. Jacob-
(Scribner); Madame de Staël, by Albert Sorel, in the Great son (Heath); The Question of Copyright, documents bearing
French Writers series (McClurg); Sir Philip Sidney, by H. on the subject (Putnam); Relation of Labor to the Law of
R. Fox-Bourne, and Theodoric the Goth, by Thomas Hodg To-day, by Lujo Brentano, translated by Porter Sherman
kin, in the Heroes of the Nations series (Putnam); Ferdinand (Putnam).
Magellan, by F. H. H. Guillemand, in the World's Great Ex-
SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY.- The Silva of North America,
plorers series (Dodd); Marie Louise : the Return from Elba, by C. S. Sargent, Vol. II., illus. (Houghton); Birds of Green-
Marie Antoinette at the Tuilleries, and Marie Antoinette and land, by A. T. Hagerup, translated by F. B. Arngrimson
the Downfall of Royalty, new volumes in Imbert de Saint (Little, B. & Co.); Zoological Articles, contributed to the
Amand's Famous Women of the French Court series (Scrib Encyclopædia Britannica by E. Ray Lankaster (Scribner) ;
ner); Francis Higginson, by T. W. Higginson, Cotton Mather,
Aids in Practical Geology, by G. A. J. Cole, illus. (Lippin-
by Barrett Wendell, and Sir William Johnson, by W. E. | cott); The Emotions and the Will, being Part II. of Bald-
Griffis, new volumes in the Makers of America series (Dodd); win's Handbook of Psychology (Holt); Diseases of Personal-
Lewis Cass, by A. C. McLaughlin, in American Statesman ity, by Th. Ribot (Open Court Pub’g Co.); Modern Philos-
series (Houghton); Life and Letters of George Mason, edited ophers, abstracts of their works by various editors, under the
by Kate Mason Rowland (Putnam); Recollections of Pres editorial supervision of E. Hershey Smith, the series to in-
ident Lincoln, by Lucius B. Chittenden (Harper).
clude Locke, Descartes, etc. (Holt).
LITERARY MISCELLANY.-Excursions in Art and Letters, DISCOVERY, TRAVEL, ETC.-Schliemann's Excavations at
by H. W. Mabie (Houghton); Under the Trees, by H. W. Mabie Troy, by Dr. Schuckhardt, illus. (Macmillan); Ten Years in
(Dodd); Political and Social Letters of a Lady of the 18th Equatoria, by Maj. Gaetano Casati, illus. (Warne); Spain and
Century, edited by Emily Osborn (Dodd); De Quincey Me Morocco, by Henry T. Finck (Scribner); Through Russia on
morials, by Alex. H. Japp (U. S. Book Co.); Dante's Works, a Mustang, by Thomas Stevens (Cassell); Pilgrims in Pales-
translated into English prose by Charles E. Norton (Hongh tine, with preface by Thos. Hodgkin (Putnam); With the
ton); Citation of William Shakespeare, by Walter S. Landor, Admiral of the Ocean Sea, a narrative of the first voyage to
with introduction by H. W. Mabie, in the Giunta series the western world, drawn mainly from the Diary of Colum-
(Dodd); Advancement of Learning, by Francis Bacon, ed bus, by C. P. Mackie (McClurg); London, Past and Present,
ited by A. S. Cook (Ginn); English Poets of the XVIIth by Henry B. Wheatley (Scribner) ; Paristof To-day, byRich-
Century, edited by L. B. R. Briggs (Ginn); History of Ger ard Kaufmann, illus. (Cassell); Noto, an unexplored corner
man Literature, by Kuno Francke (Holt); Short History of of Japan, by Percival Lowell (Houghton); The Sovereigns
Greek Literature, by B. S. Gildersleeve (Holt); Beginner's and Courts of Europe, illus. (Appleton).
Book in Old English, by A. S. Cook (Ginn); History of Mod THEOLOGY AND RELIGION.- Who Wrote the Bible by
ern Ethics, edited by E. H. Sneath (Ginn).
Washington Gladden, D.D. (Houghton); The Gospels are
POETRY.-Last Poems of Horatio Nelson Powers, edited by True Histories, by Rev. Dr. Barrows (Lothrop); Gospel Crit-
Oscar Fay Adams (Lothrop); Man Immortal, an allegorical icism and Historical Christianity, by Orello Cone, D. D. (Put-
poem, by W. S. Taylor (Lippincott); Idle Hours, by W. De nam); Institutes of Christian Religion, by Prof. E. V. Ger-
Witt Wallace (Putnam); After Death in Arabia, by Sir Ed hart (Armstrong); Messianic Prophecies in Historical Suc-
win Arnold (Gottsberger); Hedda Gabler, by Henrik Ibsen cession, by Franz Delitzsch, translated by S. I. Curtiss (Scrib-
(U. S. Book Co.); French Lyrics, edited by B. L. Bowen ner); The Peace of the Church, by W. R. Huntington, D.D.
(Heath); Old English Ballads, edited by F. B. Gunmere (Scribner); Sermons, a new volume, by Rev. F. H. Hedge
(Ginn).
(Roberts); Sermons upon Faith, Hope, and Love, by James
FICTION.- Monk and Knight, an historical study in fiction,
M. Hoppin, D. D. (Dodd); The People's Christ, sermons by
Louis A. Banks, D. D. (Lee & S.); Beyond the Bourne, by
by Rev. F. W. Gunsaulus (McClurg); The Iron Game, by H.
F. Keenan (Appleton); Otto the Knight, by Octave Thanet
Amos K. Fiske (Fords); Ways and Means, a history of the
Christian Endeavor Movement, by Rev. F. E. Clark (Lothrop).
(Houghton); Zadoc Pine, by H. C. Bunner (Scribner); Jerry,
reprinted from Scribner's Magazine (Holt); Gallegher, and
Other Stories, by Richard Harding Davis (Scribner); The
Water Devil, by Frank R. Stockton (Scribner) ; Felicia, by
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
Fanny N. D. Murfree (Houghton); A Book o' Nine Tales, by
Arlo Bates (Roberts); Short Stories, by Elizabeth Stuart
April, 1891.
Phelps (Houghton); Balaam and His Masters, by Joel Chand-
ler Harris (Houghton); From Timber to Town, a dialect
| Argentine Provincial Sketches. Theo. Child. Harper.
Armenians and the Porte. S. G. W. Benjamin. Atlantic.
story (McClurg); A Violin Obligato, by Margaret Crosley
Bacteria. T. M. Prudden. Harper.
(Roberts); Flute and Violin, by James Lane Allen, illus. Behring Sea Controversy. E. J. Phelps. Harper.
(Harper); A New York Family, by Edgar Fawcett, illus. California hy Way of Panama in '49. J. H. Pratt. Century.
(Cassell); Iermola, by Joseph I. Kraszewski, translated by Dana, Richard Henry. E. P. Anderson. Dial.
Mrs. M. Carey (Dodd); A Christian Woman, translated by
Dairving in California. F. E. Sheldon. Overland.
Mary Springer, from the Spanish of Emelia Pardo Bazán, with
Dakota Outbreak. Herbert Welsh. Scribner.
introduction by Rollo Ogden, the first volume of Cassell's
De Quincey and the Wordsworths. H. A. Page. Century.
Election Bill. G. F. Hoar. Forum.
Blne Library ; Captain Blake, by Capt. Charles King, illus.
Elizabethan Drama and Victorian Novel. T. D. Robb, Lipp.
(Lippincott): The White Company, by A. Conan Doyle (U'. Fetichism in Congo Land. E. J. Glave. Century.
S. Book Co.); Eric Brighteyes, by H. Rider Haggard (C.S. Freedom to Bondage. Herbert Spencer. Popular Science.
Book Co.); Beads of Tasmer, by Mrs. Amelia E. Barr, illus. French Army. J. L. Lewal. Harper.
(Bonner); Lily of the Valley, by Honoré de Balzac, trans-
Greeley Letters. Edited by Joel Benton. Lippincott.
lated by Miss Wormeley (Roberts) ; Madame d Orgevaut's
Huxley on the War-Path. Duke of Argyll. Popular Science
Japanese Theatres. Eliza R. Scidmore. Cosmopolitan,
Husband, from the French of Henri Rabusson, by F. H.
Meiningen, Court Theatre at. Chas. Waldstein. Harper.
Potter (Dodd); Legends and Popular Tales of the Basque
Meissonier. G. E. Montgomery Cosmopolitan.
People, by Mariano Monteiro, illus. (Stokes).
Mind-Reading, Charles Gatchell. Forum.
POLITICAL AND SOCIAL STUDIES, ETC.-- The Parnell Move-
Morality and Environment. A. D. Vinton. irena.
| Morality and Religion. Goldwin Smith. Forum.
ment, by T. P. O'Connor (Cassell); Canada and the Canadian i
Mt. St. Elias, Expeditions to. F. Schwatka. Century.
Question, by Goldwin Smith Macmillan); The Development
Muses in the Common School. Mary E. Burt. Atlantic,
of Municipal Unity in the Lombard Colonies, by W. K. Will Nationalism vs. Individualism. Arena.
iams (Johns Hopkins Press); The American Citizen, by C.F. | Nationalization of Land. J. R. Buchanan. Arena.


386
[April,
TIE DIAL
Newman's Letters. W. M. Lawrence. Dial.
| Representative Irish Tales. Compiled, with an introduc-
Nicaragua Canal. C. T. Harvey. Cosmopolitan.
tion and notes, by W. B. Yeats. 2 vols., 2+mo, gilt top,
Ocean Passenger Travel. J. H. Gould. Scribner.
uncut. Putnam's" Knickerbocker Nuggets.“ $2.1).
Patriotism and Public Schools. C. M. Waage. Orerland. Tales from Shakespeare's Tragedies. By Charles and
Pauperisni in the United States. R. T. Ely. Vorth American.
Mary Lamb. Edited, with notes, by William J. Rolfe,
Philosophy of the Future. G. W. Winterburn. Arena.
Litt.D. Illustrated, 16mo. Harper & Bros. 30 cents.
Poverty. W. S. Rainsford, Forum
Prebistoric America. J.0, Pierce. Dial.
POETRY
Prehistoric Man on the Pacific Coast. G. F. Wright. Atlantic,
President's Office and Home, G. G. Bain. Cosmopolitan. Oberammergau, 1890. By William Allen Butler. Illus-
Race Influence and Disease. G. B. Hoffmeister. Pop. Sci. ! trated, tto, pp. 46, gilt top. Harper & Bros. $2.00.
Railroads and the West. Sidney Dillon. North American. Original Charades. By L. B. R. Briggs. 18mo, pp. 72.
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No. 3 East 14th St., NEW YORK CITY.


1891.)
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THE NORTHERN LIGHT.
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Translated from the German of E. WERNER, by Mrs. ' A Novel. Bv ROBERT GRANT, author of " Jack Hall."
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1891.)
393
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· A DIRECTORY OF REPRESENTATIVE BOOKSELLERS,
Authorized Agents for receiving Subscriptions to THE DIAL, copies of which
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Ottawa. . . Hapeman & Graham. Lake Linden. Adolph F. Isler.
Utah.
Paw Paw .. Wilbur A. Pratt. Lansing . . . A. M. Emery.
Ephraim . . J. F. Dorius & Co.
Peoria . . . PA. Cramer.
Manistee . . J. E. Somerville.
Polo . . .
.:
.
J. L. Spear.
Marquette .. H. H. Stafford & Son.
WASHINGTON.
Pontiac... J.S. Murphy & Co. Mason ... J. C. Kimmel, Jr.
Rochelle . . A. W. Hartong.
Michigamme. Henry J. Atkinson.
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Vancouver : James Waggener, Jr.
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Woodstock . . L. T. Hoy.
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Stevens Point. H. D. McCulloch Co.
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Sturgeon Bay. Louis Reichel.
INDIANA.


394
[April, 1891.
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NOV 281891
DEC 6 1898
FEB 271895
MAYO87895
HUN 5 1897
DEC 4 1908
DEC 18 W
FEB 28 1946



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