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230
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THE DIAL
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ETCHING.
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1885.]
THE DIAL
231
I
BOOKS FOR HOLIDAY GIFTS.
LAMIA.
YOUNG FOLKS' QUERIES.
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esting information.
“ As an art production and an example of book-
HORSE AND MAN;
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upon Mr. Low, who has put his best endeavors into
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THE HERMIT.
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A Ballad. From OLIVER GOLDSMITH's “ Vicar
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manners and customs of the people, together with
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OUR YOUNG FOLKS ROMAN
many elegant engravings, combine to make this one
EMPIRE.
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232
[ Dec.,
THE DIAL
New Gift Books.
OUR LITTLE ONES and the NURSERY. | LALLA ROOKH. THE VELLUM EDITION.
Vol. 4.
By THOMAS MOORE. This charming oriental poem is now
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the most celebrated book illustrators in America, and
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THE NURSERY-N.
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ume spend the summer in travelling through the vine.
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FLOWERS of the FIELD and FOREST.
For Sale by all Booksellers, or sent postpaid on receipt of price by
ESTES & LAURIAT, Publishers, Boston, Mass.


1885.]
233
THE DIAL
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Idyls of the Months.
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The Famous Old English Ballad of
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Kate Greenaway's New Christmas Book,
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A New Library Edition of
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1885.]
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1885.)
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[Dec., 1885.
D. APPLETON & CO.
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THE DIAL
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240
THE DIAL
[Jan., 1886.
BALZAC IN ENGLISH.
Père Goriot.— Fourth Edition.
The Duchesse de Langeais.
With An Episode Under the Terror, The Illustrious
Gaudis-art, A Passion in The Desert, and The Hidden
Treasure. Third Edition.
From the Boston Herald.
« Père Goriot" is the first of a series of translations of
Balzac's novels to be issued by Roberts Bros. The excellence
of the translation and the attractiveness of the half-leather bind.
ing, giving a French appearance to the volume, augur well for
the success of the undertaking. It is an interesting experi.
ment, that of thus introducing Bulzac to a larger circle
of Ameri' an readers. Not, of course, that he is unknown
in America, for he has undoubtedly long come in for a
full share of attention from cultivated people; but the
ordinary reader of French novels who wishes simply to
be amuserl, and is too lazy to think, finds himself, no
doubt, rere led from encountering Balzac in the original.
Even readers fairly well acquainted with the langnage
shun him, or, if they attempt him, make up their minds
to skip when, for example, he enters upon the minute
and technical description of the art treasures of Consin
Pous, or lets himself loose in the bric-a-brac shop in I a
Pean de Chagrin. Too much dictionary work i-involved.
Blit now that the way is so smoothied for them in his
admirable translation, what will the new world of read.
er's think of the mighty Frenchmin, whom eveni Eng.
lish critics are disposed to rank as the master of their
own greatest masters of fiction, and who undertook
nothing less than the co'ossal feat of depicting society
in its entirety, society as it exists in France in the nine.
teenth century, with the three or fonr thousand typical
personagg- "salient figures" -of the epool ? Balzac
systematically classified his multitudinous novels into
scenes from private, provincial, Parisian, political, mili.
tary or country life, a classification explained in the
pre face, which, although written long after Pere Goriot,
is appropriately prefixed to the fir-t of the series, and
which sets forth his entire plan for the history and criti.
cism of society. The daring and exhaustive mind of
Balzac would perform for human society the same scien.
tific task which Buffon undertook for zoology. No one
else, he says, ever attempted to depict society, to write
the vast comedy of human life; and certainly no Engli-h
or American novelist ever did. Trollope, perhaps, comes
nearer to giving a complete picture of the England of
his time than any of his fellow.novelists; but to compare
Trollone with Balzac would be almost like comparing an
ordinary playwright with Shakespeare, and, moreover,
Trollope wrote within the conventional lines with which
English public opinion rules the copybook for novelists.
It is because of the breadth of Balz'ic's plan, and also
becanse he wrote for that French public which, unlike
the English, exclu les young girls and children, that his
books are no more to be placed in the hands of boy's and
girls than complete works upon the anatomy and physi.
ology of the human body. Thackeray complained that no
English novelist since Fielding had been permitted to
paint a man as he actually was. Every one was, as Bolzac
savs of Scott, "forced to conform to the ideas of a public
essentially hypocritical"-a sentiment, by the way,
which Ouida has been echoing of late. Di-missing, how
ever, the question wheth'r Balzac'y censure is not really
praise, and whether by this so called bypocrisy the Eng.
lish-speaking race does not gain more in morality than
it loses in art, it is enough to remember that Balzac
wrote to depict society as it is, without reserve, and
society, moreover, among a people, and especially in a
city, that, as Matthew Arnolil says, ever inclined to an
undne worship of the goldess Liibricity. Bulzac mnist
always be depressing reading. He is too keen an analyst,
and too merciless in his presentation of truth, to renler
the reader in love with his species, and, in spite of the
fact that he calls the sum of his writing “ The Comedy of
Human Life," it is apt to be tragedy, and not comedy, 'IS
the word is generally understood, he gives. Yet he says
that his virtuous characters outnumber the bad, and he
calls especial attention by name to the large catalogues
of irreproachable personages in his works. Thi-i-a point
not to be overlooked in estimating his summary of the
question of good and evil in the world."
From the New York Times.
That fidelity discoverable in th, translation of “ Pere Goriot"
characterizes also this second attempt of the translator. "The
Duchess e de Langeais" in certain respects seems to us to present
difficulties in translation not found in the "Pere Goriot." In the
drama of the "Maison Vauquer " the incidents are more striking.
real, and closer to nature. The outbursts of paternal feeling adapt
themselves more readily to the change of language. The appreci.
ation of “ Pere Goriot" is then universal. That of “ La Duchesse
de Langeais,” we think, would be limited. The dalliance of
Antoinette. the Duchesse, who brings the stern, leonine Armand
de Montriveau within her toils, aliows Balzac to discuss the subtle
differences between love and passion. Antoinette, the “intellec-
tual Lais," is a type of that rare woman, not exactly a compro-
mise between the frank licentiousness of the times of Louis XVI
and the more sternly imposed moral rule of the Revolution, but a
compromise of both periods. The Napoleon'c era was undoubt-
edly one of extreme profligacy, hardly checked during the Resto-
ration. The Restoration was an epoch of hypocrisy. and Antoin-
ette, represented as the great lady of the Parisian salon of that
day, was no saint. Far from presenting any apologies for Antoin-
ette, she combines some of the worst traits of the two periods.
But as Mr. Saltus justly writes of Balzac "he has, it is true, agree-
ably painted the seductions of vice, but its contagious and destruc-
tive effects are vigorously exposed, and through all the struggles of
his characters probity. purity, and self-denial are alone trium-
phant." If with enormous grasp Balzac swept on his stage all
the puppets for his play of "The Comedie Humaine," he could
not exclude "the culpable groups."
"La Duchesse de Langeais" was written in 1833 and belonged
to that series which Balzac called “ Histoire des Treize," or che
* History of the Thirteen." Balzac fancied that if a certain num-
ber of men would only combine to accomplish anything all became
possible. If conflicting testimony rau be reconciled it looks as if
Gozlan, Jan, de Nerval, Karr, de Cassagnac, even the philosophic
Jules Sandeau, joined Honore de Balzac in this impracticable
scheme. We are to believe, however, that all these writers wanted
to do was to launch some journal, but Balzac, with his impetu-
osity, really did think that with this pressure the hard nut of the
world could be cracked and the kernel extracted. Practically Bal-
zac always was a failure Theoretically his work was quite perfect.
This silent work of the Thirteen he develops in "Ferragus," "La
Fille aux Yeux d'Or," and in “La Duchesse de Langeais." Ordi-
nary men handling machinery of this kind would have resorted to
claptrap. You would have smelled the oil on the cogwheels and
heard their whirrings. It is only a consummate artist like Balzac
who could run this mechanism to such perfection that it never
grated, and the final effect seemed possible. Perhaps more in
"The Duchesse de Langeais” than in other of Balzac' works
may be found how difficult it is to fall into unison with some slight
incident, which once touched u en's or women's souls. In the
heyday of her youth and beauty Antoinette has played for Armand
"La Fleuve du Tage," a time-worn ballad, dear to the world son e
half century or more ago. When the Duchesse, broken-hearted
at Montriveau's having left her, seeks refuge in a convent of Car-
melites, on a rocky island near the coast of Spain, it is as Sister
Theresa she plays on the organ. Montriveau, a General of France,
has sought Antoinette the world over. He cannot find her.
She is lost to him. He loves her still. He listens to the
music. In the Te Deum, the French General recognizes "a
French soul in the character which the music suddenly took
on." Antoinette does not know who is listening. She must
be thinking of the other time, for there floats through the church
the vague echo of a tender and melancholy air, “La Fleuve du
rage," "a ballad whose prelude he had often heard in Paris in the
boudoir of the woman he had loved, and which this nun now used
to express, amid the joys of the conquerors, the sufferings of an
exiled heart." Poor old Fleuve! You have run your course; long
ago dropped into the sea of oblivion and are quite lost, so true is
it what Oliver Goldsmith said: “They say women and music should
never be dated."
The translation is excellent. Such erceptions as could be made are
quite immaterial. To translate Balzac, even with the utmost famili-
arity with French, 18 a most difficult tisk. The requisite quality of
being in eract sympathy with the most remirka le of all romancers
is a necessity, and this the present translator of his works seems to
possess This appreciation cinnot be manufactured, for it must -
tend to the minut-st details, for "in the veins of Bilzac's characters
there is not a drop of ink."
even with the utmost famik
ench, 18 a most difficile
and he
beina in
Nearly Ready-CÉSAR BIROTTEAU. Handsomely bound in Half Morocco, French style. Price, $1.50 each.
Send for our Catalogue. These books are sold by all booksellers. Mailed, post-paid, on receipt of price by the publishers,
ROBERTS BROTHERS, BOSTON.


THE DIAL
-
----- ----------
VOL. VI. JANUARY, 1886. No. 69. resources, Pheidias brought the Greek plastic
art to its highest perfection. Of his life, how-
ever, little is known with certainty. If tradi-
CONTENTS.
tion is to be trusted, his later years were
clouded with troubles, brought upon him by
THE ART OF PHEIDIAS. Francis W. Kelsey. ..241 the jealousy and hatred of the fickle people
for whom he had done so much, who sought
ROPES'S NAPOLEON. Theodore Ayrault Dodge - - - 242
by dishonoring him to injure Pericles. The
A NATURALIST IN THE TROPICS. George C. Noyes 244 earlier works of Pheidias, of which the colos-
sal Athene Promachos on the Acropolis was the
POPULAR ASTRONOMY. Edward S. Holden - ...
most famous, have all perished. From what
RECENT POETRY. William Morton Payne - - ... 246 is known of them they do not seem to have
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS ........... 253
been entirely free from the faults of his prede-
cessors. It was in the maturity of his powers
Tolstoi's My Religion.-Mrs. Dall's What We
that he freed himself from the trammels of
Really Know About Shakespeare.-Grant Allen's
the past and wrought the gold and ivory statue
Biography of Darwin.-Cable's The Silent South. of Athene Parthenos, together with the deco-
Fowler's flandbook of Oil Painting, and Drawing rative sculptures of the Parthenon, and that
in Charcoal and Crayon.-Crane's Italian Popular crowning master work of ancient art, the
Tales.-Schwatka's Along Alaska's Great River. Olympian Zeus. Of these and many other
Balzac's La Duchesse de Langeais, and After artistic creations, fragments of the metopes,
Dinner Stories.-King's The Golden Spike. frieze, and pediment figures of the Parthenon
Pears's The Fall of Constantinople.-Gerard's the
alone remain.
Peace of Utrecht.--Kate Sanborn's Vanity and
Mr. Waldstein's essays on the art of Phei-
Insanity of Genius. -Olive Thorne's Bird Ways. dias are not intended to be a mere summary of
Short Studies from Nature.
all that is known or surmised about Pheidias.
To an extent rare among books, this is an
LITERARY NUTES AND NEWS ........
original work. It has an important bearing
TOPICS IN JANUARY PERIODICALS .... upon the study of Greek art in general. Of
the nine essays, the first treats of the province,
BOOKS OF THE MONTH ........... 259
aim and methods of the study of archæology;
------------- -- --- == = ---- -
the second, of the spirit of the art of Pheidias
THE ART OF PHEIDIAS.*
in its relation to his age, life and character;
the third, fourth and fifth are concerned with
Of all the Greek sculptors, Pheidias was the the metopes and pediments of the Parthenon;
greatest. He lived at a time, just after the the sixth and seventh discuss the Parthenon
struggle with Persia, when the Greek life frieze, particularly the figure of Athene and
throbbed with fresh impulses, felt the stirring the central slab of the east division; the
of latent powers before unrecognized, and eighth presents some observations upon the
woke to new ambitions. Almost by a single construction and effect of ancient gold and
leap, the Athenian state had risen to a daz- ivory statues, particularly the Athene Parthe-
zling height of power and glory. At its head nos; the ninth traces the influence of the art
stood Pericles, a man of great breadth of view, of Pheidias upon the style of the Attic sepul-
refinement of taste, of tact and determination chral reliefs. By way of appendix are added
in the carrying out of his designs. He formed four papers, previously published, which in
the project of making Athens the most beauti interest and value are by no means second to
ful city of Greece. The main responsibility the essays; they treat of Pythagoras of Region
of giving this plan concrete shape in the con and the early athletic statues, Praxiteles and
struction of artistic monuments was conferred the Hermes with the infant Dionysos, the
upon Pheidias, in whom already had been per influence of the athletic games upon Greek
ceived genius of a high order. Inspired by art, the eastern pediment of the temple of
the spirit of his time to the forming of grand Zeus at Olympia and the western pediment
and noble conceptions, encouraged at every of the Parthenon. The volume is worthy of
step by the appreciative taste of his patrons, attention for three reasons: it is the best
and having at his command vast public example of the correct application of right
archæological method accessible to those who
* ESSAYS ON THE ART OF PHEIDIAS. By Charles Wald. read only English; it presents the results of
stein, M.A., Director of the Fitzwilliam Museum and
Reader of Classical Archæology in the University of
original investigations and sets forth several
Cambridge. Illustrated. New York: The Century Co.. striking discoveries; and it casts new light


242
[Jan.,
THE DIAL
upon the relations of Greek art to the Greek | Mr. Waldstein's discoveries cannot be more
civilization.
than mentioned here. The most important
Ever since Lessing startled the world of are, first, the identification of a stray head in
culture by his ‘Laocoön,'the subject of archæ the Louvre with a lapith of one of the Parthe-
ology has more and more asserted for itself a non metopes in the British Museum; a cast of
distinct place in the study of antiquity. Pre the head was found to fit the mutilated figure
viously, indeed, effort had been made to illus- , perfectly, and the metope thus completed
trate and explain the monuments of antiquity ranks among the finest that remain. Second,
by means of the references to them in ancient the recognition of a supposed Apollo as an
authors; but men had not yet learned to set athlete, probably by Pythagoras of Region,
them at their true value as interpreters of the of whom no work was thought to have come
past, to make them tell their own story. down to us. Third, the discovery among some
Within the last half century the whole pro terra-cotta fragments in the Louvre of a part
cess of investigation has been revolutionized. of a plaque containing a relief of the Athene
The method of comparative study, of induc- of the Parthenon frieze; fragments of like
tion in the broadest sense, has been rigidly character have since been recognized at the
applied in the working over of classic texts, Museo Kirchiriano at Rome and at Copen-
the sifting of historic statements, the exami- hagen. Mr. Waldstein presents also several
nation of ancient monuments. Systematic new and well sustained interpretations of vari-
excavations, moreover, in several parts of the ous figures in the pediments and frieze of the
ancient world have presented new material for Parthenon. His accounts of his own work are
investigation and generalization. Thus our modest and reveal the true scientific spirit,
knowledge of the civilizations of Greece and which places everything else second to truth
Rome is being wrought over in accordance itself. His reasoning is close, but easily fol-
with the best established principles of scientific lowed, for, considering the nature of the sub-
method. Archæology, the study of ancient ject and the material handled, his literary style
monuments, has escaped from the bondage is unusually felicitous. He has the rare faculty
of philology and risen to the dignity of a co of being learned without being tedious.
ordinate branch, proceeding according to its The author's discussion of the spirit and
own applications of critical method, establish characteristics of the art of Pheidias, as well
ing independent conclusions, and uniting with as the observations upon Greek art in general
its sister studies in the endeavor to present a scattered through the essays, are highly sug-
complete picture of the past. Already in this gestive and of permanent value. No writer
way results of the highest importance have has shown deeper insight into the ancient
been obtained. Probably we of to-day bave Greek character, or brought out more clearly
fuller and more accurate knowledge of the its esthetic mould and tendencies. Not ail
Greeks of the Homeric age than had the con will sympathize with him when, in unfolding
temporaries of Plato or Demosthenes. Yet the reasons of the development of Greek art,
archæology is only in its infancy. One who he attributes so great influence to external
has examined even superficially the remains | causes; still, he does not by any means carry
of ancient art and life in the European muse this as far as Buckle and Taine. The book as
ums realizes how little is really known about a whole deserves to be considered the most
them. By the noting of similarities and differ important work having to do with Greek sculpt.
ences, by the grasping of generalizations re- | ure that has yet appeared in English. It may
garding characteristics, by the bringing of be of interest to state that the author, already
related facts and monuments face to face, by well-known to readers of the “ Century,” is an
the concentrating of light from all sources American by birth and a graduate of Columbia
upon a single obscure point, the known may college.
FRANCIS W. KELSEY.
be made to draw out the secret of the un-
known and the bounds of our knowledge of
antiquity greatly extended. For the develop-
ROPES'S NAPOLEON.*
ment of the principles of archæology and
The unbiassed bistory of one who enacted
for the partial reconstruction of ancient life
so gigantic a role as Napoleon I. cannot well be
already accomplished, the world is largely
written until the children of the men who
indebted to the Germans. To them Mr. Wald-
fought under or against him have passed
stein is under great obligations, particularly
away. Jomini has gauged the Emperor's
to Stark, Brunn, and Overbeck. But in orig-
worth as a soldier in a fashion never to be
inal investigations he has made brilliant use of
equalled. But as a monarch, statesman, citi.
the method so thoroughly mastered; and now,
zen, man, he has been hitherto measured by a
as director of the splendid Fitzwilliam Museum
at Cambridge and as reader in the University, THE FIRST NAPOLEON. A Sketch, Political and Mil.
itary. By John Codinan Ropes, Member of the Mas.
he is doing a work of momentous significance
sachusetts Historical Society. With Maps, Boston:
for English scholarship in training others.
Houghton, Mifllin & Co.


1886.]
243
THE DIAL
standard of unreasoning, if not wilful, mis- | new departure into a definite form. Napoleon's
representation, or by one of fulsome eulogy. scheme was by no means, as the English still
Putting aside the deification of the Little aver, the conquest of Europe. He was not so
Corporal by the masses of the French as a weak as to believe it possible to do this, still
natural ebullition of the national love of less to cement the heterogeneous mass into one
glory, it is difficult to understand why English durable empire. His aim was to erect in
writers should to-day continue to treat Na Western Europe a confederation based on
poleon solely as the embodiment of wickedness. such liberal laws as, contrasted with the des-
* Boney” still plays the part of black bogey potic rule of Russia, Austria, and Prussia,
to English children, still figures as the loyal should preserve the balance of power in the
Briton's evil genius. He can have done nothing bands of France and enable her to keep what
well. He can have been nothing good. The she had won with so much blood. The basis
muse of history, with her modern training, of this liberality was the Code. The English
need not conceal the shortcomings of Napoleon. assertion that Napoleon was not a jurist, that
They were too grave not to be universally others made the Code, is puerile. Napoleon
admitted. But the two sides from which to caused it to be made. He stamped upon it
view every historical figure-personal char much of his own individuality. And this
acter and life's work, should each have due Code was such as to outlive the Empire, and
weight.
even to struggle through the restoration. This
Napoleon was as legitimately the outcome alone is enough to stamp its author one of the
of the French Revolution as our own Consti benefactors of mankind.
tution was of ours. We built upon a solid Mr. Ropes devotes, perhaps unnecessarily,
basis of inherited intelligence. The French some space to showing that Napoleon was not
structure was reared on the rotten foundation naturally a cruel man; that his slaughter of so
of the ignorance of ages. Anarchy, pure and many thousands in his wars had nothing to do
simple, can never last long. There was not with a personal lack of humanity. But he
sufficient education in France for rule by the does very properly contrast such a wanton
people. It was merely a question of who act as Nelson's hanging Admiral Caraccioli
should seize the reins. The Revolution over from the yard-arm, in clear contravention of
threw the rule of the privileged classes ; it the terms of the capitulation of Naples, or
began a new era ; but it left no healthy scheme even Wellington's failure to protest against
of government to take its place. Bonaparte, the execution of Ney, a direct violation of
happily for France, elbowed his way to the the convention of Paris, with Napoleon's
head of affairs, and, in the “Code Napoleon," seizure and the execution of the duc d'En-
first gave to a modern Latin race the recogni ghien. Nor does Napoleon suffer by the com-
tion of every man's equality before the law. parison. The one act by no means palliates
Admitted that he may have done this, not be the other ; but it shows the turbulence of the
cause he was by nature a philanthropist, not times.
because the sorrows of the down-trodden In discussing his campaigns, Mr. Ropes
appealed to his sense of justice, but because brings out strongly the fact that, as a soldier,
his sudden rise had made him characteristically Napoleon was a gambler, and that he often
the opponent of the existing customs of subordinated the result to be obtained to the
Europe. Admitted that his motives were technical perfection of his military art. How-
selfish, and that he saw in this course alone the ever we may admire the ideal completeness of
means of erecting a new Empire to which he a campaign when this contributes to the result,
could urge no other claim. The fact remains | the equities of war dictate that the ultimate
that he did do this thing; and he thus became practical ends alone shall be the guiding rule
the chief factor in preserving to the countries of the commander of an army. Perhaps this
which fell under his rule, in a definite form, gambling spirit is the worst flaw in Napoleon's
and to all of their neighbors as an aspiration, character.
that for which the French masses rose in their Mr. Ropes does not pretend to exonerate
horrible might in 1789.
Napoleon for his course in Spain. What he
Mr. Ropes's book consists of the Lowell had done in Italy and Western Germany was
lectures delivered by him in Boston in March, justified by the striving of the people for bet-
1885. He disclaims the writing of a new his- ter government, and by their eager acceptance
tory, but indicates the lines upon which a new of what he really gave them. But to force
history might be written. He gives us | upon the Spanish people even a better system
some broad military criticism, but does not than their own, was clearly unjustifiable;
deal in the detail of Napoleon's campaigns. though indeed it would have been well for
The ever-new drama of Waterloo alone is Spain to have accepted the new régime. And
prominently sketched. The interest of this | his defeat in the Peninsula was a prime cause
study centres in his insistance on Napoleon's of Napoleon's eventual failure. The divorce
value in moulding the chaotic ideas of the l of Josephine is condemned on moral grounds,


244
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France.
the act being unextenuated by the existing gratuitous affronts to his personal character, it
political necessity for an heir to the throne of cannot be denied that Napoleon, politically,
gave France much; that he took nothing from
Mr. Ropes shows, with some acumen, that her liberties; that every country which ever
Napoleon was by no means the attacking party came under his rule benefitted by that rule;
in most of his wars, and argues from this that and that the strength of what he built was the
he was consistent in his endeavors to liberalize prime reason that the liberty gained by the
Europe. But surely Napoleon was the con Revolution was not sooner swallowed up in
stant disturbing element—the man whose rest- the restoration of the Bourbons. The results
less existence alone was a continuing threat to of our own Civil War will lead us to appre-
the established order of things; and Mr. Ropes ciate the fact that even the fearful drain of
frankly admits that he was unable, even for the men and material to which his wars subjected
good of France, to accept personal mortifica- | France may perhaps not have been all too great
tion. This is instanced in his refusing to buy off a price to pay for what Napoleon gave her.
Austria from the triple coalition in 1813, and No such crisp resumé of this question has
in his refusal of peace on fair terms after been put in print. In Mr. Ropes's discussions,
Leipsic. The character of Emperor and French-| the lawyer's even-handedness has kept in check
man was liable to be lost in that of soldier, and the intense admiration for the great soldier
a gambling soldier at that.
which, as one of the best read military critics of
In 1815, Napoleon's clearly defined policy the day, he naturally harbors. The public is
should have been to conduct a defensive cam indebted to this sketch for leaven which may
paign. Home politics should have been kept haply aid to leaven the whole lump. Its pages
in the background until success had come to teem with suggestiveness, and though one may
justify his return from Elba. “France, at this | not agree with all Mr. Ropes's conclusions,
crisis of her fate, needed a Frederic rather than there is food for reflection in every one of his
a Napoleon. With a man of the iron temper | pages.
THEODORE AYRAULT DODGE.
of the king who carried his country through
the seven years' war, France would have main-
tained her independence.” This tribute to the A NATURALIST IN THE TROPICS. *
last of the kings is just and gracious.
Naturalists and hunters who, like Nick Bot-
In the campaign of Waterloo, Napoleon's
tom, hold lions and other animals to be “wild
mind was no doubt as unclouded as at any
fowl,” or, in other words, creatures which are
period of his career. But his body had no
made to be shot, can find nowhere else such
longer that elasticity which enabled him in his
“happy hunting grounds ” as those which may
early fields to rely so largely upon himself for
be found in the tropical regions of the Old
his knowledge of the situation. Perhaps the
World. Such royal game is not indeed so
fact that he did not absolutely ascertain the
abundant in many of those regions as it once
direction of the Prussian retreat after Ligny,
was. When Lord Cornwallis was Governor
and thus divided his army, was the proximate
General of India in 1789, it is said that one-
cause of his defeat.
third of the territory of the Bengal Presidency
Too many diverse authorities are agreed in
was a jungle inhabited only by wild beasts.
ascribing to Napoleon great weaknesses of
As the inhabitants forsook their isolated ham-
character; too many contemporary diaries
lets, and drew closer towards a common centre,
describe acts and quote expressions of his for
the wild beasts pressed hungrily upon their
us to doubt that the Emperor was indeed a
rear. The historian writing of that period
man of failings as marked as his talents. But
says that “a belt of jungle filled with wild
much of the perverseness of his nature was
beasts which multiplied exceedingly formed
called to the surface by his being of necessity
round each village. There were not only
the antagonist of all that Europe had inherited
tigers, but wild elephants which were resist-
from the dark ages, and a view of what he
less, lifting off roofs, pushing down walls,
really accomplished may lead us to look with
trampling a village under foot as if it were a
more forgiveness upon his vices than upon
city of sand that a child had built upon the
those of princes whose asserted divine right
shore.” But between those troubled times
should have crowned them with virtues to
and the present, waste lands have been re-
which Napoleon could make no claim so ex-
| claimed, an orderly population has taken the
alted. To view history from a standpoint of
place of a lawless one, and the wild beasts,
strict morality is well. But there are few of
reduced greatly in numbers, have been driven
the agents in the upward progress of mankind
into the remoter jungles, and those less access-
not open to censure on some score. Perfectible
ible to the hunter. Thither hunters in pursuit
men have never done the world's work.
Our American ideas are still apt to be warped * Two YEARS IN A JUNGLE. The Experiences of a
Hunter and Naturalist in India, Ceylon, the Malay
by the English perversion of everything Napo-
insula, and Borneo. By William T. Hornaday. With Maps
and Illustrations. New York: Charles Scribner's Song.


1886.)
245
THE DIAL
of sport, and naturalists devoted to science | fect zoölogical garden of the most woe-begone
and seeking specimens for museums, must fol- description.” There they are fed and tenderly
low them. It is a rare thing for any American cared for.
of either class to brave the hardships and the Mr. Hornaday is a sharp-shooter, not only
perils of the jungle for either purpose.
when he uses death-dealing bullets against the
But Mr. William T. Hornaday, the author wild beasts of the jungle or the gavials of the
of “Two Years in a Jungle," is a genuine river, but also when he levels his shafts of
American whom no English sportsmen have criticism against popular idols, and some
ever surpassed as a crack shot, or as a man of prevalent conceits. He is not a worshipper,
courage, endurance, and resource. His literary but an audacious scoffer at the Taj Mahal.
style is not of the best; it is, indeed, marred by Of that “dream in marble,” that “psalm in
many blemishes which disfigure a work other- stone,” he can say nothing better than that its
wise admirable. He is a quick and keen ob “cost is entirely satisfactory, and as a monu-
server, an expert and an enthusiast in natural ment to Love it is immense; but to my mind
science, an eager and confident sportsman who there are many buildings more grand, graceful
is as much at home in the jungle as the wild and imposing than this, and hundreds which
beasts whose skeletons or whose hides he makes seem more sacred.” “The spicy breezes”
the trophies of his skill, an ardent lover of na- | which “blow soft o'er Ceylon's isle," and
ture whose delight in her scenes makes him which have done so ever since Bishop Heber
indifferent to exposures, hardships and perils of set them in motion, he declares to be a myth.
climate, and a writer whose narrative of what He sees no good results of missionary labor in
he does and descriptions of what he sees are India, and no call for missionary work in
always interesting and sometimes fascinating. Borneo, and therein contradicts the most en-
Mr. Hornaday is now the chief taxidermist | lightened opinion of the world. He tells us
of the U. S. National Museum. He went forth | how the love of brandy was strong enough to
on his long hunting expedition as a collector for overcome the mighty power of caste in the
the large Natural Science Establishment of case of a venerable Hindoo hypocrite who
Prof. Ward of Rochester, N. Y. At the out eagerly drank the fiery liquid from a cup
set he seems to have lacked one essential part which had been a thousand times at the
of his necessary equipment, for, in describing author's lips; while, during the Madras famine,
his voyage out, he confesses that he was sub-| the pangs of hunger and the certainty of
ject to severe attacks of “the blues.” To an death by starvation had no terror for the na-
English lady whom he met he was indebted tives of high caste, who preferred to starve to
for a correct diagnosis of his disease, and for a death rather than receive food with common
remedy which wrought a complete and perma- people. From these facts, since human nature
nent cure. Both are worthy of mention: “Diag is the same in Asia and America, our prohibi-
nosis :—The blues are caused by envy and tion friends may “see their calling," and learn
selfishness. Remedy :- When attacked, go to what sort of a passion it is which they propose
work vigorously to promote the happiness of to overcome by the might of constitutional
those around you, and thereby forget yourself.” | amendments and statutory enactments.
Landing in Bombay, our American natural But it is in his own proper work as a hunter
ist stops in his journey to see, and in his nar and naturalist that Mr. Hornaday excels. His
rative to describe, this great city. He is much hunting experiences with gavials or crocodiles
impressed with the Hindoo reverence for life, on the Jumna, with elephants and tigers and
as one who goes forth “breathing out threat many other varieties of game in the Neilgherry
enings and slaughter” against all denizens of IIills of India and in Ceylon, with monkeys
the jungle might well be. He tells us how the and orang-utans in the Malay Archipelago
Hindoos eat before sunset, lest by making a and in Borneo, are full of interesting incident
light they might cause the death of some and exciting adventure which he has the art
foolish moth or gnat; how they do not kill of describing in an entertaining fashion, with
even mosquitoes, Heas, or lice; and how, when the better art of mingling instruction with
a man finds a louse upon himself he either entertainment. Though he seems to hold to
permits him to dine not “sparely on sic a some theory of evolution, yet, in hunting mon-
place," or else places him tenderly upon his keys and orang-utans, he was not restrained
next neighbor, so that he (the louse, not the by any “Am I not a man and a brother ?”
neighbor) may take no harm. He describes feeling, for of the former he secured several
a hospital for animals (which would delight | new species, and of the latter nearly two-score
Mr. Berg's heart) where, in a spacious en- specimens. As a contribution to natural
closure, “divided into yards, sheds, stables, science and to the literature of travel, Mr.
kennels, cages, are gathered hundreds of dis Hornaday's book is as instructive and valuable
eased, worn-out or starving horses, bullocks, as it is interesting. It is fully illustrated, and
cows, sheep, cats and monkeys; cranes, crows, is provided with a map and a good index.
chickens, ducks and parrots—in short, a per- |
GEORGE C. NOYES.


246
[Jan.,
THE DIAL
unreflecting nature of his audience is in some
slight way reflected back upon the writer.
His book would no doubt have been better if
he could have counted on an audience more
attentive to the realities of the subject and
less open to the superficialities of mere narra-
tion. The great expositions of science elevate
our nature at the same time that they inform
our intellect. One may learn moral grandeur
from Darwin while studying the affinities of
species. And this is the sign of the most suc-
cessful exposition. Dr. Ball has shown this
power in many places; and where he has not,
he has succeeded in being clear, direct, often
happy, always correct. The illustrations help
the text in many ways. They are well chosen,
and in general are all that could be desired.
EDWARD S. HOLDEN.
POPULAR ASTRONOMY.*
The first thing that strikes one in laying
down this very handsome volume, with its
excellent colored plates, its many wood cuts,
its various chapters on the sun, the moon, the
planets, the comets, the stars, the building of
the universe, is the enormous difference be-
tween the public which is appealed to now,
and that other public which was addressed by
Fontanelle in his Pluralité des Mondes (1686),
the first truly popular work on astronomy.
Fontanelle had to imagine a young person of
a noble house, whose thoughtful and romantic
disposition, quite beyond her years, had led her
to inquire what might be the real nature of
those shining stars which she admired with
childish wonder. To this young person he
addresses his graceful and eloquent para-
graphs, in which he is most careful to take
nothing for granted, however simple, and to
make no explanation too long, for fear of
wearying.
Dr. Ball's book appeals to a public which
has already much instruction; and while it
abounds in verbal felicities, subordinates these
to a sober lucidity of exposition. The aston-
ishing fact, indeed, is that he can safely take
so much for granted. His public, and espe-
cially his English public, has been so trained
by science-lectures, by science-primers, and by
the astronomical column of the weekly paper,
that a large body of facts is available from
which to go on to more facts; or, in case of
need, to new principles. If we were asked to
point out the chief weakness of this modern
public, we should speak of its imperfect and
feeble grasp of fundamental principles and
the poverty of its own individual thinking.
Its strength lies in the number and variety of
the thoughts of others which it has partially
assimilated, and which form the basis of its
judgments. This basis is broad enough to
build on, but it is not so firm and safe a foun-
dation as it may easily be made by more
patient reflection. And this habit of reflection
is just what the teachers of the public must
strive to cultivate, and what the public must
demand from its teachers.
The public being what it is, Dr. Ball has
made a capital book. His facts are of course
beyond question. His expositions of princi-
ples are clear, precise, and often very clever.
În the subjects with which he is most familiar
-as, for example, the distances of the stars, or
the effect of tides on the evolution of a
system of planets and satellites,—Dr. Ball is
particularly eloquent, and is often most sug-
gestive. If we have a lack to signalize
in the book at all, it is that the prosaic and
RECENT POETRY.*
Once more, in our review of recent poetry,
we are permitted to head the list of those who
have newly brought to us their gifts of song
with the beloved name of the Laureate. The
poet has reached the Indian summer of a long
life, and his remaining days can be but few.
The very loveliness of these autumnal songs but
too surely presages the time when they must
cease, and leave us nothing but the hallowed
memory of a life which has made the lives of
countless others better worth the living. It is
with more than ordinary gratitude that we
should receive the more than golden treasures
which are yet offered us by the poet whose
crown of laurel, when he must needs put it off,
* TIRESIAS, AND OTHER POEMs. By Alfred, Lord Ten.
nyson, D.C.L., P.L. New York: Macmillan & Co.
MARINO FALIERO: A TRAGEDY. By Algernon Charles
Swinburne. London: Chatto & Windus.
THE COMPLETE POEMS OF CHARLES DICKENS. New
York: White, Stokes, & Allen.
LYRICS AND OTHER POEMs. By Richard Watson Gilder.
New York: Charles Scribner's Song.
THE POEMS OF HENRY ABBEY. New, Revised and En.
larged Edition. Kingston, New York: Henry Abbey.
POEMs. By William D. Howells. Boston: Ticknor & Co.
THE POETICAL WORKS OF EDMUND CLARENCE STED.
MAN. Household Edition. New York: Houghton, Mimin
& Co.
THE POEMS OF THOMAS BAILEY ALDRICH. Household
Edition. New York: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
VOYAGE TO THE FORTUNATE ISLES, AND OTHER POEMS.
(Mrs. Piatt's Select Poems.) By Sarah M. B. Piatt. Bos.
ton: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
AFTERNOON SONGs. By Julia C. R. Dorr. New York:
Charles Scribner's Sons.
OBERON AND PUCK; VERSES GRAVE AND GAY. By
Helen Gray Cone. New York: Cassell & Co.
THE HUMBLER POETS. A Collection of Newspaper and
Periodical Verse. 1870 to 1885. By Slason Thompson.
Chicago: Jansen, McClurg & Co.
THE SONG CELESTIAL; OR, BHAGAVAD-GITA. (From the
Mahabharata.) Translated from the Sanskrit Text, by
Edwin Arnold. M.A. Boston: Robert Brothers.
SAKOONTALA; OR, THE LOST RING. An Indian Drama.
Translated into English Prose and Verse, from the San.
skrit of Kalidasa, by Monier Williams, M.A. New York:
Dodd, Mead & Co.
* THE STORY OF THE HEAVENS. By R. S. Ball, LL.D.,
Royel Astronomer of Ireland. London and New York:
Cassell & Company.


1886.]
247
THE DIAL
will be as he received it in the midyear of the | destruction at the hands of the Seven. It is
century-
difficult to choose among verses which are all
“Greener from the brows
faultless, but perhaps the passage in which
of him that utterd nothing base.”
Tiresias tells the youth of that vision which in
“Tiresias, and Other Poems” is a volume of
childhood lost him his sight will best bear
about two hundred pages. Its contents are not
separation from the context.
without their admixture of dross, but this we
may easily forget in rapture of thankful rev-
“Then, in my wanderings all the lan
Subjected to the Heliconian ridge
erence for the large portions which are beyond Have heard this footstep fall, altho' my wont
all price. The title poem of “ Tiresias” is a Was more to scale the highest of the heights
piece of the noblest blank verse that even
With some strange hope to see the nearer God.
One naked peak-the sister of the sun
Tennyson has written. “Balin and Balan” is Would climb from out the dark, and linger there
a new Arthurian idyl no less stately than those To silver all the valleys with her shafts-
which we know so well of old. “Early
There once, but long ago, five-fold thy term
Of years, I lay; the winds were dead for heat;
Spring” is a lyric with all the haunting Ten The noonday crag made the band burn; and sick
nysonian sweetness. The lines to Virgil and For shadow-not one bush was near-I rose
Following a torrent till its myriad falls
to Catullus are to be numbered with the per-
Found silence in the hollows underneath.
fect things of votive verse. And the “Hands
There in a secret olive-glade I saw
all Round” and the verses to “Freedom” Pallas Athene climbing from the bath
In anger; yet one glittering foot disturb'd
bring divine tribute to the divinest of things
The luci'l well; one snowy knee was prest
known to men.
Against the margin flowers; a dreadful light
Only in that in most shrine of memory which Came from her golden hair, her golden helin
is hallowed by “ Tithonus” and “Ulysses” and
And all her golden armour on the grass,
And from her virgin breast, and virgin eyes
“ (Enone,” the new poem of “ Tiresias” finds a Remaining fixt on mine, till mine grew dark
place among its peers. But before speaking
For ever, and I heard a voice that said
*Henceforth be blind, for thou hast seen too much,
of the poem itself, a word must be said of its
· And speak the truth that no man may believe.'”
setting. It is inscribed to the poet's old friend,
Edward Fitzgerald, translator of Omar and
No other English poet of our age has the power
of Æschylus, and the dedicatory verses were
to put such words thus side by side. And
begun when “Old Fitz” was still upon earth.
there is one other passage of beauty no less
divine which must find a place here. In the
“We old friends are still alive,”
ripeness of his experience, our supreme poet
so goes the song-
has found such words as these wherewith to
“And I am nearing seventy-four
consecrate the highest object of human
While you have touched at seventy-five."
endeavor, the noblest ambition that can fire
But in the midst of the strain death claimed the human soul:
the older poet, and the survivor must need's
“ No sound is breathed so potent to coerce,
bring to a mournful close what was begun And to conciliate, as their names who dare
with lightness of heart.
For that sweet motherland which gave them birth
Nobly to do, nobly to die. Their names,
“The tolling of his funeral bell
Graven on memorial columns, are a song
Broke on my Pagan Paradise,
Heard in the future; few, but more than wall
And mixt the dream of classic times,
And rum part, their examples reach a hand
And all the phantoms of the dream
Far thro' all years, and everywhere they meet
With present grief, and made the rhymes,
And kindle generou- purpose, and the strength
That miss'd his living welcome, seem
To mould it into action pure as theirs."
Like would be guests an hour 100 late,
Who down the highway moving on
It is peculiarly gratifying that, in an age so
With easy laughter find the gate
much of whose highest song has dwelt upon
Is bolted, and the master gone.
themes of patriotism, the voice of Tennyson
Gone into darkness, that full light
Of friendship! past, in sleep, away
should not have ceased without first being
By night, into the deeper night!
raised to take a part in singing the praises of
The deeper night? A clearer day
self-sacrifice for the love of country. These
Than our poor twilight dawn on earth-
If night, what barren toil to be!
verses bring with them a double gladness—the
What life, so maim'd by night, were worth
gladness of their own immaculate beauty, and
Ourliving out? Not mine to me,
the gladness that we should owe them to the
Remembering all the golden hours
Now silent, and so many dead,
poet whose crown needed but this one leaf to
And him the last; and laying flowers,
make it green and fadeless above all other
This wreath, above his honour'd head,
crowns of his fellow singers.
And praying that, when I from hence
Shall fade with him into the unknown,
It must soon devolve upon one man to sus-
My close of earth's experience
tain the high standard so long held up in
May prove as peaceful as his own."
English poetry. Even now, the singers of the
The subject of the poem which is thus dedi older generation bave fallen into a silence
cated to a beloved memory is the exhortation rarely broken, and then only by fitful strains
of the prophet to Menaceus that he sacrifice of a forced melody. The voice of song is
himself to save Thebes from its impending hushed in Matthew Arnold, whom arid themes


248
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of theology and politics engross. The tortuous it, regardless of the future; and afterwards,
and labyrinthine verse of Robert Browning is when the personal motives which first prompt
given over to pedantry and didacticism. Little him have lost their force with the subsidence
more may be expected from Alfred Tenny of his anger, he is held to his course by a vivid
son. Of that group of younger poets whose | realization of the sufferings of the Venetian
fame more recently ripened, Rossetti is dead, people at the hands of a corrupt and unscrupu-
and Morris has become a designer of wall lous oligarchy. The mere traitor which an
papers and a leader of socialist mobs. Mr. hour's passion makes of him, becomes merged in
Stedman's dictum that a distinctly marked era the liberator of the republic from its oppress-
in English poetry is about closed, receives ors. To effect this transition in such a way
new justification with each successive year. as to attach the sympathy of the reader to the
The one great poet yet remaining from whom fortunes of Faliero at the last, was the most
great things may yet be awaited is Algernon difficult and delicate part of Mr. Swinburne's
Charles Swinburne; and it is matter for task. Into the historical justice of the con-
genuine satisfaction that his power seems to ception we are not here concerned to carry the
gain rather than to lose, that his genius seems discussion, but have simply to record its artis-
to expand rather than to wither, and that the tic success, which is unquestionable. In the
latest of his works shows no sign of decrep scene which precedes the failure of the con-
itude and is in every way a masterpiece.
spiracy, as well as in the judgment scene and
In choosing Marino Faliero as the subject that which follows it, the character of Faliero
of a tragedy in blank verse, Mr. Swinburne becomes transfigured, and the divine halo of
was perhaps to some extent actuated by the the deliverer invests him with its radiance.
impulse which induced Turner to bestow upon It is in the last two acts that the poet
the National Gallery at London two of his reaches the height of his theme, and their
finest works, upon the condition that they sustained magnificence of blank verse is com-
should be hung with two of the masterpieces parable only with the best work of the “Both-
of Claude, that all the world might note how well” or the “ Erechtheus.” The following
the French artist was excelled in his own passage is from that scene of the fourth act in
special domain. That Mr. Swinburne's work which Faliero, in company with his nephew,
easily excels that of Lord Byron upon the keeps watch through the night whose morn is
same subject need hardly be said. Byron was to bring the signal for revolution. The words
at his weakest both in blank verse and in are spoken by Faliero to his companion:
tragedy; while in the one, as in the other, the
"And this do thou
poet of “Erechtheus” and of the Mary Stuart Know likewise, and hold fast, that if to-day
trilogy is at his strongest. Since the subject
Dawn rise not, but the darkness drift us down,
And leave our hopes as wrecks and waifs despised
of this tragedy has the additional merit of Of men that walk by daylight, not with us
engaging the republican sympathy and impas Shall faith decline from earth or justice end,
Or freedom, which if dead should bid them die,
sioned ardor in the worship of freedom which
Rot, though the works and very names of us,
color and season all of Mr. Swinburne's work, And all the fruit we looked for, nipped of winds
it is not strange that this new “Marino Fali And gnawn of worms, and all the stem that bore,
ero” should be an entirely noble and inspiring
And all the root, wax rotten. Here shall be
Freedom, or never in this time-weary world
creation.
Justice, nor ever shall the sunrise know
The historical facts have been very closely A sight to match the inorning, nor the sea
followed in the work of Mr. Swinburne. The
Hear from the sound of living souls on earth,
Free as her foam, and righteous as her tides,
insult to the young and fair wife of the doge,
Just, equal, aweless, perfect, even as she,
the trivial sentence passed upon the offender, A word to match her music. If we fail,
We are even but we-I, thou, and these our friends
the ungovernable passion of Faliero when he
That rise or fall beside us: if we thrive,
learns of this, the proffered and accepted Not I and thou and they triumph-not we
leadership in the popular conspiracy, the fail Prosper-but that which if we live or die
Alike and absolute, unhurt and whole,
ure of that conspiracy and the arrest of those
Endures, being proven of our mortalities
implicated, and the final judgment pronounced Immortal-yea, being shown by sign of loss
upon the noble traitor, successively claim the And token of subdued infirmity,
attention of the reader. That which is charac-
And ruin, and all insistence of defeat,
And laughing lips and trampling heels of men
teristic of Mr. Swinburne's presentation, and That smile and stamp above us buried, shown
which, in fact, affords the keynote of his con Triumphant."
ception, is the attitude of Faliero when rea In these verses there is contained a prophecy
son resumes its sway over his mind, and of that resurrection of Italy which the world
when calm reflection justifies with him the has witnessed in our own time, and the
course which passion has initiated. The oppor prophecy becomes more explicit in a later
tunity for revenge being offered him at the scene where Faliero, at the very last hour of
very hour when he has learned how lightly his life, looks forward to the happier day when
the patrician tribunal holds the wrong done a worthier hand than his shall lift up the fallen
him by the insult of Steno, he eagerly grasps people, and a voice of higher inspiration than


1886.]
THE DIAL
249
a
his own shall bid them be free. Of the many written in the year of grace eighteen hundred
tributes which Mr. Swinburne has paid to and eighty-five, by the poet who has already
Mazzini, there is none nobler than that con produced a larger volume of notable poetry
tained in the passage in which Faliero confides than any of his contemporaries, and in whose
to future years and more fitting hands the powers we might naturally expect to observe
work he has failed to accomplish:
some falling off. But the verse of Mr. Swin-
“No, not me,
burne has rather gained than lost; and, what
But one more pure of passion, one more strong,
is also most gratifying, we still find in his
Being gentler and more just, if God be good
And time approve him righteous, God shall give
work a vigor and an earnestness which make
The grace I merited not, to do men right
it hard to believe that the poet is nearly fifty
And bring men comfort: wrath and fear and hope,
years old. He preserves the same clear vision
Save such as angels watching earth from heaven,
And filled with fiery pity pure as God's,
of the same high ideals that were his twenty
Feel, and are kindled into love, to him
years ago, and this at an age when too many
Shall rest unknown forever: men that hear
illustrious poets have entered upon a moral
His name far otl shall yearn at heart, and thank
God that they hear, and live: but they that see,
decline, seeking to make peace with offended
They that touch hands with heaven and him, that feed conventions and superstitions, and offering
With light from his their eyes, and fill their ears
sacrifices to thegods of the Philistines.
With godlike speech of lips whereon the smile
Is promise of more perfect manhood, born
It was almost cruel to collect the fragments
Of happier days than his that knew not him,
of verse written by Charles Dickens, and
And equal-hearted with the sun in heaven
make a volume of them, so little value do they
From rising even to setting, they shall know
By type and present likeness of a man
possess, and so entirely insignificant a part do
What, if truth be, truth is, and what, if God,
they form of the literary work of the great
God. * * * * * * * * * *
novelist. It was difficult to find even enough
The man
Supreme of spirit, and perfect, and unlike
material to form the smallest sort of a volume,
Me: for the tongue that bids dark death arise,
and all sorts of odds and ends are thrown in
The hand that takes dead freedom by the hand
to swell the amount. The result is a very
And lifts up living, other these must be
Than mine, and other than the world, I think,
neat and nicely-printed little book, in whose
Shall bear till men wax worthier."
contents, however, there is little indica-
The last words of Faliero to his weeping
tion of unusual talent. The song of “ The
wife and nephew before he goes forth to exe-
Ivy Green,” from “ Pickwick,” is the best-
cution are calm and full of dignity. Once known of these pieces; and “The Loving
more he lets fall from his lips divine words in
Ballad of George Bateman” is a bit of
praise of liberty.
humor that was worth preserving. There are
“Liberty
also a few songs which are at least readable;
Is no mere flower that feeds on light and air
but the claim, implied in the preface, of a
And sweetens life and soothes it, but herself
relative importance for this verse at all com-
Air, light, and life, which being withdrawn or quenched
Or choked with lunk infection till it rot
parable with that which may be claimed for
Gives only place to death and darkness. I
the verse of Emerson or of Ruskin or of
Would fain have hewn a way for her to pass
Thackeray, is entirely absurd.
As fire that cleaves a forest; and the flame
Takes hold on me that kindled it.”.
It is hard to avoid a prepossession for
Once more he comforts the beloved ones, the
poems that appear clothed in the perfection of
parting from whom brings the only pang
typographical dress which has been given the
which death has for him; once more he bids
“Lyrics and Other Poems” of Richard
them take hope for the future; once more he
Watson Gilder. And the reader is fully sus-
gives them wise counsel for the shaping of
tained in his prepossession by the contents of
their lives,—and then comes bis last farewell.
the collection. Hardly any other of our
younger poets has given us a volume so
“Be not faint of heart:
I go not as a base man goes to death,
strongly marked by the poetic feeling as this,
But great of hope: God cannot will that here
or containing so much that is exquisitely beau-
Some day shall spring not freedom: nor perchance
tiful. There are few to whom it will not
May we, long dead, not know it, who died of love
For dreams that were and truths that were not. Come:
come as a surprise and a revelation. These
Bring me but toward the landing whence my soul poems exhibit a rare refinement of technique,
Sets sail, and bid God speed her forth to sea."
a worthy style, and a feeling which ranges all
It will be seen, even from the passages which the way from the sensuous to the austere.
we have quoted, that this work must imme The emotional pitch of such sonnets as those
diately take its place among the masterpieces entitled “ Cost” and “The Dark Room” is
of English poetry. But one other English very different, but the execution is equally
poet of this century has produced a piece of befitting and equally without fault. And it
dramatic blank verse with which it may be is in the sonnet that Mr. Gilder works with a
classed or compared. That poet, it need not hand of preëminent strength. There is no
be said, is Shelley; and that work, “The other American but Longfellow who has writ-
Cenci.” Now it is a fact of no little signifi ten any considerable number of sonnets whose
cance that such a work as this should be | beauty is comparable with that of the fifty or


250
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[Jan.,
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- -
more which this volume contains. The fol- lished volumes, can hardly be called anything
lowing upon “The Sonnet” deserves a place more than respectable at its best, while much
with those of Wordsworth and Rossetti upon of it is hardly that. A great deal of it is, in
the same familiar theme:
fact, the baldest of prose tricked out in met-
“What is a sonnet ? 'Tis the pearly shell
rical garb, and expressive of a didacticism of
That murmurs of the far-off murinuring sea;
the feeblest and most commonplace sort. Such
A precious jewel carved inost curiously;
lines as the following suggest the author of
It is a little picture painted well.
What is a sonnet? 'Tis the tear that fell
the “Proverbial Philosophy":
From a great poet's hidden ecstasy;
“All bold, great actions that are seen too near,
A two-edged sword, a star, a song-ah me!
Look rash and foolish tu unthinking eves:
Sometimes a heavy-tolling funeral bell.
But at a distance they at once appear
This was the flame that shook with Dante's breath;
In their true grandeur: so let us be wise,
The solemn organ whereon Milton played,
And the clear glass where Shakespeare's shadow falls:
And not too soon our neighbor's deed malign,
For what seems coarse may yet be good and fine."
A sea this is-beware who ventureth!
For like a fjord the narrow floor is laid
But it would not be quite fair to confine our
Mid-ocean deep to the sheer mountain walls.”
illustrations to such a passage as the above,
This is especially suggestive of Rossetti; and,
and, as a foil to this doggerel, a few very
in fact, the influence of that poet upon Mr.
tolerable heroic verses may be appended.
Gilder is very marked. He is certainly for-
tunate in his master, and also fortunate in
“When on the far-off verge the faint new moon
Lifted its prow of pearl, upon the hill,
being able to follow in the same paths. The
That passively looks down on Riad's towers,
principal work which the present volume I too looked down, and watched the many lights
contains is called “The New Day," and is a Gleam, and saw the buildings, shadow.like,
collection of sonnets and songs much in the
Wed vaster shadows of dream. haunted night."
manner of the “House of Life.” Even such
An occasional verse which, like one of those
titles as “The Unknown Way” and “Love's
just quoted, will not scan, does not seem to
Monotone” are suggestive of the English
offend the author's sensibilities in the least.
singer of beauty and mystic passion, and there
And, without being harsh to the point of in-
are many lines and passages which might pass
justice, we might, while styling Mr. Abbey's
for Rossetti's if not scanned too closely. The
best verses “most tolerable," finish the phrase
following are examples of this:
by adding, with Dogberry, “and not to be en-
dured.” And yet this volume is evidently the
“Cruel as thy remorseless maidenhood."
product of conscientious workmanship on the
“At this last verge and boundary of time.”
part of a gentleman of culture and refined
“This is her picture, painted ere mine eyes
feeling.
Her ever holy face had looked upon.
She sitieth in a silence of her own;
A collection of poems by Mr. Howells will
Behind her, on the ground, a red rose lies." be a surprise to many of the readers of “Silas
The sonnet which we have already given in Lapham," although the pieces were mostly
full must suffice for present quotation, although written and published years ago. The circle
the temptation to include others is strong. It of Mr. Howells's readers was narrower then
is hard to pass with mere mention such poble than it is now, and comparatively few of those
pieces as “The New Troubadours,” “Call me whom he has entertained of late years have
not Dead,” and “The Evening Star;” or to re ever seen the earlier volume. The present
frain from transcription, in all their glowing reissue is, in point of externals at least, an
beauty, of “Once when we walked within a unqualified delight to the sense; if its con-
summer field,” and the splendid parable of tents are hardly to be considered as verse of
“The Dark Room.” Again and again we may the notable sort, they are at least so pleasing
read these and others of the sonnets and mis that the curiosity which explores them will not
cellaneous pieces, and gain with each perusal go wholly unrewarded. Somehow we cannot
a heightened sense of their strange beauty. || help expecting more of the finished novelist
We may well take pride that such poetry as than we should of any unknown writer, and
this is written in our own day and by one of we cannot read these verses without some
our own countrymen. And stronger than this sense of disappointment in spite of the delight-
pride will be the emotion of gratitude to the ful things which we find here and there. Mr.
one who brings us such gifts.
Howells seems to have had, in his “ salad
The reader will not take up the volume of days," an unfortunate weakness for hexame-
“Poems” by Mr. Henry Abbey without a pre ters, and nearly one-half of his volume is made
possession in their favor somewhat similar to up of them. They are mostly drawn into the
that of which we have just spoken in connec- service of narrative, and the stories which they
tion with the work of Mr. Gilder; but the tell are pleasantly lighted up with the poetic
parallel between the two volumes does not imagination; but considered as hexameters, the
extend beyond the perfect taste of their typo less that is said of them the better. We turn
graphical execution. Mr. Abbey's verse, which with much greater satisfaction to the gentle
is here collected from several previously pub- / pathos of such pieces as “Forlorn” and “ The


1886.]
THE DIAL
251
------ - - -- -- -----
Empty House,” or the delicious fancy of very well bred and very correct in her man-
“ Bopeep, a Pastoral,” which, in its quaint ners, if her intellectual limitations are some-
semi-seriousness, is perhaps the most charming what obvious. On this point Mr. Stedman
of them all. Our quotation from the volume himself, ever generous in appreciation of his
must be a short one, and we will take a little fellow craftsmen, may be allowed to speak.
poem entitled “Through the Meadow": “He (Aldrich) is a poet of inborn taste; a
votary of the beautiful; and many of his deli-
“ The summer sun was soft and bland,
As they went through the meadow land.
cately conceived pieces, that are unexcelled by
“ The little wind that hardly shook
modern work, were composed in a ruder time,
The silver of the sleeping brook
and thus a forecast of the present technical
Blew the gold hair about her eyes,-
advance. They illustrate the American instinct
A mystery of mysteries!
which unites a Saxon honesty of feeling to
So he must often pause, and stoop,
And all the wanton ringlets loop
that artistic subtlety in which the French
Behind her dainty ear-emprise
surpass the world. Though successful in a
Of slow event and many sighs.
few poems of a more heroic cast, his essential
“ Across the stream was scarce a step,--
skill and genius are found in briefer lyrics
And yet she feared to try the leap;
And he, to still her sweet alarm,
comparable to faultless specimens of the an-
Must lift her over on his arm,
tique graver's art.” This publication of
“She could not keep the narrow way,
Aldrich in a single compact volume was espe-
For still the little feet would stray,
cially needed, as his poems, in their original
And ever must he bend t'undo
The tangled grasses from her shoe,-
editions, made up five or six of those small
From dainty rosebud lips in pout,
books which a re always so unsatisfactory.
Must kiss the perfect flower out!
The publication of Mrs. Piatt's select
“Ah! little coquette! Fair deceit!
poems was the result of a fortunate inspira-
Some things are bitter that were sweet."
tion. The six or seven volumes of her work
This little story with a moral is a very char have been drawn upon for their choicest treas-
acteristic specimen of the delicate verse which ures ; and these, taken together, form a
makes up the half of Mr. Howells's volume collection which exhibits very marked excel-
not given over to hexameters.
lence. The graceful and suggestive verse of
In adding the complete poems of Stedman Mrs. Piatt at her best is equal to anything
and Aldrich to the well-known “Household that has yet been done by her sex in America.
Edition” of American poets, the publishers Its quality is clearly feminine, and its range is
have done the public a real service. The narrow; but we need not make of either of
work of each of these writers has a volume these limitations matter for unfavorable criti-
and importance which justify this recognition cism, when a collection of verse exhibits, as
of their right to places upon the rugged this does, so marked a degree of imagination,
slopes of our sparsely inhabited Western Par so great a refinement of feeling, and so
nassus. Of Mr. Stedman it was justly said in large a sense of the solemn significance of life
a recent number of The Diar, upon the occa and death. Her work has been deemed to be
sion of a review of his “Poets of America,” suggestive both of Mrs. Browning and Miss
that no treatise upon that subject could be Rossetti. Her spiritual kinship with the latter
adequate which did not contain an account of is asserted not without some show of reason,
his own poems. Among our poets still living, | although this may not be based upon any
he certainly occupies the place next after resemblance of their work in detail. It ap-
Whittier and Lowell, Holmes and Whitman; pears rather in their common realization of
and his rich and many-sided volume contains the essential nature of human life, of its
many pieces—all the way from the stirring transitory joys, of its ever-attendant pathos,
early ballad of John Brown down to the recent and of the unreality of all its shadowy
splendid tribute to the genius of Hawthorne phantasmagoria.
—which the reader would not willingly miss
The poems of two other women also now
from his library. The variety of the metrical claim our attention: the “Afternoon Songs ”
forms at his command, his wide range both as of Mrs. Dorr, and the dainty little volume of
to subject and to sentiment, and, above all, the Miss Helen Gray Cone. If the songs of the
manly sincerity of his verse, commend it to former writer express the sentiment which
the intellect and the heart of his readers. This comes with the afternoon of life, those of the
is not the place to do more than note the ap latter have the freshness and the inspiration of
pearance of the new edition of his collected its morning, and their youthful ardor contrasts
poetical work ; but the critic who should treat with the calm of Mrs. Dorr's tranquil verse.
the subject at length would find in that work The estimable writer of these “Afternoon
the material for a most interesting chapter in Songs ” is well known to American readers.
the history of American poetry.
Her verse pursues its sweet even course,
The muse of Aldrich is a more restricted nowhere rising above the middle register of
and perhaps a daintier spirit. She is certainly | feeling, and nowhere greatly derogating from


252
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[Jan.,
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its modest standard of careful workmanship of the pieces themselves have done. Mr.
and clear expression. We like particularly Thompson has aimed to include in his volume
such pieces as “ The Painter's Prayer,” with only such strays and waifs of recent verse as
its gentle religious burden, and the tributes to are not elsewhere easily accessible, either in
the memory of Longfellow, Holmes, and Emer the collected works of writers or in the exist-
son, with their note of grateful and reverent ing anthologies. More than half of his pieces.
recollection.
are anonymous, and those which are signed
The collection of Miss Cone, to which she bear few familiar names. We notice an occa-
has given the title of “ Oberon and Puck,” is of sional piece which is to be found in the col-
a more ambitious kind. The lighter or “Puck” | lected verse of its writer, and find with some
part of the volume may be dismissed with a surprise a little poem of Mr. Stedman's
word. It contains a clever dialogue between “ Toujours Amour"-reduced to about one-half
Walt Whitman and Oscar Wilde, each dis its size, and, with a new title and no author's
coursing after his own fashion, a poor parody name at all, given a conspicuous place at the
upon Swinburne, and two or three moderately opening of one of Mr. Thompson's divisions,
amusing bits of bric-a-brac verse. The seri But a few such slips as this were inevitable.
ous work collected under the general title and it is rather to be wondered at that there
of “ Oberon” is more valuable for its promise are not more of them. Every reader will find
than for its achievement. It reveals a just some old and perhaps long-lost friends between
sense of the nature of a poetical theme, but the the covers of this volume. Many of the pieces
execution is often faltering. It depends for -as, for example, “The Burial of Moses,”
its effect very much upon the suggestion of “The Blue and the Gray,” “Our Last Toast,"
those names and places which have been so “No Sect in Heaven," the “Antony and Cle-
consecrated by the artistic imagination that | opatra” of General Lytle, and the “Beautiful
their mere mention must always evoke some Snow” of James W. Watson,—are generally
considerable amount of an emotion independ- familiar; and countless others will find indi-
ent of the art which would render them even vidual recognition and welcome. Mr. Thomp-
more richly suggestive. Decidedly the best son's book is a real addition to our poetical
pieces of the collection are those in which the treasures, and deserves an honored place by
echo of other men's genius is thus blended the side of the similar collections of pieces
with the voice of the new singer. Such pieces from the more famous poets. There are hours
are “Fiammetta,” and the beautiful sonnet when the reader will be likely to take it up
“ On First Reading Landor's Hellenics." In rather than its companions of more elevated
the few cases where Miss Cone has trusted rank and higher condition.
entirely to her own inspiration, the product is The last works to claim our attention in this
trifling; but, we would repeat, it is unusually | review are two translations from the Sanskrit:
full of promise.
Edwin Arnold's recent version of the “Bha-
The anthology which has been prepared by gavad-Gita," and a new edition of the transla-
Mr. Slason Thompson, and suggestively called tion of “ Sakoontala” made by Professor
“The Humbler Poets,” is a work of great in Monier Williams some thirty years ago. Both
terest. For some fifteen years past Mr. Thomp of these works are exceedingly famous in
son has preserved such fugitive pieces of verse Sanskrit literature; the one for its ethical and
found in the pages of newspapers and maga philosophical burden, and the other as a mas-
zines as have seemed to him too good to be terpiece of Indian dramatic art. The “ Bha-
lost sight of, and from the collection thus | gavad-Gita” is an episode of the great
made, with some help from similar collections * Mahabharata” epic, probably interpolated
made by his friends, he has selected the con- into that poem at a late date. It is in form a
tents of this handsome volume, which consists dialogue between Prince Arjuna and Krishna,
of some four hundred and fifty pieces, filling the incarnation of divinity, held upon the
about the same number of pages. The criti- | battlefield where the hosts of Arjuna are
cism which would be applied to the work of drawn up to meet their foes. In substance it
any individual poet is, of course, disarmed by is an exposition of the fundamental concep-
the unpretending character of this collection. tions of Indian philosophy, of that large and
But its average excellence is certainly surpris- spiritual teaching which is found alike in the
ing, and the volume has far more poetical | doctrine of Gautama himself and in the
value than the collected works of many a books held sacred before his coming, and of
"poet ” whose name has gone into the history which Mr. Arnold has been the chief inter-
of American literature, and whose works oc preter for English readers. It is especially
cupy volumes by themselves. No little share distinguished by its unusual and sustained
of this praise must go to the credit of the elevation of sentiment, and has, ever since the
editor, whose careful discrimination and fine discovery of Sanskrit literature a century
literary taste have contributed as much to the ago, appealed to the most refined modern
work, we are tempted to say, as the writers sympathies more strongly, perhaps, than any


1886.]
253
THE DIAL
other production of that literature. It has find for himself. “The Song Celestial,” as
often been translated, both into English and Mr. Arnold calls the poem, should stand side
other modern languages; but the present ver- by side with “ The Light of Asia” in every
sion by Mr. Arnold is easily the best worth library.
reading, and the service of the translator in The Indian drama of “Sakoontala” was
adding its riches to the treasury of English discovered by Sir William Jones about a
poetry is almost as great as that which he hundred years ago, and that distinguished
rendered in the preparation of “The Light of scholar prepared a prose translation from the
Asia.” The form of the work is blank verse, modern and corrupt text to which alone he
with occasional lyrics interspersed. The fol had access. Thus the masterpiece of Kalidasa,
lowing passage, in which Krishna unfolds to was first made known to Europeans at least
his eager listener the doctrine of the true eighteen hundred years after the date of its
nature of life and the world which seems to composition. In 1853, Professor Monier
be about us, will illustrate both the metrical Williams, of the East India College, already
form of the translation and the profoundly well known as a Sanskrit scholar through his
philosophical character of the work itself: grammar and dictionary of the language, pub-
“The wise in heart
lished a revised and carefully annotated edition
Mourn not for those that live, nor those that die. of the text of “ Sakoontala.” Two or three
Nor I, nor thou, nor any one of these,
years later he produced the translation which
Ever was not, nor ever will not be,
Forever and forever afterwards.
is now reprinted in this country, and which is
All that doth live, lives always! To man's frame written in prose and verse, according to the
As there come in fancy and youth and age,
scheme of the original work. His introduc-
So come there raisings-up and layings-down
of other and of other life-abodes,
tion to that translation is also reprinted here,
Which the wise know and fear not. This that irks and contains what information is neces-
Thy sense-life, thrilling to the elements,
sary for the intelligent perusal of a work
Bringing thee heat and cold, sorrows and joys,
'Tis brief and mutable! Bear with it, Prince!
which has excited the enthusiastic admira-
As the wise bear. The soul which is not moved,
tion of the master minds of the century.
The soul that with a strong and constant calm
It may also be noted in the present connection
Takes sorrow and takes joy indifferently,
Lives in the life undying. That which is
that this drama has been made the subject of
Can never cease to be; that which is not
one of the noblest works of the modern Ger-
Will not exist. To see this truth of both
man school of composers. The “Sakuntala”
Is theirs who part essence from accident,
Substance from shadow. Indestructible,
overture of Goldmark is one of the richest of
Learn thou! The Life is spreading life through all; recent orchestral compositions, and translates
It cannot anywhere, by any means,
the action of the Indian drama into the uni-
Be anywise diminished, stayed, or changed.
But for these fleeting frames which it informs
versal language of emotion most wonderfully.
With spirit deathless, endless, infinite,
In addition to the ordinary form in which this
They perish. Let them perish, Prince! and fight!
work appears, there is an édition de luxe
He who shall say, Lo! I have slain a man!'
He who shall think, .Lo! I am slain!' those both
which is one of the most notable pieces of this
Know naught! Life cannot slay! Life is not slain! season's bookmaking. The publishers of the
Never the spirit was born; the spirit shall cease to work have laid themselves open to criticism in
be never;
one respect. Excepting the date 1856, which
Never was time it was not; End and Beginning
are dreams!
occurs in small type at the close of the preface,
Birthless and deathless and changeless remaineth the book contains no indication that it is the
the spirit forever;
reprint of an older work. Some conspicuous
Death bath not touched it at all, dead though the
statement of this fact was clearly due to the
house of it seems.
Who knoweth it exhaustless, self-sustained,
large number of those who, owing to its ab-
Immortal, indestructible--shall such
sence, have been led to suppose the translation
Say, 'I have killed a man, or caused to kill?""
to be newly made.
In these lines we may find the last word
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
which modern philosophy has spoken. The
truths which appear in the analysis of Berkeley
and Kant and Schopenhauer are here expressed
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
in words two thousand years old, and with
Count LEO Tolstoi, the gifted author of “ War
little less precision. The thin veil of mysti-
and Peace,” is furnishing the world in his own per-
cism which is thrown over them will deceive son with another remarkable example of that self-
no thoughtful reader, and a clearer statement forgetful absorption in an ideal aim which is,
of philosophical idealism could hardly be everywhere except in Russia, a mark of distinction.
desired. This passage must suffice for present
In "My Religion,” which everybody can and should
illustration; but we refrain with reluctance
now read in the good translation furnished by Mr.
| Huntington Smith and published by Thomas Y.
from reciting some of the more strictly ethi-
Crowell & Co., he gives the record of a conversion
cal passages of the poem, and especially the
which may not improbably be sometime ranked in
beautiful lyrical parable of the banyan tree. | importance and interest with that of Augustine or
These, however, we must leave the reader to l of Bunyan. For thirty-five years of his life a nihilist


254
[Jan.,
THE DIAL
- "not a revolutionary socialist," he explains, We Really Know About Shakespeare," recently
“but a man who believed in nothing,"_light sud- published by Roberts Brothers. The nature of the
denly came to him from the words of Jesus, and he latter work is sufficiently explained by its title, and
became as one who, going forth upon some errand, it is really a very admirable presentation, in con-
“decides that the matter is of no importance, and densed form, of the facts which have been gleaned
turns back.” He whose genius as a novelist had up to date by the industry of Mr. Halliwell-Phil-
received cordial homage from a Turgeneff, quietly lipps. It has a few points of individuality-among
renounces literature, goes to live among his peas others, it strongly urges that the years 1587-92 were
ants, and devotes the remainder of his life to relig spent by the poet in travel upon the continent.
ion. For six years, he tells us, he has labored Mrs. Dall states that she was partly impelled to
upon a new translation of the Gospels, a Concord prepare this book by a desire to point out the
ance to them, and a Criticism of Dogmatic Theology. absurdities—which some people seem inclined to
The keynote of the present volume is struck in the take seriously—of that eminent Shakespearean
following sentence: “Our entire cocial fabric is scholar and democratic politician Ignatius Donnelly
founded upon principles that Jesus reproved; we of Minnesota. She attended some lectures by him,
do not wish to understand his doctrine in its simple in which “he stated in substance that Shakespeare
and direct acceptation, and yet we assure our was low-born, vilely bred, led an obscure life, and
selves and others that we follow his doctrine, was a man who might easily be hired to cloak the
or else that his doctrine is not expedient for us." | personality of a superior who feared political dis-
This impressive exposure of the failure of insti grace.” Iu reply to this, Mrs. Dall takes pains, in
tutions based upon violence suggests questions her selection of evidence, to emphasize the following
which we cannot too earnestly ponder. What would points: As to Shakespeare's origin, she shows that
become of the world should all Christians, communi This family took root in the yeomanry of England,
ties as well as individuals, begin to obey the precept and that on both sides it looked back upon a repu-
“That ye resist not evil” | No more enforce- table history." As to his education, she shows that
ment of personal rights; no more war; no more it was “deficient only in a technical sense.” As to
punishment of criminals; no more enjoyment of his companions, she shows that they were “so far
pleasures obtained through the sufferings, nor of as is known to us, of the best sort.” As to his
privileges won by the exclusion, of fellow-men. This alleged obscurity, she shows that "he was widely
is what Tolstoi advocates, because he thinks it known and much beloved;" and adds: “In a time
would result in the redemption of the world. He when there was no newspaper and no magazine,
understands Jesus to have said: “You believe that when the modern interviewer had never been heard
your laws reform criminals; as a matter of fact, of, Dr. Ingleby finds one hundred and eighty-five
they only make more criminals. There is only one references to Shakespeare on record within the cen
way to suppress evil, and that is to return good | tury, and fifty-seven of these were made during his
for evil, without respect of persons. For thou lifetime. If we omit the testimony of the news-
sands of years you have tried the other method; | papers and magazines, if we remember how few
now try mine, try the reverse." Certainly a cans people of his period could read and write, would
did man must doubt whether the kingdom of Tennyson or Longfellow make a better showing?"
heaven has not rather suffered than been promoted For anyone who may yet have a lingering suspicion
by violence. Has the time come for dispensing that there is something in the “Baconian theory,"
with penal institutions ? The Cassandras among us Mrs. Dall has what is perhaps the best word to say
predict all the dreadful consequences. Let the good on the subject. After a personal tribute to Delia
renounce violence, and we shall see the millennium Bacon, whom, she says, she knew and loved, the
of the bad. The fate of the Mongolian non-resistant following is added: “But, after all this, the reader
in Wyoming and elsewhere is not encouraging to must be reminded that Delia Bacon formed her
non-resistants in general. The good must practise theory before Mr. Halliwell-Phillipps's researches
violence occasionally, in order that the bad may not had begun; before Shakespeare emerged from the
practise it continually. To all this and similar rea mists of Blackfriars' and the Globe, and stood before
soning upon which the modern civilization called us as a well-known citizen of no small use in his
Christian is based, Tolstoi simply opposes the words time in other ways than as a 'maker of plays.'”
and the practice of Jesus and the first Christians. | And yet, in spite of all our positive and constantly
Had Christians not been led by outward success growing knowledge of the subject, the perverse
and by ambition to adopt the violent methods of ingenuity of such writers as Ignatius Donnelly and
the Roman, human brotherhood would long ago Appleton Morgan continues to attract attention,
have been a reality instead of a distant ideal. Leo the one finding hearers for his lectures, and the
Tolstoi proposes to begin now. How many ages other readers for his book, of which, even now, a
before Christendom will be ready to follow him, we new edition has been found necessary. We heartily
cannot know; but already the day is dawning when commend Mrs. Dall's valuable summary of facts.
the criminal shall be regarded by enlightened juris- We find an occasional misprint, such as “Taggard"
prudence not as an enemy to society but as one for "Jaggard," and Halliwell-Phillips" for
against whom society has sinned and to whom it “Halliwell-Phillipps," but these are trifles.
owes a heavy debt. It seems certain that this re-
markable book, read as it already is in at least three MR. ANDREW LANG is the editor of a new series
languages, will do much toward hastening the reign of biographies which are to be known as the lives of
of "sweeter manners, purer laws."
6 English Worthies” and of which the American
publishers are D. Appleton & Co. The volumes are
It is interesting to place side by side, and mark of about the same size and are published at the
the contrast in point of size between, the last edition ! same price as those of the “English Men of Letters."
of Mr. Halliwell-Phillipps's “Outlines” and Mrs. The scope of the series is such as to include the
Caroline Healy Dall's little book entitled “What | names of Steele, Marlborough, Sir Thomas More,


1886.]
.255
THE DIAL
Latimer, Garrick, Raleigh, Ben Jonson, and Izaak For the new South it is indeed a happy omen that
Walton, to mention only a few of those already her foremost man of letters, whose laurels have
announced; and the names of such writers as George been won in a line of effort so different, should
Saintsbury, Austin Dobson, Robert Louis Stevenson, 1 feel constrained, as did Milton at that other memor-
Walter Besant, Edmund Gosse, and J. A. Symonds, able time, to lay aside his “garland and singing
indicate the high character of the work which may robes ” and to embark upon this troubled sea of
be expected. The initial volume of the series is noises and hoarse disputes. It is rumored that
devoted to Charles Darwin, and has been entrusted Mr. Cable's vigorous attempts to let a little daylight
to the singularly competent hands of Mr. Grant into the cobwebbed Southern mind concerning the
Allen, the friend and popular expositor of the status of the Freedman have cost him some obloquy
great biologist. It is now a quarter of a century if not ostracism at home. To confute a prejudice is
since the "Origin of Species" appeared, and during indeed as hard as to refute a sneer; for a prejudice
that time one of the greatest battles in the history of would not be a prejudice were the holder open to
scientific thought has been fought out, and one of the conviction. Over and over again Mr. Cable dissects
greatest of all known intellectual victories achieved. the opinion that it is essential to the ascendency of
But the number of persons who are still ignorant of the white race to abridge the civil rights of the
the work of Darwin, and of the revolution which it negro, and each time he shows at the core of it the
wrought in biology, is surpris ngly large; and it is old stupid confusion between civil rights and social
precisely to these people that the present volume is privileges. In vain he assails the phantom: it is
addressed. With this lucid and compact state- | as if Her Majesty's feet should open fire upon a
ment of the nature and net result of Darwin's fogbank. Riddled for the hundredth time, it
researches generally accessible, it will no longer be stalks away "as the air invulnerable." But although
pardonable in anyone who pretends to be generally Mr. Cable is no match for the deaf adder of race
informed to speak of Darwinism as synonymous with prejudice, his bold stand will no doubt inspire
evolution on the one hand, or with the doctrine hundreds of thoughtful persons throughout the
that men are descended from monkeys on the South with the courage of their convictions. Mr.
other. Those portions of Mr. Allen's admirable book Cable and his friends are animated by the con-
which detine the relations of the Darwinian dis sciousness that, as he once reminds his antagonists,
coveries and doctrines to contemporary and earlier they are not now “before a Congressional investi-
thought are especially valuable. The history of gating committee that gets Republican facts from
evolution is simply the history of the progress of Republican witnesses and Democratic facts from
human thought towards philosophical conceptions, Democratic witnesses, and then makes two reports”;
and evolution itself is as old as the thinking mind. but that they are “ before the judgment seat of the
Into that history the work of Darwin is simply fitted world's intelligence." In this thought, with its
as an episode, just as the nebular hypothesis of Kant assurance of ultimate triumph, this courageous
and Laplace was fitted some time before. That thinker must find his consolation for the reproaches
organic forms must in some way have arisen one and snubs of a society that will one day build him
from the other was recognized as a necessity of a monument.
thought before Darwin was born. His own work
was to lay down the principles which govern those TWO NEAT little volumes, "Oil Painting, A Hand-
organic modifications which finally result in new book for the use of Students and Schools," and
species, and this he did so completely and with so | “Drawing in Charcoal and Crayon ”—both by
overwhelming a show of evidence that opposition Frank Fowler, and published by Cassell & Co., New
was silenced almost in the act of expression, and York, supply a want that has long been felt by
the great observer brought all the world over to his many who wish to pursue the study of art and who
side before he died. Now his work in effecting yet are without any adequate available instruction
this revolution is unquestionably the greatest scien- on the subject. The author of these useful hand-
tific achievement of the present century, and no one books is a well-known artist, whose portraits and
can afford to be ignorant of the nature of that work, ideal compositions have won deserved recognition.
and of its results as far as they may yet be seen. Mr. Fowler pursued his art-studies in Paris under
Mr. Allep has performed his task admirably well. Carolus Duran and Cabanel, and, since his return to
We do not see how it could have been done better New York, has been an industrious worker and fre-
in any respect. His knowledge of the subject is quent contributor to the exhibitions of the metrop-
upon a level with his powers of unambiguous expres olis and other cities. Among his more important
sion, and both are all that could be desired by the | works are portraits of Mme. Modjeska, Dr. Neftel,
most exacting critic.
Rev. Dr. Powers, his “ Young Bacchus," and “At
the Piano." With his artistic training, knowledge,
MR. CABLE's new book, "The Silent South" | and experience, Mr. Fowler is well prepared to
(Scribner), marks an epoch at the South, if indeed write on the subjects embraced in these volumes,
it does not make one. It marks the epoch when and he has performed a task for which many will be
the South, being at last secure from outside political truly grateful. His object is to give just such
interference, begins to realize the vital importance instructions as is needed by beginners in drawing
of a correct settlement of her great social problem. and painting, and in this he has admirably suc-
Not improbably it may also create an epoch of ceeded. His style is clear and simple, his arrange-
temperate discussion on the part of the best minds ment natural, his knowledge accurate, and the
of the South of this most hotly burning of ques handling of his topics easy and effective. As he
tions. Mr. Cable's own treatment of the subject is writes on elementary subjects, he keeps within the
an earnest of this, inasmuch as the subject could limits which his plan assigns him, and never indulges
hardly have been handled by any Northern publicist
with more breadth, calmness, and ability, nor with books are models of what such treatises ought to be.
half so much familiarity with the facts involved. | Guided by such a master, any capable young person


256
[Jan.,
THE DIAL
can go forward in the study of art with pleasure and time in “Science," and is thus already familiar.
success. A mere enumeration of the topics of these The book as a whole is very readable, and the
volumes will show their practical value. The first explorations of which it gives the narration are
contains: Material necessary for an Outfit; Studio among the most important recently undertaken.
Light; Setting the Palette; How to Mix Colors; Schwatka and his party crossed over from the
General Directions; Still Life Studies; Values; Por sea-shore to the source of the Yukon, there con-
trait Painting; Drapery, Lace, etc.; Manner of Paint structed a raft, and then sailed down the river
ing a Portrait, Colors for flesh, hair, etc.; Landscapes about thirteen hundred miles, of which stretch the
and Marines; Flower Painting; Definitions of Art first five hundred or thereabouts were by him for
Terms. The subjects of the second volume are: | the first time explored. From the point at which
Charcoal and Crayon Drawing; Outfit necessary; the raft journey ended, less primitive means of navi-
Elementary Practice; Manner of Working; Measure gation were secured, and the river was further
ment, actual and comparative; Crayon Portraits, traversed to the mouth. As the results of this ex-
hair, drapery, backgrounds; Charcoal and Crayon ploration, we have an accurate map of the entire
Drawing with the Point; Landscape, proportions, course of the river; and the question between the
etc. This treatise is accompanied by eight plates Pelly and Lewis rivers of the old Hudson Bay
which will greatly aid the student in mastering the traders as to which of them is really to be regarded
rudiments of his art.
as the upper Yukon, is definitely decided in favor
of the latter. According to Schwatka's measure-
PROF. CRANE's collection of “Italian Popular ments, the Yukon has a total length of 2044 miles,
Tales" (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.) is remarkable for which makes it fourth among North American
completeness and for thoroughness of execution. rivers, seventh among American rivers, and seven-
For the scientific study of folk-lore, nothing could teenth among the rivers of the world. It is navi-
be better adapted. It is in six chapters—fairy tales gable for all but a few miles of its length at the
(in two chapters), stories of oriental origin, legends source, the only obstacles interposed during its
and ghost stories, nursery tales, and stories and course being a few rapids, which were found, for a
jests. These are selected from the various Italian raft at least, to be perfectly practicable.
collections, ranging in locality from northern Italy
to Sicily; the aim seeming to have been to give the NOTICE must be made of two more volumes of
most characteristic one of each class, variants being Balzac which have been newly translated into Eng-
sometimes given in general outline in connection with lish. Messrs. Roberts Brothers, who recently issued
them, but oftener in an appendix, where in some “ Le Père Goriot" in a version which has called out
cases they are related at length. The whole number much deserved censure, have prepared a second
of stories (including those related at length in the volume which contains " La Duchesse de Langeais”
appendix) is one hundred and nine. Each story is and several shorter pieces. At the same time there
prefaced by a brief introduction, giving its analysis comes to us a volume of "After-Dinner Stories" from
or classification as a specimen of folk-lore; and the the press of George J. Coombes. The translations in
appendix, besides the variations spoken of above, this volume are said to be “done into English by
contains references to other variations not only in Myndart Verelst," and are provided with an intro-
Italian collections, but in those of other nations duction by Mr. Edgar Saltus, the author of a very
referring especially to any comprehensive treatment readable little volume upon Balzac, and a very poor
of this particular type, as e. g., Mr. Ralston's work upon pessimism. They include “Madame
article on Cinderella in the “Nineteenth Century," Firmiani ” and three other sketches of about the
November 1879. The work will therefore serve as same length. Neither of these volumes approaches
an admirable guide and index to the general study the standard of accurate and faithful translation
of folk-lore. The book is as much to be commended which is demanded by an author of the consequence
for what it does not contain as for what it contains. of Balzac. The object of translating Balzac is
Mr. Crane does not attempt to explain the stories, not, we apprehend, to furnish amusement for idle
or account for their origin. There is no “sun-myth”. novel-readers. With the great masters of literature,
or “dawn," but just a collection of tales, classified translation is resorted to for the purpose of bringing
as to character, and with indications of their geo. them within reach of persons of the class to whom
graphical extension, in Italy and all over the world. they address themselves in their own language. It
This is a genuine scientific treatment, such as must is done with the understanding that a certain loss
precede any successful inquiry into the meaning and is inevitable, but it should also be undertaken with
origin of the stories. When such work as this has a conscientious determination that this loss shall not
been done for the whole body of folk-lore—and not be increased by any substitution of the translator's
till then--it will be time to generalize and philoso judgment for that of the writer himself. All
phize. We have spoken of the book as a subject of books are not intended for all readers, and no litera-
study. As a collection of stories, for children and ture can be in a healthy condition which insists
grown-up children, it is equally admirable.
upon a general acceptance of the standards which
are justly enough upheld in the nursery. If Balzac
LIEUTENANT SCHWATKA's account of the Yukon is to be translated at all, it should be as he has
exploring expedition is a work of much interest. written, and not as some translator or publisher
It is entirely different from the official report of the thinks he ought to have written.
expedition, being prepared with special reference to
the needs of the general public. Under the title THE unsophisticated critic whose novel-reading
"Along Alaska's Great River" (Cassell) he has given has been select rather than extensive, and who hap-
a popular narrative of the entire exploration which pens to be unaware of the passion of London critics
was so successfully made under his command in the for discovering the American novelist or poet of the
summer of 1883. Some of the material of which future, will turn with keen interest to Mr. Edward
the volume is made up has appeared from time to King's “ Fantasie in Prose" entitled “ The Golden


1886.]
THE DIAL
257
= =
Spike" (Ticknor & Co.), in case his eye has been so clear in arrangement and statement as the history
first caught by the “ Notices of the English Press”. of the crusade itself. There is a good index, but no
concerning “The Gentle Savage,” a previous story map, and no genealogical table to explain the rela-
by the same author. Certainly a writer who is pro- ! tionship of the numerous Comneni and Angeli who
nounced by the London “Literary World" " quite sat upon the Byzantine throne during the twelfth
as original ” as Hawthorne, and of whom it is pre century. But whatever the shortcomings of the
dicted that “it may fall to him to take up the book, it has a high value, not only in narrating the
mantle” of Turgeneff, should command our eager event, but in setting its historical importance in a
attention. Such a reader will rub his eyes a good clear light.
many times during the perusal of this amusing,
clever, slight, and somewhat newspaperish account
MR. GERARD's “ The Peace of Utrecht” (Putnam)
of the big excursion” over the Northern Pacific
seems a bulky volume to be devoted to a single
railway, with its perfunctory love-making, its trans-
diplomatic event so distant in time as this. The
parent mystery, its frequently clumsy caricature of
importance of the treaty, however, and of the wars
English and American travelling manners. The
which led up to it, warrant a full and detailed ac-
characters are old puppets thinly disguised. There
count of the transaction, and in general the account
is the pompous English earl whose daily discomfi-
cannot be called diffuse or ill proportioned. There
tures in his dealings with baggagemen and hotel-
are some chapters where the introductory matter is
waiters make him the chief butt of ridicule; the
unnecessarily spun out: as, for example, in Chapter
grumbling countess whose only redeeming trait is
V. The principal subject of this chapter is the
her insuperable tendency to go to bed; the senti-
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes; and this is
mental English heiress smitten with the voice (vor et
prefaced by a general discussion of the principles
praterea nihil) of the melodramatic American artist,
of toleration, and a history of religious persecution,
whose vocal charm - for he has no other--the author
both of them unnecessarily long. The just indigna-
should have represented to us by musical notation ;
tion of the author betrays him, too, in this chapter
the Anglo-American retired sea-captain whose tire-
into some rather over-wrought rhetoric, as on page
some yarns always come in at the wrong time; the
50. In matters like these, the plain tale is more
self-conscious Southern gentleman whom we will
effective than any declamation. And can it be said
not wrong by comparing him with so finished and
with truth that it was sectarianism that “raised the
human a study as Mr. James's Basil Ransom, et cetera,
cross on Calvary” and “held the poison cup to Socra-
et cetera. By virtue of the commonplaceness of the
tes"? In the same chapter (p. 39), we find the famous
incidents and personages and the close adherence to
cardinal's name spelt Woolsey. In the account of the
accuracy of minor detail, the book would be classed
expatriation of the Acadians (p. 289), one would
as realistic in the strictest sense; yet so entirely
have supposed that an American writer would not
superficial are the conceptions of character that Don
have repeated the traditionary lamentations and
Quixote seems sober reality in comparison. The
reproaches without at least referring to Mr. Park-
dialogue is generally amusing enough, and the
man's complete exposure of the one-sidedness of
descriptions of towns and scenery remarkably vivid ;
this traditionary account. The book is, on the
but to compare Mr. King, even in this respect, with
whole, a credit to American scholarship, and a val-
masters like Turgeneff and Hawthorne, is something
uable addition to our historical literature.
that would not have occurred to us.
READERS of literary biography will find in Miss
MR. PEARS's account of “The Fall of Constan- | Kate Sanborn's “ Vanity and Insanity of Genius"
tinople” (Harper) does not refer to the capture of (George J. Coombes), many an anecdote none the
Constantinople by the Turks in 1453, but by the worse for being familiar, some new ones, and some
Fourth Crusade in 1204. This strange and disas old ones which they will be glad to have recalled.
trous event is attributed by Mr. Pears to the influence The author modestly styles her little contribu-
of the emperor Philip, who, having married the tion to the literature of the calamities of authors,
daughter of Isaac Angelos, aspired to unite in his "this mosaic of quotations," and gaily places her-
own person the empires of the East and the West, self in the category of the vain ones with the words:
while avenging the deposition and blinding of his "I do not believe anyone else could have done it as
father-in-law; to the treachery of the Venetians, well.” Almost anyone could have done it for him-
who had entered into a secret treaty with the Sultan self had he thought of it, -but it is something to have
of Egypt, in pursuance of which they persistently thought of it, still more to have had the industry
schemed to keep the crusaders out of Egypt at the and the taste to embody the thought in a little book
same moment that they openly bargained to trans so seductively elegant in its make-up. The illustra-
port them to that country; and to the intrigues of tions of the vanity of men of genius would have
Boniface, Marquis of Monferrat, the leader of the been prized by the good vicar of Wakefield to point
expedition. The events of the crusade are related, the moral of that sermon which he professed to
in accordance with this view, in a clear and inter deem his best, and modern preachers who may be
esting manner; and whether this particular theory ambitious to shine upon this topic would do well to
is true or not-and it is still a matter of controversy provide themselves with Miss Sanborn's little book.
in many particulars—the reader will not hesitate, The conscientious reviewer is bound to say that the
from the bare narrative of events, to pronounce the | selected portions are better than the original, some
capture and plunder of the eastern capital one of of which-2. g., the paragraph upon Dr. Johnson-
the most atrocious events of history. The introduc- betoken a chatty facility upon subjects imperfectly
tion, describing the condition of the empire and understood, or perfectly misunderstood, that most
analyzing the causes of its weakness, is dispropor men find charmingly fresh in a woman. To criticise
tionately long, occupying more than half the book such a book would be to break a butterfly upon a
-226 pages out of 413. Neither are those chapters wheel. It will serve the purpose of whiling away a


258
[Jan.,
THE DIAL
long winter evening or a dull journey, will be pretty price of the “Review” is increased from three
to look at afterwards, and by means of the index dollars a year to four.
and marginal hints anecdotes can be easily found Lowe's “Historical Biography of Prince Bis-
when wanted.
marck" is just published, in two volumes, by Cassell
& Company. It is said to be “the first attempt yet
THE little book containing Mrs. Olive Thorne
made to supply the English-reading public with a
Miller's essays or talks on “Bird Ways" (Hough-
complete historical sketch of the career of the
ton, Mifflin & Co.) may be put on the shelf along
great German statesman.”
with “Wake-Robbin" by John Burroughs, “The
Maine Woods" by Thoreau, and “Birds in the
“MAJOR TENACE” has added another to the
Bush” by Bradford Torrey. It is born of the same
many handbooks of whist already existing. It is
spirit, and is endowed with the same fascinating
published by the Putnams, and its special feature is
qualities. “Olive Thorne," as Mrs. Miller is known
an avoidance of all discussion of principles, its
to the literary world, has long been a patient and
contents being confined to a careful condensation of
close observer of birds. She has spent days and
the rules for playing laid down by the best authori-
weeks with them in their native wilds, unmindful
ties.
MACMILLAN & Co. are soon to publish an edition
of any discomfort and sacrifice it might cost to
watch their ways and become acquainted with their
of the works of John Morley in eight volumes, to
peculiarities. In winter, she continues her investi-
be issued monthly, beginning with "Voltaire."
This series will not include the “Life of Cobden."
gations by noting the habits of birds in captivity;
keeping a small colony in her study, and, while
Mr. Morley stands to-day very much where John
carefully attending to their wants and giving them
Stuart Mill stood in the last generation, and his
all the freedom possible, studying their behavior
writings are as well worth knowing.
under these conditions. She has thus been able to David MACKAY is the publisher and Mr. William
contribute many interesting facts to our knowledge Sloane Kennedy the author of a pamphlet entitled
of bird life, and placed her readers under additional
"The Poet as a Craftsman." This essay seems to
obligation by the delightful manner in which her
be written for the purpose of showing that the
information is imparted.
time has come for poetry to outgrow metrical
restraints, and adopt the manner of Whitman as the
UNDER the title of “Short Studies from Nature" model for future composition.
(Cassell) there are collected a series of popular THE new method of submarine warfare suggested
science sketches by various authors. They treat of | by Captain Ericsson in his " Century” article on
such subjects as bats, flame, snow, comets, caves, Monitors" is made the subject of a pamphlet by
etc., and are written for the laity. Like most Lieut. Wm. H. Jaques, U.S. N., which is published
“popular science,” that contained in this volume is by the Putnams. It is entitled “Ericsson's Destroyer
far from being accurate, and it has not even the and Submarine Gun," and is a scientific discussion
redeeming quality of an attractive presentation. A of the subject with illustrative diagrams.
chemist who finds such formulæ as Po, for phos-
THE New York Shakespeare Society will soon
phoric and so for sulphurous - acids," will not care
publish an elaborate report on the alleged Shake-
to look much further; and the physicist will probably
speare autograph in a copy of the Second Folio,
be satisfied as to the character of the book when he
now in the possession of C. F. Gunther of Chicago.
reads that “steam consists of minute globules of
The report will be illustrated with photographs of
water dispersed through the air.”
the various signatures, memoranda, marginal cor-
rections, coats of arms, etc., which have accumu-
lated upon the ancient volume, besides several pho-
LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS.
tographic studies, comparative and composite, of
A NEw novel by Frank R. Stockton is shortly to
| the signature itself.
be published by Scribner's Sons.
MR. WALTER PATER's exquisite “Marius, the
The biography of Longfellow, by his brother
Epicurean” has been reproduced by the Macmillans
Samuel, is expected to appear in February
in a single volume, which is prepared in the well-
known style of their tasteful editions of Arnold and
“ LETTERS to a Daughter,” a series of plain
Kingsley. In this entirely satisfactory and inexpen-
talks on practical subjects—a sort of “ Timothy Tit-
sive form it will address hundreds of new readers,
comb's Letters" for girls—is just issued by Jansen,
who cannot fail to be delighted, in proportion to
McClurg & Co.
the fineness of their perceptions, with its perfect
MONTGOMERY'S “ Leading Facts of English His-
workmanship and high ideals. It is one of the books
tory," and Prof. Myers's Mediæval and Modern
that are made to live as long as the language in
History." are announced for immediate publication
which they are written.
by Ginn & Company.
JANSEN, McClurg & Co. will soon publish “Spe-
Mr. Howells's amusing little farce of “The Gar-
cimens of English Prose Style,” by George Saints-
roters" appears in a miniature volume, with reduc-
bury, a work which has recently appeared in
tions of Reinhart's capital illustrations, from the
London, and has been uncommonly well received.
press of Harper & Brothers.
The “ Atheneum” says that in it Mr. Saintsbury
AUTHORS and others interested in international Wis seen at his best. The selection is comprehen-
copyright are to be given an opportunity to express sive and well made; the annotations are always
their views to the Senate Committee to whom has intelligent, and are sometimes as good as such things
been referred Senator Hawley's bill on the subject. can be; the introduction, an essay on the nature
THE “Andover Review," that able exponent of and development of English prose style, is in the
“Progressive Orthodoxy,” begins the new year with author's happiest vein." The American edition of
increased size, and with several important non- the work will be made from the English plates, but
theological departments added to its contents. The on paper specially chosen.


1886.
259
THE DIAL
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
JANUARY, 1886.
-- - - - - - -
Through Spain. A Narrative of Travel and Adventure
in the Peninsula. By S. P. Scott. With numerous
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268
THE DIAL
[Feb., 1886.
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THE DIAL
H. Wheeler
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273
VOL. VI. FEBRUARY, 1886. No. 70. same sedate formality that is on all other sub-
jects the habit of his pen, records of all his
CONTENTS.
private conversations with interesting or im-
THE GREVILLE MEMOIRS. Woodrow Wilson - . . 269
portant persons, accounts of all his little trips
THE LIFE AND TIMES OF SAMUEL BOWLES.
into the country, to see places worth seeing,
Washington Gladden ............. 271
to wait upon the Council at Windsor or at
HERBERT SPENCER ON ECCLESIASTICAL IN
Balmoral, or to be guest to this, that, or the
STITUTIONS. John Bascom - - - - - - . . . other notable person, at this, that, or the other
THE HISTORY OF CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE. Darid
attractive country-seat. It is all very enter-
taining and amusing, and all very satisfactory
THE PREHISTORIC PALACE OF THE KINGS OF
TIRYNS. Paul Shorey · ...........
to the American opinion that the talk at Court
GOLD AND SILVER. A. L. Chapin ....... 277
is quite like talk anywhere else, albeit not
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS . . . . . . . . . . . 279
quite so free or interesting, and that titled
Saintsbury's Life of Marlborough. - Gilman's people are not less ordinary than untitled peo-
The Story of Rome.-Hosmer's The Story of the ple. Mr. Greville never lacks information as
Jews.Sheldon's Studies in General History
to what is going on. It flows to him, quite as if
Beckwith's The Bacchantes of Euripides. --Sey.
mour's Introduction to the Language and Verse
nature intended it, from all quarters. “Yester-
of Homer.-Dyer', The Apology and Crito of day morning John Russell sent for me. * * *
Plato.-Mrs. Starrett's Letters to a Daughter. -
He gave me an account of the strange state of
Straus's The Origin of a Republican Form of
Government in the United States of America.-- things at Madrid, and of the confusion and
Beard's Humor in Animals.-Zeller's Outlines of quarrels which have followed this fine mar-
the History of Greek Philosophy.--Verdi's The
riage the French have effected.” “To-day
Infant Philosopher..-Marion Harland's Common
Sense in the Nursery.-West's Mother's Manual of (the cook told me) nearly four hundred people
Children's Diseases.-Rose Kingsley's The Chil. will dine in the castle.” And so it goes. It
dren of Westminster Abbey.--Porter's Anecdotes
was evidently meant that this man should
and Incidents of the Civil War.-Solon's The Art
of the Old English Potter. - Barnard's Talks know everything.
About the Weather.--Field's The Greek Islands.-
But of course the interest and value of these
Holmes's A Mortal Antipathy. -Lawton's The
memoirs centre in their dominant theme, the
American Caucus System.
conduct of public affairs. These are the
LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS
284
TOPICS IN FEBRUARY PERIODICALS..... 285 writer's chief, because his professional, con-
BOOKS OF THE MONTH ........... 285 cern. It is when writing about these that his
journal-inditing genius seems most at home.
THE GREVILLE MEMOIRS.*
Both inside and outside politics, his choice is
to speak about persons rather than about
It is easy to enjoy these Memoirs, but it is
things. His accounts of what he has heard
not easy to convey an idea of their interest to
and what he has said are always excellent
those who have not read them. The first part
reading of their kind; his accounts of what he
of Mr. Greville's journals, which was published
has seen are often almost meaningless. What
in 1874, concerned the affairs of the reigns of
is one to make of this, for instance? “I left
George IV. and William IV.; the second part,
| Troy in the morning and went to Tintern
now published, brings the gossipy and beguil-
Abbey: most glorious, which I could not
ing narrative down into the very modern times
describe if I would, but which produced on
of Victoria : the times of Radicals and Re-
me an impression similar in kind and equal
form Bills, of Chartism and Free Trade.
in amount to that which I felt at the sight of
Though the matter in these volumes is chiefly
St. Peter's.” Quite a ledger-like way of cast-
political, it is not all so, and all sorts of tastes
ing up a balance between the quantitative and
may derive satisfaction from abundant matter
qualitative value of æsthetic emotions, but not
of a very different sort. Mr. Greville always
| of much service to the reader who has not
attended the races. He stakes his money and
before him the estimate of what and how much
comments on the personal history and charac-
the writer felt at seeing St. Peter's. But these
teristics of jockeys quite as gravely and philo-
descriptions of ruins and country sides which
sophically as he discusses Cabinet crises. He
Mr. Greville has avowedly not attempted
suffered his sense of duty to drag him to balls
would in any case belong to that part of his
and other “events” of the London season; and
journals which would soonest have lost its
his journal always receives his candid impres-
interest by evaporation. The things that he
sions of the persons he met on such occasions.
does well are the things we most care to have
He spreads upon the same pages, too, with the
him do for us. We can see Tintern Abbey
*A JOURNAL OF THE REIGN OF QUEEN VICTORIA, FROM
for ourselves; but we cannot see Lord John
1837 TO 1852. By the late Chas. C. F. Greville, Esq., Clerk
of the Council. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
Russell and Palmerston and Peel; and Mr.


270
THE DIAL
[Feb.,
- -- -- - ----- - - -- - -- ---- - - - - - ----
Greville is able to do us a service by showing ernment which our philosophy of politics
us these historical personages as they appeared needs when it turns its eyes towards England.
behind the scenes of the public stage.
He lays open to our view that part of gov-
One circumstance that gives great value ernment-much the largest part—which de-
and interest to these journals is, that this i pends upon the personal qualities and foibles
grave, sedate gentleman, time out of mind of ministers of state, much as a man of like
“ Clerk of the Council," was almost as stable character and training might do for our
a part of the government as the queen her- national government were he in a position to
self. His official life ran through a greater see daily, and so know familiarly, all the char-
part of three reigns, and kept him constantly acters of the House and Senate Standing Com-
at the centre of affairs. His office, not less mittees—or were he Clerk of a Council of
enduring than the throne itself, was, as one Chairmen. In reading such memoirs, one, as
may state without proving, less pivotal than it were, sees government in undress ; sees not
the throne ; so that its occupant, though very the forms, but the men of government, with
close to the principal actors in politics, was all their unsublime motives, limitations of
not compelled to be so strenuous an observer judgment, and smallness of view, as well as
of events as the sovereign, and could watch with their stronger and higher attributes. By
ministries come and go with more spontaneous being thus dissected—or, rather, thus vivi-
impartiality. Like the queen, he had to serve sected—it may seem to some that government
first one and then the other party ; but he loses much of its dignity; but students of
knew that he had simply to record decisions, politics who want the kernels of things, and
not to make them, and could submit without not their husks merely, must rejoice in thus
rancor to functions which are apt to mortify seeing the real thing, even though it be vulgar
a high-spirited sovereign, who theoretically or mean. There is unquestionably much
has something more than clerical duties to sound reason in making government appear as
perform. It was of course no chagrin to him majestic and impressive as possible to those
to find himself no actor in affairs. He was who have simply to obey it; but to those
content to be familiar with the exits and the whose business it is to understand government,
entrances of those who were the chief actors. it ought to be presented without its wigs and
Besides, in addition to having the best of robes and ceremonies.
official positions from which to observe poli. And, after all has been said, it must be con-
tics and politicians narrowly, Mr. Greville had fessed by every unbiassed reader of Mr. Gre-
an excellent mental position from which to ob- ville's journals that English politics are not
serve them impartially. He was no partisan. belittled by what he tells us. They do not
He had a warmer, more conscious love of lose in the essentials of dignity. It is not
country than the ordinary official, and less all partisan selfishness. Honesty presides.
stiffness of thought. Too judicial to be a There is much steady regard to principle and
leader in political contests, too second-rate to heed to conscience. And these better things
be a leader in political conceptions, he was at are constantly helped on by Mr. Greville him-
the same time too sensible to misjudge him self. A trusted friend and counsellor of men
self a statesman, too modest to try to be in both parties, he hears expressions of opinion
more than an excellent servant of the Council. and gets wind of plans from both sides; and
His only political passion is hatred of the he uses his opportunities with the utmost
Radicals. These he would by all means out. patriotism. Without breach of confidence
wit: though we know that, not living till our with anyone, he exerts himself to prevent all
day, he never saw a real Radical. Such a needless friction between opponents ; he be-
man, intelligent but not original, has of course stirs himself to remove misunderstandings such
left us no profound reflections concerning the as are likely to start party differences off on a
political life about him ; but, after all, we false scent to the detriment of the state. On
never expect profound reflections in a diary. one occasion, for instance, he adroitly but
They would be out of place there, because one honorably acquaints Sir Robert Peel and his
would have to confess to the feeling that they fellow-leaders in opposition, with Lord John
were not spontaneous. It is the happy fortune Russell's disposition to act with them against
of writers of journals, that neither originality Chartist demands in spite of his apparent par-
nor learning is required from them. What we tisan stiffness-of course without Russell's
want in them is, not philosophy, but those knowledge,-and so moderates the whole tone
best servants of philosophy, wide-open eyes of a great debate in Parliament which prom-
and a faculty for getting first-hand impres ised to make the breach between parties im-
sions of men and things and for setting forth passable; and again and again we find him
those impressions honestly and unreservedly. performing like amiable offices of peace and
Mr. Greville has such eyes and such a fac-equity, until he has won our warmest admira-
ulty, and the consequence is that we learn tion.
from him just those things about English gov- ! The press has certainly in our day become a


1886.]
THE DIAL
271
---
-
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-
--
---
--
great revealer of private affairs. The private and sluggish writer, that composition was not
lives alike of individuals and of governments easy to him, and that the work of the manag-
are being freely, not to say ruthlessly, laid | ing editor was the only work for which he
open to the public gaze. Mr. Greville is as possessed any special fitness. Up to this time,
candid in speaking of the state as Mr. Froude this was true of him. His gift of swift, vivid,
in speaking of Carlyle. Nothing is kept back. luminous expression was gained, largely, after
Print and electricity are compacting the world this. Certainly he possessed this gift to a
into one vast community, in which govern remarkable degree in the last ten years of his
ments, like individuals, are one's neighbors, life. In his letters to “ The Republican,” and in
about whom one may daily learn and retail his private letters, as well as in many of his
spicy gossip. A man may get from the circu editorials, through this later period, there is
lating library at his door all that books can wonderful force and felicitousness. The man
tell him of existing systems of government. who in 1859 wrote slowly and laboriously, in
Easy and comparatively inexpensive journeys 1865 would keep five good compositors busy
may bring him within reach of all the knowl with his copy. A wonderful mental awaken-
edge of such systems that can be gained from ing came to him during the years of the war.
personal observation. His Grevilles will ac Ilow much of it was due to the stimulation of
quaint him with the home-life of governments, his mind by the great questions then forced
his morning papers with the daily wants of upon the nation, we shall never know. Mr. Mer-
their public life. It is possible to know as riam justly says, in his preface: “A great part
much every day of London and Paris and of the significance and value of his life lay in
Berlin as of Washington. The world is become his contribution to these debates. Their reflex
an open laboratory in which one may almost influence on him was among the strongest
hourly note the operation of social and politi forces that shaped his growth. We do not
cal forces.
WOODROW Wilson. rightly appreciate the history of a nation
except as we see it entering into the thought
-- ---- -- - -
and character of the individual citizen; nor do
we appreciate the citizen, especially if he be a
THE LIFE AND TIMES OF SAMUEL BOWLES.*
leader among his fellows, unless we keep before
Mr. Merriam's memoir of his old neighbor our eyes the fortunes of the great community
and friend is a faithful and conscientious por of which he is a member.” It is not impossible
traiture of one of the most notable Americans that something of this later brilliancy was
of the present generation. It is not an easy due to nervous disease. The influence of mor-
matter to delineate with pigments or types a bid conditions of the nervous system upon the
character so unique and individual. The paint imagination and the mental operations in gen-
ers always had difficulty with the face of Mr. | eral is often strikingly obvious. The irrita-
Bowles. They could make a bandsome picture tions of disease stimulate the mind to intense
—that, indeed, they could scarcely help doing and abnormal activity. It was not until Mr.
with such a subject before them; but something | Bowles's health was seriously impaired, that
of the vigor and piquancy of the face was al his style began to be so piquant and his work
ways missing. Mr. Merriam has succeeded bet so brilliant in its execution.
ter than could have been expected. He has not The history of the growth of “The Spring-
concealed the defects and infirmities of the great field Republican," and of the development, in
journalist; he has not tried to idealize him; his work upon it, of Mr. Bowles's ideas of
and it is probable that many of his neighbors journalism, occupies necessarily a considerable
will gain from the reading of this book a more part of the book. To all newspaper writers
just and comprehensive view of his character and managers, this part of the book is of great
than they had ever been able to form through value. The way in which the best of all the
their personal contact with him. If something provincial newspapers of America was made,
of the peculiar flavor of the man is missing, it the technique of journalism as illustrated in its
is because life always defies analysis.
editing and make-up, are interesting themes.
Those who knew Mr. Bowles during the last “ The Springfield Republican ” was, and is, a
fifteen years of his life will be struck with the model newspaper. The art of reporting, of
tardiness of his mental development. His earlier | condensing, of sifting, of expressing, of arrang-
years gave no promise of the force and brillian- ing, of commenting upon the news of the day,
cy of his later prime. His genius, like that of | has been brought near perfection in this paper.
Horace Bushnell, was a plant of slow growth. The current history of its own city and neigh-
I remember a conversation with him in the early borhood is always completely and pithily told,
winter of 1859, when he was thirty-three years and it is doubtful whether there is any news-
old, in which he told me that he was a heavy paper in the United States, great or small,
from the daily reading of which an intelligent
*THE LIFE AND TIMES OF SAMUEL BOWLES. By George | mon will coin
man will gain so comprehensive and satisfac-
Company.
| tory a view of what is going on in the whole
S. Merriam. In two volumes. New York: The Century


272
[Feb.,
THE DIAL
world. To select from the infinity of things stated, with impartial comments. The reading
reportable the things worth reporting, and from of this later history, now that the smoke of the
the multitude of things printable the things conflicts has partially cleared away, would be
worth printing; to give the substance of them a most salutary occupation for the politician
in clear and readable fashion,—this is a great of the period. In all this turbulent time, Mr.
art; and no man in this country studied it more Bowles was a good fighter. It is singular to
diligently or to better purpose than Samuel find him a partisan so sturdy during the days
Bowles. “The Republican" was always in of the Whig party. The independence which
the thickest of the political fray; but it never his newspaper finally achieved was as late a
forgot that there are other interests in life development as his mental brilliancy.
besides politics, and there was careful report- Altogether, we have to thank Mr. Merriam
ing and sympathetic study of, and intelligent for a painstaking and judicious biography,
editorial comment on, all the other great inter. and an excellent outline sketch of American
ests of life. Art, literature, science, philan history during the past thirty years. A most
thropy, religion, were all at home in its col exhaustive index adds to the usefulness of the
umns.
book, which is printed by the Century Com-
Mr. Merriam discusses with independence pany in admirable form.
and judgment the great problems of journal-
WASHINGTON GLADDEN.
ism, showing how far they were successfully
worked out by Mr. Bowles, and indicating
--- - -
also the points at which the ideal was not at-
HERBERT SPENCER ON ECCLESIASTICAL
tained. * The Republican ”under his manage-
ment was by no means a faultless sheet; it was
INSTITUTIONS.*
guilty sometimes of severity and sometimes of | Mr. Spencer stands quite alone, among Eng.
apparent recklessness; it struck savage blows lish authors in philosophy, in breadth and
when its cause was doubtful, and was not fertility of production. The present volume
quite so ready to make amends as it ought to | is a sequel to “The Principles of Sociology."
have been. But it was never dull, and never It first rapidly reviews the argument by
cowardly; and it was almost always found which the author seeks to establish the gene-
fighting on the side of the things that are sis of all religions from the primitive belief
honest and true and of good report.
in doubles-occasioned by dreams—and the
Herbert Spencer says that life is “the con- | incident doctrine of ghosts. The introduc-
tinuous adjustment of internal relations to tory chapter is followed by fifteen others,
external relations,” Mr. Merriam's remark, tracing the rise of priesthoods and of eccle-
quoted above, indicates that the history of siastical hierarchies, detailing the part they
some such process is what a biography ought have subserved in society, and giving in con-
to be. The times of an active man are an clusion the conjectural lines of farther devel-
important part of his life. The work of Mr. opment.
Bowles as a journalist began about the time of There are a clearness of statement, a ful-
the Mexican war, and from that time onward ness of details, an easy sequence, and an
his part in public affairs became more and entire confidence of his conclusions, in the
more active and influential. Necessarily, his works of Spencer, which make them more in-
biographer gives the greater part of his space fluential than they of right ought to be.
to a review of the public questions so fiercely Moreover, the novelty, consistency and assid-
debated, in the newspapers and on the stump uity of the presentation make it fruitful of
and in Congress and on the battle-field, from suggestions to those who are far from being
the beginning of the administration of Polk to disposed to accept its final conclusions. There
the close of the administration of Hayes. Mr. is much in this volume, not simply in the
Merriam has studied all these public questions statement of facts, but also in the relations
carefully, and his memoir has real historical pointed out between them, to which we readily
value. For a compact résumé of the leading assent; and yet these correct and these plausi-
events in the life of this nation during the ble reasonings are made the basis of the most
last thirty years, and a judicious criticism of intolerable assertions. Few books are more
measures and policies, one would not easily depressing in their intellectual action than
light upon a more convenient treatise than is those which unfold carefully the bad and un-
contained in the two volumes of this biogra- | wholesome facts of the world, and then draw
phy. The decline and fall of the Old Whig from them, without correction or compensa-
party, the anti-slavery agitation, the Compro tion, the most extreme conclusions. Thus,
mise of 1850, the fight over Kansas and retailing at length the selfishness of men, we
Nebraska, the rise of the Republican party, readily prove that men are ever and only
Secession, the War, Emancipation, the John-
* ECCLESIASTICAL INSTITUTIONS.
sonian mêlée, the Credit Mobilier iniquity, the
Part IV. of "The
Principles of Sociology." By Herbert Spencer. New
Haves-Tilden imbroglio, are all carefully re- | York. D. Appleton & Co.


1886.]
273
THE DIAL
selfish. This is the method of this volume. through a vast number of church organiza-
All the actual, yet illusory, connections of re tions; and the popular opinion runs to the
ligious faith are drawn out in painful sequence, judgment that an endless diversity of creed
for the sole purpose of proving that the entire should be found in the record. Such a work
habit of mind `involved in them is one of as Professor Sheldon's should very seriously
deception and illusion.
modify the common opinion, though it has not
The mind of Mr. Spencer, as far as any been written with any such purpose.
spiritual insight or sympathy is concerned, be The author's plan is an excellent one for
longs to the most irresponsive and tuneless reducing a large subject to simplicity. He
order. He interprets, not knowing what he first divides the time into five periods, and
interprets; and destroys, in ignorance of the then under each period sets forth the doctrines
living things destroyed. He discourses on held by the several groups of believers on six
spiritual verities, with the most remote and matters of doctrine. The six areas of doctrine
coldest survey of them. Few men by consti described under each period are: I., Factors of
tution are less fitted to fathom these questions Doctrinal Development; II., The Godhead;
of faith. We are borne outward from the III., Creation and Creatures; IV., Redeemer
dark cavernous recesses of superstition, toward and Redemption; V., The Church and the
the light; but with our faces always averted Sacraments; VI., Eschatology. There are sub-
from it, and our eyes directed along the divisions under each of these general topics;
gloomy path we have traversed. When we for example, under the last we have (1) Chili-
near the light we know it not, and have still asm (millenarianism), (2) Condition between
only a profound sense of the darkness about us. | Death and Resurrection, (3) the Resurrection,
With like ingenuity, we might, by a similar and (4) Final Awards. The advantage of the
method, cast discredit on all processes of | arrangement is that under the general periods
reason, tracing only the successive steps of we are obtaining answers to the same ques-
error through which they have passed. In tions and tracing the progress of the same
deed, Mr. Spencer himself, at the close of his doctrines. The reader who wishes to trace
work, seems impressed with the dismal nature the history (in outline only, of course) of
of the dismal journey he has made. “How," doctrines concerning the future state has only
he asks (p. 837), “can such a final conscious- to turn to the five chapters-one for each period
ness of the Unknowable, thus tacitly alleged --on eschatology. Any other doctrine may be
to be true, be reached by successive modifica- | traced through in the same way. It is not,
tions of a conception which was utterly therefore, a history of vagaries of doctrine;
untrue ?” * * “Surely, if the primitive for vagaries can have no history; but it is an
belief was absolutely false, all derived beliefs account of those doctrines respecting which all
must be absolutely false.” This profound Christians have always held some opinion.
difficulty, Mr. Spencer, it seems to us, is very Such a treatment makes havoc of the theory
unsuccessful in overcoming. His answer is of an endless diversity in faith; the sphere of
condensed in the sentence, “A germ of truth doctrine is limited by the nature of its sub-
was contained in the primitive conception- jects, and all differences of any importance lie
the truth, namely, that the power which mani- within the compass of the author's six divi-
fests itself in consciousness is but a differently sions. The method bears hardly, also, upon
conditioned form of the power which mani. | the term “new” in theology; or, in fact, all
fests itself beyond consciousness” (p. 838). / which we call new is but relatively and nar-
But this is the lesson of our entire experience. | rowly such. We use the expression “New
We do not need this long series of illusions to Theology,” as we say “new harvest,” in dis-
prove it; nor, indeed, as illusions, do they im- , tinction from that of some last year or other
part it. Mr. Spencer then proceeds to treat yesterday; the doctrines are as old as any
of his favorite piece of mysticism, the Un others—which may, after all, be a comfort to
known. And here we are plunged at once into those who hold them. It is, indeed, remark-
all the confusion of predicating something able how a method of challenging each period
and nothing in one and the same breath. for its religious opinions will elicit nearly the
JOHN BASCOM. same answers, the differences being in the
greater or less volume of voices for an opinion
in successive periods. In this sense, opinions
THE HISTORY OF CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE.*
grow—they increase their adherents; but the
opinions themselves are as old as Christian
The history of Christian doctrine is to the history.
ordinary mind a bewildering subject. It The author is very successful in isolating
extends over eighteen centuries of time, and doctrines—that is to say, in considering them
apart from church history. For the widest
* HISTORY OF CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE. By Henry C. Shel.
don, Professor of Historical Theology in Boston Uni.
purpose, this separation is not desirable; the
versity. Two volumes. New York: Harper & Brothers. I events which surrounded a form of doctrine


274
[Feb.,
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are its soil and its explanation, and a complete bring a more definite contribution to our
account demands the historical setting. But knowledge of Homeric or pre-Homeric life.
it is the efforts of conscientious theologians to 'A brief statement of what that contribution
explain everything, which have made the his- | is, and how it is presented to the reader of
tory of doctrine so indescribably dreary; and this volume, is all that can be attempted here.
a good purpose is served by reducing the The work, like its predecessors, “Ilios,"
framework of events to the smallest measure “Mycenæ,” and “Troja," is to some extent a
and displaying it by itself in the first chapters joint production of Dr. Schliemann and the
of each period. In these chapters, Professor learned associates whom his opponents in the
Sheldon shows historical capacity—that much new Trojan war have mockingly dubbed the
needed variety of it which can produce a pict epikouroi or allies. A carefully written
ure made up of the important things in a preface, by Professor Adler of Berlin, reviews
period. The expert reader will miss matters the entire subject of early Greek architecture
of importance; for to give all important sur in the light of the recent investigations at
roundings would be to write a history of Tiryns, Mycena, Hissarlik, and Orchomenos.
human thought through eighteen centuries. | Dr. Schliemann himself follows with a graphic
But the general student who desires to gain, account of his personal experiences during the
with a moderate outlay of time and attention, time of the excavations, a résumé of the
a fair knowledge of the course and vicissitudes classical traditions concerning Tiryns, and a
of doctrines, will find Professor Sheldon a good discussion of the pottery, idols, tools, and
guide and a thoroughly safe one. He writes other minor objects brought to light by
about dogmatics without dogmatism, and does his explorations. The most valuable part of
not act as a Greek chorus to the performance the work, however, to the serious student, is
of the actors who cross his stage. There is the section in which Dr. Dörpfeld, the able
very little comment upon the Christian doc architect of the German archaeological school
trines which are under inspection in successive at Athens, gives a detailed description of the
periods. The style of the author is an admir Homeric palace uncovered under his careful
able one for the subject. Clear statement is supervision. And to this, after a word of in-
required under the hardship of enforced troduction, we shall turn.
brevity; not much can be said upon each Tiryns is a lozenge-shaped hill, about a
topic as it recurs in each period, but it must mile from the coast, in the south-east corner of
be comprehensively said and plainly said. the Argive plain. Travellers on the carriage
This kind of condensation is not a gift of road between Argos and Nauplia have been
genius—it is an art which is mastered as one accustomed to stop and spend an hour or two
masters a trade. Persons intelligent enough rambling over its mighty cyclopean walls,
to be interested in the subject of these volumes which have been antiquities for the last 2,300
will be able to trace the outline history of any years. They were built, so the Greeks said,
doctrine; and we have not found a sentence | for King Proetus, by the Cyclopes, who ap-
whose meaning is not clear and definite. This pear in this myth in the strange guise of
is no small praise; for the subject is not free | Lycian artisans. Here tradition localized
from indefiniteness and obscurity.
the birth or the labors of Hercules, son of
David H. WHEELER. Zeus and the Tirynthian Alcmene—whether
because the strongest walls seemed the fitting
abode of the strongest hero, or because Hercules
THE PREHISTORIC PALACE OF THE KINGS is an image of the hot sun of the Argive plain,
OF TIRYNS. *
drying up the neighboring marshes, the reader
may decide. Pausanias, who visited these
“ Tiryns,” the last, is perhaps also the most
walls in the second century A. D., compares
valuable of those ponderous and elaborate
them to the pyramids of Egypt, and wonders
volumes which the public has learned to ex-
at the insensibility of the Greeks to the mar-
pect whenever Dr. Schliemann sallies forth
vels at their own doors. The date of their
spade in hand. These recent excavations are
overthrow or abandonment is uncertain. The
not commended to our attention by the fasci-
accepted tradition of the Greek historians tells
nation that attaches to everything that recalls
us that Mycena and Tiryns were destroyed in
the name of Troy. They stimulate the
the year 468 B. C., by the jealousy of Argos, be-
imagination by no great treasure-trove of pre-
cause they had ventured to send a contingent
historic silver and gold, like that found in the
to the Greek army at Platea. Of the latter
tombs of the Agora of Mycenæ. But they | fact there can be no doubt, since both names
may still be read on the pedestal of the Del-
* TIRYNs. The Prehistoric Palace of the Kings of
Tiryns. The Results of the Latest Excavations. By Dr.
Henry Schliemann. The Preface by Professor F. Adler, | Mahaffy, however, in an elaborate article in
and Contributions by Dr. Wm. Dörpfeld. With 188 wood.
od. “The Dublin Review," reprinted by Dr.
cuts, 24 plates in Chromolithography, one Map, and four
Plans. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
| Schliemann, argues that the Mycenae and


1886.]
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275
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Tiryns of the historians cannot possibly be Cuvier of the old anecdote reconstructs an
the old Homeric cities, which Argos at the antediluvian animal, and will win many a
time of her greatest unpopularity would not graphic touch to vivify his picture of the
bave ventured to destroy, but must have been palace of Alcinous or Menelaus. The actual
mere villages that had grown up on their corrections of detail that these discoveries
sites. Dr. Schliemann holds that his excava- | will necessitate in our theoretic reconstruction
tions confirm this conclusion beyond a doubt. of the Homeric palace are perhaps not very
The pottery found in the ruins is pre-hellenic, | important, but the difference to the historic
and the idols still in use when the great palace | imagination between any hypothetical plan
was destroyed could not, even allowing for and this concrete reality is immense. Leaving
the conservatism of religious Greek art, have technicalities for the specialist, the general stu-
engaged the devotion of the age of Pericles. dent will gain under Dr. Dörpfeld's guidance
Dr. Schliemann, indeed, thinks that the rude a sense of reality he could obtain in no other
ness of these idols points to a time before way. He will pass beneath the great tower
Homer, whose ox-eyed Hera and owl-eyed that guards the carriage entrance on the
Athena must be taken in a purely conventional eastern incline, not without an upward glance
sense. This may be so, but it is impossible to apprehensive for his right side unshielded
read without a smile the argument contributed against the defenders of the stronghold.
by Professor Sayce, one of the ablest of the Thence he will be conducted between two
epikouroi. The Homeric Hera, urging upon mighty walls up the long ramp of the carriage
reluctant Zeus the destruction of Troy, says: | way, past a ponderous double door whose stone
“Three cities there are most dear to me: door-posts can still be seen, to an open space
Argos, Sparta, and wide-wayed Mycence. These between the outer wall and a large propylæum
lay thou waste-I grudge thee none.” This that dignified the entrance to the outer court
passage proves, Professor Sayce gravely of the palace. Passing through this gateway,
argues, that at least one of these cities had with its double columns before and after,
been destroyed in Homer's time. As Sparta and crossing to the northwest corner of the
and Argos still stood, the city destroyed must succeeding court, he will enter another pro-
have been Mycence, and the word diapersai pylæum, or temple-like gate structure, where
shows that the destruction was complete. he may fancy himself standing, like Athene at
The main settlement on the citadel of the prothyra of Ulysses, looking in at the
Tiryns was preceded, Dr. Schliemann thinks, young men delighting their souls with
by a primitive settlement, to whose rude pot draughts in the aule, or court proper, before
tery he devotes a separate chapter. The the doors of the great apartment for men.
existence in later times of an insignificant Crossing this court-yard, with a glance at the
Greek town in the neighborhood is evidenced great altar of Zeus and the pleasant porticos
by a find of small coins. The site of the at either side, he will mount two steps to a
palace itself has not been occupied since the vestibule, whence he may pass directly to an
destruction, though a small Byzantine church ante-chamber, and so on to the great central
was found in the outer court. The great hall, or, preferably, be conducted first by a
outer walls of the citadel have called forth side door to a bath-room with floor of one solid
the admiration of successive generations of rock, strewed with the fragments of a tub, like
tourists, but until the success of Dr. Schlie those from which the Homeric heroes issued,
mann's excavations it was not believed that statelier and larger to behold in the eyes of a
they enclosed aught of interest. In 1831, Nausicaä or Calypso. Returning from the
Thiersch and Rangabé dug there for one day, bath-room, he will finally be ushered into the
uncovering the bases of two or three col shadowy megaron, with its central fireplace
umns. At the time of the exploration of surrounded by four smoky pillars, at one of
Mycenæ in 1876, Dr. Schliemann himself sank which he will involuntarily look for Arete.
shafts and dug trenches on various parts of the Of the many archeological and architectural
height, to no result, but fortunately also to no details to which his attention will be directed
harm. In 1884 and 1885, he renewed the by his learned guide, only a few can be touched
attack with more careful methods, and suc upon here. The deviations from the received
ceeded in revealing the true character of the type of Homeric palaces have already been al-
external walls, and in laying bare the founda luded to. There is no reason why the details of
tions of the great Homeric palace whose an Homeric house should not have varied as
description by Dr. Dörpfeld is the main sub | do those of our own dwellings. An additional
ject of this book.
court before the usual aule, with a separate
The reader who follows Dr. Dörpfeld's ex pillared propylæum, need excite no surprise in
position on the clear plans that accompany it the abode of so magnificent a potentate as the
will receive a valuable lesson in the methods lord of Tiryns. Nor is it profitable to lay
by which a trained architect reconstructs a down any rule as to the position of the
prehistoric building as accurately as the women's hall, and its possession of an inde-


276
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[Feb.,
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pendent court. The arrangement at Tiryns, structure as a covered passage in the upper
however, whether typical or not, is interesting wall to which the defenders of the lower wall
from the light it throws on the structures could retire at need. Subsequent investiga-
found at Troy. There, too, in the so-called tion of similar structures discovered in the
great temple A, we find an ante-chamber, a south wall, however, showed that the niches of
great hall with central hearth circle, and by the gallery, when opened, led, not to the upper
its side, somewhat set back, a similar suite, l surface of the lower wall, but to a series of
though without the hearth circle ; and Dr. closed chambers in the wall. A passage from
Dörpfeld accordingly does not hesitate to de- Appian about the casements in the walls
clare this much debated Trojan temple an of Carthage was then called into requisition;
ancient palace on the plan of the one at and in the appendix (p. 321), Dr. Dörpfeld
Tiryns. It is impossible here to enter upon decides that these chambers are simply store-
the detail of Dr. Dörpfeld's discussion of the rooms. This seems probable enough, but we
architectural problems of the lighting, drain can only shrug our shoulders at the conclusion
ing, and methods and material of construction, that Tiryns must therefore have been built by
of the various parts of the palace. The me- | Phænician architects. The entire wall must
garon, he thinks, was lighted by means of a have been a very elaborate structure, especially
clerestory. Sun-dried clay bricks were freely if we are justified in concluding from the
used, which were turned into fire-bricks by the remains of columns on the eastern side that
burning of the large amount of timber em it was surmounted throughout by a covered
ployed in pillars and roof. The roofs were colonnade. Its construction, too, seems to
covered with clay. Some idea of the amount have been more careful than has been supposed.
of evidence on which Dr. Dörpfeld's state The stones are not unhewn, but roughly hewn;
ments rest may be derived from the fact that and Dr. Dörpfeld announces, as the result of
twenty-six aulæ were found in situ, and dis the latest examinations, that they were joined
tinguishable remains of forty doors. The everywhere with clay mortar.
traces of a stairway have also been found, but There remains space for but a word about
Dr. Dorpfeld does not decide whether it led the “finds” made during the excavations.
merely to a flat roof or to a proper upper Omitting the rude pottery attributed by Dr.
story. Interesting is the suggestion that the Sehliemann to an earlier settlement, the
chamber of the eldest son “in a conspicuous pottery of the palace belongs to the geometri-
place” is to be sought, not in the aithousa be cal type so abundant in Mycenæ. This type
fore the megaron, but rather among the outly of pottery, widely distributed in early Greece,
ing apartments that commanded a wide pros is regarded by Dr. Schliemann as an importa-
pect of the Argive plain from the wall. tion. Of the later lustrous Greek work, only
The main interest, perhaps, attaches to the insignificant traces were found, and these are
great cyclopean walls. In the excavations of not regarded as belonging to the palace.
1884 they were rather obscured than revealed; Mention has already been made of the ex-
but the subsequent diggings in 1885 have treme rudeness of the idols found in the
made their plan quite clear. The walls of the palace. A large quantity of such grotesque
upper citadel, in order to obtain safely their figures of terra-cotta was found during the
great height, were built retreating in succes- second excavation. Of metallic objects there
sive steps. The excavations have revealed, in were found only a trifling gold ornament, a sil-
place of the simple homogeneous structure ver signet ring, a small bronze figure of a war-
hitherto attributed to them, a variety of angles, rior, and a number of bronze tools and weapons.
projections, towers, and chambers, variously The numerous knives, and arrow-heads of
adapted to the exigencies of defence, or to the obsidian, point, like the rude idols and the
internal structure of the palace, which is thus simple pottery, to a very early date for the
proved to have been constructed with the walls. destruction of the palace. Pieces of blue
The one carriage entrance on the eastern slope glass decorating a fragment of alabaster frieze
has already been described. The latest exca found in the vestibule of the men's hall are of
vations have brought to light, in a circular interest as bearing on the interpretation of a
projection of the western wall, a flight of sixty familiar Homeric passage. In the palace of
five remaining steps, which, if continued, would Alcinous, bronze walls were on either side, and
extend down to an entrance for foot passengers. | round about was a frieze of cyanos. Professor
There were probably other communications Helbig had already argued that this cyanos
between the upper citadel and the lower por could not be blue steel, but must be either lapis
tions of the hill. The remarkable ogival gal lazuli, or, preferably, the artificial lapis lazuli,
lery in the upper eastern wall of the citadel blue glass. Dr. Dörpfeld is of the opinion that
has always engaged the attention of tourists. Professor Helbig's argument is completely
Niches in this gallery were supposed to be confirmed by this frieze. But must we believe
openings to the lower wall; and on page 184 Dr. | that Agamemnon's shield was bossed with
Dorpfeld adopts Steffens's explanation of this / blue glass ?


1886.]
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277
= === == = ==== =
The reader will be attracted by the beauti- subject which holds so prominent a place in
ful specimens of early wall-painting that the debates of Congress and in the journals
adorn this volume. The walls of the palace and periodicals of these passing days. It de-
were coated with clay and then with plaster. serves the careful attention of all who would
These designs, which are not large, seem to be well informed on the merits of the question.
have been applied as dados, the wall above The author comes to his investigation in a
them being merely tinted. No one will fail to spirit of candor, as free from the bias of prej-
note the spirited figure of an athelete dancing udice as anyone can be in matters of such
on a bull, which adorns the cover of the vol. vital common interest. He has put into clear
ume. It is hard to believe that such work was and condensed statement more of valuable
contemporaneous with the grotesque idols information than can be found elsewhere
that accompany it. This rich volume will within the same compass. It is pleasant and
offer special students in various fields many profitable reading for all. No one who aspires
interesting problems for solution. Amateurs to the character of a statesman or an econo-
and the general public will welcome it as mist can afford to pass it by or to thrust it
they have the other works by which Dr. aside.
Schliemann has won his well-merited honors. Our author starts with the conviction that
Paul SHOREY. “in a monetary investigation of this kind, in-
duction is our main dependence.” Recognizing
--------= = = =
the two phases of the subject, National Bimet-
allism and International Bimetallism, he pre-
GOLD AND SILVER.*
sents what seems a fair statement of the main
Never before in the history of the world arguments on each side, ten for the bimetal-
has the subject of money and coinage occu- lists and ten for the monometallists. Then he
pied so much of public attention as now. All turns to the unique experience of the United
Christendom is discussing it in one phase and States during the nearly one hundred years of
another. To common minds the subject is our national existence, to gather the lessons
involved in no little mystery. Perhaps nobody which it teaches. Five periods are marked off
has yet fully mastered all the intricate func by changes which have come : I., a Silver
tions of money, especially as complicated with period, 1792–1834; II., a Gold period,
those of credit, and its subtle influences on the 1834-1853; III., a Gold period, 1853–
industry and trade of the world. Contradict 1873 ; IV., a single Gold standard, 1873–
ory opinions from what seems high authority 1878; V., a Transition period, 1878–1885.
are confusing. As is usual in such cases, pre The United States Mint was established by
tenders start up, and, assuming great wisdom, Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treas-
attempt to solve grave problems by bold asser ury, in 1792, and a system of bimetallism was
tions, without much regard to historical facts adopted, not from preference, but from neces-
or fundamental principles. What has been sity, because the money in use at the time was
fitly called “the silver-craze” in our country mostly of silver. The unit of coinage was
has brought out many theoretical vagaries, the gold dollar containing 24.75 grains of
and is urging radical experiments in legislation pure gold. The ratio between gold and silver
which are, to say the least, at first view start was estimated at 1:15, which, without careful
ling. This is an age of “new departures,” in study, proved to be just about the ratio in the
various lines of study and action. But change world's market at that time. A legal-tender
does not in itself imply progress. No doubt power was granted to all the gold and silver
the world is growing in wisdom as the years coins, and the right was granted to any person
and centuries roll on, and each generation is to have bullion of either metal coined by the
required to adapt its measures to some new | mint, at the legal rates, free of charge.
circumstances and conditions of its life and “There probably never was a better example
action. Yet the advancement of society pro- of the double standard, one more simple, or
ceeds by a law of evolution; the present is an one for whose successful trial the conditions
outcome of the past, and is ever projecting could have been more fayorable. There was
itself into a future yet to be. Hence, in seek no prejudice among the people against the use
ing after wisdom men have need to use well of either gold or silver. The relative values
the light of experience, and a rational con- / of the two metals had been fairly steady for a
servatism is always an element of genuine long time in the past. At the start, everything
progress.
seemed fair.” But before the close of the cent-
We must regard the book before us as a ury, the relative values of gold and silver began
timely contribution to the discussion of the to change. Between 1800 and 1810, the ratio
was fluctuating between 1:15} and 1:16. Then
Gresham's law-viz., that when two kinds
By J. Lawrence Laughlin, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of
Political Economy in Harvard University, New York:
of money are both legal tender, the cheaper
D, Appleton & Co.
| one will drive the dearer out of circulation-
* THE HISTORY OF BIMETALLISM IN THE UNITED STATES.


278
[Feb.,
THE DIAL
began to operate. Gold disappeared, and as cussed. It was this act, and not, as in later
early as 1817 the United States had but a sin- years has been affirmed, that of 1873, which
gle silver currency. Professor Laughlin dis- accomplished the demonetization of silver.
cusses at length, and with care and minute. For twenty years, the country willingly
ness, the causes of the decline in the value of acquiesced in the adoption of the single gold
silver, with illustrations by charts and dia standard. For ten years it worked admirably,
grams. It is made evident that the change of until the exigencies of the civil war led to the
ratio between the two metals was due to the issue of United States legal-tender notes, which
falling value of silver and not to a rising had only the credit of the nation to depend on.
value of gold, and that this is attributable The rapid increase and consequent depreciation
to the large increase in the production of of paper money brought Gresham's law into
silver as compared with that of gold. “ The operation with a vengeance. The suspension
condition of the currency of the United of specie payments was a necessity, gold and
States from 1820 to 1830, arising from the dis silver wholly disappeared from the channels
appearance of gold, from the extensive issue of | of trade, a fractional currency of paper had
paper money (a large part of it secured only by to be substituted for the subsidiary coinage,
small reserves), and from the circulation of and the premium on gold went up like a rocket,
foreign coins, was confused in the extreme.” fluctuating only with the probable success or
To relieve the difficulty, the coinage act of failure of the struggle to preserve the Union.
1834 was enacted. This changed the legal The act of 1873, which has been so bitterly
ratio from 1:15 to 1:16, which involved an denounced as passed by fraud, was a simple
undervaluation of silver. At the same time, recognition of the immediate actual result of
the readjustment of the weights of the coins the act of 1853. It did not demonetize silver,
was effected, not by bringing the silver dollar for that was done before. It did not destroy
up to the value of the gold dollar, but by the legal-tender power of the old silver dollars
bringing down the gold dollar to the value of _“the dollar of the fathers ”-if there were
the silver dollar. This was a debasing of our any in circulation. It simply dropped that
coinage. In consequence of the undervalu from the list of coins thereafter to be issued
ation of silver, that metal ceased to be carried from the mint. It also authorized the coinage
to the mint for coinage, and, the way being of a piece known as the trade-dollar, for
open, the country was flooded with worn and special use in our trade with Oriental nations,
clipped foreign coins, until a law was passed but never intended to circulate in the United
reducing the rate at which they could be | States. Our author shows conclusively that
passed as legal tender. The change in the there was neither fraud nor concealment in
weight of the gold coin was simply an over-| the passage of the act of 1873, nor did any
valuation of gold as currency, and only evil result follow it. There was no serious
aggravated the effect of the undervaluation opposition to it, because its measures were
of silver to drive silver out of circulation. I regarded as meeting the condition of things at
The great influx of gold from Russia, Aus the time, and comparatively little interest was
tralia, and California, after the year 1849, felt on the subject.
produced yet further disturbance in the rela- | Professor Laughlin refers the legislative
tion of the two metals. The difference between action of 1878, requiring the coinage of at least
the mint ratio and the market ratio was $2,000,000 worth of silver bullion each month,
widened, and Gresham's law worked more | and the present urgency to have the dollars
actively than ever to drive the silver out of | which have been since accumulating in the
circulation. There was not enough left for vaults of the Treasury forced into circulation
small change. This led to the act of 1853, 1 by making them receivable in payment of the
which was a practical abandonment of the bonded debt of the nation, to the late fall in
double standard in the United States. Its aim the value of silver. The rapid decline of silver
was to reduce silver to a subsidiary metal. dates from 1876. The market ratio between
This was accomplished by three measures. the two metals now stands at about 1:20. The
The first reduced the amount of silver in the last half of the book is devoted to the consid-
fractional coins which made up a dollar eration of the causes of this decline and to the
the dollar-piece had altogether disappeared present situation in our country consequent
years before so that what had been worth upon it. The most obvious causes are summed
104 or 105 cents was made worth less than 100 up in a quotation from a report made to the
cents; the second was the withdrawal of free English House of Commons, as follows : “ The
coinage of subsidiary currency, so as to limit | increased production of the newly-discovered
the supply to the actual needs of the public; mines, and the surplus silver thrown on the
and the third limited its legal-tender power to market by Germany, have affected the supply.
payments not exceeding five dollars. There At the same time, the decreased amounts re-
was virtually no opposition to this act, though | quired for India and the decreased purchases
it was carefully considered and freely dis- | of silver by the members of the Latin Union


1886.]
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279
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ommons-
ple.
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have affected the demand. A serious fall in ver," but wise men, foreseeing evil, are exer-
the price of silver was therefore inevitable.” cising a wise prudence to protect themselves.
The author presents another more subtle, and, When the evil comes, its worst effects will fall
as he thinks, more influential cause. It is the upon the poor wage-earners, who have no
silently developed but steadily accumulating means of protecting themselves. For popular
result of the increased production of gold in effect, it is said that silver is the laboring peo-
the middle of the present century. The ab ple's money, and the more of it there is in cir-
sorption of a large portion of this new gold culation the better for them. The plea is an
into the currencies of the chief commercial absurd one on many grounds; but there is this
nations of Europe has of itself caused a dis-, much of truth in it—that, by a law which
placement of a large mass of the silver cur- | seems inevitable, whenever two grades of
rency. This is a cause which must continue to money are in use, it is always the poorer
operate against any effort by mere legislation money that falls to the lot of the poorer peo-
to raise the ratio of silver to gold.
A. L. CHAPIN.
Thus we come to the present situation. A
- -------
great nation is trying, against the rest of the
world, and against the natural laws of trade
· BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
which are as fixed and uniform as the law of
gravitation, to legislate a price for silver and
MARLBOROUGH, by George Saintsbury, is the sec-
to force its people to use it at that price in all
ond in the series of “English Worthies” of which
Andrew Lang is the editor and the Messrs. Apple-
exchanges. The government buys the article
ton & Co. the American publishers. In applying
at eighty cents, puts its stamp upon it, and
the term “worthy" to Jack of Marlborough, Mr.
issues it at one hundred cents. It does not Saintsbury evidently uses the word in the sense of
please the people. The vaults of the Treasury Chaucer's line in the famous portrait of the knight:
groan and are ready to burst under the hun-
"Full worthy was he in his lordës war."
dreds of millions of these miscalled dollars Whether Mr. Lang's remote predecessor, Thomas
already accumulated, and increasing by two | Fuller, would have admitted a man like Marlborough
millions or more each month. To bring them
to his gallery of “ Worthies of England," may be
into some kind of use, silver-certificates are
doubted; but the modern editor has an abundant
right to fall back upon the older authority of the
issued on the basis of a portion of this stored
limner of that group of worthies who made their
up metal. They are just now received at their
immortal pilgrimage to Canterbury. The book
face value; but their circulation is rapid, for before us will probably owe most of its readers to
nobody cares to keep them long. Now, to force the circumstance that its subject figures as Mephis-
this unwelcome money into more general use, topheles in two of the most widely read and most
the desperate measure is urged of compelling its fascinating historical romances of the century :
acceptance in payment of the nation's debt.
Thackeray's "Henry Esmond” and Macaulay's "His-
History records repeated instances of despotic
tory of England." Readers who are still young enough
to be superstitious concerning the canonical character
sovereigns who have debased their coinage to
of Macaulay's “ Williamiad," as the rash biographer
relieve their financial straits. But the verdict styles the book dubbed by others of the sinful the
of common-sense denounces such acts as dis “Whig Evangel,” will frequently be startled by the
honorable, unjust, tyrannical. Shall this fair impiety here displayeda Mr. Saintsbury enters, with
republic, under a government of the people, great zest and with a plain desire to hold the bal-
by the people, for the people, put itself under
ance even, into the ethical problems presented by
Marlborough's life. “If such discussion," he re-
such a condemnation for the centuries to come ?
marks, “is dull or uninteresting for any reader, for
Does any pressing necessity or expediency with
that reader Marlborough's biography can have no
reference to the public good require such a
special attraction.” Marlborough's principal biog-
measure?
rapher, Archdeacon Coxe, held him up as a hero of
Meantime, the business community is held upright character and pure principles. Macaulay
in suspense. Not yet fairly recovered from styles his life “a prodigy of turpitude," and Thack-
the effects of the collapse of credit ten years
eray weaves the baseless gossip of his innumerable
ago, men stand watching, with prevailing dis-
detractors with great art into the best of his
romances. Mr. Saintsbury, on the other hand, dis-
trust of the future, the turn of events. Un-
cusses each question of ethics as it arises, and upon
employed capital accumulates in the banks,
the merits of the case, and succeeds in showing that
and laborers are kept in idleness. Rich men Marlborough was neither a saint nor a friend, but a
are taking precautions to secure themselves, very human sort of a person, who acquitted himself
as Mr. Tilden is reported to have done not in the numberless difficult situations in which he
long ago by turning his funds into sterling was placed, upon the whole with about as much re-
exchange. The banks, the agents of credit gard for right as the average of his contemporaries.
for the community, as in duty bound not to
Although he undoubtedly bore himself always with
a sharp eye to the main chance, in most if not all the
themselves so much as the public whom they
passages of his life regarding which there are data
serve, are storing up gold against the appre-
for the formation of a rational judgment, his con-
hended day of calamity. There is no duct compares not unfavorably with that of lords
“ organization of wealth” to “strike down sil. I and even bishops accounted eminently respectable


280
[Feb.,
THE DIAL
according to the standards at the time. During a and others. Prof. Hosmer sketches with a vivid
very important decade, Marlborough was as conspic pen, and passages of impressive eloquence con-
uous a personage in European war and politics as stantly occur. It is with his essay as a whole that
was Napoleon exactly a century later; and, all things one feels dissatisfied. It lacks the calmness and
considered, perhaps the achievements of the one ex- ! connectedness, the lucid and systematic progression,
hibit as much genius as those of the other. The required for the plain understanding of the pro-
story of these campaigns, upon the tented field in tracted and complex story of an old historical
summer and in the cabinets of statesmen and princes people.
in the winter, has the intense interest of a game of
chess; but as we close the book the question of little
THE “ Studies in General History," by Mary D.
Peterkin about the battle of Blenheim-“But what Sheldon, formerly Professor of History in Wellesley
good came of it at last?'—seems pertinent to all College, are based upon an original plan. The
these famous victories. For the answer, such as it work covers the whole era of the civilized world,
is, the reader is referred to this vigorous and inter but instead of presenting a history of these ages in
esting book. Mr. Saintsbury seems to have written
complete form, it furnishes simply the materials
with more than his usual haste, and his style, al-
requisite for their reconstruction. The pupil is
ways characterized by freshness rather than by cor obliged to perform the task of historian himself.
rectness, presents many a target for the verbal critic.
For instance, in the department assigned to Egypt,
In a book written for popular use, the military and a map is given with notes and questions upon it ;
political slang of the day (e.g., to rat,''—to "rush'an next, a list of original sources of inquiry and chief
entrenchment) may perhaps be pardoned; but how modern authorities to consult for information ;
can the author expect the "plain people” he ad then, a condensed statement of the classes of people
dresses to understand the phrases from the French in Egypt, of the leading periods of their life, with
and other tongues into which he is continually slip the chief events, works and names of each period,
ping? Six such phrases from three different lan and a catalogue of objects found or represented in
guages upon three successive pages are a trial to the Egyptian tombs. After these follow a series of
patience of the reader of English alone. The book pictures of the monuments of Egypt, and extracts
seems to be the fruit of the diligent study of all the from Egyptian writings, as the “ Book of the Dead,"
accessible materials relating to its subject, and may
and the inscriptions on the temples and tombs. Out
be relied upon as in the main accurate.
of this mass of material, clearly and systematically
arrayed, the student is expected to form his own
THE series entitled - The Story of the Nations," judgment of the civilization of the ancient nation
which issues from the press of Messrs. Putnam's
inhabiting the valley of the Nile. It will be seen
Sons, is extended by two new numbers. In the
that this is a new method of teaching history. The
first of these Mr. Arthur Gilman tells “ The Story
memory is not exercised solely; other faculties are
of Rome," from its foundation to the end of the
brought into play. The student has to discriminate,
republic. The series is designed for the benefit of to reflect, to judge, to decide independently. He
young readers, and Mr. Gilman has adapted his is not transformed into a parrot, but remains a
work admirably to the purpose. He translates the thinking being, called upon for individual research
records of ancient Rome into a simple, clear, con-
and conclusion. It is superfluous to say this is the
secutive story. The style is excellent, and the sub true mode of study. The maps used in this work
ject is infused with an interest that is continuous.
are of the best, a portion of them being the same as
In these pages, Rome seems a living world again, and
those illustrating Mr. Freeman's Outlines of
we follow the vicissitudes of its growth as though
Medieval and Modern History." The tables, show-
they had happened only yesterday. The author
ing the political organizations of different periods,
blends myth and fact together after the old fashion,
the constitutions of different nations, and the great
in dealing with the pre-historic age of the Romans, names of successive epochs, are valuable features of
bearing out literally the plan indicated in the title
the book. The author has prepared her work ex-
of his book. As he progresses, legend is dismissed,
pressly for the use of students, her large experience
and his narrative gives a true and full picture of the | in the schoolroom fitting her excellently for the
life of the people and their development as a nation. task. The book is published by D. C. Heath & Co.,
The second number of the series is “The Story of Boston.
the Jews,” by Prof. James K. Hosmer. In the The enterprise of Messrs. Ginn & Co. in bringing
preface of this work, the author confesses that he out a college series of Greek authors edited in accord-
has not been able to present his subject in a manner ance with the most advanced scholarship is more and
suited to the comprehension of the immature mind. more appreciated with each succeeding issue. The
His feelings and imagination have been deeply three latest volumes are fully up to the high stand-
stirred. His fervent language betrays the fact, but ard set for attainment. Prof. Beckwith's edition
it is too impassioned for a continuous history. One of the Bacchantes of Euripides, like all the other
tires of it, and longs for the repose of a quiet nar numbers of the series, is printed in clear and beau-
rative. Mr. Hosmer's theme has mastered him, in tiful type, on good paper, thus reducing the strain
short, instead of his mastering it. Still, he com on the eyes to the narrowest possible limit. Those
mands our approval in important respects. We like accustomed to the German texts will turn to it with
his warmth, we are in accord with his views of the a feeling of relief. The usefulness of the volume
wrongs and the worth of the Hebrews, we recognize would be much enhanced by the addition of a brief
his talents and the thorough pains he has taken in appendix with variations of readings and critical
the preparation of his book. Many of its chapters comments. Prof. Seymour's “Introduction to the
are highly interesting, as those in Parts II, and III., | Language and Verse of Homer," under the four
which treat of the medieval life of the Jews and of heads of style, syntax, dialect, and verse, presents
illustrious members of the race - Spinoza, Heine, the everything needful for even the advanced student
Mendelssohns, Rothschilds, Sir Moses Montetiore, of Homer on these subjects. The book is a marvel


1886.]
281
THE DIAL
-
of condensation, but clear in arrangement and accu Pilgrims set foot upon the continent, and to the
rate in statement. Prof. Dyer's edition of the direct and indirect influence of the Hebrew Com-
Apology and Crito is based on that by Prof. Cron. monwealth." On page 12 he says that “the Amer-
The American editor, however, has by no means ican Revolution was a grand step onward, destined
slavishly followed the German, but has constantly to transfer the sovereign powers of the crown to the
kept in view the special needs of our students. people;' and the book abounds with similar state-
One-fourth of the book is taken up with a concise ments. The author occupies himself exclusively
and yet comprehensive introduction, presenting the with external and incidental facts, and utterly fails
relations of Socrates to his predecessors in philoso to appreciate the vital inner facts of constitutional
phy and to his own age, a brief account of Plato, development. He finds the American people living
and an analysis of the Apology and Crito, together under monarchical institutions, which they threw
with an appendix on the Athenian courts of law. off at length, and replaced in 1787 with fully devel-
The notes are full without being overburdened, oped republican institutions. To his mind, the
scholarly without being beyond the grasp of the transition was an antipodal one. In point of fact,
average student. No serious difficulty is passed the American colonists had always lived under a
without comment; the explanations have the merit republican form of government, and its germinal
of being helpful where help is most needed. These beginnings can readily be traced back nearly two
are the best edited works of Plato in the reach of thousand years. According to Mr. Straus, our Ca-
our students.
nadian neighbors live under the unnatural duress of
a monarchical form of government; while we,
It is a frequent defect of books intended for the
owing to the influence of the Jewish Common-
improvement of young people, that they are too wealth upon our influential men of just a hundred
ponderous and elaborate; they overdo the matter, in
years ago, enjoy the blessings of liberty, good gov-
such a way as to discourage and repel the reader
ernment, and republican institutions. Mr. Straus
whom they should attract. Where a subject is
evidently does not see that Canada has absolutely
made too complex and interminable, a feeling of
and England has essentially republican govern-
discouragement results: the matter is liable to be
ment. This book is excellently written, and shows
regarded as not only difficult, but impossible. Thus,
conversance with a certain range of Revolutionary
many well-meant treatises upon manners and con-
literature; but as a contribution to our political his-
duct not only fail to benefit, but even do harm to
| tory it is absolutely worthless.
the young, who recoil in dismay from the bulky vol-
ume whose every page appears bristling with the MR. W. H. BEARD's work on “Humor in Ani-
record of their shortcomings, or teeming with subtle mals" (Putnam) demonstrates that there is an
ties that they can never hope to master short of a abundance of humor in the author, however it may
life-study. But such is not the case with Mrs. Star be with his subject. The fowls of the air and the
rett's “Letters to a Daughter," which, in an ingrati beasts of the earth suggest to him droll whims and
ating little volume of scarcely more than a hundred quaint waggery in their every act and attitude.
pages, present a surprising amount of good-sense Emerson says the traveller sees in foreign lands
and timely counsel upon a variety of practical sub what he carries in his mind; so Mr. Beard sees in
jects related to the character and conduct of young the character and expression of animals the fun
girls. Mrs. Starrett is especially happy in the which fills his own nature. And yet there is much
quality of suggestiveness. Her lessons are enforced, that is grotesque and ludicrous in the manners of
not by detailed precept, but by general statement,
various creatures in the lower orders of creation.
with frequent and pertinent illustrations. She It is questionable if one ever saw an owl with one
avoids the danger of saying too much; and thus her
ear dropped and an eye slyly winking; or a cat with
little book, quickly read and easily understood, is thumb to its nose and fingers eloquently twiddling;
better calculated to make a distinct impression upon or a group of bears shaking with irrepressible hu-
the mind than the more extended and prolix works man laughter. But it seems quite probable, as Mr.
of its class. The topics discussed in nine short Beard represents them. It is only a slight exagger-
chapters are “Behavior and Manners," "Self-Control
ation of their natural look and habit which gives his
and Self-Culture," “ Aims in Life,' “ Personal
animals an aspect of intense comicality; and per-
Habits," 6 Society and Conversation," " Associates
haps, after all, by reason of his profound sympa-
and Friends," Tact and Unobtrusiveness," “ Who thy with them, his close study of their feelings and
are the Cultivated,” “ Religious Culture and Duty.” ways, the observer may discover peculiarities and
To these is added a “Little Sermon to Schoolgirls," idiosyncracies not revealed to common observers.
admirably summing up and emphasizing the lessons At any rate, he develops an immense amount of
previously inculcated. The compactness and inex amusement in his delineations. His pen sketches
pensiveness of the volume, as well as its healthful
are interesting, but the pencil is the implement most
and stimulating character, will commend it to all in harmony with his genius. The picture of the
parents solicitous for a daughter's welfare.
swan as a ballet dancer, on page 11, is a strikingly
beautiful conception-graceful, vigorous, and in-
MR. OSCAR STRAUS's work on “ The Origin of Re genious. The tail-piece on page 60, “The End of
publican Form of Government in the United States the Dodo” (p. 34), “The Monkey's Soliloquy?'
of America" (Putnam) is a most singular instance (p. 73), the tortoise at rest (p. 103), and "The
of misapplied erudition. The author's object is ex End," are strikingly humorous and clever. Mr.
pressed in the preface as follows: “I am not aware Beard's sketches show with startling force the kin-
that it has ever been attempted to present the rea ship between man and the brutes.
sons why the Republican form of government was
selected in preference to every other form of polity. DR. EDWARD ZELLER is the best known lecturer
I have been led to ascribe its origin mainly to eccle- and writer on Greek philosophy in Germany. His
siastical causes, which operated from the time the lecture-room at the University of Berlin is thronged


282
THE DIAL
[Feb.,
- - -- - -
-- - -
by hundreds of students, of all nationalities. His that deeply touch a loving and loyal nature. Miss
most extended work (Philosophie der Griechen) has Kingsley enjoyed unusual facilities for gaining an
been in part translated, and is published in five acquaintance with the interesting features of the
volumes by Longman of London. It combines in a venerable pile which is one of the greatest historical
remarkable degree-for a German work-depth, structures of London. Her father was appointed
breadth of view, and clearness. His “ Outlines of canon of Westminster two years before his death,
the History of Greek Philosophy" an American and, as is the custom with those holding the office,
edition of which is published by Henry Holt & Co. was “in residence” two months in each year; that
is, as the name indicates, a brief manual, presenting a is, he had his home for that time in the cloisters of
concise exposition of the principal philosophical the cathedral, and was present at every service held
systems of the Greeks. The author in the main in the ministry week-days and Sundays. Such close
follows the arrangement of his larger work, to association with the Abbey enabled Miss Kingsley
which this volume forms an excellent introduction. to indulge her curiosity in its present and past his-
At the same time, the general reader who wishes to tory, to wander through every part of its interior
obtain a comprehensive view of the subject without and examine from every place of vantage the beau-
being burdened with details will here find a most ties and wonders of its architecture and of the
useful treatise. In a few places the book seems to treasures it encloses. The sketches she has made
suffer from condensation. Thus, the discussion of of the noble building refer professedly to the young
the Greek Philosophy among the Romans, in partic princes and princesses and youth of noble blood
ular its influence on the Roman life, is meagre, and who have been buried within its walls; yet in re-
in several respects unsatisfactory. The translators, lating the story of their lives she includes a great
Sarah Frances Alleyne and Evelyn Abbot, have many contemporaneous incidents not easily found
hardly made as good English as the book de elsewhere. Her book is evidently intended for
serves. In many cases, Greek words in the text are young readers, yet its value will be not less appre-
left untranslated, and are liable to confuse one not ciated by maturer minds.
familiar with the philosophical terms of that lan-
guage. Occasionally we notice unfortunate slips by ADMIRAL PORTER's collection of "Incidents and
either translator or proof-reader; as, on p. 292, Epicu Anecdotes of the Civil War" is such a work as
rus instead of Epictetus, by which the whole follow-
might be inferred from the title and from the au-
ing discussion of the philosophic views of Marcus thor's name. He has much to relate concerning the
Aurelius is given a wrong turn. On the whole, episodes and actions in which he was engaged, that
however, as one might expect from the name of the
could be known to none but himself. It is knowl-
author, this is incomparably the best short treatise edge of a most interesting character, and valuable
on Greek philosophy yet brought to the attention of because of its freshness and directness, Admiral
American readers.
Porter writes with sailor-like bluntness and frank-
ness, and his book is everywhere entertaining. The
It was a happy thought of Dr. Tullio S. Verdi,
two chapters which refer particularly to President
to write out in the form of a baby's journal some of
Lincoln, describing his visit to City Point and Rich-
the wrongs which infants suffer through ignorant
mond a few days before his death, are perhaps the
mismanagement. It is a slight sketch, enclosed in
best in the collection, Admiral Porter narrates inci-
paper covers, and styled “The Infant Philosopher”
dents of these last days of Mr. Lincoln that bring
(Fords, Howard and Hulbert); but it is full of
tears to the eyes. He loved the man as all loved
bright points introduced with exceeding tact. It is
him who came near to him in any way. “I am not
an ingenious way of coming to baby's defense against
now,” says Admiral Porter, "and never have been,
the aflictions which beset it on its advent into this
given to great emotions; but when I heard of Mr.
life, and must accomplish a good purpose. A similar
Lincoln's cruel death I was completely unmanned.
work with a more openly avowed aim, by Marion
I went immediately to Washington and saw him as
Harland, has the characteristic title “Common-
he lay in his grave-clothes; the same benevolent
sense in the Nursery” (Scribners). It embraces a
face was there, but the kindly smile had departed
series of articles written primarily for the excellent
from his lips, and the soft, gentle eyes were closed
magazine called “Babyhood." They treat of the care
forever. There,' I said to a friend, lies the best
of young children, and are characterized by the
man I ever knew or ever expect to know; he was
sensible and practical ideas which have given the
just to all men, and his heart was full to overflowing
writings of Marion Harland their wide popularity. A
with kindness toward those who accomplished his
third work of the same general class is The Mother's
death'. "
Manual of Children's Diseases," by Dr. Charles West,
published by D. Appleton & Co. This last is a An intelligent and fair disquisition upon the
treatise by a medical practitioner of high standing
| genius or achievements of a people by an observer
in London. It is for the use of mothers, not as a
of foreign birth possesses a peculiar interest. Its
substitute for the services of a doctor, but to enable
praise seems more honest and its insight more sure
them to understand something of the symptoms and
oftentimes, because they are free from the bias of
nature of the diseases incident to childhood, and of
national feeling. We are pleased with approval
the application of correct remedies. It is a safe and
which has no tincture of self-flattery in it, while the
useful book, admirably adapted for its purpose.
reflections and criticisms prompted by an alien tem-
perament and training are quickening and instruct-
A FORTUNATE combination of attractive qualities ive. M. Solon's essay on "The Art of the Old English
secures favor for the little volume of studies in Potter” (Appleton's) is of this sort. Its author a
English history by Rose G. Kingsley. It is written Frenchman, as we infer, and a lover of ceramics,-
by the daughter of Charles Kingsley, and it bears became intensely interested, on visiting England, in
a winning title, “The Children of Westminster the pottery produced in past centuries in the dis-
Abbey" (Lothrop), which binds together two topics trict of Staffordshire. He entered into the study


1886.]
THE DIAL
283
--- - - - - -- - - -- --- --
------------------------------ -- ---
of it with enthusiasm. He became a collector, and that they have now something like the genuine game
having gathered all the knowledge to be got from | flavor of the Autocrat of a generation ago. No
specimens and from books of the different kinds of doubt the flavor is a little less pungent than it once
pottery-stone-ware, slip-decorated ware, English was; the wit a little less heady than that which
Delft, stamped ware, salt glaze, etc., etc., manufac popped and foamed at those long-ago breakfasts.
tured in Staffordshire, he has placed it within reach Or is it that the world has grown older and its palate
of other curious inquirers like himself. He has not more fastidious? There are signs that in the matter
aimed to make a complete history of pottery in Eng. 1 of spiritual no less than in that of fluid beverages
land, but his treatise records the important facts the present generation is less strong of stomach than
marking the early progress of the art or its develop its predecessors. Should we happen to prefer “ The
ment to the middle of the eighteenth century. It is Bostonians” and “Silas Lapham" and " Le Nabab”
illustrated with drawings made by the author.
to our wise doctor's psycho-pathological story, we
may be sure that his serenity would be in no wise
A LITTLE book issued by the Chautauqua Town shaken; “ The New Portfolio ” would continue to
and County Club, containing «Talks about the deliver its treasures and to find eager readers.
Weather, in its Relation to Animals and Plants," by
Charles Barnard, should have a wide circulation MR. GEORGE W. LAWTON is the author, and Put-
among those engaged in the various departments of nam's Sons the publishers, of a book upon “The
agriculture. It is one of the series published for American Caucus System, Its Origin, Purpose, and
the benefit of students of the Chautauqua Univer Utility." Mr. Lawton attributes the invention of
sity, but is not limited in its usefulness to any par the American caucus system to “ Abimelech, one of
ticular circle. It begins with a brief discussion of the many sons of Gideon," whose political manau-
the sources of wealth which exist originally in the vres he recounts with much zest. A more irrelevant
ground, in the rocks, or in the soil. The remainder piece of writing than Mr. Lawton's it would be dif-
of the volume is occupied with the question of how ficult to discover. The book begins nowhere and
to get a portion of this wealth by wise and effective ends nowhere, advocates nothing and conveys no
tillage. Mr. Barnard dwells upon the importance information. It is a pot-pourri of anecdotes and
to the farmer, the florist, and the gardener, of under reminiscences, written in the most unexceptional
standing thoroughly the effects upon his husbandry English, and having not the slightest serious bear-
of the weather, the rainfall, and the temperature. ing upon either the "origin,” “purpose,” or
He shows how, by easy experiments and obser “utility” of the caucus system. It bears the finger-
vations, which any man may perform, an accurate marks on every page of a genial, well-read old gen-
knowledge of the subject may be gained. His tleman, full of anecdotal lore and Old Testament
"Talks' reach out beyond this theme on every side, history, but delightfully innocent of contact with
including a large amount of practical and valuable the contaminating influences of practical politics.
information relating to the proper culture of plants
and the care of domestic animals. There are few
= = == == = =
even among expert agriculturists who would not
LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS.
profit by a perusal of this book.
THE negro is reappearing in fiction. A novel is
DR. HENRY M. FIELD has already published sev.
announced by Cassell & Company, in which the
eral books descriptive of his travels, and the hand
problem of his future is treated by Mrs. Walworth,
that has now written “ The Greek Islands and Tur author of " The Bar Sinister." Its title will be
key after the War" (Scribner) is far from being
“Without Blemish-To-Day's Problem.”
new and untried. The present subject is not as
M. TAINE has been greatly hindered by ill-
hackneyed as some which could be mentioned, and
health in writing the concluding volume of his
considerable might be made of it by a writer who
“French Revolution,” and its completion is some-
knew how to observe and who would not burden
what indefinite. This volume will be largely de-
his account with remarks of the commonplace sort
voted to Napoleon I. and his influence upon France.
in which professional writers of sermons often
appear forced to deal. The reader who knows
STUDENTS and collectors of “ Americana" will be
about what to expect, and who does not devote too
especially interested in the article upon that subject
much of his time to these pages, may find in them
to appear in the March - Atlantic," from the pen of
enough profitable entertainment to recompense him
Justin Winsor, professor of bibliography in Har-
for his attention. The chapters on Bulgaria and the
vard University.
Russo-Turkish war may be. read with interest by
Tolstoï's historical novel, “War and Peace,"
those who know nothing of the subject to begin
translated from the French by Clara Bell, is issued
with; but others will turn to more thoughtful and
in two volumes by W. S. Gottsberger. Evidently
authoritative accounts. Dr. Field has a most violent Clara Bell is an English lady; as the same work ap-
prejudice against the “unspeakable Turk," and pears almost simultaneously in a number of the
does not hesitate to express it upon all occasions.
* Franklin Square Library.”
Most readers will be likely to remember that even ANOTHER volume of the letters of Lord Beacons-
the devil is not as black as he is sometimes painted, field will soon be published. They were addressed
and to accept the author's Turkophobia with allow to his sister, during his earlier career, and contain
ance.
interesting personal accounts of many prominent men
In the press of new books, it is a pleasure to meet
of his time, with glimpses of his own experiences in
the old face of Dr. Holmes's “ Atlantic " articles | political and social life.
entitled “The New Portfolio" in the new dress of A NEw edition of Andersen's Fairy Tales, which
“A Mortal Antipathy" (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.) ought to prove a very popular one, is announced by
The first chapters of this cheerful, discursive, opti- Messrs. Ginn & Co. The tales will be arranged in
mistic, philosophical novel, were read so long since I threc series, graded according to the capacities of


284
[Feb.,
THE DIAL
children at different ages. The same firm announce ovan, a Modern Englishman," by Edna Lyall,
in preparation a new Analytic Geometry, by Prof. “Jacob Schuyler's Millions,” an American novel,
G. A. Wentworth.
and “ The Broken Shaft," tales in mid-ocean, told
VOLUME XXXIII. of H. H. Bancroft's Historical by F. Marion Crawford, R. Louis Stevenson, F.
Works, just issued by A. L. Bancroft & Co., San Anstey, and others.
Francisco, is devoted to Alaska. Its subject makes MR. J. B. LIPPINCOTT, who died in Philadelphia
it of more general interest than any preceding vol January 5, was one of the oldest and most widely
ume of the series. We shall speak more fully of it known of American publishers and booksellers.
in another number.
Fifty years ago, after a six years'apprenticeship to a
WE regret to learn of the voluntary retirement of
Philadelphia bookseller, he founded the house of
Dr. John Bascom from the Presidency of the Uni J. B. Lippincott & Co., which grew to be one of the
versity of Wisconsin. Dr. Bascom has held this
largest in the country, and at whose head he contin-
position for twelve years, and under his administra-
ued till his death. Mr. Lippincott had an intimate
tion the University has taken a high rank among
knowledge of every branch of the trade. He sold,
educational institutions. No successor has yet been
manufactured, imported and published books, and
named.
established an important branch house in London.
A NEw edition of Mr. Cross's Life of George Eliot
Three sons and several of the old partners will con-
tinue the business as the J. B. Lippincott Co.
has just come from the press of Harper & Brothers,
containing new and important information relating
In its new series, beginning with January, “Lip-
to the subject of George Eliot's change of religious
pincott's Magazine" is happily transformed in con-
belief in 1841-42, and recollections of the Coventry tents and in appearance. In place of the old double-
period of her life. The same house will shortly columns and repulsive cover, it has now a fair open
publish - The Massacres of the Mountains," a chap-
page and a cover that is bright and attractive.
ter of Indian history, by J. P. Dunn.
Like so many other magazines, “Lippincott's " has
found that a little illustration is a dangerous thing,
We are glad to note that the publication of that
and that money thus feebly used may more wisely be
excellent periodical, “Scandi