ists, or whatever else—aim
ciple of justice, not of selfishness, must govern simply to break down the existing organiza-
exchanges.” Coöperation was advocated, and tion of society with no defined plan for its
to give it practical application, the Coopera reconstruction. In the result, we have a con-
tive League was formed and sustained for some siderable diversity of views on particular
time, at large and willing sacrifices of labor | points, but they are the thoughtful and honest
and money. But the working-men were not views of reasonable men of good common-
ready for it, and that they might be educated to sense. Their diversity only reveals the dif-
a higher conception of their social relations, ficulty of the problem, while a manifest trend
the “Working-men's College” was instituted, of thought in one general direction is a hope-
which was simply a college of lecturers, em ful sign that the world is approaching a peace-
bracing some of the most distinguished names ful and happy solution of the problem. One
in English science and literature,-an institu chapter is occupied with a “ Plea for Profit-
tion which still exists in London, yielding sharing,” which is illustrated and enforced by
beneficent fruits. After seven years of great reports of a number of successful experiments
activity, the organized movement of the Chris in application of that principle. Another
tian Socialists ceased. It came before its time, chapter is devoted to Trades-unions and
or rather it was the necessary herald and fore Arbitration, in which are presented the opin-
runner of the kingdom that is to be set up, ions of ten men mostly connected with bureaus
and it must go down in apparent failure before of labor, respecting—1, The national incor-
the greater movement coming. Their prac poration of trades-organizations; and 2, The
tical schemes failed, but their ideas still work desirability of legalized arbitration of differ-
as the leaven of true reform, having three dis ences between Labor and Capital. The book
tinguished characteristics, viz., "opposition to closes with a chapter of “Side Lights on the
violence, refusal of state-help, enthusiasm for Labor Problem," by Fred Woodrow, the
coöperation."
“Samaritan of Labor,” which is full of sen-
We have next to notice a little book of 330 sible suggestions, expressed with much of
18-mo. pages, entitled “The Labor Problem.” rhetorical beauty and force—the more remark-
It is edited by William E. Barns, and embraces able as coming from one whose life has been
matter most of which appeared originally in spent as a working-man in various adventur-
the columns of “The Age of Steel,” St. Louis. ous associations with suffering working-people,
Prof. Richard T. Ely contributes an introduc devoted to a manifold beneficent ministry in
tion on “Coöperation in Literature and the their behalf.
State.” James A. Waterhouse, in a paper en Another little book deserves a passing notice
titled “The Conflict Historically Considered,” | in this connection. It is entitled “ Studies in
gives a compend of interesting facts concern Modern Socialism and Labor Problems,” by
ing the condition of laborers and the changes T. Edwin Brown, D.D. It is made up of
which have passed upon it from the days of fourteen addresses, delivered, as we under-
serfdom to the present time. Then follows stand, from the author's pulpit in Providence,
what constitutes the main part of the book. R. I., to audiences of business-men and work-
This is a “Symposium on Several Phases of men. The topics treated are much the same
the Labor Question,” in the form of brief as those already referred to in this article.
answers to five questions, by a great number | They are handled in a fresh, vigorous way,
of men of different classes. The questions with more of oratorical effect than would suit
are: 1. Are strikes and lock-outs a necessary, the plain essay style of the papers before
feature of the wage system? 2. Is arbitration noticed. The author makes it appear that a
the missing coupling between Labor and grave social problem is before the world and
Capital? 3. May we not hope to discover that Christianity has something to do with it.
some more satisfactory and equitable basis for He sketches the history of modern socialism,
the division of the profits arising from inlus- | presents the socialist's indictment against


1886.]
THE DIAL
101
------- - - - - --- --- -- - -
- - - - - ---- - ------- ----- - -
modern society and his demands, shows an moral influence, helpful on the one side,
impending peril in revolutionary socialism, irresistible on the other; and coöperative
sets forth plainly the errors in socialism, and associations and schemes for partnerships in
admits frankly some truths which it con profits will become feasible and successful.
tends for. A place is recognized for trades. There is a manifest tendency towards such a
unions and the Knights of Labor, and wise socialism. The socialism that is atheistic and
suggestions are offered for the conduct and revolutionary must fail. The socialism that
useful service of such associations. Industrial is Christian, peaceful, and reformatory, will,
coöperation is illustrated and discussed in a we believe, at last prevail and bring the reign
hopeful strain, and the important functions of of peace and good-will on earth.
captains of industry are clearly set forth.
A. L. CHAPIN.
Words timely and fit are spoken on the
Responsibilities of Wealth, on Personal Moral-
ity as an Industrial force, with special reference
JOHN MORLEY.
to the mischievous effects of Intemperance,
11.*
and on the Church and the Working-man. In
conclusion, the author takes a general outlook, | Mr. John Morley is rapidly looming into
in which, while signals of danger are quite large proportions as a practical man of affairs
apparent, there are also distinctly discerned no less than as a writer; and it is interesting
many encouraging signs that out of these to speculate concerning the future of so origi-
present agitations and strifes will come a re nal and vigorous a personality. His belief in
adjustment of these social relations on a basis the importance to the literary man of actual
of prevalent truth and justice and mutual contact with affairs-a belief upon
good-will.
acts energetically and to good purpose, as all
Looking over these treatises, and others of a the world in these days knows-stamps itself
similar character which the press is every day upon everything he writes. Thus, of Vauve-
sending forth, the importance and the difficul nargues he says (with more to the same effect):
ties of the problem discussed are magnified to “He writes not merely as an analytical out-
our view. Existing evils must be recognized. | sider. ..... Vauvenargues had been some-
How these evils are to be remedied, is the thing very different from the safe and sheltered
great question of our day. It is engaging critic of other men's battles, and this is the
public attention with absorbing interest among secret of the hold which his words have upon
all classes. Thoughtful and benevolent minds us." John Morley is hardly to be compared
are putting forth earnest efforts in its discus with Vauvenargues. Vauvenargues was crip-
sion. Facts and principles are distinctly pled by loss of time, by consequent narrowness
brought out and fairly considered. The great of reading and utter want of scholarship, by
diversity of view which just now appears is a physical ills, by poverty,—and he had scarcely
promise of ultimate good results. It indicates crossed the threshold of manhood when he died.
that the subject is being looked at on all sides, In all these respects John Morley contrasts
with reference to the interests of all concerned. sharply with the fine French moralist. Of a
The mass of working people are coming to a genius less strong, perhaps, at one point, Mor-
better understanding of their relations, their ley is effective at a longer range and along a
rights, and their obligations. This increase of much more extended line. For all that, the
intelligence is withdrawing them from the words he speaks of Vauvenargues apply with
influence of the reckless declaimers who urge equal fitness to himself. He comes to us with
violent revolution as the only means of relief the dust of camp and the grime of battle upon
for their wrongs. We bid our hearty God him, his garments, like those of Chaucer's
speed to these discussions, in full faith that gentle knight,
such free expression of thought, patiently con-
"Al bysmotered with his habergeoun."
tinued in mutual forbearance, will steadily Hence it is—and in a deeper sense than Bacon
develop the reasonable and true socialism meant—that his words strike “home to men's
which the world needs—that socialism which business and bosoms.”
is based on the recognition by all parties of the John Morley's style has few of those fasci-
brotherhood of man, and which is to find its nating qualities that made Macaulay the bread
practical application in the general adoption and meat of young minds in the last genera-
of the golden rule of Christ. As men come tion,-until they tired of his antithetic trick
to look on one another in this light, and to and began to learn that truth has infinite
deal with one another in this spirit, arbitration shades and iridescences not to be portrayed
will be voluntarily resorted to for the settle by the crude purples and blacks of Macaulay's
ment of difficulties, and strikes will not be palette. To thoughtful and sincere minds that
needed; labor associations will not only be have reached this stage of cultivation, no
justified, but made harmonious and effective,
* CRITICAL MISCELLANIES. Vols. I., II, and III. By
not as an organized war-power, but through a ' John Morley. New York: Macmillan & Co.


102
THE DIAL
[Sept.,
---=
better corrective to the narrow and confident Rousseau and of Voltaire as those of some
assertiveness of Macaulay could well be found | vulgar pulpit iconoclasts—or those found upon
than is furnished by contact with a spirit so the pages of Macaulay and in the conversa-
penetrative, so serious, so real, so alive both | tions of Dr. Johnson-and which, having con-
to positive and to poetic impressions, as is that structed the effigies, proceeds to regard them
of this writer. Were he less radical religious as national types and to cry out: “such are
ly, one would be tempted to exclaim, “happy the French as a nation,-vain, arrogant, in-
the young mind that receives its introduction sincere, heartless, libidinous, godless,"—to
to the world of literature and history from a such blind prejudice, still too common among
guide so sympathetic and so philosophic.” us, no better antidote could be found than the
His style, although not precisely fascinating, perusal of some or all of these volumes. Spe-
furnishes an adequate channel through which cifically, the second volume contains careful
all the currents of modern thought and feeling | studies of four great men: Vauvenargues,
may flow clear and deep and strong. But it | Turgot, Condorcet, Joseph De Maistre. Few
is impossible to separate style from substance: Americans can read them without instruction
as they stand, his writings, to those who look , and profit; and no young mind of generous
to literature for other than rhetorical qualities, temper could make the acquaintance of such
are fascinating as Macaulay can never be men as Vauvenargues, Turgot, and Condorcet,
again.
through the good offices of a thinker like John
The first volume of the “Miscellanies” con Morley, without receiving bracing moral stim-
tains a study of Macaulay in which the critic ulus as well as new ideas and enlarged con-
stands victoriously that severest test of catho- ceptions.
licity, the attempt to form a just estimate of The third volume of the “Miscellanies” is
a writer with whom the critic has absolutely | of equal interest, but it comes too late for
none but broadly human points of contact. special notice. Among its tempting contents
The other studies in Volume I. are upon Robes | are studies of John Stuart Mill, Auguste
pierre, Carlyle, Byron, and Emerson. These Comte, Mark Pattison, Harriet Martineau, and
are all notable: that upon Emerson is perhaps George Eliot. MELVILLE B. ANDERSON.
the most thoughtful estimate of him which
has yet been formulated. In the essay upon
- --- --- -
Carlyle, Morley takes pains to point out most
THOMAS HUTCHINSON.*
clearly and forcibly the untenableness of Car-
lyle's philosophical position, while rendering
The earlier volume of Governor Hutchin-
full justice to the loftiness of the moral teach-
son's Diary appeared two years ago, and was
ing and example of that much-suffering man.
noticed in The Dial for July 1884. No
Byron's star is just now in its nadir: Morley
intimation was then given that another volume
shows that Byron is after all a star of the first
would be issued, although it was known that
magnitude, and one that will go on shining
his descendants in England had a large mass
by its own light, whether our generation hap-
of his manuscripts which had never been
pen to approve or to disapprove. The study
printed. The earlier volume gave the Gover-
of Robespierre is written in a more palpitating
nor's diary from the date of his leaving Boston,
style than is usual with this writer; it would
June 1, 1774, and during his residence in
form an introduction, no less interesting than
England, to the close of the year 1775. It
trustworthy, to the history of the French
also gave a summary account of the political
Revolution.
struggle in the Massachusetts province which
Volume II. completes and rounds out the preceded tie outbreak of the Revolutionary
studies of that revolution in French and in
war, and made it prudent for the royalist
European thought in the eighteenth century,
governor to seek refuge in England from the
which formed the subject of Mr. Morley's
gathering storm. The second volume, which
“Voltaire,” “Rousseau,” and “Diderot and has just appeared, continues the Governor's
the Encyclopædists.” (Reviewed in The DIAL diary from January 1776 to the date of his
for June, 1886.) It is difficult, in reading these
death at London in June 1780.
volumes, not to be profoundly impressed with
The interest of the second volume is not so
the conviction that this revolution in ideas is
much in the entertainment it will give the
of far more importance to humanity than the
general reader, as in the hints and side-lights
political revolution which it preluded and
it will afford to the careful student of our
helped to make inevitable. It is very fortunate
Revolutionary history. The write of the
that, after a century of malignantly persistent
diary was no longer a factor in the momentous
calumniation, this noble body of thinkers
struggle which he had helped to set on foot.
should have found in England an interpreter
* THE DIARY AND LETTERS or His ExcELLENCY
so able and sympathetic as John Morley. To THOMAS HUTCHINSON, ESQ. Compiled from the oiginal
the ignorant or malicious national prejudice
f,is de
scendants. By Peter Orlando Hutchinson. V, 1. 11.
which first erects such distorted images of Boston: Houghton, Millin & Co.
documents still remaining in the possession of 1 15


1886.]
103
THE DIAL
He was simply an observer and commentator daughter Margaret, whose name appears in the
on events as they transpired. The opinions diary as Peggy.
and even misconceptions of so intelligent and On arriving in England the Governor was
interested an observer are instructive. In very cordially received by the King and his
vigor of intellect and personal accomplish ministers, and had access to the best society in
ments he had no superior among the patriots England. He went regularly to court; but
of Massachusetts. None of them could boast after the government had heard his story, he
of a more honorable New England lineage observed and was mortified that the ministers
than he; none by free popular suffrage had received him only with formal courtesy, and
reached higher official positions; none had did not care for his advice on American sub-
greater wealth, or spent it more charitably jects. He wrote home:
and with a more generous hospitality; none “We Americans are plenty here, and very cheap.
loved the old Bay Province with a more sincere Some of us, at first coming, are apt to think ourselves
devotion, and by studious research and scholar of importance; but other people do not think so;
ly narrative took such delight in construct-
and few, if any, of us are much consulted or in-
ing the annals of the Massachusetts Colony.
quired after. Pray leave off His Excellency in your
The diary of such a man on contemporaneous
directions, for everybody laughs at such things
here."
events, although written on the other side of
the ocean, has an historical value. The biog-
The editor of these volumes ought to have
raphies of many of the patriots of the Revolu-
profited by this advice, and not to have inserted
tion—Sam. Adams, James Otis, Josiah Quincy,
this bit of snobbery in his title pages.
Joseph Warren, John Hancock, and others-
The attendance on royalty and the court had
who were Gov. Hutchinson's contemporaries
no attractions to him, for he longed to return to
New England, and was in constant expecta-
and opponents, have been written. The time
is coming when Gov. Hutchinson's biography
tion of tidings that the war was at an end. The
will be written in that impartial spirit which
three or four months of expected absence was
is happily becoming the characteristic of mod-
extended to eighteen months, and then came
ern historical criticism. When that is done,
the distressing news of the evacuation of Bos-
ton by the British troops. To him
much of the odium which has been attached
it did not
to his name in 4th-of-July orations, and in
seem possible that such an event could happen,
the lives of his contemporaries, will disappear.
and he would not believe it until confirmed by
A more attractive theme, for one who is
official dispatches. His confidence in the
competent to treat it impartially, cannot be
speedy termination of the rebellion he placed in
the large bodies of Hessian and other troops
found in a field of American history which
is now unoccupied. This diary, if regarded
which had been sent to America. The news
was soon confirmed by the arrival of a ship
simply as material for such a biography, is
valuable.
which brought his eldest son Thomas and
family, his daughter Sarah, wife of Dr. Peter
At the outbreak of our late civil war, Mr.
Lincoln thought that seventy-five thousand
Oliver, and her family. He never could be-
men were enough to put down the rebellion;
lieve that the evacuation of Boston was neces-
and Mr. Seward thought that the unpleasant-
sary, and the blame he charged to the unskillful
management of Ger. Howe. He soon hears of
ness would last ninety days. No persons were
more intelligent than they, and none were in
the confiscation of his estates in Massachusetts
a better position to be informed as to all the
and Rhode Island, with all his books and manu-
facts of that momentous crisis. Gov. Hutchin-
scripts; but no expression of anger or passion
appears in his diary. May 12, 1776, he writes
son bad a similar misapprehension as to what
the late disorderly proceedings in the American
concerning his London quarters:
colonies meant. From 1769 to 1774 he had, as
“We have but three rooms on a floor, and my
royal governor of Massachusetts, stood up with
daughter and I take two rooms, and my sister-in-
law a third. In the other two lodging rooms we
wonderful ability and sagacity against the
are forced to stow my son's and daughter's families,
storm of resistance to British authority which
consisting of twelve, great and small; the maids in
was increasing every year. He sought rest, the upper story.”
and asked the crown for permission to visit
His finances became straightened, and the
England, which was granted. He expected to
government gave him a pension. The battle
return in a few months, and that then the
| of Brooklyn, in the summer of 1776, revived
tumult would have abated. His eldest son,
in the family the expectation of returning to
whom he intended to leave in charge of his
America; and for a time they believed that the
estates in Boston and Milton, asked the priv-
war was virtually over, Elisha Hutchinson
ilege of accompanying him. He replied that wrote to his wife who later came over to Lon-
he did not think it advisable, because “I have
don:
so short a time to remain. If I find it best for
“Many of the poor American refugees imagine
you to come after me, I will let you know." | they can see the end of their exile and begin to
He took with him his second son, Elisha, and I count the months of their punishment. A New


104
THE DIAL
[Sept.,
--- --- - - -
York gentleman told me, if I did not mean to be | revolt. I see that the ways of Providence are
hurried, it was time to begin to pack up."
mysterious; but I abhor the least thought that all
The brilliant achievements which were ex-
is not perfectly right and ordered by infinite
pected of Gen. Howe after the battle of Brook-
rectitude and wisdom.
March 22. Mauduit declares for the independ-
lyn, were not realized, and the hope of the
ence of America, and wishes Parliament to ack-
exiles again declined. Says the editor:
nowledge it. Never was such an instantaneous
“If we take a survey of the fortunes of war as conversion of a whole kingdom. There is the stran-
chey have presented themselves in the materials gest cessation of measures that was ever known;
rised in this book, we shall see that America was | nobody knows what is to take place next.”
virtually won to England immediately after the
For September 1, 1778, there is this record:
success that followed the occupation of New York
in August 1776, and virtually lost in October 1777, “The changes in the last four or five years of my
by the disaster of Gen. Burgoyne at Saratoga. The | life make the whole scene, when I look back upon
entries in the diary subsequent to that event,
it, appear like a dream or other delusion. From the
plainly show that the refugees in England were possession of one of the best houses in Boston, the
well nigh convinced that there was little chance of pleasantest house and farm at Milton of almost any
their ever returning to America."
in the world, and one of the best estates in the
In the spring of 1777 his beloved daughter
Colony of Rhode Island–free from debt, an afflu-
ent income, and the prospect of being able to make
Peggy, who had shared with him his exile, fell
a handsome income for each of my children at my
into a rapid decline from pulmonary disease,
death-I have not a foot of land at my command,
and died September 27, 1777. In the book and a personal estate of about £7,000 only; depend-
which contains this record he wrote: “Motto ing on the bounty of government for a pension,
for refugees, Vincit qui patitur.”
which though it affords a present ample provision
The first rumor of the surrender of Bur for myself, and enables me to distribute £500 among
goyne, which took place October 17, 1777, did
my children, is yet precarious, and I cannot avoid
not reach London until December 1, and it was
anxiety. But I am still distinguished by a kind
confirmed by official dispatches on the 4th.
Providence from my suffering relatives, friends and
countrymen in America, as well as from many of
Gov. Hutchinson at this time wrote in his
them in England, and have great reason to be thank-
diary:
ful that so much mercy is yet continued to me."
- Stocks sank at once three or four per cent.
In the voluminous writings of Gov. Hutch-
Everybody is in a gloom. Most of us expect to lay
our bones here. We have reason to say “the battle
inson there is not a harsh or vindictive sen-
is not to the strong.' Government, it is certain, tence concerning the character or motives of
was never more distressed. Loth to concede any person who was his political opponent, or
American independence, they seem to be in despair even of the rioters who sacked his house and
of being able to prevent it. Happy would it be, if destroyed his property. He regarded the con-
the consideration of the terrible consequences of fiscation of his estates and private papers as a
another year's campaign might dispose to reasonable
great wrong ; but he made no public com-
terms of accommodation; but there seems to be
little prospect."
plaints, or claim for their restitution. His
papers concerning the early annals of the
The third volume of his “ History of Massa-
colony, which are of the highest historical
chusetts, ” covering the period of his adminis-
value, are now carefully preserved in the
tration as Governor, he wrote about this time.
Massachusetts archives, and are accessible to
“If I had not found such employment for my the public.
thoughts,” he says, “my troubles would have
It is somewhat remarkable that the mild
preyed upon me more than they have. I thank
climate of England should have been so fatal,
God I have never quitted books, and so have not
in the form of pulmonary consumption, to a
lost the relish of them, My friend, Mr. Ellis, cau-
tioned me against it, and mentioned his going into
family reared in the rough climate of eastern
the country with Sir R. Walpole after he was out Massachusetts. It is probable that their mental
of place—that he would take up a book, and in two disquietude and disappointments may have
or three minutes throw it down and say: "How had some influence on their health. Peggy
happy should I be if I could but relish a book as I died September 27, 1777, and William on the
once did,
20th of February, 1780. The health of the
The commotion which the French treaty of Governor, who had contracted a cough during
alliance with the United States made in Lon- | that winter, received a severe shock in the
don is thus commented on:
death of his son, and his death occurred on
“ March 17, 1778. Everybody is struck dumb. the 3d of the following June. His daughter
The declarations from France that they have entered Sarah, Mrs. Oliver, died on the 28th of the
into a treaty with the American colonies as inde-
same month. None of the surviving members
pendent states, seems to make a war inevitable.
of the family returned to America after the
“ March 19. Called on Mr. Ellis. He laments
the universal despondency-should not wonder if
close of the war.
this afternoon (in Parliament] the Americans were
It is to be regretted that the papers of Gov.
acknowledged independent. After all I shall Hutchinson have not fallen under the editorial
never see that there were just grounds for this care of one more competent and impartial


1886.]
105
THE DIAL
than the descendant whose name appears on relation to following than to preceding events.
the title-page. For a hundred years the repre We would not say that Mr. Perkins is less
sentatives of the family in England have not familiar with French history in the eighteenth
allowed them to be examined; and a few years century than in the fourteenth and sixteenth:
ago they made an unseemly exhibition of but the reader feels the connection of Riche-
petulance because a few sentences of the diary lieu and Mazarin with what has gone before,
were printed in America. Now that the diary more strongly than with what is to come
has been printed, with omissions, by a daw after.
dling editor who is a fossilized tory, and whose | It is true that we have, on page 103, and
comments are wholly worthless, a question | again on page 131, of Vol. I., a sound and ex-
remains as to the character of the omissions
cellent judgment of Richelieu's statesmanship.
made, and of the papers which have not been Especially he is shown to have lacked two
printed. For historical purposes, it is a mis-
essential qualities of great statesmanship-
fortune that they have not been placed with financial ability, and the capacity to command
the confiscated papers in the Massachusetts confidence and affection. And the author
archives.
W. F. POOLE. calls our attention to the far-reaching results
of his administration, not only in the great-
ness of the French monarchy in the seven-
teenth century, but also in its collapse in the
FRANCE UNDER MAZARIN AND RICHELIEU.* eighteenth. But we do not remember that he
anywhere traces this last result directly and
Mr. Perkins has added a volume of genuine
with cogent analysis to the false basis of gov.
and permanent value to our historical litera-
ernment which Richelieu established, or at least
ture. He has chosen a distinct and important
confirmed. This would have been a legitimate
period, one that is very attractive to most
and useful addition to the book.
readers, but not familiar to many, and treated
The three last chapters (18, 19 and 20) are
it in a manner worthy of its importance. His of the nature of a general survey of the
style is vigorous and masculine, his prepara-
epoch, and treat respectively of “the Admin-
tion thorough, and he possesses an admirable
istration and the Condition of the People,"
sense of proportion. Of the two great states-
| “Social Life and Customs,” and “the Port
men whose administrations he has covered,
Royal.” Of the three, the last is the best,
he has selected the inferior as his special
giving a graphic and instructive account of
subject, as being less familiar. This choice
the religious history of France at this epoch.
of a subject we have no right to criticise;
As to the other chapters, Mr. Perkins is less
although we might assert that only the creative
happy in these general summaries than in con-
genius, not the follower, the profound states-
nected narration or the delineation of char-
manship of Richelieu and his policy which
acter. For the matter of that, these formal
changed the current of events, rather than the
descriptions of social customs, which our late
petty intrigues and resultless wars of the
historians so much affect—as a reaction from
Fronde, have a right to claim the attention
the undue attention formerly given to courts
of this busy age. But as it is, we have a
and battles—are as a rule very unedifying.
masterly, if brief, sketch of Richelieu's ad- The reader craves detail in these matters, it is
minstration, as an introduction to the com-
true, but only as the illustration of large facts:
plete history of that of Mazarin. The account
and unless the large general principles are
of the Thirty Years' War is very clear and
made clear and predominant, the enumeration
full.
of social facts is of not much more good than
Mr. Perkins has not only made a very com-
the miscellaneous column of a newspaper,
plete study of the period which he relates, Now with all the array of facts—well selected
with the aid of the most recent documents
and well arranged—which make up the chap-
and discoveries; his preparation has embraced
ter upon the administration, the reader does
the entire previous history of France. This is
not after all carry away a clear notion how
a point in which many historians of special
France was governed. “One cannot see the
epochs are defective, and as a result their books
wood for the trees.” It must be remarked,
hang in the air, as it wereexcellent in them-
however, that much of the information which
selves, but lacking any distinct relation to the
we miss here, has already been given in
current of general history. The book before
connection with the narrative: e. g., in the
us, in its allusions to the earlier periods of
excellent chapter entitled “Parliament and the
French history, impresses us as written out of Fronde."
a full repertory, and not the work of “ cram-
The book is printed in the most elegant
ming.” This merit is perhaps less conspicuous in style of the Knickerbocker Press. There are
four excellent portraits-Richelieu, Louis
* FRANCE UNDER MAZARIN. With a Review of the Ad.
XIII., Mazarin, and Condé; also an index.
W. F. ALLEN.
ministration of Richelieu. By James Breck Perkins. In
two volumes. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.


106
[Sept.,
THE DIAL
MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT SHELLEY.*
The interest in Mary Wollstonecraft, Wil-
liam Godwin, and the Shelleys, is never-
ceasing. They form a remarkable group,
closely bound together, and widely separated
from their contemporaries by their peculiar
genius, personality, and fortune. They were
singularly alike in vigor and originality of
mind, in independence of character, and in the
courage of their convictions. Each produced
strong and unique literary works, the product
of imagination or of reason, which opened
new lines of thought, and, creating a profound
impression on their own age, continue their
influence even to our day. Each rebelled
against the tyranny of opinion, and, in open
defiance of church and society, shaped life and
conduct upon principles of liberty and moral-
ity which were strange and abhorrent to the
conservative spirit then in the ascendant.
They suffered severe penalties for their daring
innovations, which they endured with unflinch-
ing fortitude. It is only of late years that
their position is fairly understood and a real
estimate of their character become possible.
Of Percy Bysshe Shelley, the most brilliant
member of the quartette, many biographies
have been published, beginning with those con-
tributed by his personal friends. The lives of
Godwin and of Mary Wollstonecraft have also
been more than once written, and with satis-
fying fidelity in recent years. But the duty
has been reserved for a late admirer, Helen
Moore, to throw into form the materials which
remain for a delineation of the character and
career of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley. She
was the daughter of Godwin and Mary Woll-
stonecraft, and the inheritor of many of her
parents' gifts and eccentricities. Her birth
cost her mother's life, and she grew up un-
friended and unguarded by the loving and
saving care of the being appointed by Heaven
to watch over young souls in their infancy and
childhood. She was beautiful and spirited,
full of high imaginings, of vague dreams,
of promising but undisciplined impulses.
Misunderstood by her father, neglected and
worried by a vulgar and selfish step-mother,
what wonder that the lonely girl turned with
a rapture of joy to the glowing face of Shelley
and listened assentingly as he wooed her to a
life of love with him afar from the mean and
sordid conditions which had hitherto sur-
rounded her. She might have uttered the
plaintive cry of Browning's Mildred:
"I was so young-I loved him so-I had
No mother-God forgot me-and I fell,”
in looking back to that July day when, by the
grave of Mary Wollstonecraft in St. Pancras
churchyard, she consented to fly with the poet,
forgetful of the wife he would leave deserted.
She lacked a month of being seventeen, and
Shelley a few days of being twenty-two, when
they undertook that extraordinary journey by
row-boat across the channel, and on foot and
mule-back through France into Switzerland.
Their tour is thus described:
“After their stay at Paris, they set out to walk
through France. Never were the requirements of
a wedding journey more simple. With a donkey
to carry the luggage, and Mary when she became
tired, - with a few pieces of silver in Shelley's
pocket,—this remnant of the romantic ages set out
on its journey. But alas! the sun shone hot on their
fair English faces, their feet were blistered, and
the donkey groaned under the weight of the
simple trousseau; the fair lady was obliged to
walk, while her palfrey turned his long ears to catch
the slightest breeze, or nibbled the sweet grass as
he loitered by the way.
“One can imagine this strange trio as at sun-
down they entered some little, rude village. One
can see the villagers, their arms akimbo, all agog
with curiosity, as the dusty travellers toiled up the
long street to the inn, urging on the stupid little
beast. Romantic enough must the trio have looked,
-Shelley and Mary, with their fair hair blowing
in the wind, their slight willowy figures, their
luminous, sparkling eyes,-of graver and more
substantial build Jane Clairmont,—the poor, hope-
less, sad-eyed little donkey, the only unhappy one
of the group, complaining under his weight of
clothing; eager and bustling the hostess at the inn,
as she saw them cross her friendly threshold for the
night.”
They were children both, in many a sense, as
Shelley, the ideal, Ariel-like creature, remained
to his death. But no regrets, no conscious-
ness' of wrong done, ever disturbed them
because of the step thus suddenly and un-
changeably taken. They were governed by
the same motives which upheld George Lewes
and George Eliot in a similar experience a
generation later, and abode by them as firmly
and consistently. But the world had not
learned in their time to be tolerant of depart-
ures from custom in act and belief, though
honestly made; and the Shelleys were com-
pelled by a shocked and indignant public to
dwell in exile and in solitude in a foreign land.
Their happiest days were those they spent
together in Italy; though even there they were
pursued by the censure and condemnation of
former friends. A passage is quoted, showing
the embittering effect upon the mind of
Shelley:
"My greatest comfort would be utterly to desert
all human society. I would retire with you and our
children to a solitary island in the sea; would build
a boat and shut upon my retreat the floodgates of
the world. I would read no reviews, and talk with
no authors. If I dared trust my imagination, it
would tell me that there are one or two chosen com-
panions beside yourself whom I should desire. But
to this I would not listen. Where two or three are
gathered together, the devil is among them; and
good far more than evil impulses, love far more
* MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT SHELLEY. By Helen Moore.
Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co.


1886.]
107
THE DIAL
than hatred, has been to me (except as you have too ill to leave her room. The presentiment of evil
been its object) the source of all sorts of mischief. which had hung over her during that stay at Lerici
So on this plan I would be alone, and would devote amounted to terror at the hour of Shelley's
either to oblivion or to future generations the over departure. Still, she let him go. The run of fifty
flowings of a mind which, timely withdrawn from miles to Leghorn was made in about seven hours,
contagion, should be kept fit for no baser object. From there, Shelley took the Hunts up to Pisa,
But this it does not appear that we shall do.
where he had furnished some apartments for them
“The other side of the alternative (for a medium in Lord Byron's house. Byron had conceived the
ought not to be adopted) is to form for ourselves idea of starting a magazine by the aid of Hunt, to
a society of our own class, as much as possible, in be called the “Liberal," and for that purpose
intellect or in feelings, and to connect ourselves | invited him to Italy. After seeing the Hunts
with the interest of that society. Our roots never established in their new abode, Shelley and Will-
struck so deeply as at Pisa, and the transplanted tree iams, in compliance with a most foreboding letter
flourishes not. People who lead the lives which we from Mary, hastily started for home.
led until winter are like a family of Wahabee Arabs “Trelawny has told vividly the story of their
pitching their tents in the middle of London. We departure and of that fatal storm of twenty minutes.
must do one thing or the other,-for yourself, -for How Shelley and Williams, with their one sailor
our child,-for our existence. The calumnies, the lad, set out gleefully from Leghorn,-Williams, who
sources of which are probably deeper than we per had been waiting so impatiently for Shelley to com-
ceive, have ultimately for object the depriving us plete his arrangements so that he might hurry back
of means of security and subsistence. You will to the wife whom he tenderly loved; how the little
easily perceive the gradations by which calumny boat had gone out some distance from land, when
proceeds to pretext, pretext to persecution, and per black, jagged clouds were seen rising from the
secution to the ban of fire and water. It is for this southwest, the atmosphere grew intensely hot and
--and not because this or that fool, or the whole oppressive, the sea looked solid, the wind rose in
court of fools, curse and rail—that calumny is worth short, fitful gusts, and the vessels in the harbor
refuting or chastising."
were all in anxious movement. The storm burst
They were entirely happy in each other, Mary
upon the sea in a fury of rain and wind and light-
proving, in intellect, imagination, and tempera-
ning; it lasted about twenty minutes. When it
was passed, Captain Roberts, who was watching
ment, a true help-mate to her husband. She
Shelley's boat with a glass from the light-house at
loved him with intense and steadfast affec-
Leghorn, looked for the little vessel, and behold it
tion, and if he strayed even in thought
had vanished."
away from her, it was in flights of fancy for
Shelley passed away before he had finished
which a child of the imagination can scarcely
his thirtieth year, and Mary was a grief-stricken
be held responsible. Trelawny, who knew
widow at twenty-four. But they had been
most of the Shelleys' life at this period, thus
accustomed to measure time by heart-throbs;
speaks of Mrs. Shelley:
and Shelley declared, the day before he died,
"At the time I am speaking of, Mrs. Shelley was
that he had already lived ninety years, while
twenty-four. Such a rare pedigree of genius was
the bereaved wife spoke constantly in her let-
enough to interest me in her, irrespective of her
own merits as an authoress. The most striking
ters and journals of the old age which she felt
feature in her face was her calm gray eyes; she was
had stamped its signet on her face and heart.
rather under the English standard of woman's It was a sad half-existence which she led after
height, very fair and light haired, witty, social, and Shelley departed, though it was prolonged
animated in the society of friends, though mournful thirty years. Her affection for her husband
in solitude; like Shelley, though in a minor degree,
and devotion to his memory are thus expressed:
she had the power of expressing her thoughts in
varied and appropriate words derived from familiar-
“I have but one hope for which I live-to render
ity with the works of our vigorous old writers,
myself worthy to join him; and such a feeling
Neither of them used obsolete or foreign words.
sustains me during moments of enthusiasm; but
darkness and misery soon overwhelm the mind,
This command of our language struck me the more,
as contrasted with the scanty vocabulary used by
when all near objects bring agony alone with them.
ladies of society, in which a score of poor hackneyed
People used to call me lucky in my star; you see
phrases suffice to express all that is felt or con-
now how true such a prophecy is.
“I was fortunate in having fearlessly placed my
sidered proper to reveal.”.
destiny in the hands of one who—a superior being
Their union lasted through eight years,
among men, a bright planetary spirit enshrined in
which were spent in gypsey-like wanderings
an earthly temple-raised me to the height of hap-
and checkered with alternating sorrow and piness. So far I am now happy, that I would not
happiness. Mary bore the poet five children, change my situation as his widow with that of the
only one of whom survived infancy. In the most prosperous woman in the world; and surely
same month in which she joined her fate with
the time will at length come, when I shall be at
peace, and my brain and heart be no longer alive
his, he was taken from her by drowning in the
with unutterable anguish. I can conceive but of
Bay of Spezzia. The tragic event is thus
one circumstance that could afford me the semblance
described by the present biographer:
of content-that is the being permitted to live
“In June Leigh Hunt landed in Italy; and where I am now, in the same house, in the same
Shelley, impatient to see him, on the first of July state, occupied alone with my child, in collecting
sailed with Williams, in the yacht, to Leghorn. | his manuscripts, writing his life, and thus to go
Mrs. Shelley was to have gone with them, but was easily to my grave."


108
[Sept.
THE DIAL
Her son was heir to one of the richest baronet cerning their development is in many respects
cies in England, netting annually £20,000; yet amazing. Uruguay, with its thirteen states, each
until the death of his grandfather, in 1844, his
almost the size of Massachusetts, has in Montevideo,
rights were unrecognized and the mother was
its capital and chief port, “the finest city in the
world south of the equator.” Buenos Ayres, the
obliged to provide by her literary labors the
capital of the Argentine Republic, has 300,000
main suppori for herself and boy. The bio inhabitants, and as much wealth lavished upon its
graphy of Mary Shelley sets forth the beauty | homes as any city in North America. The Uni-
and elevation of her character; yet it leaves versity of Montevideo, founded in 1820 and sup-
us with a desire that the portraiture might ported by the national government, has a faculty
be more complete. At this distance of time,
of forty-two professors and a library of over
it is not to be hoped that memorials of her
60,000 volumes. In 1871 the first normal college
exist which will permit an adequate presen-
in the Argentine was opened with an instructor from
the United States at its head, and in 1875 eleven of
tation of her life. The monument dedicated
these colleges were in operation, with twenty-seven
to her name by Helen Moore is a graceful lady teachers from the United States at work in
and merited tribute to one lovely in her them. The various civil, commercial, and educational
womanhood and mournfully set apart by institutions of the republics are advancing with
heritage and destiny.
similar strides; while religious freedom is every-
where guaranteed, and in some of the prov-
- . :
inces the relations between the church and the
government are already dissolved. The history of
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
all the states is a record of astonishing progress,
calculated to enlist the sympathy of every citizen
MR. E. J. M. CLEMENS, recently a missionary of of our older republic. We have as yet been too
the M. E. Church, resident in the La Plata coun much occupied with immediate and absorbing
tries of South America, has published (Lippincott) | enterprises to give due heed to the condition and
an important monograph upon that portion of our the promise of these younger countries; but the
southern hemisphere. It is as nearly exhaustive of time will come-we may hope it is near-when we
the subject as its limits will admit, combining a shall extend a friendly, assuring hand, and coöp-
large amount of varied and exact information cast erate with them in establishing means of easy and
in an admirably compact form. The author has a constant inter-communication which shall be profit-
talent for collecting and classifying facts, which is able to them and to us. The climate of the La
not often found in men of his profession, or, indeed, Plata countries is mild, even, and salubrious; the
in any walk in life. He is a skilled statistician, and soil is rich, and adapted to agriculture as well
has used his powers in the production of a book as pasturage ; and their varied and vast natural
which crowns its excellences by supplying an resources insure them a prosperous future. They
acknowledged need. We know too little of the merit the attention of men and of nations who
countries which share with us the great and rich desire new and expansive avenues for their energy,
domain of the western continent. In this ignorance their capital, and their labor.
and indifference we are careless of our material
interests. We guard jealously the territory of the A SCIENTIFIC expedition made in 1860 is an old
Americas from European conquest, while with affair to be written up at the present day. Some
singular apathy we allow foreign nations to enjoy exceptional circumstances attending it, or unusual
the benefits of a monopoly of the commerce and attractions in the narrative, must plead a sufficient
intercourse with the growing and thriving states reason for recovering it from a period so long buried
lying south of our equatorial line. The English, in the past. Ample excuses of the kind are to be
Germans, French, and Italians even, can tell us far found in the record of a valiant enterprise under-
more of these, our sister republics, than we, citizens taken in the interests of astronomy a quarter of a
of the United States, can tell each other. They century ago and only now given to the public by
have been quicker and keener than we to discern one of the participants. The author attempts to
the advantages of establishing close and broad conceal his identity by confining the inscription on
business relations with the enterprising and pro his title-page to “The Winnipeg Country, or
gressive cominonwealths of South America. We Roughing It with an Eclipse Party," by a Rochester
shall wake ere long to a full consciousness of our Fellow, and dedicating the book laconically " To
duty and opportunity in regard to them; and the Other Fellows." But the shrewd reader quickly
meanwhile Mr. Clemens's well-digested book fur decides that of the three fellows who made up
nishes a stimulant to rouse us from our insensi the party, -two government astronomers and a
bility. The little communication which we have naturalist from a university museum,-it is the
with the La Plata countries-comprising Uru last-named who is acting the role of scribe. And
guay, Paraguay, the Argentine Republic, and the he assumes the character cleverly, enlivening his
Bolivian and Brazilian La Plata, -is conducted by account with the pungent spice of good humor and
most roundabout methods. A letter, a telegram, genial spirits. In the middle of June 1860 the
a traveller to any point in any of these states, can plucky "Fellows" started on a six thousand mile
take no direct road. Either must proceed by a route journey to observe an eclipse of the sun which, in a
longer than that which unites us with India. The narrow belt across the continent from Northern
shortest road by steamer is more than 10,000 miles, Labrador to Northern Oregon, was to be total for
and begins with a passage from New York to Liv a brief five minutes. The scene chosen for their
erpool. This statement declares the whole story of special work was in the then vast wilderness of the
our restricted dealings with these nearly allied West, north of Lake Winnipeg, at a point called
states. The tale which Mr. Clemens unfolds con- | the Pas. After reaching St. Paul, they struck off
W


1886.]
109
THE DIAL
literally into the wilds, which grew more and more
primitive until, beyond Fort Garry, they were almost
as lonely and difficult to traverse as the heart of
Africa. A great part of the journey was made by
canoe, and so slowly that only by dint of incessant
paddling the last thirty-six hours, were their men
able to get them through in time. In the midst of
rain their instruments were set up, and the clouds
barely lifted to allow the final phenomena of the
eclipse to be noted. This, cheerily writes the
Fellow, was all their success. “Three thousand
miles of constant travel, occupying five weeks, to
reach by heroic endeavor the outer edge of the belt
of totality; to sit in a marsh, and view the eclipse
through the clouds!” Their scientific duties speed-
ily over, the party retraced their way, experiencing
a new variety of hardship in new forms of fatigu-
ing travel and in a continued scarcity of provisions.
They arrived in St. Paul the 13th of September,
having occupied nearly three months in a trip
which covered about 3,500 miles. The picture of
our desolate Northwestern territory twenty-five
years ago, in contrast with its civilized aspect to-
day, the sturdy performance of their arduous task
by the three high-hearted Fellows, and the pleasant
features of the writer's style, constitute the claims
of his little book to present attention. (Cupples,
Upham & Co.)
An assured means of contracting a living interest
in Russia is to become acquainted with the master-
pieces of her great novelists. No literature of any
nation contains stronger, purer, more affecting and
delightful works of fiction. They are realistic de-
lineations of the country and people, their institu-
tions, their life and customs; and they are full of
the fascination of novelty, truth, passion, and
genius. They reflect the spirit of the Slavic race,
and hold us by their revelation of its peculiar
phases, its aspirations, idiosyncracies, struggles,
failures, and attainments. History may mislead us;
the reports of the daily press do constantly and
intentionally present false and distorted views of
government and people; but in the pages of Gogol,
of Turgénief, and of Tolstoï, we obtain veritable rep-
resentations of all types and classes from the Tsar to
the Mujik. Once having looked through these
windows into the heart of the vast and mysterious
empire in Europe which links the oriental with the
occidental world, curiosity will most likely be lured
to further investigations, through other sources,
into the formation and destiny of the Muscovite na-
tion. The works of the Russian novelists are rap-
idly finding their way into the hands of English
readers, and everywhere exciting a surprised enjoy-
ment. They come to us chiefly through the French,
who regard with a friendly and unprejudiced eye
the advance of Russia in civilization and her re-
markable achievements in letters. Through the
same channel we receive a volume of essays by
Ernest Dupuy, on “ The Great Masters of Russian
Literature in the Nineteenth Century,” translated
by Nathan Haskell Dole, and published by Crowell
& Co. These are careful studies of the writings of the
three authors whose names have been already men-
tioned, interpreting for us their inner motives and
special importance. Gogol, whom Turgénief pro-
nounced "the master of us all," was born in 1810;
Turgénief followed him in 1818; and Tolstoï in
1828. Tolstoi alone survives, and his works have
very recently been republished in America. Their
charm, like that of the novels of Turgénief, is
being quickly discovered. The writings of Gogol
are less accessible, but through the admirable analy-
ses of M. Dupuy a clear idea is afforded of their
various beauties. M. Dupuy is more calm in his
judgments and less declamatory in expression than
his countrymen are wont to be, and therefore we
give him more trust and are thankful to be led by
him to a truer comprehension of the illustrious
writers who are ennobling Russia with their fame
and making her more truly and widely known than
any of her great men or great deeds have done
before.
To ONE who is unfamiliar with the aims and
work of the Kindergarten, it gives a wonderful
insight into the possibilities of the little child to
read the testimony of Miss Elizabeth Peabody, or
of other teachers of experience like hers, regarding
the effect of Froebel's system of education upon the
dawning mind. In her volume of “Lectures in
the Training Schools for Kindergartners" (Heath
& Co.) Miss Peabody illustrates the efficacy of
Froebel's method of developing the infant powers
by a series of psychological observations of child-life
which were made by her many years before she
knew anything of the kindergarten system. It was
while she was assisting Mr. Alcott in his famous
school in Boston, which was conducted upon a plan
similar to that perfected by Froebel in Germany,
and was productive of similar results. The peculiar
opportunities afforded in this school, together with
her own original experiments in teaching, prepared
Miss Peabody to appreciate the value of Froebel's
methods, which she introduced later into the United
States, and has earnestly and untiringly advocated
ever since. The people of America owe a great debt
to her for her persistence in this cause; for though the
kindergarten has been slow in gaining a recognition
here, it has had an appreciable influence upon the
ideas and practice of thoughtful educators, that
must widen and deepen as time goes on.-Another
volume, “The Kindergarten and the School”
(Milton, Bradley & Co.), has been written to meet
the demand of the hour, by four' ladies actively
engaged in kindergarten work. Each has under-
taken to answer special questions concerning the
origin and progress of the kindergarten and its
relation to school work. Miss Anne L. Page con-
tributes a biographical sketch of Froebel, with some
account of the work he accomplished. Miss
Angeline Brooks furnishes two articles on the
theory of Froebel's system and the gifts and occupa-
tions he puts into baby hands. Mrs. Alice H. Put-
nam explains the use of kindergarten material in
primary schools; and Mrs. Mary II. Peabody treats
of the connection of the kindergarten with the
school. These essays are very instructive, The
spirit of love and reverence for the little child,
which animates every true kindergartner, transfuses .
them, and gives them a vital power over the mind
of a serious reader.
The new volume added to “The Story of the
Nations” has half achieved a success in the mere
names of its authors. Everybody looks with cheery
expectation for a book which comes from the veteran
writer, Edward Everett Hale, and with no less de-
gree of favor when his accomplished daughter
Susan Hale has shared the labors of composition
with him. It is known that father and daughter


110
[Sept.,
THE DIAL
have travelled extensively in the peninsula south of a uniform excellence in the style of the two authors;
the Pyrenees; and with them, to travel in a foreign still, one readily detects the touch of the Italian
country means to make studious researches into its from that of his companion. In “Peppino" we
entire history. Therefore, no one could be more are made acquainted with a noble and lovable spec-
wisely chosen than they to prepare “The Story of imen of human nature; but in the following piece
Spain" for the Putnams' popular series. They have our hearts are as completely won by the brute hero,
followed judiciously the plan adopted for these I “ Only a Dog." The superiority of some of the
young people's histories, making clear the progress canine species to their masters of a higher race is
of the nation by pointing out the great movements exhibited with pathetic force in the faithful and
which have impelled it forward and decided the exclusive affection of the broken-hearted Newfound-
direction of its development. Many centuries are land, forsaken by chance or a careless owner on a
included in the retrospect; for Spain was an old lonely pier in the North river. The remaining
country at the beginning of the Christian era, its tales have each a subject of interest which, however
roots striking down into the traditionary age of light in itself, is elevated into importance by deli-
Europe almost as far as those of Rome itself. It is cate and sympathetic treatment.
a varied and romantic story thus retraced, replete
with exciting and momentous incidents which the MR. H. B. WHEATLEY, F.S.A., is the author of
authors have skilfully used to interest and impress a little book on “How to Form a Library," printed
the young reader. Compends like this, of the life in London with the New York im print of A, C. Arm-
of a strong nation which has played through ages a strong & Son. Some years ago Mr. Wheatley, who
conspicuous part in the world's drama, are not easy is secretary of the Index Society of London, issued
to construct; especially when it is sought to fit a book with the title “What is an Index?" and in
them for the understanding of immature minds, it forgot to answer the question. “How to Form
The object is, however, well worth the effort; and a Library” is a work of the same character. It is
when it is so well attained as in the present instance, made up of shreds and patches, a sort of crazy-quilt
author and publisher have earned the gratitude of of antiquarian odds and ends, anecdotes of what
the public. Mr. and Miss Hale have drawn a good cranks have done, and lists of reference books
deal of attention to the growth of the language of copied, with many misprints, from the reading room
Spain, and to the literature which has been inspired lists of the British Museum. “I hope the critics,”
among native and foreign writers by great events the author says in his preface, “will give me credit
in its career. This is one of the marked and valued for knowing more than I have set down,” The
characteristics of the book.
grounds for indulging such a hope he omits to
state, and they are not furnished in the book. The
In the comely volume entitled : On Tuscan Hills publications of the Index Society, for which at one
the Venetian Waters ” (A. C. Armstrong & Son) we time much was expected, and for which he was
find a series of sketches, by Linda Villari, of the mainly responsible, are just about up to the stand-
beautiful scenery and the varied treasures of art ard of what is here “set down.” If one now does
which are prodigally mingled in and around the old not know “How to form a Library," he will never
cities of Florence and Venice. We infer from scat find it out from Mr. Wheatley's book.
tered hints that the writer, an Englishwoman, has
dwelt for years in the picturesque regions she de-
scribes, and that they are endeared to her by long
LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS.
and intimate study and association. This famili-
arity has enabled her to choose subjects for her pen A COMPLETE edition of the writings of D. G.
in sequestered spots, and nooks and corners apart | Rossetti-poems, prose, and translations-is shortly
from the track of ordinary travel. She portrays to be published.
with loving detail the little mountain town of The next volume in Roberts' "Famous Women
Borga, which holds within its walls remains of a Series" will be a life of Marguerite, Queen of
former grandeur which are rich in historical, artis-
Navarre, written by Mary Robinson.
tic, and archæological interests, and are yet sel-
A SECOND edition of Mr. Lang's delightful
dom visited by the tourist. The Abetone, “the
“Letters to Dead Authors,” about to be published,
coolest of Italian summer resorts," situated in the
will contain letters to Hawthorne and Longfellow.
midst of the Tuscan hills about forty miles from
THE life of Queen Victoria, upon which Mr.
Florence, is another of the charming out-of-the-
way places which by her residence in the country
Barnett Smith has been engaged for some years, is
she has had superior opportunities for exploring.
expected to appear in London during the present
There are fourteen of her sketches in all, equally
month.
divided between Florence and Venice, and equally
A VOLUME of hitherto unprinted sermons by
warm and fervent in tone. A few of them are
Charles Kingsley will be published this month by
devoted especially to the traits and customs of the
Thomas Whittaker, with the title “True Words for
populace, which are always entertaining and are
Brave Men."
treated by Mrs. Villari with sympathy. A country-
MR. Justin MCCARTHY will visit the United
woman, Mrs. Arthur Lemon, has given the author's States this month, and remain during the fall and
work the aid of a graceful pencil.
winter, engaged in lecturing and literary work.
His lectures will be generally of a non-political
UNDER the somewhat obscure title of “Misfits character.
and Remnants" Messrs. Ticknor & Co. publish a DR. THOLUCK'S “Hours of Devotion," with a
small collection of short stories by L. D. Ventura preface by Horatius Bonar; an abridgment of
and S. Shevitch. The stories, or sketches, are Baxter's “Saints' Rest”; and a translation, from
marked by a grace, a finish, a naturalness, which the French of G. de Felice, of “What is the Bible?"
proves them the work of literary artists. There is will be issued immediately by D, Lothrop & Co.
-
---


1886.]
THE DIAL
111
--- ----
ERNST ECKSTEIN's romance of “Aphrodite," and | An interesting work on Dickens, prepared by
Ossip Schubin's romance called “Gloria Victis,” Mr. F. G. Kitton of London, is announced. It will
will soon appear in English versions, from the press give a complete description of the various portraits
of W. S. Gottsberger.
of the novelist, together with a great number of
A NEW volume by Mr. Lowell will appear this copies of portraits made during every period of his
fall, containing his admirable papers on Gray,
life. Many rare and unknown pictures will be in-
Fielding, Coleridge, Dean Stanley, Garfield, Don
cluded, as well as “pen-portraits and reminiscences
Quixote, and Democracy.
by artists to whom he sat, and by authors and other
A TRANSLATION of Don Armando Palacio Valdés's
friends with whom he associated. The title of the
“Marta y Maria,” a Spanish novel of high repute,
work will be “Dickens Portrayed by Pen and
Pencil.”
is in preparation by Mr. Nathan Haskell Dole, for
early publication by Crowell & Co.
A NEw edition of Dr. Hooker's “Child's Book of
THE American notes of John Bernard, an English
Nature,” which for nearly thirty years has been a
favorite text-book for elementary instruction in
actor who visited this country in the last part of
the last century, have recently come to light, and,
natural history, botany, and other scientific branches,
is announced by Harper & Brothers. The work has
under the editorship of Mr. Brander Matthews and
Mr. Lawrence Hutton, will be published by Harper
undergone a thorough revision at the hands of
& Bros.
various scientific writers, and is thus brought into
accord with the latest researches. The same pub-
MR. GEORGE A. BAKER'S “Point Lace and Dia-
lishers announce a story by the late Col. Fred
monds” is soon to appear in a new edition, which
Barnaby, author of "A Ride to Khiva," and a novel
will include a few more of his original vers de
by the late Mary Cecil Hay, the well-known English
société. His publishers, White, Stokes, & Allen,
novelist, who died in July last.
will also bring out a new edition of his “Bad Habits
THE full text of Mr. Gladstone's monograph on
of Good Society."
the Irish question, an abstract of which was cabled
MR. ABBEY's illustrations for “She Stoops to
to the American press, will be published im-
Conquer,” which have appeared in the pages of
mediately, in pamphlet form, by Scribner's Sons.
“Harper's Magazine” during the past year, will
It may be noted that Mr. Gladstone, who believes
soon be published in book form, in connection with
that his personal correspondence is “far greater
the play. Mr. Austin Dobson has written a
than that of any other man in the world,” has
Prologue for the volume.
recently announced, through a friend, that he is
THE second volume of the “Cyclopedia of Paint “ obliged to give, once for all, a general notice to
ers and Paintings" is nearly ready for publication. many correspondents of my inability, which I am
The publishers of this truly great work (Scribners) sure will be readily understood, either to make
announce that the edition to which it is limited is
teplies to letters, or to return manuscripts or other
already nearly exhausted. The work will comprise enclosures which may be addressed to me, and my
four quarto volumes, containing over 2,000 illustra silence will be kindly interpreted to signify that I
tions.
have nothing to say in the particular case."
Of the announcements thus far made of books
STUDENTS and teachers of Old English will be
for the holidays, the most interesting is that by
interested in the announcement, by Ginn & Co., of
Dodd, Mead & Co., of Rossetti's “Blessed Damo-
the new volume in their Library of Anglo-Saxon
zel," illustrated with designs in oil, by Kenyon
poetry—“Cynewulf's Phænix,” edited by Prof.
Cox. It will be a large quarto, and the publishers W. S. Currell, Ph.D., of Hampden-Sidney College,
promise to make it “in design and execution
Va. The text has been collated with the original
abreast of anything yet produced.”
MS. at Exeter, and will be accompanied by foot-
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & Co. will publish immedi- notes giving various readings of the MS. Facing
ately “Poverty Grass," a collection of short stories the Anglo-Saxon text will be found the Latin orig-
by Lillie Chase Wyman; and “Memoirs and Letters inal. The introduction will give a brief discussion
of Mrs. Madison," the “first lady” of the country of the Phænix myth, an abstract of the present
during her husband's term as President, and one of aspect of the Cynewulf question, its bearing upon
the most engaging women who have made Wash the authorship of the poem, and a bibliographical
ington a social as well as political centre,
outline. Critical, textual and explanatory notes
CAPTAIN BURTON, the translator of “The Thou will be added, and a complete glossarial index.
sand Nights and a Night,” announces that he pro The latest announcements of G. P. Putnam's Sons
poses to issue five volumes of “Supplemental comprise: “American Literature, 1607–1885," by
Nights," the greater part of which will be trans Charles F. Richardson, Professor of English Litera-
lated from Arabic texts and MSS. containing tales
ture in Dartmouth College; “Half a century of
not found in the Macnaghten or the Bulak editions.
American History, 1846-1886,” by Alexander John-
The complete series of “The Nights" will thus
ston, Professor of Jurisprudence and Political
consist of fifteen volumes.
Economy in the College of New Jersey; "A List of
It was recently announced that the Count de Books Written by or Relating to Alexander Hamil-
Paris' “ History of the Civil War in America” ton,” by Paul L. Ford, of Brooklyn, uniform with
would be interrupted, owing to the author's expul Mr. Lodge's edition of Hamilton's works; "Humor-
sion from France; yet we are glad to learn from his ous Masterpieces from American Literature," edited
American publishers, Porter & Coates, that his | by Edward I. Mason, in three volumes uniform
writings relating to the battle of Gettysburg are to with “Prose Masterpieces from Modern Essayists,"
be brought out by them in a separate volume. It the selections covering American literature from the
will contain about 200 pages, with important maps first writings of Washington Irving to the present
of the field, and editorial notes and comments by day, and including all the well-known humorists
Col. J. P. Nicholson,
from Alcott to Warner.


112
[Sept.,
THE DIAL
Orum.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
SEPTEMBER, 1886.
Agnostic Dilemma. Alexander J. Ormond. Princeton.
Aldernen of New York. E. S. Nadal. Forum.
Antarctic, The. J. F. James. Popular Science.
Antietam, the Reserve at. T. M. Anderson. Century.
Architecture, Evolution in. F. H. Baker. Popular Science.
Balloon Experiences. J. G. Doughty Century.
Ballooning. Amateur A. E. Moore, Century.
Baptist, Confessions of a Forum.
Barbedienne, Ferdinand. Theodore Child. Harper's.
Canadian Parties. Watson Griffin. Mag. Am. History.
Cattle, Short-Horn. L. F. Allen. Harper's.
Cedar Mountain to Chantilly. A. E. Lee. Mag. Am. History.
Chancellorsville. Alfred Pleasanton. Century.
Chancellorsville Revisited by Hooker'. S. P. Bates. Century.
Civilization and Suicide. C. A. Bartol. Forum.
Civilization, Study in. A. W. Tourgée. North American.
Constitution, Defects of Our. J. W. Johnston. M. A. Hist.
Country Churches in New England. W. C. Prime. Prince.
Cow. Boy, Experiences of a. John Baumann. Lippincott.
Docks and Navy-Yards. Edward Simpson. Harper's
Education, History of. W. R. Benedict. Popular Science.
Evolution, Edgar Fawcett. Lippincott.
Evolution, Ex-Pres. Porter on. W. D. Le Sueur. Pop. Sci.
Fire, Waste by. Clifford Thompson. Forum.
France Under Mazarin. W.F. Allen. Dial.
Freedman During the War. Gen. 0, 0. Howard. Princeton.
Fungi, Destructive Wood. P. H. Dudley. Popular Science.
Genius and Precocity. James Sully. Popular Science.
Genius. Edmund C. Stedman. Princeton.
Gould, Jay. G. A. Townsend. Forum.
Hereditary Diseases. G. J. Preston Popular Science.
How I Was Educated. S. C. Bartlett. Forum.
Hutchinson, Thomas. W. F. Poole. Dial.
Indian Medicine. G. A. Stockwell, Popular Science.
Indian Treaties and National Honor. S. Newlin. Princeton.
Industrial War. W. G. Sumner. Forum.
Jackson's Attack on the 11th Corps. 0.0. Howard. Century.
Labor in Pennsylvania. Henry George North American.
Lee's Knowledge of Hooker. R. E. Col ston, Century.
Legislative Inefficiency. Century.
Lite, Is It Worth Saving? C. L. Dana. Forum.
Lincoln, Abraham. Horatio King. Mag. Am. History.
Lion Country, The Parker Gillmore. Popular Science.
Lizt, Franz, in Weimar. A. M. Bag by. Century.
Lost City of New England, The Mag. Am. History.
Luxury Proper Limits of. Andover.
Marriage, Divorce, and the Mormon Problem. Century.
Methodist, Why I am a. G. R. Crooks. North American.
Missionary Service, Young Men in the. Andover.
Mocking Bird's Song, The. Maurice Thompson. Century.
Morley, John. Melville B. Anderson. Dial.
Mormon Blood-Atonement. Kate Field. North American.
Naples Zoological Station. Emily M. Whitman. Century.
National Debt, Payment of. N. P. Hill. North American.
Nature, Economics of. Andrew Wilson. Popular Science.
Negro, Education of the Albert Salisbury. Andover.
Origin of a Great Delusion. George R. Gibson. Princeton.
Persian Arts. S. G. W. Benjamin. century.
Pleasure and Pain. Alfred Fouillée. Popular Science.
Pope Pius IX. J. A. Peters. Mag. Am. History.
Preacher as an Interpreter, The. G. A. Gordon. Andover.
Prairie Notes. John Burroughs. Century.
Putnam, Frederick Ward. Popular Science.
Pynchon, William. E. H. Byington. Andover.
Railway Abuses, Reform of. R. T. Ely. Harper's.
Reconstruction Days. S. H. M. Byers. North American,
Salem Sea-Captains. T. W. Higginson. Harper's.
Sedgwick at Fredericksburg. H. W. Jackson. Century.
Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. Dial.
Smuggling. J. Q. Howard. Forum.
Socialism, Recent Writings on A. L. Chapin. Dial.
Socialism in England. H. M. Hyndman, North American.
Suffrage, Female. “Ouida." North American.
Sun, The. R. A. Proctor. Harper's.
Temperance Trilemma, The. F. L. Oswald. Forum.
Truth, Evolution of. F. H. Johnson. Andover.
Veto. Power, The W. A. Phelps. North American.
Vicarious Sacrifice. S. S. Hebberd. Andover.
Working. Men in Parliament. Edward Brown, Harper's.
Notes on the History of the Old State House. Form.
erly known as The Town House of Boston- The
Court House in Boston-The Province Court House-
The State House and the City Hall. By G. H. Moore,
LL.D. Second paper. Svo, pp. 80. Paper. Cupples,
Upham & Co. 75 cents.
Letters and Journal of W. S. Jevons. Edited by bis
Wife. 8vo, pp. 473. Portrait. London. $4.00.
Henry Bazelu. the Oxford Evangelist. A mem
xford Evangelist. A memoir. By
the Rev. E. L, Hicks, M.A. 12mo, pp. 318. Portrait,
London. $1.50.
The Life of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland. Abridged
from Agnes Strickland's “ Queens of Scotland," by
Rosalie kaufman. Illustrated. 8vo, pp. 488. Estes &
Lauriat. $2.50.
The French Revolution. A History. By Thomas Car.
lyle. New edition. 2 vols. 12mo. Estes & Lauriat.
$2.00.
TRAVEL.
Edinburgh, Past and Present. By J. B. Gillies. With
Notes of the Country, Historical, Descriptive, and
Scientific, by Rev. J. S. Mill, Flora Masson and Dr.
Geikie. Profusely and beautifully illustrated. 8vo,
pp. 264. Gilt edges. Edinburgh. Net, $3.50.
La Plata Countries of South America. By E. J. M.
Clemens. 16mo, pp. 511. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.50.
On Tuscun Hills and Venetian Waters. By Linda Vil.
lari. Illustrated. Crown 8vo, pp. 280. 'A. C. Arm.
strong & Son. $1.75.
Emigrant Life in Kansas. By P. G. Ebbutt. Illus.
trated. 8vo, pp. 237. London. $2.25.
The Winnipeg Country; or, Roughing it with an Eclipse
Party. By A. R. Fellow. 16ino, pp. 144. Cupples,
Upham & Co. Net, $1.75.
Santa Barbara, and Around There. By E. Roberts.
Illustrated. 18mo, pp. 19). Roberts Bros. 75 cents.
ESSAYS AND BELLES-LETTRES.
Studies in the Literary Relations of England and
Germany in the Sixteenth Century. By C. H. Herford,
M.A. 12mo, pp. 426. University Press, Cambridge, England.
Net, $2.25.
The Book of Eloquence. A Collection of Extracts in
Prose and Verse, from the most famous Orators and
Poets. Intended as Exercises for Declamation in
Colleges and Schools. By C. D. Warner. 12mo, PP.
452. Lee & Shepard. $1.50.
Critical Miscellanies. By John Morley, Vol. III. 16mo,
pp. 384. Macmillan & Co. $1.50.
Past and Present. By Thomas Carlyle. New edition.
J2mo, pp. 236. Estes & Laurlat. $1.00.
Sartor Resartus, The Life and Opinions of Herr Teu.
felsdröckh. By Thomas Carlyle. New edition. 12ino,
pp. 231. Estes & Lauriat. $1.00.
Morley, Johod. Atonement...mily M. Whitm
POETRY.
Poems. Chiefly in the Scottish dialect. By Robert
Burns. Centenary reprint and fac-simile of the Original
Kilmarnock Edition (limited to 120 copies) printed and pub-
lished at the same premises in Kilmarnock as the original.
8vo, pp. 240. Net, $6.00.
Dante and His Circle: with the Italian Poets preceding
him, (1100--1200-1300.) A collection of Lyrics. Edited,
and translated in the original metres, By D, G.
Rossetti. Revised and re-arranged edition. 12mo, PP.
468. London. Net, $3.50.
Reymond. A Drama of the American Revolution. By
H, M. Cronkbite. 12mo, pp. 101. Gilt top. G. P. Pui.
nam's Sons. $1.25.
The Temple of Alanthur, with other Poems. By I. R.
Baxley. 12mo, pp. 136. Gilt top. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
$1.25.
REFERENCE-EDUCATIONAL.
Manual of the Railroads of the United States for 1886.
Showing their route and mileage; stocks, bondy,
debts, cost, traffic, earnings, expenses and dividends;
their organizations, directors, offices, etc. By H. V.
Poor. 8vo, pp. 1022. H. V. & H, W. Poor. Net, $6.00.
IIow to Form a Library. By H. B. Wheatley, F.S.A.
16mo, pp. 248. A. C. Armstrong & Son. Cloth, $1.25;
half morocco, gilt top, net, $2.50.
Select Orations of Cicero. Chronologically arranged,
covering the entire period of his public life. Edited
by J. H. and W.F. Allen and J. B. Greenough. Revised
and illustrated edition, with a special vocabulary pre.
pared by Prof. Greenough. 12mno, Text pp. 226 and
Vocabulary pp. 194. Halt leather. Ginn & Co. $1.40.
Elements of Analytic Geometry. With Answers. By
G. A. Wentworth, A.M. 12mo, pp. 221-XXVI. Half
leather. Ginn & Co. $1.10.
Lectures in the Training Schools for Kindergartners.
By Elizabeth P. Peabody. 12mo, pp. 226. D. C. Heath
& Co. $1.00.
BOOKS OF THE MONTH.
[The following List contains all New Books, American and For.
eign, received during the month of August by MESSRS. A.
C. MCCLURG & Co. (successors to Jansen, McClurg & Co.),
Chicago.]
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
The Story of Spain. By E. E. Hale and Susan Hale. II.
lustrated. 12mo, pp. 407. “The Story of the Nations."
G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50.
Cawnpore. By the Right Hon. Sir George Trevelyan,
Bart. New edition. 12 mo, pp. 312, Macmillan & Co.
London and New York. $1.75.
Elements Wedna,


1886.]
113
THE DIAL
Onetlines of Ethetics. Dictated portions of the Lectures
of Hermann Lotze. Translated and edited by G. T.
Ladd. 12mo, pp. 113. Ginn & Co. $1.00.
Normal Phonography. Adapted to all styles of report-
ing. The briefest, most legible, and regular system
of short-hand in the world. By W. H. Barlow. 16mo,
pp. 115. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.00.
Plutarch's Lives. Clough's Translation. Abridged and
Annotated for Schools, by E. Ginn.. With Historical
Introductions by W.F. Allen. “ Classics for Children."
12mo, pp. 333. Boards. Ginn & Co. 50 cents.
The Kindergarten and the School. By Four Active
Workers. 12mo, pp. 136. M. Bradley & Co. $1.00.
The Neue Second Music Reader. Based largely upon
C. H. Hohmann. Giving First Lessons in Reading
Music at Sight. With one and two part Exercises
and Songs, and directions to teachers. By L, W.
Mason. 12mo, pp. 176. Boards. Ginn & Co. 48 cents.
Universal Interest Tables. At 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 10 per cent.
Computed by Prof. G. W. Jones, and guaranteed cor-
rect, 18mo, pp. 120. Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Co.
25 cents.
SCIENTIFIC.
Lectures on the Physiology of Plants. By S. HI. Vines,
M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. Svo, pp. 710. University Press,
Cambridge, England. Net, 85.00.
A Popular History of Astronomy During the Nine.
teenth Century. By Agnes M. Clerke. 8v, pp. 468.
Macmillan & Co. $1.00.
Flowers, Fruits and Leaves. By Sir John Lubbock,
Bart., F.R.S., etc. “Nature Series." 12mo, pp. 147. Flexi.
ble. London. $1.25.
MANUFACTURES-SOCIALISM-LAW.
The Manufacture of Paper. Being a description of the
various processes for the fabrication, coloring and
finishing of every kind of paper. Including law
materials and the method of determining their values;
the tools, machines, and practical details, etc., to
which are added a History of Paper, complete Lists
of Paper-making Materials, etc. By C. T. Davis,
Ilustrated. 8vo, pp. 608. H. C. Baird & Co. $6.00.
Studies in Modern Socialism and Labor Problems. ]
T. E. Brown, D.D. 12mo, pp. 273. D.'Appleton & Co.
31.25.
The Law and Custom of the Constitution. Part I. -
Parliament. By Sir W. R. Anson, Bart., D.C.L.
pp. 336. Clarenaon Press, Oxford. Net, $2.75.
A Manual of International Law. By E. M. Gallaudet,
Ph.D., LL.D. Second edition, revised. 12mo, pp. 338. H.
Holt & Co. Net, $1.60.
FICTION-HUMOR.
Love and Luck. The Story of a Summer's Loitering on
the Great South Bay. By R. B. Roosevelt. 16mo, pp.
350. Fancy boards. Harper & Bros. $1.00.
The Phantom City. A Volcanic Romance. By W.
Westall. 12mo, pp. 288. Cassell & Co. $1.50.
nibal of New York. Some account of the Financial
Loves ot' Hannibal St. Joseph and Paul Cradge. By
T. Wharton. 16mo, pp. 326. H. Holt & Co. Leisure
Season Series, flexible, 50 cents; Leisure Hour Series,
cloth, $1.00.
A Politician's Daughter. By Myra S. Hamlin. 16mo,
pp. 231. D. Appleton & Co. 75 cents.
Princess. By M. G. McClelland. H. Holt & Co. 16mo,
pp. 297, Leisure Season Series, flexible, 50 cents; "Leisure
Hour Series," $1.00.
Miss Melinda's Opportunity. By Helen Campbell.
16mo, pp. 217. Roberts Bros. $1.00.
Golden Mediocrity. By Eugénie Hamerton. 16mo, pp.
273. Roberts Bros. Paper, 50 cents, cloth, $100.
Pepita Ximenez. From the Spanish of Juan Valera.
16mo, pp. 273. Paper, D. Appleton & Co. 50 cents.
Oblivion. An Episode. By W. G. McClelland. 16mo, pp.
290, Leisure Season Series, flexible, H. Holt & Co. 50
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Double Cunning. The Tale of a Transparent Mystery.
By G. M. Fenn. 12mo, pp. 392. Paper. D. Appleton
& Co. 50 cents.
Sam Lawson's Oldtown Fireside Stories. By Harriet
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Pictures and Legends. From Normandy and Brittany.
By Thomas and Katharine Macquoid. New edition,
16mo, pp. 220. Paper. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 50 cents.
Emmy Marsland; or, Ought We to Visit Her. By Mrs.
A. Edwardes. New edition. 8vo, pp. 194. Paper. G.
W. Dillingham. 25 cents.
Wooed and Married. By Rosa N. Carey. 16mo, pp. 498.
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My Friend Jim. By W. E. Norris. 16mo, pp. 223. Paper.
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Snowed Up. And Other Stories. By Leading Writers.
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Who Took It! And Other Stories. By Leading Writers.
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Whims and Oddities. Pictures of People and Places.
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nam's Sons. 50 cents.
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Arminius Vambéry. His Life and Adventures. Writ.
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Jo's Opportunity. By Lucy C. Lillie. Illustrated.
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Spun from Fact. By Pansy. 12mo, pp. 338. D. Lothrop
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The Children of old Park's Tavern. A Story of the
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Mary's Meadoro and Letters from a Little Garden. By
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FRENCH BOOKS.
Dos à Dos. Par C. Mérouvel. 16mo, pp. 309, Paper. Paris.
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L'Economie de l'Amour. Traduction par un Biblio.
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lated by F. G. Church, M.A. 18mo, pp. 213. London.
$1.25.


114
THE DIAL
[Sept.,
- -- -- - - - _- -- --
MEDICAL
The Refraction and Accommodation of the Eye, and
The Refraction and Accommodation of ine. Eue, and CHOICE TEXT-BOOKS,
their Anomalies. From the French of E. Landolt,
M.D. By C. M. Culver, M.A., M.D, 8vo, pp. 600. J. B.
Lippincott Co. $7.50.
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116
THE DIAL
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[Oct.,
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1886.]
121
THE DIAL
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[Oct., 1886.
THE DIAL
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THE DIAL
Vol. VII.
OCTOBER, 1886.
No. 78.
=
CONTENTS.
EARTHQUAKES. Selim A. Peabody ....... 123
THE COUNT OF PARIS' GETTYSBURG. Wm. Eliot
Furness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
THE LITERARY RELATIONS OF ENGLAND AND
GERMANY. E. Playfair Anderson .. ....
ILLS OF THE FLESH. James Nevins Hyde ....
127
THE HISTORY OF ETHICS. H. M. Stanley ... 130
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS ........... 131
The Memoirs and Letters of Dolly Madison.-Ban.
croft's History of California, Vol. V.-Cleveland's
Narrative of Voyages and Commercial Enter-
prises.--Meditations of a Parish Priest.--Payne's
Contributions to the Science of Education.-Ben.
jamin's The Age of Electricity. - Trousseart's
Microbes, Fermenis, and Moulds. — Lossing's
Mary and Martha, the Mother and Wife of George
Washington.-Drake's The Making of New Eng.
land.–Vambéry's The Story of Hungary.-Knox's
Robert Fulton.-Mrs. Bolton's Lives of Girls who
became Famous. – Mrs. Bolton's Stories from
Life.
LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS ........ 135
The manifestations of power shown in earth-
quake movements are as magnificent as their
destruction is dreadful. But lately the com-
bined action of earthquake and volcano lifted
Krakatoa from the bottom of the sea. The
air was filled with ejected material which so
floated round the world that the sunsets
became luminous with a strange glory even in
the opposite hemisphere. It was of a town on
the southern coast of Jamaica that DeQuincey
wrote: “God smote Savannah-la-Mar, and in
one night, by earthquake, removed her, with
all her towers standing and population sleep-
ing, from the steadfast foundations of the
shore to the coral floors of the sea.” Eighteen
years since, the whole western coast of South
America was convulsed by earthquake for
more than one thousand miles. Arica and
Arequipa in Peru were obliterated. In Ecua-
dor à city vanished, and its site is occupied
by a lake. Other towns, containing together
more than ten thousand people, were swal-
lowed up, and their inhabitants needed no
sepulture.
Compared with these events, the serious
calamity which lately befel Charleston, that
beautiful city of the South, seems but a mod-
erate infliction. To have passed through the
mills of the gods and to have come forth alive,
may be counted a marvellous escape. But this
misfortune, which indeed is sad enough, and
by no means insignificant, has an unpleasant
suggestiveness to all dwellers on the sea-coast,
if not to those whose homes are inland. While
other lands—California, South America, Japan,
Italy,-have shivered as with ague fits, the
people of the United States east of the Rocky
Mountains have dwelt in fancied security upon
lands believed to be free from notable disturb-
ances of this nature. What if the next earth-
quake wave, instead of rocking the peninsula
between the Ashley and Cooper rivers, should
invade the Narrows, and set the lofty build-
ings of Manhattan into vibration? Why not?
Those who have given the matter exact obser-
vation have known that all the Atlantic region,
extending across the valley of the Mississippi
to the mountains, is subject to frequent earth
tremors, mostly too mild to be appreciated
except by delicate apparatus, yet numbering
some hundreds in the course of a year. This
larger one is but a reminder that what has
occurred in other lands may happen in this.
The work of Professor Milne, the author of
the volume before us, has been done mostly in
Japan, where earth movements are frequent.
He has given a clear and compact account of
the apparatus used, the methods employed,
and the results attained by himself, with a
TOPICS IN OCTOBER PERIODICALS...... 136
BOOKS OF THE MONTH ..........
EARTHQUAKES.*
No earthly calamity is so dire as an earth-
quake. The pestilence may be braved by
some sufferers who will yet be saved alive.
The lightning slays but now and then a vic-
tim. From the tornado there may be a refuge.
The conflagration marches with measured
strides, and may be escaped. When with its
terrific roar the earth trembles and rocks and
gapes, breathing out flames and deadly exha-
lations, the mind is appalled at the swift
destruction, and the heart sinks under the con-
viction that there is no refuge and no escape.
In Caracas twelve thousand were killed by
earthquake. In Calabria forty thousand per-
ished. At Lisbon, in six minutes, sixty thou-
sand lives were lost; the great quay on the
Tagus, built of massive stones, was engulfed,
and, with the thousands who had sought it as
a place of safety, was never seen again.
Ancient histories record cases of yet more
sweeping destruction.
*EARTHQUAKES AND OTHER EARTH MOVEMENTS. By
John Milne. New York: D. Appleton & Co.


124
THE DIAL
[Oct.,
careful compilation of the information extant foundations, and its materials are already in a
upon this interesting and important subject. state of tension, a slight shaking will produce
The scientific discussion of earthquakes gets a rupture; if they are in equilibrium of only par-
name which finds its root in the Greek seismos, | tial stability, the same slight shock may throw
a shaking, which itself comes from seio, to all into utter ruin. But well-built and usually
move to and fro, to shake, to agitate. The stable structures are not necessarily secure;
Greek said sciei, “it shakes,” as we say “it the shock may attack them on their least
rains.” Hence seism is an earthquake, and defensible side, or may be too great for their
has its derivatives—seismology, seismoscope, | best strength. A long wall, or a row of houses,
seismograph, etc. A difficulty that meets may stand firm nearly to the end of the row,
the student at the threshold is the devising of which end shall be overthrown: each part has
apparatus which with precision will indicate communicated its shock to its successor, up to
and record the motions of the earth, showing the last, which has no successor, and has
accurately the time, direction, and amount, therefore to suffer the disintegrating effect of
both vertical and horizontal, of terrestrial dis a force which it cannot transfer. In many
turbances. Much ingenuity has been expended cases the effect is shown by cracks which trav-
in finding something that should serve as a | erse a wall obliquely in nearly parallel lines,
“steady-point” which shall remain at rest when sloping downward toward the right or left.
everything about it is moving, including even Here we have evidence of a vibratory action
its own point of support. The skill of modern which came obliquely upward out of the earth,
physicists seems to be equal to the demand. A in lines at right-angles to the usual dip of the
complex apparatus has been devised in which lines of fracture. The direction and angle of
the inertia of a weight furnishes the “steady these lines serve, as before stated, to guide
point” to which the motion of other parts may toward the location of the centre of seismic
be referred; electric currents connect the parts, activity below the surface of the earth.
while siphon registers and other devices record Instances occur in which movements of blocks
automatically the time furnished by a chro of stone, or chimneys, seem to indicate ver-
nometer.
tical or twisting motions. Professor Milne
The outline of scientific investigation will shows that such displacements do not neces-
include several distinct processes. The facts sarily indicate any vortical motion of the earth.
of each seismic impulse must be noted and A force pressing toward the centre of gravity
recorded at as many stations as possible. Each of a block in a direction oblique to its sides
of these stations must have been equipped in may cause a pressure against the remotest
advance with such self-active apparatus as has | angle of the block that will produce great fric-
been suggested, ready to write and preserve tion, and therefore delay at that point, about
its own records. These observations, collated which the block will rotate. This may easily
and carefully mapped, will enable the student be illustrated by pushing a pile of books sud-
to trace the directions of different lines of denly with the finger.
activity; to determine the areas included in It is well known that any structure will have
any seismic action; and, by following the lines a certain rate of vibration peculiar to itself;
backward, to locate the centre of activity, both if any rhythmic action comes to it which
in position and in depth below the earth's sur synchronizes with its own natural vibration,
face. These observations may be taken in the result is one of great danger. It is, for
almost any part of the world, since it appears instance, quite possible that the Pemberton
that few areas, if any, are free from minute Mill was shaken down by the vibration of its
vibrations, often so insignificant that only the own machinery, coincident with the vibratory
most delicate instruments may detect them. condition of the walls of the building; and
But they will be most numerous and interest that if the machinery had been run at a differ-
ing, and will be best available for subsequent ent speed the walls would not have fallen. It
investigation, in the regions where earth would hardly be supposable that the earth
quaking is a matter of frequent occurrence | vibration would find many buildings whose vi-
and of considerable intensity. It may appear, | bratory condition was synchronous with itself.
however, that the phenomena as found in If such were the case, destruction would be
places of frequent and intense activity indi assured. But it will often find different parts
cate causes quite distinct from those which of the same building not harmonious in their
produce slight actions at long intervals.
vibrations; the vibrating masses will very soon
The effects of earth-movements will be be found to move in opposite phases, and will
noted upon earth, water, and particularly upon | literally beat each other to fragments.
buildings. To say that the latter is only | Evidently the higher parts of a structure
destructive, is to voice the experience of man will suffer greater vibration than the lower
kind everywhere obtained; but a careful not- | portions, especially if the upper portions are
ing of the methods of injury is greatly large or weighty. It is also evident that
instructive. If a building rests upon insecure I buildings of wood, well framed and bound


1886.].
125
THE DIAL
together, will suffer less from the earthquake will be likely to affect large areas. Under
than will such as are built of brick or stone. great continents, the earth shivers and re-
Without doubt the light bamboo-framed arranges her coverings. But other quakings
dwellings of the Japanese are the safest struct are more circumscribed and often more intense.
ures, as to earthquakes, that can be devised, These are often near the sea, or have been
however dangerous they may be as to confia propagated from centres that were under the
gration. It is reported that no person was sea. The active agency here has been sought
killed and no property greatly damaged in in the waters that have passed downward
wooden houses in the late earthquake at through fissures, or have percolated through
Charleston. The danger and death lurked strata more or less porous, and coming into
chiefly in the more pretentious structures of the vicinity of intensely heated matter have
brick and stone. Well-braced structures of been converted into steam. Under such con-
iron will doubtless be found very serviceable ditions both volcanic and earthquake energy
in earthquake-shaken regions. The Japanese | is likely to be exhibited. Some movements of
has evidently profited by experience in his the earth have been attributed to the eviscer-
quaking island. His more permanent struct- ation caused by volcanic eruptions. The lava
ures are low and broad; the walls of his moats which is poured forth in enormous quantities
are broad at base and slope upwards to a / by such volcanoes as Skaptar Jokul in Iceland,
narrow ridge; his most elegant temples are of or the great craters of the Sandwich Islands,
wood, elaborately and securely framed together, must leave cavities in the earth which will
and surrounded by stone or bronze ornaments ultimately be filled, causing great disturbance
that rest on the ground.
of neighboring material.
The attempt to find any brief and simple The theories which would trace in earth-
explanation of earthquake phenomena will quake action the influence of external bodies,
probably be unsuccessful. Varied influences, particularly the sun and the moon, have yet
in varied combinations, doubtless conspire to received scarcely enough investigation to be
produce these disturbances. It is more likely either accepted or rejected. In most cases
that the volcano and the earthquake are conse they would seem to prove or to expect too
quences of some more occult forces of nature, | much. If, however, the terrestrial causes,
than that either is the parent of the other. particularly the contraction before cited, should
The great fact that the earth has been gradu be accumulative, as they are most likely
ally consolidated by contraction to its present to be, then when they are approaching such
volume seems to be fully established. The out- accumulation as shall make a crisis immi-
going heat has left the superficial layers in a nent, it might be quite easily comprehended
certain degree of rigidity; the still shrinking that an external influence, such as the com-
central mass leaves the outer layers as cover bined attraction of the sun and moon in a
ings too large for the volume which they given direction, might become the final incre-
envelop. One may not imagine any large ment that should invoke the catastrophe.
cavernous spaces formed beneath the outer Nor can it be supposed that the science of
layers; for, great as their rigidity may seem to seismology has so far progressed that pre-
be when considered over small areas, the larger dictions of future earthquakes, or even of
masses yet possess some degree of plasticity. earthquake periods, can be made with any
The coverings become wrinkled and folded. degree of certainty. The occasional coinci-
They are thrown up into mountain ridges, dence of an event with a prediction does not
with long trends parallel to each other and always verify the prophetic power of the
to the great seas whose abysmal depths they predictor, or prove him to be either seer or
enclose. These processes have not yet ended; scientist. When earthquakes can be foretold
the world is not yet finished; heat still radiates as certainly as are the tides or the eclipses, it
from it, and is lost; the central masses still must be shown that they occur with the same
shrink; the outer covering becomes yet more regularity of return. To say that earth-
wrinkled; mountains are yet pushing their tremors, earth-shakings, earthquakes, are liable
summits skyward, though perhaps not so fast to occur in any part of the earth, or that they
as they are worn away by snow and wind and are likely to occur frequently in some parts of it,
rain; when the strain of the push becomes too are assertions that anyone may venture to make.
great, the masses rearrange themselves, seek | He who watches the flowing stream of Niag-
ing to fit the changing conditions, and earth, ara knows that the undermining currents will
shakes again under the feet of her children, some day cause large masses of rock to fall;
and rattles their puny structures about their he may further presume that the vibrations
ears. How much and in what way these general caused by a passing train will be the last
movements may be modified and localized by impulses that will launch the trembling mass;
special and local influences, the science of to-day but he will be very unwise who shall attempt
has notdetermined.
to tell when the fall will occur.
Eartl movements such as we have described |
SELIM H. PEABODY,


126
[Oct.,
THE DIAL
THE COUNT OF PARIS' GETTYSBURG. strong in artillery and cavalry; while the Army
of the Potomac had become reduced from
No event in the great drama of our Civil War,
its previous strength, through various causes,
crowded as it was with action, has received
until it was not much, if any, superior to its
more attention or caused greater difference of
opponent. On the third of June, General
opinion than have the battle of Gettysburg
Lee put his army in motion; his plan being
and the movements of the armies which there
contended, both before and after the three
by a movement on his left to make an offen-
sive campaign towards Maryland and Penn-
days' fighting known to history under that
sylvania, by the valley of the Shenandoah,
name. This is not to be wondered at ; for
masking his march behind the Blue Ridge,
Gettysburg marks the flood-tide of success
while he delayed his adversary by a large dis-
reached by the Army of Northern Virginia
play of troops at Fredericksburg until the
after two years of almost constant victory,
Řead of his column should have reached the
and the beginning of that good fortune won
banks of the Shenandoah. By the fifth of
by the Army of the Potomac which ceased
June all his infantry had moved (covered by
only with the surrender of its old enemy at
his cavalry on the exposed flank), except the
Appomattox and the virtual close of the war.
third corps, which still occupied the old lines
The questions, how and why was Meade,
within eight days after succeeding to the com-
on the Rappahannock.
Hooker, suspecting some movement, deter-
mand of the Union army, enabled to give it
mined to feel the enemy at both extremities
a decisive victory, and how and why were
of his line at once ; and while making a dem-
Lee's forces defeated at the moment when
onstration on his left, across the river, which
the power to dictate peace and assume the in-
was unproductive of result, sent his cavalry
dependence of the Confederacy seemed almost
under Pleasanton to reconnoitre towards Cul-
within their grasp,—and this by an army over
pepper. On the ninth of June this force
which only two months before they had won
encountered the rebel cavalry at Brandy Sta-
a signal advantage,-must always be of inter-
tion, where a severe and gallant engagement
est to every student of the Rebellion. It is,
took place, and trustworthy information was
then, especially fortunate that among the
obtained that Lee was moving,—but whether
many accounts of this great battle which
for the valley of Virginia and the North, or
have been published, there is one to which the
for his old battle-ground of Manassas, was not
reader can turn with confidence that its author
apparent. On the eleventh of June the Army
is free from partiality or any desire to do more
than truthfully tell his story, and, knowing
of the Potomac began the movements neces-
sary to enable it to interpose between the
that he has devoted years of study to his subject
enemy and Washington,—which was the rôle
and carefully consulted all authorities, feel
imposed upon it, notwithstanding the advice of
sure that he has given an account of Gettys-
its general, by General Halleck and the Pres-
burg which is the fairest and most graphic
ident,-by extending its right flank westward
story of that battle that has yet been or prob-
and northward so as to face in the former
ably ever will be written. This author is the
direction.
Count of Paris, author of the “History of the
General Lee's movement, however, had not
Civil War in America,” who has devoted
for its object an immediate attack on Wash-
three chapters to the Gettysburg campaign,
ington, but a more brilliant plan of invasion
which, with his authority, are now issued in a
into the heart of Pennsylvania ; and his pre-
volume by themselves, edited by Col. John
liminary programme was carried out in every
P. Nicholson, himself an enthusiastic student
particular. On the fourteenth of June, Mil-
of the great Rebellion.
roy's command at Winchester was unexpect-
The tenth of May, 1863, saw the Army of
edly overwhelmed; on the sixteenth his ad.
Northern Virginia confronting the Army of
vanced troops had pushed forward as far as
the Potomac along the line of the Rappahan-
Greencastle; and on the twenty-seventh the
nock river, after the bloody battle of Chancel-
whole Confederate army had crossed the
lorsville. That engagement had been sought
Potomac, and the invasion of the North had
by the Union forces; the next move was to be
become an accomplished fact.
initiated by the Confederate army. From the
Meanwhile, Hooker had not been idle. So
day following the retreat of Hooker to his old
soon as it was reasonably certain that Lee's
camping-ground around Falmouth, the task of
objective was the region of central Pennsyl-
reorganizing and reinforcing the Army of
vania, the Union commander prepared also to
Northern Virginia had begun, and by the end
of May the Confederate forces had been
cross into Maryland, and by the twenty-
seventh this movement was accomplished, un-
raised to a total of eighty thousand men,
known to his enemy. For the captain of the
* THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG. From the History of Rebel army had committed an error for which
the Civil War in America. By the Comte de Paris. Pub.
he was destined to pay dearly in the impend-
lished by special arrangement with the author. Phila.
delphia: Porter & Coates.
| ing battle, in that he had allowed his cavalry


1886.]
127
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-----
to undertake a movement east of the army not carried out as intended; and night found
which was following him, and which stripped the Army of the Potomac still substantially
him of its assistance at the very moment when holding the positions of the morning, while
such service was most necessary to success. the last of its corps had at length reached the
On the twenty-eighth of June General field of battle. The position held was one of
Hooker was relieved of the command of the great strength, and had the advantage of be-
Army of the Potomac, which was transferred ing such that troops could be moved from the
to General George G. Meade; and on the same right to left, and vice versa, with ease and
day, Lee, first learning that his enemy had rapidity; while, the Confederate line of battle
passed the river into Maryland, and was threat being concave on its front, it was difficult to
ening his line of communication with the communicate from one end to the other with
South, decided to cross the mountains toward anything like the speed necessary to enable
Baltimore. Recalling his advanced corps, he the wings to coöperate with and reinforce
ordered the concentration of his command each other.
towards the village of Gettysburg, to which Lee, however, believed his success through
point the Army of the Potomac was moving the day justified him in renewing the battle;
without his knowledge and itself ignorant of and on the third of July, after delay in making
his approach.
his arrangements, which lasted till afternoon,
On the morning of the first of July, Heth's he began the final effort with a terrific cannon-
division of Hill's corps of the Army of North ade, followed by an attempt to carry the ridge
ern Virginia encountered Buford's cavalry by assault, made by Pickett's division of
of the Army of the Potomac, outside and Longstreet's corps, with the object of break-
northwest of Gettysburg, on the Cashtown ing the line of Meade's army in the centre.
road, from which Hill's corps was approach This attack, known as the charge of Pickett's
ing the village already occupied by the ene division, was the grandest effort of its kind
my. The Union troops held their ground undertaken during the war; but the assaulting
with spirit, until the arrival of the first and column reached the hostile lines, only to be
next the eleventh corps, under General Rey annihilated, leaving thousands dead and
nolds; while the Confederates were constantly wounded on the field, and by the failure to
increased by the divisions of their three army accomplish its object, rendering the victory of
corps converging towards the same point. The the Union army decisive and complete. The
action was prolonged through the greater part next day Lee began his retreat, and the inva-
of the day, and ended in the Federal forces sion of the North was ended.
being driven through the village with heavy It is impossible in a few paragraphs to do
loss, when they took post on Cemetery Hill, anything like justice to the author's narrative.
and later in the day occupied Culp's Hill, with The most that can be done is to indicate the
Wadsworth's division of the first corps as | points of the story so well told by him, and to
their right, while their left stretched towards recommend all readers to study the volume
the hills of the Round Tops. Reynolds had carefully from beginning to end, with the
fallen early in the day, and the engagement assurance that such study will amply repay
closed towards evening with success to the the time given to it.
Confederates along the whole line, and every The volume is well printed, and seems, with
promise of victory for them on the next morn a very few slips here and there, to be exceed-
ing.
ingly well translated. There are three well-
But during the early hours of the second of executed maps, besides interesting addenda
July the Army of the Potomac was strength containing a very full itinerary of the Army
ened by the arrival of new troops; and when of the Potomac during the months of June
the fighting began, it occupied the line from and July, 1863, and showing the organization
Culp's Hill on the right, along Cemetery of that army and the returns of casualties on
Ridge, towards the base and in advance of both sides.
WM. Eliot FURNESS.
the Round Tops. The battle of the second
day consisted of attacks by General Lee upon
both wings of the Union army, and was espe THE LITERARY RELATIONS OF ENGLAND
cially violent and obstinate upon the left of
AND GERMANY.*
Meade's line, occupied by Sickles, which,
Mr. Charles H. Herford, known among the
through some misunderstanding, was thrown
younger generation of English scholars as the
too far forward. Here the Union forces were
author of several prize essays on literary topics,
driven from their positions and their flank
has recently published his “Studies in the
almost turned, and only by a fortunate chance Literary Relations of England and Germany
they took position on the impregnable heights in the Sixteenth Century." This is an erudite
of the Round Tops, from which no effort of the
Confederates could dislodge them. General
*STUDIES IN THE LITERARY RELATIONS OF ENGLAND
AND GERMANY in the Sixteenth Century. By C. H. Her
Lee's attacks, meant to be simultaneous, were | ford, M.A. New York: Macmillan & Co.


128
[Oct.,
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work, written by a specialist for specialists. This citation, from page 50, not only illustrates
All interested in the origin of the English the author's method, but his use of pronouns.
Drama, the Faustus cycle, the jest-books, or The italics are ours. The microscopic study
the “Ship of Fools,” will find in it much valu needed for such a work seems occasionally to
able information collected and sifted with have magnified unduly the importance of the
painstaking care.
author's material. We have, for instance, "the
It is sometimes taken for granted that the epoch-making ‘Supplication of the Beggars,'”
literary relations of England and Germany “the epoch-making Henno,” “the epoch-
first began in the early part of the present making 'Acolastus," and other" epoch-making
century, when Carlyle and others brought books” of similar calibre. In like manner we
inspiriting tidings of the wealth of literature read of Mr. Bass Mullinger's “monumental
beyond the German Ocean. We are perhaps work." It is only fair to say, however, that
too apt to think of him and of his compeers as such blemishes are but few, and that Mr. Her-
in the attitude of the astronomer catching the ford's style is in general clear and agreeable,
first glimpse of a new planet, or the voyager as well as full of curious erudition. The book
discovering a new continent. But from Mr. is beautifully printed, neatly bound, and sup-
Herford's work we may infer that the practice, plied with notes, appendixes, and a good index.
now so rife, of plucking feathers from the
E. PLAYFAIR ANDERSON.
German goose or swan, as the case may be, to
supply the quills of English writers, had
already begun in the sixteenth century. The
ILLS OF THE FLESH.*
good Bishop of Exeter, Miles Coverdale, was
one of those who thus early profited by the A somewhat nice distinction might be estab-
labors of the Germans. Many of his “Goostly lished between medical works, according as
Psalmes and Spirituall Songes drawen out of the they are employed for reference or perusal.
holy Scripture” are translations or paraphrases On the one hand are the text-books and sys-
of the hymns of Luther, Speratus, Sachs, and tematic treatises, of which in our day it may
other less-known German hymn-writers. More be said that the demand is for those exhibiting
over, it is probably not without significance the greatest conciseness with the fullest detail,
that our prince of dramatists sends his Prince and the utmost self-restraint of the author as
Hamlet to school at the German Wittenberg. | regards the personal element in both its sub-
It is even possible that Shakespeare owed to jective and objective experiences. The result
a German source the story of his “Tempest." resembles the cabinet of a botanist, where the
Between these extremes—the rude hymn-writer Ranunculaceve and the Asclepiadacece appear
and the great playwright—were found all upon the shelves in natural order, and where
grades of writers more or less affected by Ger no one would dream of looking for a nosegay.
man influences and models. Among them were On the other hand are the medical volumes
writers of polemical dialogues both Protestant admirably worthy of perusal both as to subject
and Roman Catholic in tone,and of dramas both and style, which are well fitted for other
in Latin and in English; venders of strange news shelves than those of the physician. These
and coarse jests from Germany; the persecutors are, for the most part, compilations of clinical
and defenders of those accused of witchcraft; and other lectures, medical addresses, papers
and the satirists of all manner of follies. reprinted from scientific periodicals, and here
Marlowe's “Dr. Faustus" and Decker's “Friar and there a work in which the author seriously
Rush ” were both the offspring of the Faust attempts a systematic review of a large field.
legend; and Barclay's “Ship of Fools” was In all these, a wider latitude is permitted the
a mere recast of a work published by Brandt writer. An illustration from the personal ex-
at Basel.
perience of himself or his friends, a simile,
All of these instances, and many more, are even a metaphor, may serve him in his effort
treated by Mr. Herford with full and moderate to make his thought more vivid and his deduc-
statements of both facts and theories. Indeed, tions more useful. The difference between the
he errs on the side of overfulness and irrele two classes of books is as clear as that between
vancy in his discussion of that part of the the table-chat of a great man and his utter-
German dialogue and Latin drama which had ances ex cathedra.
no counterpart in England. To many readers, Of the brilliant authors who have attained
doubtless, it would seem better not “to allow distinction in the second of the two classes
the discussion to range considerably beyond described above, Trousseau in France was
the nucleus of ascertained fact;" nor, “in han- | easily first in his day, and has been followed
dling a subject from a somewhat unfamiliar by few of his nationality. Watson in Eng.
point of view, to give a rather free rein to | land, even though a systematic author, was
suggestion and conjecture, and, without insist-
* ON DISORDERS OF DIGESTION, THEIR CONSEQUENCES
ing on them, at least to put upon record even
AND TREATMENT. By T. Lauder Brunton, M.D., D.Sc.,
slight analogies which tend to support it." | F.R.S., etc. New York: Macmillan & Company.


1886.)
129
THE DIAL
the founder of a noble school of writers, in mon-sense. He shows with homely precision
cluding in our day Sir James Paget, Mr. Hutch the utter looseness with which the vague term
inson, and, by no means last in the honorable “neuralgia” has been applied to this and sev-
list, Dr. Lauder Brunton, the author of the eral other ailments as little understood. By
treatise before us. They who have had access, the aid of a few effective illustrations, he then
for the past few years, to the always instruct indicates the several forms of headache, due
ive issues of the London “Practitioner," of to albuminuria, malaria, gout, rheumatism, en-
which our author has long been editor, will gorged and inflamed tonsils, disorders of di-
recognize in these pages some old friends,-as, gestion, caries of the teeth, and such abnormal
for example, the paper on “Poisons formed conditions of the eyes as astigmatism, myopia,
from Blood,” etc. (1885); “ On the Action and and hypermetropia. As to the last-named con-
Use of Diuretics" (1884); and a few others nection, which Tweedy, Savage, Carter, and
here reappearing in the goodly fellowship of others, have previously pointed out, what a
the valuable Lettsomian lectures “On Dis sad and suggestive lesson it teaches ! Figures
orders of Digestion.” In consequence of these fail as we attempt an estimate of the number
facts, the author has come to believe, as he of unfortunates who, in a single century of
sets forth in the preface, that “if anyone enlightened progress, have actually put drugs
should attempt to read this book straight into their stomachs for relief of an intolerable
through, he will probably throw it aside in headache, due solely to a want of correspond-
utter disgust.” He is fearful lest his few repe- ence between the focal distances of their two
titions should have this undesirable result; yet lenses, and readily relieved by a pair of prop-
there is scarcely a page of the volume that erly adjusted glasses ! “In treating any case
will not deeply interest the general no less of headache, therefore,” concludes our author,
than the professional reader, in consequence “the first thing to do is to see whether the
of the value of the work accomplished by a | teeth are sound and the eyes normal. If any.
thinking man who does not disdain to be thing is found wrong with either the teeth or
taught himself by the best and most widely the eyes, the defect should be at once cor-
differing teachers.
rected. The throat, ears and nose should also
Possibly a single illustration will convey an be examined, to see if any source of irritation
idea of the practical value of the author's is present there, and the surface of the scalp
labors. What physical distress is comparable tested by pressure for rheumatic or syphilitic
with that associated with what we call “ head. inflammation. Percussion should be tried over
ache”? It is, in one sense, the greatest of all the head in order to determine whether or not
human ills, since it counts its victims among there is any intracranial tumor."
the thousands where one alone suffers from We have touched upon this single subject,
the gout, the small-pox, or a broken leg. And as the connection between headache and the
of the victims themselves, an hundred thou- disorders of the teeth and eyes serves to illus-
sand suffer in silence, where one seeks relief trate well the eminently practical and scientific
from a physician and is thus enrolled on the method pursued by our author in the treatment
dismal list of statistics of disease. The fate of his several themes. It also serves well as
of empires has hung upon the indisposition it an illustration of the position to which the
has worked in monarchs, statesmen, generals, foremost medical men of our day are unques-
and even their menials. Millions of the human tionably directing their steps. The search of
family have groaned beneath its cruel darts, the heavens, the earth, and the waters under
for one who has been able to declare it a total the earth, for a drug, a panacea, a something
stranger to his bodily ease or to point with un that will “cure” human ailments, is almost
erring finger to the means of its relief. What over for the thoughtful mind. The battle
census of the earth's family shall ever declare between the men who give drugs in one way
the multitudes of men and women who have or another, by this system or by that, is drift-
resorted to tobacco, alcohol, and the narcotico | ing into the limbo of the search for “the
stimulants of every class, in search of a ne- philosopher's stone,” for “the elixir of youth,”
penthe from the recurring plague ? A Ferrier and for the mysterious and magical roads to
may limit to the hippocampal convolution of health that are to-day such a caviare to the
one side of the brain the seat of all this general. Relief for the physical ills of the
misery; and a Du Bois-Raymond may exhibit race is to be satisfactorily sought only in the
the whip-cord condition of the temporal artery removal of the causes that produce them.
when the migraine is at its worst. But it is These efficient causes are daily yielding to the
not to. these that the sufferer flies.
efforts of scientific investigation ; and they
Now in the chapter on “the pathology and make us stand aghast, as they come out into
treatment of some forms of headache, our the light, at the folly, the blindness, and the
author throws upon this important and interest puerilities of our past. We shall not go to
ing field all the light of modern investigation the expert of the future and ask him for a
aided by his own studies and his sterling com- , medicament that shall absolve us from our


130
(Oct.,
THE DIAL
physical error, as might the pax vobiscum of a still it is a great aid in both thought and action
priest. We shall say, instead, “I am suffering to have a thorough acquaintance with the
from a disorder; I pray you show me what I principles which lie at their foundation. The
have done to produce it, that by removing the science of ethics is thus of perennial interest;
cause I may again recover my health.”
and in this age of widespread conflict of ethical
Almost every page of this volume is instinct standards and theories every addition to the
with suggestions of this character. One cannot literature of ethics is especially worthy of
study “the poisonous action of eggs," the attention.
effect of “mechanical and chemical splinters," In the historical treatment of ethics, Ger-
of the "typhoid bacillus,” of “physiological many has led the way in quite a number of
ashes,” of “emotional dyspepsia," or of the works, of which Feuerlein's, Ziegler's, and
lately recognized “ptomaines” in their toxic Jödl's are the most notable. In French, Paul
action, without feeling that he is merely mak Janet, who is known to English readers through
ing short excursions into a vast and well-nigh a recent translation of his works on Final
unexplored region. With every new device of Causes and on Morals, has written a useful
the plumber, the adulterator of food, the cook, book on the History of Moral and Political
the artist in wall-papers, the dyer of clothing, Philosophy. In English we have nothing on
and their industrious colleagues in every trade the subject of much importance, though Whe-
and occupation that nearly touches either the well's Lectures on the History of Moral Phi-
domestic or the business life, the liability to a losophy may be worthy of mention. More
vider group of accidents and diseases | recently, Professor Sidgwick of Cambridge,
is enlarged. Prominent among them—and who is well known to students of ethics as the
naturally enough-are the disorders of diges author of a masterly work on the “Methods of
tion. Well may an English author-one of a Ethics” and as the writer of several articles
nation which even the artistic sense of a Ham- | in “Mind,” has given us a book on the History
erton recognized as least subject to these ail of Ethics. This work is an enlargement of the
ments—send his messages of warning across author's article on Ethics in the last edition of
the Atlantic to his American colleagues. In the “Encyclopædia Britannica," and as such it
all the excesses of mastication and incineration does not profess to be an elaborate history of
of tobacco, in all those associated with the ethics, but a manual “to meet the needs of
. intemperate use of alcoholic drinks, with the English students desirous of obtaining a gen-
no less intemperate “bolting” of meals, with eral knowledge of the history of ethical
the crudest methods of preparing and cooking thought.” Designed for English readers, the
the food that lies at our hand in an abundance book emphasizes English ethics, and treats of
and superior quality not found elsewhere in French and German ethics only as they affect
the markets of the world, (“ too many religions English thought. .
and but one sauce!"), we may well listen with The main portion of the work is introduced
respect and attention to the words that come by a brief conspectus of the subject. Prof.
to us from our author's lips. The style of his Sidgwick here speaks rather cumbrously of the
writing is exceedingly simple and natural “Socratico-Platonic-Aristotelian Ethics," but
though at times he reminds us that Macaulay | the whole school is sufficiently well known as the
was in error when he said that “no Englishman Socratic, and the author himself applies later
misplaces his will and shall.” The typography this term Socratic in this sense. It is evident
of the work is all that could be desired.
that the classical spirit for which Cambridge
JAMES NEVINS HYDE. has always been famous has not yet died out,
for we find Prof. Sidgwick asserting that
---- -
- ----
“Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, taken together,
. THE HISTORY OF ETHICS.*
hold a quite unique place in the development
of moral philosophy: there is no other philoso-
Conduct, Mr. Arnold informs us, is three-
fourths of life; but he might better have said
pher, from Aristotle to the present time, who,
in the general view of the modern world, is
that it is four-fourths of life. It is certain that
nearly as important or impressive as any one
if conduct be defined as conscious, rational, and
of the three." (P. 17.) We think that very
voluntary action, all that is worthy of the name
few writers would in this age agree with this
of life comes to the same thing. Ethics, as the
estimate; and we think also that either Kant
science of conduct, is, in any case, of supreme
or Hegel compare “in the general view of the
interest and importance. We may think cor-
modern world” very favorably with “any
rectly without being logicians, and we may act
one of the three."
correctly without being versed in ethics, but
In his first chapter, Prof. Sidgwick seeks to
*OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY OF ETHICS FOR ENGLISH give a general account of ethics and to define
READERS. By Henry Sidgwick, Knightbridge Professor its nature; but the chapter is not characterized
of Moral Philosophy in the University of Cambridge, and
by that thorough“ objectivity” of treatment
author of the “Methods of Ethics." New York: Mac.
| which the writer has stated to be his method.
millan & Co.


1886.]
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Its spirit is dogmatic rather than historical. | fourth President, and no mistress of the White
One who is simply an historian should not give House has quite equalled her in the grace with
his own conception of the science of ethics and
which she dispensed the hospitalities of that man-
sion, or the charm which made her popular with
discuss his subject accordingly, as Prof. Sidg-
an entire people. She who thus shone in conspicu-
wick appears to do; it is his business, rather, to
ous places, who loved society and minded the fash-
treat ethics from the points of view of all
ions, was of Quaker origin, and, until her marriage to
ethical writers.
Mr. Madison, wore the plain Quaker costume, and
The second chapter contains a survey of never put off entirely the quaint habit of say-
Greek and Greco-Roman Ethics; the third ing thee and thou in speech with her friends.
chapter is entitled “ Christianity and Medieval
Her father, John Payne, was a rich planter
who moved to Philadelphia while
Ethics;" and the fourth treats of “Modern,
she was
in her girlhood. Dorothy-or Dolly, as she
chiefly English, Ethics.” The second chapter
was called in the language of endearment, —was
is the best in the book. It is a valuable and
lovely in her youth, and, though born and bred in
interesting summary of ancient thought on the prim community of the Friends, her beauty
ethics. The following characterization of was cherished with extraordinary vigilance. When
Socrates is worth quoting:
she started for school in the morning, a white linen
“We seem to see self-sacrifice in the garb of self-
mask shielded her face from every ray of sunshine,
regard; a lofty spirituality blended with a homely
her sun-bonnet was sewed on her head to prevent
common sense; a fervid enthusiasm for excellence
displacement, and long gloves were drawn over her
of character, and an unreserved devotion to the
hands and arms. Her dazzling complexion, set off
task of producing it in himself and others, half-
by coal-black hair and a pair of tender blue eyes,
veiled by a cool mocking irony; a subtle, intense,
was thus carefully preserved from injury. But
handsome as Dolly Madison remained in feature
skepticism playing around a simple and resolute
acceptance of customary duties, like a lambent
and form, she was too simple and gentle by nature
to evince vanity or pride. Affection and kindli-
flame that has somehow lost its corrosive qualities.”
ness were her distinguishing traits, and winsome as
The author makes purely Christian ethics
she was to look upon, and favored as she was by
culminate with Thomas Aquinas. Even if we fortune, these disarmed of envy all who approached
should admit that purely Christian ethics as a her and made them admirers and friends. At nine-
school reached its highest point of development teen Dolly became the wife of John Todd, in obe-
in the Middle Ages, we must still consider the
dience to the wish of her father. He was a young
title misleading. Christianity has powerfully
Quaker in every way worthy of her, and their union
was a happy one. Two sons were born to them,
affected modern ethics, though there has been
only one of whom survived the husband, who died
no strong school in Christian ethics per se. In
of yellow-fever when Dolly was only twenty-one.
fact, the author himself is not very consistent A year had scarcely passed when “the pretty widow
as regards this matter, for while he states at Todd” stood before the altar with Mr. Madison, a
the opening of the last chapter that he takes recluse scholar twenty years older than herself and
up ethics for this chapter as it runs inde long supposed to be an irreclaimable bachelor. Mr.
pendently of “Revelational Theology,” yet a
Madison matched his wife in wealth, being the
heir of the large estate of Montpelier, in Orange
few pages after this he gives considerable space
County, Virginia; and, whether in Washington or
to Clarke and other writers whom he himself
in their beautiful private home, they were able to
admits to be exponents of “Revelational The live generously, after the custom of free-hearted
ology."
Southerners. There were no offspring of this sec-
We must say of the work as a whole that, ond marriage, but Mrs. Madison's son was adopted
though meant as a manual for students, it
by her husband as his own. He was a spoiled
shows throughout little of pedagogic aim, but
child, and in manhood wasted in dissipation his
fortune and much of his mother's. At the close of
the writer seems engrossed in developing his
Mr. Madison's second administration, he withdrew
line of thought in terms and methods natural
from public life and spent the remnant of his years
to himself and to other specialists in this field.
at Montpelier. Here his wife ministered to him
The style is generally clear, but too dry and with untiring fidelity until his death, in 1836, at
close to be attractive. However, the work the age of eighty-five. Mrs. Madison had relin-
must be regarded as the best introductory quished the gayeties of Washington cheerfully, and
text-book to the study of ethics which we have,
yet with natural regret; and after the loss of her
and as a valuable summary for the use of
husband she returned annually for the winter sea-
son, dwelling in partial retirement though receiv-
general readers.
H. M. STANLEY.
ing the homage of all distinguished persons gath-
ered at the American capital. She attained the
ripe age of eighty-two, loved and beloved to the
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
last. The “Memoirs and Letters of Dolly Madi-
son,” edited by her grand-niece, (Houghton, Mifllin
THE pleasantest associations cluster around the & Co.), revives these and many other interest-
name of “Dolly Madison." It stands for a beau ing particulars of her life and times. She was
tiful woman, who, early in our century, adorned never a student nor a lover of reading, but she had
the most elevated station in American society, and the woman's gift for epistolography, and her let-
during a long life-time drew the hearts of the high ters are like herself, the simple and graceful ex.
and low alike to her. She was the wife of our pression of a warm and sincere heart.


132
Oct.,
THE DIAL
THE appearance of a new volume in Mr. H. H.
THE visitor to old Salem, beautiful and venerable
Bancroft's series of historical works attests the in its antiquity, and rich beyond most towns in its
energy with which he has overcome the disaster of memorials of the early life of our country, finds one of
last spring, when his entire establishment was de- | its chief points of attraction in the museum of curi-
stroyed by fire, with a large stock of his books and osities collected by its ancient mariners, especially
stereotype plates, and one completed but unpublished those connected with the East India trade. As we
volume. The present volume is the twenty-second stand in this great treasury of strange and novel
of the thirty-nine which will complete the series. | objects, they transport us more readily into the
It is the fifth, and decidedly the most interesting, period when the commodities of the world were
of those devoted to California, including in its borne from one port to another by the breath of the
scope “developments pertaining to the change of winds, and the seas and rivers were traversed by
flag and Mexican war, the earlier operations of sailing vessels only; when a voyage across the ocean
American filibusters, constituting what is known as or around the globe was an affair of months and
the Bear Flag revolt, and the later interregnum of years, and was accompanied with dangers and hard-
military rule." Also, “the last petty quarrels under ships that required the stoutest nerve and the great-
Mexican auspices, of north and south; of the mili est nautical skill to overcome. Those were the days
tary and civil authorities; of Castro and Pico, the | of heroic navigators, and one of the most famous
foolish interference of Fremont and his explorers, among them all was Captain Richard J. Cleveland,
the diplomatic efforts of Larkin and Stearns to secure whose story has been compiled from his journals
a change of sovereignty by pacific methods, the and letters by his youngest son, H. W. S. Cleveland,
revolutionary blunders of Ide and his associate and published by Harper & Brothers. In 1842
settlers, and the raising of the stars and stripes by Captain Cleveland published an account of the most
Sloat and Montgomery of the navy; the achievements notable events in his remarkable career, in "A Nar-
of the California battalion ; Stockton's rule; the rative of Voyages and Commercial Enterprises.” It
commodore's unwise policy and energetic struggles was reprinted in England, and, both at home and
to put down the resulting revolt; the final efforts of abroad, excited much interest; for it was a simple
the Californians, under Florés and Andrés Pico, to and unvarnished tale of the extraordinary adven-
shake off the foreign yoke; the coming of Kearney tures of a daring, resolute, persistent and skilful
and his dragoons across the continent; their disaster merchant and seaman. It has long been out of
at San Pascual, and the closing campaigns of the print, but is now replaced by a biography which
war, ending in the occupation of Los Angeles and contains a completer record of the exploits of the
the treaty of Cahuenga; politico-military controver author than he could properly relate himself. Cap-
sies of Stockton, Kearney, and Fremont under the tain Cleveland was born in Salem, in 1773. He had
new régime ; reinforcements by land and sea for the benefit of the best schooling to be had in his
garrison service; Cooke and his Mormon battalion; day, and at the age of fourteen entered a counting-
Tompkins, Sherman, Ord, and Halleck, with the house, where he received a thorough preparation for
artillery company ; Stevenson and the New York the work of a marine merchant. At eighteen, he
volunteers; the peaceful rule of Mason as military began his remarkable career as a voyager, sailing to
governor, and news of a national treaty making Cali the Cape of Good Hope and the Isles of France and
fornia a permanent possession of the United States." Bourbon, under a captain only twenty years of age,
This compact summary, given by Mr. Bancroft, and a first mate only nineteen. He went out as
shows with what stirring and important events the captain's clerk, but on the return voyage took the
period covered by the volume-only two years—is place of second mate. Before he had completed
crowded. Fremont's romantic career in California | his twenty-fourth year he was in charge of a vessel
is discussed with fresh interest, though with little of his own, and conducting independently very
flattery to the then young and adventurous officer difficult and perilous nautical enterprises. He made
whose “foolish and fascinating” exploits attracted long voyages, assumed great risks and encountered
the notice of the country and made him a candi- severe hardships. His experience was checkered
date for the presidency. Fremont's connection with with reverses and successes, which he bore alike
the Bear Flag revolt is severely condemned, and the with courage and equanimity. He made fortunes
revolt declared to have been “in no sense a part of and lost them many times, but in his old age he was
the conquest of California-neither leading to nor able to say that never was any man with whom he
in any way promoting that movement.” The mo had commercial transactions injured by him to the
tive of Fremont in this affair, Mr. Bancroft thinks, amount of a dollar. His reputation for ability and
was purely one of personal ambition. “He confi- | integrity was stanch in every port of the high seas,
dently counted upon an immediate declaration of and in most of them he made more than one entry
war between the United States and Mexico, and he during his long and eventful engagement in naviga-
believed that by commencing hostilities he might tion. His private life was marked by the same no-
gain for himself a large share of credit for the con bility as his business career. He was faithfully
quest, which would otherwise fall to the naval attached to his home and family, although so much
commanders.” Of many other matters of peculiar of his time separated from them; and in all his
interest in this volume—the account of Larkin's habits he was singularly pure and free from vices.
attempt to effect a diplomatic annexation of Cali He never drank a glass of wine or spirits of any
fornia to the United States, of the Mormon emigra kind, nor used tobacco in any form. His tastes
tion to California, the tragic story of Donner and were those of a man of refinement and culture, and,
his forlorn hope, etc.-there is no space to speak whether on shipboard, in barbarous lands, or in the
here. To add to its historical value, various statis society of the choicest spirits at home or in European
tical matter is appended, and also an alphabetical cities, he was ever genial, amiable, and kindly,
pioneer register and index of all who came to the in essence and manner, a gentleman. His traits
country before 1849. The next volume of this ex were reflected in his face, as we have evidence in
cellent series will be devoted to the exciting period the charming portrait accompanying his biography.
of the gold discovery.
It is good to be made acquainted with a character


1886.]
133
THE DIAL
so exalted and admirable; and it is wholesome to
turn back to the times in which he lived, for a fresh
impression of the heroic qualities and achievements
of the ancestry from which our nation has drawn
whatever in it is strongest and best.
subject, which are deserving of the careful attention of
educators, whatever the importance they may attach
to the kind of work done by Prof. Payne in the
occupancy of his professorial chair. While we are
inclined to doubt the existence of a specific science
of education, in spite of Prof. Payne's statement
that the Germans consider its existence to be axio-
matic, we take pleasure in giving him credit for a
body of thoughtful discussion of the educational
problems of the day, and in congratulating him
upon the conservative attitude which he maintains
in the face of all the nonsense just now current
upon such subjects as “manual training," "the
new education,” and “college fetiches." Prof.
Payne emphasizes two leading principles, which he
states in these words : “Whatever policy has re-
ceived the long sanction of the wise and good, is
likely to have some elements of truth in it," and
“ the suppression of every error is commonly fol-
lowed by a temporary ascendency of the contrary
one." These principles are in themselves so sound,
and the conclusions drawn from them in the main so
just, that we are not disposed to take serious issue
with the author upon the fundamental question as
to the claims of pedagogics to constitute a science
apart from the others, -and this especially as the
question is chiefly one of phraseology, and Prof.
Payne admits that the principles of his science are
really borrowed from physiology, psychology, and
ethics.
In prosecuting his studies in the Romance lan-
guage and literature, the attention of M. Paul Marie-
ton was attracted by some chansons de geste (heroic
songs) written by an unknown Limousin poet, the
Abbé Joseph Roux. He extended his inquiries,
and discovered that the Abbé was not only the
composer of songs but of a large body of prose
writings characterized by a peculiar analytical and
reflective power. M. Mariéton was excited to en-
thusiasm over the writings and their obscure
author--a village priest of humble birth but fine
natural endowments strengthened and matured
by a profound classical education. His life had
passed in the monotonous duties of a curé of the
poor in a country parish, the effect of which had
been to infuse his soul with melancholy. The man
of fifty was simple in heart and manner as a child;
but the isolation in which he had been forced to
abide had tinged his mind with gloom. He surren-
dered his MSS. to the inspection of M. Marié-
ton, who hastened to publish to the world the
treasure he had found. A collection of
" Thoughts,” or “Meditations of a Parish
Priest," was first put into print, a little over a
year ago, and, passing through the third French
edition, now appears in an English dress. M. Marié.
ton furnishes an introduction to the volume,
couched in the fervid rhetorical phraseology with
which the French littérateur loves to parade him-
self and his subject. The thoughts are ranged in
topical order and touch a great variety of themes.
They are aphoristic in style, and express often
deep-lying truths in pithy words. Those descrip-
tive of the life and character of the French peasant
are the most striking of the lot, conveying a fright-
ful picture of human ignorance, stolidity, privation,
and brutishness. They are Rembrandt-like in their
depth of shadow. The quality of the maxims as a
whole may be judged by the following:
“ Thoughts are fruits; words are leaves. Let us strip
off the leaves! let us strip off the leaves! in order that
thought, thus exposed to the light, may gain strength,
beauty and flavor."
“The real gives exactness, the ideal adds the truth."
“He who does not appreciate does not possess."
“Evil often triumphs, but never conquers,”
“Lofty mountains are full of springs; great hearts are
full of tears."
“Friends are rare, for the good reason that men are not
common.”
"What is love? two souls and one flesh; friendship?
two bodies and one soul."
“Great sorrows weep; great joys laugh.”
Miss Isabella F. Hapgood is the translator of the
“Thoughts" into English. Crowell & Co, are the
publishers of the volume,
POPULAR SCIENCE is not often deserving of so
much credit as must be accorded to Dr. Park Benja-
min's “Age of Electricity " (Scribner.) This book
is an account of the progress of electrical knowl-
edge and of its practical applications, designed for
the lay reader, and expressed in terms not exactly
to be read by him who runs, but no more technical
than those of the ordinary text-book of elementary
physics, and easily within the reach of readers
of average intelligence. The student of physics
will frown now and then at the flippant and even
jocular treatment of so serious a subject, which is
sometimes indulged in; but some concession to
“popular" tastes can hardly be avoided in such
a compilation as this, and if the subject of mag-
netism may be made any more readily intelligible
by an illustration taken from one of Mr. Gilbert's
operatic libretti, there is really no reason why the
illustration should not be admitted. Even the
student will probably find in this volume enough
of curious information to repay the perusal, for Dr.
Benjamin has drawn from a very wide range of
material, and there is hardly any application of
electricity that human ingenuity has devised which
is not mentioned in some part of this volume. The
material used is thrown together in a haphazard
sort of way, and all kinds of authorities are admitted,
some of which are very doubtful, and, although not
directly vouched for by the writer, are at least tacitly
approved by the fact of their admission. The ut-
terly unauthenticated and impossible “yarn" of the
grain found in an Egyptian tomb, and still vital
after lying hidden away for thousands of years, is ·
told in good faith by the writer, and, standing at
the beginning of the work, makes a very unpleasant
impression. This is introduced, however, for rhe-
torical purposes only, and none of the writer's elec-
trical stories are quite as incredible, although some
of his stories and speculations border on the fan-
tastic and the improbable.
PROF. W. H. PAYNE, of the University of Michi-
gan, has gained considerable reputation by his per-
sistent advocacy of the importance of systematic
training for educational work, and is perhaps more
fully identified than anyone else in this country with
the progress of the newly-imported science of peda-
gogics. In a volume entitled “Contributions to the
Science of Education” (Harper & Brothers) he has
collected a number of papers upon his professional


134
(Oct.,
THE DIAL
THE latest contribution to the “International
Scientific Series" (Appleton) is by E. L. Troues-
sart, and deals with the timely subject of "Microbes,
Ferments, and Moulds," There are two things that
cannot fail to impress the reader of this volume.
The first is the extent to which diseases are now
explained by the activity of microscopic organisms,
and the second is the very large share of these
explanations which we owe to one man-M. Pasteur.
As the result of his investigations, and those of his
fellow-laborers in the same field, it has been shown
that a considerable list of the diseases which have
long baffled investigation are unquestionably caused
by some form of microbes. The author gives a state-
ment of the rules as laid down by Koch, according to
which the theory of the microbe origin of a given
disease should be tested, and then says that “in the
present state of science" these conditions “may be
regarded as fulfilled * * * in anthrax, fowl
cholera, swine fever, glanders, small-pox, tuber-
culosis, erysipelas, and even Asiatic cholera. These
are undoubtedly microbe diseases in every sense of
the term." Leaving in abeyance such diseases as
rabies, in which the evidence does not yet amount
to absolute demonstration, such a showing as
the above, which can now be positively made,
reveals the enormous fruitfulness of the compara-
tively new conception of the microbe origin of
contagious disease. M. Trouessart's book is not
written in the most attractive way, but its readers
will find in it, according to the author's claim,"clear
and precise notions on microbes, notions which
they would find it difficult to glean from books
designed for physicians and professional botanists."
MR. SAMUEL ADAMS DRAKE has written several
good books on New England, and his latest, and
perhaps the best of them, is his “Making of New
England, 1580-1643” (Scribner). The merit of the
work is mainly in its plan and its excellent illustra-
tions. The frontispiece is a modern view of Cutty-
hunk, one of the Elizabeth Islands, and the site of
Gosnold's colony of 1602, which, although remain-
ing on the island but a few months, took back to
England such favorable accounts of the country as
greatly encouraged future settlements. The first
illustration in the text is a codfish,-a proper recog-
nition of a fact and a fish which had more to do
with the settlement and making of New England
than any others. There were fleets of cod-fish-
ermen on the coast for a hundred years before there
was a permanent settlement. “Bacalaos,” the coast
of codfish, was the first name applied to New Eng-
land, and is found on the earliest maps. Mr. Drake
first describes and illustrates the abortive attempts
to settle New England by Gosnold in 1602, by De
Monts in 1604, by Popham in 1607, and by De
Guercheville in 1613; and then goes on to the suc-
cessful Pilgrim settlement of Plymouth in 1620, and
the great Puritan immigration to Massachusetts Bay
in 1630. Each chapter has outline maps of the lo-
calities and views of noted places. The social and
industrial habits of the early settlers are well de-
scribed and illustrated. It is a very attractive and
instructive book.
Mr. BENSON J. LOSSING, the well-known writer of
American history and biography, has issued another
creditable work entitled “Mary and Martha, the
Mother and Wife of George Washington” (Harper),
For many years his studies with pen and pencil have
been directed to the domestic and personal history
of the Washington family. His "Mount Vernon
and its Associations" appeared more than twenty-
five years ago, with copious illustrations, and was a
charming narrative and loving tribute to the home-
life of that noted family. He has now, in a broader
and more detailed narrative, treated the subject
through the maiden and married lives of Mary Ball
and Martha Dandridge, the mother and wife of
Washington. These were both excellent women ;
but their virtues were wholly in the line of a simple,
faithful, and conscientious performance of their
family duties. They wrote no books, attended no
conventions, made no speeches, were not anxious
about their rights, and did not aspire, even, to be
leaders in society. Such women are not rare in
any community; but it is seldom that their biog-
raphies are written. They were patterns of the
o virtuous woman" whom Solomon describes, whose
"price is above rubies. Her children arise up and
call her blessed; her husband also, and he praiseth
her.” The relationship of these excellent women
to so eminent a man as Washington gives to their
simple virtues and personal history a refreshing
interest, and enables the writer to group about
the theme many anecdotes and much entertaining
information concerning Washington himself, and
his home-life, regarding which his other biograph-
ers are silent. It is a book which will please young
persons and prepare them to read understandingly
the political events of Washington's career.
THE Messrs. Putnam's Sons have performed a
genuine service for the student of history by intro-
ducing into their series of “The Story of the Na-
tions" the first complete sketch of Hungary ever
written in the English language. As the author of
this unique work they engaged Professor Vambéry,
the famous traveller and man of letters, who holds
at present an important chair in the University of
Buda-Pesth. To write a historical treatise required
of him a new departure in the field of literary labor,
but Prof. Vambéry was well equipped for the task
assigned him. He is a true Magyar, loyal, spirited,
and warm-hearted; he is conversant with the story
of his people; and he has a vigorous and graphic
style. These favorable qualities are manifest in his
monograph, which exhibits, besides, a sincere and
impartial tone. It brings us into sympathy with an
interesting nation, with which we have slight po-
litical or commercial relations, and which has been
heretofore too little known. The book is hence a
welcome accession to our literature, extending our
knowledge in an important direction, and forging a
new link in the chain which binds us to the various
branches of our human race.
The book by Thomas W. Knox which bears for
its main title the name of "Robert Fulton" (Put-
nam) holds much more between its crowded covers
than the life of the fertile inventor who built the
first successful passenger steamboat and the first
steam war-ship that were ever launched. The sketch
of Fulton serves merely as a felicitous introduction
to a history of steam navigation in the waters of the
various countries of the globe. The subject is an
important one, and, often as it has beer: treated,
continues fresh and interesting. The principal
events in the life of Fulton are familiar to intelli-
gent Americans, and the brilliant essays of his
genius are regarded by them with laudable pride;
but that his grave in Trinity churchyard, New York,


1886.]
135
THE DIAL
is to this day unmarked by a monument of any every collector of books relating to America. It
kind, or even a name on the slab under which he comprises 280 pages and 7,422 lots. Its classifica-
lies, and that the government of the United States tion is admirable, and some of the classes seem to
has failed to restore to his heirs the sum expended contain the titles of nearly all the desirable books
by him under contract in its service during his life on the subject. It is remarkable that such a num-
time, are facts perhaps less generally understood, ber of valuable books on American history could
and little creditable to the generosity of our repub have been collected in a Western city.
lic. Mr. Knox has been untiring in his effort to J. B. LIPPINCOTT Co. have in preparation “The
present a clear and consecutive account of the prog-
Book of American Figure Painters," a large quarto,
ress of steam navigation, from the first crude ex giving examples of the work of thirty-two Amer-
periments of Miller, Taylor, Symington, and the ican artists, reproduce din photogravure, with text
Marquis de Jouffroy, in the eighteenth century, to
by Mrs. Van Renssalaer; also, Buchanan Read's
the splendid enterprises of the naval inventors and
poem of “The Closing Scene," illustrated by vari-
engineers of a hundred years later. He has ar-
ous artists: a quarto edition of “ The Song of
ranged in readable form a vast mass of minute and
Songs," illustrated with twenty-six Bida etchings;
careful detail, composing a work useful for refer and a new and smaller edition of Sterne's “Senti-
ence and entertaining in a cursory perusal.
mental Journey," with the Leloir illustrations.
MRS. SARAH K. BOLTON has found a prolific mine
In addition to their sumptuous edition of Ros-
of book-making material in the “Lives of Girls
setti's poem of “ The Blessed Damozel," mentioned
Who Became Famous” (Crowell). Sketches of the
in the last number of THE DIAL, Dodd, Mead &
early struggles and the final victories of nineteen
Co. will issue for the holidays a folio of ten etch-
women, who, by dint of genius, high aim, and
ings, comprising examples of the best etched work
hard toil, have gained eminence and lifted their sex
of Masse, Cazanova, Rhead, Gravesend, Jacomb-
upward with them, afford reading of the most
Hood, Ballou, L'Hermitte, Jacquemart, Steele, and
healthful character. It is entertaining, as the con-
Veyrassat. Also, a new edition of their successful
flict of earnest souls striving to surmount oppressive
art work, “A Score of Etchings,” the first edition
and tyrannous circumstances is ever full of pathetic
of which was published three years ago,
and moving vicissitude; and it is profitable by its' HARPER & BROTHERS' holiday list begins with
stimulus to sympathy and emulation. The volume Abbey's illustrated edition of Goldsmith's comedy,
is an excellent one to open to young girls.—The “She Stoops to Conquer," in quarto form, with dec-
collection of “Stories from Life,” by the same orative designs by Alfred Parsons. Charles Dudley
author and publisher, is inferior in interest and lit- | Warner's charming serial, “Their Pilgrimage,
erary merit. A moral purpose is apparent in all will be issued in sumptuous book form, with Rein-
the tales—too apparent, indeed, for it weighs them hart's illustrations; Hamilton Gibson again appears
down. In this, as in the lifeless action of the as author and artist in a volume entitled “Happy
stories, Mrs. Bolton betrays her lack of the artistic Hunting Grounds"; and Dr. von Reber's “ History
sense. Her writings confined to descriptive and of Medieval Art,” translated by J. T. Clarke, will
didactic forms are praiseworthy. Their object is to appear with many illustrations.
instruct, and in this they definitely succeed. But
CASSELL & Co. have in preparation a folio of
taking these sketches as a fair sample, her imagina-
tion is not strong enough to raise her attempts at
twenty-five plates by American etchers and wood
fiction above the level of the common place.
engravers, from paintings selected from public and
private collections, with descriptive and critical
text by S. R. Koehler. The title is “American
:-
Art." Also, a richly illustrated edition of Scott's
LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS.
"Christmas in the Olden Time.” “Shakespearean
Scenes and Characters," a quarto illustrative of
MR. MALLOCH's new volume, to be published in thirty plays of Shakespeare, with thirty steel plates
this country by G. P. Putnam's Sons, deals with and ten wood engravings after drawings by Dicksee,
social and economical questions. It is in story | Hart, Barnard, Hopkins, Fredericks, and others,
form, and has the title, “The Old Order Changes.” with text by Austin Brereton; and a new quarto
ADMIRERS of Omar Khayyam and of Vedder's edition of the “ Arabian Nights,” with illustrations
illustrations to the “Rubáiyat," who found the edi. | by Doré.
tion of last year beyond their means, will be glad OWEN MEREDITH's poem of “The Earl's Return"
to learn that this season the work is to be repro- is to be published by Estes & Lauriat as a holiday
duced in the same manner as before, only on a book, with profuse illustrations. They announce
smaller scale, so that it may be afforded at a price also “Recent German Art," a series of seventeen
which will bring it within the reach of a much photo-etchings, in tints, reproduced from selected
larger number of buyers.
original paintings by celebrated German artists,
A NOVELTY in cookbooks is announced by Funk accompanied with descriptive text by Fred H.
& Wagnalls, in “The Buddhist Diet Book," pre-
Allen; an edition, limited to 350 copies, of
pared by Laura C. Holloway. It is “a compilation
“Foreign Etchings," a collection of twenty orig-
of dishes used by Buddhists in Europe and the East, inal etchings by celebrated artists of France, Ger-
interspersed with explanations of the religious con-
many, and England, with descriptive matter by
victions of this great sect regarding foods." The
S. R. Koehler; Thomas Hood's poem “Fair Ines,
work is expected to be of especial value to vege-
with original illustrations; and “Wayside Flow-
tarians.
ers,” a collection of colored lithograph plates of
ROBERT CLARKE & Co.'s Bibliotheca Americana”
wild flowers and ferns, with descriptive text.
is something more than a priced sale catalogue of That the public interest in the personality of
second-hand books. It has a permanent value to Abraham Lincoln, which has been so marked of


136
[Oct.,
THE DIAL
late, is increasing rather than decreasing, is a fact
recognized by the discerning managers of “The
Century," who announce that in their November
number they will begin the publication of the life
of Lincoln begun many years ago by Mr. Hay and
Mr. Nicolay, and never before in print. These
gentlemen were both secretaries of President Lin-
coln, and have the advantage of a personal acquaint-
ance with him more intimate than that of any other
of his biographers. Mr. Lincoln is without doubt
the most interesting character in American history,
and the papers of Messrs. Hay and Nicolay will
be widely read. The series will be illustrated, and
form the leading feature of “The Century" for
the coming year.
THE new edition of Houghton, Mifflin & Co.'s
complete works of Longfellow, prose and verse,
will, judging from the two volumes already issued,
leave little room for further improvement. The
volumes are elegant in size, print, paper, and bind-
ing. All the matter of the author's latest editions
is to be given here, together with the few poems
that have appeared since his death. Judicious
head-notes give all needful information of the
various compositions, while the different readings
are given in foot-notes. Mr. Longfellow's own
notes are also given in appendixes to the volumes,
and indexes and alphabetical lists of titles and first
lines will be placed at the end of the series. The
first volume has a fine steel portrait from a painting
of Mr. Longfellow as a Bowdoin professor.
TICKNOR & Co. announce as their leading holi-
day book this year an entirely new edition of
Scott's “Lay of the Last Minstrel," made from new
plates, with nearly a hundred illustrations from de-
signs by American artists, and all executed under
the competent supervision of Mr. Anthony. A
work of scarcely less promise, announced by the
same firm, is a new edition of Mrs. Browning's
“Sonnets from the Portuguese,” illustrated by
Ludvig Ipsen, an eminent decorator and designer.
Other works to be issued this fall by Ticknor & Co.
are: A volume of essays by the late E. P. Whipple,
with the title, “Recollections of Eminent Men, and
Other Papers”; “Stories of Art and Artists," by
Mrs. Clement; “Persia and the Persians," by Mr.
Benjamin, late Minister to Persia; “Self-Conscious-
ness of Noted Persons,” by Senator J. S. Morrill;
Mr. Howells's “The Minister's Charge,” and new
volumes of fiction by Edgar Fawcett and Rose
Terry Cooke.
MR, James's illimitable novel of “Princess Casa-
massima," familiar to readers of recent years in the
pages of “The Atlantic,” is promised in book
form, at an early date, by Macmillan & Co. They
announce also a new novel by Mr. Shorthouse, “Sir
Percival," and one by Mrs. Yonge, "A Modern
Telemachus." Further announcements for the fall
season are: “Letters and Reminiscences of Thomas
Carlyle," edited by Prof. Charles Eliot Norton; a
new volume of “Historical Lectures,” by Prof.
Edward A. Freeman, reviewing the “Chief Periods
of European History"; and a new and cheaper edi-
tion, in four volumes, 12mo, of the late M. Lanfrey's
great “History of Napoleon I.” Among their illus-
trated works is an important book on “Greenland,”
by Baron Von Nordenskiöld; “Days with Sir Roger
De Coverley,” with characteristic illustrations by
Hugh Thomson; and an edition de lure, in one vol-
ume, of Washington Irving's “Old Christmas" and
“Bracebridge Hall,” with illustrations by the late
Randolph Caldecott.
BESIDES the American edition of Victor Hugo's
great work on Shakespeare, the present season will
witness the publication of a handsomely illustrated
edition of "Les Misérables." The translation is
that of Sir Lascelles Wraxall, thoroughly revised,
and the hitherto omitted passages restored. The
illustrations, which are identical with those in the
French editions de luxe, number nearly 400, many of
the designs bearing the signature of the most emi-
nent French artists. The work will be completed in
five volumes., The specimens already produced prom-
ise a really superb edition. George Routledge & Sons
are the publishers. They announce also, for the
holidays, an elegant edition of “The Vicar of
Wakefield,” with a prefatory memoir by George
Saintsbury, and 114 exquisitely colored illustrations
by V. A. Porson, illustrator of “Gulliver's Travels;"
a translation of Villars' descriptive work on Eng-
land, Scotland, and Ireland, with 600 illustrations;
and a new work by Octave Uzanne, author of the
“Fan” and the “Glove," etc., entitled “The
Frenchwoman of the Century," with illustrations
reproduced in water-colors.
It is interesting to know that a “long-felt want"
of the literary world is about to be supplied, in a
book giving a “complete and authoritative account
of the professional criminals of America.” “This im-
portant volume,” says the announcement, “will be
published on or about the 10th of October, by
Messrs. Cassell & Company, and contains the
portraits, pedigrees and records of a large
number of celebrated professional criminals
who are now plying their vocation in all
parts of the United States." The work is
recommended for the use not only of courts and
law-officers, but of hotels and boarding-houses,
neurspaper offices, and other institutions that are
regarded as especially "liable to come in con-
tact with the criminal classes.” Aside from the
great practical usefulness of the work, the “gen-
eral reader," it is said, will find “much entertain-
ment" in its pages. He will be struck, in looking
at the portraits, by “the respectable appearance of
some of these criminals. There are bank burglars
who look more like bank presidents, and sneak
thieves who might be taken for Sunday-school
superintendents." The author of the volume is
Detective Byrnes, of the New York police force;
and an interesting hint of how society appears to a
detective is afforded in the suggestion that “with
the use of this book, every man may be his oron detect-
ive,” as well as in the announcement that “In-
spector Byrnes speaks highly of the ingenuity and
nerve of some of these rascals."
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
OCTOBER, 1886.
American Board, Attack upon the. Andover.
Americanisms in England. A. C. Coxe. Forum.
Arabian Learning. Edward Hungerford. Atlantic.
Assos, American Explorers in. F. H. Bacon. Century.
Autumn in England. Lucy C. Lillie Harper's.
Base ball Umpire, A. J. J. Ellick. Lippincott.
Björnson, Björnstjerne. H. L. Brækstad. Century.
Black and White; Are they Colors? Popular Science.
Buddhism's Best Gospel. M. L. Gordon. Andover.
Cedar Mountain to Chantilly. A. E. Lee. Mag. Am. Hist.


1886.]
137
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College Athletic Sports. C. A. Young. Forum.
Confederacy within a Confederacy. Mag. Am. Hist.
Coral Island, A. W. K. Brooks. Popular Science.
Corinth. W. S. Rosecrans. Century.
Cray.fish. C. F. Holder. Popular Science.
Diet. Popular Science.
Earthquakes. Selim H. Peabody. Dial.
Earthquake in Kentucky. J.J. Audubon. Mag. Am. Hist.
England and Germany, Literary Relations of.Dial.
Ethics, History of. H. M. Stanley. Dial.
Faith, Convalescence of. W. H. Mallock. Forum.
Fear. Charles Richet. Popular Science.
Fisheries Dispute, The. W.C. Ford. Forum.
Fisheries, Outlook of the. J. W. Collins. Century.
Fishers of Gloucester. F. H. North Century.
Gettysburg. W. E. Furness. Dial.
Hand-craft and Rede-craft. D. C. Gilman. Century.
How I Was Educated. J. R. Kendrick. Forum.
Humphreys, Gen. A. A. J. W. de Peyster. Mag. Am. Hist.
Ills of the Flesh. Jas. N. Hyde. Dial.
Jackson (Stonewall). Margaret J. Preston. Century.
Jackson's (Stonewall) Last Battle, J. P. Smith. Century.
Labor and Capital. G. M. Powell. Lippincott.
Library, Choice of a. F. N. Zabriskie. Lippincott.
Lincoln, Abraham. Atlantic.
Lincoln and Colonization. Mag. Am. History.
Lincoln's Biographers, Clarence King. Century.
Literature, Modern Spiritual Element in Andover.
Louisiana in Time of Louis XV. Mag. Am. History.
Ludwig II. of Bavaria. E. P. Evans. Atlantic.
Men of the Future. V. G. Eaton. Popular Science.
Meteors. H. A. Newton. Popular Science.
Microbes of Animal Diseases. Popular Science.
Missions, Harmony in Andover.
Naval Artillery, U.S. Edward Simpson. Harper's.
Newton, John. Popular Science.
Nitrification. H. P. Armsby. Popular Science.
Paleontological Museum of Germany. Popular Science.
Public Schools, Moral and Industrial Training in. Andover.
Quebec, Ursulines of. Charles de kay. Century.
Race Prejudices. N. S. Shaler. Atlantic.
Schools Abroad, Common, Matthew Arnold, Century.
Signal Stations, Ocean. F. A. Cloudman, Century.
Social Phenomena. A. G. Warner. Popular Science.
Soldiers' National Home. Maria B. Butler. Harper's.
Speculation, The Heart of. J. F. Hume. Forum.
Sunday, Preservation of Newman Smith, Forum,
Suppression, Policy of. Andover.
Tanis Amelia B. Edwards. Harper's.
Theism and Evolution. W. R. Benedict. Andover.
Time, Universal. W. H. M. Christie. Popular Science.
Tramp and the Law, The. Samuel Leavitt. Forum.
Unitarian, Confessions of a Forum.
U.S. Territorial Growth. W. A. Mowry. Mag. Am. Hist.
Wealth, Distribution of. C. S. Ashley. Popular science.
Wilson, John. E. F. Hayward. Atlantic.
Witchcraft in Venice. Elizabeth R. Pennell. Atlantic.
Women, Are They Fairly Paid ? Forum.
The Life of William Cavendish. Duke of Newcastle.
To which is added the True Relation of My Birth,
Breeding and Life, By Margaret, Duchess of New-
castle. Edited by C. H. Firth, M.A. With four Etched
Portraits. 8vo, pp. 387. Gilt top. (Edition limited to
300 copies for England and 200 for America.) Scribner &
Welford. $3.00.
Lives of Girls Who Became Famous. By Sarah K.
Bolton. 16mo, pp. 347. Portraits. T. Y. Crowell & Co.
$1.50.
Heroes of Science. Physicists. By W. Garnett, M.A.,
D.C.L. 12mo, pp. 339. E. & J. B. Young & Co. Net, $1.20.
Admiral Blake. By D. Hannay. 16mo, pp. 194. “Eng.
lish Worthies," edited by A. Lang, M.A. D. Appleton
& Co. 75 cents.
Ralph Waldo Emerson. His Maternal ancestors. With
some Reminiscence of Him, By D. G. Haskins, D.D.
Paper. Cupples, Upham & Co. 25 cents.
HISTORY.
The Battle of Gettysburg. From the History of the
Civil War in America. By the Comte de Paris. 8vo,
pp. 315. Porter & Coates. $1.50.
The Story of Hungary. By A. Vámbéry. With the
collaboration of L. Heilprin. Illustrated. 12mo, pp.
453. “The Story of the Nations." G. P. Putnam's Sons.
$1.50.
Virginia Carolorum: The Colony under the rule of
Charles the First and Second, 1625-1685. Based upon
nuscripts and Documents of the period. By E. D.
Neill. 4to, pp. 446. J. Munsell's Sons. Net, $4.00.
The Making of New England. 1580-1643. By S. A.
Drake. Illustrated. 12mo, pp. 231. C. Scribner's Sons.
$1.50.
The Destruction of Rome. A Letter from Herman
Grimm. Paper. Cupples, Upham & Co. Net, 25 cents.
TRAVEL.
Constantinople. From the Italian of Edmondo De
Amicis. Illustrated. 4to, pp. 326. G. P. Putnam's
Sons. $2.50.
Voyages of a Merchant Navigator. Of the Days that
are Past. Compiled from the Journals and Letters of
the late R. J. Cleveland, Esq. By H. W. S. Cleveland.
12mo, pp. 245. Portrait. Harper & Bros. $1.25.
Rambles in Naples. An Archæological and Historical
Guide to the Museums, Galleries, Villas, Churches, and
Antiquities of Naples and its Environs. By S. R.
Forbes. Illustrated. 12mo, pp. 137. Thos. Nelson &
Sons. $1.25.
Our New Alaska : or, The Seward Purchase Vindicated.
By C. Hallock. Illustrated. 8vo, pp. 209. Forest and
Stream Publishing Co. $1.50.
Palermo. Christmas to Whitsuntide. By Alice D.
Field. Revised edition. 16mo, pp. 205. Gilt top. G. P.
Putnam's Sons. $1.25.
The Pilgrim at Home. By E. Walford, M.A. 18mo,
pp. 251. E. & J. B. Young & Co. Net, 75 cents.
Shakespeare's England. By W. Winter. Pp. 270. Paper.
Ticknor & Co. 50 cents.
Appleton's Dictionary of New York and Its Vicinity.
With Maps of New York and its Environs. Revised for
1886. Paper. D. Appleton & Co. 30 cents.
TRAVEL.
BOOKS OF THE MONTH.
[The following List contains all New Books, American and For.
eign, received during the month of September by MESSRS. A.
C. MCCLURG & Co. (successors to Jansen, McClurg & Co.),
Chicago.)
BIOGRAPHY.
Mary and Martha, the Mother and the Wife of George
Washington. By B. J. Lossing. LL.D. Illustrated.
4to, pp. 348. Gilt edges. Harper & Bros. $2.50.
George Washington, By W. 0. Stoddard. 12mo, pp. 307.
Portrait. “ The Lives of the Presidents." White, Stokis
& Allen. $1.25.
Ulysses S. Grant. By W. 0. Stoddard. 12mo, pp. 362.
Portraits. “The Lives of the Presidents." White, Stokes
& Allen. $1.25.
The Life of Robert Fulton, and a History of Steam
Navigation. By T. W. Knox. Illustrated: 12mo, pp.
507. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.75.
Actors and Actresses of Great Britain and the United
States. From the days of David Garrick to the pres.
ent time. Edited by B. Matthews and L. Hutton,
Vol. III.-Kean and Booth, and their Contemporaries.
12mo, pp. 313. Gilt top. Cassell & Co. $1.50.
Memoirs and Letters of Dolly Madison, Wife of James
Madison, President of the United States. Edited by
her Grand-Niece. 18mo, pp. 210. Houghton, Mifflin
& Co. $1.25.
The Autobiography of Edward, Lord Herbert of Cher-
bury, with Introduction, Notes, Appendices, and a
Continuation of the Life. By S. L. Lee, B.A. With
four etched portraits. 8vo, pp. 369. Gilt top. (Edi-
tion limited to 600 copies for England and 400 for America.)
Scribner & Welford. $3.00.
ESSAYS, BELLES-LETTRES, ETC.
A History of Greek Literature. From the Earliest
Period to the Death of Demosthenes. By F. B. Jev.
ons, M.A. Large 12mo, pp. 509. C. Scribner's Sons.
$2.50.
Genius in Sunshine and shadow. By M. M. Ballou.
12mno, pp. 309. Ticknor & Co. $1.50.
Thomas Carlyle's Works. “The Ashburton Edition." To
be completed in seventeen volumes, 8vo. Vol. XI..
being Vol. III. of Frederick the Great, to comprise
six vols., now ready. J. B. Lippincott Co. English
cloth, uncut; or, cloth, paper title. Gilt top. Each,
$2.50.
George Eliot's Works. Edition de Luxe, limited to 500
copies, numbered. Vol. II., “ The Mill on the Floss."
8vo, pp. 558. With very fine etchings and photo.etch-
ings. Estes & Lauriat. Net, $6.00.
Subscriptions received by A. C. McClurg & Co., who
will send on application descriptive circular, with
specimens of letter press, etc.
Thackeray's Work. “ Handy Edition.” To be com.
pleted in 26 vols. 16mo. London. “Vanity Fair' and
is Pendennis." 4 vols., now ready. Cloth, per vol., 50
cents; half morocco, per vol., $1.00.
War’rley Novels. By Sir Walter Scott, Bart. 25 vols.,
12mo. Edinburgh. $20.
Leisure Moments in Gough Square: or, The Beauties
and Quaint Conceits of Johnson's Dictionary. By the
author of " Shakespeare's Draughts from the Living
Water." 4to, pp. 185. Ulbrich & Kingsley. $2.25.


138
[Oct.,
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The Great Masters of Russian Literature in the
Nineteenth Century. From the French of E. Dupuy.
16mo, pp. 445. T. Y. Crowell & Co. $1.25.
An Essay on the Improvement of Time. With Notes
of Sermons and other Pieces. By the late John
Foster. 12mo, pp. 429. Bohn's Standard Library.
London, Net, $1.00.
Prejudiced Inquiries. Being the Back-woods Lectures
for 1881. By E. G. Morris. 16mo, pp. 293. G. P. Put.
nam's Sons. $1.25.
The Shah Námeh: or, the Persian Poet
Translated and abridged in Prose and Verse by J.
Atkinson. Edited by the Rev. J. A. Atkinson, M.A.
12mo, pp. 412. “The Chandos Classics." F. Warne & Co.
$1.00.
The olden Time Series. Gleanings chiefly from Old
Newspapers of Boston and Salem. Selected and ar-
ranged, with brief comments. By H. M. Brooks. Vol.
V.--Some Strange and Curious Punishments. 12mo,
pp. 90. Ticknor & Co. 50 cents.
Præterita Outlines of Scenes and Thoughts perhaps
worthy of memory in my past life. By John Ruskin,
LL.D. 12mo, pp. 432. Vol. I. 12mo, PP. 432. Portrait.
J. Wiley & Sons. $1.50.
ART-ARCHITECTURE.
Mural Painting. By F. Crowninshield. Illustrated.
4to, pp. 155. Ticknor & Co. $3.00.
Architecture. Especially in relation to our Parish
Churches. By the Rev. H. H. Bishop, M.A. Illus.
trated. 12mo, pp. 216. London. Net, 75 cents.
POETRY.
Berries of the Brier. By Arlo Bates. 16mo, pp. 95.
Gilt top. Roberts Bros. $1.00.
The Destruction of the World, and other Poems. By
J. J. McGirr. 12mo, pp. 188. A. Mudge & Son. Net,
$1.50.
SCIENCE-GENEALOGIES.
The Age of Electricity. From Amber-Soul to Telephone.
By P. Benjamin, Ph.D. Illustrated. 12mo, pp. 381.
C. Scribner's Son's. $2.00.
Microbes, Ferments and Moulds. By E. L. Trouessart.
12mo, pp. 314. " International Scientific Series." D. Apple.
ton & Co. $1.50.
Man and His Handiwork. By the Rev. J. G. Wood.
Illustrated. 12mo, pp. 668. E. & J. B. Young & Co.
Net, $3.15.
The Luminiferous Æther. By DeVolson Wood, C.E.,
M.A. Boards. Van Nostrand's Science Series. 50 cents.
Florida Fruits, and How to Raise Them. By Helen
Harcourt. Revised and enlarged edition. 12mo, pp. 317.
J. P. Morton & Co. $1.25.
An Alphabetical Inder to American Genealogies and
Pedigrees. Contained in State, County and Town His.
tories, Printed Genealogies, and kindred works. By
D. S. Durrie. Third edition, revised and enlarged. 8vo,
pp. 245. J. Munsell's Sons. Net, $3.00.
Astronomy by Observation. An Elementary Text- Book
for High Schools and Academies. By Eliza A. Bowen.
Illustrated. Quarto, pp. 90. Boards. D. Appleton &
Co. $1.10.
Our Government. How it grew, what it does, and how
it does it. By J. Macy, A.M. 16mo, pp. 238. Ginn &
Co. 58 cents.
Contributions to the Science of Education. By W. H.-
Payne, A.M. 12mo, pp. 358. Harper & Bros. Net,
$1.25.
The National Advanced Speaker. A collection of care.
fully chosen, available, modern declamations and
recitations, with instructions to speakers, and an ap-
pendix of words of difficult pronunciation. Edited
and compiled by 0. E. Branch, M.A. 12mo, pp. 307.
Baker & Taylor. $1.25.
Easy Lessons in French. According to the Cumula.
tive Method ; adapted to school and home instruc.
tion. By A. Dreyspring. 4to, pp. 142. D. Appleton &
Co. 70 cents.
Educational Psychology. A Treatise for Parents and
Educators. By Louisa P. Hopkins. 18mo, pp. 96. Lee
& Shepard. 50 cents.
German of To-Day. A series of short passages for
translation into. English, selected from contempor.
ary German writers. Prepared for the use of schools
and for private study. By Dr. N. Heinemann, F.R.G.S.
16mo, pp. 92. Cassell & Co. 40 cents.
The National Junior Speaker Consisting of declama-
tions and recitations for pupils from ten to sixteen
years of age. Edited and compiled by O. E. Branch,
M.A. 16mo, pp. 168. Baker & Taylor. 75 cents.
The National Primary Speaker. Consisting of Decla.
mations and Recitations for pupils from five to ten
years of age. Edited and compiled by O. E. Branch,
M.A. 16mo, pp. 124. Boards. Baker & Taylor. 50
cents.
FICTION-HUMOR.
He Fell in Love with his wife. By E. P. Roe. 12mo,
pp. 333. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50.
Nature's Serial Story. By E. P. Roe. Illustrated by
W. H. Gibson and F. Dielman. 12mo, pp. 486. Dodd,
Mead & Co. $1.50.
A Romantio Young Lady. By R. Grant, 16mo, pp. 354.
Ticknor & Co. $1.50.
A White Heron, and Other Stories. By Sarah 0. Jewett.
18mo, pp. 254. Gilt top. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25.
stockton's Stories. By Frank R. Stockton. First series:
The Lady, or the Tiger? Second series: The Christ.
mas Wreck and Other Stories. 12mo. Gilt top. Charles
Scribner's Sons. Per vol., $1.25.
Old Boniface. By G. H. Picard. 12mo, pp. 279. White,
Stokes & Allen. $1.50.
Poverty Grass. By Lillie C. Wyman, 16mo, pp. 32).
Houghton, Miffin & Co. $1.25.
Gloria Victis. A Romance. From the German of 0.
Schubin. 16mo, pp. 319. W. S. Gottsberger. Paper, 50
cents; cloth, 90 cents.
Aphrodite. A Romance of Ancient Hellas. From the
German of E. Eckstein 16mo, pp. 289. W. S. Gotts.
berger. Paper, 50 cents; cloth, 90 cents.
Sandra Belloni. Originally Emilia in England. By G.
Meredith. New edition. 12mo, pp. 462. Roberts Bros.
$2.00.
The Peterkin Papers. By Lucretia P. Hale. New edition,
with additions. "Illustrated. 4to, pp. 219. Ticknor &
Co. $1.50.
The Chamber Over the Gate. By Margaret Holmes.
12mo, pp. 559. C. A. Bates. $2.00.
Stories from Life. By Sarah K. Bolton. 16mo, pp. 361.
T. Y. Crowell & Co. $1.25.
Haworth's. By Frances H. Burnett. New edition. 12mo,
pp. 374. C. Scribner's Sons. $1.25.
Surly Tim, and other Stories. By Frances H. B
New edition. 12mo, pp. 270. C. Scribner's Sons. $1.25.
The New Man at Rossmere. By Mrs. J. H. Walworth.
12mo, pp. 359. Cassell & Co. $1.25.
A Secret of the Sea, &o. By B. Matthews. 12mo, pp.
220. C. Scribner's Sons. Paper, 50 cents; cloth, $1.00.
John Parmelee's Curse. By Julian Hawthorne. 16mo,
pp. 270. Cassell & Co. $1.00.
Simplicity and Fascination. By Anne Beale. New
edition. 12mo, pp. 493. Lee & Shepard. $1.00.
The Mills of Tuxbury. By Virginia F. Townsend. New
edition. 12mo, pp. 363. Lee & Shepard. $1.00.
The Holland. By Virginia F. Townsend.New editi
12mo, pp. 412. Lee & Shepard $1.00.
The Deerings of Medbury. By Virginia F. Townsend.
New edition. 12mo, pp. 229. Lee & Shepard. $1.00.
Six in Au. By Virginia F. Townsend. New edition.
12mo, pp. 447. Lee & Shepard. $1.00.
POLITICS-ECONOMICS.
A Hand-book of Politics for 1886: Being a Record of
Important Political Action, Legislative, Executive,
and Judicial, National and State, from July 31, 1884, to
July 31, 1886. By Hon. E. McPherson, LL.D. 8vo.
pp. 247. J. J. Chapman. Net, $2.00.
The Irish Question. I.-History of an Idea. II.- Lessons
of the Election. By the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone.
Paper. C. Scribner's Sons. 10 cents.
The Labor Movement in America. By R. T. Ely, Ph.D.
12mo, pp. 373. T. Y. Crowell & Co. $1.50.
An Investor's Notes on American Railroads. By J.
Swann, M.A., Oxon. 12mo, pp. 172. G. P. Putnam's
Sons. $1.25.
National Suicide and Its Prevention. By 0. F. Lumry,
Ph.D. 16mo, pp. 224. G. F. Cram. Paper, 50 cents;
cloth, $1.00,
Science Economic Discussion. By H. C. Adams, R. T.
Ely, S. Newcomb, and others. Paper. The Science
Co. 50 cents.
EDUCATIONAL.
The Iliad of Homer. Books XVI.-XXIV. With Explan.
atory Notes for the Use of Students in College. By
W. S. Tyler, D.D. 12mo, pp. 420. “Harper's Classical
Series." Harper & Bros. $1.50.
Greek Lessons. Prepared to Accompany the Grammar
of Hadley and Allen. By R. P. Keep. 12mo, pp. 257.
D. Appleton & Co. $1.40."
Elementary Lessons in Greek Syntax. Designed to
accompany the reading of Xenophon's Anabasis. By
S. R. Winchell, A.M. 12mo, pp. 107. D. Appleton &
Co. $1.40.


1886.]
139
THE DIAL
Deephaven. By Sarah 0. Jewett. 18mo, pp. 255. “River-
side Pocket series." Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 50 cents.
Double Cunning. The Tale of a Transparent Mystery.
By G. M. Fenn. 12mo, pp. 392. Paper. D. Appleton &
Co. 50 cents.
Daddy Dare. By Mary Frances. Paper. Funk & Wag.
nalls. 50 cents.
The Story of a Bright Idea. A Romance. New edition.
16mo, pp. 204. Paper. Cupples, Upham & Co. 50 cents.
A Phantom Lover. A Fantastic Story. By Vernon Lee.
16mo, pp. 134. Roberts Bros. 50 cents.
In Partnership. Studies in Story Telling. By B. Mat.
thews and H. C. Bunner. New edition. 16ino, pp. 210.
Paper'. C. Scribner's Sons, 50 cents.
As It Was Written. A Jewish Musician's Story. By S.
Luska. New edition. Paper. Cassell & Co, 25 cents.
The Expressman and the Detective, “Multum in Parvo"
Series. Paper. G. W. Dillingham, 25 cenis.
Dear Life. By J. E. Panton. Paper. D. Appleton &
Co, 25 cents.
The Great Gold Secret, and other Stories. Paper. Cas.
sell's Select Library. 15 cents.
A Wife's Confession, and other Stories. Paper. Cassell's
Select Library. 15 cents.
Checkmated, and other Stories. Paper. Cassell's Select
Library. 15 cents.
FRANKLIN SQUARE LIBRARY.
The Court of France, 1514–1559. By Lady Jackson. 25
cents.
St. Briarels. By Mary Deane. 20 cents
Ottilie-The Prince of the 100 Soups. By Vernon Lee. 20
cents.
Ancient American Politics. By H. J. Hastings. 30
cents.
HARPER'S HANDY SERIES.
A Wicked Girl. By Mary C. Hay. 25 cents.
The Long Lane. By Ethel Coxon. 25 cents.
Francis. A Socialistic Romance. By M. Dal Vero. 25
cents.
Baptized with a Curse. By Edith S. Drewry. 25 cents.
CASSELL'S NATIONAL LIBRARY.
Religio Medici. By Sir Thomas Browne, M.D. 10 cents.
Voyages in Search of the Northwest Passage. 10 cents.
The Diary of Samuel Pepys. 1660-1661. 10 cents.
Milton's Earlier Poems. 10 cents.
LOVELL'S LIBRARY.
Social Solutions. Nos. 4-7 each 10 cents.
Moths. By Ouid. 20 cents.
A Fair Mystery. By Bertha M. Clay. 20 cents.
Vixen. By M. E. Braddon. 20 cents.
The Old Mam'selle's Secret. By E. Marlitt. 20 cents.
The Mysteries of Paris. By Eugene Sue. Two Parts.
40 cents.
Put Yourself in His Place. By O. Reade. 20 cents.
The Three Guardsmen. By A. Dumas. 20 cents.
The Wandering Jew. By Eugene Sue. Two Parts. 40
cents.
My Friend Jim. By W. E. Norris. 10 cents.
Bad to Beat. By H. Smart. 10 cents.
Betty's Vision. By Rhoda Broughton, 15 cents.
Les Miserables. By Victor Hugo. Three parts. 60 cents.
A Wicked Girl. By Mary C. Hay. 10 cents.
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FRENCH BOOKS.
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144
[Oct., 1886.
THE DIAL
A BRILLIANT NEW NOVEL
By the author of “THE CONFESSIONS OF A FRIVOL-
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A ROMANTIC YOUNG LADY.
By ROBERT GRANT, author of “Face to Face," etc.
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CHICAGO, NOVEMBER, 1886.
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author's observing that a record of past games in
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146
[Nov.,
THE DIAL
-
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MACMILLAN & CO:S
NEW PUBLICATIONS AND ANNOUNCEMENTS.
NEW ILLUSTRATED WORKS.
BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG.
Profusely Illustrated by Randolph Caldecott.
Jack and the Beanstalk.
OLD CHRISTMAS and BRACEBRIDGE A Version in Hexameters, by the Hon. HALLAM TENNY.
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HALL.
By WASHINGTON IRVING. With numerous illustra-
The Necklace of Princess Fiorimonde, and
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DAYS WITH SIR ROGER DE COVERLEY.
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By CHARLES DICKENS. With notes and numerous Post.
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Grimm's Household Stories.
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world, that it has been thought not inopportune to cele.
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The ENGLISH ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE. combination of author and artist than this volume pre.
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1886.]
147
THE DIAL
--------
---
A GREAT ENTERPRISE.
THE CENTURY MAGAZINE, with its enormous circulation (edition of November number is a quarter of
a million) and great resources, has never undertaken a more important work than the one which will be
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THE LIFE OF LINCOLN,
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148
THE DIAL
[Nov., 1886.
A Salmagundi of New American Fic NEW BOOKS.
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paper, with illustrations. Bonnd uniformly in red
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covers, showing portraits of Washington, Lincoln.
Grant and Garfield. Each volume, $1.25.
1. GEORGE WASHINGTON.
2. ULYSSES S. GRANT.
By WILLIAM 0. STODDARD, author of “The Life of Abra.
ham Lincoln," " Dab Kinzer,” “Esau Hardery," etc.
Other volumes in preparation. “The Life of Grant"
is published out of its chronological order because of the
present great interest in the subject.
Collected and edited by FRANCIS J. CHILD, Professor in
Harvard University. New Edition, 16mo. $1.25.
The Great Debate.
A Complete Report of the Discussion at the Meeting of
the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign
Missions held at Des Moines, Iowa, Thursday, Octo.
ber 7, 1886. 8vo, paper, 25 cents.
Agassiz's Life and Works.
New uniform edition in six volumes, including
LIFE AND LETTERS. By Mrs. AGASSIZ. 2. vols, 12mo, $4.
GEOLOGICAL SKETCHES. Two Series, 12ino. $1.50 each.
METHODS OF STUDY IN NATURAL HISTORY. 12ino. $1.50.
A JOURNEY IN BRAZIL. Illustrated. 12mo, $2.50.
The Set, 6 vols., 12mo, $10.00.
Riverside Pocket Series.
This series includes ten books which have already won
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printed and bound in cloth. Each, 16mo, 50 cents.
6. WATCH AND WARD. By HENRY JAMES.
7. IN THE WILDERNESS By C. D. WARNER.
8. A STUDY OF ILAWTHORVE. By G. P. LATHROP.
9. DETYOLD. By W. H. BISHOP.
Any of the above books can be had of your bookreller, or will be
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THE DIAL
VOL. VII. NOVEMBER, 1886. No. 79.
----- -------
CONTENTS.
-
-
--
--
-
--
SEVEN BOOKS FOR CITIZENS. Albert Shaw ... 149
JEVONS'S HISTORY OF GREEK LITERATURE,
Paul Shorey · · · · · · · · · ....... 152
DOCUMENTS ILLUSTRATIVE OF AMERICAN
HISTORY. W. F. Poole . .......... 155
SWINBURNE, THE CRITIC. Melville B. Anderson ..
MISS EDITH THOMAS. Sara A. Hubbard ....
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS ........... 160
Kerr's The Far Interior.-Hall's and Mansfield's
Bibliography of Education.-Symonds's Life of
Ben Jonson.-Dobson's Life of Steele.-Hannay's
Life of Admiral Blake.--Gosse's Life of Sir Walter
Raleigh.-Lossing's The Two Spies, Nathan Hale
and John André.-Sully's Teacher's Handbook of
Psychology.-Atkinson's translation of the Shah
Námeh, or Epic of Kings.-Champlin's A Chron.
icle of the Coach.-Church's and Gilman's The
Story of Carthage.-Doubleday's The Filibuster
War in Nicaragua.-Carew Hazlitt's Old Cookery
Books.-Wright's Ancient Cities.-Miss Sheldon's
Studies in Greek and Roman History.
TOPICS IN NOVEMBER PERIODICALS. .... 163
BOOKS OF THE MONTH ........... 163
reading of thoughtful and intelligent citizens.
They are particularly suited to the educational
requirements of the better class of working
men, who now constitute a large majority, at
least in our cities, of the persons who give
serious and intelligent consideration to matters
pertaining to citizenship and social organiza-
tion. It is because these books have a wide
range and represent diverse points of view
that they are, as a group, so well fitted to
inform and edify the citizen. .
Perhaps the most noteworthy of the seven
is Professor Ely's “The Labor Movement in
America.” Its author already possesses an
enviable and well-earned reputation as an
investigator, thinker, and writer, along the
line of modern social and economic history.
The present volume gathers up and presents in
revised and integral form much that Professor
Ely has heretofore printed in special mono-
graphs or in current periodicals, together with
a large amount of entirely new material. The
historical and descriptive parts of the book
are of great value, because they furnish the
only trustworthy and scientific account ever
given of labor organizations and of socialistic
movements in this country. The chapters dis-
cussing the economic and educational value of
labor organization, and its other aspects, are
thorough and mature, avowedly following Dr.
Brentano to some extent. The chapter on
coöperation, also, is valuable both for its
information and its suggestions. Dr. Ely has
the same sympathy with the labor movement
that all right-minded men must have when
they understand it. “The labor movement,”
as he defines it, “in its broadest terms, is the
effort of men to live the life of men. It is the
systematic, organized struggle of the masses to
attain primarily more leisure and larger eco-
nomic resources; but that is not by any means
all, because the end and purpose of it all is a
richer existence for the toilers, and that with
respect to mind, soul, and body.” No other
American writer on the labor question has pro-
duced a book at once so well-considered, so
creditable from the scientific standpoint and
yet so entirely adapted for general reading, so
wholesome in its tone, and so conservative in
the truest sense of that word. The conception
of the labor movement as an historic develop-
ment will tend to make those participating in
it more patient and moderate. The clear
explanation of its motives and aims will tend
to remove much hostility that has been due to
misconception.
In the intervals of his star-gazing, nautical-
almanac making, and work as a teacher of the
higher mathematics, the distinguished astron-
SEVEN BOOKS FOR CITIZENS. *
Committed to me for notice in the present
number of THE DIAL are seven books which
for certain purposes may be regarded as hav-
ing a complementary relationship. I attach no
particular importance to the number seven as
a symbol of completeness, and the scheme into
which these books seem easily to group them-
selves is not so logically exacting or so rigidly
symmetrical that it might not dispense with one
or two, or that it might not readily admit sev-
eral more which could promptly be named.
But the seven may be said to form an unusu-
ally well-chosen collection for the winter's
THE LABOR MOVEMENT IN AMERICA. By Richard T.
Ely, Ph.D. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co.
A PLAIN MAN'S TALK ON THE LABOR QUESTION. By
Simon Newcumb, Ph.D., LL.D. New York: Harper &
Brothers.
AN INVESTOR'S NOTES ON AMERICAN RAILROADS. By
John Swann, M.A. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
OUR GOVERNMENT. By Jesse Macy, A.M. Boston:
Ginn & Company.
THE AMERICAN CITIZEN'S MANUAL. By Worthington
C. Ford. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
THE PHILOSOPHY OF WEALTH. By John B. Clark, A.M.
Boston: Ginn & Company.
A HANDBOOK OF POLITICS FOR 1886. By Hon. Edward
McPherson, LL.D. Washington: Jas. J. Chapman,


150
THE DIAL
[Nov.,
--- - - - --
omer of the Naval Observatory at Washington body else by his grinding monopoly, I shall
has found time to write another book in the be most grateful.” There are at least several
domain of economics. Professor Newcomb's millions of people who could gratify the gen-
“A Plain Man's Talk on the Labor Question”. tleman with the required information, but not
might better have been called “ An Astrono many will give themselves the trouble. The
mer's Talk on the So-called Labor Question;" | Professor's glib and ever-ready answer for a
for, like Professor Sumner, our astronomical man who objects to overcharges, discrimina-
author in effect denies the existence of any tions, or other railroad abuses, is that nobody
real labor question. The attitude of these compels him to use the railroads if he does
gentlemen toward social facts always suggests not like their service. He may walk, or ride
the Rev. John Jasper, who, in firm reliance horseback, dig a canal, or haul his goods across
upon Holy Scripture and the evidence of his country in a wagon. Which is merely another
own eyes, declares that the sun revolves way of saying with Mr. Vanderbilt, “The pub-
around the earth,-to the natural amusement lic be damned.” Professor Newcomb takes
of an astronomical expert like Professor New- especial pains to defend against all criticism
comb. But this same learned astromomer, the great fortunes accumulated by railroad
relying upon the infallibility of his precon manipulators like Gould and Vanderbilt. He
ceived system of a social circulation regulated begs the question by assuming that these for-
by the beautiful and unerring law of supply tunes were built up by legitimate and useful
and demand, just as his own familiar domain, business methods. Suppose, he says, that “a
the solar system, is governed by the law of very skilful dairyman" should devise a way to
gravitation, and further depending upon his make butter at half the cost in other men's
casual observation of social phenomena from dairies. He could become very rich, and at
the altitudes of his observatory tower, is the same time be a benefactor of his kind.
almost as absurd as John Jasper, when he But the far-fetched and hypothetical illustra-
declares in the last half of the year 1886 tion does not apply. The railroad fortunes in
that there is no real labor question. The so question were accumulated by stock-watering,
called labor movement, from Professor News | by the processes known as "wrecking,” by the
comb's point of view, is a mischievous attempt | corruption of legislatures and courts, and by
on the part of people already as well off as the deceits and strategies of Wall street. It
they deserve to be, to interfere with the is not to the mere amount of these accumula-
exquisite harmonies of the social organism. tions that objection is made, but to the lawless
He deprecates all forms of labor combination, and piratical methods; in which thoughtful
and invites workingmen to accept the existing men see great wrong and great danger to the
order as equitable and perfect. He argues country. John W. Garrett was a railroad
with neatness and despatch. It is absurd for manager who built up a great fortune by law.
men to complain of their wages, for nobody ful and honorable means. But neither he nor
in this free country compels them to work; his railroad had aught to do with Wall street.
and if they do not like their pay they can stop But at Professor Newcomb's altitude, mundane
working. Yet if their dissatisfaction should | distinctions are imperceptible.
lead them to quit work by concerted action Some very bright and useful sidelights are
(i. e., through organization), we should have a thrown upon this railroad question by an
strike, and their conduct would seem altogether Englishman's book entitled “An Investor's
reprehensible to Professor Newcomb. At Notes on American Railroads." Mr. John
great length he shows the workingman how | Swann, who is an Oxford M. A., and a coun-
unreasonable it is that he should feel otherwisel sellor-at-law, is not only a keen observer and
than elated and thankful, in view of the fact a terse and lucid writer, but he is also a
that he can have so many things to enjoy that man of affairs and a practical railroad mana-
were not accessible to colonial governors of ger. For some time he was general manager
Massachusetts — as, for example, California of one of our Southern roads, and has, I be-
grapes. About half of the book is occupied lieve, been concerned in the reorganization of
with a discussion of the railroad question. several others. Professor Newcomb ought to
Professor Newcomb draws touching pictures read Mr. Swann's book. Its particular value
of “great adminstrators of railways patiently lies in the fact that it is written from the rail-
planning by day and by night the most effect road man's standpoint, and is addressed to
ive way to supply our wants.” The most case English investors, to whom American railway
hardened defender of our present chaotic and securities are in general highly recommended.
scandalous railroad administration never before The book does not purport to deal with any
ventured such unqualified and reckless praise controversies between railways and the public.
as this astronomical panegyrist accords. “If Such disclosures as it makes respecting railway
any reader,” exclaims Professor Newcomb, methods are simply for the enlightenment and
with indignant warmth, “can tell me what protection of distant investors. After read-
harm Vanderbilt or Gould ever did me or any. 1 ing our astronomer's naive eulogies of the


1886.]
151
THE DIAL
“great administrators of railroads, patiently stitutions which foreigners observe as current
planning by day and by night the most in this country.
effective way to supply our wants,” it is un In 1882 Mr. Worthington C. Ford published
commonly diverting to read Mr. Swann's a small volume of descriptive essays under the
chapters on “ Control," “ Combination," title of “The American Citizen's Manual," and
“ Pools,” “Water,” “Parallel Lines,” “Re in the following year another volume appeared
organization," "Proxies,” “Funding,” “Re as a “second part.” These are now reprinted
ceivers' Certificates," “ Corners," and so on, as two volumes in one. They contain no new
which tell what the “great administrators” suggestions and embody no original research ;
are really “planning by day and by night." but they are full of valuable information and of
The volume is modest and unpretentious, but sound doctrines and elevated political senti-
it is a worthy addition to the growing library ments. Unfortunately there seems to be utter
of American railway economics, which in dearth of arrangement. There are no tables of
cludes such able books as those by Messrs. contents and no indexes. Each volume is divided
Adams, Hadley, and Hudson.
into four chapters. The first part of the first
Having read Professor Ely, Professor New volume is devoted to “Government and its
comb, and Mr. Swann, our intelligent citizen functions, National and State," while the
will be ready to pass on from special consider second and third parts of the second volume
ation of the railroad problem and the labor treat respectively of “ The Federal Govern-
question to something more general. “Our ment” and “The Functions of the State
Government,” by Professor Macy, is incompar Governments.” It takes some little study to
ably the best book on American political in ascertain that the first volume means to treat
stitutions, either for the citizen to read or for more particularly of the form, mechanism and
the pupils in our schools to study, that has respective powers of National and State gov.
ever been written By “our government” ernments, and that the second part means to
Professor Macy does not mean merely the treat of the operation of these governments
Federal government at Washington. Nor upon society. But this distinction is so im-
does he mean the government of a State. He perfectly observed by the author that it is
means the actual and entire political environ hard to believe that the “Manual” was
ment of the citizen, which comprises the in written upon any clearly conceived plan. And
stitutions of the school district, township or yet the book is an excellent one for the Amer.
village or city, county, state and nation. The ican citizen to read straight through, by reason
book tells of our American system of govern- of its varied and accurate information.
ment, “how it grew, what it does, and how it Space forbids the thorough review of Pro.
does it.” Nobody can really understand fessor Clark's “Philosophy of Wealth” that
English or American political institutions its great merits deserve. But at least it can
without more or less knowledge of their his- be characterized ; and I believe that I pro-
torical development. In this handbook Pro nounce a verdict to which there will be gen-
fessor Macy treats of the origin and growth eral assent, when I say that this slender
of Anglo-Saxon institutions and of the later volume is the most original and valuable con-
developments of our American system, with tribution made by any American of this gen-
clearness and simplicity, yet in a manner which eration to the discussion of economic concep-
must excite the admiration of the most tions and principles. It is devoted to the
fastidious scholars of constitutional history. economics of distribution, and may be said to
The great merit of the book is due to the fact present the fundamental postulates of the
that it is a study of the real thing—of the in To new school.” Professor Clark says in the
stitutions themselves, and not merely a para preface that “the place it primarily seeks is in
phrasing of statutes and constitutions. Thus, the hands of readers and thinkers who have
Part III., which considers the administration long been in revolt against the general spirit
of justice, explains ancient usages, shows the of the old political economy.” And the mass
origin and traces the history, of judicial offices of “readers and thinkers" are in that very
and of the jury system, and proceeds to an state of revolt. This book is not, therefore,
account of the lower and higher courts as they for political economists alone. It is good
now exist in this country. Part VI., under enough for the intelligent citizen, and he will
the general title of “Constitutions,” contains find it most luminous and beneficial. Those
perhaps the most useful and original chapters who have read some or all of Professor Clark's
in the book. The appearance of this volume, remarkable economic articles in “The New
designed for use in schools, will inaugurate a Englander,” begun ten years ago, need only to
revolution in the methods of teaching and be told that this book covers, more completely
studying civil government, and will do more and maturely, the same general field. Its dis-
than all preceding books to remove those cussions of“ Wealth,” “ Value," “ Labor,"
strange delusions about government and con- | etc., are keenly analytical and most happily


152
THE DIAL
[Nov.,
---
= =-
free from hair-splitting and dialectics. The 'so laudable and difficult an undertaking as a
chapters on “The Law of Distribution," history of Greek literature should ever be
“ Wages as Affected by Combinations,” “The mindful of Plato's fine saying: “It is our
Ethics of Trade,” “The Principles of Coöpera duty to regard with complacency every man
tion,” and “Non-Competitive Economics," who has aught to tell us of things pertaining
contain the freshest and wisest writing that to the intellectual life, and manfully works it
has appeared on the principles that underlie out.” But in spite of favorable prepossessions
current social and industrial agitations.
for the theme, and in spite of the suggestive-
The transition to McPherson's “Handbook ness of portions of the work for the specialist,
of Politics” for 1886 will be an easy and Mr. Jevons's book seems to us to present grave
natural one for our imaginary citizen who has deficiencies, regarded either as a text-book
read the six books already noticed. It is ex for students or as a sketch for the general
tremely difficult for the citizen, at the end of reader. In a text-book we require a clear and
a Congressional period of two years, to make orderly presentation of essential facts, and,
a summing up from memory of actual results. above all, a correct sense of proportion; in the
Mr. McPherson's volumes, which appear bien popular outline the scientific and erudite inter-
nially, contain “ a record of important polit est, however strong, must be subordinated to
cal action, legislative, executive and judicial, the genial apprehension of literary power and
national and state.” Their completeness and beauty.
convenience can hardly be realized by any A mere glance at the paging of this book
one who has never formed the valuable reveals Mr. Jevons's deficient sense of propor-
habit of using them. They contain the full tion in handling his theme. As to the propri-
text of all important bills in Congress, and ety of assigning nearly three hundred pages
record the votes of all members upon questions to the history of Greek poetry, as against
of moment. They contain Presidential mes about one hundred and ninety pages given to
sages and other documents, and present im prose, there may be room for difference of
portant statistical compilations in an appendix. | opinion. But what shall we say of the entire
The present volume fully records the history, omission of Aristotle and the dismissal of the
in the last two sessions, of the inter-state philosophic movement of the fifth and fourth
commerce question, the tariff question, the centuries, including Plato, in twenty scrappy
public land and railroad land-grant questions, pages compiled from Lewes's “ Biographical
the silver question, the labor question, the History of Philosophy” and the earlier chap-
education question, and other matters. News ters of Grote? Again, if seven pages are
paper reading would have far better results if needed for Antiphon, fourteen are sadly inad-
the average citizen should resolutely review equate for Xenophon; and, though we would
contemporary political history at frequent in begrudge no time spent on the Homer of
tervals, with the aid of McPherson's hand orators, sixty pages assigned to Demosthenes
book.
ALBERT Shaw. and the contemporary political oratory are out
of proportion in a book that gives hardly
more space to early Greek prose and the entire
series of the great historians.
JEVONS'S HISTORY OF GREEK LITERA-
Mr. Jevons's treatment of special periods of
TURE.*
the literature exhibits the unevenness which this
The publishers of Cruttwell's clever and lack of external proportion leads us to expect.
readable sketch of the history of Roman liter Part I., dealing with poetry, is a fairly clear
ature have thought that there is room between and satisfactory, though somewhat prosaic,
the primer of Jebb and the more ambitious