326 INDIANA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY THE DIAL c/1 Semi-Monthly journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information VOLUME XXVIII. JANUARY 1 TO JUNE 16, 1900 CHICAGO : THE DIAL COMPANY, PUBLISHERS 1900 y 4 O 1 & 2, &zº. 4. -P3– INDIANA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, ! ! – 3 – ol · CLASSICAL HISTORY, FESTIVALs, AND LEGENDs 2T INDEX TO VOLU ALEXANDER I. AND HIs Court, MEMOIRs of . ANIMAL AND PLANT, MYTH AND FANCY of ARTIST AND THE MAN Asia, IN CENTRAL . . . BASTILLE, MYTHS AND LEGENDs of THE BENEvoleNGE, A STUDY IN . BIBLICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA, A NEW BioLogical QUESTIONs of To-DAY BoER AND BRITON . BooksFLLING AND BooksFLLERs, AMERICAN BRITISH ARMY, EvoluTIon of THE CICERO, LETTERs of CIVIL WAR, ScHouleR's HISTORY of THE . CoLoRIAL Gover NMENT, PROBLEMs of . CoMMENCEMENT SEAsoN, THE . DEMOCRACY out of Joint DIAL, THE, 1880–1900 DISTRIBUTION, PROBLEM of EconoMIC Essays AND ADDRESSEs EDUCATION, AMERICAN - ENGLAND AND THE BoERs, AN ENGLISHMAN ON . , GENERAL WALKER's ENGLISH UNIVERSITIES AND MEN . EPISCOPAL RAcontRUR, AN EUROPE, RACEs of . . . FAITH, INSENSIBLE AND IRRESISTIBLE DRIFT of . FICTION, RECENT . FISKE, PROFEssor, Essays of . FREEDOM, THREE GREAT CHAMPIONs of FRENCH HISTORY, REALISM IN GARDENs AND THEIR PRAISEs . GoFTHE, ByRoN's INFLUENCE UPON . HAUPTMANN, Four BEST PLAYs of . HEROINE AND ForLIN MoDERN FICTION HoRTICULTURE, AMERICAN, A CycLoPAEDIA of Howe, MRs., REM.INIscENCEs of . HUDson's BAY CoMPANY. THE HUNTING GROUNDs, IN NorthwestERN IDEAL, REALITY of THE . JournalIST, RECoLLECTIONs of A - LADY of CoNSEQUENCE, AN EIGHTEENTH C LIBRARIES, AMERICAN LINCOLN's LIFE, NEw LIGHT ON . LITERATURE, AMERICAN . LITERATURE, TRANSATLANTIC . MAHAN, CAPTAIN, Some CURRENT FALL MAHDISM, RISE AND FALL of . - - MASPERo's ORIENTAL HISTORY, CLIMAx of MASTER of BALLIol, MoRE LETTERs of THE . MERIVALE, DEAN . MoLIERE, THE House of MonAstic INSTITUTIONs, HISTORY MUNICIPAL PROBLEMs AND PHENOMENA, SoME NATURALIST, AN AMERICAN OF NETHERLANDs, PEOPLE AND RULERs of THE PERIODICALs, AMERICAN PLAY, AN ENGLISH AND AN AMERICAN . PLAYHouse REcoLLECTIONs Poetry, RECENT Pom PEII RESTORED. . . PUBLISHING AND PUBLISHERs, AMERICAN . PUBLISHING, THE STAR SystEM IN ENTURY . ACIES OF ºf **, ME XXVIII. Frederick Starr Ira M. Price . W. E. Simonds Ira M. Price . . Charles A. Kofoid Wallace Rice . . John H. Dingman W. H. Johnson . . . . Francis Wayland Shepardso Shailer Mathews . . . . Alice Asbury Abbott . B. A. Hinsdale M. B. Hammond . Maac West . . B. A. Hinsdale Wallace Rice Wallace Rice . . . Arthur Howard Noll Frederick Starr John Bascom . . . . . William Morton Payne . . Foster Bain . . . . . . Francis Wayland. Shepardson. M. S. B. A. . . . . . . John J. Holden Anna M. Bowen . . Edward E. Hale, Jr. Annie Russell Marble John M. Coulter . Sara A. Hubbard B. A. Hinsdale Henry C. Payne . ... Sara A. Hubbard William H. Brett. William P. Trent William Morton Payne . Wallace Rice - - Ira M. Price . . . Josiah Renick Smith Percy Favor Bicknell James Westfall Thompso Charles Zueblin . . . Foster Bain - - E. D. Adams . - Henry Loomis Nelson E. E. Hale, Jr. William Morton Payne. F. W. Shipley. - - Francis F. Browne 84, Pac- 428 279 239 247 468 459 152 280 42 344 148 278 461 117 14 457 113 327 119 352 277 397 432 202 251 400 119 395 116 251 144 269 274 79 197 393 191 37 273 346 192 334 329 198 399 195 150 iv. INDEX. race QUAKER HISTORY, SoME NEw CoNTRIBUTIONs to . . . . B. A. Hinsdale . . . . . 11 RADICALs, THE ENGLISH . . . . . . . . . . . . E. D. Adams . . . . . . 194 RELIGIOUs BELIEFs, CoMPLEXITY of . . . . . . . . . John Bascom . . . . . . 18 RUSKIN, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 RUSSIAN REvolutionist. A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 ScHools, OUR, WHERE THEY FAIL Most . . . . . . . B. A. Hinsdale . . . . . 141 Scotland, VERNAcular LITERATURE of . . . . . . . Mary Augusta Scott . . . . 82 SHIP of STATE, BUILDING THE . . . . . . . . . . . James Oscar Pierce . . . . 153 SocIAL Discussion AND REFoRM . . . . . . . . . . Charles R. Henderson . . . 436 SouTH AFRICAN WAR, AN UNFINISHED REcoRD of THE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 STAGE MEMORABILIA, SoME INTERESTING . . . . . . . Ingram A. Pyle . . . . . 276 STATISTICs AND CENsus-TAKING . . . . . . . . . . Maac West . . . . . . . 200 THEATRICAL CoMMERCIALISM AND DRAMATIC LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 THEORY AND PRACTICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 THoMPson RIVER INDIANs, STORIEs of THE . . . . . . Frederick Starr . . . . . 467 THOREAU As A HUMoRIST . . . . . . . . . . . . George Beardsley . . . . . 241 TRAVEL, RECENT Books of . . . . . . . . . . . . Hiram M. Stanley . . . . 154 TREEs, BRooks, AND Books . . . . . . . . . . . Anna Benneson McMahan . 47 “WHEN WE DEAD Awake” . . . . . . . . . . . William Morton Payne . . . 109 ANNOUNCEMENTS OF SPRING Books, 1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Twentieth ANNIversary of THE DIAL, SENTIMENTs on THE Occasion of . . . . . . . . . .357 DIRECTORY OF THE AMERICAN PUBLISHING TRADE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 BRIEFs on NEw Books. . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 53, 88, 124, 156, 203, 253, 285, 404, 440, 469 BRIEFER MENTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 57, 92, 127, 160, 207,257, 290,408, 444, 472 NotEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 58, 93, 127, 161, 208,257, 291,409, 444, 472 Topics IN LEADING PERIoDICALs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94, 161, 258, 445 Lists of NEw Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 59, 95, 128, 162,258, 292, 409, 446, 473 AUTHORS AND TITLES OF BOOKS REVIEWED. PAGE Pagº Abbott, Evelyn, and Campbell, Lewis. Letters of Bergen, Fanny D. Animal and Plant Lore . . .279 Jowett . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 || Besant, Sir Walter. The Orange Girl . . . . 85 Adams, C. F. Charles Francis Adams . . . 396 || Bicknell, Edward. Territorial Acquisitions of the Adeane, Jane H. Early Married Life of Lady United States . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Stanley . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 || Biological Lectures from Marine Biological Lab- Adeane, Jane H. Girlhood of Maria Holroyd . 273 oratory, Wood's Holl . . . . . . . . . 282 Alden, R. M. Rise of Formal Satire in England 161 | Bishop, Mrs. J. F. The Yangtze Valley and Beyond 154 Allen, Grant. White's Selborne . . . . . . 128 Blanchan, Neltje. Nature's Garden. . . . . 404 Archer, William. America of To-Day . . . . 89 | Blok, Petrus J. History of People of Netherlands 434 Arnold, Howard P. Historic Side-Lights . . . 92 | Boers, Story of the . . . . . . . . . . 406 Arnold, Thomas. Passages in a Wandering Life 398 || Boname, L. C. Handbook of French Pronunciation 445 Atterbury, Ansen P. Islam in Africa . . . . 470 Bookwalter, J. W. Siberia and Central Asia. . 156 Austen, Jane, Works of, “Temple” edition . . 93 || Boothby, Guy. Love Made Manifest . . . . 87 Austin, Henry. Poe's Tales, “Raven” edition . 56 | Bothmer, Countess A. von. Sovereign Ladies of Baedeker's Guides to Austria, Central Italy, the Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Rhine, and Switzerland, revised editions. . . 472 | Bourinot, Sir J. G. Builders of Nova Scotia . . .256 Bailey, L. H. Cyclopedia of American Horticul- Bowman, Isa. Story of Lewis Carroll . . . . 290 ture, Vol. I. . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Boyd, Alex. J. The Shellback . . . . . . 90 Baillie-Grohman, W. A. Fifteen Years' Sport Bradford, Gamaliel. Lesson of Popular Govern- and Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . .393 ment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Baker, T. S. Hauptmann's Die Versunkene Glocke 430 || Brady, C. T. For the Freedom of the Sea . . 85 Baldock, T. S. Cromwell as a Soldier . . . . 54 Briton and Boer . . . . . . . . . . 45 Barnum, Martha R. Two Minor Works of Goethe 151 | Brooke-Hunt, Violet. Prisoners of the Tower of Barrett, Wilson, and Barron, Elwyn. In Old New London . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Brooke, Stopford A. The Gospel of Joy . . . 19 Barton, Alma H. History of the United States . 208 || Brown, Mary W. Development of Thrift. . . 439 Bateman, Newton, and Selby, Paul. Historical Bruce, A. B. Moral Order of the World . . . .252 Encyclopædia of Illinois. . . . . . . . 125 | Budde, Karl F. R. Religion of Israel to the Exile 255 Bates, F. G. Rhode Island and Formation of the Bunyan's Mr. Badman, illus. by Brothers Rhead . 25 Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 || Burke, William M. Central Labor Unions . . 122 Bax, E. Belfast. Peasant's War in Germany . . 205 || Burnet, John. Platonis Operis, Tomus I. . . . 291 Beeching, H. C. Poetical Works of Milton . . 408 Burns, J.J. English Kings according to Shakespeare 207 Bellamy, Blanche W. Twelve English Poets. .. 58 || Burton, Richard. Literary Likings . . . . . 159 Benson, A. C. Poems by Matthew Arnold . . 59 | Burton, Richard. Lyrics of Brotherhood . . . 52 Benton, Joel. Emerson as a Poet, new edition . 56 Butler, Howard C. Scotland's Ruined Abbeys . 23 Bentzon, Th. Malentendus . . . . . . . 467 | Byington, E. H. Puritan as Colonist and Reformer 53 INDEX. W. Page Page Cadell, Mrs. H. M. Ruba'yat of Omar Khayam 257 || Dennis, John. Shakespeare's Works, “ Chiswick” Caffin, C. H. How to Tell a Good Picture . . 257 edition . . . . . . . . . . . 257, 444 Caird, John. Fundamental Ideas of Christianity 251 Devereux, Roy. Side Lights on South Africa . 45 Callahan, J. M. Cuba and International Relations 160 | Dimock, Arthur. St. Paul's Cathedral . . . . 409 Campbell, W. Wilfrid. Beyond the Hills of Dream 50 | Dobson, Austin. Oliver Goldsmith . . . . . 90 Capes, Bernard. Our Lady of Darkness . . . 86 Dole, Charles F. Theology of Civilization . . .252 Carman, Bliss. A Winter Holiday . . . . . 51 Dole, N. H. FitzGerald's Salaman and Absal . 25 Carus, Paul. Kant and Spencer . . . . . . 161 | Donaldson, A. B. Five Great Oxford Leaders . 398 Carus, Paul. Soul of Man, second edition . . 257 || Douglas, Sir George. James Hogg . . . . . 205 Cary, Rosa N. Twelve Notable Good Women . 289 || Drähms, August. The Criminal . . . . . . 439 Castle, Egerton. Light of Scarthey . . . . . 400 || Drew, Mrs. John, Autobiographical Sketch of . 91 Chamberlain, Joseph E. John Brown . . . . 253 || Drummond, Henry. Stones Rolled Away. . . 253 Chambers, G. F. Story of Eclipses . . . . . 127 | Drummond, Henry. The New Evangelism . . 253 Chandler, F. W. Picaresque Novel in Spain . . 127 | DuBois, W. E. B., and Eaton, Isabel. The Phil- Channing, Edward. Short History of the U. S. . 472 adelphia Negro . . . . . . . . . . . 439 Chapin, Anna A. Wotan, Siegfried, and Brünnhilde 58 | Dwight, Timothy. Thoughts of and for the Inner Chapman, J. J. Practical Agitation . . . . 406 Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Charbonnel, Victor. Victory of the Will . . . 252 | Dyde, S. W. Plato's Thaetetus . . . . . . 58 Chestnutt, C. W. Frederick Douglass . . . . 92 | Earle, Mrs. C. W. More Potpourri from a Surrey Cheyne, T. K., and Black, J. Sutherland. Ency- Garden . . . . . . . . . . . 405 clopaedia Biblica, Vol. I. . . . . . . 152 | Eaton, Dorman B. Government of Municipalities 284 Chisel, Pen, and Poignard . . . . . . . 127 | Elton, Oliver. The Augustan Ages . . . . . 91 Choiseul-Gouffier, Comtesse de. Historical Me- Ely, Richard T. Monopolies and Trusts . . . 442 moirs of Alexander I. . . . . . . . . 428 Emerson, Edwin, Jr. Pepys's Ghost . . . . 207 Choral Songs in Honour of Queen Victoria . . 208 || Ewart, K. Dorothea. Cosimo de Medici . . . 23 Churchill, G. B. Richard III. up to Shakespeare 409 || Farmer, James E. The Grand Mademoiselle . 85 Churchill, Helen C. How Women May Earn a Federal Census, The . . . . . . 201 Living . . . . . . . . . . 256 | Fenollosa, Mary McN. Out of the Nest . . . 53 Churchill, Lady. Anglo-Saxon Review . . 24, 160 | Ferris, Alfred J. Pauperizing the Rich . . . 123 Churchill, Winston S. Savrola . . . . . . 400 || Fields, Mrs. Annie. Nathaniel Hawthorne . . 92 Churchill, Winston S. The River War. . . . 40 | Finn, Joseph. Kipling Birthday Book . . . . 25 Civil Service Examination, How to Prepare for a 291 || Fisher, Mary. General Survey of American Lit- Clark, J. Willis. Old Friends at Cambridge . . 397 erature . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Clarke, W. N. Can I Believe in God the Father ? 252 | Fisher, Sydney G. The True William Penn . . 91 Clarke, W. N. What Shall We Think of Chris- Fiske, John. A Century of Science . . . . . 119 tianity? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 | Fiske, John. Through Nature to God . . . . 19 Cloete, Henry. History of the Great Boer Trek 43 | Fitch, Clyde. Nathan Hale . . . . . . . 250 Clover, Sam T. Glimpses across the Sea . . . 208 || Fitchett, W. H. How England Saved Europe 124, 442 Clowes, W. Laird. The Royal Navy, Vol. IV. . 89 | Fletcher, Alice. Indian Story and Song 407 Colby, F. M. Outlines of General History . . 58 || Forbes, W. H., and Abbott, Evelyn. Jowett's Coler, Bird S. Municipal Government . . . . 283 Thucydides . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Collins, Laura G. By-Gone Tourist Days. . . 156 || Fortescue, J. W. History of the British Army. 148 Cook, A. S. The Christ of Cynewulf . . . . 408 || Foster, Michael. Claude Bernard . . . 158 Cooke, C. Kinloch. Memoir of Duchess of Teck 440 || Fowler, W. Warde. Roman Festivals . . . . 118 Coolidge, Katharine. Voices . . . . . . . 53 | Francis, M. E. Yeoman Fleetwood . . . . . 401 Corson, Hiram. Introduction to Milton . . . 204 || Freneau, Philip. Capture of the Ship “Aurora” 290 Cory, Charles B. Birds of North America . . 92 | Fruit, J. P. Mind and Art of Poe's Poetry . . 56 Coulter, John M. Plant Structures . . . . . 127 | Funck-Brentano, F. Legends of the Bastille . . 468 Craigie, Mrs. Osbern and Ursyne . . . . . 249 Furchheim, Frederick. Bibliografia del Vesuvio 94 Crawford, F. Marion. Via Crucis . . . . . . 84 || Furst, Clyde. A Group of Old Authors . . . 54 Cripps, Wilfrid J. Old English Plate, 6th edition 159 || Galdos, B. Perez. Saragossa . . . . . . . 403 Crockett, S. R. Ione March . . . . . . . 86 || Gardner, E. G. Dante's Ten Heavens, 2d edition 257 Cross, W. L. Development of the English Novel 203 || Gardner, Percy. Exploratio Evangelica . . . 441 Cruttwell, Maud. Luca Signorelli . . . . . . 470 || Garnett, Richard. Essays in Librarianship and Cunynghame, Henry. Art-Enamelling upon Metals 58 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . 286 Curtis, Elizabeth A. Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam 257 Gautier, E. L'Année Scientifique et Industrielle, Dana, John M. The Wider View . . . . . 93 1899 . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 Davenport, C. B. Experimental Morphology, Gerard, Frances. Romance of Ludwig II. . . 22 Part II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Gibson, C. D. My Lady and Allan Darke . . 85 Davenport, C. B. Statistical Methods . . . . 93 Gilman, Daniel C. Life of James Dwight Dana 245 Davis, C. H. Life of Charles Henry Davis . . 406 || Gilman, Nicholas P. A Dividend to Labor . . 122 Davis, G. B. International Law, new edition . 409 || Glazer, Richard. Manual of Historic Ornament 93 Davis, H. W. Carless. Charlemagne . . . . 469 || Gollancz, Israel. Shakespeare's Works, “Larger Dawson, W. J. Makers of Modern Prose. . . 161 Temple” edition . . . . . . . . 254, 472 Deans, James. Tales from the Totems. . . . 442 | Gollancz, Israel. “Temple Classics” . . 59, 209 Deluscar, Horace. Deluscar's Merris . . . . 50 | Goodrich, A. L. Topics on Greek and Roman History 472 Demoor, Jean, Massart, Jean, and Wandervelde, Gorden-Cumming, Miss C. F. Inventor of Numeral Emile. Evolution by Atrophy . . . . . 281 Type for China . . . . . . . . . . 290 vi. INDEX. Grant, Robert. Art of Living, new edition Grant, Robert. Searchlight Letters. Gras, Félix. The White Terror . Gray, Elisha. Nature's Miracles . . . . . . . Greenidge, A.H.J.Smith's Smaller History of Rome Greg, W. W. English Plays Written before 1643 Grenier, Edward, Literary Reminiscences of . Griffis, W. E. The American in Holland . Griggs, Edward H. The New Humanism. Grinnell, W. M. Regeneration of the U. S. . Guiney, Louise Imogen. The Martyr's Idyl . Hadden, J. Cuthbert. Thomas Campbell . Hall, F. S. Sympathetic Strikes and Lockouts Hall, John L. Old English Idyls - Hamerton, P. G. Paris, new edition - Hamilton, Lord Ernest. Perils of Josephine . Hand, J. E., and Gore, Charles. Good Citizenship Harley, Lewis R. Francis Lieber . . . . . Harper's Guide to Paris and the Exposition Harrison, Frederic. Tennyson, Ruskin, Mill . Hart, Albert Bushnell. Salmon P. Chase . Harte, Bret. Mr. Jack Hamlin's Mediation . Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. X. . Hatfield, J. T. Goethe's Hermann und Dorothea Hauptmann, Gerhart. Lonely Lives . . . Hauptmann, Gerhart. The Sunken Bell Hauptmann, Gerhart. The Weavers Hay, James. Sir Walter Scott . . . . . . Hazard, Caroline. Narragansett Friends' Meeting Hazlitt, W. C. Lamb and Hazlitt . . . . . Headlam, James W. Bismarck . . . . . Heckethorn, Charles W. London Souvenirs . Henderson, T. F. Scottish Wernacular Literature Herford, C. H. Shakespeare's Works, “Evers- . 404 . 121 PAerº 21 21 . 403 127 408 409 . 158 . 156 . 443 . 440 52 ley” edition . . . . . . 58, 93,254, 444 Herringham, Christiana J. Cennini's Art of the Old Masters - - - - - - - - 90 Herron, G. D. Between Caesar and Jesus. 20 Hewlett, Maurice. Earthwork out of Tuscany, new edition . . . . . . . . . . 291 Hiatt, Charles. Sir Henry Irving 206 Higginson, T. W. Contemporaries . - - 57 Hill, G. F. Greek and Roman Coins . . . . 117 Hill, Janet McK. Salads, Sandwiches, and Chafing- Dish Dainties . . . . . . . . . . 57 Hillis, Newell D. Great Books as Life-Teachers 47 Hobson, J. A. The War in South Africa . . . .277 Holden, E. S. Elementary Astronomy. 58 Holden, E. S. Family of the Sun . 58 Hooker, Le Roy. The Africanders . . . . 159 Hopkins, Tighe. An Idler in Old France . . 471 Howe, Julia Ward. Reminiscences . ... 79 Hubert, P. G., Jr. Stage as a Career . . 205 Hudson, T. J. Divine Pedigree of Man . 252 Hurll, Estelle M. Riverside Art Series . 291 Hutton, F. W. Darwinism and Lamarckism . . 281 Hyde, W. DeWitt. God's Education of Man . 253 Hyslop, J. H. Syllabus of Psychology. 59 Inge, William R. Christian Mysticism . .252 Ireland, Alleyne. Tropical Colonization . . . 14 Jacobs, H. E., and Haas, J. A. W. Lutheran Encyclopaedia . . . . . . . . . . . 91 James, C. C. Bibliography of Canadian Poetry. 24 Jebb, R. C. Humanism in Education . . 25 Jekyll, Gertrude. Home and Garden . 251 Johnson Club Papers . . . . . . 288 Jokai, Maurus. Debts of Honor. . 403 Jokai, Maurus. The Poor Plutocrats . 402 Jones, Henry A. Carnac Sahib . Jones, Jenkin Lloyd. Jess - Keightley, S. R. Heronford . . . . Keith, G. S. Plea for a Simpler Life . Kemble, E. W. Coontown's 400 . . . . . Kent, C. B. Roylance. The English Radicals Kent, Charles F. History of the Jewish People . King, Charles R. Life of Rufus King, Wol. VI. Kinney, Coates. Mists of Fire . . . Kipling, Rudyard, Works of, “Outward edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kittredge, G. L., and Arnold, Sarah. The Mother Bound º 194 Page 24 47 86 409 93 22 291 58 160 Tongue . . . . . . . . . . . . . .472 Knowles, Frederick L. A Kipling Primer 25 Knowlton, Helen M. Art Life of W. M. Hunt . 20 Koren, John. Economic Aspects of the Liquor Problem . . . . . . . . . . . 439 Krausse, Alexis. Russia in Asia . . . . . 248 Kropótkin, P. Memoirs of a Revolutionist 9 Lafleur, Paul T. Illustrations of Logic . 58 Lanciani, R. Destruction of Ancient Rome . 470 Lang, Andrew. The Homeric Hymns . . 118 Lanier, Sidney, Letters of . . . . . . . 55 Lapsey, G. L. County Palatine of Durham . .289 Latimer, Elizabeth W. Judea . . . . . . 288 Laughton, J. Knox. From Howard to Nelson . 255 Lazarus, Josephine. Madame Dreyfus. . 161 Le Bon, Gustave. Psychology of Socialism . 120 Le Conte, Joseph. Outlines of Comparative Phy- siology and Morphology of Animals . . . . 208 Lee, Albert. The Gentleman Pensioner . . . 400 Lee, F. S. Huxley's Lessons in Elementary Phy- siology . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Lee, Guy Carleton. The World's Orators. . 473 Lee's American Tourist's Map of Paris . . 58 Lees, J. A. Peaks and Pines . . . . . . . 156 Le Gallienne, Richard. George Meredith, revised edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472 Leland, C. G. Unpublished Legends of Virgil . 117 Lent, William B. Holy Land . . . . . 156 Lidgey, Charles A. Wagner . . . . . . . 290 Lloyd, A. B. In Dwarf Land and Cannibal Country 154 Lloyd, H. D. A Country without Strikes . . . 437 Long, W. H. Naval Yarns . . . . . . . . 92 Loria, Adeille. Economic Foundations of Society 437 Lounsberry, Alice. Guide to the Trees. . 445 Loup, M. de. American Salad Book . . .472 Lubin, David. Let There Be Light . . . . . 440 Lucas, C. P. Historical Geography of Africa. 43 Lucas, E. W. The Open Road . . . . . . 286 Luther, Mark L. The Favor of Princes . . . 85 MacBride, T. H. North American Slime-Moulds 57 MacDougal, D. T. Nature and Work of Plants 282 Macfarlane, C. W. Value and Distribution . 120 Mackay, Thomas. English Poor Law, Vol. III. . 161 Maclay, E. S. History of American Privateers . 126 Macmillan, Conway. Minnesota Plant Life 92 Macquoid, Katharine S. A Ward of the King 87 Mahan, A. T. Lessons of the War with Spain . 198 Marlin, Jane. Reminiscences of Morris Steinert 289 Marot, Helen. Handbook of Labor Literature . 124 Marvin, W. T. Syllabus of Introduction to Phil- osophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Mason, A. E. W. The Watchers . 87 Maspero, G. Passing of the Empires . 399 Mathew, Frank. One Queen Triumphant . . 401 Mathews, W. S. B. Songs of All Lands . 127 Mau, August. Pompeii, its Life and Art . . 465 INDEX. vii. page Maulsby, D. L. Growth of Sartor Resartus . 93 Mayo-Smith, Richmond. Statistics and Economics 200 McChesney, Dora. Rupert, by the Grace of God — 87 McKim, W. Duncan. Heredity and Human Progress 438 Meigs, W. M. Growth of the Constitution in the Federal Convention of 1787 . . . . . . 153 Merivale, Judith A. Autobiography of Dean Merivale . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Merriman, Helen B. Religio Pictoris . . 253 Merwin, Henry C. Aaron Burr . . . . . 92 Metcalfe, James S. Mythology for Moderns. . 93 Mifflin, Lloyd. Echoes of Greek Idylls . 286 Mill, Hugh R. International Geography . . . 471 Millet, F. D. Expedition to the Philippines . . 288 Milman, Helen. Outside the Garden . . . 251 Miln, Louise J. Little Folks of Many Lands . . 407 M’Kendrick, J. G. Hermann von Helmholtz. . 158 Molière's Works, “Oxford” edition . . . 208 Moments with Art . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Moore, Charles. Northwest under Three Flags. 404 Moore, J. Howard. Better-World Philosophy .. 438 Morison, William. Alexander Melville . 158 Morley, Margaret W. The Honey-Makers . 282 Morris, Charles. Man and his Ancestor . 282 Moulton, Louise C. At the Wind's Will . 52 Municipal Program, A. . . . . . . . . . 284 Murison, A. F. Robert Bru . . . . . . 158 Musgrave, G. C. Under Three Flags in Cuba . 160 Narfon, Julien de. Pope Leo XIII. . . . . 254 National Educational Association, Journal of 1899 Meeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Newbigging, Thomas. The Scottish Jacobites 92 Newbolt, H. C. E. Religion . . . . . . . 20 Newman, George. Bacteria . . . . . . . 283 Nijhoff, M. Catalogue of Works on History of the Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . 472 Noble, F. P. The Redemption of Africa . . 157 Noll, A. H. History of the Church in Diocese of Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Nutt, Alfred. Popular Studies in Mythology 208, 445 Orr, Charles. Richard de Bury's Philobiblon . 153 Osgood, C. G. Classical Mythology of Milton's English Poems. . . . . . . . . . . 409 Oxenham, John. Rising Fortunes - - 87 Parker, Joseph. A Preacher's Life . . . . . 290 Parker, T. J., and Haswell, W. A. Manual of Zoëlogy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Pattee, F. L. Foundations of English Literature 291 Patten, S. N. Development of English Thought. 436 Pearson, Karl. Grammar of Science, revised ed. 472 Pemberton, T. Edgar. The Kendals 276 Perry, Bliss. The Powers at Play . . . . 88 Phillips, J. Campbell. Cupid Calendar . . . 25 Phillips, Mrs. Lionel. South African Recollections 44 Phillips, Stephen. Paolo and Francesca 49 Pike, G. H. Cromwell and his Times . 24 Pike, Granville R. The Divine Drama 19 Poe's Works, “Ingram” edition, reissue of . . 25 Pollard, A. W. Library English Classics 208,257, 291 Pollok, Walter H. Jane Austen . . . . . . 55 Potter, M.E. Cumulative Book Index for 1898–99 409 Powell, Aaron M. Personal Reminiscences 207 Presbrey, Frank. The Empire of the South . 94 Press, Mrs. Muriel. The Laxdale Saga . . 59 Quackenbos, J. D. Enemies and Evidences of Christianity . . . . . . . . . . . . .252 Quiller-Couch, A. T. Historical Tales from Shakespeare . . . . . . . . . . . 207 PAGE Quiller-Couch, A. T. The Ship of Stars . . . 87 Randolph, Spencer. Who Ought to Win? . . 255 Rankin, Reginald. Wagner's Nibelungen Ring .290 Rawnsley, H. D. Life and Nature at the English Lakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Rawson, E. K. Twenty Famous Naval Battles . 255 Reid, Robert. In Summertime . . . . . . 25 Reid, William J. Through Unexplored Asia. . 155 Ribot, Th. Evolution of General Ideas . . . 57 Richmond, Mary E. Friendly Visiting . . . 439 Rideout, H. M. Letters of Thomas Gray . . . 161 Riis, Jacob A. A Ten Years' War . . . . . 439 Ripley, William Z. Races of Europe . . . . 202 Roberts, Morley. The Colossus . . . . . . 86 Roberts, W. C. and Theodore, and Elizabeth Roberts Macdonald. Northland Lyrics . . 51 Robinson, Sara T. D. Kansas, new edition . . 208 Rodbertus, Karl. Overproduction and Crises . . 120 Roe, Mary A. Life of E. P. Roe . . . . . 443 Rogers, W. A. Hits at Politics . . . . . . . 25 Rolfe, W. J. Scott's Poems, “Cambridge” edition 445 Root, Edward T. Profit of the Many . . . . 121 Rougemont, Louis de, Adventures of . . . . 126 Ruskin, John. Giotto and his Works in Padua, new edition . . . . . . . . . . . 472 Russian Journal of Financial Statistics, 1900 . . 128 Rylance, J. H. Christian Rationalism . . . . 19 St. John, Sir Stephen. Rajah Brooke . . . . 125 Sanderson, Lucy F. Birds of the Poets . . . 409 Savage, Minot J. Life beyond Death . . . . 253 Scharff, R. F. History of European Fauna . . 281 Schelling, F. E. Seventeenth Century Lyrics . 25 Scholes, T. E. S. The British Empire and Alliances 44 Schouler, James. History of the Civil War . . 261 Scott, Clement. Drama of Yesterday and To-Day 78 Scott, Leader. The Cathedral Builders . . . 21 Seaman, Owen. In Cap and Bells . . . . . 50 Seccombe, Thomas. Age of Johnson . . . . 207 Sedgwick, Ellery. Thomas Paine . . . 289 Seignobos, C. Political History of Modern Europe 88 Seton-Thompson, Ernest. Biography of a Grizzly 408 Sharpless, Isaac. History of Quaker Government in Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . 11 Sherratt, Harriott W. Mexican Vistas . . . 156 Shorey, Paul. Selections from Pope's Iliad . . 160 Shuckburgh, Evelyn S. Letters of Cicero . . . 278 Shute, D. Kerfoot. First Book in Organic Evolution 280 Sienkiewicz, H. Knights of the Cross, Part I. . 402 Sieveking, A. F. Gardens Ancient and Modern . 250 Silberrad, U. L. The Enchanter. - . 401 Sill, E. R., Prose Works of . . . . . . . . 444 Singleton, Esther. Guide to the Operas . . . 58 Skeat, W. W. The Chaucer Canon . . . . . 445 Skeat, Walter W. Malay Magic. . . . . . 407 Skinner, C. M. Myths and Legends of Our New Possessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Skrine, F. H., and Ross, E. D. Heart of Asia . .247 Sladen, Douglass. Who's Who, 1900 . . . . 93 Slicer, T. R. Great Affirmations of Religion . . 18 Smith, F. Hopkinson. The Other Fellow . . . 88 Smith, Goldwin. Shakespeare, the Man . . . 161 Smith, Goldwin. The United Kingdom . . . 124 Smith, J. H. Troubadours at Home . . . . 204 Smithsonian Institution, Report for 1897 . . . 127 Somerville, E., and Ross, Martin. Some Experi- ences of an Irish R. M. . . . . . . . . 207 Spencer, Frederic. Primer of French Verse . . 160 Spencer, Herbert. Principles of Biology, rev. ed. 22, 282 viii. INDEX. Spielmann, M. H. Thackeray's Contributions to Page “Punch” . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Starbuck, E. D. Psychology of Religion . . 408 Steele, James W. Colorado . . . . . . . 445 Steevens, G. W. From Cape Town to Ladysmith 244 Steevens, G. W. In India. . . . . . . 155 Stickney, Albert. The Transvaal Outlook . . 255 Stockton, Frank R., Works of, “Shenandoah" edition . . . . . . . . . . 127, 291, 444 Stoddard, F. H. Evolution of the English Novel 441 Storey, Moorfield. Charles Sumner . . . . . .396 Sullivan, W. R. W. Morality as a Religion . 18 Sursum Corda . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Sweet, Henry. Practical Study of Languages . 290 Swettenham, Sir F. A. The Real Malay . . 155 Swift, Benjamin. Siren City . . 86 Swift, Lindsay. Brook Farm . - - . 405 Swinburne, A. C. Rosamund . . . . . . . 48 Tarbell, Horace S. The Complete Geography . 291 Tarbell, Ida M. Life of Lincoln. . . . . .192 Tarde, G. Social Laws . . . . . . . . . 438 Tarr, R. S., and McMurry, F. M. Home Geography 472 Teit, James. Traditions of the Thompson River Indians . . . . . . . . . . . 467 Temple Cyclopaedic Primers . . . . . 208, 471 Temple, Sir Richard. British House of Commons 256 Temple Treasury, The . . . . . . . . . 58 Tennyson, Life and Works of, new edition . . . 161 Thackeray, F. St. John, and Stone, E. D. Flor- ilegium Latinum . . . . . . . . . 127 Thomas, Emile. Roman Life under the Caesars. 117 Thomas, Margaret. Two Years in Palestine and Syria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Thompson, Vance. French Portraits . . . . 285 Thurston, H. W. Economics for Secondary Schools 157 Titherington, R. H. The Spanish-American War 287 Todd, Mabel L. Total Eclipses of the Sun, new ed. 409 Tolstoi, Lyof N. The Christian Teaching. . 19 Tolstoy, Leo. Resurrection . . . . . . . 401 Topinard, Paul. Science and Faith . . . . . .252 Tourguénieff, I. The Jew, trans. by Mrs. Garnett Trist, Nicholas B. American Leads . . . . Twentieth Century Cyclopedia Britannica . 128 207 58 PAGº Twombly, A. S. Hawaii and its People . 156 Underhill, John G. Spanish Literature in England of the Tudors . . . . . . . . . . . Underwood, L. M. Moulds, Mildews, and Mush- Urdahl, T. K. Fee System in the United States . 123 Van Dyke, Henry. Gospel for a World of Sin . 19 Weblen, Thorstein. Theory of the Leisure Class 437 Wer Beck, Frank. Animal Calendar . . . . 25 Waldstein, Charles. Expansion of Western Ideals 55 Waldstein, Charles. The Surface of Things . 88 Walker, F. A. Discussions in Economics and Statistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . Wallis, Alfred. Poems of Robert Stephen Hawker 256 Walton's Compleat Angler, Oxford “Thumb" ed. 208 Ward, A. W. Great Britain and Hanover . 159 Ward, May A. Prophets of Nineteenth Century 472 Ward, Mrs. Humphry. Works of the Brontë Sisters, “Haworth” edition . 93, 257, Washington, B.T. Future of the American Negro 127 16 444 440 MISCELLANEOUS. Andreas, Captain Alfred T., Death of . 127 Appleton & Co., D., Failure of . . . . 257 Art for Morality's Sake. Wallace Rice . . 272 Austen, Jane, and Thackeray. Albert Matthews . 113 “Austen, Jane, and Thackeray.” W. R. K. . . 147 Blackmore, Richard Doddridge, Death of . . . 94 Book Reviews, Honey or Winegar in. W. R. K. 391 Bowen, Anna M., Death of . . . . . . . . 161 Brinton Memorial Chair in University of Pennsyl- vania. Helen Abbott Michael . . . . . 272 Chicago and London as View Points of Literature. Walter Besant . - . 391 Cohn, Henry, Death of . . . . . . . . . 257 College Management, Stage-Coach Theory of. Dobbin . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 Coues, Elliott, Death of . . . . . . . . . 25 Desire, A Long. (Poem.) Ralph Olmsted Williams 8 Douce, Francis: A Query. A. H. N. . . . . 243 Godkin and “The Evening Post.” W. H. Johnson 77 Hovey, Richard, Death of . . . . . . . . 161 International Association for the Advancement of Science, Art, and Education, Prospectus of . 209 Waters, Robert. Selden and his Table Talk . 58 Watson, H. B. Marriott. The Princess Xenia 86 Watson, Thomas E. The Story of France . 116 Weber, Adna F. Growth of Cities . . .283 Welsh, Charles. Publishing a Book . 161 West, Sir Algernon. Recollections . . . . . 203 Wharton, Anne H. Salons Colonial and Republican 443 Wheeler, Benjamin I. Alexander the Great . . 440 Wheeler, Charles G. Woodworking for Beginners 291 Whipple, Henry B. Lights and Shadows of a Long Episcopate . . . . . . . . . . 432 White, Horace. Roman History of Appian 57 Whitman, Sidney. Brief History of Austria . . 405 Wicksteed, Philip, and Oelsner, H. Dante's Paradiso 209 Wildman, Rounsevelle. As Talked in the Sanctum 408 Willson, Beckles. The Great Company 197 Wilson, Robert. Laurel Leaves . . . . . . 50 Wilson, S. Law. Theology of Modern Literature 471 Wilson, Thomas. Bluebeard . . . . . . . 23 Winter, William. Plays of Edwin Booth . 57 Wishart, A. W. Monks and Monasteries . 463 Woodberry, George E. Makers of Literature . 444 Woodberry, George E. Wild Eden. 51 Japanese Scholar and Educator, Death of a. Ernest W. Clement . . . . . . . . . 392 Lincoln, Norman Hapgood's Life of. Henry B. Hinckley . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Literature, The Absorption of. (Poem.) F. L. Thompson . . . . . . . . . . . 392 Martineau, James, Death of - . 93 Misspelling and Morals . . . . . . . . Papyri, More. William C. Winslow . . . . . 8 Poetry, French and English. Rudolph Schwill 76 Propriety, A Question of. Martin Odland. 147 Rogers, Henry Wade, Resignation of - 473 Ruskin. (Poem.) Lewis Worthington Smith . . 113 “Spelling Reform,” University. Wallace Rice 77 Swedish Authors, Two Modern. Aksel G. S. Josephson . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 “Troubadours at Home, The.”—A Word from the Author. Justin H. Smith . . . . . . 273 Wood-Thrush, The. (Poem.) John Vance Cheney 271 Wordsworth and Mr. Markham. F. L. Thompson 7 World's Congresses (...) Papers, Presenta- tion of, to Chicago Public Library . 472 THE DIAL % $tmi-ſāonthlg 3ournal of 3Literarg Criticism, HBigtuggion, amb Information. THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of each month. TERMs or SUBscRIPTION, 82.00 a year in advance, postage prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the current number. REMITTANCEs should be by draft, or by express or postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATEs. To Clubs and for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application; and SAMPLE Cory on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATEs furnished on application. All communications should be addressed to THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago. No. 325. JAN. 1, 1900. Vol. XXVIII. CONTENTS. THEATRICAL COMMERCIALISM AND DRA- MATIC LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . 5 COMMUNICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Wordsworth and Mr. Markham. F. L. Thompson. Hapgood's Life of Lincoln. Henry B. Hinckley, More Papyri. Wm. C. Winslow. A LONG DESIRE. (Poem.) Ralph Olmsted Williams. Pag- A RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONIST. E. G. J. . . . 9 SOME NEW CONTRIBUTIONS TO QUAKER HISTORY. B. A. Hinsdale . . . . . . . 11 PROBLEMS OF COLONIAL GOVERNMENT. Alice Asbury Abbott . . . . . . . . . . . 14 GENERAL WALKER'S ECONOMIC ESSAYS AND ADDRESSES. Max West . . . . . . . . 16 THE COMPLEXITY OF RELIGIOUS BELIEFS. John Bascom . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Sursum Corda.-Sullivan's Morality as a Religion.— Slicer's The Great Affirmations of Religion. — Brooke's The Gospel of Joy.—Rylance's Christian Rationalism.–Pike's The Divine Drama. —Wan Dyke's The Gospel of a World of Sin. —Tolstoi’s The Christian Teaching. — Fiske's Through Nature to God. – Newbolt's Religion.— Herron's Between Caesar and Jesus. BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS . . . . . . . . . 20 The art-life of W. M. Hunt.—Chapters in the his- tory of architecture.—A light to warn, more than to guide.—The mad King of Bavaria. – Re-issue of Mr. Spencer's Biology.—The story of the Jews in exile.—History and romance of Scottish abbeys. – The original Bluebeard. —The founder of Medicean Florence.—The historian of the English Lake Coun- try. — The phenomena of Growth. – The printed plays of H. A. Jones. BRIEFER MENTION . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 LITERARY NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 LIST OF NEW BOOKS . . . . . . . . . . . 26 THEATRICAL COMMERCIALISM AND DRAMATIC LITERATURE. With the best will in the world, it is diffi- cult to take a hopeful view of the prospects of the art theatrical in the United States. That the play, rightly considered, may be reckoned among the most important of educative influ- ences, is a proposition to which no student of the history of culture will refuse his assent. It has been so in the past, it is so in some parts of the world at the present day, it may become so in the future even for those countries in which the most benighted and degrading con- ditions now obtain. As a school of manners, of propriety in speech, of historical portrayal, and of ethical ideal, its capabilities are as great as they ever were; that these things should have been renounced, and that the art which might stand for them should be content to wallow in the slough of its present vulgarity and depravity — as for the most part it un- doubtedly does wallow in the United States — is one of the most saddening of facts. We are not, however, content to dismiss the fact with . Mr. Henry Fuller's airy assumption that America as a nation is incapable of artistic endeavor; we believe, rather, that a people having the English language and Shakespeare for its inheritance is better furnished than any other with the fundamentals of dramatic art, and that the present degradation of our stage is remediable, although not without such reso- luteness of effort as has not thus far been ap- plied to the task. It has been a favorite theory with moralists that as our civilization became more settled its feverish commercialism would subside, that the class of those having enough leisure to take thought for the cultural aspects of life would grow ever larger, and that the demand for mere distraction and entertainment—natural enough in a population where nervous energy is exhausted in the struggle for wealth— would gradually give place to a demand for edification. This theory has not as yet been borne out by the event. As far as a leisure class has differentiated itself in our society, it affords a conspicuous example of the inju- dicious use of its freedom. It exalts athletics above art, it prefers horse-shows to literature, 6 THE TOIAL [Jan. 1, and it dissipates its opportunities for culture in the pursuit of frivolous aims and worthless social ambitions. The still larger class of those whose circumstances are such as to admit of a considerable degree of relaxation from the cares of business does not avail itself of the freedom it might so easily enjoy; so far from aiming at the old ideal of plain living and high thinking, it seeks rather to achieve greater luxury in its living, although at the cost of the lowering of its thinking to a plane upon which there is no room for serious literature, or music, or the dramatic presentation of the deeper workings of the human soul. A comparison between America and Europe, as respects the current production of dramatic literature intended for actual performance, offers results which reflect upon us a striking national discredit. In Germany, the two fore- most writers among those now living are writers for the stage. The two greatest of living Scan- dinavians are likewise dramatists. In France there is at least the poet of “Cyrano” to reckon with, besides the men who have passed away during the closing quarter of the century. Italy offers one contemporary name of much significance, and the like statement is true of Spain and of Belgium. Even England has her present-day group of highly respectable play- wrights, men of serious purpose and substan- tial performance, if not exactly writers of genius. The works of all the men here men- tioned belong distinctly to the literatures of their respective countries, and in some cases they constitute the best literature that is now being produced in those countries. Has Amer- ica anything of the sort to show 2 Well, we have Mr. Bronson Howard, and Mr. Augustus Thomas, and Mr. Clyde Fitch. But who would think of reckoning the productions of these men among the noteworthy things of our mod- ern literature? The mere suggestion is an ab- surdity. We have poets and novelists and essayists fairly comparable with those of the European countries; but of dramatic writers, in the European sense, we have not one, nor have we ever produced one. The reasons for our national poverty in the production of good dramatic literature are not difficult to point out, but the task lies outside of our present purpose, which is rather that of calling attention to a recent development of our theatrical life which cannot help casting a blight upon any possible upgrowth of this species of composition in the United States. A good deal has been said of recent years, chiefly in the newspapers, concerning the or- ganization of a “theatrical trust” for the pur- pose of controlling our playhouses, and of practically monopolizing the supply of our theatrical entertainment. In the opening num- ber of the new “International Monthly ” there is an article by Mr. Norman Hapgood entitled “The Theatrical Syndicate,” which presents the most circumstantial account of that organi- zation which has come to our attention. It is an article deserving of wide circulation and close attention, for it reveals a grave menace to the best interests of American play-writing and the American stage. About four years ago, it seems, half a dozen theatrical managers joined themselves together for the purpose of acquiring control of the leading actors and the leading theatres of the country. Within a few months the work of organization had become so effective that thirty- seven first-class theatres had been secured, and the coöperation enlisted of a large proportion of the best companies and individual actors. “The essence of the system, from that day to this, with constantly increasing scope and power, has been that the theatres take only such plays as the syndicate desires, on the dates which it desires, and receive in return an unbroken succession of companies, with none of the old-time idle weeks.” To the actor, on the other hand, the system offers an un- broken succession of engagements in the most desirable places, so arranged as to secure the greatest economy in transportation. The con- trol thus gained was almost absolute, both in the large cities and in many of the smaller ones. “There is not even a barn free in Cleve- land,” says Mr. Hapgood significantly. To the theatre owner the syndicate could say, and does say in substance: “If you do not do busi- ness with us, on our own terms, we will not let you have first-rate attractions. If you do, we will destroy your rival, or force him to the same terms. For the bookings we will take a share of the profits.” It was inevitable that, having once acquired the needed initial head- way, the power of this combination should be- come almost irresistible, and that the desired play-houses should one by one succumb, until the present monopoly was constituted. Again, the power of such a combination to force the actor to terms was equally irresist- ible. The alternative became a precarious se- ries of bookings, largely in undesirable houses, and arranged along an expensive route. But for a time many actors held out against the 1900.] THE DIAL 7 combination. Among these were Mr. Wil- son, Mr. Goodwin, Mr. Mansfield, Mr. Daly, and Mrs. Fiske. The most melancholy feature of Mr. Hapgood's article is the account of the weak fashion in which nearly all of these op- ponents of monopoly succumbed, one after another, to the combined threats and allure- ments of the system, and exchanged their sturdy-seeming independence for a supine ac- ceptance of the syndicate yoke. The death of Mr. Daly, who was the most dangerous foe of the syndicate, left Mrs. Fiske to oppose its aims almost single-handed. What this means is that “she may be able to play but a few weeks each season in America, or not at all.” But she will have the respect and active sup- port of all true friends of the stage because she represents the most vital principle now at stake in her profession, a principle so important that, if it failed, the condition of theatrical art in America will become even more hopeless than it has ever been before. For concerning the malign influence of the syndicate upon our dramatic art there must be no delusion. Its predominance means com- mercialism, and nothing else. It means the same thing for the theatre that the most dis- reputable of our sensational newspapers mean for journalism. It means simply that all artistic considerations will be swept away in the mad purpose of coining money from the stage. But we do not need to theorize as to what it means. The last two years have brought the matter out of the region of theory into that of fact. Never before have we had so large a proportion of trivial, empty, and vulgar productions among the entertainments offered our public. Decency has never before been defied in so wanton and brutal a fashion. Intelligence has never be- fore been flouted by such a parade of what is inane and imbecile. Never in recent years has the outlook seemed so dark as it has been made by the conscienceless activity of this league of speculators, with their two-fold appeal, on the one hand to the greed of actors and managers, on the other to the least worthy, if not actually the lowest, instincts of the theatre-going public. Is there no remedy for this desperate condi- tion of affairs? Mr. Hapgood seems to think that the syndicate will run its course and soon suffer disintegration. He anticipates having to relate, within a few years, the story of its decline and fall. But as long as actors and managers are money-makers first of all, the conditions will remain which make possible our present plight. It is not too much to assume that among our actors there will always be some who will elect to be artists as their primary aim, although the number of these is at present small. But theatrical management will con- tinue to be essentially commercial until the municipal theatre appears, or at least the thea- tre dedicated, either by endowment or by the disinterested activities of cultivated people, to higher aims than those comprised in the idea of commercial success. When such theatres come, as we believe they will in the near future, we may hope for a fair beginning of the educative work, necessarily slow at best, whereby in the next generation there shall be provided a public seeking from the stage something more than diversion, and whereby men of literary talent may be encouraged to write plays, as they now write poems and novels, with the reasonable certainty of reward for meritorious work. We have no dramatic literature at present, for the simple reason that a play possessing literary quality has practically no chance of reaching the public at all. The avenues of approach are so guarded by sordid and uncultivated interests that it would be wasted effort to seek them with any work of high character. The pass- words are now sensationalism and vulgarity rather than literary art or idealism of any sort. COMMUNICATIONS. - WORDSWORTH AND ME. MARKHAM. (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) Among the recent notices of Mr. Markham's poem on “The Man with the Hoe,” I have found that in THE DIAL somewhat disturbing. Perhaps the reviewer had not Mr. Markham so much in view as some of the lat- ter's commentators; but the bald assertion that men make themselves instead of being moulded from with- out is too summary, and raises the question whether the necessary qualifications are not of such burning im- portance that they cannot be ignored in the references of a leader of thought without mischief being done. The issue is not so easily downed. Animal content— so runs the argument of the quotation from Stevenson —is better than whining, or animal discontent; animal content cannot change to spiritual without passing through the stage of animal discontent (true enough, possibly); animal discontent is understood to be very disagreeable indeed; therefore, let animal content re- main as it is, and spiritual content remain confined to the few that possess it: i.e., let progression stop. Difficulties arise here. How shall the bodily con- tented be classified—as animals, or men 2 If they are only a clever sort of animals at present, need we be so very much concerned at such wrenching of animal sen- sibilities for a few generations as is necessary for that humanization which shall last through countless ages 7 But if men, what does all this mean?— 8 THE DIAL [Jan. 1, “Thou may’st not rest in any lovely thing, Thou, who wert formed to seek and to aspire; For no fulfilment of thy dreams can bring The answer to thy measureless desire.” “Whether we be young or old, Our destiny, our being's heart and home, Is with infinitude, and only there; With hope it is, hope that can never die, Effort, and expectation, and desire, And something evermore about to be.” “Not a having and a resting, but a growing and a becoming.” In the interest of fair play, let us acknowledge that Mr. Markham is in good company. It will be found interesting to compare portions of the eighth and ninth books of Wordsworth’s “Excursion.” I make a few pertinent quotations. After a personal description which anticipates Mr. Markham's, the Solitary says: “This torpor is no pitiable work Of modern ingenuity: no town Nor crowded city can be taxed with aught Of sottish vice or desperate breach of law To which (and who can tell where or how soon?) He may be roused. This Boy the fields produce; His spade and hoe, mattock and glittering scythe, The carter's whip that on his shoulder rests In air high-towering, with a boorish pomp, The sceptre of his sway; his country's name, Her equal rights, her churches and her schools— What have they done for him? And, let me ask, For tens of thousands uninformed as he? In brief, what liberty of mind is here?” And the Wanderer replies, in part: “To every Form of being is assigned An active principle. . . . This is the freedom of the universe; Unfolded still the more, more visible, The more we know; and yet is reverenced least, And least respected in the human Mind, Its most apparent home. The food of hope Is meditated action; robbed of this . Her whole support, she languishes and dies. We perish also; for we live by hope And by desire; we see by the glad light And breathe the sweet air of futurity; And so we live, or else we have no life.” “No one takes delight In this oppression; none are proud of it; It bears no sounding name, nor ever bore; A standing grievance, an indigenous vice Of every country under heaven.” If Wordsworth and Mr. Markham really beg the whole question, culture is a failure, educational work (among the non-elect) quixotic, and, among other mo- mentous consequences, literary journals cannot increase their subscription lists faster than the ratio of increase of population among the aristocracy of mind. More: republican imperialism, inflated currency, and the like, should in consistency be suffered to flourish as green bay trees; for these exist largely by sufferance of the ale-and-tobacco consuming class, and to dower it with political or other wisdom means also to inflict the ca- pacity and inclination for whining—which will never do. F. L. Thompson. Denver, Col., Dec. 20, 1899. HAPGOOD'S LIFE OF LINCOLN. (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) Will you permit one who has read Mr. Hapgood's “Abraham Lincoln, The Man of the People” with great interest and approval to comment on the notice of that book in your issue of Nov. 16. The reviewer expresses himself moderately and courteously, but has evidently found the book deficient in emphasis of the ideal ele ment in Lincoln's character. Now, it has seemed to others that one of the special attractions of the book is that Mr. Hapgood, while quite as willing to look facts in the eye as Herndon, has yet a feeling for the greatness and grandeur of the man which Herndon lacked, or at least failed to express in his biography of Lincoln. Mr. Hapgood dwells much upon Lincoln's humble origin and his close sympathy with the people; and he rightly makes the power of comprehending the people an impor- tant element of the President's greatness. This power Lincoln shared with innumerable successful politicians. But what in the latter was mere cleverness, in Lincoln was genius. There are hundreds of thousands of “men of the people.” But Lincoln was a great “man of the people.” It is hard to understand how anybody can read Mr. Hapgood's book through without feeling that it is pervaded by a noble seriousness, and that it ends in a note that is at once lofty and genuine. HENRY B. HINCKLEY. New York City, Dec. 18, 1899. MORE PAPYRI. (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) May I call the attention of your readers to the vol- ume of the “Graeco-Roman Branch" of our Egypt Exploration Fund, now nearly ready for subscribers? Among its contents are St. John I. and XX, from one to two hundred years older than any known text; por- tions of St. Paul's First Epistle to the Corinthians; much of an unknown play by Menander; also a treatise on metre and on the twenty-first Book of the Iliad; portions of a lost epic poem, of a comedy, history, ora- tions, etc.; of Euripides, Plato, Xenophon, etc., etc. A list of victors in the Olympian games, the most com- plete for any given period so far known, and evidence bearing upon the date of the birth of Christ, are among the treasures of such a book. But a most captivating feature is the verbal pieture of society and life during the earliest centuries of our era. The social and busi- ness correspondence will interest every reader. All subscribers or donors of not less than five dollars will receive the annual volume, also the Archaeological Re- port and Annual Report. The society depends abso- lutely upon subscriptions for support. I donate my services. Circulars furnished. WM. C. WINslow, Vice Pres’t and Hon'y Sec'y. 525 Beacon St., Boston, Dec. 23, 1899. A LONG DESIR.E. I put my money where 't would be secure; And safe it is: from me it is, I'm sure. I had a friend that suited well, I said; He lives abroad now, -ah, how long since dead 1 I loved a woman: sweet and fair she seemed, And true, as heaven has made — or love has dreamed. — Come here, my books.—These were my earliest life; These to the end shall be wealth, friends, and wife. Whether the wrong was mine or theirs, let be: 'T is long gone by, -nay, mine then, – all, in me. But grant me these: these spare, while age assaults: Dante and Shakespeare have endured my faults. RALPH OLMSTED WILLIAMS. 1900.] THE IXIAL '9 Čbe #tto $ochs. A RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONIST.” It is easy to understand how a man who has passed his most impressionable years under an extremely harsh and extremely arbitrary gov- ernment should be predisposed, when the time came for adopting a definite political creed, to favor the views of that school of political thought (if one may so term it) which preaches the abolition of all government and all govern- ors whatsoever. Thus, a youth bred in the doleful seclusion of Dotheboys Hall, under the knowt of Mr. Squeers and the brimstone-and- treacle despotism of his terrible spouse, might likewise find nothing especially startling or preposterous in a formal proposal for the doing away with all schools and the summary execu- tion of all schoolmasters. On the other hand, people who have passed through a long and san- guinary period of mob-rule will commonly not only warmly agree with M. Taine that “how- ever bad a particular government may be, there is something still worse, namely, the suppres- sion of all government,” but will be prepared to welcome the iron rule of some despotic saviour of society as the realization of the ideal polity. In short, the Russia of Nicholas I. bred Nihil- ists as naturally and inevitably as the Paris of Hébert and Robespierre bred absolutists. The vastly interesting portion of Prince Kropótkin's memoir which tells the story of his life in Russia (embracing about three-fourths of the volume) renders his conversion to an- archism sufficiently intelligible. Just why his anarchism was not subsequently tempered through his long sojourn in free and well gov- erned countries like England and Switzerland, and just why he should have gone on dreaming the dreams of Anacharsis Clootz in a British and a Swiss atmosphere of common-sense, does not appear, and we shall not try to explain. There is a certain unconscious humor in Kro- pótkin's account of his discouraging encounters, as a propagandist, with that same British common-sense which persisted in asking embar- rassing questions as to practical ways and means, and in forcing discussion out of the region of flattering generalities and air-castle building into the region of hard facts and feasible ex- pedients. “General principles,” he found, “deeply interest the Latin workers.” The *MEMoIRs of A REvolutionist. By P. Kropótkin. With portraits. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. British workman bent his mind to the effort to figure how this or that flattering scheme of so- cial or economic reconstruction would be likely to work in practice. “‘Well, Kropótkin, suppose that to-morrow we were to take possession of the docks of our town. What's your idea about how to manage them ‘’’ would be asked, for instance, as soon as we had sat down in a workingman's parlor. Or, “We don't like the idea of state manage- ment of railways, and the present management by com- panies is organized robbery. But suppose the workers own all the railways. How could the working of them be organized ?’” Kropótkin's account of how his father, dur- ing the Turkish compaign of 1828, won the cross of Saint Anne “for gallantry” is most amusing, and explains in a line the status of the Russian serf. “The officers of the general staff were lodged in a Turkish village, when it took fire. In a moment the houses were enveloped in flames, and in one of them a child had been left behind. Its mother uttered despair- ing cries. Thereupon, Frol (a faithful serf), who always accompanied his master, rushed into the flames and saved the child. The chief commander, who saw the act, at once gave father the cross for gallantry. “But, father,’ we exclaimed, “it was Frol who saved the child!’ “What of that?” he replied, in the most naïve way. • Was he not my man? It is all the same.’” Wealth, in the time of Kropótkin's father, was measured in Russia by the number of “souls” a landed proprietor owned. “Souls” meant male serfs (women did not count), and the elder Kropótkin, as the owner of some twelve hundred “souls,” was accounted a rich man. He was, as things went then, a humane master—decidedly “not among the worst of landowners.” What, in this relation, one of these “worst of landowners” may have been can be surmised from the author's reminiscence of his childhood, in which, he says, he seeks to recall the conditions of serfdom by telling, not what he heard of, but what he saw. “A landowner once made the remark to another, “Why is it that the number of souls on your estate in- creases so slowly? You probably do not look after their marriages.” A few days later the general returned to his estate. He had a list of all the inhabitants brought him, and picked out from it the names of the boys who had attained the age of eighteen, and the girls just past sixteen, these are the legal ages for marriage in Rus- sia. Then he wrote, “John to marry Anna, Paul to marry Paráshka,’ and so on with five couples. “The five weddings,’ he added, ‘must take place in ten days, the next Sunday but one.’ A general cry of despair rose from the village. Women, young and old, wept in every house. Anna had hoped to marry Gregory; Paul's parents had already had a talk with the Fedo- toffs about their girl, who would soon be of age. . . . Dozens of peasants came to see the landowner; peasant women stood in groups at the back entrance of the es- tate, with pieces of fine linen for the landowner's spouse 10 THE DIAL [Jan. 1, to secure her intervention. All in vain. The master had said that the weddings should take place at such a date, and so it must be. At the appointed time, the nuptial processions, in this case more like burial pro- cessions, went to the church. The women cried out with loud voices, as they are wont to cry during buri- als. . . . Half an hour later, the small bells of the nuptial processions resounded at the gate of the man- sion. The five couples alighted from the cars, crossed the yard, and entered the hall. The landlord received them, offering them glasses of wine, while the parents, standing behind the crying daughters, ordered them to bow to the earth before their lord.” The barbarous social system which such stories but faintly serve to illustrate could not long withstand the rising tide of popular en- lightenment. A sense of the dignity of hu- manity, long latent in Russia, was quickened into lively resentment of the daily spectacle of human beings held and driven as cattle, before the middle of the century. The French popular movements of 1789 and 1830 were not without a responsive echo in the upper strata of Rus- sian society; even the dull ear of the Russian peasant caught the sound of the explosion of 1848. The years 1857–60 were years of rich and comparatively general intellectual growth. The ideas that permeate the pages of Turgué- nieff, Tolstóy, Hérzen, Bakûnin, Dostoévsky, and that before had been canvassed with bated breath in the secrecy of friendly meetings, be- gan now to leak out in the press and to find advocacy in places where such ideas were as sparks among tinder. The abolition of serfdom became the question of the hour. Alexander II., not at heart averse to the measure, saw its necessity, and in 1856 spoke to the reactionary nobility of Moscow the memorable words (bor- rowed perhaps from Hérzen): “It is better, gentlemen, that it should come from above than to wait till it comes from beneath.” The law was passed in 1861. What the abolition of serfdom meant to the peasant is prettily illustrated by the author in the following story. Eleven years after the passage of the law he visited an estate of his father's, and found a middle-aged man, an ex-serf, “sitting on a small eminence outside the village and reading a book of psalms.” “He was reading now a psalm of which each verse began with the word “rejoice.” “What are you read- ing?” he was asked. “Well, father, I will tell you,' was his reply. ‘Fourteen years ago the old prince came here. It was in the winter. I had just returned home, almost frozen. A snow-storm was raging. I had scarcely begun undressing, when we heard a knock at the window: it was the elder, who was shouting, “Go to the prince He wants you !” We all — my wife and our children — were thunderstruck. “What can he want of you?’ my wife cried in alarm. I signed my- self with the cross and went; the snowstorm almost blinded me as I crossed the bridge. Well, it ended all right. The old prince was taking his afternoon nap, and when he woke up he asked me if I knew plaster- ing work, and only told me, “Come to-morrow to repair the plaster in that room.’ So I went home quite happy, and when I got to the bridge I found my wife standing there. What has happened, Savelich?’ she cried. “Well,' I said, “no harm; he only asked me to make some repairs.” That, father, was under the old prince. And now, the young prince came here the other day. I went to see him, and found him in the garden, at the tea- table, in the shadow of the house; you, father, sat with him, and the elder of the canton, with his mayor's chain upon his breast. “Will you have tea, Savelich?’ he asks me. “Take a chair.’ “Petr Grigorieff,'— he says that to the old one,—“give us one more chair.’ And Petr—you know what a terror he was for us when he was the manager for the old prince — brought the chair, and we all sat round the tea-table, talking, and he poured out tea for all of us. Well, now, father, the evening is so beautiful, the balm comes from the prairies, and I sit and read “Rejoice 1 Rejoice l’” Hérzen was right, says Kropótkin, when, two years after the emancipation of the serfs, while the emancipator was drowning the Polish insurrection in blood, he wrote: “Alexander Nikoláevich, why did you not die on that day? Your name would have been transmitted in history as that of a hero.” For the tragic fate of Alexander II., Kropótkin expresses no sor- row. From the beginning of 1862, he thinks, the ill-starred Tsar commenced to show himself capable of reviving the worst practices of his father's reign. “To me, who had the chance of witnessing the first reactionary steps of Alexander II., and his gradual de- terioration, who had caught a glimpse of his complex personality — that of a born autocrat, whose violence was but partially mitigated by education, of a man pos- sessed of military gallantry, but devoid of the courage of the statesman, of a man of strong passions and weak will,—it seemed that the tragedy developed with the unavoidable fatality of one of Shakespeare's dramas.” Kropótkin's story is a singularly rich, diver- sified, and romantic one, and it is attractively told. Nothing more interesting in its way has ever been written than the chapters relating his prison life and his dramatic escape. The book abounds in instructive pictures of Russian life and character, done with unconscious art. From every page shines the bright humanity, the sincere conviction, the simple earnestness, the sweet unselfishness of a character which we must admire, however much we shrink from the creed it stands for. And how few of us have taken the trouble to look into that creed, and to try to discover what there is in it that can possibly recommend it to a good and an intelligent man Let those who would appre- ciate the distinction between the reasoned or 1900.] THE DIAL 11 philosophic Anarchism, rooted in love, of high and philanthropic souls like Kropótkin, and the merely destructive, bastard Anarchism, rooted in hate, of the mere vulgar malcontent stung by the sight of superiorities beyond his reach, read this little book. E. G. J. SoME NEw CoNTRIBUTIONs To QUAKER HISTORY. * President Isaac Sharpless' first volume, “A Quaker Experiment in Government,” when published last year, was recognized by com- petent authorities as a distinct contribution to historical knowledge. The same recognition will be extended to his new volume, “The Quakers in the Revolution.” Together, the two volumes present a clear outline of what may be called the political history of the Quakers in Pennsylvania from the founding of the colony to the close of the Revolutionary war, and, in one respect, to a still later time. Their value lies principally in the fact that their author, instead of following the old beaten path, merely using over again hackneyed authorities, opens up new and valuable sources of information. These sources are clearly de- scribed in the preface to Volume I. “The purpose of the book is to include, with other sources of information, the contemporary Quaker view. This has been gained by a careful examination of Meet- ing Records and private letters of the times, and a fairly intimate personal acquaintance with many who probably represent, in this generation, in their mental and moral characteristics, the Quaker Governing Class of the first century of the Province.” The number of extracts from records and letters is unusual in historical writings, but their presence, while they constantly break the current of the narrative, will not be regret- ted by historical scholars. They are clearly justified by the facts that they have not, as a body, been published before, and that the author has not a work of the traditional type before him, and by their intrinsic interest and value. While both volumes are so good, it may seem invidious to discriminate between them; however, we must confess to finding the first one the more interesting and informing. For *A History of QUAKER Gover NMENT IN PENNsyL- v.ANIA. Wolume I., A Quaker Experiment in Government. Volume II., The Quakers in the Revolution. By Isaac Sharpless, President of Haverford College. Philadelphia: T. S. Leach & Co. THE NARRAGANseTT FRIENDs' MEETING IN THE xvii.1TH CENTURY. With a Chapter on Quaker Beginnings in Rhode Island. By Caroline Hazard. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. one thing, it contains a general view of the ecclesiastical machinery of the Quakers, as well as of the way in which they used it to carry on their peculiar work. On these points the general reader is much less well informed than he is on the Quaker doctrines or prin- ciples, and the general tenor of Quaker history. In Chapter III. Mr. Sharpless describes the main features of the organization, produced in England and reproduced in Pennsylvania, which was “due to the good sense and practical genius of George Fox, and was probably worked out during his cruel imprisonment of nearly three years in Lancaster and Scarboro jails.” The Yearly Meeting, which was the highest organ in the system, was at first a representa- tive body, but “ultimately became an assembly of all members of the society, the men and women meeting together as different bodies.” To the Yearly Meeting the Quarterly Meet- ings reported, and were in turn divided into Monthly Meetings, the real working bodies of the organization in matters relating to the in- dividual members. Next and last came the Preparative Meetings. There was also the Meeting for Sufferings, the name of which suggests its function, lying apparently outside of the original system. The general functions of the real working bodies are thus described: “The Monthly Meeting undertook to see that justice was done between man and man, that disputes were settled, that the poor were supported, that delinquents, whether as to the Society's own rules or those of the State, were reformed, or, if reformation seemed im- possible, were ‘disowned' by the Society, that appli- cants for membership were tested, and finally, if satis- factory, received; that all the children were educated, that certificates of good standing were granted to mem- bers changing their abodes, that marriages and burials were simply and properly performed, and that records were fully and accurately kept.” We are told further that “the business mat- ters of Friends were looked into, where any possibility of danger existed,” since it “was felt that the body was responsible for the con- duct of each individual.” Advice was first offered by “concerned friends,” and if this did not prove acceptable, “the power of the meet- ing was invoked, and only after months of earnest labor in the case of a refractory mem- ber was ‘disownment’ resorted to.” “The ad- vice of the higher meetings finally crystallized into a requirement for each Monthly Meeting. to answer three times a year, plainly and hon- estly, the query, “Are Friends punctual in their promises and just in the payment of their debts?’” When we remember the breadth of this jurisdiction, the spirit in which it was ad- 12 THE DIAL [Jan. 1, ministered, the character of the people, and the thoroughness of the regimen, we are not surprised to find President Sharpless saying: “Had all the inhabitants been Friends and amenable to their discipline, very little civil government would have been needed in internal affairs. The work of the Legislature might have been devoted mainly to ques- tions involving titles, etc., to property, and courts of law would have been shorn of nearly all their criminal and much of their civil business, while sheriffs and policemen, jails and punishments, might almost have been omitted as unnecessary. Indeed, this was prac- tically the case for some decades in Pennsylvania in country districts where the Quaker element constituted nearly the whole population.” We should have been glad if the author had gone into more detail relative to the territorial bases or areas of the several Meetings in Penn- sylvania. He tells us that the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, which dates back to 1681, embraced monthly meetings on both sides of the Delaware, in New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania, and later some in Maryland. If any reader infers from what we have written that these volumes are mainly didactic, constituting an exposition of the Quaker sys- tem, we hasten to reassure him: they rather deal, for the most part, with the livest ques- tions of the time. Moreover, when their time limits are recalled, it will be seen that such questions were of constant occurrence. Besides those growing out of planting the Quaker body in Pennsylvania, and the later ones of a strictly internal or domestic sort, there were what may be called the foreign relations of the body – relations to the Indians and to the non-Quaker populations that flowed into the Province; rela- tions to neighboring colonies and to the home government down to the close of the Colonial period, and finally the relations to the govern- ment of Pennsylvania itself after it passed wholly out of their hands, and to the revolu- tionary government when that came to be con- stituted. In some form or other, this question pressed almost constantly for an answer: “How shall the Quaker live in a world of which, in some important sense, he is not, and proclaims himself not to be, a part?” Or, changing the form of question, “How shall he adjust himself to the society that is about him in a manner that is even comfortable or even endurable, and still remain a Quaker?” It was a difficult adjustment to effect; there are few more diffi- cult ones of the kind, all things considered, in history. It cannot be claimed that the body as a whole solved the problem; it is easy to dis- cover and to parade their inconsistencies; but it must be admitted that, when all is taken into the account, their success was something be- yond reasonable expectation. A large majority of them, in the most trying times, bore a noble and a costly testimony to what they held to be the truth. Naturally, they resorted to some practical casuistry, but fortunately they pro- duced no casuistical system, while the Quaker conscience retained its simple honesty. The most trying period that the Pennsyl- vania Quakers passed through was the Ameri- can Revolution, which Mr. Sharpless treats in his second volume. To a great extent, the Revolution involved principles that they held most dear; but it was rebellion against legally constituted authority, it was war, and for both reasons, if there be not only one, they could not give it aid or comfort. Touching the trend of their sympathies, the author writes: “It is impossible to give a definite answer, but there are several guides on which something of a judgment may be based. About 400, perhaps, actively espoused the American side by joining the army, accepting posi- tions under the Revolutionary government, or taking an affirmation of allegience to it, and lost their birthright among Friends as a result. Perhaps a score in a similar way openly espoused the British cause, and also were disowned by their brethren. These members very likely represented two portions of silent sympathizers. The official position was one of neutrality, but individually the Friends could hardly be neutral. It seems almost certain that the men of property and social standing in Philadelphia, the Virginia exiles and their close asso- ciates, like the wealthy merchants of New York and Boston, were Loyalists, though in their case passively so. . . . Many of the country Friends were probably American in their sympathies. It is very difficult to show this in history, and only by slight allusions here and there is the idea gained. . . . There were, there- fore, a few radical Tories, a much larger number of radical friends of the Revolution, and the rest were quiet sympathizers with one or the other party. In this diversity all the moderate men who were really desirous to be faithful to the traditional beliefs of their fathers could unite on a platform of perfect neutrality of action for conscience' sake.” If the Quakers in Pennsylvania really num- bered 40,000 souls in 1760, it seems almost incredible that so few should have overtly taken sides with one party or the other, but Mr. Sharpless’ opinion is entitled to great respect. It will be remembered that the body gave to the country two such soldiers as Mifflin and Greene, and such a statesman as John Dickinson. The last chapter is a consise but luminous account of the long war that the Quakers waged against slavery, until, by force of moral sua- sion, they rooted it out of their own community, and did much to indoctrinate the nation with anti-slavery principles. There is no nobler chapter in their history. 1900.] THE IXIAL 13 All in all, the story of Pennsylvania is the most pathetic of all of the English colonial stories. There is Penn's own personal story. “In one sense,” says our author, “a sadder life than his we seldom know. His letters again and again, sometimes pathetic, sometimes indig- nant, portray the keen disappointment of an earnest, conscientious, and sensitive soul.” He quotes the familiar lamentation: “O Pennsylvania, what hast thou cost me! About £30,000 more than I ever got by it, two hazardous and most fatiguing voyages, my straits and slavery here [in London], and my child's soul, almost.” But a still broader view may be taken of the matter. Great as the colony became, what a contrast the beginning and the end of the “Holy Experiment” presents l For instance, if Penn could have foreseen the day when a governor under his charter, and that governor his own grandson, would offer prizes for Indian scalps, male or female, his heart might well have burst. The commonwealth bears two lessons on its face; one to the practical time-server, desti- tute of all idealism, the other to the utopist, equally destitute of common sense. Miss Hazard's book moves in a much smaller circle than Mr. Sharpless' two volumes. Of its kind, however, it is a book of even greater interest. Passing by the chapter devoted to Quaker beginnings in Rhode Island, we have a series of chapters dealing almost wholly with the organization and economy of the Quakers of Narragansett Bay. It is distinctly an inte- rior study of church history. The writer brings a small section of a large subject under her microscope, revealing the minutest facts of ecclesiastical life. Much of the matter is curi- ous in the extreme. One not familiar with similar facts will here see with surprise, if not with astonishment, the ceaseless vigilance with which the organization regarded the lives and conduct of its members. While this supervision was exercised in the name of good morals and sound teaching, it often embraced matters that free communities generally relegate to the sphere of individual action. If any reader is in quest of facts with which to prove that the Quakers were essentially destitute of the sense of humor, we recommend him to read Miss Haz- ard's book. For instance, after 1758 all mar- riages not among Friends were forbidden by the Society, and, as far as possible, the rule was strictly enforced. When a brother disobeyed the law, and married outside of the body, he was required to make “acknowledgement” and to “condemn" his action, or be “disowned ” in the end; but this does not appear in any way to have interfered with his married life. Miss Hazard quotes several such acknowledgements, and among others the following, which as she says, “makes one wonder what kind of a woman this man's wife was.” “I do hereby acknowledge that I have wilfully and knowingly transgressed the good Order and Rules of the Society in proceeding in marriage with a woman not of the Society nor according to the Method allowed of amongst Friends for which Transgression I am heartily sorry and do desire Friends to forgive and pass by and hope that I shall by the Lord's assistance be preserved not only from Transgression of so willful a crime but also of all others.” It must indeed have been “rather a bitter thing” for a man to present to the meeting such a paper as this, but perhaps it was looked upon more as a matter of form than anything else. Still Miss Hazard is gracious enough to jus- tify this great care for the proper solemnization of marriage, on the ground that the looseness of the times required it. She says the day of marrying in shifts was not long past, and quotes two instances of this curious custom found in the South Kingstown Records. One of these was in 1719, when the man took the woman in mar- riage “after she had gone four times across the highway in only her shift and hair-lace and no other clothing.” In the other case, 1724, “the woman had her shift and hair-lace and no other clothing on that I see,” remarked the justice who performed the ceremony. These weddings were in the months of February and December. But, after all, most usages have some reason behind them, and this was the reason in the present case: “For the object of the curious ceremony was the evasion of debt. If the wife brought her husband nothing, she could not even bring her debts, and he was free from paying them, which he would otherwise have to do.” Few religious bodies of equal intelligence and character present more curious contradictions and anomalies than the Quakers. The doctrine of the Inner Light, carried to the length to which they first went, is absolutely irreconcilable with all organization and formalism in the re- ligious sphere. The inspired prophet is supe- rior to law, custom, and authority. He has no need of rule or canon, bishop or church, forms or ceremonies. Fox and his co-laborers denounced all such things in the severest terms. Of course the end, if it had been reached, would have been fatal to all religious organization, 14 THE DIAL [Jan. 1, control, and permanence. But what was the result? First, an efficient system of ecclesias- tical organization, that, as the reader of these books will see, obtruded itself into matters that are essentially personal and private, though without the use of other than moral force; and secondly, a formalism that so distinctly marked the Quaker in attire, speech, and manners that he was known to be a Quaker wherever he went. Fox did show his good sense and practical genius in setting up this organization, thus proving that he was something very different from the ignorant fanatic that most men took him to be; but he did not show either logical consistency or fidelity to his great principle. As is well known, the system was not im- posed upon the body without much resistance on the part of other “prophets” who claimed the same right to have “openings” and “to bring men off" that Fox had so freely asserted for himself. It was indeed fortunate that Fox was not a logical man, for had it not been for the system of “meetings” that he devised, to take the place of churches, synods, assemblies, and the like, it seems plain that the Quakers would have accomplished little in the long run, and would even have come to an early end. We know of no proof more convincing than that furnished by the history of the Quakers of the ancient saying, “If you drive out nature with a fork, she will return again.” B. A. HINSDALE. PROBLEMS OF COLONIAL GOVERNMENT.” Mr. Alleyne Ireland, known through his articles in recent magazines on various prob- lems of colonial government, now appears with a more systematic treatise under the title of “Tropical Colonization.” It is perhaps need- less to say that the subject is treated in its practical economic and political bearings, and not in its ethical relations: a treatment for which the author has the qualification of sev- eral years' experience in the British colonies and dependencies in various parts of the world. He modestly calls his work “an introduction to the study of the subject.” After a lucid explanation of the experiments and practice of government of colonial possessions by the four great colonizing nations, England, France, Spain, and Holland, he proceeds to the discus- *TRoPICAL Colonization. By Alleyne Ireland. New York: The Macmillan Co. sion of trade and the labor problem. Valuable original tables elucidate his statements. Two principal conclusions must be forced upon the student from this cool array of facts and figures. The first of these is that all col- onization which has resulted in the development of a stable liberal government, absolutely or partially independent of the mother country, has been in the Temperate Zones and under the control of the Anglo-Saxon race, guided and always influenced by the Anglo-Saxon system of political and social morality. The astonish- ing feature of the times is the curious notion which to-day permeates the English as well as the French and German mind, that in the pres- ent madness for territory these nations expect to see a development of their new tropical pos- sessions in Africa along these same lines and to reproduce the same vigorous growth in the Tropics which has characterized that of the Temperate Zones, – and all this with full knowledge of the experience of the past. Four hundred years of tropical colonization controlled by these four great nations has re- sulted in the apparent necessity for policies of administration varying but slightly in auto- cratic character, as a governor is always ap- pointed by the home power, with more or less representation of the native races through suffrage. There has been no permanent col- onization of the white races in the Tropics, and the always limited and unstable charac- ter of this colonization has affected the possi- bility of the growth of an educated spirit and of any desire or attempt on the part of native races to secure any independence of gov- ernment. Sufficient representation in local administration has been granted to satisfy an indolent people of a low grade of intelligence and limited education, and the sordid com- mercial spirit has been the controlling influ- ence in the past, with its unspeakable outrages, and of the present, with its reforms, because of the growth among the people of the home government of the feeling of the moral ne- cessity for a more enlightened policy. During these centuries there has always existed the necessity of a standing military force of the white races, with a small proportion of the native or mixed elements, to swell the roll of private soldiers. Incipient war has generally existed, and the colonies where it has figured least aggressively have been those in which there has been a shrewd recognition of the wiser policy of providing the semi-civilized rulers of the illiterate native tribes with an 1900.] THE DIAL 15 assured income as a return for the recognition of the sovereignty of the power in control. In view of this experience of the past, Mr. Ireland approaches the treatment of the colo- nial problems in the United States with some diffidence. After a recapitulation of condi- tions as they exist to-day, he sees little material for representative institutions at present among the people of our new possessions, with the exception of those of Hawaii; and even here, with true British caution, he talks about that constitutional impossibility to the American mind—a judicious limitation of the franchise. In consideration of the fact that in the matter of education Hawaii might serve as a model for the world, and that in few countries is the percentage of illiterates so small — that the inhabitants have largely adopted American manners and customs, and (almost of greater importance) no foreign nation has established a commercial connection to rival that of the United States—he can see no difficulties in the way of self-government with limited represen- tative institutions but without that responsible government which must lie with the national authority. He quite fails to understand our dis- tinction between state and national authority. He doubts the possibility of any hasty attempt to carry out this idea in Puerto Rico, where, with a population of 806,000, eighty-five per cent or more of whom can neither read nor write, the mixed blood and Spanish methods, together with custom and heredity, have produced a peasantry antagonistic to American civilization. When the situation in the Philippines is to be treated, the difficulties become enormous. With a population of near 9,000,000, where not even five per cent can read or write, and where ninety-nine hundredths are profoundly igno- rant, superstitious, and quite amenable to the control of the remaining hundredth, he just refrains from predicting ultimate failure for the United States when he acknowledges the shrewdness of this educated remnant, who are familiar with native dialects and customs. Mr. Ireland tells us he has met with a cer- tain feeling in the United States, which he predicts will postpone success; namely, a pub- lic sentiment that the experience of other na- tions in the tropics is of no value to us. Thereupon he declares the commercial prob- lem, or the question of labor, to be the second vital difficulty in the case. He recognizes the fact that the products of the tropics are, next to the breadstuffs of the temperate zones, of greatest importance to the human race; these tropical products are sugar, coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, and fruits, most of which require, dur- ing the important season, continuous labor. The ease of life where necessities are obtained with but little effort, together with the climatic conditions which discourage energy, have made it impossible to cultivate profitably any of these products without the maintenance of slavery or an indentured or coolie system, ab- horrent to the American mind. This inden- tured system, which prevails in Hawaii, is the main problem confronting us there, and every day's delay in fixing the status of that island allows the increased importation of contract laborers from China or Japan to complicate the situation. In short, he recognizes the fact that if the sordid commercial spirit is to con- trol the management of our tropical posses- sions, as it does that of all other nations of the world, it would be well to disabuse the public mind of some popular fallacies. Of these, the most melodious to the public ear is the asser- tion that trade follows the flag, and that trop- ical colonies deal primarily with the sovereign country. England, with her supreme advan- tages, can only sell to her tropical subjects “seventy-one cents' worth of goods each a year, and she draws from each only sixty-six cents' worth of supplies. This is the result of a century's work in increasing the purchasing and the productive power of the people of the British colonies. . . . The United States is of more value as a source of supply to the United Kingdom than the whole of the British Em- pire.” The trade between the United King- dom and her colonies is not increasing, but assumes a smaller relative proportion year by year; the colony, as it developes, seeking the open market more and more. So far as it is possible to judge from the valuable tables presented in the book, Mr. Ire- land concludes that it may safely be asserted that the flag has very little influence upon trade; that in non-tropical colonies whatever advantage might once be attributable to the flag is fast disappearing, and in tropical colonies the trade is so small relatively that an increase of thirty persons in their population is less profitable to the United Kingdom than an increase of one person in the population of Australia or Canada. The politician and the statesman of the United States cannot ignore the experience of the enlightened nations of the world. If we enter the sordid contest for supremacy in trade, ignoring the great moral principles which we have claimed to dominate 16 THE DIAL [Jan. 1, our national economic and social system, we will be compelled to follow in great measure the methods of these nations. There cannot longer logically exist those restrictions upon trade which are the foundation of the destruc- tion of the permanent peace of nations; and in the great rivalry, compulsory labor can alone be counted upon. ALICE ASBURY ABBOTT. GENERAL WALKER'S ECONOMIC ESSAYS AND ADDRESSES.* Professor Dewey has brought together into two octavo volumes a mass of General Francis A. Walker's miscellaneous articles and ad- dresses which would otherwise be comparatively inaccessible to the general reader; and in so doing he has performed a real service to the public, as well as to the memory of his late chief. General Walker was a fluent and pro- lific writer. Besides serving in the army dur- ing the war, teaching in seminary and univer- sity, administering the Bureau of Statistics and the Indian Office for short periods, man- aging two censuses, representing his country at an international monetary conference, and, finally, administering the great Institute of Technology, he found time in the intervals of writing nearly a dozen books to contribute fre- quently to periodical literature, from the scien- tific quarterlies to the religious weeklies, and for a time to the daily press, but more especially to the popular monthlies; and also to prepare addresses for delivery before various bodies of which he was either the president or the hon- ored guest. In the present collection the editor has not included everything General Walker ever wrote, but has aimed, so far as possible, to avoid repetitions of thought. The papers composing these two volumes are divided into six groups, dealing respect. ively with Finance and Taxation, Money and Bimetallism, Economic Theory, Statistics, Na- tional Growth, and Social Economics. Under the first head there are some discussions of the national finances in the period following the Civil War, which have a timely as well as his- torical interest at the present time. This is especially true of an article written when the country began to be confronted with a surplus, dealing with the manner of reducing the war revenues. The taxes on gross receipts of cer- *Discussions IN EconoMICs AND STATIsTics. By Francis A. Walker, Ph.D., LL.D. Edited by Davis R. Dewey, Ph.D. In two volumes. New York: Henry Holt & Co. tain corporations, on legacies and successions, on banks, insurance companies and gas com- panies, together with the documentary stamp duties, the writer considered ought to be re- tained “in justice alike to the treasury and to individual taxpayers.” On the other hand, he advised giving up the licenses on occupations, the proprietary stamp taxes, the taxes on sales and on private carriages and family silver. The income tax he properly called a war tax, but he advised retaining it in time of peace at a reduced rate. At the same time, he urged the abolition of certain unimportant customs duties which produced more annoyance than revenue. When writing of the census, General Walker was to a large extent virtually writing his auto- biography as a statistician; but he subordinated the personal to the scientific interest, and was disposed to give almost too much of the credit to others. Yet, both before and after taking charge of the Census Office in 1870, he seemed to take especial satisfaction in exposing the crudities and adsurdities of the census of 1860, especially in so far as it related to manufac- tures and to occupations. There seems to have been no attempt at that census to secure uni- formity of nomenclature; the same occupation would be reported under a variety of names, and divided up accordingly in the published report. For example, those necessary evils known as “domestics” in certain states were elsewhere enumerated simply as “servants”; while several thousands in certain sections pre- ferred to describe themselves as “housekeep- ers,” and a much smaller number of specialists in domestic manufacture were reported as “cooks.” But, we are told, “the considerable States of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illi- nois, Indiana, Missouri, and Massachusets, had, if we may trust this account, no cooks in 1860. The universal consumption of raw food by such large communities cannot fail to excite the as- tonishment of the future historian.” To improve the census was General Walker's work for many years, and his experience can- not fail to be of interest to the present genera- tion. Some of his suggestions were carried out while he himself was in charge, but not all of them. In 1870 he found it highly unsatis- factory to have the census taken by assistant marshals appointed with partisan motives and subject to no control by the Census Office, and reporting to marshals already overburdened with duties of an entirely different character. In 1880, under an improved law, enumerators and supervisors were appointed specially for 1900.] THE DIAL 17 census work, with some reference to their qual- ifications for that work, and from either polit- ical party; while expert special agents were commissioned to collect information concerning manufactures and various other matters not included in the population schedule. The re- sult was a vast gain in both the quantity and quality of the work done, with an increase of cost amounting to less than one cent per capita. At first, indeed, General Walker made the mistake of undertaking the very elaborate cen- sus of 1880 with actually smaller appropria- tions than had been made for the much simpler census of 1870; but he concluded that the million or two of dollars which he attempted to save to the treasury would have been a very poor compensation to him personally for the additional labors and distress he thus brought upon himself. The impossibility of tabulating, analyzing, and publishing the results of all the investiga- tions undertaken by the Census Office within a reasonable time led General Walker to pro- pose that the census proper should be confined to the statistics of population and agriculture, to be collected, preferably, once in five years; and that all the other inquiries should be car- ried on during the intervals of the quinquen- nial or decennial censuses. This would involve, instead of periodical disorganizations and re- organizations, a permanent Census Office, which he proposed to create by simply intrust- ing the census work to the existing Department (then Bureau) of Labor. He was of the opin- ion that a census of the United States, being a necessary condition of the federal form of gov- ernment, and depending for its success upon the interest and coöperation of the whole peo- ple, was of sufficient importance to be an- nounced by executive proclamation; and when first appointed to the head of the Census Office he asked the President to open the enumera. tion in that auspicious manner. “General Grant was not indisposed to do so, but the inexorable Department of State interposed its objection. There never had been such a proceeding, and therefore there never could be. Reasons were nothing as against precedents; and so the great national canvass was allowed to begin with as little of ceremony and of ob- servation as the annual peregrinations of a village assessor.” In economics, General Walker was never an extremist. He was a free-trader; but he care- fully distinguished between different kinds and degrees of protection, and recognized the evils of sudden changes affecting the employment of labor and capital; he was a bimetallist, but he held that no government was powerful enough to establish bimetallism alone; he was an un- compromising opponent of socialism, but he was almost as severe in his criticisms of the laissez- faire doctrine of the classical economists. He recognized that in some cases immense advan- tages had resulted from socialistic measures, and he was enough of a socialist himself to be decidedly in favor of certain extensions of gov- ernmental action for the common benefit. Thus, he suggested that a little direction and assist- ance from government would have carried hun- dreds of thousands of immigrants from Eastern ports, where their presence was a misfortune to themselves and to the community, to sections where they would have added to the strength and wealth of the nation. He was not afraid of the mere word “socialism”; for though he once wrote of the “frightfully socialistic char- acter” of a certain theory of taxation, he inti- mated that he would not hesitate to approve of sanitary inspection and regulation if they were as socialistic as anything ever dreamed of by Marx or Lasalle. “For such good as I see coming from this source,” he said, “I would, were it needful, join one of Fourier’s “pha- lanxes,’ go to the barricades with Louis Blanc, or be sworn into a nihilistic circle.” To the objection against the regulation of industrial corporations as a violation of the laissez-faire principle, he replied that the very institution of the industrial corporation was for the pur- pose of avoiding that primary condition upon which alone true and effective competition could exist; that combination was directly in contra- vention of competition. He agreed with the French socialists that the state might rightfully interfere with freedom of contract to secure a reduction in the hours of labor, improvement in the sanitary conditions of workshops, proper limits to the work required of women and minors, and prohibition of child-labor. When he wrote of “this precious Constitution of ours, which is never heard of except to prevent some good thing from being done,” he had reference to a progressive income tax; but he might easily have said the same thing about attempts to have eight-hour laws declared unconstitu- tional. His article on “Socialism" would be a good starting-point from which to develope a a science of public economy. He was not above discussing such subjects with fairness and can- dor, any more than he was above pointing out the errors of newly-fledged doctors of philos- ophy. It was only when he wrote of Mr. Bel- lamy’s “Looking Backward” that he resorted 18 - THE DIAL [Jan. 1, much to ridicule, and even in that case he gave sound reasons as well. Economics in the hands of this master was no dismal science, because of his broad sympa- thies, his healthy, conservative optimism, his belief in the efficacy of effort; and in a more superficial sense, because of his saving sense of humor and his happy way of putting things. Unlike many economists, he was the fortunate possessor of a very pleasing literary style; and he had the rare faculty of making even such difficult subjects as public indebtedness and the money question clear and interesting to the general reader, as well as instructive to the careful student. There could have been no more fitting monument to his memory than these two volumes, together with the other vol- ume of “Discussions in Education.” The ed- itor has supplied brief explanatory notes con- cerning many of the papers, besides giving the place and date of publication; and the whole is accompanied by an excellent portrait. MAX WEST. THE COMPLEXITY OF RELIGIOUS BELIEFS.* One may readily be puzzled by the diversity of beliefs shown in the scores of books appearing on religious topics. A rationalizing tendency has found its way, feebly or powerfully, into most of them; and yet the greatest variety of conflicting conclu- sions is reached. One might easily infer from this result that hopeless confusion and inadequacy are associated with all statements of faith. We believe a sounder conclusion is to be found in the undying energy of this class of convictions. The complexity of the data involved in the exposition of the spirit- ual world is exceedingly great. All one's own per- sonal life, emotional and intellectual; his observation *SURSUM CoRDA. New York: The Macmillan Co. MoRALITY As A RELIGION. By W. R. Washington Sullivan. New York: The Macmillan Co. THE GREAT AFFIRMATIons of RELIGION. By Thomas R. Slicer. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. THE Gospel of Joy. By Stopford A. Brooke. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. CHRISTIAN RATIONALISM. By J. H. Rylance, D.D. New York: Thomas Whittaker. THE Divine DRAMA. By Granville Ross Pike. New York: The Macmillan Co. THE Gospel For A World of SIN. By Henry Wan Dyke, D. D. New York: The Macmillan Co. THE CHRISTIAN TEACHING. By Lyof N. Tolstoi. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co. THROUGH NATURE. To God. By John Fiske. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. RELIGION. By the Rev. H. C. E. Newbolt, M.A. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co. BETween CAESAR AND JEsus. By George D. Herron. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. and interpretation of the world about him, both physical and spiritual; the entire sweep of historic facts and hereditary tendencies which are either buoying up or submerging his thoughts, – these constitute the basis of his opinions. Faith is the very last region in which we ought to expect con- current or final conclusions. The constant return of the mind to the task shows how vital and inevit- able are the forces which underlie all religious beliefs. The book entitled “Sursum Corda” will be found by many very enjoyable. It is a vigorous reasser- tion of the primary truths of our spiritual nature, with a scornful exposure of the superficial convic- tions associated with prevalent empirical philosophy. It is characterized by freshness and insight, and will impart new courage to those whose hope is suf- fering relapse. It is not to be expected, however, that its presence will make even an eddy in the current of materialism. That movement must fulfil itself and disprove itself in the spiritual sterility associated with it. As implied just now, each ten- dency is too complex, and, to the opposed tendency, too obscure, to be very directly operative, either in restraint or guidance. That to which the author would have us lift our hearts is the fulness and gladness and genetic force of the life which envelops us. The flood is likely to leave at least this slight fertilizing residuum — a renewed sense of the phys- ical as the most adequate and direct expression of the spiritual. The volume on “Morality as a Religion” im- presses us anew with the strangeness and the unwar- rantable nature of the fact that men's religious thoughts and ethical thoughts separate themselves from each other, and are even brought at times into violent collision. The ethical law is the spiritual law of the world, and nothing more affirms and defines a Supreme Spiritual Presence in the world than this same law. Ethics, therefore, should be the support of religion, and religion the ripe fruit- age of ethics. While we are astonished at the folly of the religious faith which turns away from ethics, we are also disturbed at any ethical presentation, clear and forceful and needful as it may otherwise be, which is not made to lead directly to a personal belief in God. The volume before us has a good share of that discrimination and fundamental va- lidity of thought which characterize the ethical school. It is made up of seventeen discourses, de- livered in London to the Ethical Religion Society. There is much more in these discourses to which the liberal reader will be inclined to assent than there is to which he will dissent; and it is put in so vigorous a way as to command his attention. “The Great Affirmations of Religion ” is a vol- ume of sermons preached in a Unitarian pulpit in New York. Sermons ought to be held to a high standard of criticism. The supply is large, and the market for truly stimulating discourses is unfavor- ably affected by the presence of inferior ones. The present sermons show an earnest and independent 1800. THE DIAL 19 spirit, and that speculative and aggressive temper which is so often present in the Unitarian pulpit. The thought, however, is more crude, the expres- sion less exact, the knowledge less digested, than we have a right to expect in published discourses. “The Gospel of Joy” indicates by its title the prevailing temper of the sermons the volume con- tains. Mr. Stopford A. Brooke has, in unusual degree, the essential characteristic of a good preacher — unwavering belief. When this is united, as in his case, to a liberal creed and to insight and taste, it pre- eminently fits the preacher for persuasive discourse. He descends to the sluggish or distrustful listener from an altitude of invincible faith. One might offer this criticism—that the author more frequently awakens spiritual emotion and brings it to life, than so interprets life as to make it the direct occasion and support of spiritual emotion. We need, as far as possible, to turn to those lines of action which call out and interweave the thoughts and feelings in the most self-sustained and living products. “Christian Rationalism” is a well-balanced and effective presentation, in a half dozen essays, of the points of contention and difficulty which lie be- tween belief and unbelief. The work is done from the standpoint of liberal faith, and shows, on the part of the author, a clear and discriminating pos- session of the topic. It can be cordially commended to those who are disturbed by current unbelief, and do not apprehend its ultimate drift. “The Divine Drama” is an effort to bring the parts of man's spiritual life into a coherent dra- matic whole under the idea of the immanency of the Divine Spirit. The conception is a good one, but it is pursued in a method so abstract in thought and terminology as to make the perusal laborious and to many unfruitful. This is the more observ- able as a fervor pervades the work which would naturally seek concrete expression. The spirit of the book is every way commendable, and there are portions of it to which the above criticism is less applicable. Dr. Henry Van Dyke's “Gospel for a World of Sin” is an impassioned rendering of the orthodox dogma of sin, the mission of Christ, the atonement. The author escapes all intellectual difficulties by denying that any final definition of our relation to God in Christ is possible. “Its fulness makes it inde- finable.” It is a mystery of life. Those are most helpful who waive the logical relation, and give us their own experience of the saving power of Christ. It is quite true that the most valued and significant element in the doctrine of the atonement has been the spiritual life that has oftentimes gone with it and been nourished by it. The dogma has been the frame-work over which the emotional experi- ences of men's souls have spread themselves in lux- urious growth. There are those still ready to infer the intellectual validity of the underlying assertions because of the force and redemptive power of the feelings which have gone with them. This is the significance of the present volume. A truly pro- found and life-giving experience is once more spread along these lines of technical faith, hiding beneath it the naked statements which can no longer bear the light. The book will give satisfaction to many, and much satisfaction to those who will trace under it their own favorite dogma. “The Christian Teaching,” by Count Tolstoi, is the skeleton of a book rather than a book; a sketch of what the author proposed, rather than the ful- fillment of that purpose. The assertions follow each other in close interdependence, but with no effort to illustrate them, enforce them, or make them plausible. The temper of the book is one of vigorous self-abnegation. It seems to be the pro- duct of a violent reaction against the indulgences and vices of the world. Many things are thrust aside which we are accustomed to regard, not merely as sources of physical pleasure, but as an expression of spiritual life and as aids to it. Count Tolstoi at times implies that priests mislead the people by deceptive doctrines and rites. Whatever may be true of individuals, it is never true of a great system of faith that it rests on an organized effort to mislead the masses. What is deception in reference to the people is first darkness in the mind of the teacher. Like priest, like people; like people, like priest. If the blind lead the blind, both will fall into the ditch. The point is import- ant, for if we regard the error as purely voluntary we shall think the remedy correspondingly direct and speedy. The book is one of a noble purpose, and oftentimes of things soberly put with much force. “Through Nature to God,” by Mr. John Fiske, is made up of three discussions: “The Mystery of Evil,” “The Cosmic Roots of Love and Self- Sacrifice,” “The Everlasting Reality of Religion.” The conclusion is strongly theistic. In the line of argument, and in its issue, we warmly concur. The work is characterized by that clear and coherent thought which we have come to associate with the writings of Mr. Fiske. We are not equally satis- fied with his premises. These seem to us to remain too narrow for the superstructure he builds upon them. Natural selection, the survival of the fittest, the cosmic process, efficient causes, retain precisely their old relation. Mr. Fiske drank at the begin- ning from the fountains of empirical philosophy so freely that he still shows something of the paralysis incident to such draughts. We must feel that Mr. Harrison as opposed to Mr. Spencer, and Pro- fessor Huxley as opposed to Professor Fiske, have had the keener sense of what is and what is not, involved in rigidly evolutionary premises. The immanence of God demands as much a modification of the notion of efficient causes as it does of the notion of God. In strictly eternal and efficient causes, there is no room left for Deity. Immanence in sueh causes means nothing. Mr. Fiske seems to admit freely final causes; but final causes exclude efficient causes, and efficient causes exclude final causes as absolute terms. The two, as in human 20 THE DIAL [Jan. 1, liberty, must blend along a line of perpetual inter- action. It is amusing to see with what heartiness the orthodox are wont to pat Mr. Fiske on the shoulder as a doughty champion from the camp of the enemy whose dictum finishes discussion. We think Mr. Fiske is hardly entitled to the assumption that “his argument is advanced for the first time.” “Religion” is the first volume of the “Oxford Library of Practical Theology.” The purpose of this library is “to supply some carefully considered teaching on matters of religion to that large body of devout laymen who desire instruction but are not attracted by the learned treatises which appeal to the theologian.” Its notion of “carefully considered teaching” is somewhat rigid. “Christianity, . . . as enshrined in a teaching and dogmatic Church, is so precise and clear in its definition and outline that it does not hesitate to state that a right faith is nec- essary to salvation.” The purpose of this opening volume may be concisely defined as a statement of the claims of religion, its forms, dangers, and aids. It is the fulfilment of this purpose, rather than the purpose itself, that we are inclined to criticise. The style of the book lacks clearness and elegance, and, still more, a warm personal sympathy. It seems like the effort of one whose conceptions are natu- rally dogmatic and abstract, to approach the com- mon mind, when not really sharing its experiences. There is no want of conviction and fervor, but they have been begotten in a narrow theological realm, not in the large and manifold life of the world. The old antithesis remains between the processes of daily life and the divinely ordained product offered for their correction. “Between Caesar and Jesus ” is the title of a vol- ume containing the condensed expression of much writing and speaking by Prof. George D. Herron. One can be in very close sympathy with the general purpose aimed at, and still dissent decidedly from the manner in which it is pursued. Professor Herron has an ardent but not a sober mind. His state- ments are not true, in the impression they make, to the facts. He relates the evil, and that in a some- what extreme form, and omits for the most part the vast amount of good associated with it. His discourses are pervaded with the idea that the world can be precipitated into the Kingdom of Heaven by a sudden and radical change of methods. “When Christian experience becomes elemental, individual ownership becomes sacrilegious” (p. 135). Now, giving can only depend on having. If we own nothing, we can confer nothing. We can render no service if we have no right to withhold service. We are slaves. Our service must be the freedom of a spiritual nature which the recipient cannot over- ride. But if we own service, if we own our own powers, we may own property, which is, or may be, only a tangible expression of those powers. Our goodness, our love, can only find play in a world not altogether unlike our own, in which the limits of ownership are one thing and the uses of ownership another. We have, in the three books last noticed, a very diverse conception of the world. Mr. Fiske is wait- ing patiently, perhaps too patiently (are we not our- selves a part of Nature?), on natural forces for renovation. Mr. Newbolt is urging a new enforce- ment of dogma. Mr. Herron wishes to enter into life by a violent change of its forms. What the last method gains in intention, it loses in wisdom. We are to work with God, not outwork Him. When one's changes become immediate and radical we much prefer to wait on natural law. John BAscom. BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. One easily forgives the somewhat too constant and high-pitched strain of eulogium in Miss Helen M. Knowl- ton's lively and sympathetic sketch of the “Art- Life of William Morris Hunt” (Little, Brown, & Co.). The author is a former pupil of this capable and for a long time not duly appreciated American painter, and her vigorous advocacy of his artistic merits seems a little belated now that those merits have had ample recognition. Hunt's diversified life, striking personality, and interesting list of clients and acquaintances made him a promising subject for the biographer, and Miss Knowlton has produced a decidedly readable book. Hunt studied abroad, and was for some time a pupil of the then reigning Paris favorite, Couture, who finally de- clared that his diligent and enthusiastic American pupil had so absorbed his manner of painting that he had carried it as far as it could go. Couture was presently supplanted in Hunt's admiration by Millet, then comparatively a pictor ignotus, whose devoted admirer and intimate Hunt became, and whose now priceless canvasses he bought for a song. He acquired, for instance, that masterpiece “The Sower” for sixty dollars, and “The Sheep-Shear- ers” for the amount of an outstanding color-bill of the master's (about ninety dollars). “I bought,” he says, “as much of Millet's work as I could, and after a while the idea was started that a rich En- glishman was buying up all his pictures.” The effect upon the “peasant-painter's" fortunes of this rumor may be imagined. Millet, said Mr. Hunt, “had so little money in his life that he never owned a hundred-dollar bill until I gave him the money for one of his pictures. . . . When I handed it to him he did not say much; but he told me next day that he could not try to thank me, but I might like to know that he had never before had a hundred- dollar bill.” It is amusing to know that Hunt's purchases of Millet's pictures gained him at Paris the sobriquet of “the mad American.” Hunt's subsequent career in America, especially as por- trait-painter, brought him in contact with many celebrities. Lincoln, Justice Shaw, Holmes, Emer- son, Whittier, Sumner, Governor Andrew, Dr. J. F. Clarke, and many others known to fame, sat to The art-life of Wm. M. Hunt. 1900.] THE DIAL 21 him; and his intercourse with the leading lights of his day and place gave rise to a fund of anecdotage of which his biographer has duly availed herself. The story of Hunt's active and checkered life is told graphically and in due detail down to the tragic finale at Mrs. Thaxter's retreat, “Apple- dore,” in 1879; and supplementary chapters re- lating to the Hunt exhibitions of 1879, 1880, and 1881 (at London) are added. The illustrations form an attractive feature of the book, and show conclusively that Hunt's forte lay in portraits, rather than in the ambitious compositions he often essayed. In his learned and elaborate volume entitled “The Cathedral Builders” (Scribner's importation), Mr. Leader Scott tells the story of a great mediaeval guild of Freemasons (Liberi Muratori), and essays to show that this guild, the Comacine Masters, formed a link between Classic and Renaissance art. In most his- tories of Italian art there is a hiatus of several cen- turies between the ancient classic art of Rome — which was in its decadence when the Western Em- pire ceased in the fifth century after Christ—and that early rise of art in the twelfth century which led to the Renaissance. During this period of sub- mergence of the ancient civilization of Rome, classic architectural and sculptural art has been generally supposed to have utterly vanished and died out, its corpse lying entombed, so to speak, in its Byzan- tine cerements at Ravenna. This suspicious break in the unity and continuity of European architectu- ral history has inspired Mr. Scott to the researches and speculations which have led to his very plausi- ble if not conclusively established theory that classic structural art, in point of fact, was at no time ex- tinct, but was continuously conserved and practised, however obscurely, by the Magistri Comacini, and really passed without break through Romanesque forms up to the Gothic, and hence to the full Ren- aissance. In fine, the productions of the Comacine Masters must be regarded, if we accept Mr. Scott's view, as linking the art of the Classic schools to that of the Renaissance, just as the transitional Ro- mance languages of Provence and Languedoc link the Latin of classic times to modern languages. All the different Italian styles, argues Mr. Scott, are nothing more than the different developments in differing climates and ages of the art of one power- ful guild of sculptor-builders, who nursed the seed of Roman art on the border-land of the falling Ro- man Empire, and spread the growth in far-off countries. All that was architecturally good in Italy between 500 and 1200 A.D. was due to this society which sprang from a small island in the Lake Como, and ramified, under the patronage of the Church, throughout Europe. Through this means, architecture and sculpture were carried into France, Spain, Germany, and England, and were there adapted and developed in accordance with the new environment. “The flat roofs, horizontal archi- Chapters in the history of architecture. traves, and low arches of the Romanesque, which suited a warm climate, gradually changed as they went northward into the pointed arches and sharp arches of the Gothic; the steep sloping lines being a necessity in a land where snow and rain were fre- quent.” The well-based and ingenious speculations of Mr. Scott merit the attention of all serious stu- dents of the history of architecture, and his account of the hitherto neglected Maestri Comacini (ne- glected, at least, by most English authorities) is most interesting. Professor Merzario's voluminous work, “I Maestri Comacini,” has been freely drawn upon as a storehouse of facts, by Mr. Scott, who is also to be credited with much painstaking independent research. A table of the authorities consulted is appended. The volume is handsomely and liberally illustrated, and is soundly and elegantly manufac- tured throughout. In “Searchlight Letters” (Scribner) we ought to have the most powerful light known to science cast upon dark places, with the result that we see what is to be avoided. That, in a way, we do have in Mr. Robert Grant's latest book. Mr. Grant writes of the ideal possible to young men and women, of the career open to women of society, of the true American, of evils in our politics. In every case he plays the usual part of the searchlight, as we have stated it. There is, however, another use for the searchlight which Mr. Grant has also had in mind; namely, the discovery of the right channel, when it is otherwise hard to find. Here we incline to think him less successful. Mr. Grant first became known in the world of letters as a satirist. Time has mellowed what once was almost maliciousness, but it has not wholly changed his spirit. He is still the observer of society, who can make its errors ridiculous. In his earlier works, however, Mr. Grant was content with the more usual office of the searchlight; while now he is possessed with a further ambition. He would be not only a warning but a guide. Hence his “Art of Living,” which is just now republished in the same form as the above, making a very pretty pair of books. The earlier volume was one of ad- vice on the subject of how best to live on an income of ten thousand dollars. The later book is more generally directed. Yet, its critical value is greater than its power of suggestion. The sketches of peo- ple who have missed their aim are excellent; such has often been the case with those who seek to lead toward virtue by an exhibition of vice. Mr. Grant is as clever as ever in his delineation of error, of the city politician, of the society woman. But we do not warm up at his propositions for a better life. They are very earnest, but, like many other ser- mons, they are dull. “The noblest aims of the aspiring past,” “a keener appreciation of the con- ditions of human life,” “a compound of independ- ence and energy,” “allegiance to the eternal femi- nine,” “broader and wiser humanity,”—are not these phrases that we have heard before, and not A light to warn, more than to guide. 22 THE DIAL [Jan. 1, infrequently? They have a familiar sound. They are good ideas: we approve of them. But we needed no searchlight to know how to find them. Even with them, indeed, we may still feel that we would like one word more, a word just a bit more insist- ent on reality. Anything of this sort is quite lack- ing here. But Mr. Grant is a well-known writer, and everybody who reads his latest book will have a fair idea of what is to be found within its covers; we fancy that no one will be more disappointed than we have been, and we hope everyone will gain as much pleasure. Miss Frances Gerard picturesquely recapitulates, in an attractive volume of 300 odd pages, the grimly fasci- nating “Romance of Ludwig II. of Bavaria” (Dodd, Mead & Co.). There is an introductory chapter on the “Heredity of the King,” after which the author proceeds to give an account of Ludwig's rather schwārmarisch character and occasional wild outbreaks as a boy, which prepares the reader for the strangest of all strange historical stories that follows, and incidentally makes him wonder at the survival, in our unimaginative era of hard sense, of a political superstition which makes it possible for a great civilized people to be under the rule and at the mercy of a known madman for a couple of de- cades. The devoted, king-worshipping way in which the honest Bavarians endured and even applauded the Bedlamite follies and wild expenditures of this poor lunatic would almost surpass belief in America, were it not for our own almost passive endurance of the yoke of such rulers as Platt and Croker. But the Bavarians never thought of protesting against the political crime and anomaly; we do protest, loudly and bitterly, and at intervals effect- ively. The mad career of the unhappy Ludwig began early. While a boy of twelve he was found by a tutor endeavoring, in the exercise of his pre- rogative as Crown Prince, to choke to death with a knotted pocket-handkerchief his younger brother Otto. Young Otto was discovered in a fainting condition, lying upon the grass, gagged, and bound hand and foot, while the Prince was twisting the handkerchief with a piece of stick, in the approved Chinese and Turkish fashion. When interfered with by the officious tutor, this precious sprig of mediaeval royalty imperiously bawled: “This is no business of yours; this is my vassal, and he has dared to resist my will. He must be executed l’” The Potsdam form or phase of megalomania has scarcely reached this pitch. The author tells her story interestingly, with many anecdotes, strange, tragic, and tragico-comic, down to the final and ter- rible finale by Starnberg Lake. An interesting chapter is devoted to the mad king's building mania and the gorgeous structures he erected, and all in all the book must be pronounced a very read- able one of its kind. It is profusely and hand- somely illustrated, and should prove a good satchel companion for the tourist to Munich. The mad King of Bavaria. Thirty-five years have elapsed since the appearance of the first edition of Mr. Spencer's “Principles of Biol- ogy”—years that have witnessed an unparalleled development of the biological sciences both in the discovery of data and in the elaboration of theory. They have seen the application of these discoveries to the detection of the factors of organic evolution and to the fuller correlation of biology with the physical sciences. The comprehensiveness and pre- vision of the earlier work of Mr. Spencer in this field is evidenced by the fact that the author finds but little to modify in the new edition (Appleton), the principal changes taking the form of additions and supplementary discussions. Thus, we find a chapter on metabolism in which the relation of or- ganic chemistry to vital processes is treated at length. Under the caption, “The Dynamic Elementin Life,” the author introduces a discussion of the essential element in vital phenomena—“a certain unspeci- fied principle of activity” which cannot be conceived in physico-chemical terms. It is not an independent vital principle, nor can it be represented as a prin- ciple inherent in living matter. The ultimate reality behind vital phenomena, as behind all manifesta- tions, transcends conception. A chapter upon struc- ture has been added; and another — all too brief — upon cell-life and cell-multiplication lays under tribute the marvellous discoveries of the past decade. The accumulation of facts has necessitated an entire revision of the chapter on the embryological evi- dences of organic evolution. The author's theory of physiological units is extended and more fully applied to the problems of heredity and variation in a supplementary discussion introduced in this edition; while a few pages at the close of the book are devoted to answers to recent criticisms and to a brief consideration of new theories. Among the appendices we find reprinted from “The Contem- porary Review” a series of four controversial essays on Weismannism, a discussion of animal fertility, and a summary of the evidence favoring the inher- itance of acquired characters. This new edition is indispensable for all who wish information on cur- rent themes of biological discussion. It is a matter for regret that the health of the author did not per- mit a fuller treatment and a more complete incor- poration of his views on the controverted questions of the day. Reissue of Mr. Spencer's 44 Biology.” “A History of the Jewish People” (Scribner), covering the Babylonian, Persian, and Greek periods, is the third volume in a series especially intended for Bible students and scholars, and hence cannot justly be reviewed as a work for popular reading, or indeed for any who have not already gone far in modern higher criticism. It is distinctly a scholar's book for scholars of Bible history and interpretation. In his preface, the author, Mr. Charles Foster Kent, of the chair of Biblical History and Literature in Brown University, states that the period covered in The story of the Jews in exile. 1900.] THE DIAL 28 the work has until recently been regarded as the least important and most uninteresting of any con- stituting the background of the Bible. Yet, if action is lacking in Jewish history for the four centuries that followed the destruction of Jerusalem, modern interest and study have been stimulated by the rec- ognition that it was in this period, more than in any other, that the leaders of the Jewish race meditated and wrote. The author does not claim that his findings are in any sense final, for upon many points material is as yet too scarce to warrant more than a supposititious conclusion. His analyses of his- torical conditions influencing the writing of various portions of the Old Testament are, however, most lucid; and his arguments everywhere indicate fair- mindedness and scholarship. The biblical litera- ture of the period is interpreted in the light of history, with just enough of the latter to present the setting, and without unnecessary recapitulation. In addition to the customary index, special refer- ences are inserted for the use of the student. Of these, the most valuable are the list, with criticisms by the author, of books of reference upon Jewish history, and the Bible references, by chapter and verse, to historical events of the period covered. History and In the poetry and fiction for which romance of Scotland long has been so famous, Scottish abbeys. her abbeys claim no small share of the romantic interest. It is not enough to know the history and the architectural motives of these ecclesiastical structures: one must also be somewhat familiar with their traditional and romantic lore, before one can feel the full charm of these pict- uresque ruins of North Britain. Each has its own peculiar point of interest, some feature or detail which the others do not possess, or at least do not present in an equally interesting way. In one case it may be the vaulting; in another, the majestic Norman work; in another, the recollection of some poetic halo, as at Melrose “by the pale moonlight”; in another, the site, or the precious bones entombed within, as at Dryburgh. Dealing with such matters as these, skilfully blending the architectural, the historic, and the poetic interest, Mr. Howard Crosby Butler has made of “Scotland's Ruined Abbeys” (Macmillan) an exceedingly fascinating book. Added to the discriminating and compact text are copious illustrations, mostly drawn by him- self on the spot, together with plans of the original structures. Eighteen of these ruins are thus de- scribed and illustrated with a completeness and brilliancy that is very welcome in a field where the material hitherto has existed only in a form too bulky and technical for general use. Gilles de Retz must have been much worse than Bluebeard, if we rightly estimate the evidence presented by Mr. Thomas Wilson in his monograph on the his- tory of that worthy, “Bluebeard, a Contribution to History and Folklore” (Putnam). We have never The original Bluebeard. heard anything worse of Bluebeard than that he had many wives and killed them. Of course this is not a good thing to do, but even Perrault shows that Bluebeard had provocation: his wives were disobedient. Henry VIII. does not seem always to have had this excuse. Gilles de Retz killed no wives: his specialty was the murder of young men and wo- men, and he appears to have done more killing than Bluebeard did. Mr. Wilson, in giving a careful historical account of his subject, gives no notion of how it came to pass that the mediaeval baron who decoyed children to his castle, and murdered them for his experiments on the philosopher's stone or the elixir of life, became the fearful personage with the blue beard who had that closet with the horrible contents. It is a good deal of a change. Taking the book for what it is, however, we may read with interest this study of one of the dark and horrible episodes of the Middle Ages, one of the strange ele- ments in a history that we sometimes pass over too lightly, sometimes indue with too great a glamor, but rarely appreciate for just what it was. Cosimo de Medici is the subject of the latest addition to the “Foreign Statesmen” series (Macmillan). The author, Miss K. Dorothea Ewart, in a scholarly monograph maintains the high standard previously fixed by other contributors to this series. Miss Ewart's portrait of the Florentine statesman shows him as the ruler of the city, not by virtue of hold- ing an important office, nor by assumed or inherited authority. Cosimo's power and influence were due to political sagacity in the use of his great wealth, to a steady purpose, an even temper, and a not too scrupulous conscience. He was the real government of the city of Florence, controlling all branches of administration, yet holding no office of importance. He was called vindictive, was accused of all manner of corruption, of interference with justice, of the manipulation of public funds. Yet when the worst has been said, it remains true that Florence owed to his wisdom and diplomatic skill all her import- ance in foreign relations, and that the great mass of the people of the city regarded him with admir- ation and had confidence in his ability. While there is no attempt to veil the shortcomings nor to con- done the evils in the life of the founder of Medi- cean Florence, the work, taken all in all, presents the better side of his character. The founder of Medicean Florence. In the Reverend H. D. Rawnsley, Honorary Canon of Carlisle, the Lake Country of England has its historian, its eulogist, and its literary and descrip- tive expounder. The latest of his series of books on this subject is called “Life and Nature at the English Lakes” (Macmillan). As in his preced- ing books, a thorough and intimate personal ac- quaintance with his subject is everywhere evident. The present volume deals rather with the simple and everyday life of the humble folk living than The historian of the English Lake Country. 24 THE DIAL [Jan. 1, with the illustrious dead. We have here chapters on “May Day by Greta Side,” “At the Grasmere Sports,” “The Sheep-Dog Trials at Troutbeck,” “A North Country Eisteddfod,” “Daffodil Day at Cockermouth,” etc. But familiarity has bred no contempt in our author's case, and it is with the utmost sensitiveness and enthusiasm that he deals with such subjects as “Purple and Ivory at the Lakes,” “The Rainbow Wonders of Windermere,” “St. Luke's Summer at the Lakes,” and “A Sun- rise over Helvellyn.” It is a matter for gratitude that this beautiful region, beloved by the poets, has escaped the fate that often befalls literary shrines, and remains for the most part still undespoiled and uncontaminated by greedy and unscrupulous money- makers. The tourist finds the natural surroundings remaining much the same as when the great dead here wrote and sang; the dust of two Laureates hallows its soil; and everywhere the genius loci puts him in touch with the thoughts and visions of its glorious past. The second part of Dr. Davenport's “Experimental Morphology” (Mac- millan) is devoted to the effect of chemical and physical agents upon growth. The author has compiled from original sources a well developed and skilfully arranged summary of the results of scientific investigation in this field of widening interest. The general reader will find in its pages a concise but lucid discussion of the phe- nomena of normal growth, of the effect of chemical agents upon the rate and the direction of growth, of the effect of water, of the density of the surround- ing medium, of molar agents, of gravity, of elec- tricity, of light, and of heat. The work is timely and has been much needed, occupying as it does a field common to botany, zoölogy, and physiology. Students and specialists will appreciate this dis- criminating résumé drawn from widely scattered sources which are fully indicated in the extensive bibliographies appended to the various chapters. The critical analysis of the results is supplemented at times from the author's own work, and suggest- ions of lines for the future development of the science are freely given. The book is thus a mine of information, an inspiration to the student, and an incentive to the investigator. The phenomena of Growth. The publication of the plays of Mr. Henry Arthur Jones continues, and we have in “Carnac Sahib’ (Mac- millan) a play which we believe is little known, and which, if it become known more widely, we think will raise the reputation of its author. We have several times had occasion to say that the plays of Mr. Jones, however well fitted for the stage, do not impress one who reads them as being excellent. They usually seem earnest and conventional. “Car- nac Sahib’ is not a great play, but it has in it pas- sages which are more real than anything of Mr. Jones's that we have previously read. That is not The printed plays of H. A. Jones. much, perhaps, but still it is something. To come on a passage or two that give you a real thrill,— an opening, as it were, into wider vistas, a feeling dif- ferent from that inspired by the common run of dramatic situations,— that is something worth hav- ing. One who reads much nowadays is apt not to get this feeling too often ; or, perhaps we should say, is apt to be a little hardened to the usual means of producing it. In reading “Carnac Sahib’ you miss the red coats and Indian scenery and firing of guns that would have been exciting on the stage, so that it is well to have something to make it up. BRIEFER MENTION. Those who are looking for an account of the enlarge- ment of American territory, told in a brief and plain way, will find what they want in Mr. Edward Bicknell's “Territorial Acquisitions of the United States” (Small, Maynard & Co.). The general reader and the teacher of the history of the United States in the common schools should find the little book useful, and will no doubt do so. The ground covered is from Louisiana to Hawaii. The results of the Spanish war seem not to be regarded by the author as coming within the scope of his book. “A Bibliography of Canadian Poetry,” prepared by Mr. C. C. James, is a pamphlet publication of the Vic- toria University Library, and is printed by Mr. William Briggs of Toronto. Although only English verse is considered, the titles run up to something like five or six hundred, arranged alphabetically under the names of their authors, and the notes supplied in each case make the work a valuable one for purposes of reference. The total showing is such as to occasion no little surprise at the amount of Canadian verse, and at the number of names that stand for a more than local reputation. The 300th anniversary of Oliver Cromwell's birth (April 25, 1599) has given opportunity for many pub- lications treating of the man or of his times. Among the less ambitious works of this character, Mr. G. H. Pike's “Cromwell and his Times” (Lippincott) fur- nishes the reader with a brief sketch of the political and military life of the hero. The book is chatty and read- able, without any attempt at argumentation or novelty. The author has selected from various authorities the customary view of Cromwell, his associates, and his op- ponents, and has presented this view in pleasant form. The second volume, dated September, of “The Anglo- Saxon Review” (Lane) has a binding after an example by Derome, dated about 1770–80. The portraits include Zuccaro's Elizabeth, Van Dyck's Countess of Sunder- land, Antonio Moro's William the Silent, Mr. Gordon Craig's Sir Henry Irving, and others. While the liter- ary contents of the volume hardly equal the menu of its predecessor, they offer excellent and substantial fare. There are stories by Miss Ellen Thorneycroft Fowler and Mr. William J. Locke, poems by Mr. Stephen Phillips and Mr. F. B. Money Coutts, and essays by Mr. Silvanus P. Thompson, Mr. L. F. Austin, Mr. Cyril Davenport, Mr. W. Brook Adams, and the Earl of Crewe. There is a review of the affaire Dreyfus, and nearly sixty pages of letters by the Duchess of Devon- shire, the latter an altogether disproportionate feature of the volume. 1900.] THE DIAL 25 LITERARY NOTES. Mr. John Lane has just published a second edition of “Mademoiselle Blanche,” a novel by Mr. J. D. Barry. “Moments with Art,” published by Messrs. A. C. McClurg & Co., is an anthology of brief descriptive bits, mostly in verse, about the great painters and sculptors. It is a companion volume to the “Musical Moments” of the same publishers. The first part of Henryk Sienkiewicz's new historical romance, “The Knights of the Cross,” is announced for immediate publication by Messrs. Little, Brown, & Co. The work is now appearing as a serial in Poland, and the second part is still unfinished. FitzGerald's translations of “Salaman and Absal” and the “Bird Parliament” have just been republished in a neat volume by Messrs. L. C. Page & Co. The work is issued under the editorial care of Mr. Nathan Haskell Dole, who contributes an introduction. The family of the late Dr. Daniel Garrison Brinton have requested Mr. Stewart Culin of the University of Pennsylvania to prepare a memoir of the distinguished Americanist. Mr. Culin is desirous of obtaining copies of Dr. Brinton's letters and other literary materials, which may be sent to him at the University of Penn- sylvania. The “Book of Seventeenth Century Lyrics” which Professor Felix E. Schelling has edited for Messrs. Ginn & Co. brings together upwards of two hundred examples of the English lyric from 1625 to 1700, pro- viding them with notes and an elaborate introductory essay. The work is very well done, and will prove a boon to students of the subject. Dr. Ibsen's new play was announced for publication in Copenhagen on the nineteenth of December, and will soon be obtainable in this country. The title is “Naar Vi Döde Waagner” (When We Dead Awaken), which excites much curiosity. It is now three years, instead of the usual two, since there has been a new Ibsen play, which whets our appetite all the more. A new issue of the Ingram edition of “The Works of Edgar Allan Poe,” in four volumes, has been pub- lished by the Macmillan Co. While this edition has been completely superseded for critical purposes by the work of Messrs. Woodberry and Stedman, its low price and neatness of execution will no doubt continue to secure for it the favor of the uncritical general reader. The Romanes Lecture for 1899 was given by Pro- fessor R. C. Jebb, who chose for his subject “ Human- ism in Education.” After a brief historical survey, the author sets forth in admirable language the reasons why classical studies still continue to provide the best type of education for the modern world, and discourses hopefully of their future. The lecture is published in pamphlet form by the Macmillan Co. “The Journal of Theological Studies” is the name of a new quarterly periodical published by the Macmil- lan Co. It is dignified in appearance, and the names of the contributors inspire confidence. They include, for example, Canon Sanday, the Master of Balliol, and Mr. Robert Bridges. If it be asked what the latter is doing in that galley, we reply that he is discoursing most sensibly and instructively upon the principles of hymn-singing, of which subject so true a singer surely •ought to know something. The “Cupid Calendar” for 1900, published by Mr. R. H. Russell, is an imposing affair, consisting of twelve large reproductions, about 16 x 23 inches in size, of pen-and-ink drawings by Mr. J. Campbell Phillips. As may be inferred from the title, each of the drawings represents a scene in which “Dan Cupid.” plays a lead- ing part. Another attractive calendar issued by the same publisher is Mr. Frank Wer Beck's “Animal Calendar,” made up of a dozen drawings in Mr. Wer Beck's well- known and inimitable manner, with accompanying verses. The first number of “The International Monthly,” edited by Mr. F. A. Richardson, and published by the Messrs. Macmillan in New York and London, has just made its appearance, and offers a substantial table of contents. The papers are five in number, as follows: “Later Evolutions of French Criticism,” by M. Edouard Rod; “Influence of the Sun upon the Formation of the Earth's Surface,” by Professor N. S. Shaler; “Recent Advance in Physical Science,” by Professor John Trow- bridge; “Organization among American Artists,” by Mr. Charles DeKay; and “The Theatrical Syndicate,” by Mr. Norman Hapgood. “The Kipling Birthday Book” (Doubleday), com- piled by Mr. Joseph Finn and illustrated by Mr. J. Lockwood Kipling, presents the collection of tags in verse and prose usually found in books of this sort, and has the usual blank spaces designed to entrap the un- wary into confessing their ages. “A Kipling Primer.” (Brown & Co.), by Mr. Frederick Lawrence Knowles, includes a biography, a critical appreciation, some bib- liographical matter, and a rather useful “index to Mr. Kipling's principal writings,” the latter alphabetically arranged, and provided with descriptive notes. But the notion of making Mr. Kipling the subject of a primer indi- cates an altogether exaggerated view of his importance. Dr. Elliott Coues, who died at Baltimore on Christ- mas evening, was one of the most distinguished of Amer- ican scientists. Born in Portsmouth, N. H., in 1842, he crowded into his life of fifty-seven years a great variety of activities, and died with more work to his credit than may be claimed by many scholars even at the most advanced age. He was first and foremost an ornithologist, but several other branches of science oc- cupied a share of his attention, and in later life he took up the subject of early Western history, applying to it the energy that characterized all of his undertakings. His scientific reputation was for a time somewhat clouded by his espousal of certain vagaries connected with “psychical research,” but the solidity and value of his true scientific work remains unquestionable. As an old-time contributor to this journal, we have special reason to mourn his death. From Mr. R. H. Russell we have received, too late for consideration among the notices of Holiday publica- tions in our last issue, three books of the pronounced “Holiday” type which should not go without a word of mention. “In Summertime,” the most imposing volume of the trio, is a collection of carefully-printed reproduc- tions of Mr. Robert Reid's beautiful paintings of young girls and out-door life. Next in importance is a sump- tuous edition of Bunyan's little-known “Life and Death of Mr. Badman,” with twelve full-page illustrations and numerous decorations by Messrs. George and Louis Rhead, whose edition of “The Pilgrim's Progress” met with much favor last year. Finally, we have a hand- some volume entitled “Hits at Politics,” containing a collection of seventy-one of the best of Mr. W. A. Rogers's well-known cartoons, most of which have ap- peared on the front cover of “Harper's Weekly” dur- ing the past few years. 26 THE DIAL [Jan. 1, LIST OF NEW BOOKS. [The following list, containing 165 titles, includes books received by THE DIAL since its last issue.] BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS. Lights and Shadows of a Long Episcopate: Being Remi- niscences and Recollections of the Right Reverend Henry Benjamin Whipple, D.D., Bishop of Minnesota. Illus., large 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 576. Macmillan Co. $5. Reminiscences, 1819–1899. By Julia Ward Howe. Illus., 8vo, gilt top, pp. 465. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $2.50. Memoirs of a Revolutionist. #. P. Kropotkin. With por- trait, 12mo, gilt top,pp. 519. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $2. Kate Field: A Record. By Lilian Whiting. With portraits, 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 610. Little, Brown, & Co. $2. E. P. Roe: Reminiscences of his Life. By his sister, Mary A. Roe. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 235. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50. Chisel, Pen, and Poignard; or, Benvenuto Cellini, his Times and his Contemporaries. By the author of “The Life of Sir Kenelm Digby.” Illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 159. Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.75. ane Austen: Her Contemporaries and Herself. An essay in criticism. By Walter Herries Pollock. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 125. Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.25. Oliver Goldsmith: A Memoir. By Austin Dobson. With por- trait, 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp.270. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.25. Hugh Latimer. By R. M. Carlyle and A. J. º: With portrait, 12mo, pp. 177. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25. Aaron Burr. By Henry Childs Merwin. With portrait, 24mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 150. “Beacon Biographies.” Small, Maynard & Co. 75 cts. Frederick Douglass. By Charles W. Chesnutt. With por- trait, 24mo, º top, uncut, pp. 141. “Beacon Biogra- phies.” Small, Maynard & Co. 75 cts. HISTORY. The United Kingdom: A Political History. By Goldwin Smith, D.C.L. In 2 vols., 8vo, gilt tops, uncut. Macmillan Co. $4. The Royal Navy: A History from the Earliest Times to the Present. By Wm. Laird Clowes, assisted by others. Wol. IV.; illus. in photogravure, etc., 4to, gilt top, uncut, pp. 624. Little, Brown, & Co. $6.50 net. The Great Company: Being a History of the Honourable Company of Merchants-Adventurers Trading into Hudson's Bay. By Beckles Willson; with Introduction by Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal. Illus., large 8vo, gilt top, pp. 541. Dodd, Mead & Co. $5. History of the Civil War, 1861–1865: Being Wol. VI. of A History of the United States under the Constitution. By James Schouler. 8vo, pp. 647. Dodd, Mead & Co. $2.25. Judea: From Cyrus to Titus, 537 B. c.—70 A.D. By Elizabeth Wormeley Latimer. Illus., 8vo, pp. 382. A. C. McClurg & Co. $2.50. GENERAL LITERATURE. The Troubadours at Home: Their Lives and Personalities, their Songs and their World. By Justin H. Smith. In 2 vols., illus., large 8vo, uncut. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $6. A Century of Science, and Other Essays. By John Fiske. 12mo, gilt top, pp. 477. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $2. In Ghostly Japan. By Lafcadio Hearn. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 241. Little, Brown, & Co. $2. 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TERMs of SUBscRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the current number. REMITTAxces should be by draft, or by express or postal order, payable to THE DIAL. Special RATEs to CLUBs and for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application; and SAMPLE Copy on receipt of 10 cents. Advertising RATEs furnished on application. All communications should be addressed to THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago. No. 326. JAN. 16, 1900. Vol. XXVIII. CONTENTS. page RECOLLECTIONS OF A JOURNALIST . . . . 37 MISSPELLING AND MORALS . . . . . . . . 39 THE RISE AND FALL OF MAHDISM. E. G. J. 40 THE BOER AND THE BRITON. Wallace Rice . 42 Lucas's Historical Geography of the British Colonies, Vol. IV.- Brodrick-Cloete's History of the Great Boer Trek.-Scholes's The British Empire and Alli- ances.—Mrs. Phillips's Some South African Recollec- tions.—Miss Devereux's Side Lights on South Africa. — Briton and Boer. TREES, BROOKS, AND BOOKS, Anna Benneson McMahan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 RECENT POETRY. William Morton Payne . . . 48 Swinburne's Rosamund,-Phillips's Paolo and Fran- cesca.-Deluscar's Merris.-Wilson's Laurel Leaves. –Seaman's In Cap and Bells.-Campbell's Beyond the Hills of Dream. – Carman's A Winter Holiday. — Roberts's Northland Lyrics. – Woodberry’s Wild Eden.— Burton's Lyrics of Brotherhood. — Mrs. Moulton's At the Wind's Will.—Miss Guiney's The Martyr's Idyl.— Miss Fenollosa's Out of the Nest.— Miss Coolidge's Woices. BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS . . . . - . 53 The Puritan as Colonist and reformer.—Cromwell as master of the art of war. — Early English life. — An argument for abandoning American ideals. – Inti- mate letters of Sidney Lanier.—A comparative study of Jane Austen. — An expounder of the poetry of Emerson. — More of the celebration of Poe. — Poe's psychology as studied in his poetry.—Colonel Higginson's sketches of his contemporaries.—How general ideas evolve. BRIEFER MENTION . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 LIST OF NEW BOOKS . . . . . . . . . . . 59 RECOLLECTIONS OF A JOURNALIST. The retirement of Mr. Godkin from the ed- itorship of the New York “Evening Post” and “Nation ” has occasioned deep regret on the part of those who know how valiantly he has been fighting, for forty years or more, in de- fence of pure government, intellectual sanity, worthy ideals of life and character, and those principles of public policy which made our na- tion great and may yet save it from the moral disintegration with which it is now threatened. While we must admit that the veteran editor has earned his rest, it is none the less a mis- fortune that his voice should be silenced, since the struggle to preserve these things which are lovely and of good report in our public life bids fair to become fiercer than ever before, and such inspiration as he has so long given us is needed more than ever in the present dark hour of the Republic. We are not of those who would say that “the struggle nought avail- eth,” for our faith is still firm in the potency of moral ideas, and in the certainty of their ultimate triumph; but we should be blind to all the signs of the times did we not realize that the nineteenth hundred of Christian years, so fair to us in the promise of its dawn, is going out in clouded skies. Never were we in such need of soldiers, of leaders—Ritter vom Geiste — as at this century-end, when the “forts of folly ” loom more grimly than ever upon the view. “When was age so crammed with menace 2 madness 2 written, spoken lies 2" These are the questions asked a few years ago by the wisest poet of our English race, and what he further said of England is still more applicable to America: “Step by step we gain’d a freedom known to Europe, known to all; Step by step we rose to greatness, thro’ the tongue- sters we may fall.” We have been impelled to these reflections by reading the intensely interesting chapter of personal reminiscences which Mr. Godkin con- tributed a few days ago to the newspaper of which he was so recently the editor. Reading these random jottings, there is brought before 38 THE DIAL [Jan. 16, us the contrast between the old and the new, not in journalism alone, but in several other matters which throw light upon the psychology of public opinion. For example, that amazing illustration of the new diplomacy which was offered by Mr. Cleveland's Venezuelan mani- festo will be fresh in the minds of most readers, and it will be remembered how courageously “The Evening Post” faced the hysterical jin- goism evoked by that indefensible act, voicing with no uncertain sound the sober sense of the intelligent in that hour of popular madness. Here is a part of what Mr. Godkin writes of that unfortunate episode: “I was curious to know what was to be said for this extraordinary step, and, on the chance of finding some argument in its favor in the newspapers, I directed cut- tings to be sent to me by Romeike for a month after the explosion. I can say, with literal truth, that, among the hundreds of extracts I received, I did not find a single discussion of the matter. What I did find was principally personal abuse of myself, and abuse of the kind which one usually hears in bar-rooms or on tenement- house stairs. About the highest point reached in it was a story that, every day after the work of the “Evening Post' office was over, I called the staff together, and we sang “God Save the Queen’ in chorus. It was startling to find that, in a grave crisis, this was the way the American press discharged its duties to its public.” The humor of this discussion — for it has a humorous aspect—is supplied by the fact that only a few years previously the same editor had been assailed with equal violence because he sympathized with the Parnellite agitation, and for that reason had been roundly denounced as a Fenian and “an enemy of the British Empire.” The one thing which our modern politicians cannot understand is the attitude of a man whose activities are based upon fixed principles, which he is unwilling to change at the behest of a frantic popular demand. The shifty pol- itician, with his “ear-to-the-ground" princi- ple of action, has become so predominant a type in our own day that the statesman who really means what he says, dealing sincerely and manfully with his constituents, is com- monly regarded with curiosity, as a survival of an outworn way of thinking. Mr. Godkin says: “I have never become reconciled to the practice of telling your constituents that if they do not like your sentiments they can be changed. The change, for instance, with regard to England has been startling in its suddenness. It occurred about ten o'clock on a sum- mer morning. As a good American, it had for many years been my duty to bring on a war with England if I could, and kill as many Englishmen and damage as much property as possible. On the day in question I received notice to be friendly with England, without being told why. Even war, which I had been abhorring for twenty years as the amusement of pampered nobles, I now found myself obliged to cherish and foster, as the mother's best friend. I also learned from my friend Capt. Mahan that without a few forts and islands and strong places, which somebody else wanted to take away from us, our old men would go down in sorrow to the grave. I sincerely hope that there may not be many more changes in my lifetime. Few persons are able to stand the rack which this nation has gone through within thirty years, without damage to their moral con- stitution. No man can maintain that black is white without straining some vital organ.” And yet there must still be many serious men to whom our modern chameleon-statesmanship, which subdues every honest instinct to the base uses of partisanship, remains a thing of horror, and who would rally eagerly about any leader who could be trusted to think for himself, and act in accordance with his convictions. And from many souls in this opportunist age must be reëchoed the Tennysonian call: “For a man with heart, head, hand, Like some of the simple great ones gone For ever and ever by, One still strong man in a blatant land, Whatever they call him, what care I, Aristocrat, democrat, autocrat — one Who can rule and dare not lie.” Concerning the great change that has come over American journalism during the past generation, Mr. Godkin is in a position to offer expert testimony. The original offender seems to have been the elder Bennett, and we are given this convincing diagnosis of his case: “Bennett found there was more journalistic money to be made in recording the gossip that interested bar- rooms, work-shops, race-courses, and tenement-houses, than in consulting the tastes of drawing-rooms and libraries. He introduced, too, an absolutely new fea- ture, which has had, perhaps, the greatest success of all. I mean the plan of treating everything and every- body as somewhat of a joke, and the knowledge of every- thing about him, including his family affairs, as some- thing to which the public is entitled. This was immensely taking in the world in which he sought to make his way. It has since been adopted by other papers, and it always pays. . . . Even crime and pun- ishment have received a touch of the comic. I used to hear, at the time of which I write, that Bennett's editors all sat in stalls, in one large room, while he walked up and down in the morning distributing their parts for the day. To one he would say, “Pitch into Greeley’; to another, ‘Give Raymond hell’; and so on. The re- sult probably was that the efforts of Greeley and Ray- mond for the elevation of mankind on that particular day were made futile.” There is much food for reflection in the more general paragraph that follows: “The steady growth of the Bennett type of journal- ism, which has ever since continued, and its effects on 1900.] THE DIAL 39 politics and morals, are now at last patent. In all the free countries of the world, France, America, and Italy, though in a less degree in England, it constitutes the great puzzle of contemporary political philosophy. It is ever substituting fleeting popular passion for sound policy and wise statesmanship. Democratic philosophers and optimistic clergymen are naturally unwilling to admit that the modern press is what the modern demo- cratic peoples call for, and try to make out that it is the work of a few wicked newspaper publishers. But the solemn truth is that it is a display of the ordinary working of supply and demand. Consequently, all dis- cussions of the evils of the press usually end either in a call for more Bible-reading in the schools, or in general despair.” Mr. Godkin tells us how he imbibed his political philosophy from the English liberalism of the fifties, when Mill and Grote and Ben- tham were names with which to conjure. “At that period, in England and Ireland, at least, political economy was taught as a real science, which consisted simply in the knowledge of what man, as an exchanging and producing animal, would do, if let alone. On that you can base a science, for the mark of a sci- ence is, that it enables you to predict. Since then, what is called political economy has become something en- tirely different. It has assumed the rôle of an adviser, who teaches man to make himself more comfortable through the help of his government, and has no more claim to be a science than philanthropy, or what is called sociology.” His constant warfare against war, which has been so conspicuous a feature of his editorial activity, received its impulse from actual con- tact with the fighting of the fifties on the Danube and in the Crimea. It does not take the sight of many battlefields to range a man of ordinary sensibilities against warfare, or to put him in a position to make effective protest against the sophistries by which the practice is defended. One battlefield is described for us, and the description leads to the following com- ment : “This, and the scenes in the trenches through which I passed that day, gave me a disgust for war which, during the forty years that have since elapsed, I have never ceased to express whenever an opportunity offered. The doctrine of the inheritance of qualities, which now plays so large a part in the discussions of modern pub- licists concerning the course of history, inevitably sug- gests that the fighting instinct which lies latent in the breasts of even the most civilized peoples, must be a legacy from countless generations of remote ancestors, who, even after the dawn of consciousness, must have followed rapine and the murder of strangers as their daily occupation. It is in these things in reality that war consists, in spite of the efforts of the more civilized nations to disguise it by fine names, and to get God mixed up in it. The passion for it, and interest in it, felt by even the more cultivated members of the human race, could hardly be as strong as they still are had they not been infused into the blood by countless generations of savage forefathers. It is a most humiliating thought that man is the only animal that rejoices in the destruc- tion of its fellows.” This is plain sober truth, and against it no hot- blooded orator, pleading with whatever rhetor- ical skill he may for the claims of the “stren- uous” life, can possibly win his cause in the forum of morals. We have done little more than hint at the extraordinary interest of Mr. Godkin's auto- biographical notes. They ought to be repub- lished in some less ephemeral form, and if the writer could be persuaded to expand them into a running commentary upon the history of the last half-century, while preserving the personal flavor which gives them so peculiar an interest, we have no hesitation in saying that the book thus produced would be one of the most val- uable that could possibly be written. It would be a book of sound economics, of acute politi- cal criticism, and of ethical weight. It would, moreover, preserve for the next generation the image of a man who has done much for his own, and who deserves the most grateful re- membrance from the citizens of his adopted country. MISSPELLING AND MORALS. We learn with much regret that the Congregation of the University of Chicago, a semi-legislative body, has cast a small majority of votes in favor of the adoption, in the University publications, of cer- tain eccentric spellings among which “thru’ and “program ” are typically objectionable examples. This sort of petty tinkering with the English lan- guage is absolutely futile, to begin with, and it creates an amount of irritation among cultivated persons which seems altogether out of proportion to the exciting cause, yet which is real enough to react harmfully upon those responsible for the ill-advised innovation. A university is supposed to be a centre of good taste and ripe culture; this exhibition of bad taste and crude culture, as far as it becomes known to the general public, cannot fail to injure the University of Chicago. As an example of a good jest forever, we note that the argument made by the leading advocate of this “reform" was based chiefly upon a quite original theory of the sinister effect which the practice of our historical spelling has upon the character. In other words, the habit of writing “through,” for example, creates a pre- disposition to moral obliquity which may result in making burglars and confidence men of children who would otherwise lead upright lives. To such straits are the advocates of “spelling reform "re- duced when called upon to give reasons for the faith that is in them. 40 THE DIAL [Jan. 16, Čbe Attu $ochs. THE RISE AND FALL OF MAHDISM.” We have been agreeably disappointed in Mr. Winston Churchill's rather bulky volumes on the reconquest of the Soudan. Knowing that the author had accompanied the Sirdar's expe- dition to Khartoum partly as a press corre- spondent, we were prepared to find in them merely an elaborately garnished réchauffé of his letters from the front. Passages from those letters, it is true, are reproduced passim in the chapters detailing military operations which the writer saw and shared in as an officer in the Twenty-first Lancers, and these have the merit which the writer claims for them of re- flecting the actual impressions of exciting scenes and events. But the letters by no means form the substance or the more valuable portion of the text. Mr. Churchill's book is a sober and pains- taking attempt to write, fully and impartially, and in the light of the best information obtain- able, the history of the rise, decline, and fall of Mahdism. In order that the reader may understand and fairly judge this singular and by no means indefensible and purely fanatical movement, and grasp the significance of the more recent and familiar events flowing from it, the author has prefixed to his main narra- tive a general survey of the history, population, and geography of the Egyptian Soudan. This summary, which contains a sketch of the Prophet and his lieutenant and successor the Khalifa Abdullahi, an account of the origin, spread, character, and triumph of Mahdism, of the Dervish-Abyssinian war, of Gordon's ill- starred mission to Khartoum, etc., occupies five chapters, which we venture to say the un- military reader will regard as the most inter- esting in the book. At any rate, we must warmly commend the liberal and impartial spirit, and the dignified yet spirited style, in which they are written. Chapter W. is devoted to the years of Anglo-Egyptian preparation which resulted in the transformation of the once worthless and derided Egyptian “army.” into an effective sword of reconquest which, in the iron hand of Lord Kitchener, was to do such awful, if perhaps in the long run not insalutary, work at Omdurman. That the seed *THE River WAR : An Historical Account of the Recon- quest of the Soudan. By Winston Spencer Churchill; edited by Col. F. Rhodes, D.S.O. In two volumes. Illustrated. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co. of civilization must at times be watered pretty freely by the blood of barbarism, seems, if we are to trust history, to be a fact—a painful one enough. Chapters VI., VII., and VIII. relate the beginnings of hostilities, the demonstrations on the frontier, the taking of Firket, the recovery of the Dongola province. With chapter IX. the main thread of the narrative of the River War proper is taken up. We are, of course, unable to vouch for the technical accuracy of Mr. Churchill's account of the Soudan campaign, but that he has been at great pains to secure it is evident. The graphic force of his descriptions of the several engagements with the Dervishes is undeniable; and we take pleasure in saying that his brilliant account of the battle (if one may so term it) of Omdur- man is commendably free from the spirit of national vainglory, and from the jaunty affec- tation of soldierly callousness to the horrors and perils of the battlefield that disfigures the pages of several of his literary predecessors. Mr. Churchill recognizes the fact that it was with the vanquished, rather than with the victors, at Omdurman that the palm of valor lay; and he concludes: “But when all this has been said, the mind turns with disgust from the spectacle of unequal slaughter. The name of the battle, blazoned on the colors, preserves for future generations the memory of a successful expedi- tion. Regiments may exult in the part they played. Military experts may draw instruction from the sur- prising demonstration of the power of modern weapons. But the individual soldier will carry from the field only a very transient satisfaction, and the “glory of Omdur- man’ will seem to anyone who may five years hence read this book a very absurd expression.” Such moderation as this may well mollify the critic who might otherwise take a malicious satisfaction in pointing out how signally the bubble of British military prestige blown in the Soudan has now been pricked by the em- battled farmers of the Transvaal. To the Fashoda incident the author devotes a temperate and well-considered chapter. The work concludes with a thoughtful general view of the field already traversed in detail, and some interesting observations are offered touch- ing the present condition and needs of the Soudan, and its possible future. The several Appendices will chiefly interest the military reader. A word now as to Mahdism. The Soudanese are of many tribes, but there are two main races: the aboriginal natives, or negroes as black as coal, and the Arab immigrants, who 1900.] THE I)IAL 41 since the military invasion of the second cen- tury of the Mohammedan era have been filter- ing into the country, and spreading everywhere their blood, religion, language, and ideas. The negroes are the more numerous, but the Arabs form the dominant race. Between these ex- treme types every degree of mixture is to be found; and in the districts to the north a long period of interbreeding has formed a mongrel but distinct race, which is neither negro nor Arab, but a debased blend of the racial char- acteristics of both. It is needless to say that the Arab not only thus commingled with his black neighbors and turned them to the faith of Islam, but hunted and harried them and sold them into slavery. Slave-hunting was the great curse of the Soudan, the source of the wealth of the rich and powerful Sheikhs — of men like Zubair, Africa's premier slave-dealer, the “abandoned ruffian’’ whose aid in 1884 the “Christian hero” Gordon, backed by the British representative in Egypt and by every- body else with a competent knowledge of local conditions, craved, and the Gladstone Ministry, with a fatal and short-sighted purism, spurned. To the curse of slave-hunting was added that of ceaseless intertribal war; and in 1819 Egypt, determining to avail herself of the dis- orders in the regions to the south, sent an army of conquest up the Nile, under Mahomet Ali. Organized resistance to the invader was impos- sible; and to the old darkness of barbarism and internal chaos succeeded the black night of Egyptian misrule. The rapacious Pashas and their cruel and worthless army of forty thousand men settled like locusts upon the already impoverished land, and its few green oases speedily became bare and desolate places like the rest. The substance of the country was drained away to support the imperial pleas- ures of the Khedives and their corrupt procon- suls. “The government of the Egyptians,” wrote Gordon in 1879, “in those far-off coun- tries is nothing else but one of brigandage of the very worst description.” The ability of the tribes to meet fiscal extortion depended mainly on their success as slave-hunters. When there had been a good “catch,” they could pay; when not, they were harried by the Imperial troops, their scanty means of subsistance were wrung from them, and their women were drafted away to the harems of the Pashas." The fact that the Egyptian government, nom- * “In one district the commander of the troops was carry- ing off not only the flocks and herds of the natives, but their young girls.” (Gordon.) inally a member of the International League against the slave trade, was indirectly its main supporter and beneficiary, dawned upon the European Powers; and in 1874 the Khedive Ismail was forced to appoint Gordon Governor of the Equatorial Province. Then for the first time the Soudanese saw the face of Justice. Gordon broke the league of the slave-dealers, and at the end of 1879 left the Soudan. His reforms had sown the seed of revolution. The Soudanese, embittered by the abominations of Egyptian misrule, had now caught a glimpse of the possibility of better things. Perhaps they had an inkling, too, of the inherent feeble- ness of the force that had so long held them down. As separate tribal units, they were ripe for revolt; but to the success of a revolt some principle of general cohesion, some common enthusiasm, some dominant cynosural personal- ity to whom all would spontaneously look for light and leadership, was essential. With the necessity came the idea, and the man. The Shuki belief, prevalent in Nubia, fore- told the advent, in a day of special shame and trouble, of a second great Prophet — a Mahdi who should lead the people nearer God and restore the ghostly and temporal empire of Islam. Thus, the tribes of the Soudan had been long used to look in anxious inquiry to any ascetic of special repute for sanctity, as to the Promised One, when the fame of a certain holy man, Mohammed Ahmed of Dongola, began, about the period of Gordon's departure, to fill the land. Men spoke of his pious aus- terities, of his reforming zeal, of his fiery ex- hortations to the faithful and his bold denun- ciation of the lax practice of his spiritual chief, of his gifts to the poor, who loudly acclaimed him as “Zahed,” or renouncer of carnal joys and material cravings. Pilgrims from afar began to resort to his sequestered retreat, a cave hollowed out in the mud bank of the Nile where he spent his days in prayer and fasting. As his fame grew, and the possibilities of his hold upon the imagination of his countrymen dawned upon him, Mohammed Ahmed emerged from his seclusion and began his apostolate among the more distant tribes. He journeyed preaching through Kordofan, and received the homage of priesthood and people. In fine, by the year 1881 the high repute of Mohammed Ahmed had ripened into a widespread popular conviction (which he took care to foster and which he may even have partially shared) that he was none other than the mystic Expected One, the inspired Mahdi whose mission it was 42 THE DIAL [Jan. 16, to purify Islam and lift the Egyptian yoke from the neck of the people. To Mohammed Ahmed there latterly joined himself a crafty and experienced secular adherent and shrewd political adviser, Abdullahi, the future Khalifa. “The two formed a strong combination. The Mahdi — for such Mohammed Ahmed had already announced himself — brought the wild enthusiasm of religion, the glamor of a stainless life, and the influence of supersti- tion into the movement. But if he was the soul of the plot, Abdullahi was the brain. He was the man of the world, the practical politician, the general.” Then began and ripened apace the great conspiracy which resulted in defeat after defeat of the effete soldiery of the Khedive at the hands of the devoted tribesmen, and eventually in the Egyptian evacuation of the Soudan. With such dramatic and bloody intervening episodes as the rout of Hicks Pasha and the fate of Gordon, every reader is familiar. What is now important to note is that the often mis- judged and misrepresented movement called Mahdism was not essentially and originally a mere wild wave of religious fanaticism worked up by an impostor, but the righteous revolt of an oppressed people — of “a people rightly struggling to be free” — against the corrupt rule of an alien tyrant. Says Mr. Churchill: “Looking at the question from a purely political standpoint, we may say that upon the whole there ex- ists no record of a better case for rebellion than that which presented itself to the Soudanese.” There was, it is plain, a blend of wild and cruel religious fanaticism in the Mahdist up- rising, a tincture of imposture in the ways of its Prophet. But the revolt was primarily a political and perfectly justifiable one, and its leader was, as we believe, essentially a patriot. Let us be just to Mohammed Ahmed, who acted in the main conscientiously according to his lights, and who in the day of sore national need and distress lit in the breasts of his scat- tered and discordant fellow-countrymen a com- mon flame of patriotic and religious enthusiasm that swept them as a resistless unit against the general foe. We find little difficulty in agree- ing with Mr. Churchill that, “If in future years prosperity should come to the peo- ples of the Upper Nile, and learning and happiness fol- low in its train, then the first Arab historian who shall investigate the annals of that new nation will not forget, foremost among the heroes of his race, to write the name of Mohammed Ahmed.” The Mahdi did not long live to enjoy his tri- umphs. A few months after the completion of his campaigns, the God, as Mr. Churchill poetic- ally puts it, “whom he had served, not unfaith- fully, and who had given him whatever he asked, required of Mohammed Ahmed his soul.” Then ensued in the land he had purged of the Egyptians the grinding tyranny of the Khalifa, of all the military dominations which have cursed the earth probably, the author thinks, “the worst.” For nearly thirteen years the country endured an oppression as grievous as that of the Pashas; but the despotism was indi- genous, it had a color of legitimacy, and the people, while they suffered and dwindled, ac- quiesced. Left to themselves, they might in time have evolved a semblance of a well-ordered state. It is optimistic to think so. But the process of evolution must have been a slow and painful one. As fate willed it, they were roughly thrust by an alien hand into a short cut to the ways of civilization. The Peace of England reigns in the Soudan; as in the days of Gordon, the Soudanese sees the face of Jus- tice. Deploring the necessity of a cruel means to a good end, one may still find it for the best that the Dervish Empire went down in blood and irretrievable ruin at Omdurman. E. G. J. THE BOER AND THE BRITON.” “I have remarked again and again,” said the Athenian orator, “that a democracy can- not rule an empire’’; and the frankness of the English historians of South Africa shows Great Britain to be as hopelessly inept in governing the clashing peoples of that unfor- tunate country as in bringing happiness and prosperity to Ireland. This is the first reflec- tion upon reading the extended list of policies abandoned and returned to by British minis- tries of this or that political complexion, as set forth in the long series of books called forth by the present war between the two little Dutch * A Historical GEography of THE BRITIsh ColoniEs. Volume IV. South and East Africa. By C. P. Lucas, B.A. New York: Oxford University Press. THE History of THE GREAT BoER TREK, AND THE ORI- GIN of THE SouTH AFRICAN REPUBLICs. By the late the Hon. Henry Cloete, LL.D. Edited by W. Brodrick-Cloete, M.A. Imported by Charles Scribner's Sons. THE BRITISH EMPIRE AND ALLIANCEs; or, Britain's Duty to Her Colonies and Subject Races. By Theophilus E. S. Scholes, M.D. London: Elliot Stock. SoME SouTH AFRICAN RECoLLECTIONs. By Mrs. Lionel (Florence) Phillips. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co. SIDE LIGHTs on SouTH AFRICA. By Roy Devereux. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. BRIToN AND BoER: Both Sides of the African Question. By the Rt. Hon. James Bryce, M.P., Sydney Brooks, A Dip- lomat, Dr. F. W. Engelenburg, Karl Blind, Andrew Carnegie, Francis Charmes, Demetrius C. Boulger, and Max Nordau. New York: Harper & Brothers. 1900.] 1)IAL 43 THE republics and the great British Empire. The second subject for thought lies in the unsus- pected points of contact revealed between the history of these republics in Africa and the his- tory of the republic to which we owe our duty in America. The Dutch in the Transvaal are the Dutch of the New Netherland, and the French of the Transvaal are the Huguenots of the Jerseys; their religion is the Puritanism of New England and of the Dutch Reformed Churches of New York; their government is avowedly based upon the Constitution of the United States; even the war of 1778, in which the Dutch lost their title to the Cape, was brought on largely by the treaty of amity entered into between Amsterdam and the revolted provinces of North America, and the British occupation of Natal in 1842 was in part due to the rumored occupation of the port of Durban by the Amer- icans. The third reflection is the sorrowful one that England's success here, inevitable when the potentialities of the two republics and the great empire are considered, is to be brought about through a war which was the sole result of greed and criminal aggression, and when attained will be such a blow to the civilization which demands Christian morality and right- dealing between nations as between individuals, such a striking down of government by consent and the rearing in its stead of government by force, as the modern world has not seen since the partition of Poland. And, finally, since the Dutch are in the great majority in South Africa and are increasing relatively, while the British are in the minority and are decreasing, when victory is at last attained it must stand for one of two things: either Great Britain must grant constitutional government to coun- tries in which the Dutch are dominant, which means that her victory is fruitless; or Great Britain, the exponent of popular freedom, must rule an unwilling white majority by force, with the object-lesson of Ireland before her eyes. In either event civilization suffers, as Anglo- Saxons ought to understand the word. The first and most inclusive of these recent books is the fourth volume of “A Historical Geography of the British Colonies,” by Mr. C. P. Lucas, devoted to South and East Africa. It is a brief academic treatment of the subject, written from a strictly British point of view, but with great impartiality. There is little re- flection, and that in the nature of a formal com- parison between the British and the ancient Roman empires; while the space devoted to the historical section does not permit any en- tering into minute detail. A second part of the book is geographical, useful for the statis- tician and student of current events in British territory, but limited to the colonies under the British flag. Writing fully three years ago, Mr. Lucas proves himself wiser than his gov- ernment and its military authorities, in such sentences as this: “To students of military history, South Africa has something to tell. The moral to be drawn from the record of South African fighting is that it is not well to go out in all the approved panoply of European war- fare against those who are armed with simple or with savage weapons. We read anew in South Africa the story of David and Goliath, and learn that if Goliath had gone out with something akin to the sling and the stone, he would have done better than when clad in his full suit of armour.” And the essence of the matter is in this, bear- ing in mind that Britain has involved herself in all her present difficulties in the face of re- peated warnings from the loyal people of the Cape and of Natal : “Where there are still the remains of savagery, where the old is very tenacious and the new very ag- gressive, where a great dominion and a nation are in making, with diverse elements in diverse stages, it is not only foolish to interpret men and events in the light of our own firesides, it is untrue to the facts and there- fore wrong. It is not so much England or the English Government that has made South Africa, as the men on the spot, the English and the Dutch, who have lived and worked in and for the land, who have seen the things whereof we read in Blue Books or newspapers, not in a glass darkly but face to face.” The author of “The Story of the Great Boer Trek,” the late Hon. Henry Cloete, was Her Majesty's High Commissioner to Natal, and the latter part of his book tells of the manner in which the British took possession of that territory after distinctly refusing it, and after the Boers had made existence in it possible by conquest of the savage blacks who had kept the present owners of the country out. The first three of the five chapters of the book, however, are devoted to the causes which led to the general emigration of the Dutch, gener- ally known as the Great Trek, and the conse- quent foundation of the South African Repub- lic and the Orange Free State. They gain in importance from being lectures delivered soon after the event before a mixed audience of Dutch and English in South Africa, by a per- son who had official connection with the sub- jects on which he discoursed. It is hardly necessary to go into the details of a matter already sixty-four years old, but it may be said that Cloete has no scruple in holding the Brit- ish Colonial Office guilty of stupendous blun- 44 THE I) LAL [Jan. 16, ders, in (1) depriving the settlers of their Hottentot servants, to the detriment of both themselves, the Hottentots, and the country; (2) in taking away their slaves without any pretense at adequate compensation — though that had been promised — and at the beginning of harvest, throwing many families into abject poverty; and (3) in actually upholding the savage blacks in their repeated forays upon the Dutch farmers on the frontier. Dr. Scholes's large book, “The British Em- pire and Alliances,” is far better described by its sub-title, “Britain's Duty to Her Colonies and Subject Races.” Indeed, the only “alli- ances” mentioned are the natural ties of a common language and a common tradition ex- isting between the various branches of the so- called English-speaking race. This occupies the first chapter of the large octavo. After this, the colonies of the British empire are taken up and described successfully, with con- siderations of the wars and the commerce and industries which have led to their establish- ment. Russia, as England's one rival, is dealt with, and with unusual sympathy and discrimin- ation. China follows, as a field wherein Britain and Russia are to display their various talents for organization, with a long essay upon the possibilities of the situation. This brings Dr. Scholes to a fearless and much needed denun- ciation of the white people in the lands where they come in contact with peoples of a darker skin, the Americans of the Southern United States as well as the English in India and South Africa, for what he asserts to be nothing less than a preposterous assumption of supe- riority. He arrays the long line of races dom- inant in the civilization of the earth to show that some of these were African, when Europe was still savage, and to call attention to the brief time which has gone by since barbarians burst forth from the northern forests, to become, by contact with older and cultured peoples, the dominant race of Europe and themselves cul- tured in their turn. He argues that there is nothing in the present status of the African Negro, as compared with his Caucasian neigh- bor and fellow-countryman in America or the British colonies, which differentiates him from the German as compared with the Roman of Tacitus; and in the Anglo-Saxon supercilious- ness and lack of human sympathy he sees an element of weakness which must lead to event- ual overthrow. Dr. Scholes goes even further than this, at one point and another in his book, and demands of Europe and Europeanized America what it is that they have to offer to these nations of a darker skin. He draws a picture in lurid colors, but without exaggera- tion, when he describes the present situation thus: “But amid the precepts of peace and love inculcated by theology; the justice and self-sacrifice produced by it in the character of European nations; the security of law; the refinement of art; the culture of literature; the victories of science; and the ease, the comfort, and the splendor of commerce; it remains an indisputable fact that, in jealousy, in avarice, in enmity, in the prod- igal waste of treasure, and in the still more appalling waste of life, through bitter and incessant war, Chris- tian and cultured Europe is not one whit behind the darkest and bloodiest of the other continents. Nor was human blood through war shed more freely under Europe heathen, than under Europe Christian; neither has it been shed less in the name of religion than in the name of politics; nor does the present promise less of these calamities in the future, than has been contributed by the past; for, as the promoters and abettors, leaders in science, in art, in merchandise, and in politics; men of birth, men of distinction, men of affluence, all give their wealth, their skill, and their influence, to equip and to support millions of men, to build thousands of battleships, to manufacture terrible missiles and horrible explosives, all for the slaughter of one another.” In conclusion, the author begs America to ab- stain from joining herself to these powers which are thus rushing on to inevitable destruction; and implores England to abjure further expan- sion, and find peace and room for all her ener- gies in concentration and consolidation. Removed from this earnest and philosophical work by a whole heaven, Mrs. Lionel Phillips, wife of the leader of that Reform Committee in Johannesburg which is so largely responsible for much of the present horrors of war, sets down her “South African Recollections” with a candor which is little less than libellous in places and wholly refreshing at all times. She writes of the exploit of Dr. Jameson as the foolhardy insubordination of a reckless and culpably ignorant adventurer, guilty, among other surprising follies, of carrying with him the proofs of his own guilt and the guilt of his fellow-conspirators, among whom her husband was chief. She shows that Jameson deliber- ately suppressed the orders from the Reform Committee not to advance, in order to shift the consequences of his disobedience from his shoulders to theirs. And she does a great deal more when she openly states that the English- men in the Rand who were claiming the right: of expatriation were doing it at the behest of the British authorities, though the armed revo- lution in Johannesburg was to be effected under the Transvaal flag ' When Mr. Lionel Phillips, Colonel Rhodes (brother to the Right Hon. 1900.] THE DIAL 45 Cecil Rhodes), and the others of the Reform Committee, were arrested for treason and con- demned to death, it is small wonder that the burghers felt that the tragedy of Slachters Nek in 1816 was being repeated with the nationali- ties of the actors reversed, and brought forward the very beam upon which their countrymen had been hanged for the very same offence against British authority. But President Krueger was more merciful, and the tragedy would have ended as a comedy had England not failed in her duty to the Transvaal, to her- self, and to civilization, in the Jameson verdict. No one can be in doubt, after reading Mrs. Phillip's entertaining book, that the Boer is not the pleasantest person for the Briton to deal with. Thoroughly convinced that the wife of one of the chief sufferers from Dutch obsti- nacy can be quite dispassionate in her estimate of the burgher character, she inadvertently points out that the present trouble, the trouble in which her husband was involved, and all the other troubles between the British and Dutch in South Africa, are due to a single cause — the very Anglo-Saxon superciliousness of which Dr. Scholes makes complaint in respect of the dark-skinned races. No one, after reading all that Mrs. Phillips has to say, can doubt that the whole case against the Transvaal is bound up in the English taking the desperate efforts which the Transvaal was making for national existence, and the unusual measures she was compelled to adopt for self-protection, to repre- sent the real national life of the republic. Lack of sympathy and comprehension is only too common between diverse nationalities, and both the British and Dutch are reprehensible; but assuredly the chief blame does not fall upon the shoulders of the weaker, the less cultured, and the aggrieved. If the civilization of the English- speaking peoples stands for anything, it should have for its motto some such sentiment as civ- ilisation oblige. Of the same sort is the book, “Side Lights on South Africa,” from the pen of Miss Roy Devereux. The author, though falling within the sphere of influence of the Right Hon. Cecil Rhodes, to whom she accords an ungrudging hero-worship throughout the volume, is sincere enough to disclose many of the facts that are not usually brought forward, notwithstanding her intensely British point of view. The dyna- mite concession, of which so much has been said, is in the hands of the great Nobel trust, for example. The heavy taxation on food pro- ducts, which is so large a cause of dissatisfac- tion among the Uitlanders in the Transvaal, is also customary in Rhodesia: Miss Devereux might have added, too, that the taxation upon the gold mines of the Transvaal is no higher than the taxation in Rhodesia. Nor does she mention the fact that the high cost of European provisions in Johannesburg is due quite as much to the tariff exactions of Natal and the Cape Colony as to those of the South African Re- public. But we cannot be too grateful for the quotations from the leaders among the Reform Committee in the Transvaal, which prove that the Englishmen, after all, had no desire for the franchise, quoting, with the rest, Mr. Lionel JPhillips to Mr. Beit, when he writes: “I may say that, as you of course know, I have no de- sire for political rights, and believe as a whole that the community [of Johannesburg] is not ambitious in this respect.” Most of Miss Devereux's proofs that government is impos- sible to the Boer, have a curiously familiar sound to American ears. Johannesburg appears to be badly misgoverned, especially in respect of the liquor laws: for all the world like New York or Chicago. There is a denial of political rights to foreigners — which can be matched by our conduct toward the Chinese or our colored fellow-citizens in the South. There are African outrages to add to the similarity. The Trans- vaal legislature appears to be amenable to bribery, which brings to mind several of the Northern Senators of the United States, the respectable bribers being, of course, there as here, quite free from the stigma of blame which attaches to the less culpable bribed. Every third burgher is said to receive aid from the state, remindful of the American pension sys- tem and the assertions of the protectionists. Miss Devereux does not go into the question of military efficiency as proof or disproof of Boer civilization, though Dr. Scholes shows that to be the most highly developed phase of it in Europe. Nor does she point out that the attitude of England stands without approval from any party in any civilized country in the world, with the exception of the American imperialists, who find in it the best justifica- tion of our attitude in the Philippines: a bit of international brotherliness which the British Tory cordially reciprocates. Her book abounds in information, set forth in the sprightly style which the name of “lady-journalist” suggests. For the American desirous of familiarizing himself with the merits of the two parties in the present war, the essays which make up the 46 THE DIAL [Jan. 16, small book called, “ Briton and Boer, Both Sides of the South African Question,” reprinted from the “North American Review,” may be recommended, with the preliminary statement that the case made out in the book is convinc- ingly strong against the Briton. Whether the historian and publicist, the Right Hon. James Bryce, is talking of matters in which he has a peculiar right to be heard as the leading au- thority upon a question to which he gave his distinguished consideration several years ago; whether Mr. Sydney Brooks is setting forth with some attempt at dispassion the elements in the controversy from both points of view; whether “A Diplomat” is calling Mr. Brooks to account for what he points out to be over- statements in favor of Great Britain; whether Dr. F. W. Engelenburg is summing up the arguments of his countrymen in the Transvaal, or Mr. Karl Blind is speaking as the devoted friend of the England to which he owes so much ; whether Mr. Andrew Carnegie voices the thoughts of the American in England, or Mr. Francis Charmes the thought of a Euro- pean on the Continent, or Mr. Demetrius C. Boulger the thought of the Continent as inter- preted by an Englishman long resident there, or M. Max Nordau speaks as a disinterested cosmopolitan,—all unite in calling this war an act of colossal folly on England's part, of bad faith and worse management, of criminal ag- gression — in a word, a high crime against civilization. Some quotations from these dis- tinguished gentlemen will prove instructive. Mr. Bryce, whose attitude as a member of the British Parliament is necessarily one of re- serve, says: “There is not, so far as one can ascertain from any evidence yet produced, the slightest foundation for the allegation, so assiduously propagated in England, that there was any general conspiracy of the Colonial Dutch, or that there existed the smallest risk of any unpro- voked attack by them, or by the Free State, or by the Transvaal itself, upon the powers of England.” “The Boers very naturally felt that if they had re- mained quiet till the British forces had been raised to a strength they could not hope to resist, they would lose the only military advantage they possessed. Accord- ingly, when they knew that the Reserves were being called out in England, and that an army corps was to be sent to South Africa, they declared war, having been for some time previously convinced, wrongly or rightly, that the British government had resolved to coerce them. They were in a sore strait, and they took the course which must have been expected from them, and indeed the only course which brave men, who were not going to make any further concessions, could have taken.” “No one, of course, denies that the war in which England will, of course, prevail, is a terrible calamity for South Africa, and will permanently embitter the relations of Dutch and English there. To some of us it appears a calamity for England also, since it is likely to alienate, perhaps for generations to come, the bulk of the white population in one of her most important self-governing colonies. It may, indeed, possibly mean for her the ultimate loss of South Africa.” “A Diplomat” raises some interesting ques- tions in the direction of national righteousness. He says, among other things: “The whole Transvaal issue hinges on one question: Have the Boers the right to govern themselves as they choose; or, rather, have the English the right to inter- fere with the form of government, administration, and life that the Boers have chosen for themselves? . . . From being applied only to the savage populations of Africa and Asia, the principle of the rights of superior races and civilizations has come, by a steep incline, to mean also that it has reference to countries like the Celestial Empire and the Boer Republic. Between the Zulus and the Boers, what is the difference? Only one of degree. Fine reasoning clears the way for the per- petration of any outrage on the liberty and sovereignty of minor or weak States.” “If the Transvaal State is against the development of commerce and industry on principle, it is within its rights to be so, as much as the United States in adopt- ing the McKinley and Dingley tariffs. . . . The so- called prostitution of the law courts to the whims of the legislature, does not apply to the ordinary dealings of justice in the Transvaal, but to the political situa- tion, which, as we have explained, must be governed by the principle of the safety of the State.” And Mr. Karl Blind strikes at a blunder which has given to many Americans a wrong concep- tion of the entire rights of the case, when he says: “And here I feel compelled to declare that violence is capped by unbearable cant when the hard-driven Republics, around whom the steel net was daily drawn tighter, are charged with having brought on this hideous war. You drive a man, forsooth, into a corner. You hold your fist before his face. You threaten him by saying that the sand of the hour-glass is running out, and that, unless he makes haste to kneel down, you will use other measures against him. You hold your sword and gun ready to attack him; and then when he strikes a blow, he is, of course, the guilty party 1" It only remains to add, for those who hold that England here stands for civilization, that she is acting neither for her own good nor for the good of those whom she attacks, which divests her act of all semblance of righteous- ness, but is rather impelled by that mammon which cannot be served and God be served ; while the war itself is a denial of the rights of arbitration as of all rights of the weak against the strong, and is notice to the world that Great Britain, having failed to rule through love, is determined to rule by force. If this is Anglo- Saxon civilization, the less the world has of it the better. WALLACE RICE. 1900.] THE DIAL 47 TREES, BROOKS, AND BOOKS.* If we accept Emerson's definition of the poet as one who has the power to see the miraculous in the common, then “Jess, Bits of Wayside Gospel” is true poet-work, although address- ing the eye in pages of prose. To the average man, vacations taken on horseback with Chi- cago as the starting-point, and over country roads with little of picturesque and nothing of romantic or historic interest, would seem hope- lessly barren both in the doing and in the tell- ing thereof. But not so when Mr. Jenkin Lloyd Jones is the traveller. Well known in the pulpit and on the lecture platform for his sym- pathy, his eloquence, his unique and vivid “art of putting things,” these same qualities are at their best in describing his experiences in the saddle or by the roadside or in some humble home where he found food or shelter. The place of honor in these sketches, and the place of honor in the author's heart, is given to the bonny horse “Jess.” It is a beautiful idyl of friendship between man'and beast, and when the noble creature “goes down to pain and death in her over-sympathetic youth, dying like some quadrepedal Keats, from too much life,” her requiem is sung in words as sincere as they are touching. “The trees and the flowers, the shaded roadside, the happy cattle in the clover fields, the morning song of the birds, the searching and far-reaching cry of the whip-poor-will, the busy, kind human folk, are still left for me in my summer haunts, but I shall ever miss that silent companionship that for four summers went with me over the hills and dales of Wisconsin, through the haunts of busy men, into the solitudes of busier nature. Jess, my companion of many hundreds of miles of happy travel, will accompany me no more in my quest for bodily strength, mental clearness, and spiritual peace. Her elastic step will not disturb the morning dew; her dainty ear will not catch the noonday hum of the reaper; her alert eye will not scan the evening horizon with unfeigned anxiety to find the big barn or the country hamlet that would give us the hearty meal and well- earned slumber of the night. Something has gone out of those hills and valleys, out of the world, never to return. But Jess abides, at least in one heart made more open to fellowship, more tender to suffering, and more quick to feel the woes of all sentient beings.” These sketches being first written and deliv- ered as sermons to a Chicago audience, there is a decided personal touch felt in all of them. But this adds to the interest rather than de- tracts from it, as the reader follows the author, beholding in him such happy fulfilment of the *JEss. BITs of WAYside Gospel. By Jenkin Lloyd Jones, New York: The Macmillan Co. GREAT Books As LIFE-TEACHERs. By Newell Dwight Hillis. Chicago: Fleming H. Revell Co. old text, “Speak to the earth, and it shall teach thee.” Quite a different book, but one also made up of sermons first delivered to a Chicago au- dience, is “Great Books as Life Teachers,” by the Rev. N. D. Hillis. Accepting the fact that our generation reads poems, essays, and novels, rather than text-books on ethics and morals, the author argues that this indicates, not a de- cline of interest in fundamental principles of right living, but a desire to study these principles as they are embodied in living prob- lems. Fiction being increasingly the medium of amusement and instruction, the great poets and essayists having become the prophets of a new social order, the preacher takes up in turn some of the modern writers in these fields, to show that they are consciously or unconsciously teachers of morals, that their books are essen- tially books of aspiration and spiritual culture. John Ruskin, George Eliot, Hawthorne, Victor Hugo, Tennyson, and Browning are some of the authors to whom Mr. Hillis turns to find help for those who would live in the spirit. There is no great degree of originality in the line of thought or in the conclusions of these essays; but the author has a pleasant and pic- turesque style, and a happy gift in the use of illustration and comparison that save the book from triteness and make it “popular” without being trivial. Nearly every subject is treated with regard to its relation to other subjects, the niches being assigned with ingenuity and often with much fitness. For example, a study of “Romola” begins thus: “After eighteen centuries, the most popular story in literature is Christ's story of the prodigal son, a story that has fascinated the generations, softened the races, and will yet win a wandering world back to its Father's side. If the Bible, with its parables, is the book best loved by men, next to it stands “Pilgrim's Progress,” more widely read than any other human book. If “Les Miserables’ exhibits the evolution of conscience, “Wilhelm Meister’ the evolution of intellect, and “The Scarlet Letter’ the evolution of pain and penalty, the theme of “Romola’ is the evolution of sin, the peril of tampering with conscience and the gradual deterioration of character.” Books like the two foregoing show how far the modern sermon departs from the old type. The earnest and devout preacher to-day keeps himself in touch with the interests and thoughts of the passing hour. The old-time sermon commonly was either an exposition of dogma or an exhortation to prepare for the life beyond the grave. The modern sermon concerns itself with the purpose to make the most of life here and now, for ourselves and for others. To this 48 THE DIAL [Jan. 16, end, the texts are taken not from one book alone but from any great book, not from some one miraculous event in the long past, but from the daily miracle of nature and the universe that is visible everywhere to him who has eyes to see. ANNABENNESON McMAHAN. - RECENT POETRY.” Mr. Swinburne breaks alonger silence than usual with the publication of his new tragedy in verse. It is now three years since his last volume, “The Tale of Balen,” was given to the world, and the fact is painfully suggestive of that slackening of the energies that comes with advancing years. For this poet, the greatest that remains to us, is fast becoming the most venerable also, and we are re- minded that his song will not again gush forth with the opulent flow of the past. There already stand to his account upwards of a score of volumes of the noblest poetry to which the English tongue has given utterance; the singer now may well rest con- tent with his renown, and with the solitary eminence which he has achieved. Whatever further gifts he may bestow upon us can add little to the fresh ver- dure of his laurel-crown. Yet such a gift as “Rosa- mund, Queen of the Lombards” is no mean addi- tion to our treasury. It is a creation of beauty far beyond the reach of any other man now living, and provides the year just ended with its one book which we may be certain will remain a permanent addition to our literature. The framework of this tragedy may be found in Gibbon. It is the story of that Rosamund, daughter of the Gepidae, who *Rosamund, QUEEN of THE LoMBARDs. A Tragedy. By Algernon Charles Swinburne. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. PAolo AND FRANCEscA. A Tragedy in Four Acts. By Stephen Phillips. New York: John Lane. DELUscAR's MERRIs, and Other Poems. By Horace Deluscar. London: Gay & Bird. LAUREL LEAves. By Robert Wilson. Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co. IN CAP AND BELLs. By Owen Seaman. New York: John Lane. BEYond THE HILLs of DREAM. By W. Wilfrid Campbell. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. A WINTER Holiday. By Bliss Carman. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co. NorthLAND LYRICs. By William Carman Roberts, The- odore Roberts, and Elizabeth Roberts Macdonald. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co. WILD EDEN. By George Edward Woodberry. New York: The Macmillan Co. LYRICs of BROTHERHood. By Richard Burton. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co. AT THE WIND’s WILL. Lyrics and Sonnets. By Louise Chandler Moulton. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co. THE MARTYR's IDYL, and Shorter Poems. By Louise Imogen Guiney. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. OUT of THE NEST. A Flight of Verses. By Mary McNeil Fenollosa. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co. Voices. By Katharine Coolidge. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co. espoused Alboin, the slayer of her father. This founder of the Lombard kingdom fell by the hand of an assassin, whose deed was instigated by the treachery of the queen, taking thus a long-delayed vengeance for her father's death. The grim tale was peculiarly fitted to be dealt with by Mr. Swin- burne, who has invested it with all the pity, terror, and tragic irony which it demands. One cannot help recalling that another Rosamund was the heroine of Mr. Swinburne's first dramatic work—of what was practically his first poem. The two pieces are thus separated by nearly forty years, and a comparison between them would prove highly in- structive concerning the development of the poet's style. This we may not here attempt in full, but certain points of contrast should be indicated, for which purpose the following extracts will suffice. Here speaks the “Rosamund" of 1861 : “Fear is a cushion for the feet of love, Painted with colors for his ease-taking; Sweet red, and white with wasted blood, and blue Most flower-like, and the summer-spouséd green And sea-betrothed soft purple and burnt black. All colored forms of fear, omen, and change, Sick prophecy and rumors lame at heel, Anticipations and astrologies, Perilous inscription and recorded note, All these are covered in the skirt of love, And when he shakes it these are tumbled forth, Beaten and blown i' the dusty face of the air.” From the “Rosamund" of 1899 we select this pas- 8aare : g Rosamund. “Kiss me. Who knows how long the lord of life May spare us time for kissing? Life and love Are less than change and death. ALBovin E. “What ghosts are they 2 So sweet thou never wast to me before. The woman that is God —the God that is Woman—the sovereign of the soul of man, Our father's Freia, Venus crowned in Rome, Haslent my love her girdle; but her lips Have robbed the red rose of its heart, and left No glory for the flower beyond all flowers To bid the spring be glad of.” Here is a contrast indeed . The exuberance, the color, the overwrought imagery, the verbal afflu- ence, the Shakespearian diction, of the earlier work have vanished, and in their place we have sheer simplicity of vocabulary, passion intimated rather than expressed, imagery reduced to bare metaphor, and a diction wellnigh shorn of all mannerisms. Noting the vocabulary alone, we find in the later passage only half as many words of more than one syllable as are found in the earlier extract. Here is a still more striking example of the reduction of vocabulary to its lowest terms: “I take thine oath. I bid not thee take heed That I or thou or each of us at once, Couldst thou play false, may die: I bid thee think Thy bride will die, shamed. Swear me not again She shall not : all our trust is set on thee. What eyes and ears are keen about us here Thou knowest not. Love, my love and thine for her, Shall deafen and shall blind them.” Here are seventy-four words, of which seventy-one 1900.] THE DIAL 49 are monosyllables. Mr. Swinburne has often been charged with a lack of restraint. There is some justice in the charge, although far too much has been made of it. But whatever may be said of his early exuberance, the poem now before us gives evidence that he can upon occasion carry restraint to its extreme. The new “Rosamund’ does not readily lend itself to quotation. It is too com- pressed, too tense, too dependent upon the dramatic situation for illustration by detached fragments. The following passage is as quotable as any : “Thy voice was honey-hearted music, sweet As wine and glad as clarions: not in battle Might men have more of joy than I to hear it And feel delight dance in my heart and laugh Too loud for hearing save its own. Thou rose, Why did God give thee more than all thy kin Whose pride is perfume only and colour, this? Music? No rose but mine sings, and the birds Hush all their hearts to hearken.” The high restraint which characterizes the diction of this drama extends also, by implication, to the demeanor, to the very gesture, of the actors con- cerned. The brooding storm of passion is felt, rather than heard or seen, but we are not unpre- pared for the supreme moment in which it breaks. The inevitable fate of both king and queen is so foreshadowed that when it comes upon them in one swift last moment of the action, the spirit is not so much aroused as calmed, and we echo the words with which, as with the final chorus of a Greek tragedy, the outcome is characterized in this single verse, “Let none make moan. This doom is none of man's.” Among the younger English poets whose ranks we scan when we would know if there be any to take the places of the great Victorian singers Mr. Stephen Phillips seems to hold out a greater prom- ise than any of his compeers. There are some critics who, should the poet of “Rosamund’ be taken from us, would at once raise the cry, “Le roy est mort. Wive le roy l’’ and would mean by that the transferrence of their allegiance to the poet of “Paolo and Francesca.” It is something of a coincidence that these two noteworthy pieces of dra- matic verse should have appeared almost simulta- neously, and that the youngest of our poets should find his name linked thus fortuitously with that of our oldest. There is something pleasant to con- template in the generous enthusiasm which has greeted the work of Mr. Phillips, but a new poet is proclaimed in similar fashion every year or two, and, remembering many other cases of the same sort, the critic who looks before and after will not allow his judgment to be stampeded. We have a high opinion of the quality of Mr. Phillips's work; parts of it are very fine indeed, and none of the younger men exhibit greater promise than is exhib- ited by the author of “Marpessa” and “Paolo and Francesca.” But Mr. Phillips has thus far failed to strike a new note. The initial volumes of Ten- nyson and Browning and Arnold and Morris and Rossetti did strike new notes, and forced a read- justment of ideals. The first volume of the “Poems and Ballads” struck a new note so startling in its sonority that those who heard it have hardly yet recovered from the shock. But Mr. Phillips has thus far done excellent things only in the manner of other poets who have preceded him. His “Paolo and Francesca” is a beautiful piece of workman- ship, but its beauty comes to us enforced by its asso- ciations with the most exquisite episodes of the “Divine Comedy,” and even with the reflection of that episode in the tragedy of Silvio Pellico. The poem does not possess a new beauty of its very own. It reaches its climax in the scene which approaches most closely to its original, the scene of the lovers seated together, and reading of “Launcelot how love constrained him.” It runs as follows: PAOLo (reading). “‘Now on that day it chanced that Launcelot, Thinking to find the King, found Guenevere Alone; and when he saw her whom he loved; Whom he had met too late, yet loved the more; Such was the tumult at his heart that he Could speak not, for her husband was his friend, His dear familiar friend: and they two held No secret from each other until now ; But were like brothers born’—my voice breaks off. Read you a little on. FRANCEscA (reading). “And Guenevere, Turning, beheld him suddenly whom she Loved in her thought, and even from that hour When first she saw him; for by day, by night, Though lying by her husband's side, did she Weary for Launcelot, and knew full well How ill that love, and yet that love how deep !’ I cannot see—the page is dim: read you. PAoLo (reading). ‘Now they two were alone, yet could not speak; But heard the beating of each other's hearts. He knew himself a traitor but to stay, Yet could not stir; she pale and yet more pale Grew till she could no more, but smiled on him. Then when he saw that wishëd smile, he came Near to her and still near, and trembled; then Her lips all trembling kissed.’ FRANCEscA (drooping towards him). Ah, Launcelot!” (He kisses her on the lips.) The above is only a diluted restatement of Dante. In the following words, placed upon the lips of Paolo, Mr. Phillips comes as near to speaking in his own voice as the subject will permit. “What can we fear, we two 2 O God, Thou seest us Thy creatures bound Together by that law which holds the stars In palpitating cosmic passion bright; By which the very sun enthrals the earth, And all the waves of the world faint to the moon. Even by such attraction we two rush Together through the everlasting years. Us, then, whose only pain can be to part, How wilt Thou punish 2 For what ecstasy Together to be blown about the globel What rapture in perpetual fire to burn Together! — where we are is endless fire. There centuries shall in a moment pass, And all the cycles in one hour elapse! Still, still together, even when faints Thy sun, And past our souls Thy stars like ashes fall, How wilt Thou punish us who cannot part?” 50 THE DIAL [Jan. 16, It remains to state that the drama by Mr. Phillips is intended for actual performance, and will be pro- duced at an early date by Mr. George Alexander. It is a promising sign of the times when a literary production of this high order of merit finds accept- ance at the hands of practically minded theatrical folk. In turning from these noble works to “Deluscar's Merris and Other Poems ” we turn from poetry to bathos and from the exalted to the commonplace. The volume is a stout one, but a dreary waste to the seeker after beauty. To this writer the modern world is decidedly out of joint. He discourses of it through many pages in the following strain: “Oh! how it sickens me to read the rot About those ancient Greek and Roman frauds 1– One of our men could tie ten in a knot, Out-art their cleverest, choicest sculptured gauds. Here, if it paid, new Shakespeares would arise— In his time fortunes were by poets made; Now individual merit starving lies, Nothing goes down but sordid, swindling trade.” Although our writer affects the form of the Shake- spearian sonnet, it is quite clear that he is no new Shakespeare arisen. There are noticeable technical defects in the “Laurel Leaves” of Mr. Robert Wilson. The entire octave of one sonnet is built upon the theory that the second syllable of Beethoven bears the accent; quantity is ignored in “The grand matutinal anthem when the sphere Was first upon its orbit hurled along,” and an excellent memorial tribute is ruined by the closing verse, “Thou noble type of Christian ladyhood.” But in spite of such faults as these, the total im- pression is pleasing, although the verse is of a sort that almost any cultivated person might have writ- ten. The following sonnet “To My Wife” may be selected for our quotation. “There came upon my soul a sacred awe When first I won thy maiden tenderness; My very heart arose in me to bless All that on earth or sea or air I saw, And dear to me is still the breath I draw Through that blest moment, nor is love the less For all our mingled joy and bitterness Since first we lived beneath its holy law. Two little graves are side by side on earth; Two little stars are added to our skies; And children's voices ring around our hearth; And Love, reflected from their kindred eyes, First Love, springs up again in second birth And steals the golden key of paradise.” Mr. Wilson's poems are mainly impressions of travel and memorial verses. Among the latter, there is a notable group of sonnets in which the author expresses his love and reverence for Dr. Martineau, to whom the book is dedicated “in memorial of a friendship which has been the consecration of my life and of its poetic aspirations.” Mr. Owen Seaman's new collection of parodies and other humorous pieces, while not quite equal in brilliancy to “The Battle of the Bays,” does not fall far behind that inimitable volume. He is almost entitled to wear the mantle of C.S.C., and that is saying much. Mr. Austin, Mr. Meredith, Mr. Phillips, and Mr. Swinburne are among the victims of his good-natured jesting. Which of them is aimed at in the following stanza we do not need to specify: “For the Silly Season is past and over, Gone with the equinoctial gales; That sinuous hoax, the hoar sea-rover, Curbs the pride of his prancing scales; And the giant gooseberry misbegotten Lies in the limbs of all things rotten, The savour that clings to last year's clover, The loves that follow the light that fails.” Nor do we need to name the poet parodied in the ode — apropos of the affaire — which closes thus: “Like sails of a galleon, rudder hard amort With crepitant mast Fronting the hazard to dare of a dual blast The intern and the extern, blizzards both.” This, written for an Omar Khayyam Club dinner, is also rather good: “Master, in memory of that Verse of Thine, And of Thy rather pretty taste in Wine, We gather at this jaded Century's end, Our Cheeks, if so we may, to incarnadine. “Thou hast the kind of Halo which outstays Most other Genii's. Though a Laureate's bays Should slowly crumple up, Thou livest on, Having survived a certain Paraphrase. “The Lion and the Alligator squat In Dervish Courts—the Weather being hot- Under Umbrellas. Where is Mahmud now? Plucked by the Kitchener and gone to Pot.” We have the usual contribution of Canadian verse to our present garnering of recent poetry, three volumes being easily entitled to mention. The first of them shall be Mr. Wilfrid Campbell's “From the Hills of Dream.” What we like particularly about most of these singers from over the border is their deep sense of natural beauty, their joyous fellowship with woods and meadows, with mountains and skies. Few of our own poets have these qual- ities in like degree with Messrs. Roberts and Car- man and Scott and Campbell, or with the late Archibald Lampman. They offer us an interpre- tation of nature which, vivid in its realism, is yet intensely spiritualized. How etching-like in its line is such a picture as this: “I thread the uplands where the wind's footfalls Stir leaves in gusty hollows, autumn's urns. Seaward the river's shining breast expands, High in the windy pines a lone crow calls, And far below some patient ploughman turns His great black furrow over steaming lands.” The poem on “September in the Laurentian Hills” will serve further to illustrate our thesis: “Already Winter in his sombre round, Before his time hath touched these hills austere With lonely flame. Last night, without a sound, The ghostly frost walked out by wood and mere. And now the sumach curls his frond of fire, The aspen-tree reluctant drops his gold, And down the gullies the North's wild vibrant lyre Rouses the bitter armies of the cold. 1900.] THE DIAL 51 “O'er this short afternoon the night draws down, With ominous chill, across these regions bleak; Wind-beaten gold, the sunset fades around The purple loneliness of crag and peak, Leaving the world an iron house wherein Nor love nor life nor hope hath ever been.” Equally lovely, although in a far different fashion, is the following tender lyric: - “Love came at dawn when all the world was fair, When crimson glories, bloom, and song were rife; Love came at dawn when hope's wings fanned the air And murmured, “I am life.” “Love came at even when the day was done, When heart and brain were tired, and slumber pressed; Love came at eve, shut out the sinking sun, And whispered, ‘I am rest.’” Many of Mr. Campbell's poems are of more ambi- tious flight than those we have quoted, but he finds his truest inspiration in simple scenes and themes. His volume is one to be treasured for its beauty and elevated feeling. Mr. Bliss Carman has sought alien shores, even those of the Bahamas, for the inspiration of “A Winter Holiday.” The book is of the thinnest, and counts only seven numbers in its contents. South Sea islands are pleasant things to think about at this season of the year, and such lines as these are certainly enticing: “Through the lemon-trees at leisure a tiny olive bird Moves all day long and utters his wise assuring word; While up in their blue chantry murmur the solemn palms, At their litanies of joyance, their ancient ceaseless psalms. “There in the endless sunlight, within the surf's low sound, Peace tarries for a lifetime at doorways unrenowned; And a velvet air goes breathing across the sea-girt land, Till the sense begins to waken and the soul to understand.” This is pretty, at least, but it is nothing to what Mr. Carman has done in the past, or what we still hope he may accomplish in the future. Mr. Carman, it is generally known, is a cousin of Mr. C. G. D. Roberts, who occupies the foremost place in the group of young Canadian poets. What is not generally known, however, is that poetical talent is the common inheritance of all the Roberts family. The volume of “Northland Lyrics,” now before us, gives convincing evidence of this propo- sition, for it is the joint work of one sister and two brothers of Mr. C.G. D. Roberts. “Beyond the Hills” is a poem by Mrs. Elizabeth Roberts Macdonald. “The daffodils fling far the flag of Spring, Their golden troop the garden-fortress fills, And bird-throat bugles greet the days that bring The daffodils. “Over the hills the Summer comes at last; But sad the light and sad the laughing rills, And sad the golden flowers—since he has passed Beyond the hills.” Mr. Theodore Roberts is the author of a “Lament” inscribed to the memory of Archibald Lampman. We quote the first half of this poem: “His was not the glory of the shattering of spears; He did not cross his sword with Death, where scarlet flags are hurled, But Death came to him softly, with his dark eyes dim with tears, And broke a dream of woodland-ways across a singing world. “So doff your hats, good poet-men, No fingers lift the fallen pen! The sun forgets to mark the time Without the music of his rhyme.” Finally, Mr. William Carman Roberts bids us select from upwards of a score of his pieces these two stanzas of the lyric, “At the Heart's Cry”: “Till the black-crimson petals of that might Drew down to the gold vortex of strange dreams My soul and body, wearied of the fight Of far ideals and clashing fierce desires, I was as one struck blind by life's sweet light And deafened by a myriad singing fires. “So was I glad when night's deep velvet rose Closed over me and hid me from myself; As on my northern hills the first soft snows From grey skies brooding like an angel's wing, Compassionate, where the last lorn maple glows, Blot out all sad remembrances of Spring.” These three lovely poems are fairly illustrative of their fellows. The collection as a whole is a really astonishing exhibition of talent, fine feeling, and melodious utterance. It has a foreword in verse by the brother, and an afterword by the cousin, of the three new poets. After a silence of several years, Mr. G. E. Wood- berry has published a second volume of verse. But “The North Shore Watch” hardly led us to antici- pate “Wild Eden.” There was in the earlier vol- ume a manner of severe restraint, almost of aus- terity, and this is replaced in the later one by a wilding note and an outpouring of melodious rapture so free that a new poet seems to address us rather than the old one. The charm of these songs is as great as it is indefinable. Something of the dewy freshness of the Elizabethan music seems to be re- echoed in these exquisite lyrics, and yet the modern touch—la maladie de la pensée — is too evident to make this illusion more than fleeting. But whether the art be old or new, it is well-nigh perfect when it finds such expression as “The Secret.” “Nightingales warble about it All night under blossom and star; The wild swan is dying without it, And the eagle cryeth afar; The sun, he doth mount but to find it, Searching the green earth o'er; But more doth a man's heart mind it- O more, more, more! “Over the gray leagues of ocean The infinite yearneth alone; The forests with wandering emotion The thing they know not intone; Creation arose but to see it, A million lamps in the blue; But a lover, he shall be it, If one sweet maid is true.” This is pure song touched with imagination. The imaginative element is still finer and more marked in such a poem as “The Sea-Shell,” of which we quote the closing stanza: “O mystic Love! that so can take The bright world in thy hands, And its imprisoned spirits make Murmur at thy commands; 52 THE DIAL [Jan. 16, As if, in truth, this orb of law Were but thy reed-hung nest, Woven by Time of sticks and straw To house the summer guest; And so to me the starry sphere Is but love's frail sea-shell; 0, might she press it to her ear, What would its murmurs tell!” Mr. Woodberry's inspiration is his own, as far as this is possible in the case of a writer whose thought is steeped in the work of the older poets. That it should be absolutely unsuggestive of his predecessors would be too much to expect. So we are not sur- prised to find familiar cadences here and there, the Tennysonian cadence, for example, in these lines: “O, hidden-strange as on dew-heavy lawns The warm dark scents of summer-fragrant dawns; O, tender as the faint sea-changes are, When grows the flush and pales the snow-white star; So strange, so tender, to a maid is love.” “Seaward,” the long poem which closes the volume, is the one most suggestive of a model, or at least of a recollection. Its first line, " “I will go down to the hoar sea's infinite foam,” instantly brings to mind Mr. Swinburne's “I will go back to the great sweet mother, Mother and lover of men, the sea.” Again and again the suggestion recurs, now of “The Triumph of Time,” now of the “Hymn to Proser. pine,” now of “Hesperia.” We find it here, “Of the flush of the bough, of the fragrance of woods, of the moan of the dove wº - * weary of passion—and thrice, thrice weary of ove And here, “I will seek thy blessed shelter, deep bosom of sun and storm, From the fever and fret of the earth and the things that debase and deform; For I am thine, from of old thou didst lay me, a child, at rest In thy cradle of many waters, and gav'st to my hunger thy breast.” And yet again here, as the end of the poem is ap- proached, “Man-grown, I will seek thy healing; though from worse than death I fly, Not mine the heart of the craven, not here I mean to die! Let me taste on my lips thy salt, let me live with the sun and the rain, Let me lean to the rolling wave and feel me a man again.” But these suggestions do not mar our enjoyment of “Seaward,” which is a very beautiful poem, and, if it could not hope to catch all the music of “Hes- peria,” it has music enough to remain ringing in our ears as the volume is reluctantly closed and put aside. Neatness and precision of expression, rather than poetical phrasing, are the characteristics of Mr. Richard Burton’s “Lyrics of Brotherhood,” a thin volume of mostly short pieces. The following is a typical example: “A flash of the lightning keen 1 And lo! we know that, miles on miles, The dim, lost land is lying green. It brims our heart with joy, the whiles, To see that through the thick night-screen Full many a meadow smiles and smiles. “A flash from the poet's brain! The meaning of the many years, That mazeful seemed, grows very plain; The level lands of gloom and tears Hint holy heights, turn bright again; The night a transient thing appears.” Mr. Burton is always a pleasing and thoughtful writer, but philosophy is too apt to usurp the place of song in his verse. Among the women singers of our country there is none whose work gives more satisfaction than that of Mrs. Louise Chandler Moulton. It is sure to be tender in conception and artistic in finish. If Mrs. Moulton’s instrument be a flute rather than a violin, the exquisite purity of its tone is beyond question, although it cannot bestow the rich measure of sen- suous delight that other instruments afford. The best flute music becomes monotonous if we hear too much of it at one sitting, and Mrs. Moulton's new volume is not one to be read through at a sitting, but rather one into which to dip when the mood is properly receptive. It is made up of lyrics, sonnets, quatrains, and translations. The sonnets have all the purity of the other pieces, and some measure of richness as well. “At Rest” is a typical example. “Shall I lie down to sleep, and see no more The splendid pageantry of earth and sky— The proud procession of the stars sweep by; The white moon sway the sea, and woo the shore; The morning lark to the far Heaven soar; The nightingale with the soft dusk draw nigh; The summer roses bud, and bloom, and die— Will Life and Life's delight for me be o'er? “Nay! I shall be, in my low silent home, Of all Earth's gracious ministries aware — Glad with the gladness of the risen day, Or gently sad with sadness of the gloam, Yet done with striving, and foreclosed of care- At rest—at rest! What better thing to say?” We must quote also this exquisite translation of the French verses to which George Du Maurier gave such wide popularity a few years ago. “Ah, brief is Life, Love's short, sweet way, With dreaming's rife. And then — Good-day ! “And Life is vain– Hope's vague delight, Grief's transient pain, And then–Good-night !” There is a marked contrast between the volume just noticed and Miss Guiney's “The Martyr's Idyl, and Shorter Poems.” If the tendency of the former was toward a sweetness well-nigh cloying and the gentle melancholy of subdued utterance, the ten- dency of the latter is rather toward heightened passion and something like asperity of expression. The larger titular poem is a legend from the Acta Sanctorum, dramatically told, and concerned with a “Virgin Martyr" whose story is not unlike that of the Elizabethan tragedy and Mr. Swinburne's poem. Among the shorter poems we find nothing more quotable than the set of sapphics entitled “Charista Musing.” 1900.] THE DIAL 53 “Moveless, on the marge of a sunny cornfield, Rapt in sudden revery while thou standest, Like the sheaves, in beautiful Doric yellow Clad to the ankle, "Oft to thee with delicate hasty footstep So I steal, and suffer because I find thee Only flown, and only a fallen feather Left of my darling. “Give me back thy wakening breath, thy ringlets Fragrant as the vine of the bean in blossom, And those eyes of violet dusk and daylight Under sea-water, “Eyes too far away, and too full of longing ! Yes: and go not heavenward where I lose thee, Go not, go not whither I cannot follow, Being but earthly, “Willing swallow poisèd upon my finger, Little wild-wing ever from me escaping, For the care thou art to me, I thy lover Love thee, and fear thee.” This is charming, but not exactly typical, for Miss Guiney's inspiration is mainly spiritual, and religious mysticism is the fundamental note of her song. She is more truthfully represented by this D.O. M. prayer. “All else for use, one only for desire; Thanksgiving for the good, but thirst for Thee: Up from the best, whereof no man need tire, Impel thou me. “Delight is menace, if Thou brood not by, Power a quicksand, Fame a gathering jeer. Oft as the morn (though none of earth deny These three are dear), “Wash me of them, that I may be renewed, Nor wall in clay my agonies and joys: O close my hand upon Beatitude I Not on her toys.” “Out of the Nest,” by Miss Mary McNeil Fen- ollosa, is a volume of graceful fancies and snatches of song, divided about equally between oriental and occidental themes. From the former category we select this invocation to Fujisan: “O thou divine, remote, ineffable! Thou cone of visions based on level sea, Thou ache of joy in pale eternity, Thou gleaming pearl in night's encrusted shell, Thou frozen ghost, thou crystal citadel, Heart-hushed I gaze, until there seems to be Nothing in heaven or earth, but thee and me; I the faint echo, thou the crystal bell.” This accumulation of metaphors is rather effective, and serves well to illustrate the writer's style. Of the occidental pieces (so-called because they are not oriental), the verses entitled “Roses” are as pretty as any. “What shall I send to my sweet to-night? Roses of yellow, or pink, or white? Gold for her smile, and her sunny hair? . Pink for the flush that her cheeks will wear? White for her soul, and the secrets there? “Which shall she lay on her breast of snow? Is it a prophecy? Weal or woe? Yellow for gold, and the world's decree I Pink for a love and its ecstasyl- White for the robe of a saint to bel “Strange, how I shrink from the frail design 'Tis but a fancy, a whim of mine. Fate does not come at a lover's call, To lurk in the rose of a girl’s first ball.— I think I'll take violets, after all.” The religious note is dominant in the “Voices” of Mrs. Katharine Coolidge (who is, by the way, a daughter of Francis Parkman), but their tonic (in more senses than one) is a note of joyous acceptance of the whole of life, its buffets no less than its favors. The very first page sounds this clarion call to the soul: “Awake! Fear not the perilled heights of strifel Great love and joy; strong suffering and sin, With strenuous, upreaching vision, rise Beyond the veil, lifting us on to win Possession of the power that purifies;– Flame leaps to flame, and God hath given thee life!” Again we are told that “Life to know life must pass through shades of death, Night touches day, and near to heaven is hell. Sinner or saint then, he who dauntless gives His heart's blood to the world, supremely lives.” And still again we read: “Give thanks to Life if thou art tempest-hurled Through the abyss to feel the pulsing world ! Of joy and pain reborn, thy life shall be, The boundless silence compassing the earth, The love that blossoms in the springtide's birth, The vibrant force of the far-shining sea.” In other moods, however, the strenuous spiritual life that is voiced in the foregoing extracts gives place to the plea for quietism, a plea made many times in the course of this volume, and not infre- quently with the exquisite grace of these lines to “Dreamland.” “O holy Hypnos, listen to my prayer: Touch my closed eyelids with thy magic wand, That I may seek far bourns of Lethe's land, And find the key of vision hidden there, Dreamily drifting through the hazy blue, To palaces where all that seems is true. “There dwell pure spirits of the forms on earth: The whispered secret of the woods at even, White flame of stars that glow in highest heaven, The areana of the springtide's wonder-birth; The lily's heart, the rainbow’s mystery, And the deep anthem of the encircling sea.” This volume of “Voices” is characterized through- out by beautiful expression of the higher spiritual sort, as well as by a verse-technique that leaves little to be desired. WILLIAM MoRTON PAYNE. BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. In the book entitled “The Puritan as a Colonist and Reformer" (Little, Brown, & Co.), Mr. Ezra Hoyt Byington delivers a plain and unvarnished account of the Puritan in the double capacity indicated. This account is appreciative but not extravagant. While making it very clear that the Puritan, in respect to political, civil, and religious freedom, was in advance, and much in advance, of his time, Mr. Byington makes it equally plain that he had his unpleasant limitations. For example, he introduces his account of the treatment of the Quakers and Baptists in Massachusetts with this frank admission: “Among the weaknesses and inconsistencies of the The Puritan as colonist and reformer. 54 THE DIAL [Jan. 16, Puritans, we must place their treatment of those who differed with them. They were very earnest in claiming liberty for themselves, but the majority of them were not willing to concede the same lib- erty to others.” This is the plain fact, and no parad- ing of the extravagancies of the Quakers or of the Baptists can obscure it. Among the best chapters of the book, because the least hackneyed, are those on “John Eliot, the Apostle to the Indians,” “Jona- than Edwards and the Great Awakening,” and “Shakespeare and the Puritans,” the first being the best of the three. It gives us a moving picture of the heroic effort made by John Eliot and his asso- ciates and compeers to Christianize the Indians of New England, and the utter failure in which, after a period of strong encouragement, the effort ended. The “praying Indians” never recovered from the effects of King Philip's War, in which they were ground between the upper and nether millstones; but there is, we fear, small reason to think that the result would have been different if that war had never been. The chapter on “The Great Awak- ening” would be better if there were more of it. Some matters should have been included that are not. Much, for example, is laid at the door of the “half-way covenant,” but we are not told what the half-way covenant was, and not all of us are theological scholars. Then we think the writer should have made more of his opportunity to show the effect upon practice of fundamental theories in connection with native traits of character. He cor- rectly attributes much of the irreligion prevailing just before the Great Awakening to the extreme form of Calvinistic theology that prevailed, but there is much more in the matter than he has brought out. The chapter on Shakespeare, while in no sense profound, will be informing to many readers, and interesting to still more. The book is a useful con- tribution to the extensive literature of this great subject. Lieut.-Colonel T. S. Baldock, R.A., furnishes the fifth volume of the “Wolseley Series,” in his “Crom- well as a Soldier” (imported by Scribner). As the title indicates, the work is primarily adapted to the student of military history, or to the ambitious tac- tician; yet so clear are its accounts of manoeuvers even in detail, and so delightful its narrative style, that one unfamiliar with military technicalities may read it with understanding and interest. Prelim- inary to the real matter, however, a brief outline of the military organization of England before the civil war is given, together with an account of the battles antecedent to Cromwell's appearance upon the field. The bulk of the work is devoted to a careful examination into Cromwell's organization of the New Model, and a logical analysis of those ac- tions in which he had a personal share. Basing his arguments upon his own clear deductions then, Colonel Baldock credits Cromwell's victories almost solely to his ability as an organizer and tactician: Cromwell as master of the art of war. a conclusion quite new to readers of the civil war historical period. Without exception, the political historians of the times lay stress upon the religious enthusiasm of the New Model as the cause of vic- tories, in which Cromwell's indirect share is due to his discovery of the fanatically religious soldier. To this, Colonel Baldock says: “Stern fanatics as were his troopers, their victories were won, not by superior enthusiasm, but by superior organization and military training.” In support of this, it is shown that Cromwell's discipline was extreme, that his understanding of correct tactical principles was far beyond that of any other man of his time, and that the distinct advance made in the efficiency of the cavalry arm of the service during the civil war was due entirely to the military genius of its com- mander-in-chief. The period was, in fact, one in which the art of warfare was rapidly changing. The professional soldier was disappearing before the citizen warrior—a patriot who desired the end of the war rather than to prolong it. Thus the age of manoeuvers and of sieges was succeeded by the sharp attack and the decisive victory. In this ren- aissance period of the art of war, the author regards Cromwell as the best.exponent of the new method, and indeed as an innovator whose real genius in war explained his wonderful successes. The reader is indebted to Colonel Baldock's work for refresh- ing light upon the character as well as the achieve- ments of the master spirit of the Commonwealth. He learns not alone to appreciate and admire the military sagacity of the general, but he cannot help an added enthusiasm for the man, whose real great- ness in war shows a breadth of mind which makes him the less a bigot in religion. Early The charm of bygone manners and English customs, bygone superstititions, by- life. gone imaginings, and bygone ideals, makes a great deal of the pleasure to be had from Mr. Clyde Furst's little volume, “A Group of Old Authors” (George W. Jacobs & Co.). The five separate studies, used before publication as popular lectures, concern themselves with John Donne, the mediaeval story of Griselda, the voyages of St. Brendan and Maelduin, Aldhelm, and the Beowulf. In the first, the author essays the difficult task of making his readers realize the poetic qualities of the verse of a man of whom the world knows little, many-sided genius though he was. Donne the man was a stronger figure than Donne the poet, and our author's appreciative study does not make our interest in his verse more than merely intellectual. The second of the articles is a brief retelling of the tenth story of the “Decameron,” the clerk's tale from Chaucer, followed by an account of the vari- ous other forms which the story took in the Middle Ages. Both Tennyson and Matthew Arnold made use of the material of which the next study treats, and the legend is of peculiar interest, both because of its spread in different forms among European peoples, and because of the human feeling of which 1900.] THE DIAL 55 it is an expression. It is a story of miraculous ad- ventures met with in the search for fabled islands of the western seas, symbols of those things toward which man's aspiration looks with eternal longing. Though they have clearly come from some such place, these little studies are all of them free from any unpleasant suggestions of the scholar's work- room. They will not, perhaps, have a very large audience, but so much of the glow and color of old times is in them that they might well have. The Beowulf story, told in simple nineteenth century prose, should interest anyone, and the time is com- ing when the legends and myths of our own Anglo- Saxon ancestors will be of equal importance in our eyes with those of Greece and Rome. Mr. Furst's volume is in part an attempt to popularize them, and, while dealing with facts and so marshalling them as to prepare for scholarly conclusions from them, he has been concerned mainly to entertain his readers with some things well worth knowing. The book should while away a pleasant hour or two, and leave the reader a little richer in love and lore of old-time poesy and story. Though not disguising in the least the fact that the only reason the United States can find for departing from its old traditions is a mercenary one, Professor Charles Waldstein's volume on “The Expansion of Western Ideals” (John Lane) is a labored attempt to justify aggression and conquest under the plea that the time has come for us to be like Great Britain in colonizing localities remote from our own national domain. To do this, he is compelled to ignore the fact that this country is a democracy, and that it has domestic problems of the gravest moment wholly unsolved at home, just as he ignores the dealings of white Americans through our his- tory with the the Indian, the Negro, and the Alas- kan native. In exchange for our policy of unen- tangled peace, he offers the glittering bauble of an alliance with Great Britain, and a “world's peace” of which we and our new allies are to be the self- constituted guardians. If we fail to do this, we are warned that we shall be shut out of the world’s commerce in after years, nothing being said of the shutting of ourselves from the world's commerce during a long generation. There are but two forces on the earth, Professor Waldstein avers, the British and the Russians; and the time is at hand when we, like the Bezonian, must array ourselves under one king or the other, must “speak, or die!” It need hardly be said that nothing more is promised us than increased commerce, except the possibility of our colonial administration becoming so excellent that it will drive us at home to better government — the lesson of the Reconstruction era in the South and the recent letting down of the civil service be- ing ignored. Finally, it is to be distinctly under- stood from the entire book that the “expansion ” to which the writer would see our “western ideals” subjected is the laying off all American ideals and An argument for abandoning American ideals. substituting for them a complete suit of the British ideals to which his long residence in an English university has accustomed him. The “Letters of Sidney Lanier" (Scribner) are arranged in four groups, one on musical topics, writ- ten to his wife, and the remainder the result of three literary friendships. Most of the letters have been printed in various magazine articles, but have never before appeared as a collection. They furnish data of Lanier's life between 1866 and 1881, and evince its cheerfulness in the midst of depressing surround- ings, and its exquisite response to the best in music and in art. The letters to his wife reveal the inmost man, as the others do the inner. As the series of letters comprising his correspondence with Mr. Pea- cock progresses, one reads the story — too brief, indeed — of a friend who could never have been disappointing to his earliest avowed appreciator, as also it is plain that Mr. Peacock was no disappoint- ment to him. Lanier the man shows larger than Lanier the poet: his delicate sympathy and fine nobil- ity of character are here clearly cut as in silhouette. The letters bear witness to Lanier's gratitude for worthy suggestions, social opportunity, and the friendship of other poets, blessings brought within his reach by the generous critic-editor. The third section of the book gives letters that passed between Bayard Taylor and Lanier; and if the reader here feels that the younger poet was giving more, in the mutual giving, than his older world-worn friend, the wealth of friendship and tender solicitude with which Lanier was endowed appear all the more clearly. The last group comprises letters to Paul Hamilton Hayne, illustrating the warm feeling be- tween the two poets, together with Lanier's detailed criticism and praise of Hayne's verses, and contain- ing the interesting avowal that music, not poetry, was the main interest of Lanier's life. Sad as were the external facts of Lanier's existence,—involving poverty, ill health, and anxiety,+ and unreconciled to his early death as many lovers of his work must be, one cannot but feel, while reading the record these letters give, that here was a man who con- quered, who passed out of life a victor. Intimate letters of Sidney Lanier. In a little volume of delightful inter- est, “Jane Austen, Her Contempo- raries and Herself” (Longmans), Mr. Walter Herries Pollock talks sympathetically of Jane Austen, the woman and her art, considered with reference to the work of Miss Burney, Miss Edgeworth, and Miss Ferrier. The book is a piece of discriminating and careful criticism, written in an easy conversational vein that only occasionally loses its sparkle by a parenthetical or other slipshod expression. Perhaps few of us have so great an interest in Jane Austen as our author fancies, and perhaps, in spite of Scott's encomiums and Macau- lay's praise, she is not quite so near to Shakespeare as he would have us believe. It is true that more A comparative study of Jane Austen. 56 THE DIAL [Jan. 16, art is required for the portraying of commonplace characters than for the delineation of striking indi- vidualities; but, granting that Miss Austen's char- acters are at once commonplace and well-painted, must it not occur to the critic, even in this age of realism, that an author who presents only people already familiar to us is lacking in artistic judg- ment? Prose fiction is of interest to us because it appeals to our emotions; but it should also enlarge our experience both of persons and places. Modern readers are not content to find pleasure in a novel by reason of their ability to verify the characters through their own memories as they go along. It is refreshing, however, to have Mr. Pollock's assur- ance that Miss Austen's figures were never photo- graphic reproductions, for we are a little tired of the camera, and are glad to be reminded that in the days of “Pride and Prejudice” the snap-shot was unknown. All in all, the book is pleasantly written, presents fairly the artistic qualities of Miss Aus. ten's work without ignoring her limitations, and adds some very pertinent comment on the relation of her writings to those of her contemporaries. The recent publication of Mr. Joel Benton’s “In the Poe Circle" has brought again into notice his two essays on “Emerson as a Poet,” originally published in 1882, and now reissued (Mansfield & Wessels), with the useful selected bibliography brought up to date, and with the partial concordance by Mr. Ken- nedy. The undertaking to extend the circle of the readers of Emerson's poetry is commendable, and such critical judgments as the following, permeated with the writer's enthusiasm and illustrated with liberal quotation from the poems, may well have this result. Emerson, like Browning, says the critic, is obscure, but his dimness “seems more directly a necessary incident, and less an invention.” “May he not at least be placed along with Browning?” The admirer cannot furnish the indifferent with the seeing eye and the hearing ear, needed to appre- ciate justly “the most pure, aerial and divinely souled poetry since Shakespeare's music became measured and still.” Mr. Benton defends Emer- son's alleged technical deficiency, finding beauties where others see flaws. Though of Oriental con- tent, this poetry is essentially Northern and Gothic, and is marked by high majesty and solemnity, even by religious sanctity. There is “a constant relation to the breadth of some endless horizon.” The reader need not agree with every dictum of Mr. Benton's; but if he takes Emerson's poems from their shelf to read them anew, the critic will have proved his inspiration. An expounder of the poetry of Emerson. The way of the world is to atone for past injustice to genius by raising in after generations an altar bearing the name of the unappreciated one, who now is exalted to god-like proportions. Poe's fame is just now experiencing a season of deification. Since the More of the celebration of Poe. celebration at the University of Virginia of the semi-centennial of the poet's death, nothing is too good to be said of him, even though some of the saying is ill-judged. Unless the search for exact truth which is the distinguishing mark of the present age shall disappear, we may hope some day to possess a wholly accurate as well as wholly sympa- thetic biography of this cloud-enshrouded contem- porary, and also (although already Mr. Stedman has largely furnished this) an estimate of his work which, while sacrificing nothing of the enthusiasm due to native ability, shall at the same time shun unqualified laudation. Meanwhile we must put up with essay-writing that proceeds as if, once for all, a man had been found without human limitations. Perhaps it is hardly fair thus to introduce Mr. Henry Austin's historical and critical commentary, accompanying three volumes of the “Raven” edi- tion of Poe's selected tales (Fenno). And yet under these comments lies the assumption, which rears its head high on occasion, that when all is said there is no other writer, certainly no other writer of his time, worthy of comparison with him who was at the same time a Baltimorean and “a Bostonian.” One suspects the breadth of such a critic's reading, as one is made certain of the carelessness of the critic's style, despite his facility in making a telling phrase. The historical setting of the tales is given with frequent suggestiveness, and, after all, pardon should be ready for the fault of loving too much. Professor J. P. Fruit has read and re-read the whole of Poe's poetry, together with what principles of po- etic criticism Poe himself has enunciated. He has also consulted masters of the critic's art like Pater and Coleridge. He has intended to absorb the whole of Poe's poetic spirit, and for the time being declares that he has shut out all rival authors. If it is indeed sufficient to record subjective impres- sions, then the author of “The Mind and Art of Poe's Poetry” (Barnes) has performed his duty, even if he has left something to be desired in defi- niteness of impression and, occasionally, in judicial discrimination. Surely few would agree that “The Bells” is Poe's most nearly perfect poem. In the first part of his book Professor Fruit traces the de- velopment of Poe's mind in his poetry, which, he thinks, is marked by the following stages: First was the aim to interest the reader in himself as an ill-fated young man of genius, a Platonist yet a pes- simist. Then the poet devoted himself to beauty, in distrust of the scientific spirit. Next, poetry itself was the chief object of his thought; and thus, having become a conscious artist, he produced his consummate poem by a chosen method — the ono- matopoetic. The second part of the book follows the poems chronologically once more, with the pur- pose of showing Poe's gradual gain in his art, involving a penchant for allegory, until “The Raven,” a masterpiece, is followed by a succession of master-strokes, and again “The Bells” crowns Poe's psychology as studied in his poetry. 1900.] THE TOIAL 57 the whole poetic edifice as its capstone. There are interesting critical suggestions throughout, and the poems are usually placed in their appropriate bio- graphical setting.— Col. Thomas Wentworth Higginson is at his happiest in writing of “Con- temporaries” (Houghton). From an intimate personal knowledge, he gives us pen- pictures of Emerson, Alcott, Parker, Sumner, Phil- lips, Grant, and others of the illustrious generation of which he is himself one of the younger members and of whom so few now remain. Delightful as present-day reading, these sketches will be of even more value in the future, when the historian gathers up his material for a perspective view of the cen- tury now closing. His enthusiasm for his great contemporaries is always tempered with discrimina- tion and a sense of proportion; he is able to set their talents and their limitations frankly side by side, and to show the mission and the message which distinguished each. The two concluding sketches of these nineteen are of more general nature — “The Eccentricities of Reformers ” and “The Road to England”—but they are quite worthy of the com- pany in which they appear. Professor Th. Ribot’s “Evolution of General Ideas” (Open Court Pub- lishing Co.) is an interesting, stimu- lating little book, and shows its author's customary clearness of exposition, though sometimes tending toward over-simplification. Professor Ribot studies herein general ideas as displayed before words by animals, children, deaf-mutes, and in gesture lan- guage; he discusses the origin of speech, and treats the development of the principal concepts—namely, number, space, time, cause, law, species. His orig- inal contribution to the subject is the account of some experiments to determine what passes in the mind when general terms are pronounced and under- stood — the author finding that with one class of minds such a word as “law” evokes the image of a court; in another class, the image of the printed word; in another, the image of the spoken word; while in another, nothing appears in the mind. In short, this is an interesting and instructive essay, and well within the capacity of the general reader. Col. Higginson's sketches of his contemporaries. How general ideas evolve. BRIEFER MENTION. The plays of Edwin Booth, Shakespearian and mis- cellaneous, edited from the actor's prompt-books by Mr. William Winter, occupy three volumes which have just been put forth by the Penn Publishing Co. The Shakespearian plays are eleven in number, and make up two of the volumes. The third contains “Richelieu,” “The Fool's Revenge,” “Brutus,” “Ruy Blas,” and “Don Caesar de Bazan.” These sixteen plays consti- tuted Mr. Booth's customary repertoire, although he occasionally produced a number of others. In fact, “The Lady of Lyons” and “A New Way to Pay Old Debts” seem to belong in such a collection as this. The increased attention given of late to cryptogramic botany in this country is once more signalized by the simultaneous appearance of two volumes devoted to the Myxomycetes and their allies. Professor L. M. Underwood's volume, entitled “Moulds, Mildews, and Mushrooms” (Holt), is the wider in scope, and designed for the more elementary, and even popular audience. It is a systematic manual, and affords an excellent in- troduction to the subject. Professor T. H. MacBride's volume, called “The North American Slime-Moulds.” (Macmillan) is a monograph of a higher and even more specialized sort, and covers the American Myxomycetes more completely than any other existing work. It has a number of handsomely-executed plates, and is alto- gether creditable to both author and publishers. Professor John Lesslie Hall has followed up his trans- lation of “Beowulf” with a volume of “Old English Idyls” (Ginn), in which the most striking episodes of the history of Saxon England are related in alliterative unrhymed verse. “I have,” says the author, “assumed the rôle of an English gleeman of about A. D. 1000, and have sought to reproduce to some extent the spirit, the metre, and the leading characteristics of Old English verse.” These idyls deal with such subjects as Hengist and Horsa, Cerdic and Arthur, the coming of Augus- tine, and the deeds of Alfred. The author's experi- ment seems to us singularly successful, and students of early English history and literature alike should be grateful to him for his undertaking. Mr. Horace White, the veteran journalist, has be- guiled the spare hours of his later years by preparing a translation of “The Roman History of Appian of Alex- andria” (Macmillan), which is published in two hand- some volumes. Since the work is indispensable for the study of Roman history, and the last preceeding English translation was made more than two centuries ago, the justification for Mr. White's work is apparent. While this version is, in a sense, the work of an amateur, it has been conscientiously made, and has occupied the . translator for five years. It has, moreover, had the benefit of revision at the hands of a professional clas- sical scholar, so that no doubt need be harbored con- cerning its accuracy. Recent English texts for school use include the fol- lowing: “Selections from Landor” (Holt), edited by Professor A. G. Newcomer; Shakespeare’s “Macbeth" (Holt), edited by Professor L. A. Sherman; “Repre- sentative Poems of Robert Burns” (Ginn), edited by Mr. Charles Lane Hanson; George Eliot's “Silas Mar- ner” (Heath), edited by Dr. G. A. Wauchope; four books of Pope's Homer (Sanborn), edited by Mr. Philip Gentner; “The Sir Roger de Coverley Papers” (Ap- pleton), edited by Professors F. T. Baker and Richard Jones; “Milton's Shorter Poems and Sonnets” (Apple- ton), edited by Mr. Frederick D. Nichols; and Chaucer's “Prologue, Knight's Tale, and Nun's Priest's Tale" (Houghton), edited by Dr. Frank Jewett Mather, and forming two numbers of the “Riverside Literature Series.” The chafing-dish having come to play so prominent a part in modern social functions, a liberal repertory of feasible dishes is highly desirable. Mrs. Janet McKenzie Hill's book of “Salads, Sandwiches, and Chafing-dish Dainties” (Little, Brown, & Co.) gives many original dishes, thirty-two with illustrations. The very attractive form of the book fits it to go along with the pretty adjuncts of the chafing-dish supper. 58 THE DIAL [Jan. 16, NOTES. A translation of the “Thaetetus ” of Plato, with an elaborate introduction, the work of Dr. S. W. Dyde, is published by the Macmillan Co. - A novel by Mr. Nelson Lloyd of the New York “Sun,” entitled “The Chronic Loafer,” will be published shortly by Messrs J. F. Taylor & Co. Mr. R. H. Russell is the publisher of a “Maude Adams” acting edition of “Romeo and Juliet.” The drawings which illustrate this volume are both numer- ous and charming. Two interesting announcements in the “American Statesmen Series” (Houghton) are volumes on Charles Francis Adams, by his son, and Charles Sumner, by Mr. Moorfield Storey. The selling record of Mr. Ford's “Janice Meredith" is one of the most remarkable of recent years, the book having been published but three months and the editions reaching 200,000 copies. Two addresses on Walt Whitman, originally deliv- ered before the Ethical Society by Mr. W. M. Salter, are now put together into a booklet bearing the imprint of Mr. S. Burns Weston, Philadelphia. “Nature Pictures by American Poets” (Macmillan), edited by Mrs. Annie Russell Marble, and “The Poetry of American Wit and Humor” (Page), edited by Mr. R. L. Paget, are two recently-published anthologies. “On the Theory and Practice of Art-Enamelling upon Metals,” by Mr. Henry Cunynghame, is published by the Macmillan Co. It is a practical treatise upon a subject that has been in much need of such a manual. “Scribner's Magazine” for February will contain a description of “Ik Marvel's" life at “Edgewood,” by Mr. A. R. Kimball, and the frontispiece of the number will be a drawing of the veteran author reproduced in color. The remarkable collection of original sketches and rare prints now being used for illustrating the life of Cromwell in “The Century Magazine” have been put on exhibition at Brentano's Chicago store, 218 Wabash avenue. Volumes VIII. and IX. of the “Eversley” Shake- speare, edited by Professor C. H. Herford, bring that most acceptable edition within one number of its com- pletion. The Macmillan Co., we need hardly add, are the publishers of this work. Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. announce the first Amer- ican edition in the original tongue of Hauptmann's “Die Versunkene Glocke,” edited by Dr. T. S. Baker. The firm also states that the 36th edition of “The Honorable Peter Stirling” has just been put to press. Professor Frank Moore Colby's “Outlines of General History,” published by the American Book Co., is the latest candidate for the favor of teachers who have charge of this subject. It is a text-book of the modern scholarly type, interestingly written, and mechanically attractive. A very convenient book of general reference, of pocketable dimensions, is the “Twentieth Century Handy Cyclopedia Britannica,” published by Messrs. Laird & Lee. It is a volume of between four hundred and five hundred pages, thumb-indexed, with maps and other illustrations. “Wotan, Siegfried, and Brünnhilde,” by Miss Anna Alice Chapin (Harper), is a third volume in this writer's series of expositions of Wagner for young people. The three character-studies are intelligently done, in simple language (a little too high-flown here and there), and has illustrations in musical notation. “John Selden and his Table Talk,” by Mr. Robert Waters, is the title of a volume recently published by Messrs. Eaton & Mains. About one-fourth of this pleasant little book is the author's own; the major por- tion being given up to the genial seventeenth century scholar with whom the work is concerned. “Illustrations of Logic,” by Mr. Paul T. Lafleur, is a recent publication of Messrs. Ginn & Co. It is a small volume, containing three hundred brief extracts from general literature which are peculiarly susceptible of logical analysis, and, as such, provide the most help- ful sort of material for teachers of the subject. An accurate and well-printed map of Paris, designed to meet the requirements of the American tourist, is published by Messrs. Laird & Lee. The cloth case into which the map is folded contains also a booklet giving a complete list of thoroughfares, public buildings, trans- portation lines, and all points of interest to the traveller. “Twelve English Poets,” from Chaucer to Tennyson, are exhibited by Miss Blanche Wilder Bellamy in a recently published volume (Ginn). Each part has a brief sketch and a rather voluminous series of extracts. The purpose of the book is “to show to young readers what has been the direct line of descent of English poetry.” “The Temple Treasury” (Dutton), in two volumes, is “a Biblical diary compiled with references.” This means that for each day of the year there are two selec- tions, representing the Old and New Testaments re- spectively, and that marginal indications direct the reader to cognate passages found elsewhere in the Scrip- tures. The Dent imprint upon these volumes is a war- rant for their tastefulness. “The Family of the Sun” (Appleton) is a book of astronomy for children, by Professor E. S. Holden. It offers an excellent account of the solar system in simple language. The same author has just published, in the “American Science Series” (Holt), an “Elementary Astronomy,” which is condensed from the larger work in the same series written some years ago in collabora- tion with Professor Simon Newcomb. The committee of which Professor Charles Eliot Nor- ton is chairman has purchased the library of Romance literature once