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Adventisng RATEs furnished on application. All communications should be addressed to THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago, Nossi, APRIL 1, 1900, vol xxviii. CONTENTS. - Page THE ARTIST AND THE MAN . . . . . . . 239 THOREAU AS A HUMORIST. George Beardsley . 241 COMMUNICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Francis Douce: A Query, A. H. N. AN UNFINISHED RECORD OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN WAR. E. G. J. - - . 244 AN AMERICAN NATURALIST. Foster Bain . . 245 IN CENTRAL ASIA. Ira M. Price . . . . . . .247 AN ENGLISH AND AN AMERICAN PLAY. E. E. Hale, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 GARDENS AND THEIR PRAISES. John J. Holden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Sieveking's Gardens Amcient and Modern.—Gertrude Jekyll's Home and Garden.—Helen Milman's Out- side the Garden. THE INSENSIBLE, IRRESISTIBLE DRIFT OF FAITH. John Bascom . . . . . . . . . 251 Caird's The Fundamental Ideas of Christianity.— Inge's Christian Mysticism. – Dwight's Thoughts of and for the Inner Life.—Hudson's The Divine Pedi- gree of Man. — Charbonnel's The Victory of the Will. — Bruce's The Moral Order of the World. — Clarke's What Shall We Think of Christianity?— Clarke's Can I Believe in God the Father?—Topi- nard's Science and Faith. – Dole's The Theology of Civilization.—Quackenbos's Enemies and Evidences of Christianity.— Miss Merriman's Religio Pictoris. —Savage's Life beyond Death.-Hyde's God’s Edu- cation of Man.— Drummond's The New Evangelism. – Drummond's Stones Rolled Away. BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS . . . . . . . . . 253 John Brown of Ossawatomie. — Thackeray's anony- mous contributions to “Punch.”—The “Temple” Shakespeare in a new form.— Life and work of Pope Leo XIII.-The moral and military strength of the Boer cause. — Early history of the religion of Israel. –Naval battles from Salamis to Santiago.—Twelve famous English sea-fighters.-Collected works of a minor English poet. — More hints for women. — A manual of the British House of Commons.—Makers of Nova Scotia. BRIEFER MENTION . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS . . . . . .258 LIST OF NEW BOOKS . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 THE ARTIST AND THE MAN. Among the many principles for which the late John Ruskin contended with all the force of his impassioned and vehement eloquence, there is one which occupies a peculiarly signi- ficant position. It is the principle that a man's art and a man's character are so mutually de- pendent that the latter is implicit in the former. This principle is central in the great critic's doctrine, for it supplies the nexus whereby his ethics and his asthetics become united into a single body of teaching. It affords the justi- fication for his constant injection of moral ques- tions into his discussions of art, and for his persistent employment of artistic illustrative material in his treatment of the problems that relate to the conduct of life. The principle in question finds its typical expression in such sentences as these: “The faults of a work of art are the faults of its workman, and its vir- tues his virtues.” “Great art is the expression of the mind of a great man, and mean art, that of the want of mind of a weak man.” “And always, from the least to the greatest, as the made thing is good or bad, so is the maker of it.” “When once you have learned how to spell those most precious of all legends,-pictures and buildings, you may read the characters of men, and of nations, in their art, as in a mirror; — nay, as in a microscope, and mag- nified a hundredfold; for the character becomes passionate in the art, and intensifies itself in all its noblest or meanest delights.” Finally, the doctrine of these pronouncements receives summing-up in the following impressive fash- ion: “Of all facts concerning art, this is the one most necessary to be known, that, while manufacture is the work of hands only, art is the work of the whole spirit of man; and as that spirit is, so is the deed of it; and by what- ever power of vice or virtue any art is produced, the same vice or virtue it reproduces and teaches.” There are many impulsive sayings to be found in the forty or fifty volumes of Ruskin, many opinions too clearly born of a moment's intellectual caprice to be deserving of more than a moment's attention, but these which we have quoted do not belong to that category. They are rather the deliberate records of a life- 240 THE DIAL [April 1, long belief, time and time again solemnly re- affirmed, and fundamental to a comprehension of the whole structure of their author's thought. That the proposition which they embody has been vigorously denied is matter of common intelligence among those familiar with the cur- rents of critical discussion during the past half- century or more. The doctrine of “art for art's sake" falls to pieces unless we reject the notion that the character of the artist is re- flected in his work. That doctrine has exerted a strong influence upon criticism, and there was a time, not so many years ago, when it seemed to hold the field against its opponents. If we consider the case of literary art alone, there were two excellent reasons for the apparent ascendancy of this opinion in the forum of aesthetical controversy. The first was offered by the fact that didacticism in literature had been greatly overdone. When we think of the long and dreary annals of allegorical composi- tion and sermonizing in verse, we naturally revolt from the assumption that this sort of activity has anything to do with literature proper, and it gives us a sense of satisfaction to take refuge in even the extreme opinion that poetry has no business to teach anything, that its message is that of pure beauty, and that, by just so much as it departs from this aim, its purpose becomes weakened, and its spiritual power impaired. The second reason which seemed to justify the principle of “art for art's sake" was offered by those over-zealous critics of literature who were constantly dragging petty personalities into their work, raising a great pother over the superficial aspects of a poet's private life, and making out of some carelessness of habit or fault of temper a struc- tural defect in character which must always be kept in the foreground of thought when the poet's work was under consideration. It was no wonder that these two influences combined drove many sensitive intelligences to the ex- treme of revolt. The fact that, on the one hand, such didacticism as Young’s “Night Thoughts” and Pollok’s “Course of Time” could pass for poetry at all, and that, on the other, whole sections of the reading public should be warned against the poetry of Byron and Shelley because their lives did not square with the social conventions of their time — this twofold fact, we say, based upon a false perspective and a complete misunderstanding of the poetic art, was amply sufficient to ac- count for the success of a form of teaching whose fundamental object was to restore to poetry the dignity which it seemed to be in danger of losing. When, however, we come to take a broader view of the whole question, it must be admitted that the doctrine of “art for art's sake,” the doctrine that the artist must deliberately es- chew the intention of teaching, that, if he have the divine fire within him, the purity of its glow will remain undimmed whatever the life he may lead, is almost as narrow as the doc- trine against which it was raised in protest. Because certain dull poets have been offen- sively didactic we have no right to say that poets of genius may not engage their powers in the furtherance of worthy ideals. That some great poets have had personal failings, about which their critics have been more curious than was necessary, is no reason why we should deny that, other things being equal, the blame- less life will in the long run express itself in nobler forms than the life that has not escaped “the contagion of the world's slow stain.” As far as the latter of these two propositions is concerned, we take a just pride in the thought that Milton and Tennyson were no less great as men than as poets, and, while giving full acceptance as poetry to the work of men whose character we may not call unblemished, it would distinctly add to our satisfaction could we know them to have lived lives in stricter consonance with their ideals. As for the for- mer proposition, we need only point to the long line of great poets who have allied their work with the practical human causes of religious and ethical teaching, of political and social progress. From the defence of the Areopagus and the old conservative order by Æschylus to the denunciation by Hugo of the saturnalia of a bastard French imperialism, the most famous of poets have ever been ready — have found themselves irresistibly impelled—to make their work tell in the never-ending struggle between truth and error, between right and wrong, be- tween the conservative and the destructive agencies in the life of the social organism. How does our star-like Milton serve to illum- inate the doctrine of “art for art's sake "? It is true that he turned from serene verse to stormy prose in his championship of the strug- gling Puritan Commonwealth, but it is also true that when he turned again to verse his thought took on a new majesty, and that the deepest feelings of puritanism are to be found rather in his epics than in his polemics. Surely, our literature has no nobler art than that of the “Paradise Lost,” but was the poem written 1900.] THE DIAL 241 for “art's sake" alone? Not unless we take “art's sake” and “life's sake" to be synony- mous, which they probably are, if our defini- tions be made sufficiently liberal. In the final synthesis, beauty and truth and virtue are one and the same thing, and the “art's sake" shib- boleth appears but a question-begging phrase. We cannot judge the artist without in large measure judging the man as well, for as Pro- fessor Corson says, speaking of such poets as Milton, “their personalities and their works are consubstantial.” But we may easily make the mistake—and often do make it — of bas- ing our estimate of a poet's character too much upon the trivial outward aspects of his life, and too little upon the writings in which his inmost self stands clearly revealed. If his actions and his books give each other the lie, why should we jump to the conclusion that the written ex- pression of character must be insincere; why not take the more reasonable view that the true personality is to be sought in the books? They, at least, if read aright, offer a form of self- expression that is deliberate and clear; while a man's daily actions are impulsive and open to a hundred misinterpretations. Again writing of Milton, Professor Corson says: “His personality is felt in his every production, poetical and prose, and felt almost as much in the earliest as in the latest period of his authorship. And there is no epithet more applicable to his own personality than the epithet august. He is therefore one of the most educating of authors, in the highest sense of the word, that is, educating in the direction of sanctified character.” What is here said of Milton we believe to be equally true of Shake- speare. We all know what Wordsworth said of the sonnet, that “with this key Shakespeare unlocked his heart,” how Browning replied to this dictum with an indignant, “If so, the less Shakespeare he,” and how Matthew Arnold, in a vein similar to that of Browning, wrote these lines: “Others abide our question. Thou art free. We ask and ask—Thou smilest and art still, Out-topping knowledge.” In this conflict of opinion, it seems to us that Wordsworth has expressed the deeper truth. It is true that the closest scrutiny of Shake- speare's work will not give us the facts about his boyish poaching upon Sir Thomas Lucy's preserves, or explain the mystery of that “second-best bed” bequeathed to his wife. But the knowledge of a man's personality does not depend upon such trivialities as these. We know his qualities of heart and mind better than we know those of our closest friends. We know what he thought upon most serious subjects, and how he felt about human life in its most significant aspects. The superstition which would have us believe that, as a dramatist, he exhibited the personalities of his created char- acters and concealed his own beyond any pos- sibility of surmise has been tenacious, but is at last losing its hold upon intelligent students. The little book of Mr. Frank Harris upon the man Shakespeare, and the still more recent book of Professor Goldwin Smith upon the same subject, are interesting records of the change of opinion upon this subject. Still more interesting is the closing paragraph of the important work of Shakespearian criticism which we owe to Dr. Brandes: “The William Shakespeare who was born at Stratford- on-Avon in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, who lived and wrote in London in her reign and that of James, who ascended into heaven in his comedies and descended into hell in his tragedies, and died at the age of fifty-two in his native town, rises a wonderful personality in grand and distinct outlines, with all the vivid coloring of life from the pages of his books, before the eyes of all who read them with an open, receptive mind, with sanity of judgment, and simple susceptibility to the power of genius.” THOREAU AS A HUMORIST. There are many volumes purporting to set out the choicest bits of American humor, but the compilers of practically all of them have omitted an important contributor to this branch of our literature. It is a question if there exists another set of books (of wisdom, at least) so potent for smiles, even hearty laughs, as are the works of Henry D. Thoreau. It is an oversight that his mirthful sayings have never been exploited by the excerptors. Even those who have essayed to interpret him in criticism have not adequately reckoned with this phase of his genius. Stevenson, for instance, in his rather querulous ap- praisement of Thoreau, but mentioned the gift; and then, as it seems, only to the end of carping at the author for expunging some of its manifestations from his later works. The truth is, here is a rich vein of humor which belonged to Thoreau by right of inheritance; his mother, and the Dunbar family of which she was a member, were remarkable, ac- cording to one of the biographers, for their keen dramatic humor and intellectual sprightliness. “Direct communication with the risible muscles of the globe” amounted to a family trait. Thoreau said of Carlyle that he lacked the repose in his inmost being necessary to make his humor thoroughly genial and placid. Repose in his inmost being one should say Thoreau did have in a pre- vailing degree. His humor, for the best part if not 242 THE DIAL LApril 1, for the most part, is blue and transparent as the surface of Walden Pond itself. And when the smoothness of the mood is less it is as a rule, like the Pond and the poet's serenity, “rippled but not ruffled.” Of course, Thoreau's is not always a perfectly good-humored humor; it is often acrid. If he make you laugh, you not rarely find that you are laughing at somebody, or at mankind. One who offends his ideals he is capable of flaying rather mercilessly, with wit for a whip. The unlucky wight who named Flint's Pond for himself comes in for a scolding whose ill-temper is hardly atoned for by its eloquence. Usually, however, Thoreau wields his weapon lightly, relying upon the dexterity in preference to the force of his thrust. He is given to impaling his (intellectual) enemies, not with the bayonet, so to speak, but upon the point of his deli- cate naturalist's needle. In the midst of a matter- of-fact account of his bean-raising, he turns a laugh at the expense of the grosser public when a joke is least expected. His enemies in this gardening en- terprise, we are informed, were worms and wood- chucks; “soon, however,” he reflects dryly, “the remaining beans will be too tough for them, and go forward to meet new foes.” At other times the fun is weak or quite abortive. He enjoys making a pun, and, punster like, especially a poor one; but he is so guileless about it that one easily forgives him these trespasses. But there are many touches of sheer pleasantry with no one for butt. When he relates going to take possession of the hut he has purchased (for its boards) of the Irish workingman, he runs on whim- sically: “At six I passed him and his family on the road. One large bundle held their all,—bed, coffee-mill, looking-glass, hens, – all but the cat; she took to the woods and became a wild cat, and, as I learned afterward, trod in a trap set for woodchucks, and so became a dead cat at last.” Again, what fisherman but would confirm the phil- osopher's experience that he “found the increase of fair bait to be nearly as the squares of the dis- tances”? Some of these quips and sallies are turned neatly and packed tersely enough to be likened for their keeping qualities to the staple article described in the following amusing bit: “Who has not seen a salt fish, thoroughly cured for this world, so that nothing can spoil it, and putting the persever- ance of the saints to blush” with which you may sweep or pave the streets, and split your kindlings, and the teamster shelter himself and his lading against the sun, wind, and rain behind it, — and the trader, as a Concord trader once did, hang it up by his door for a sign when he commences busi- ness, until at last his oldest customer cannot tell surely whether it be animal, vegetable, or mineral, and yet it shall be as pure as a snowflake, and if it be put into a pot and boiled, will come out an excellent dun fish for a Saturday's dinner.” The volume in which Thoreau's natural playful- ness finds freest vent is perhaps “Cape Cod” — a book to be prescribed in cases of the blues, espe- cially to nature lovers. The science, philosophy, common-sense, poetical narrative here are seasoned continually with unmistakable humor. There is page upon page of delicious banter, directed now at the author of the old Cape history Thoreau reads under his umbrella, now at the quaint coast towns and the townspeople, now at the church and its ministers. His authority has lauded Sandwich town bravely, but Thoreau demurs: “Ours was but half a Sandwich at most, and that must have fallen on the buttered side some time.” He reads of the prosperity of the worthy citizens of Chatham: “In many families there is no difference between the breakfast and supper; cheese, cakes, and pies being as common at the one as at the other.” To which, Thoreau: “But that leaves us still uncertain whether they were really common at either.” He describes an unprepossessing Nauset woman as one who “looked as if it made her head ache to live.” In 1662, Eastham, according to this history, decreed that a part of every whale cast on shore should be appro- priated for the support of the ministry. “The ministers must have sat upon the cliffs in every storm, and watched the shore with anxiety.” East- ham also voted that every married man be required to kill so many crows or blackbirds, since these fowls were a pest in the grain fields. “But,” ob- serves the facetious bachelor from Concord, “the blackbirds still molest the corn, . . . from which I concluded, that either many men were not married, or many blackbirds were.” In “Walden,” if the book be read with an eye to this element, one may enjoy a running feast of humor of a quality seldom matched in a book primarily serious. To an idealist who has once for all cast in his lot with his idealism, the spec- tacle of the work-a-day world is not only life with- out principle, it is life without sense. The farmer, in Thoreau's view, is “Endeavoring to solve the problem of a livelihood by a formula more complicated than the problem itself. To get his shoe-strings he speculates in herds of cattle. . . . And when the farmer has got his house he may not be the richer but the poorer for it, and it be the house that has got him. . . . I would say to my fellows, once for all, live free and uncommitted. It makes but little difference whether you are committed to a farm or the county jail.” The man of business is eager for the newspaper, taking it up with the demand, “‘Pray tell me anything new that has happened to a man anywhere on this globe,” and he reads it over his coffee and rolls, that a man has had his eyes gouged out this morning on the Wachito River; never dreaming the while that he lives in the dark unfathomed Mammoth Cave of this world, and has but the rudiment of an eye himself.” Some of the sage's reflections under the topic “Economy,” charged with a mother-wit and homely wisdom that cannot be gainsaid, have become fa- miliar to everyone. “Kings and queens who wear a suit of clothes but once cannot know the comfort of wearing a suit that fits. They are no better than wooden horses to hang the clean clothes on. . . . For most men . . . it would be easier to hobble to town with a broken leg than with a broken pantaloon. . . . We know but few men, a great many coats and breeches. Dress a scarecrow in your last shift, you standing shiftless by, who would not soonest salute the scarecrow?” When Thoreau asked that a garment be made in 1900.] _ THE DIAL 243 some particular way, the local tailoress disposed of his request by calmly saying, “They do not make them so now.” Thoreau puzzled over this awhile, wondering who the mysterious “they’” might be, and why their preference as to patterns should be binding on him; and presently, thinking of no bet- ter rejoinder, replied: “It is true they did not make them so recently, but they do now.” This quite nonplussed the good woman, and Thoreau got his clothes as he wanted them. As regards shelter, Thoreau's requirements may seem to smack of levity, though he protests he is far from jesting. “Furniture!” he cries, “Thank God, I can sit and I can stand without the aid of a furniture warehouse. . . . Formerly . . . I used to see a large box by the railroad, six feet long by three wide, in which the laborers locked up their tools at might, and it suggested to me that every man who was hard pushed might get such a one for a dollar, and having bored a few auger holes in it, to admit the air at least, get into it when it rained, and at night, and hook down the lid, and so have freedom in his love, and in his soul be free.” People used sometimes to ask the poet if he were not lonely at Walden. He answers: “I am no more lonely than the loon in the pond that laughs so loud, or than Walden Pond itself. . . . I am no more lonely than a single mullein or dandelion in a pasture, or a bean leaf, or sorrel, or a house-fly, or a humble-bee.” He knew the emptiness of the ordinary social existence and stated it with charac- teristic drollery: “We meet at meals three times a day and give each other a new taste of that old musty cheese that we are.” At the same time, to visitors at Walden, and to visits paid thence by Thoreau, are owing some of the most delightful of classic passages. The Cana- dian Wood-chopper long since acquired fame as a piece of character-drawing. “He was so genuine and unsophisticated that no introduction would serve to introduce him, more than if you introduced a woodchuck to a neighbor.” This was the original Thoreau appreciator from the point of view herein, who reclined on a log while the two conversed, and who “ sometimes tumbled down and rolled on the ground with laughter at anything which made him think and tickled him.” The casual visit to Baker Farm, where Thoreau retreated upon being over- taken by a thunder storm, affords this inimitable sketch : “[Here] dwelt now John Field, an Irishman, and his wife and several children, from the broad-faced boy who assisted his father at his work, and now came running by his side from the bog to escape the rain, to the wrinkled, sybil-like, cone- headed infant that sat upon its father's knee as in the palaces of nobles, and looked out from its home in the midst of wet and hunger inquisitively upon the stranger, with the privi- lege of infancy, not knowing but it was the last of a noble line and the hope and cynosure of the world, instead of John Field's poor starveling brat. . . . An honest, hard-working, but shiftless man plainly was John Field; and his wife—she too was brave to cook so many successive dinners in the re- cesses of that lofty stove; with round greasy face and bare breast, still thinking to improve her condition one day; with the never absent mop in one hand, and yet no effects of it visible anywhere. The chickens, which had also taken shel- ter here from the rain, stalked about the room like members of the family, too humanized, methought, to roast well. They stood and looked in my eye or pecked at my shoe signifi- cantly.” Of this kind of comedy Thoreau was well-nigh master. One other example (from the chapter on “Sounds”) refuses to be left unquoted: “Late in the evening I heard the distant rumbling of wagons over bridges, a sound heard farther than almost any other at night, the baying of dogs, and sometimes again the lowing of some disconsolate cow in a distant barn-yard. In the meanwhile all the shore rang with the trump of bull-frogs, the sturdy spirits of ancient wine-bibbers and wassailers, still unrepentant, trying to sing a catch in their Stygian lake, -if the Walden nymphs will pardon the comparison, for though there are almost no weeds, there are frogs there, who would fain keep up the hilarious rules of their old festal tables, though their voices have waxed hoarse and solemnly grave, mocking at mirth, and the wine has lost its flavor, and become only liquor to distend their paunches, and sweet intoxication never comes to drown the memory of the past, but mere sat- uration and waterloggedness and distention. The most alder- manic, with his chin upon a heart-leaf, which serves for a napkin to his drooling chaps, under this northern shore quaffs a deep draught of the once scorned water, and passes round a cup with the ejaculation tr-r-r-oonk, tr-r-r-oonk, tr-r-r-oonk! and straightway comes over the water from some distant cove the same password repeated, where the next in seniority and girth has gulped down to his mark; and when this observ- ance has made the circuit of the shores, then ejaculates the master of ceremonies, with satisfaction, tr-r-r-oonk! and each in his turn repeats the same down to the least distended, leak- iest, and flabbiest paunched, that there be no mistake; and then the bowl goes round again and again, until the sun dis- perses the morning mist, and only the patriarch is not under the pond, but vainly bellowing troonk from time to time, and pausing for a reply.” Let it be hoped that some day the appreciation will be general that this is a higher kind of humor than any machine output of our professional wits or comic papers. When the understanding does come, and along with the comfits people swallow the pills of wisdom, Thoreau's cure for the world's ills will begin to take effect. GEORGE BEARDSLEY. COMMUNICATION. FRANCIS DOUCE: A QUERY. (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) Francis Douce was the author of “Illustrations of Shakspere,” which was one time regarded as a text book of high authority. When the work first appeared, critics assailed the author with great fierceness, and he, being sensitive and irritable, determined never to publish any- thing more. A legacy was left him by Nollekens, the sculptor, which enabled him to live without resort to his pen, and he kept his word excepting for an occa- sional magazine article. He died in 1834. But he left some manuscripts in iron-bound boxes, and by his will directed that they be kept in the manuscript room of the British Museum, and remain unopened until Jan- uary 1, 1900. Has the literary world received any notice of the opening of the boxes? If not, perhaps this note from “a man with a memory” may serve as a “pointer” to some enterprising publisher. A. H. N. Somerville, Tenn., March 19, 1900. 244 [April 1, THE DIAL Çbe #tto $ochs. AN. UNIFINISHED RECORD OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN WAR.” “From Cape Town to Ladysmith ” is the collective title of fifteen letters written by the late G. W. Steevens for a London newspaper, from the seat of the South African war. Mr. Steevens died, as the world learned to its sor- row, in January last of enteric fever at Lady- smith; and in him the type or school of jour- nalism he wrought in lost perhaps its ablest and most representative exponent. Mr. Steev- ens arrived at Cape Town on October 10, and he gives his impressions of that somewhat lan- guid community in an interesting letter which forms the first chapter of the present volume. After spending a few days at Cape Town and en route to the seat of impending hostilities, he reached Ladysmith about October 20; and from there ten of the fifteen letters are written. In his letter, dated October 14, from Burghers- dorp, a stronghold of bitter Dutch partisanship, Mr. Steevens recounts his interview with the presiding genius of the place, a pastor who edited its Dutch paper, dictated its Dutch pol- itics, and poured out weekly vials of wrath upon the heads of politicians whose views were more moderate than his own. Personally, he turned out to be a genial old gentleman who kept his ill-humor for the printer, and who, while taking his own side strongly in conversation, was quite willing to allow that it was proper for a Briton to be equally strong on the other. The substance of his talk may be quoted, as illustrating a phase of Dutch Afrikander opinion. “. . . . I look on this war as the sequel of 1881. I have told them all these years, it is not finish; war must come. . . . The trouble is because the Boer have never had confidence in the British Government, just as you have never had confidence in us. The Boer have no feeling about Cape Colony, but they have about Natal; they were driven out of it, and they think it still their own country. Then you took the diamond-fields from the Free State. . . . Then came annexation of the Transvaal; up to that I was strong advocate of federa- tion, but after that I was one of the founders of the Bond. After that the Afrikander trusted Rhodes— not I, though; I always write I distrust Rhodes—and so came the Jameson raid. Now how could we have confidence after all this in British Government? I do not think Transvaal Government has been wise; I have many times told them so. They made great mistake when they let people come into the mines. I told them, This gold will be their ruin; to remain independent you * FROM CAPE Town to LADYsMITH. By George W. Steevens. Edited by Vernon Blackburn. With portrait. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. - must remain poor. But when that was done, what could they do? If they gave the franchise, then the Republic is governed by three four men from Johannes- burg, and they will govern it for their own pocket. The Transvaal Boer would rather be British colony than Johannesburg Republic. Well, well: it is the law of South Africa that the Boer drive the native north and the English drive the Boer north. But now the Boer can go north no more; two things stop him: the tsetse fly and the fever. So if he must perish, it is his duty, —yes, I, minister, say it is his duty—to perish fighting.” Mr. Steevens gives a vivid account of the Elandslaagte fight—“battle,” he calls it — in which testimony is borne to the humanity of the victors: “And mark—and remember for the rest of your lives — that Tommy Atkins made no distinction between the wounded enemy and his dearest friend. To the men who in the afternoon were lying down behind rocks with rifles pointed to kill him, who had shot, may be, the comrade of his heart, he gave the last drop of his water, the last drop of his melting strength, the last drop of comfort he could wring out of his seared, gal- lant soul. . . . A few men had made a fire in the gnaw- ing damp and cold, and round it they sat, the unwounded Boer prisoners. For themselves they took the outer ring, and not a word did any man say that could mor- tify the wound of defeat. In the afternoon Tommy was a hero, in the evening he was a gentleman.” When the Boers' turn came, at Nicholson's Nek, they, too, showed that when the duty of slaughter was done, and the fighting devil in them was laid, they could return to the ways of humanity, and do those acts which go to save the battlefield from being a scene of diabolism pure and simple: “As Atkins had tended their wounded there and succoured their prisoners, so they tended and succoured him here. . . . They gave the whole men the water out of their own bottles; they gave the wounded the blan- kets off their own saddles and slept themselves on the naked veldt. They were short of transport and they were mostly armed with Martinis; yet they gave cap- tured mules for the hospital panniers and captured Lee-Metfords for splints. Some of them asked soldiers for their embroidered waist-belts as mementoes of the day. “It’s got my money in it,' replied Tommy—a little surly, small wonder — and the captor said no more. Then they set to singing doleful hymns of praise under trees. Apparently they were not specially elated.” Everybody who has read of the siege of Ladysmith has read of “Long Tom,” a lead- ing performer in that dreary drama, but not a very destructive or formidable one, if we may believe Mr. Steevens. “. . . . He is a friendly old gun, and for my part I have none but the kindest feelings towards him. It was his duty to shell us, and he did; but he did it in an open, manly way. Behind the half-county of light red earth they had piled up round him you could see his ugly phiz thrust up and look hungrily round. A jet of flame and a spreading toadstool of thick white smoke told us he had fired. On the flash, four-point-seven 1900.] THE DIAL 245 banged his punctilious reply. You waited until you saw the black smoke jump behind the red mound, then Tom was due in a second or two. A red flash — a jump of red-brown dust and smoke — a rending-crash: he had arrived. Then sank slowly through the air his frag- ments, like wounded birds. You could hear them com- ing, and they came with dignified slowness: there was plenty of time to get out of the way. Until the capture of Long Tom — when he will be treated with the utmost consideration — I am not able to tell you exactly what brand of gun he may be. It is evident from his con- servative use of black powder, and the old-gentlemanly staidness of his movements, that he is an elderly gun. . . . Anyhow, he conducted his enforced task with all possible humanity.” Steevens's recital breaks off with pathetic abruptness. There is not much of it—only 156 well-leaded pages; and these are supple- mented by a memorial chapter from the hand of the editor, Mr. Vernon Blackburn. The cable that flashed the news of Steevens's death to England states that a few days before the end came he had so far recovered as to be able to do some journalistic work. Relapse fol- lowed, and he died at five in the afternoon. The cabled account of the funeral paints a mournful little picture quite in Steevens's own manner - “Funeral same night, leaving Carter's house at eleven thirty. Interred at Ladysmith cemetery at midnight. Night dismal, rain falling, while the moon attempted to pierce the black clouds. Boer searchlight from Um- balaa flashed over the funeral party, showing the way in the darkness.” - “Long Tom,” we may fancy, boomed a requiem over the grave. Steevens was an exceptionally gifted painter of swiftly executed word-pictures in the impres- sionist style; and descriptive journalism was therefore his true field. Afterthought, elabo- ration, retouching, must in some degree have taken the life and freshness out of his work. It has been regretted that he chose for his province journalism instead of literature (some- body, of course, must always have his fling at journalism); but we think Stevens knew best what he was good for, and that he chose wisely. As journalist he served the world well, and blazed a new path for others; and then how much literature there was in his journalism Proud spirits among us, condemned to a brief sojourn on a planet not specially swept and garnished for them, groan daily over the vices of the press, as if the press had nothing but vices. The press, like other human contriv- ances, might be a good deal better than it is; and it certainly does not reflect the tastes and cravings of an ideal humanity. But it is fair to say that it makes on the whole powerfully for good in the world. It holds out, too, a generous reward to ability of the kind it needs. It turned the stream of Pactolus, or a saving rivulet therefrom, at least, into starving Grub Street. It gave Steevens his chance—gave him early fame, and set him on the way to fortune. Steevens's style is well described as “cine- metographic.” We think he tried to attain in his writing precisely the effect called to mind by that expression. His descriptions, the char- acteristic ones, affect us like a series of “cine- metographic" pictures running swiftly before the mind's eye. There are occasional lapses of taste, expressions too hurriedly minted; and we tire at last of a series of such phrases as: “The trains drew up and vomited khaki into the meadow"; “the pipes shrieked of blood and the lust of glorious death "; “the bubble of distant musketry,” and its “scrunching roar,” (one is reminded of Mr. Stephen Crane's famous “crimson roar"). But there is no denying the extraordinary vividness of Mr. Steevens's writing, his power of making us see what he wanted us to see. His death must be accounted one of the more deplorable results of the iniquitous business now going on in South Africa, for his life was a really productive one, of much promise for the future. To his per- sonal attractiveness and worth Mr. Blackburn pays feeling tribute. This little book contains his last work; and it will be prized the more for the excellent portrait that forms the fron- tispiece. E. G. J. AN AMERICAN NATURALIST.” President Gilman has very fittingly outlined his recent life of Dana in the sub-title, “Scien- tific Explorer, Mineralogist, Geologist, Zoëlo- gist, Professor in Yale University.” That a man should achieve eminence in any one of these lines ordinarily would be counted enough, but the present biographer had the pleasant task of giving us an insight into the life of a man of marked achievements in all, - the last of the famous group of men who in the closing years of the eighteenth and early years of the nine- teenth centuries have done so much for scien- tific work and thought and for whom there is no better title than the good old word, natur- alist. In a very peculiar way Professor Dana links the period of the naturalist and that of the specialist. While the broad studies of his By Daniel C. *THE LIFE OF JAMEs Dwight DANA. Gilman. New York: Harper & Brothers. 246 THE DIAL [April 1, early years, his several books, and his more than two hundred scientific papers, demonstrate his claim to the title of naturalist, his precise and detailed work, particularly in the field of mineralogy, place him in the front rank of specialists even in these days of specialization. Dana will probably be remembered longest because of his researches in mineralogy and geology, and in these two branches his text books stand as his greatest works. His book on “Corals and Coral Islands" and on the “Characteristics of Wolcanoes” are more de- tailed works, and in a sense are probably of greater permanent value. Text books, it is true, must necessarily change from time to time, while detailed observations and records of fact are of continuing worth. The essentials, however, of Professor Dana's work on corals and volcanoes are included in his text books, and the greater comprehensiveness of the latter make them the greater works. It is, indeed, in the fact that his Geology includes the result of so much original work that its greatest per- manent value lies. Text books must be to some extent compilations, but Dana's text books are based to an unusual degree upon personal observations and have contained in each new edition much original matter. He did original work of high and permanent value, and he chose to publish this in his texts. It was, however, as a teacher and interpreter that his greatest work was done. His power of accurate gen- eralization and his firm grip on the philosophy of his subject were the elements which gave him the mastery. He came into the geological field after the fundamental question of methods was settled. Lyell’s Principles had been pub- lished and accepted before he began his work. The Principles, however, while pointing the way to work, gave no suggestion of the evolu- tion of the earth as a whole, and it was Dana's peculiar privilege to work out this idea. His text book, in which the American continent is taken as the type, keeps steadily in view the development of the earth toward a definite re- sult. It is not a series of sketches of disjoined geologic periods. It is interesting to remember the readiness with which Professor Dana gave up his per- sonal methods or ideas whenever something better was offered. His system of crystallo- graphic symbols, for example, worked out with care and really of high utility, was eventually abandoned for that of Miller. His devotion was to the science, not to his personal methods or ideas. Throughout his long and busy life of eighty-two years, there seems to have been no time for thought of self. It was all for his work. Professor Dana was twenty years old when in 1833 he was graduated from Yale. His bent for scientific work was already pronounced, and his cruise through the Mediterranean in 1833–34 served to deepen his inclination. He was fortunate in being chosen, and the world of science proved fortunate in that he was chosen, a member of the Wilke's exploring expedition, which in the years 1838 to 1842 surveyed so much of the Pacific in the interest of knowledge. It is worth the climb to the upper alcoves of a library to find among the disregarded government publications the mag- nificent quartos in which Dana and his associ- ates tell the story of this enterprise; one of which all Americans can well be proud. Equipped and maintained at government expense, the little fleet sailed over many miles of known and unknown-seas, and in the work of exploration as well as in solid scientific results it amply re- paid the cost. No member contributed more to the lasting credit of the work than did Dana, and no member received more personal benefit than did he. The wide experience in many regions and with many sorts of phenomena, coupled with the necessity for close systematic work along the lines assigned to him, gave him the knowledge and the poise which made pos- sible his after work. The chapters in which President Gilman tells the story of this expedition are not the least interesting in the book; and here, as else- where, he has wisely left the story to be told as much as might be in the words of Dana him- self. As a result, the letters telling of the dis- covery of Bowditch Island (p. 126), and the ways of the Feejees half a century ago (p. 131), have all the interest of contemporary writing. The pictures of life in Hawaii, Samoa, Aus- tralia, and on the west coast of the United States, are particularly interesting in these days when the Pacific holds so much of interest to Americans. Upon the return of the expedition Dana took up the work of studying and describing the specimens collected, and writing his three re- ports covering the geology of the region visited, the zoöphytes and the crustaceans. This work occupied most of his time from 1842 to 1856, but the reports are of the greatest value. In view of his great contributions to the sciences of geology and mineralogy, the fact of his studies in zoölogy are quite generally over- 1900.] THE TXIAL 247 looked. It is well to remember that in his re- ports upon the zoöphytes and crustaceans he not only had large and puzzling groups to deal with, but that he was almost entirely without the help of previous work. The classification which he worked out has been quite generally adopted, and the works were very substantial additions to the then sum total of zoölogical knowledge. One of the interesting features of his work in the Pacific was his study of corals and coral islands. He worked out independently sub- stantially the same theory of coral islands that is associated with Darwin's name, and which, with some modification, is the accepted theory of to-day. This work later gave rise to his book on Corals and Coral Islands. In 1856 he assumed the duties of “Silliman Professor of Natural History” at Yale, and up to the time of his death he held this position. In 1859, and again in 1868, his health broke down and he temporarily gave up college work. In 1880 he was released from college duties, though up to the date of his death (in April, 1895) he continued to edit the “American Journal of Science,” a work which he took up in 1848. This work, with his classes, the re- vision of his manuals, some field work and original investigations, took up the larger por- tion of his life. In the work he was brought into close contact with the leaders of scientific thought of both this country and Europe, and among the most interesting features of this biography are the pages given over to the let- ters which passed between Dana and Gray, Darwin, Agassiz, Guyot, Geikie, Brezelius, De Saussure, and others. These letters give one a side view of the development of many phases of scientific thought which can hardly be ob- tained from other sources. In 1887, when at the age of seventy-four years, Professor Dana crossed the United States, travelled to Hawaii and return, and made careful studies of the Hawaiian volcanoes. These studies are particularly valuable in view of his wide acquaintance with volcanic phe- nomena beginning with an ascent of Vesuvius in 1884 and including visits to Stromboli, Milo, Maderia, and Cape Verdes (1838), Tahiti, Tutuila, Upolu, and New South Wales in 1839; the Feejees and the Hawaiis in 1840; the craters of Oregon and extinct volcanoes of California in 1841; and a second visit to Vesu- vius in 1860. Professor Dana's acquaintance was equally wide with any subject upon which he undertook to write. In the arrangement of the biography, Presi- dent Gilman has followed the plan of present- ing original documents, with just enough of personal explanation to allow the latter to be read understandingly. In his charming word- picture of New Haven in 1850 he has given a little sketch of wide and permanent usefulness. Professor Dana's was a rich, full life, a well rounded life of active work well done; and it is pleasant to state that President Gil- man's book is a fitting recognition. FostER BAIN. IN CENTRAL ASIA.” The heart of Asia has assumed new import- ance within the past quarter-century. Russian aggression has reached the borders of Afghan- istan and British India, and is now simply biding an opportune time for further advances. These conquests have aroused diplomats and statesmen, best informed on the eastern ques- tion, to forecast the next possible move of the Muscovite power. Explorers, military men, and historians are likewise actively at work on some phase of this urgent question. “The Heart of Asia” is the joint product of a diplomat formerly in the employ of the English government in India, and of a special student of Persia. The first part of the book is a rapid survey of the history of central Asia from the earliest times down to the Russian occupation. The author, Professor Ross, has laid under contribution the best works extant on these countries, including many Persian, Arabic, and Russian authorities hitherto inac- cessible to persons unacquainted with those languages. He has also secured the coöpera- tion of some of the best historical experts. The territory whose history is brought in review is Turkestan, bounded on the north and east by the Sir Darya, on the south by Afghan- istan and the Hindu Kush, and on the west by the Caspian Sea. A portion of this terri- tory lying between the Oxus River and the Mountains of Paropanisus was called by the ancients Bactria. The first historical men- tion of this name is found in the Behistun inscription, dating from near the close of the *THE HEART of Asia: A History of Russian Turkestan and the Central Asian Khanates from the Earliest Times. By Francis Henry Skrine and Edward Denison Ross, Ph.D. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co. Russia. IN Asia: A Record and a Study, 1558–1899. By Alexis Krausse. With twelve maps. New York: Henry Holt & Co. 248 THE T)IAL [April 1, sixth century B.C., where it is included in the list of satrapies of the Persian Empire of Darius I. Cyrus penetrated these regions as far as the Jaxartes River. Alexander the Great also reached the same limits and occu- pied over three years in the subjugation of the hostile and independence-loving peoples of this region. The history of Bactria, or Central Asia, henceforth has been almost one perpetual battle for life. It has been occupied in turn by Iranians, Greeks, Scythians, Chinese, Turks, and Russians. One of the most genius-like and powerful conquerors and rulers mentioned in the long list is that of Chingiz Khan. Of him Stanley Lane-Poole, as quoted by our author, says (p. 160): “The Mongol armies, divided into several immense brigades, swept over Khwarazm, Khorasan, and Af- ghanistan, on the one hand; and on the other, over Azerbayjan, Georgia, and Southern Russia; whilst a third division continued the reduction of China. In the midst of these diverging streams of conquest Chingiz Khan died in A. H. 624 (1227), at the age of sixty-four. The territory he and his sons had conquered stretched from the Yellow Sea to the Euxine, and included lands and tribes wrung from the rule of the Chinese, Tanguts, Afghans, Persians, and Turks.” Thereafter the country was torn by civil war, a prey to the worst forms of tyranny, until de- livered by that man of destiny, and great fame, “Lame Timur,” whose biography and history have formed a basis for all European historians, including even Gibbon. The thirty-eight years' rule of this cultured prince were the golden age of central Asia. Successive centuries found no relief from the barbarity and tyranny of the for- eign and native rulers of these regions until the intervention of Russia, and their final ab- sorption into the Muscovite empire at different dates since 1860. Russia's last signal battle for the possession of central Asia was fought in 1881. In the author's description of the awful carnage he estimates the importance of the battle in these terms (p. 297): “Geok Teppe was the last stronghold of Central Asian independence, and its capture must rank among the decisive battles of the world. While civilization gained by the Russian victory, it is impossible to re- fuse sympathy to those who were crushed by its giant forces. With the conquest of Turkomania a national entity disappeared forever which had been preserved intact during ages of change and retained many noble qualities. The world is the poorer by the disappear- ance of such types, and by the gradual reduction of all mankind to a dead level devoid of color and charm.” Of the benefits of Russian rule in these regions the author says: “Slavery is another practice which has lost its terrors since the advent of the Russians. Bokhara was once the greatest market in Asia for the produce of Turko- man and Kirghiz raids. Eighty years ago 40,000 Per- sians and more than 500 subjects of the Tsar were detained there in bondage. There was a regular tariff for these human cattle. A labourer fetched £29, a skilled artisan £64, and a pretty girl nearly £100. The treatment meted out to them by Bokharan taskmasters was more atrocious than anything recorded by Mrs. Beecher Stowe.” The author's position is almost that of a Russophile. He sees the best side of Russian rule and diplomacy, and does not show a vig- orous hand in pointing out her radical defects. In support of his view he gives in the appen- dices translations of two notable documents; the second was an address delivered at Askabad to a party of English tourists Nov. 25, 1897. In it we find this remarkable statement: “Our policy in Asia is essentially a peaceful one, and we are perfectly satisfied with our present boundaries.” Events which have taken place on the Russian frontier since 1897, and are now in full progress in Persia and China, show that the position taken here regarding Russian policy and methods and results is especially roseate. The growth of Asiatic Russia is one of the marvels of modern civilization. “Russia in Asia” is a comprehensive, yet concise, history of this expansion of Muscovite sway. The au- thor has presented his conclusions as the resuit of investigation among the writings of more than two hundred authorities. In the descrip- tion of military campaigns, he has made use of the original Russian documents. Discussions of the diplomatic methods of Russia and England are based on official correspondence of the two countries. The book is furnished with exten- sive appendices, which reproduce in English dress all the important treaties and conventions now in force respecting the Asiatic frontiers of Russia. A round dozen maps vivify the whole discussion. The Russian Empire has extended, since the death of Ivan Basilovitz, in 1482, from 500,- 000 to over 9,000,000 square miles, reaching from the eastern limits of Sweden and Ger- many to the Pacific and from the Arctic Ocean to Afghanistan and Persia. Asiatic Russia to-day comprises a total of 6,564,778 square miles. This territory extends over 40 degrees of latitude, and across 178 degrees of longi- tude, and includes “every species of climate, soil, and people.” The rapidity with which Russia has absorbed this territory may be con- ceived when it is said that by actual computa- tion covering a period of 318 years, she has • 1900.] THE DIAL 249 annexed an annual average of 20,648 square miles. At the present time Russia owns more than one-third of the total area of Asia, but only one forty-second of the population, while China owns less than one-fourth of the area, but more than one-half of the population. The history of the diplomatic methods em- ployed, and an array of the reputed reasons given, for the acquisition of a large part of this domain, are a series of revelations to those who are accustomed to the national transac- tions of Western powers. The author appears to give us a true picture of each conquest, of each diplomatic manoeuvre, on the basis of ac- tual recorded statements. After Russia has in one way or another se- cured possession of all this territory, what does she do for its betterment? The author, after studying the question from every side, comes to the following conclusion (p. 140): “Russia in Asia is at present a purely military power. Her mission, as viewed by those responsible for her policy, is neither to develop territory nor to refine people. Her destiny is to use that which she already possesses as a means by which further con- quests are to be made, until by dint of an ever forward movement, she finds herself in possession, not of India, or of China, or Persia, but of the whole Asiatic con- tinent, which under the military sway of an army, ruled by the great White Tsar, may once again control the destinies of the world.” In carrying out her designs (p. 148), “Russia is restricted neither by considerations of the law of war, nor by any code of self-imposed mor- ality. The ethics of Russian diplomacy are extremely simple. Diplomacy, being the means employed in the attainment of the ends most necessary to the future prospects of the State, is used without restriction of any kind. . . . Muscovite diplomacy is utterly unscrup- ulous, and pledges given or promises made are merely subterfuges, with the object of attaining something which is desired.” The author cites many examples of the execu- tion of this policy within the last quarter cen- tury; most striking of these are the cases of the capture of Merv while a Russian ambas- sador was sent to London to assure England that no such plan was in mind; and the seiz- ure of Port Arthur under guise of wintering a part of the Russian fleet in the shelter afforded by that harbor. The most efficient instrument in carrying out her designs is the army (p.284): “The life, the energy, and the intelligence of Russia are centred in her army, which, with certain exceptions, claims the service of every male within the age limit. . . . Each male spends eighteen years of his life in the standing army. . . . A diminution in the period of ser- vice is gained by attaining a certain standard of educa- tion; but as the opportunity of reaching this standard is not readily afforded, the proportion of the masses who benefit by the regulation is infinitesimal. The number of persons who can read throughout the Rus- sian empire is under three per cent of the population, and the existing school accommodation caters for under two million pupils out of a total population of 129,000,- 000. And this state of things is likely to remain, for in the ignorance of its people lies the security of Russian bureaucracy.” The author's exposition of Russian policy, methods, and conditions is based on more than fifty pages of official documents, and the best authorities found in Muscovite literature. While unsparing in his criticism of Russia, he has no patience at all with the slow and change- able methods adopted by England to counter- check her advances. His book is a timely note of warning, and should open the eyes of the Western powers to the comprehensive designs, the resourceful methods, and the results certain to follow in the wake, of the Muscovite power. IRA. M. PRICE. AN ENGLISH AND AN AMERICAN PLAY.” There is enough movement in the English drama for us to say that life is still in it. It is true that here in America affairs are in no very hopeful state; true, also, that no great acting plays come to us from England. Still there are signs worth noting. One of these is the popularity of Mr. Stephen Phillips's play “Paola and Francesca”: the literary gossips inform us that the play is to be acted, that Mr. Mansfield has ordered another like it, and so on. To the fact furnished by this play we may add the recent publication of “Osbern and Ursyne,” by John Oliver Hobbes, of which we have similar advertisement: Mrs. Patrick Campbell is said to be reading it, and other important things are happening. John Oliver Hobbes is not most widely known as a dramatist. It is now a year or so ago that we noticed “The Ambassador”: the play was given in New York not long since, and was currently pronounced witty but undra- matic. The present play was given semi- privately in New York, and was admitted to have technical excellence. But that particular point is not very important for the moment. When the play appears on the public stage it will be time to criticize it from the theatrical standpoint. Of chief importance now (aside from the *OsBERNAND URsynE: A Drama in Three Acts. By John Oliver Hobbes. New York: John Lane. NATHAN HALE: A Play in Four Acts. By Clyde Fitch. Illustrated. New York: R. H. Russell. 250 THE DIAL [April 1, intrinsic interest in the play, which will be dif- ferent for different people) is the fact that we have another example of the particular kind of romantic drama which now marks English lit- erature. In Germany there is now a romantic drama which goes far toward allegory: “Die Versunkene Glocke,” “Die Drei Reiherfed- ern,” “Die Königskinder,” — these are em- phatically plays of ideas. In France there is something a little different: In “Cyrano de Bergerac” is a heroic romance which in spirit is still inspired by “Hernani.” In England the drama is the romance of passion. Mr. Phillips's play, Mrs. Craigie's, Mr. John Dav- idson’s “Godefrida,” Michael Field’s “Anna Ruina,”—these are of a type wholly different from the great French or German dramas. All mediaeval tragedies, for one thing, all ex- ploration of some tortuous by-way of passion, are marked by the atmosphere of the strange isolation of love. We take it that historically they belong to the school of Mr. Swinburne, who still lives in “Rosamunda.” We think that the “Osbern and Ursyne” is most inter- esting in its significance. But there is good writing in it, too, and it would be worth read- ing even if there were no other dramas written in England. The publication of Mr. Clyde Fitch's “Na- than Hale” is also worthy of notice. We do not incline to believe that we have here any addition to literature. But we need not sup- pose, because a thing is put in such form that the world may read it, that it is necessarily to be thought of as literature. Mural and other inscriptions form a matter of considerable in- terest, and may be worth the attention of any- body. So, also, a close study of advertisements in all their varied forms, is an extremely curi- ous matter, and one which extends into vistas far beyond the imagination of the beginner. But neither inscriptions nor advertisements, valuable and fascinating as they are, can be called literature. Mr. Fitch's play is of course a theatre play, and its publication is not a matter of literature but a matter of record. It is a record of a very interesting fact, namely, that the play was suc- cessfully written and acted, and it is now pre- sented in a worthy manner. It is well printed and attractively bound, and illustrated with photographs of the original actors, both indi- vidually and in scenes. These pictures sug- gest a curious question,- all photographs of stage scenes and groups do, namely, How can such stiff and awkward combinations ever have seemed natural 2 That they do seem nat- ural — enough — on the stage, is a well-known fact. The pictures, however, are preeminently artificial; not these especially, but all such. To some extent the same question is reëchoed on reading the text of this or many another successful acting play, How can this ever go smoothly, naturally, and with any show of reality? Perhaps the two questions together will suggest an answer: the stiffness of the stage setting and grouping is forgotten when we hear what the people say; the convention- ality of what they say is relieved when we see them in their own persons and costumes. “Nathan Hale’’ is not a reading play, but many will like to have it for all that. E. E. HALE, JR. GARDENS AND THEIR PRAISES.* While lovers of verse may wonder at the exclusion from Mr. Sieveking's “Gardens An- cient and Modern" of nearly all poetry bearing upon his delightful topic, lovers of gardens for their own sake will find in the really erudite collection of prose which he has gathered through a wide reading nearly all that they could wish or hope for. Yet he is not without a reason for omitting the rhymes all garden lovers treasure, when he says “in a garden everyone is his own poet,” and this is a better reason than his plea “that poetry is richer in flowers than in gardens.” The work is an outgrowth of the former “The Praise of Gardens,” now long out of print, but still prized by those fortunate enough to own it. It has now been enlarged, until its scope runs from the Nineteenth Dynasty of old Egypt to Mr. Alfred Austin, and from the Canticles to Mr. Charles Dudley Warner — justifying the “ancient and modern" of the title to the foot of the letter. There are, too, an interesting Prologue, in which the various sources from which the read- ing matter and illustrations have been gleaned are set forth; the pictures themselves, which comprise copies of inscriptions from the monu- ments of Thebes, renaissance prints, and half- tone reproductions of modern photographs; * GARDENs ANCIENT AND MoDERN. By Albert Forbes Sieveking, F.S.A. New York: The Macmillan Co. Home AND GARDEN. By Gertrude Jekyll. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co. Outside THE GARDEN. By Helen Milman. New York: John Lane. 1900.] THE DIAL 251 and an historical epilogue, wherein the story told brokenly in the selections is given original literary form, resulting in an essay of real value to the investigator. If old learning, quaint receipts, half remembered anecdotes of the great and wise in connection with gardens, and a charming style of his own can make a book delightful, Mr. Sieveking has won the palm. Miss Jekyll's “Home and Garden" is a most inclusive work, and the breadth of scope permitted by its name is taken advantage of almost to the full. The pleasantly printed vol- ume begins with the praise of the author's home, which is an English country house built with loving care and the almost perfect coöper- ation of the owner, architect, and builder. The owner is frank enough to admit that she would have been wiser if the architect had been fol- lowed a little more closely in his suggestion; though there is a proverb concerning the intel- lectual qualifications of those who build which is more inclusive and comes to the same thing. From the interior of this charming house, built of timber and stone — which the proud owner had seen years before in forest and quarry —with honest and painstaking artisanship, it is an easy passage to the trees and flowers which make it beautiful without. Consequently, there ensue many chapters of delightfully empirical knowledge about the flora of that part of Brit- ain, told discursively and with a fine irrelevance. From cats to cauliflower and pot-pourri to phlox may distract the imagination, but it results in just the sort of book one loves to read, with no thought of finishing the work forthwith or any feeling of compulsion or necessity. Passing from the immediate realm of the garden itself, but returning to it from time to time as if loath to leave, “Outside the Garden" is the affectionate tribute of Helen Milman (Mrs. Caldwell Crofton) to the little land of Surrey where she has her home and shares her life with the living things, animal, vegetal, and human, of the neighborhood. It deals with hop-pickers, herons, cross-bills, literary men, men of science, mills, castles, abbeys, cottage gardens, felling trees, kings, queens, squirrels, sheep, nightingales, and Love, – all embodied in little essays which abound with the spirit of out-of-doors and the sense of being told because it was needful that the world should not forget the charm of nature. All these books, published with care and consideration, leave little to be desired in re- spect of paper, pictures, printing, and binding, and are an unwitting tribute to the ineffable tiresomeness and folly of an age which makes life in the dull sordid town needful to existence when we might all of us get into the woods and dales, winter or summer, for a better knowl- edge of ourselves and a better feeling for those about us. John J. HoldFN. THE INSENSIBLE, IRRESISTIBLE DRIFT OF FAITH.* The last half of the present century has shown a decisive change in the centre of gravity in men's religious opinions. The result is conspicuous in the insensible way in which conservative minds are drawn forward, and in the many checks by which radical ones are restrained. No man can write on religious themes at the close of the century as he would have written at its beginning. The attrac- tions and repulsions are all different. The centre of revolution is far out in the light compared with those earlier years. This fact impresses one strongly in looking through a miscellaneous collection of fresh publications from the religious press. No man escapes. The Gifford lectures, by Dr. Caird, are volumes of unusual interest. The biography which intro- duces them is well written, and the discussions which follow will especially please those who wish to accept the new faith with the least possible *THE FUNDAMENTAL IDEAs of CHRISTIANITY. By John Caird, D.D., LL.D. New York: The Macmillan Co. CHRISTIAN Mysticism. Eight Lectures before the Univer- sity of Oxford. By William Ralph Inge, M.A. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. THoughts of AND FoR THE INNER LIFE. Sermons. By Timothy Dwight. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. THE Divine PEDIGREE of MAN. By Thomson Jay Hudson, LL.D. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. THE VICTORY of THE WILL. By Victor Charbonnel. Translated by Emily Whitney. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co. THE MoRAL ORDER of THE World. By Alexander Balmain Bruce, D.D. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. WHAT SHALL WE THINK of CHRISTIANITY P By William Newton Clarke, D.D. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. CAN I BELIEve. IN GoD THE FATHER” By William Newton Clarke, D.D. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. SCIENCE AND FAITH. By Dr. Paul Topinard. Translated by Thomas J. McCormack. Chicago: The Open Court Co. THE THEology or Civilization. By Charles F. Dole. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. ENEMIEs AND Evidences oF CHRISTIANITY. By John Duncan Quackenbos. New York: Eaton & Mains. RELIGio Pictoris. By Helen Bigelow Merriman. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. LIFE BEYond DEATH. By Minot Judson Savage, D.D. New York : G. P. Putnam's Sons. God's EDUCATION of MAN. By William DeWitt Hyde, Pres. of Bowdoin College. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. THE NEw Evangelism. By Henry Drummond. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. Stones Rolled Away, and Other Addresses to Young Men. By Henry Drummond, F.K.S.E. New York: James Pott & Co. 252 [April 1, THE DIAL change of the old. Principal Caird possessed a vigorous and earnest mind, and yet one loath to de- part from beaten paths. The lectures on the fun- damental truths of Christianity are more radical than they seem to be. The fire has touched the flax, and the mind is free, though the ashes remain, with, here and there, a few fibres unconsumed. The living evolution of truth is a controlling idea with the author. “Christian Mysticism” is a rare book; rare in scholarship and rare in penetration — a book not to be expounded in a half dozen sentences. Mys- ticism, with the author, means that overplus of reason by which we force a passage through sensu- ous impressions, and take possession of the truly intelligible world, the spiritual world, beyond. This he has discussed in its characteristics and chief forms. It is a book which many will pass negli- gently, a few contemptuously, and a more consid- erable few will receive enthusiastically. We give a few passages which may enable the lover of books to determine its quality in reference to himself. “Reason is the logic of the whole personality.” “Whatever view of reality deepens our sense of the tremendous issues of life in the world wherein we move, is for us nearer the truth than any view which diminishes that sense.” “Personality is not only the strictest unity of which we have any experience; it is the fact which creates the postulate of unity on which all philosophy is based.” It is difficult for mysticism, even in its most sober expression, to escape the taint of ecstasy; and this difficulty the author does not entirely overcome. “Thoughts of and for the Inner Life” is a vol- ume of twenty discourses, most of which were preached in the chapel of Yale University. We are somewhat disappointed in them. As a matter of course, they are good, but they are not as superior as published sermons should be. The thought is moderately discriminating, the style is somewhat abstract and cold, and the discussion rarely melts into vivifying feeling. The personal presence of the speaker may have reduced these defects, but they leave the printed sermon somewhat in the shadow. The subdued tone of sympathy which the presence and character of the preacher may have accentuated is not perceptible to the reader. “The Divine Pedigree of Man” is a clever book. It is clearly written, and gives some trenchant blows to Empirical Philosophy. The volume is a reductio ad absurdum of that phase of belief. Its own psy- chology, however, is of a mongrel order, and ex- plains little or nothing. According to the author, man is possessed of two minds; one, perceptive and inductive, which is a function of the brain; another, intuitive and deductive, which is independent of the brain. This latter is present in the very earliest manifestations of life, and so antedates not only brain structure but all organic structure. Thus the doctrine that intelligence is the function of brain tissue disappears, and mind makes its way backward to the mind of God. “The Victory of the Will” is a book of devotion, and good of its kind. It aims to awaken the spir- itual powers to deeper insight and a better mastery of invisible things. Most readers would find stim- ulus in it. The symbol of this class of books is, man overleaping the world rather than man bearing it on his shoulders. The two should be merged in one. “The Moral Order of the World" is a second course of Gifford Lectures. The first course—The Providential Order of the World — has already been noticed. The present volume is an historical and critical discussion of earlier and later beliefs concerning the moral government of God. The range of topics is broad. The discussion is per- fectly clear and candid, and the criticisms are well directed and sober. Almost everyone could profit by its perusal. “What Shall We Think of Christianity?” and “Can I believe in God the Father?” are composed of lectures; the first series delivered before the Johns Hopkins University, and the second before the Harvard Summer School of Theology. Their drift is sufficiently indicated by the titles. They are popular rather than philosophical, and their value is reduced by the fact that the treatment is rambling and fails to yield a clear and compact line of thought. “Science and Faith ” is a misnomer. The vol- ume has little to do with science as a form of knowl- edge, and next to nothing to do with faith. It is a rendering of the facts, real and imaginary, by which man has grown into a personal, rational life, and become a member of society. Judging from a final remark, we have suffered no special loss by this diversion from the proposed theme. “The two do- mains of science and faith are totally different— are two contrary poles.” “The Theology of Civilization” is a discursive, popular treatise. It discusses religious beliefs in connection with our current life and experience. The book shows clear thought and a large heart. By virtue of robust common sense, it delivers some very square blows. While it does not aim to be philosophical, it does not lack philosophy. One's first impression from the title of the book, “Enemies and Evidences of Christianity,” is that of a disagreeable alliteration. Further acquaintance with the work, however, shows that the “enemies” were quite in the foreground of the author's con- ception, and not present by any rhetorical trick. Hinduism, Buddhism, Theosophy, Mrs. Eddy, Altru- ism, etc., are soundly belabored, the evidences being the convenient club with which it is done. The reason the author offers for this almost vicious attack, is the indignation which he calls righteous, experienced by him at the rhapsodies of meetings held in Maine—that no-man's-land in the summer months. He evidently attached too much import- ance to these unrestrained outbursts of the religious sentiments, and assails them in excessive wrath. It was a case in which the precept was in order, “Be not overcome by evil, but overcome evil with good.’ 1900.] THE DIAL 258 “Religio Pictoris” is a noteworthy book, artistic in form, in purpose, and in treatment. The vitality and constructive elements in a picture are traced with delicate analysis, and are used as analogies interpreting to us that life picture which, in its mo- tive, its lights and shades, makes up for us our reli- gious faith. The work is executed with the same. delicacy with which it is conceived. It leads us to the fundamental truth, that opposites, empirical and intuitional, in seeming contention, must be made to blend with each other in an ever more comprehen- sive and stimulating unity. We think, however, that the author has, in one or two instances, held too long to ideas, and striven to make them explan- atory beyond their power. The pump handle has been vigorously applied when the piston has simply wheezed and yielded no water. For the most part it pours forth a clear and refreshing stream. “Life Beyond Death” is a popular treatise, ap- parently shaped by service in the pulpit. The earlier portion is historical; the later portion is an interesting discussion of Spiritualism, and of the results of the Society of Psychical Research. Dr. Savage believes that Spiritualism and these re- searches establish the existence of spirits of the dead. We are quite content to accept a grave obli- gation to those men who have striven to clear up a threshing-floor of so much chaff and dust in search for the few grains of wheat it contains. The spirit is a true one and a wise one. We are also ready to accept any confirmation thus brought to the doc- trine of immortality. We are not quite willing to regard it as a necessary or even important part of the proof. The doctrine rests on the force of our moral nature and of evolution. We believe it rests so securely as to be independent of these confused and doubtful phenomena. The mathematician does not feel the need of confirming his conclusions by empirical measurements. The appendix gives some very interesting personal experiences. Those who regard the older beliefs in theology as the germs, and the later beliefs as the flowers, of one plant; who think that old things, in passing away, become new, will always be much interested in the works of President Hyde. He belongs with those who hold on to the past and the present with equal tenacity. The body of the volume, “God's Education of Man,” is earnestly practical. The educational elements are three: law, grace, and service. They are traced in a vivid and cogent way. An introduction, and a briefer conclusion, raise the speculative inquiries by which the flow of religious faith is justified. The two volumes of Drummond's addresses, “The New Evangelism” and “Stones Rolled Away,” are quite diverse. The first is made up of discourses carefully prepared for set occasions, and of special articles. Both the thought and the style adequately present the author. Henry Drummond was a very apt product of our time. He was possessed in equal parts of the devotion of faith, of the comprehensive thought which comes from enlarged knowledge, and of sound sympathetic common sense. “The New Evangelism” is an excellent illustration of the first two elements, and “The Problem of Foreign Mis- sions” of the third. The second volume is a repro- duction of the extempore addresses made in this country. They give the simple, homely, direct, and earnest method which belonged to him in an imme- diate effort to influence young men. They are a single outcome of a theory of life, rather than that theory itself. They disclose the practical side of his character. John BAscom. BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. One of the latest numbers of the “Beacon Biographies” (Small, May- nard & Co.) is a sketch of John Brown by Joseph Edgar Chamberlain. The book well merits attention, for the importance of the principles involved. The author tells us in his preface that his aim is to present a picture of the man, and to tell the story of his life, without inquiry into the effect of his work or estimate of his character. It strikes us that this omitted esti- mate is the very thing that readers of little books of this class most need. They are presumably busy people who, lacking time for larger books, want to find in a nutshell not only the story of a man's life but an estimate of his place in history as well. Mr. Chamberlain tells his story in the heroic vein, with- out qualification or extenuation. No book ought at this time to be written about Brown which does not clearly distinguish between his motive and his method. The singleness of his purpose and the pathos of his death will always make him a con- spicuous figure; but it cannot be too strongly pointed out that his method was radically and terribly wrong, and that he hurt immeasurably the cause he hoped to help. That method may be tested by ap- plying it to present day issues. It is the method of the assassin who shot Goebel, or of a fanatic who would destroy a venal legislature in the manner of Guy Fawkes, involving innocent and guilty in com- mon ruin. The defense for Brown is that he had brooded over the evils of slavery until his narrow mind lost the distinction between right and wrong where slavery was concerned. It was the accident of the song that worked his apotheosis. Of the Cincinnati letter to Floyd, Mr. Chamberlain rather ambiguously remarks: “The identity of the man who sought to betray the secret is now pretty well known. It does not matter who it was.” From this reference it appears that the author has missed the recent statement, which conclusively connects this letter with David J. Gee, who wrote it not to be- tray Brown but to save him from himself. The front- ispiece portrait is from a photograph of a daguerreo- type “supposed to have been taken in Kansas in 1856.” Richard J. Hinton, who knew Brown well, tells us that the only picture Brown ever had taken John Brown of Osawatomie. 254 THE DIAL [April 1, in Kansas is the one in which he appears seated at a table and grasping a staff or pike, that Brown never looked as badly as this picture represents him, and he denounces it as a pro-slavery fraud. Be that as it may, it hardly matches the pen pic- ture of the book. One or the other needs correction. Thackeray's Mr. M. H. Spielmann's researches anonymºus - x- contributions among the archives of “Punch to “Punch.” have enabled him to positively iden- tify as Thackeray's a number of writings that ap- peared anonymously in the laborious and painstak- ing columns of that serio-comic journal between 1843 and 1848. These writings, which range in length from an epigrammatic paragraph of a line or so to an article of a page or more, and from a couplet to a poem of one hundred and twenty-three lines, Mr. Spielmann now publishes in a comely volume under the perhaps unavoidably cumbrous title, “The Hitherto Unidentified Contributions of W. M. Thackeray to “Punch’” (Harpers.) We may say at once that the book is unquestionably one which the lover of Thackeray and the collector of his works must have for the sake of its biblio- graphic and biographic interest. The literary qual- ity of the papers, it is hardly necessary to say, is slight, and their humor has largely evaporated with the passing away of the interest of the more or less ephemeral political and other questions that inspired them. As an index to the writer's opinions on the questions and events of his day, they are of some value; but we can hardly agree with Mr. Spiel- mann that Thackeray, writing under the veil of anonymity, was likely to be more frank or bluntly outspoken than when he wrote over one of his fa- miliar pen-names, or over his own signature. We find no indications of this additional frankness in the present volume, and this, for obvious reasons, we do not think altogether regrettable. There can be no question as to the authenticity of the pieces collected by Mr. Spielmann, since they are all en- tered as items against Thackeray's name in a long- forgotten editorial day-book, and duly checked off as paid for. The drawings which accompanied them, where they are unquestionably from Thack- eray's hand, are reproduced, and add much to the humor and attractiveness of the book. Mr. Spiel- mann has judiciously supplemented the text with such comment and explanation of his own as seemed necessary to its full elucidation. A full and con- veniently arranged bibliography of Thackeray's contributions to “Punch" is appended. He is hard to please who cannot find The “Temple.” - - - - - - - shakespeare in an edition of Shakespeare to his lik- a new form. ing. It would seem as if all the possible ideas and combinations of ideas in the mechanical presentation of the plays must have been exhausted long ago, and yet such are the fluctua- tions of taste and the caprices of bookish fash- ion that every year brings forth some new edition that seems to strike a responsive chord not struck before. The year just past, for example, has given us two editions that are in some respects more de- sirable for general reading than any that have pre- ceded them. One of these, the “Eversley” edition, superintended by Professor C. H. Herford, has already received our praise, and for convenient handling and chaste simplicity would be difficult to surpass. Its ten volumes are a delight to the hand, the eye, and the scholarly sense. But if a more ornate edition be asked for, the new and larger “Temple” Shakespeare (Macmillan) seems to embody the ne plus ultra of charm and general attractiveness. This edition, under the care of Mr. Israel Gollancz, is to fill twelve volumes, of which eight are now before us. The mechanical features of this edition are a typography similar to that of the earlier “Temple” volumes, a combination of daintiness and elegance in many matters of detail, and a series of illustrations that greatly enhance its value. There are full-page frontispieces to each play, and a great variety of cuts scattered among the notes. The method of illustration is strictly realistic, and has been made possible by access to the rich collection of materials left by J. O. Halliwell-Phillipps. The order of the First Folio has been followed; “Peri- cles” will appear in the eleventh volume; and the twelfth will include, besides the Poems and Son- nets, an illustrated account of Shakespeare's life. Purchasers who acquire this charming edition will never have reason to regret their expenditure. - The celebration of the Pope's nine- #ºritz tieth birthday gives an added interest to the admirable biography, “Pope Leo XIII., his Life and Work” (Lippincott), by Julien de Narfon, recently translated by G. A. Raper. The pious and learned man who now oc- cupies the papal throne has had a distinguished career, showing himself equal to every situation to which he has been called. Throughout almost the entire administration of his predecessor Pius IX., he was Bishop of Perugia; in 1853, he was made cardinal; in 1877 camerlengo, or chamberlain, of the papal household; in 1878, two weeks after the death of Pius IX., he was chosen pope. In all of these offices, he exhibited a rare combination of learning and administrative ability. He is an ele- gant Latin scholar, a poet of no small merit, a founder and patron of schools and colleges; and he has proved himself in addition an excellent man of affairs. In his character of supreme chief of the Roman Church, he has put himself in relation with the principal governments of the world, and in ne- gotiations with Belgium, Spain, Germany, Russia, and other lands, has displayed admirable intelli- gence, patience, and tact. Throughout his entire pontificate, Church and State have been engaged in a quarrel mutually hurtful to Italy and the papacy. This so-called Roman question—that is to say, the respective positions of the Vatican and the Quirinal, and their relations to one another —is far from being a mere Italian affair. It demands the 5 1900.] THE 1)IAL 255 attention of every foreign government that has any large Roman Catholic population subject to its rule. It has now reached a climax and a great crisis is imminent, not only in the fortunes of Italy, but in the history of the mother church. This book does much towards enlightening the reader concerning the complicated situation; but its great value is in introducing us to an intimate knowledge of perhaps the most interesting personality among living men. The large number of beautiful illustrations of not- able places and persons adds greatly to the charm of the volume. — The moral and That only two books concerning the military strength of war between the little republics of *** South Africa on one hand, and En- gland, Ireland, Scotland, Canada, Australia, Wales, and several other kingdoms, principalities, and col- onies on the other, should be published in the United States within the last two months, may be taken to mean that recent British success is not regarded with any particular enthusiasm by American lovers of liberty and free institutions. That both of them should side energetically with the small against the great is to be expected from those who understand the ease with which the English-speaking peoples discern motes in the eyes of others, however regard- less of beams within their own. “Who Ought to Win?” (Laird & Lee), by Mr. Spencer Randolph, is an energetic plea for the burghers, based on his- tory in the past as well as policy in the future. It is not always carefully considered, and many extracts are used which might have been omitted to advant- age, but it stands for the average American feeling in the matter with considerable accuracy. “The Transvaal Outlook” (Dodd, Mead & Co.), by Mr. Albert Stickney, is a military criticism from the point of view of an expert learned in the lessons of our own civil war, with strong leanings to the Re- publicans so far as history and justice is concerned, but rather designed with a view to pointing out the real strength of their position strategically consid. ered. The work deals more particularly with the questions of transport and the length of the British lines, taken in connection with the proved mobility of the burghers' forces, and the possibility of re- peating some of the deeds of Forrest, Wheeler, Sheridan, or Sherman. The lectures contained in Dr. Karl F. R. Budde's latest volume, “The Religion of Israel to the Exile” (Put- nam), form the fourth series of “American Lec- tures on the History of Religions,” and were deliv- ered in the fall of 1898 by the well-known professor of Old Testament exegesis in Strassburg. A careful reading of the book confirms the impression received from hearing the lectures, that in them we have an invaluable exposition of the origin and early history of the Yahweh religion, which will do much to pop- ularize the important results of modern Biblical criticism. Dr. Budde's point of view is that of a conservative; he belongs to the school which rep- Early history of the religion of Israel. resents the reaction against the indiscriminate re- jection of "tradition as void of all historical value. While he recognizes the difference between tra- dition and history, he points out that “tradition in numberless cases clothes genuine history in forms which, at first sight, appear to deserve no confidence at all. The task of the true historian is, first of all, to understand the tradition. When it is correctly understood he will not throw it away, but will make use of it in the proper sense and in the proper place.” From this point of view the Biblical tradition concerning the history of Israel as a nation appears to Professor Budde to be, in its main features, trustworthy. He has endeavored to present the results of Old Testament scholarship not from the negative side, “but as a thoroughly positive work of preserving, restoring, building up.” He has succeeded in giving us a clear, consecutive, and eminently satisfactory view of the subject. One regrets that the Index is not fuller. No better subject ever lay ready for the historian's hand than that taken up by Mr. Edward Kirk Rawson in his “Twenty Famous Naval Battles: Salamis to Santiago” (Crowell). Himself a professor in the United States Navy and superintendent of the Naval War Records, Mr. Rawson had the admir- able example of Creasy’s “Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World’’ on which to model his own work. Moreover, his two octavo volumes, from introduc- tion to ending, show a profound knowledge of the problems involved and great naval erudition such as must serve to give it permanent value as a book of reference. The battles selected are hardly to be quarreled with, though Yalu or Wei-hai-Wei might have been mentioned. The inclusion of the Bon Homme Richard-Serapis, Constitution-Guerrière, Monitor-Merrimac, and Kearsage-Alabama duels, in addition to detailed accounts of the battles of Lake Erie, Mobile Bay, Manila, and Santiago, give the book perhaps a too pronounced American flavor. And no Englishman could be expended to lend his approval to omission of the battle of the Baltic or St. Vincent from the list. But what injures the book more than anything else is the author's ab- sence of imagination, leaving his histories, for all the vividness of action inherent in them, almost wholly without the quality of picturesqueness. What should have been a work to be read and re-read, becomes, in consequence, one rather to be relegated to the book-shelves for consultation as an authority upon occasions of formal historical reference. Naval battles Jrom Salamis to Santiago. Among the books which take high place for reading and instruction, Mr. J. Knox Laughton’s “From Howard to Nelson” (Lippincott) is henceforth destined to rank. Battles are alluring reading, naval wars are always to be given precedence among these, and the steps whereby Great Britain gave herself the proud position of mistress of the seas Twelve famous English sea-fighters. 256 THE DIAL [April 1, * are fascinating in the telling; everything respect- ing the book, therefore, makes it of unusual interest. Mr. Laughton, whose services for the naval histories and biographies in the “Dictionary of National Biography” are still remembered, has been the ed- itor here, giving a series of twelve “lives” of as many sea-fighters a unity of treatment and design impossible without such assistance. The biogra- phies themselves are from various hands, among whom are Admiral Sir Edmund R. Freemantle, Admiral Sir R. Vesey Hamilton, Vice-Admiral Sir Frederick G. D. Bedford, Vice-Admiral Philip H. Colomb, and Captain Montagu Burrows, all the contributors being high in the Royal Navy with the exception of the editor himself, who writes of How- ard—“my Lord Howard” of Tennyson’s “Re- venge.” Nothing in the way of original treatment is attempted, and the absence of technicalities is marked. There is always to be noted the perfect comprehension and eager sympathy which adds so much to the value of such collections as this, while the reputation of nineteenth century sailors for writ- ing terse and vigorous English is fully sustained throughout. As a history or romance or both com- bined, the book is worth reading, even by those who know their Southey by heart. The loyalty with which the English stand by their lesser poets is placed in abrupt contrast with the American air of disdainful superiority concerning theirs, by the recent publication, under the editorship of Mr. Alfred Wallis, of “The Poetical Works’’ of the Rev. Robert Stephen Hawker, M.A. (John Lane). Hawker is chiefly known to this generation as the writer of the “Song of the Western Men,” contain- ing the famous stanza, “And have they fix'd the where and when? And shall Trelawney die? Here's twenty thousand Cornish men Will see the reason why l’” which was taken by Macaulay as contemporaneous with the imprisonment of Sir John Trelawney in 1688, and subsequently became the subject of an animated discussion. Contrary to the usual impres- sion that Hawker availed himself of an old refrain, the editor here contends sturdily for the complete originality of the poem, chorus and all. Though none of the poet's verses were included in “The Golden Treasury” of Palgrave, he had a wide pop- ularity in his day and his poems are of great inter- est. During his lifetime, 1803–1875, he published thirteen volumes of verse, many of which passed through more than one edition. Collected works of a minor English poet. It is certainly not for lack of instruc- tion, definite and indefinite, that any woman fails to recognize the niche she was intended to fill. But instructions cannot undo the facts contained in lack of a training so thorough, so well rounded, that a woman, no less than a man, can face any emergency that arises, confident that a living income can be had by the More hints for women. work of hands or head. The growing thought among progressive educators makes manual train- ing, on both the art and the mechanical side, the foundation of all education. In such training the natural bent of the child becomes plainly discern- ible, and this forever ends that familiar condition known as the “square peg in a round hole.” Mrs. Helen Candee Churchill is known as a graceful, and, on the whole, sensible, writer for women, and her little volume “How Women May Earn a Living,” lately issued by the Macmillan Company, is fairly practical, and certainly pleasant reading. Perhaps nothing better could be said to the untrained and rather helpless woman thrown suddenly on her own resources. But the need of such a book in itself emphasizes that other need — the demands for an education that shall develop to its utmost capacity every power latent in the child. When this need is recognized, the day of handbooks for the helpless or half competent will end, and the library shelf, that now holds a series of this order, be cleared for something more in accord with life as it should be, and, as it is dawning upon us, we have power to make it. - A manual A brief manual for the use of those of the British who may desire to acquire an ele- *** mentary idea of the British House of Commons of the present time has been prepared by Sir Richard Temple, whose knowledge of his theme has been derived from his experience as a Member during the eventful decade, 1885 to 1895 (A. Wessels Co.). The author has not attempted to recount the parliamentary history of that period, nor to discuss the merits of its great issue, the Irish Question. His object has been to indicate broadly the ways and character of the House as at that time constituted, as they might have appeared to an im- partial observer. The text is divided into nine chapters, each dealing concisely and clearly with a special phase of the subject. The first is introduc- tory, and describes the personnel of the House of 1885, and of each of the subsequent elections dur- ing the decade treated. Thence, the author pro- ceeds to discuss The House of Commons as a Club, The Precincts and Buildings, Life in Parliament, Manners and Customs, Scenes in the House, Lead- ing Figures, The Irish Nationalist Party, The Lords as Seen by the Commons. American readers will find in Sir Richard Temple's little handbook just the modicum of general information as to the mod- ern House of Commons that everyone ought to have, and it is pleasantly imparted. We Americans have an historical interest in Nova Scotia surpassing that of most of the other British provinces at the north of us. The Thirteen Colo- nies sent into the province in 1760–61 a large emi- gration called the pre-loyalists, and a much larger one of loyalists, at the close of the Revolutionary War. More than any other elements of the popu- lation, perhaps, these two emigrations gave charac- Makers of Mova Scotia. º 1900.] THE DIAL 257 ter to Nova Scotia. At one time it might almost be called a New England colony; thus, in January, 1767, the Americans were 6,913 of the total pop- ulation, which counted 13,394. Sir John G. Bour- inot, the veteran Canadian historian, gives in his “Builders of Nova Scotia” (Toronto: The Copp- Clark Co.) a compendious but luminous and inter- esting view of his subject. To the builders proper, who are treated under the heads, “Origin of the People of Nova Scotia,” and “Establishment of the Great Churches,” Parts I. and II., there is added a third part, which must give especial interest and value to the book in the case of the Nova Scotians. This division of the volume is entitled “Reminiscences of Eminent Nova Scotians for over Forty Years.” One-half of the volume, which em. braces about two hundred pages, is filled with val- uable historical documents. BRIEFER MENTION. “The Soul of Man,” by Dr. Paul Carus, is essen- tially a treatise upon the anatomy and physiology of the brain, although it is supplemented by certain chap- ters of a more strictly psychological character. The work had a well-deserved success when first published, several years ago, and a second edition now appears, this time in paper, as the January number of “The Religion of Science Library.” It comes to us from the Open Court Publishing Co. “Le Morte Darthur” of Sir Thomas Malory forms two volumes in the handsome “Library of English Classics” recently begun by the Macmillan Co. Mr. A. W. Pollard is the editor, and supplies a bibliograph- ical note from which we learn that he has followed the Caxton text as reprinted by Sommer. The editor speaks of various conjectures concerning the personal- ity of Malory, but does not seem to have been acquainted with the evidence adduced by Dr. G. L. Kittredge, which goes far toward settling this long-disputed ques- tion. Huxley’s “Lessons in Elementary Physiology,” pub- lished in various editions, from 1866 to 1885, under the author's supervision, has recently undergone an ex- tensive revision at the hands of Drs. Michael Foster and Sheridan Lea. This revision is the basis of the volume now published by Dr. Frederic S. Lee (Macmillan), who has, however, made such alterations as were needed to fit the work for the use of American students. Two contributions to the rapidly growing library of Omar literature have been upon our table for some weeks. One is the “Ruba'yat of Omar Khayam ” (Lane), translated by Mrs. H. M. Cadell, and prefaced by a memoir of the translator, written by Dr. Garnett. Mrs. Cadell (1844–1884) was a student of Persian, and her hundred and fifty quatrains are close reproductions of the original, although as poetry no one would think of comparing them with the paraphrase of FitzGerald. “One Hundred Quatrains from the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam,” published by the Brothers of the Book, is a translation by Miss Elizabeth Alden Curtis, and is intro- duced by Dr. Richard Burton. We are not informed as to whether the translator has worked from the orig- inal or from other translations. NOTES. The authorized edition of Mr. Kipling's ballad of “The Absent-Minded Beggar” is published by Messrs. Brentano's in a handsomely-printed booklet. “King John” is the latest volume of the charming “Chiswick.” Shakespeare with illustrations by Mr. Byam Shaw, of which the Macmillan Co. are the American publishers. The American copyright of M. Rostand's new play, “L’Aiglon,” has been secured by Mr. R. H. Russell, who will issue the work simultaneously with its publi- cation in England and Paris. A sensible little essay on “How to Tell a Good Pic- ture,” written by Mr. Charles H. Caffin, art critic of “Harper's Weekly,” is published in pamphlet form by Messrs. Curtis & Cameron, of Boston. A second edition of Mr. Edmund G. Gardner's “Dante's Ten Heavens" has just been imported by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons. The work has been revised in numerous minute particulars. The military articles by Mr. Spencer Wilkinson, which have attracted much attention in the columns of the London “Post,” will be issued shortly in book form by Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co., under the title “War and Policy.” M. Henri de Régnier will give four lectures in Chi- cago, April 9–12, under the auspices of the University of Chicago. They will be given alternately at the Art Institute and the University, at 4:30 P.M., and will be free to the public. Contemporary French poetry will be the general theme of the lectures, two of them being special studies of Werlaine and Mallarmé. Two editions of “The Professor,” by Charlotte Brontë, come to us simultaneously. One is the “Ha- worth” edition (Harper), with the customary introduc- tion by Mrs. Humphry Ward, and the attractive illus- trations. This volume contains also the poems of the Bronté sisters, as well as the “Cottage Poems” of their father. The other is the “Thornton” edition (imported by Scribner), containing the titular novel alone, and is without illustrations, save for the frontispiece. The death, March 21, of Henry Cohn, Assistant Pro- fessor of German in Northwestern University, has re- moved one of the most active mediators between German and Anglo-American life, as well as a teacher of re- markable gifts and enthusiasm. He was born in Berlin on February 2, 1847, came to America as a child, and was educated at Columbia College in New York. After graduation he taught German in the School of Mines of the same institution. From 1871 to 1873 he attended the University of Berlin, studying Germanics, orientalia, history, and philosophy. In 1875 he founded a private school of languages in New York; then conducted summer-schools in various parts of the country; and after maintaining a school of languages in Chicago, became connected with Northwestern University in 1893. In addition to the regular duties of his profes- sion, which were performed with remarkable vigor, he founded societies for encouraging general interest in the German language; and from time to time he secured the presence of distinguished German talent in Evans- ton. For a number of years he had charge of the sum- mer school of German at Chautauqua. On March 22 the old and honored house of D. Appleton & Co. passed into the hands of a receiver, the result of the inability of the firm to secure extensions on notes 258 [April 1, THE DIAL falling due on that date. The failure was indirectly precipitated by the recent misfortunes of the Harper house, and was not in any way due to financial losses or bad judgment in business risks. The lenders of money holding paper issued by the Appletons, frightened by the recent revelations at the Harper establishment, were unwilling to grant favors to the publishing house, and the firm promptly laid the situation before its heaviest creditors and decided on the application for a receiver as the best protection for all concerned. The liabilities amount to something over a million dollars, but the assets are large, and of such a character that it is be- lieved all claims will be paid in full. The receiver is Mr. J. Hampden Dougherty, a lawyer of high standing who has had intimate knowledge of the firm's affairs for some years, and he will continue the business until plans for a re-organization can be formulated. The present reverses of the house will cause universal regret and sympathy, and it is to be hoped that a re-organization may soon be accomplished that will put the firm in posi- tion for continuing on a more effective basis than before. TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS. April, 1900. Badajos, Storming of. Stephen Crane. Lippincott. Browning in Asolo. Katherine C. Bronson. Century. Campaign, The Coming Political. H. L. Nelson. Atlantic. Canals from Great Lakes to Sea. Forum. Cape Nome Gold District. Angelo Heilprin. Chemistry, Advance of. F. A. Clarke. Popular Science. Chesterfield, A Comic. John Buchan. Atlantic. Chinese World, Greatest Wonderin. E. R. Scidmore. Century. College Girl and Outside World. Sophia Kirk. Lippincott. College President, Perplexities of a. Atlantic. Commercial Education, Advanced, Need for. Forum. Constitution and the Territories. H. P. Judson. Rev. of Rev. Consular Service of the U. S. G. F. Parker. Atlantic. Egypt, Out-of-the-Way Places in. R. T. Kelly. Century. Egyptian Exploration, Recent. W. M. F. Petrie. Pop Sci. Europe, Things We May Learn from. S. J. Barrows. Forum. Financial Law, The New. Frank A. Wanderlip. Forum. French, The Sculptor. William A. Coffin. Century. Government Telegraph in Great Britain. Success of. Century. Hampton, “Learning by Doing” at. Review of Reviews. Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, The. J. G. Whiteley. Forum. Home Gardening, Hints on. Eben E. Rexford. Lippincott. Japan's New Era. R. van Bergen. Review of Reviews. Kangaroo Rat, The. Ernest Seton-Thompson. Scribner. Kentuckian, The. John G. Speed. Century. Literature as a Profession. Brander Matthews. Forum. Louis XIII, Childhood of. Lucy Crump. Atlantic. Magersfontein. H. J. Whigham. Scribner. Marmosets. Justine Ingersoll. Century. Napoleon, Talks with. Barry E. O'Meara. Century. Naval Needs, Immediate. W. H. Jaques. Forum. Paris, Fashionable. Richard Whiteing. Century. Paris, The Charm of. Ida M. Tarbell. Scribner. Power-Tool, Industrial Revolution of the. Century. Puerto Rican Relief Bill. Albert J. Hopkins. Forum. Rhine-Elbe Canal. J. H. Gore. Review of Reviews. Ruskin, John. W. C. Brownell. Scribner. Russia's Lien on Persia. Truxton Beale. Forum. Science, Superstructure of. W. J. McGee. Forum. Steam Turbine Engine, The. C. A. Parsons. Pop. Science. Steel-Makers of Pittsburg, The Great. Review of Reviews. Trusts, Four Books on. John R. Commons. Rev. of Rev. Trusts, Remedy for Evils of. J. W. Jenks. Rev. of Rev. Tuberculosis Quarantine not Practicable. W. P. Munn. Forum. Valdés, Armando Palacio. Sylvester Baxter. Atlantic. X Rays, Latest Developments with. Popular Science. Yosemite Park, Forests of. John Muir. Atlantic. Pop. Science. LIST OF NEW BOOKS. [The following list, containing 110 titles, includes books received by THE DIAL since its last issue.] BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS. A Memoir of Her Royal Highness, Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck. Based on her private diaries and letters. By C. Kinloch Cooke, B.A. In 2 vols., illus. in photogravure, large 8vo, gilt tops, uncut. Charles Scribner's Sons. $7.50. John Ruskin: A Sketch of his Life, his Work, and his Opinions, with Personal Reminiscences. By M. H. Spiel- mann. Together with a paper on “The Black Arts” by John Ruskin, and a Note on Ruskin by H. S. Morris. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 225. J. B. Lippincott Co. $2. Life and Correspondence of Rufus King: Comprising his Letters, Private and Official, his Public Documents, and his Speeches. Edited by his grandson, Charles R. King, M.D. Vol. VI., 1816–1827 (completing the work). With frontispiece, large 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 729. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $5. net. The Kendals: A Biography. By T. Edgar Pemberton. Illus., 8vo, gilt top, pp. 340. Dodd, Mead & Co. $3. The Sovereign Ladies of Europe. Edited by the Countess A. Won Bothmer. Illus., 8vo, gilt top, pp. 415. J. B. Lip- pincott Co. $4. The First American: His Homes and his Households. By Leila Herbert. Illus., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 140. Harper & Brothers. $2. Alexander the Great: The Merging of East and West in Universal History. By Benjamin Ide. Wheeler. Illus, 12mo, pp. 520. “Heroes of the Nations.” G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50. Reminiscences of Morris Steinert. Compiled and arranged by Jane Marlin. Illus., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 267. . P. Putnam's Sons. $2. Twelve Notable Good Women of the Nineteenth Century. By Rosa Nouchette Carey. With portraits, 12mo, gilt top, pp. 380. E. P. Dutton & Co. $2. Robert Louis Stevenson. By L. Cope Cornford. 12mo, uncut, pp. 201. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.25. Charles Sumner. By Moorfield Storey. 16mo, pp. 466 p - “American Statesmen.” Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25. Charles Francis Adams. By his son, Charles Francis Adams. 16mo, gilt top, pp. 426. “American Statesmen.” Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25. Five Great Oxford Leaders: Keble, Newman, Pusey, Liddon, and Church. By Rev. Aug. B. Donaldson, M.A. 12mo, uncut, pp. 390. acmillan Co. $1.75. Old Friends at Cambridge and Elsewhere. By J. Willis gº; M.A. 12mo, uncut, pp. 397. Macmillan Co. 1.75. George Buchanan. By Robert Wallace; completed by J. Campbell Smith. 12mo, pp. 150. "Famous Scots.” Charles Scribner's Sons. 75 cts. HISTORY. The Northwest under Three Flags, 1635–1796. By Chas. Moore. Illus., 8vo, pp. 402. Harper & Bros. $2.50. A History of the People of the United States from the Revolution to the Civil War. By John Bach McMaster. Vol. W., 1821–1830. With maps, large 8vo, pp. 577. D. Appleton & Co. $2.50 A History of the Spanish-American War of 1898. By Richard H. Titherington. With diagrams, 12mo, pp. 415. D. Appleton & Co. $1.50. A History of Eton College. By Lionel Cust. Illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 318. Charles Scribner's Sons. $150. A History of the Jewish People during the Maccabean and Roman Periods (including New Testament Times). By James Stevenson Riggs, D.D. With maps and chart, 12mo, pp. 320. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.25 net. GENERAL LITERATURE. Dante's Ten Heavens: A Study of the Paradiso. By Edmund G. Gardner, M.A. Second edition, revised; large 8vo, uncut, pp. 351. Charles Scribner's Sons. $3.50. Lamb and Hazlitt: Further Letters and Records Hitherto Unpublished. Edited by William Carew Hazlitt. 12mo, uncut, pp. 161. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.25. Interpretations of Poetry and Religion. By George Santayana. 12mo, pp. 290. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50. 1900.] THE DIAL 259 . Anglo-Saxons and Others. By Aline Gorren. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 158. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50. London Souvenirs. By Charles W. Heckethorn. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 354. A. Wessels Co. $2. The Romantic Triumph. By T. S. Omond, M.A. 12mo, uncut, pp. 408. “Periods of European Literature.” Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50 met. Ruskin and the Religion of Beauty. By R. de la Sizer- anne; trans from the French by the Countess of Galloway. 12mo, gilt top, pp. 302. James Pott & Co. $1.50. Ivory Apes and Peacocks. By “Israfel.” 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 274. A. Wessels Co. $1.75 met. The Christ of Cynewulf: A Poem in Three Parts. Edited by Albert S. Cook. 8vo, pp. 294. Ginn & Co. $1.65. Legends of the Bastille. By Frantz Funck-Brentano; with Introduction by Victorian Sardou; authorized translation by George Maidment. Illus., 8vo, pp. 279. Charles Scrib- ner's Sons. $1.75. The Open Road: A Little Book for Wayfarers. Compiled by E. W. Lucas. 16mo, gilt edges, pp. 312. Henry Holt & Co. $1.50. The Bending of the Bough: A Comedy in Five Acts. By George Moore. 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 192. “Green Tree Library.” H. S. Stone & Co. $1.25. The Father: A Tragedy. By August Strindberg; trans. by N. Erichsen. 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 99. “ Modern Plays.” Charles H. Sergel Co. $1.25 met. NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE. Le Morte Darthur: Sir Thomas Malory's Book of King Arthur and of his Noble Knights of the Round Table. In 2 vols., 8vo, uncut. “Library of English Classics.” Macmillan Co. - The Poetical Works of John Milton. Edited after the original texts by the Rev. H. C. Beeching, M.A. With two collotype-facsimiles of handwriting, 8vo, uncut, pp.554. Oxford University Press, $1.90 net. The Professor. By Charlotte Brontë. With Poems by Charlotte, Emily, Anne, and the Rev. Patrick Brontë, etc. “Haworth '' edition; with Introduction by Mrs. Humph Ward. Illus., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 546. Harper Brothers. $1.75. The Professor. By Charlotte Brontë. “Thornton” edi- tion; with portrait, 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 378. Charles Scribner's Sons. $2. Novels and Stories of Frank R. Stockton, “Shenandoah. ” edition. New vols.: The House of Martha, and Pomona's Travels. With photogravure frontispieces, 8vo, gilt tops, uncut. Chas. Scribner's Sons. (Sold only by subscription.) Works of Shakespeare," Larger Temple” edition. Edited by Israel Gollancz, M.A. Wols. VII. and VIII. Illus. in hotogravure, etc., 12mo, gilt tops, uncut. Macmillan Co. er vol., $1.50. Wagner's Nibelungen Ring. Done into English verse by Reginald Rankin. Vol.I., Rhine Gold and Valkyrie. 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 140. Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.50. Temple Classics. Edited by Israel Gollancz, M.A. New vols.: Defoe's Journal of the Plague. 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Charles Burton Thwing, Ph.D., Knox College. Correspondence with Science Teachers earnestly solicited. Benj. H. Sanborn & Co., Publishers, BOSTON, MASS. THE DIAL % $tmi-ſāonthlg 3ournal of 3Littrarg Criticism, HBigtuggium, amb information. No. 332. APRIL 16, 1900. Vol. XXVIII. º CONTENTS. page HEROINE AND FOIL IN MODERN FICTION. Annie Russell Marble . . . . . . . . . 269 THE WOOD-THRUSH. (Lines.) John Vance Cheney 271 COMMUNICATIONS . . . . . . . 272 Art for Morality's Sake. Wallace Rice. Brinton Memorial Chair in the University of Penn- sylvania. Helen Abbott Michael. “The Troubadours at Home.”—A Word from the Author. Justin H. Smith. AN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY LADY OF CON- SEQUENCE. Sara A. Hubbard . . . . . . 273 A CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN HORTICUL- TURE. John M. Coulter . . . . . . . . 274 SOME INTERESTING STAGE MEMORABILIA. Ingram A. Pyle . . . . . . . . . . .276 AN ENGLISHMAN ON ENGLAND AND THE BOERS. Wallace Rice . . . . . .277 THE LETTERS OF CICERO. W. H. Johnson . 278 MYTH AND FANCY OF ANIMAL AND PLANT. Frederick Starr . . . . . . . . . . . . .279 BIOLOGICAL QUESTIONS OF TO-DAY. Charles A. Kofoid . . . . 280 Shute's A First Book in Organic Evolution.— Hut- ton's Darwinism and Lamarckism.–Scharff's History of the European Fauna. – Evolution by Atrophy in Biology and Sociology. – Biological Lectures at Wood's Holl.–Spencer's The Principles of Biology, Vol. II.-Morris's Man and his Ancestor. — Mac- Dougal's The Nature and Work of Plants. – Miss Morley's The Honey-Makers.-Newman's Bacteria. SOME MUNICIPAL PROBLEMS AND PHENOM- ENA. Charles Zueblin . . . . . . . . . . 285 Weber's The Growth of Cities.—Coler's Municipal Government.— A Municipal Program.–Eaton's The Government of Municipalities. BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS . . . . . . . . . .285 The writers of Young France. — On the road again. — A third volume of Mr. Mifflin's graceful verse.— A book for libraries and bibliophiles.—A fairly im- partial history of our War on Spain. — An album of royalty.— Vivid sketches of London life a century ago.— A scholarly edition of a German masterpiece. —A readable book on Dr. Johnson.— A pleasant ad- dition to Mrs. Latimer's histories. – A record of recent experiences in the Philippines. – Reminis- cences of a piano expert.-Constitutional history in miniature. — A satisfactory biography of Thomas Paine. — Sympathetic sketches of twelve notable good women. r. A religious history of Tennessee.— The autobiography of a popular preacher. - BRIEFER MENTION . . 290 NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 LIST OF NEW BOOKS . . . . . . . . . . . 292 HEROINE AND FOIL IN MODERN FICTION. Among the dramatis personae of earlier novels of character, there are usually four dis- tinct types, the hero and the villain, the heroine and the feminine contrast, often desig- nated by critics as “the foil.” The villain of either sex has largely lost his identity in more recent fiction, — a demise deeply mourned in clever essay by Miss Repplier and Mr. Lang. In current fiction, the hero and villain are sometimes indistinguishable to a casual reader, even when the author intends a subtle moral contrast. The modern villain has become a psychic and ethical study, not a plain criminal; he seems merely one reflex of this unstable and speculative Zeitgeist. We have few sharp contrasts like those of past fiction,-Parson Adams and Blifil, Nicholas Nickleby and Squeers, Captain Dobbin and the Marquis of Steyne, Earnshaw Hindley and Heathcliff. A similar metamorphosis has taken place in the relations of heroine and foil. Perhaps more marked still is the change in the heroine her- self. The “pale-lily” type, the demure, lov- ing, suffering, opinion-shunning girl, has been succeeded by the athletic, efficient woman “with a purpose.” She may incidentally study the mirror, not that she may become a mere joy to her lover's eyes, rather that she may find more potent means of “wielding power.” Clarissa Harlowe, Anne Eliot, Amelia Sedley, bearscant resemblance to their younger heroine-sisters, Diana Warwick, Marcella Boyce, Glory Quayle, and Isabel Carnaby. While the earlier hero- ines were largely of one type, these later women are as diverse and paradoxical as the phases of modern life. They differ radically in person- ality, accomplishments, tenets of faith, but they are all self-reliant, brave, alert women. In earlier Victorian character-novels, the author's ideal woman was in marked contrast to a weak or unwomanly foil. Charlotte Brontë, revealing her own reserve and sub- merged passion in her heroines, Jane Eyre and Lucy Snowe, humbly serving boorish, selfish men, found foils in the type hated by her, the beautiful, vain schemers, Blanche Ingram and Ginevra Fanshawe. Charlotte Brontë's 270 THE DIAL [April 16, heroines had Agatha's lowly aspiration, — “Command was service; humblest service done By willing and deserving souls was glory.” George Eliot, like Charlotte Bronté, reflected not alone her ideals for women but much of her own personality in her heroines. All her great novels contain two antithetical women. Maggie and Lucy, Dinah and Hetty, Romola and Tessa, Dorothea and Rosamond, Gwendo- len and Mirah, they pass two by two in mem- ory ! And these heroines, with their strong intellectual ambitions, their spiritual doubts, their renunciations and their sufferings, are progressive revelations of their creator. The foils from Hetty to Rosamond represent the wo- men of mental or moral weakness. All George Eliot's women had throbbing emotional na- tures: her words on Dorothea have wide applica- tion,-4: All Dorothea's passion was transfused through a mind struggling towards an ideal life; the radiance of her transfigured girlhood fell on the first object that came within its level.” Thackeray kept two distinct index-lists for his women. The immortal Becky Sharp, whose adroitness and wit command our admiration, despite her defective moral sense, was a defiant contrast to Amelia. Becky Sharp had two sisters of milder adventurous trend,-all names begin with B,-Beatrix and Blanche. Bea- trix is a wonderful creature, “whose eyes were fire, whose look was love, whose voice was the sweetest low song”; Blanche Amory, foil in “Pendennis,” was embodiment of sentimen- tality and sham, who declared,—“If I cannot have emotions, I must have the world.” These foils are so much more alluring than their con- trasting heroines, Amelia, Isabel, and Laura. Thackeray chose some apt, correlative epithets for Laura which well describe his heroines as a class, “fair and open, kindly and pious, cheerful, tender, and true.” With all these virtues, how uninteresting they are beside the clever, selfish, slightly wicked foils | Is it a silent comment upon the changing morals of the present that his foils attract us more than his heroines? Is it not rather because his master-touch of delineation is far more skilful and potent in the complex studies of life? Mr. George Meredith, with his long service to literature and his wealth of women-charac- ters, represents both the older and the later types of heroines and foils. “Rhoda Fleming” and “Richard Feverel ” present women of the past; gradually the novelist evolved his chosen heroine, – a woman of intellectual power. Mark his statement, “A woman of intellect is as good as a Greek statue.” Diana, Clara, Cecilia, with their mastering wit and poise and cognizance of state affairs, represent an ex- treme Amazonian type of women, whose coun- terparts are existent to-day in England and America. In “Rhoda Fleming” the antithesis is strongly marked between the perverse, strong Rhoda, and her weaker but more attractive sis- ter, Dahlia. In “Richard Feverel,” the heroine is environed by a group of varied women, the hypochondriac Clare, the boyish Carola, the faddish, strong-minded Lady Judith, the adven- turess Bella, and the immortal Mrs. Berry, with her maxim, “Kissing don't last; cookery do.” Racial traits have been media for contrasts. In earlier fiction Hawthorne thus compared Miriam and Hilda. In the same way Mrs. Ward found a foil for the thoroughly English Dora in the French Elise, though for purposes of testing David Grieve she added a moral inse- curity to the keenness and charm of her foil. Peculiar training and inheritance also afford this novelist careful character-studies, in the intellectual, graceful Laura at Bannisdale and her foil Polly Mason, with her “fringe of hair” and her “crackling lemon-coloured gloves.” George Gissing has given modern fiction some matchless women-characters in his pow- erful realism. In the volume with the apt title, “The Odd Women,” the author has drawn with subtle irony the purposeful, independent Rhoda, propagating the gospel of woman's emancipa- tion, yet, with her “lofty mission,” she is still an erratic, jealous woman. Mary Barfoot is the wise character who says to the misguided heroine,—“Guard yourself, Rhoda. To work for women, one must keep one's womanhood.” In recent American fiction the strongly dis- tinctive girl, with national spirit, has her foil in the woman of foreign education and standards. Thus Mrs. Atherton emphasized her heroine, Lee Tarleton, in “American Wives and English Husbands.” Again, in “Good Americans,” Mrs. Harrison portrays the home-bred, earnest Aga- tha, versus Sybil with foreign focus and customs. American women are of such varied types that they defy any exclusive classification. Some novels and contes content themselves with one or two distinctive portraits, while others are overcrowded with dissimilar characters, yet all possess the distinctive traits of the Ameri- can woman,—alertness, adaptability, ambition, force. Miss Wilkins and her co-workers have depicted the old-time New England woman with a “conscience,” which was sometimes a mis- nomer for obstinacy, and her foil in the weak 1900.] THE DIAL 271 º sentimental “spinster,” with a latent poetic faculty. Miss Pool had a wider range of char- acter than the other New England conteurs ; in “Red-Bridge Neighborhood” she draws a fine contrast between the strong, loyal, wise heroine Olive and her rival, the vain, coquet- tish Isabel Keating. Mr. Howells has as sure a grasp of American womanhood as he has of other phases of national life. Provincial Lydia Blood was his pioneer among the self-reliant, sensible, unpolished American girls who have been given stronger development in Cynthia Whitwell, at “Lion's Head,” and Clementina, the “Ragged Lady.” With coéval progression he has depicted his “Gallery of Nervous Wo- men,” from crude, high-strung Marcia Gay- lord to Louisa Maxwell, whose jealous caprices retarded and complicated “The Story of a Play.” Can we deny that both types are truly representative of modern American women? Mr. Hopkinson Smith has photographed a delightful quartet of American women in “Caleb West.” With characteristic chivalry he has made each a heroine; Mrs. Leroy and Helen Shirley of society life are no more real and individual than simple, kindly “Aunty Bell’’ and pathetic little Betty. The American matron is too strong a type to be passed by in fiction. In “The Story of an Untold Love” she stands in the shadow, Donald's mother, the home-wrecking, ambitious type. Miss Lilian Bell, who has an acute vision of modernity, has made the prominent character in “The Under- side of Things” an American woman of strong yet unlovely nature. A vivid realism and morale commingle with the satire on Mrs. Copeland's nose, a “Code of Public Morals”: “After one critical look at her nose you knew why, when she sent a sick friend a potted plant, she asked her to return the pot, or, if she sent her jelly, she asked her to return the glass.” Of quite dissimilar type is the woman physician, Dr. Isabelle Herrick, made attractive by Mr. Garland in “Rose of Dutcher's Coolly.” Of all American novels presenting vivid contrasts, none surpass Mr. Warner's sequential studies of city-life. The conception of Carmen Eschelle, who, as a girl, was “both entertaining and en- terprising,” and who liked “to drive very near the edge,” with her subtle evil influence in “A Little Journey,” her moral apathy and legal crime in “The Golden House,” and her cul- minating ambition and downfall in “That For- tune,” forms a vivid and forceful character- sermon. In each book she acts as foil to a woman of pure, noble character. She can exert a malign influence upon Margaret in the first story, but she finds resistance in the loyal reliant Edith Delancy of “The Golden House.” Perhaps her best contrast is in the last sequel, in the character of her own pure, steadfast daughter, Evelyn. Mr. Warner is always keen in his satire upon the vacillating tendencies of the “new woman.” In “That Fortune” he finds Celia Howard “a type of the awakened American woman, who does not know exactly what she wants. . . . She . . . is distracted by the many opportunities. She has no soonertaken up one than she sees another that seems better.” In modern fiction the representative women are strong physically as well as mentally. They are not alloyed to “enjoy poor health '' in modern life or current novel. A desire for vital, salutary, health of body and mind char- acterize the woman of to-day, and these quali- ties appear in her fictitious portrait. The marvellous vigor and endurance of Helen Sher- wood, the editor-heroine in “The Gentleman from Indiana,” impart a freshness and charm to a story that lacks many qualities of structure. A recent lecturer divided the modern woman into two categories, –“ the woman who thinks and the woman who feels.” Each class, with restrictions, has furnished material for novel- ists. If Richardson, Dickens, and Thackeray were disposed to apotheosize feeling and cari- cature intellectual cravings, George Eliot, George Meredith, and Mrs. Ward have canon- ized the woman of intellect and purpose versus the sentimental and rhapsodic type. In the evolution of educated womanhood, however, brain and heart must keep apace; the woman who approximates an ideal heroine for a repre- sentative novelist and his clientèle will both “think and feel.” Her foil, seldom now in very sharp antithesis and varied in traits, is the woman who “thinks,” or schemes, to the det- riment of healthy emotions; or, on the other hand, she is the woman who “feels” without the exercise of trained mind and poised judgment. ANNIE RUSSELL MARBLE. THE WOOD-THRUSH. When lilies by the river fill with sun, And banks with clematis are overrun, When winds are weighed with fern-sweet from the hill, And hawks wheel in the noontide hot and still, When thistledowns are silvered, every one, And fly-lamps flicker ere the day is done,— Then through the tree-land and the twilight rings The soul's own song. 'Tis then the wood-thrush sings. John WANCE CHENEY. 272 [April 16, THE DIAL COMMUNICATIONS. ART FOR MORALITY'S SAKE. (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) While insisting that “in the final synthesis, beauty and truth and virtue are one and the same thing,” and that “the 'art's sake' shibboleth appears but a question- begging phrase,” your leading article, “The Artist and the Man,” in the current number of THE DIAL comes perilously near to asserting, in the fashion of the day, that the only art is Art for Morality's sake. This, it would seem, is a more dangerous position than the one which is there sought to be overthrown, i.e., the position of those who hold to “Art for Art's sake.” This latter phrase means different things to different minds. As a cloak for the expression of moral obliquity, it is an abomination. As an excuse for ignoring the canon that the highest art conceals art, it is the plea of artists who are not artists. But as meaning something different from Art for Morality's sake it is not obnox- ious to criticism, in so far as it implies that the one essential thing in a work of art is its artistic quality and not its moral nor intellectual nor spiritual nor emotional nor imaginative nor any other quality taken by itself. In this latter sense it is surely the basis for a sound and proper criticism. Of these two positions, art for mere art's sake is possible, art for mere morality's sake incon- ceivable; and a breadth of view which requires that form and substance, matter and manner, outward sign and inward grace, all be taken into account, is the only true critical position. Yet in the academic criticisms passed upon recent poets it is fairly evident that the idea implied in Art for Morality's sake is gaining ground. To teachers the didactic quality of literary work is necessarily precious, and the professional point of view dominates. A poet who teaches, even though his didactic merit far exceed his poetic merit, is too often given the artistic rank which belong to his betters, i.e., to those who are poets first and teachers afterward. No rational man doubts that the artist who has moral quality in addition to all the other qualities which go to make the true poet, is by so much the greater, any more than one doubts that, other things being equal, the poet whose numbers have the greater intellectual content is the greater poet; but this is quite different from the assumption that writers of verses which charm by their craftsmanship rather than by their moral or intellectual qualities are to be denied the very name of artist. There is no more rea- son why poetry should be statedly moral than that morality should be statedly poetic: beauty and charm and rational amusement have ethical significance, as your article avers. Goethe's dictum, “read the work through the man,” and the various quotations from Ruskin, are less than half a truth, and the complementary, “read the man through his work,” does not make it a whole one. When the art of the man greatly transcends his moral char- acter, no one holds to either or to both. Turner was utterly depraved, even in his art, so that scores of his pictures were given to the flames after his death; but Ruskin could still praise his better work — extrava- gantly. When your article speaks of “giving full ac- ceptance as poetry to the work of men whose character we may not call unblemished,” it admits away the case, even though it says straightway that “it would add distinctly to our satisfaction could we know them to have lived lives in stricter consonance with their ideals.” The need for this justice — charity it is not — may be said to have been proved in such a work as “The Insanity of Genius,” even though its author failed in his main contention. But these things, after all, have to do with history and biography rather than with literary criticism as such, and are useful in settling the status of the dead rather than in adjudging the work of the living. If we hold, as so many do, that literary art is given primarily for instruction, we extol the preacher at the expense of the artist and, in so far, make art difficult. Who goes to the length of giving Mr. Sheldon rank over Mr. Meredith ? Yet there was once a controversy over the comparative merit of Tennyson and Tupper, and there is to-day a pronounced disposition to apotheosize Browning the Teacher at the expense of Browning the Poet, and to deprecate Tennyson the Teacher because he never lost sight of his calling as a Poet. Probably the critical pendulum which had once swung so far toward the position of Art for Art's sake that, as your article says, “it seemed to hold the field against its opponents,” has now gone near the other end of its arc in contending for Art for Morality's sake. WALLACE RICE. Chicago, April 3, 1900. BRINTON MEMORIAL CHAIR IN THE UNIVER- SITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) Scholars the world over are appreciative of the achievements of the late Daniel Garrison Brinton, for he established on a firm basis the branches of learning to which he devoted his life. He is justly named the “Founder of American Anthropology.” A close student of the intricate problems of his science, he possessed the rare art of clearly and con- cisely presenting facts at their true values. He be- lieved in “the general inculcation of the love of truth, scientific, verifiable truth,” and that knowledge should subserve usefulness. A keen observer, a classical scholar, an adept in the methods of logic and philosophy, Dr. Brinton had ever the practical application of truth in view. To the sys- tematic study of man he brought to bear his all-rounded culture to further the happiness and fullness of the in- dividual life. He regarded the individual as the start- ing point and goal of anthropology. Upon individual improvement, he claimed, depended group or racial improvement, social amelioration, and the welfare of humanity. It is proposed in recognition of the great services he rendered to the world by his teachings, numerous pub- lications, and untiring zeal in unearthing the false and proclaiming the true, to establish in his memory a Brinton Chair of American Archaeology and Ethnology in the University of Pennsylvania. This proposition has received the universal commendation and approval of anthropological scholars both in Europe and America. At the Memorial Meeting the plan was favorably mentioned and grateful recognition accorded to Dr. Brinton's unselfish devotion to his chosen life work. Provost Harrison thought that to honor his memory no more worthy tribute could be given than the founda- tion of a Brinton Memorial Chair in the University of Pennsylvania. Professor Putnam, following these re- marks, said that he trusted the suggestion would not be 1900.] THE DIAL 273 dropped but that something tangible would come from Provost Harrison's words. The choice of this place for the seat of the Brinton Memorial seems especially appropriate, since the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania now possesses Dr. Brinton's valuable library, his own gift shortly before his death. The association of Brinton's name with the University from 1886, when the chair of American Archaeology and Linguistics was created for his occupancy, may in this way be made permanent. In order to accomplish the proposed plan, it will be necessary to secure an endow- ment of fifty thousand dollars from individual sources. Patrons of science and others interested in the en- dowment may apply to the Brinton Memorial Commit- tee, 44 Mount Vernon Street, Boston, Mass., where further information is to be obtained if desired. Messrs. Drexel & Co., bankers, Philadelphia, have kindly con- sented to act as treasurers on certain conditions which will be explained to contributors on application to the Brinton Memorial Committee. HELEN ABBOTT MICHAEL. Boston, April 7, 1900. “THE TROUBADOURS AT HOME.”— A WORD FROM THE AUTHOR. (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) Your review of “The Troubadours at Home,” in your issue of March 16, is evidently from a thoughtful and conscientious critic, and I have read it with particular interest, but it contains one inadvertence which it may possibly be worth while to have pointed out. The writer speaks of “the author's failure to achieve all the ends that he proposed to himself.” What this failure is, a previous sentence explains: “The world of the trou- badours has not risen clear, firm, coherent, and substan- tial in our minds. . . . Its parts are left too scattered,” etc. In my preface, page vii., are these words: “No attempt has been made, of course, to present anything like a complete account of the world of the troubadours, — that alone would have required all the space at my disposal.” That the parts are “scattered” follows from a fact explained elsewhere in the preface: while, as the reviewer says, a great deal of material of this kind is introduced, it is a means and not an end; it is employed to make a background for the troubadours, and as these are treated one by one it is naturally divided up among them. Of course I am sorry to be represented in your influ- ential review as failing in an attempt to do something which –for good reasons, as I thought — I deliberately refrained from doing; but I cheerfully recognize that the critic's fault consisted only in being human. JUSTIN H. SMITH. Boston, Mass., April 2, 1900. [The point of the reviewer's objection was not ...that Professor Smith had failed “to present a complete account of the world of the troubadours,” but such an account as would make their world clear, credible, living, and real to the imagination. It seemed to him that Professor Smith had but imperfectly realized the purpose indicated in the words of his preface, “to constitute an environment and an atmosphere for the poets,” and to induce with regard to “the life, the events, the localities, and the personalities” of the time “a sense of actu- ality,” and the reviewer endeavored to suggest an explanation of this lack of success.-EDR. DIAL.] Čbe { º $ochs. AN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY LADY OF CoNSEQUENCE.” " Two volumes of bulky dimensions and aris- tocratic mien are devoted to the records of a rarely favored and happy life. Its chief inci- dent was its smooth and sunny course through the successive periods of childhood, girlhood, mature and declining womanhood. It is a pleasant story for the thought to dwell upon, so bright a contrast does it offer to the usual transcript of mingled joy and sorrow that checker human experience. Lady Stanley seems scarcely to have known the meaning of privation, of denial, of disappointment of any sort. If a shadow did at any time fall athwart her path, it passed so quickly, its effect was so faint and transient, it failed to find a special mention in the details of her voluminous cor- respondence. The knowledge that lives may be thus fair on every side is the communication of value she has to convey to her readers. Maria Josepha Holroyd was born in the ranks of the English nobility. Her father, Lord Sheffield of Sussex, was a man of consid- erable parts and of active influence, as a mem- of Parliament and of the Privy Council, and as a County Magistrate. His pronounced lit- erary tastes and his generous heart secured him the friendship of persons of distinction and culture whom he loved to gather under the hospitable roof of Sheffield Place. The his- torian Gibbon was one of these with whom he was bound by life-long ties of affection. His oldest daughter, Maria, a lively, precocious child, was early brought into a forward place through her own sprightly and attractive qual- ities, and the delicate state of her mother's health, which threw upon her much of the re- sponsibility of entertaining her father's guests. Her first letters preserved in the published collection, written at the age of eleven and twelve, display the ease and confidence of a full-grown woman of her time. She was evi- dently in training as a lady of consequence, with lessons from private masters to perfect her in all desirable feminine arts and accomplish- *THE GIRLHood of MARIA Joseph A Holroyd (Lady Stanley of Alderley). Recorded in Letters of a Hundred Years Ago: From 1776 to 1796. Edited by Jane H. Adeane. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co. THE EARLY MARRIED LIFE of MARIA Joseph A, LADY STANLEY, with Extracts from Sir John Stanley's “Praeterita.” Edited by one of their grandchildren, Jane H. Adeane. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co. 274 [April 16, THE DIAL ments. Her aunt, to whom the greater number of her epistles was addressed, as a privileged mentor urges upon her the following popular sentiment: “Beauty in a woman is of no con- sequence, but a good carriage, a strait shape, and genteel person, mark the well-educated, and seem to me as necessary for a woman of any fashion as to know how to spell.” That Maria had beauty with her other engaging qualities is attested by the portraits taken at different stages of life, which are interspersed among her letters in the volumes before us. The young girl reflected credit upon her family. She was amiable, spirited, and high- bred, although from her aunt's gentle admoni- tions we suspect her of a little more brusqueness and independence in thought and manner than accorded with the standard of polite society. Her time was divided between the town and the country, five months of the year in London and seven months at Sheffield Place. In either residence she enjoyed intimate relations with the representatives of British aristocracy. One summer of her girlhood was spent at Lousanne, to which her family had resorted for the sake of renewed companionship with Mr. Gibbon. Here as elsewhere she was in contact with per- sons of social and literary eminence. With her parents she was entertained at Coppet, the home of the Neckers in their exile from Paris. Of M. Necker she writes: “I never saw anything so broken-hearted as he ap- pears to be. He speaks very little. Papa got a little conversation upon Politiks with him, while we were walking; but he does not join at all in general conver- sation. Madam Necker is very learned, as you know, and talked a great deal with Mr. Gibbon upon subjects of literature. She is rather a fine woman; much painted, and, when she is not painted, very yellow, but upon the whole better looking than I expected. Necker is a very vulgar looking man. . . . Madam de Stael was there; she is uglier than Lady K. Douglas; but so lively and enter- taining that you totally forget in five minutes whether she is handsome or ugly. They seem to be very fond of one another. Madam de Stael is perfectly wild, and must keep up her Papa and Mama's spirits very much.” The young lady seldom bestows as many consecutive sentences upon any person or sub- ject as she has done in the above instance. Her comments are made with a swift touch and go that too often cheats the awakened interest of its due satisfaction. A large part of the period covered by the correspondence was marked by extraordinary unrest throughout Europe owing to the revolution in France and the subsequent domination by Napoleon. The writer makes constant allusions to the disturb- ances on the continent and to the anxieties in England, from which one gains a vivid impres- sion of the prevailing uneasiness of feeling. The letters comprising the first volume ex- tend to the year 1796, when at the age of twenty-five Miss Holroyd exchanged her care- ful life in her father's house for the duties and obligations of wife of the first Lord John Stanley of Alderley. Her new estate brought merely an increase of happiness. The union of the young couple was ideal, and during the fifty years through which it endured the mutual devotion of the wedded pair suffered no dimi- nution. Eleven children were born to them, one of whom passed away in its childhood. Its loss was undoubtedly mourned in the mother's heart, but there is no mention of it in her letters. They continue uninterrupted in their lively ac- count of days of unvarying enjoyment of the good things lavished unstintedly upon her. There seems from them to have been no room in the environment of Lady Stanley for the sorrows of ordinary mortals to creep in. Lord Stanley was given to intellectual pur- suits. Every advantage had been afforded him in youth for education in schools and in foreign travel. He had profited by his privileges, and with a well-stored mind and studious tastes he preferred the life of a quiet country gentleman to the public career his rank and abilities could well have commanded. He lent dignity and weight to his name, yet it remained for Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, Dean of Westminster, the son of his only brother, Edward, Bishop of Nor- wich, to give it an eminence which the wide world recognizes. The opulent volumes of Lady Stanley's Let- ters are enriched by portraits of herself and various members of her family. They were comely personages without exception, their faces beaming with intelligence and the refine- ment which is the heritage of noble birth and gentle breeding. SARA A. HUBBARD. A CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN HORTICULTURE.” The name of Professor Bailey has become a household word among horticulturists as a vig- orous and altogether charming writer upon horticultural subjects. He possesses the happy *CYCLOPEDIA of AMERICAN HoRTICULTURE. Comprising suggestions for cultivation of horticultural plants, descrip- tions of the species of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and orna- mental plants sold in the United States and Canada, together with geographical and biographical sketches. By L. H. Bailey, assisted by Wilhelm Miller, and many expert cultivators and botanists, Illustrated with over 2,000 original engravings. In four volumes. Wol. I. (A–D). New York: The Mac- millan Co. 1900.] . THE DIAL 275 º combination of scientific training, practical ex- perience, and attractive style. His publica- tions have been remarkably numerous, but they have all been “on the way” toward his great Cyclopaedia, the first volume of which has just been issued. In 1881 Henderson’s “Handbook of Plants” was published, in one volume, with a second edition in 1890; and this has been the only cyclopaedic work on horticulture published in America. It has long been in Professor Bai- ley's mind to make a complete record of the status of American horticulture, and its appear- ance at the close of the nineteenth century seems to be particularly appropriate. Now that the first volume is before us, the great wealth of American horticulture comes as a surprise. In American horticultural writings it has been the custom to draw too heavily from the experience of the Old World. Professor Bailey says that this was necessary once, but that now it is time to break away. Accord- ingly, the Cyclopaedia is distinctly American in its flavor, fully setting forth American ex- perience and conditions. As North America is a land of outdoor horticulture, emphasis is laid upon the hardy fruits, trees, shrubs, and herbs, rather than upon the glasshouse and fanciers' plants which occupy the chief atten- tion of most works. The editor aptly says that “the most diffi- cult part of the making of a cyclopedia is to project it. Its scope and point of view must be determined before a stroke of actual work is done. This much done, the remainder is labor rather than difficulty.” The first para- graph of the Preface tersely states the editor's aim : “It is the purpose of this work to make a complete record of the status of North American horticulture as it exists at the close of the nineteenth century. The work discusses the cultivation of fruits, flowers, and garden vegetables, describes all the species which are known to be in the horticultural trade, outlines the hor- ticultural possibilities of the various states, territories, and provinces, presents biographies of those persons not living who have contributed most to the horticul- tural progress of North America, and indicates the leading monographic works relating to the various subjects.” To compile a cyclopaedia by using other standard works involves drudgery, but presents no special difficulties, and results in no special merits. It is hack work, and necessarily in- volves neither expert service nor skill in pre- sentation. In short, it is the dull pigeon-holing of facts more or less trustworthy. Upon open- ing Professor Bailey's Cyclopaedia, however, one is introduced into an atmosphere totally different. It is the atmosphere of expert work, organized by one who is strong and original, and who has a genius for fresh and telling pre- sentation. The work is new from start to fin- ish, both in text and illustrations, and the long list of collaborators represents the most expert assistance. Horticulturists and botanists by the score have responded to the requests of the editor for help, and when the final list of col- laborators is published in the fourth volume it will probably make a roster of the leading hor- ticulturists and botanists of North America. The illustrations, too, deserve special men- tion for the happy combination of scientific and artistic excellence, and it has been one of the rules of the “make-up " that wherever the book opens an engraving will be seen. In this part of the work a dozen artists have been em- ployed in various horticultural centres to draw plants as they grow. Some conception of the details which enter into a cyclopaedia of horticulture may be ob- tained from some of the following items: “More than 10,000 species of plants in cultivation; almost every important species phenomenally variable, sometimes running into thousands of forms; every spe- cies requiring its own soil and treatment, and sometimes even minor varieties differing in these requirements; limitless differences in soils and climates in our great domain, every difference modifying the plants or their requirements; a different ideal in plant-growing and plant-breeding in the mind of every good grower; as many different kinds of experience as there are men; many of these men not facile with the pen, although full of wholesome fact and experience; the species de- scribed in books which deal with the four corners of the earth; very few botanists who have given attention to the domestic flora.” One can make no selections from a work con- taining such a vast amount of miscellaneous material, but perhaps the best idea of it can be obtained by stating what one can find in it. One interested in horticulture can find any group of plants in cultivation, probably a genus. The genus is described in a general way, its essential characters, geographical range, and any notable uses being given. Then follows a synopsis of all the species in cultivation, with keys and brief descriptions, so that one may “run down” and determine any special plant, just as in an ordinary manual. Then full cul- tural notes follow, so that one may discover the best methods of handling his plant. Under the titles of the various states, territories, and provinces, one interested in horticulture finds the best possible information as to the horti- cultural possibilities of any region. In short, 276 THE DIAL ..[April 16, to such an one the Cyclopaedia would seem to be a sine qua non. But the horticulturist is not the only one who has been looking for this great work. Professional botanists have been expecting it eagerly, for it is a mass of most valuable infor- mation, bringing together, as it does, into avail- able and properly edited form, the immense contributions of facts from horticulturists to the whole evolutionary doctrine. It enables the morphologist to know not only the form he is handling, but also what it has been made to do, and what promise there is in it for further re- sults. It is such works that will bring together professional horticulturists and professional botanists. They need each other badly, and such a student as Darwin was wise enough to see that horticulturists and breeders had been for years performing experiments upon a gi- gantic scale bearing upon the theory of descent. The editor has assured us that the second volume is going to be better than the first, not only in typography and cuts, but also in matter. The work was well under way before the organ- ization got down to the real way of doing things. One must write a book first in order to learn how to write it. John M. CoulTER. SOME INTERESTING STAGE MEMORABILIA.” It was Lawrence Barrett who truthfully re- marked: “The sculptor and the architect, the painter and the poet, live in their works which endure after them; the actor's work dies when he dies.” And to those who put into perma- ment form a record of the achievements of his- trionic notabilities who are worthy of our present thoughts and later memories, we owe a debt of gratitude. A rare biography, exe- cuted with remarkable fidelity, is the recent life of the Kendals, by Mr. T. Edgar Pember. ton. Direct, discriminating, and comprehen- sive, the book gives more than a mere personal sketch, in the picture of the times and condi- tions in which their work has been accom- plished. William Hunter Grimston, the son of an artist, was born in London on December 16, 1843. Though educated for the medical pro- fession, he drifted at an early age into theat-. rical life; and in 1861 a hitherto unknown *THE KENDALs: A Biography. By T. Edgar Pemberton, New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. “Mr. Kendall” figured in the bills of the Royal Soho (now the Royalty Theatre) as Louis XIV. in a play called “A Life's Revenge.” The stage was not recognized at that time as one of the artistic professions and it was customary to use an assumed name. Kendal, owing to its resemblance to the famous theatrical name of Kemble, thus owes its existence. Mr. Kendal's advance was slow and gradual. After his con- nection with the famous Haymarket company, the battle was half won; the other half was within imperceptible reach when he joined for- tunes with Miss Margaret Robertson. From then on the course of his career is familiar to all students of the modern drama. He has endeavored throughout his work to elevate the stage and render it subservient to the great interests of society and morality. In the robust, manly, and poetical characters that he has been called upon to play, he has always seemed to portray “Courtliness, and the desire of fame, And love of truth, and all that makes a man.” According to an authority on things theat- rical, the Marylebone Theatre bill for May 20, 1854, was “The Orphan of the Frozen Sea”; and in this “Marie, a child,” was represented by “Miss Robertson.” Mrs. Kendal was then of such tender years that it was not easy, until this bill was adduced in evidence, to convince her at a later day that she had ever made the début at all. Mr. Pemberton traces her career from then on down to “The Elder Miss Blos- som,” that essentially human and sympathetic play in which the Kendals are now appearing in this country. Mr. William Archer voiced a popular sentiment when he said: “If we are to have a Lady Macbeth, a Volumnia, a Con- stance, in the present generation, Mrs. Kendal is the woman. Having been our Mrs. Jordan, why should she not become our Mrs. Siddons?” There are few actresses on the contemporary stage who are so engrossed in their art as Mrs. Kendal. “The true actor,” she says, “consciously or uncon- sciously, carries his art along with him. If I go out to a reception I am at work—often unknown to myself. I see a certain woman is interested in a certain man; is given either joy or grief through him. I watch her expression, I follow the play of nerve and muscle in her face, and thus I learn how the human face reveals the workings of the human soul.” Mr. Kendal, likewise, has ideals, in the dra- matic sense, and lives near to them. He forms his own opinions on what he sees and hears; and when he adopts anything, he adopts it, not because ipse diacit, but because of its intrinsic 1900.] THE DIAL 277 {{ merit. There is more than passing significance in this fact. In criticising any actor, or actress, it is difficult, if not impossible, to separate our impressions of the acting from our impressions of the person who acts. In every other art the finished work of the artist is embodied in a form quite distinct from the producer, and stands or falls by itself. For instance, to en- joy and properly appreciate the Fifth Sym- phony of Beethoven, it is not necessary to in- quire from whence he derived his inspiration — to inquire into the motives which resulted in the finished work. In dramatic art, how- ever, all this is reversed. The actor embodies in his own person, before our eyes, the passions which he undertakes to represent; they cannot be judged apart from him. Hence we have a yearning curiosity, as it were, to peep at his inner life — to learn of the methods pursued by an actor which results in the culmination of his art. Regarding the stage as a career, Mrs. Ken- dal has expressed her opinion totidem verbis, and her views are of more than momentary interest: “I think acting is a most excellent field for young women, but it must be a field, not a pasture. It is not a pasture on which thousands can graze. Instead of having a hundred in the field we have ten thousand, and there is n’t room for them all. Everybody nowadays wants to go upon the stage, and some may have advant- ages in the way of appearance and youth and education, but this particular art is not to be taught. Therefore, they may have good looks, they may have youth, they may have education, and yet have not acting. Acting is a thing that's inside, not outside at all. The modern audience is apt to think that acting consists of outside attributes, but it is not so. Then again, when you can act and have made money, people are apt to call it luck. I have always been called a lucky woman, but I don't think it's all luck. I am vain enough to think that some of it is hard work— very hard work — constant and everlasting work. You must never cease to study. As you get older, you must fill up the wrinkles with intelligence.” The volume contains many valuable views on subjects connected with the stage and on the present condition of the drama—including Mrs. Kendal's much discussed paper on “The Drama,” which was delivered by her at the congress of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science. On the whole, Mr. Pemberton has succeeded in making his book interesting, as well as instructive; it re- veals the author's familiarity with the stage and its history; anecdote has been interspersed, though not too freely, with fact. We find in it little of that convenient omission and ignor- ing of dates which make many theatrical biog- raphies exasperating. There are a few, perhaps, who would have preferred to have had the book written from a more impartial standpoint— by one other than a life-long friend of the Kendals. Had we waited for this, we would have never had an accurate record; even as the present work was nearing completion, Mrs. Kendal grew nervous, declaring that except in the exercise of her art she had never courted publicity. “Write my husband's Life if you desire,” she said, “and only mention me as you would any other actress he has played with. His career should be written, and he does not mind, only ignore me as much as you pos- sibly can I prefer it.” The words are characteristic of the woman — she has invested her genius with greater love- liness by throwing over it the graceful mantle of humility. INGRAM. A. PYLE. * AN ENGLISHMAN ON ENGLAND AND THE BOERS.* The condemnation of England's course in the war with the two Republics comes with the most force from precisely that element in the United Kingdom which corresponds to the opponents of an imperialistic policy in the United States, and every Englishman who has expressed his open regret at the attempt to array America among “the sly freebooters of the Earth,” is also outspoken in his denuncia- tion of England's course in the Transvaal. It seems to be true, also, that ignorance in both countries is the best support of imperialism, and the imperialistic press and censorship in England have adopted identically the same policy respecting South Africa that was adopted before them by the imperialistic press and cen- sorship of the United States respecting the Philippines: with rare exceptions, our cousins across the sea are following our vicious exam- ple to the letter. It is undoubtedly true that the average British subject in Hong Kong knows more about the Philippine war than any American not connected with Mr. McKinley's govern- ment, just as every American knows more about the South African war than any Englishman not connected with Mr. Chamberlain's govern- ment; and the few exceptions only prove the universality of the rule. One of these excep- tions, in England, is Mr. John Atkinson *THE WAR INSouTH AFRICA: Its Causes and Effects. By J. A. Hobson. New York: The Macmillan Co. 278 THE DIAL [April 16, Hobson, M.A.Oxon., the well-known university extension lecturer and economist, and the au- thor of various books of moment. Mr. Hobson spent the summer and autumn of last year in South Africa for the purpose of familiarizing himself with the situation, and now sets forth, in “The War in South Africa,” all that he could learn from both sides at first hand and by persistent and intelligent inquiry among all classes of people in the British colonies and the two Republics. The result is a calm, dispas- sionate marshalling of facts which gives the lie to every contention of the British Jingo, while it leaves a clear and striking impression of the many faults and weaknesses of the Transvaal under Mr. Krueger. The American public is too familiar with the various contentions to require their exposition here in any detail; but it is well to say that no facts can be found to support the post bellum theory of the British Tory that there was ever any reason to fear an attempt on the part of the Dutch in any part of South Africa, whether Republicans or colonists, to wrest control from Great Britain of the government there; and that the wild stories of wholesale corruption in Pretoria rest upon no assured basis of truth whatever, the merest rumor and slightest infer- ence being taken for facts to bolster up a wicked cause. And not merely wicked, but foolish; for the concluding chapters of this interesting and thoroughgoing volume are devoted to an inquiry into the policy which Mr. Chamberlain and his fellow-imperialists must pursue after the present open hostilities have ceased. Mr. Hobson believes there will be a long period of guerilla warfare, and that the taking of Pre- toria will no more bring peace than the taking of Bloomfontein — “it is doubtful,” he says, “if we can spare the strength which will be needed for keeping the Boers of the Republics as a subject race.” But, even assuming a firm settlement, what then? “It will evidently work out in one of two ways,” re- plies Mr. Hobson. “Either the Outlanders will be dominant as a political party, in which case the mining magnates, who have organized this attack, will rule the Transvaal as De Beers rules Kimberley, controlling the Outlander vote by economic force; or, if the old burgher party should remain more numerous, or should detach enough of the non-British Outlanders, then the British, whose flag floats at Pretoria, will find themselves out- voted at the polls, and subjected to the practical control of their enemies, embittered by the memories of the war, and bent on every sort of constitutional reprisal. Such is one of the dilemmas which will be the legacy of this disastrous war: the choice between an oligarchy of financial Jews, and a restoration of Boer domination.” Nor does that end the tale of the woes, like those of the Apocalypse, which are to follow the attempt to substitute catastrophe for evolu- tion and natural law on the part of the gold magnates, aided by Messrs. Rhodes and Cham- berlain. As Gladstone foresaw, as the repeated refusals of Sir A. Milner to convoke the Par- liament of the Cape Colony attest, the alterna- tive in the colonies confessedly British is fraught with equal danger to British prestige: it is government by “military despotism and Downing Street” on one hand, and government by the numerical majority of the Dutch on the other—this latter case requiring that the Dutch be not alienated by the “long protracted period of coèrcion” which is even now frowning in the place of popular government. The outlook, black as it is to British imperialists, is white with hope for lovers of liberty, since British domination, based upon force, must end in South Africa, whether the issue of the present war be successful or not. Mr. Hobson's book is the most important contribution yet made to a most important subject. WALLACE Rice. THE LETTERS OF CICERO.” The text and the chronological order of the correspondence of Cicero have received so much careful study of recent years that a com- plete English translation was as inevitable as desirable. But a good translation, faithful to the thought and tone of the original and in lucid, idiomatic English, was what was wanted; and here inevitability and desirability ceased to keep company. For it must be said that both the English of Mr. Evelyn Shuckburgh's recent translation, and his rendering of the thought, leave much to be desired. From the standpoint of the English, there are two classes of faults frequent enough to invite criticism, an inaccuracy growing out of carelessness or bad training on the one hand, and an overstrained attempt to reproduce the easy familiarity of Cicero's epistolary style on the other. Under the first heading one meets such expressions as “five cohorts . . . having taken up its quarters,” II. 101; “I came to the incident of Sestius, after receiving many wounds in the temple of Castor, having been preserved by the aid of Bestia,” I. 216; “I have not been idle, and am not being idle now,” I. 328; “What was (had) she to do with the *THE LETTERs of Cicero. Translated into English by Evelyn S. Shuckburgh. Volumes I. and II. New York: The Macmillan Co. 1900.] THE DIAL 279 Latin feriae : " I. 10; “as far as can be as yet conjectured,” I, 12–13. “Shall” and “will” are apparently regarded as universally inter- changeable, while “farther” and “farther- more” are used exclusively where any careful writer would employ “further” and “further- more.” And even where one cannot allege specific grounds of offense, it is impossible to forget the words of Horace, “Vitavi denique culpam, Non laudem merui.” Of course it would not do to transfer the easy epistolary Latin of Cicero and his corre- spondents into the English of serious and digni- fied literature, and it may be that the attempt to reproduce the peculiar tone of such Latin in- volves pitfalls beyond the detection of the most wary; but as between overdoing and under- doing the assumed “familiarity” of the letters, the error of conservatism is to be preferred. To illustrate, M. Caelius Rufus writes to Cicero, “ Ecquando tu hominem ineptiorem quam tuum Cn. Pompeium widisti, qui tantas turbas, qui tam nugaa, esset, commorit?” which is rendered, “Did you ever see a more futile person than your friend Pompey, for hav- ing stirred up all this dust, without any stuff in him, after all?” The difficulty with such translation is that it recognizes no distinction between the absence of conscious attention to dignity of expression and the presence of a con- scious preference for “slang.” In the same letter the words “Habeo autem quam multa” have not the slightest trace of anything below the dignity of the most serious and elevated literary art, and yet they are rendered, “And what a lot I have l’” Failures to catch the exact meaning of the Latin are much more numerous than the rec- ognized cases in which ambiguity in the text is admitted. A frequently recurring instance of this is the failure to recognize the so-called epistolary use of the Imperfect, Perfect, and Pluperfect tenses, so common in Cicero's letters and so entirely foreign to English letter-writing. All in all, we can but feel sorry that a trans- lation with so many flaws should have appeared and thus cut off the hope of a thoroughly good rendering for years to come. The ideal trans- lator of these letters should have an unusual mastery of English, and should then let his work go through the hands of experts in some half dozen different phases of the original text before submitting it to the public. As it is, we can only hope that the demand for this translation will be sufficient to justify an early and searching revision. W. H. Johnson. MYTH AND FANCY OF ANIMAL AND PLANT.” Mrs. Bergen's recent “Animal and Plant Lore” is a continuation of her “Current Super- stitions” published in 1896 as No. IV. of the Memoirs of the American Folklore Society. The earlier book was reviewed in THE DIAL at the time of its appearance. As this volume was already planned, beliefs regarding zoölog- ical or botanical objects were omitted from “Current Superstitions.” The matter for both volumes was “collected from the oral tradition of English-speaking folk.” Mrs. Bergen has been engaged for several years upon the present collection, which fairly represents the whole United States. European material (in situ) is intentionally excluded from the main text. The individual items of belief are numbered. The collection includes 1397 such items, of which 1127 are animal lore and the remaining 270 are plant lore. From the animal list we may remove fifty-five numbers which present popular names of animals. These are inter- esting folk-lore, but not direct expressions of belief or superstition. To classify the mass of superstitions remain- ing is a difficult task. Mrs. Bergen recognizes thirteen classes — which a folk-lore student might have been expected to avoid doing ! These classes are: ANIMAL LORE. i. Amulets and Charms. ii. Omens. iii. Weather Signs. iv. Incantations and For- mulae. x. v. Folk-names of Animals. xi. Weather Signs. vi. Folklore of Ectodermal xii. Folk Medicine. Structures. xiii. Various. Some of these classes are subdivided: thus, the discussion of animal weather signs is divided into four subdivisions. Naturally it is difficult to always assign an item to its proper subdivi- sion. Still, it seems that this part of Mrs. Bergen's work might have been more carefully done. It is questionable whether witches are a part of animal lore: admitting them to be so, why is No. 56 inserted under the head of ghosts and witches, and why does it appear in a collection of animal lore? It states—“A man can “spell a gun' so that the gun will not hit anything.” Why is No. 1180 called a divination? It runs “mountain ash, locally known as ‘dogwood,' is used to make tillers of boats “for luck.’” No. 490, “The quail is *ANIMAL AND PLANT LoBE. By Fanny D. Bergen. Memoirs of the American Folklore Society, No. VII. Boston Houghton, Mifflin & Co. vii. Folk Medicine. viii. Warious. PLANT Lore. ix. Amulets, Charms, and Divinations. Omens. 280 THE DIAL [April 16, said to ‘call for rain’” is properly placed among animal weather signs; why is not No. 652 “‘More wet, more wet’ the robin is said to say before rain’” put with it? It is placed among Incantations and Formulae where it surely does not belong. We admit the difficulty in making proper location of these items; but the greater the difficulty, the greater should be the care used. We cannot refrain from mentioning two other examples of similar carelessness. In a classified and numbered list of superstitions there should be no repetitions. Yet there are a considerable number. 502 and 646 are identical; so are 653 with 654 and 495; so are 355 and 676, 390 and 680; other cases might be pointed out. 653 with 654, identical with 495, ought never to have been introduced into this collection of the lore of English-speaking folk. They are in an American Indian lan- guage. Either all such lore should be excluded or a real collection should be made from this astonishingly rich native field. The other point of criticism relates to a lack of system in the numbering. In 215 are given three variants of a common saying in reference to judging a horse offered for sale. They are more unlike than many variants which in other parts of the text are given distinct numbers. A fourth variant of this same saying is thrown into the notes instead of being placed in the text. Why? (Perhaps it came to hand too late for proper incorporation ?) A still worse example of careless numbering is shown in the already objectionable Indian saying. In one place it appears as a simple saying and is given one number — 495 : in another it is divided and two numbers are given it—653, 654. We have appeared far more critical than we feel. The collection is an interesting one; the arrangement of the material is, on the whole, good. A valuable feature of the book is the section of Notes. These notes either give fur- ther information regarding the items in the main body of the text, or present similar be- liefs and superstitions from other — chiefly European lands and languages. Mr. Joseph Bergen in an introduction throws out some hints and suggestions regarding the interest and bearing of the material. We wish that Mrs. Bergen had discussed some of the inter- esting groups of superstitions which she pre- sents: no one is better qualified than she to do so. We may query in closing whether much of what here is labeled superstition is not really true, or was not soformerly. Mr. Bergen himself suggests that there may be truth in some of the weather signs. No. 1127 states a common no- tion regarding the manufacture of ammonia: the idea was amply justified by former methods. No doubt many items of folk-medicine are as serviceable as the recognized remedies of the physician; there may be virtue in more of them than the critical folklorist admits. The use of animal oils in healing was formerly widespread. Mrs. Bergen gives an interesting presentation of this, in numbers 821–836. We were a little surprised to find no reference to the use of human fat in dressing wounds. The Spaniards in the Conquest of Mexico made constant use of the fat of slain Indians for this purpose. It will be strange indeed if Mrs. Bergen does not come upon some evidence that English-speaking folk also believe in its efficacy. FREDERICK STARR. BioLogical, QUESTIONs of To-DAY.” A glance at recent biological literature will sug- gest even to the casual reader something of the range of thought and the variety of topics under discussion in the theories and investigations of the natural sciences in these closing years of the century. Dominant in most of it, and environing all of it, is the idea of organic evolution of whose laws Darwin found the clue less than fifty years ago. The threads of thought contributed by many workers in many fields since the publication of the “Origin of Spe- * A FIRST Book IN ORGANIC Evolution. By D. Kerfoot Shute, A.B., M.D. With illustrations and ten colored plates. Chicago: Open Court Publishing Co. DARwinisM AND LAMARCKIsM OLD AND NEw. Four Lec- tures by F. W. Hutton, F.R.S. With Portrait. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. THE HISTORY OF THE EUROPEAN FAUNA. By R. F. Scharff, Ph.D. With illustrations. New York: Imported by Charles Scribner's Sons, Evolution BY ATRoPHY IN BiologY AND Sociology. By Jean Demoor, Jean Massart, and Emile Wandervelde. Translated by Mrs. Chalmers Mitchell. Illustrated. New York: D. Appleton & Co. BioLogical LECTUREs From THE MARINE BioLogical LABoratoRY, Wood's Holl, MAss. Illustrated. Boston: Ginn & Co. THE PRINCIPLEs of Biology. By Herbert Spencer. Vol. II., Revised and enlarged edition. New York: D. Apple- ton & Co. MAN AND His ANCEstor, A STUDY IN Evolution. By Charles Morris. New York: The Macmillan Co. THE NATURE AND Work of PLANTs. By Daniel Trembly MacDougal, Ph.D. New York: The Macmillan Co. THE Honey-MAKERs. By Margaret Warner Morley. Illustrated by the Author. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. BACTERIA. Especially as they are Related to the Economy of Nature, to Industrial Processes, and to Public Health. By George Newman, M.D. Illustrated. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1900.] THE DIAL 281 cies,” have been woven into a pleasing fabric by Dr. Shute in his “First Book of Organic Evolution.” The author disclaims originality and makes no pre- tense of proving the truth of Evolution—a welcome change. His aim, rather, has been to prepare an elementary introduction to the Development theory which should be “interesting and easily intelligible to the general reader.” In this he has succeeded. Classic illustrations are freely used, though the work is quite up to date in its scope and data. In fresh- ness, simplicity, and comprehensiveness the book leaves little to be desired in an elementary treatise. The discussion of biological phenomena of general interest, such as heredity, is especially complete, and this chapter is to be commended to those who wish a presentation of rival theories now contending for supremacy. An elementary treatment lends itself readily—if indeed it does not demand— dogmatic statement of propositions. On some subjects, as for example mimicry, recognition marks, and regen- eration, conclusions are stated with a positiveness which many would desire to qualify until experi- mental evidence had adequately justified the hy- pothesis. The colored plates made by the color printing process add greatly to the attractiveness and value of the work, and exemplify the applica- bility of this method to scientific illustration. A work with a somewhat similar aim is “Dar- winism and Lamarckism,” by Captain Hutton of New Zealand University, who sets forth the present status of the discussion of the factors of organic evolution in a way “sufficiently clear to be under- stood at the first reading, and sufficiently short to discourage skipping.” In this work the outlook is broader and the treatment less technical and more philosophical than it is in the book just mentioned. The author was one of the earliest advocates of Darwinism, and is still loyal to all the tenets of his master, candidly setting forth the arguments of the Lamarckians and the Neo-Darwinian school only to oppose them and to return to the position of Darwin. The only contribution to the subject which the author brings forward as original is the idea that diversification of primitive pelagic life was occasioned by volcanic disturbances which caused local differences in the chemical constituents of the sea water. The author has succeeded admirably in preparing a well-balanced and logical presentation of Darwin's views in the light of current criticism, and his book easily ranks with the best of recent reviews of the subject for the general reader. The solution of a specific biological problem according to the principles of organic evolution is presented in Dr. R. F. Scharff’s “History of the European Fauna,” recently imported by Scribners as a volume of the “Contemporary Science Series.” The author seeks to analyze the distribution of the existing European fauna, and to indicate the orig- inal sources of its component elements, by a careful examination of the distribution of previous faunas as shown in fossil remains and by correlation of the faunistic chronology with geological changes which conditions the migration of animals. The origin of the fauna of the British Isles is in itself an inter- esting problem and one in which the author is well versed, so that we are not surprised to find this theme prominent in the book. Much of the evi- dence necessarily pertains to the group of verte- brates, the data regarding the distribution of inver- tebrates at present, and especially in the past, being very meagre. These limitations, however, do not deter the author from the attempt to trace the movements of the pre-historic fauna of Europe. The author recognizes an ancient contribution from the Arctic regions, and another from the Siberian steppes; he also traces the invasion from the Orient and from Lusitania, closing his work with a chapter dealing with the various explanations offered for the peculiarities of the Alpine fauna. The influence of biological thought has long been felt in the field of sociology, but owing to the ex- tent of the two sciences, few have attempted to make in detail an extended comparison of the opera- tion of the laws of organic evolution in the two fields. Various approaches have been made, it is true, but usually from the one side or the other. Under the stimulus of the Brussels Institute of Sociology, three specialists—MM. Jean Demoor, Jean Massart, and Emile Wandervelde—representing the sciences of zoölogy, botany, and sociology, have severally and jointly endeavored to trace and to illustrate the part that atrophy plays in the evolution of plant and ani- mal life and in the development of social institutions. By this coördination and combination of research, the authors hope to avoid the exaggerations which have led critics to declare the bankruptcy of bio- logical sociology. The work has been translated in a felicitous style by Mrs. Chalmers Mitchell, and constitutes the seventy-ninth volume of the “Inter- national Scientific Series.” The authors content themselves with outlining the conception of society as an organism, developing no argument in the de- fense of this view, stating briefly the objections which may be raised to the rigid comparison of the operation of the laws of evolution in an organic aggregate bound together by the ties of physiolog- ical continuity and physical heredity, with the oper- ation of these laws in a social aggregate bound together principally by the bonds of mental relations and social heredity. Throughout the discussion the terms degeneration and atrophy are used in their broadest sense, and include some processes and some illustrations which lend themselves equally, if not preferably, to other categories. Granting that their comparisons can at the best give but analogies—at least in the biological sense — the authors proceed to the discussion of the universality of retrogressive processes in all modifications of organs and institu- tions. They show that degenerative evolution fol- lows no definite path and does not retrace the steps of progress to the primitive condition; that an atrophied organ or institution never reappears, nor does it reassume its former or a new function; and that degenerative evolution is brought about by a 282 THE DIAL [April 16, limitation of the means of subsistence, the principal agents in biology being the struggle for existence between organs and organisms, while in sociology this is replaced by artificial selection. The work is broad in its conception, moderate in statement, scholarly in execution, and well merits a place in the “International Scientific Series.” No single publication so promptly and adequately reflects the trend and scope of American biological work as does the annual volume of “Lectures” de- livered at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Holl. The topics discussed in these lectures are usually of general interest, and frequently per- tain to the latest conclusions on fundamental prob- lems of natural science. The volume for 1898, for example, opens with a critical discussion of the physical structure of protoplasm, by Professor E. B. Wilson. Other papers follow which deal with the structure of cells, with the differentiation of the various organs of the embryo in the egg, and with the first indications of the planes of symmetry of the adult. The phenomena of cell-life and the problems of embryology do not, however, monopo- lize the work. Dr. Watase writes of “Protoplasmic Contractility and Phosphorescence,” and Professor Morgan of “Some of the Problems of Regenera- tion ” following mutilation and amputation in the lower animals. A statistical study of the “Elim- ination of the Unfit” among the introduced English sparrows at Providence, R.I., by the great storm of Feb. 1, 1898, affords Professor Bumpus the op- portunity to illustrate the action of natural selection. In previous studies he had shown that since intro- duction the English sparrow had developed a range of variation not found under the more vigorous conditions of European competition. His present work demonstrates that “natural selection is most destructive of those birds which have departed most from the ideal type, and its activity raises the gen- eral standard of excellence by favoring those birds which approach the structural ideal.” Other papers deal with pain sensations in the lower animals, with the fossil mammals of North America, and with the contribution to biological thought of Caspar Fried- rich Wolff in the eighteenth century. The closing lecture by Professor C. O. Whitman is a scholarly discussion of “Animal Behavior” in a new and un- conventional method based upon extensive observa- tions upon leeches, mud-puppies, and pigeons. He traces the primary roots of instinct back to the con- stitutional properties of protoplasm, opposes the habit theory of its origin, and regards it as the actual germ of mind. The volume is a fitting ex- ponent of American biological scholarship; and although some of its pages are technical, there is much in it of greatest interest and stimulus to the reader and thinker who would be conversant with the biological thought of the day. At the age of eighty, Mr. Herbert Spencer has brought to a successful conclusion the revision of the second volume of his “Principles of Biology.” The added matter in this volume is less extensive and less important than that made to the first vol- ume. It consists principally of minor changes in the text rendered necessary by the discoveries of recent years and of additions emendatory or ex- planatory of the original. One important chapter on “The Integration of the Organic World” is a generalization from the law of evolution in its most transcendental form which recognizes “something like a growing life of the entire aggregate of organ- isms in addition to the lives of individual organisms —an exchange of services among the parts enhanc- ing the life of the whole.” He proposes the term constitutional units for the ultimate particles of the germ plasm formerly designated as physiological units, but retains unmodified the “stress and strain.” argument for the segmentation of the vertebrate animal, though this view is by no means generally accepted to-day by morphologists. For those who look upon man as the product of evolution, Mr. Charles Morris has prepared in his “Man and his Ancestor” a résumé of the subject “to enable this class of readers to test the quality and sufficiency of their belief.” Another reason given for this compilation of fact and theory, is the fact that nearly thirty years have elapsed since the publication of Darwin’s “Descent of Man” and “Sexual Selection,” and his work is to this extent antiquated. We fear, however, that the general public as well as the scientific world will be sur- prised to learn that Darwin's masterpieces “at best cannot be considered as well suited for general read- ing.” The book affords a convenient summary but it is not complete; for example, the discussion of vestigial organs ignores entirely Wiedersheim's ex- haustive treatise on “The Structure of Man”; nor is it critical in its acceptance of evidence. A con- troversial tone is apparent at times, and its pages abound in didactic and even dogmatic statement of the sheerest speculations; for example, the chapter on “How the Chasm Was Bridged” presents not a figment of evidence, though it contains not a little of the stuff that dreams are made of. The author has woven his fact and fancy together in a very readable book, but we fear that — contrary to his expectations—it will only bring skepticism alike in the ranks of the believers and of the unbelievers. The study of botany in the home, or in the school- room where laboratory facilities are meagre, will be greatly facilitated by the suggestions of Dr. MacDougal's admirable little book, “The Nature and Work of Plants.” It is intended as an intro- duction to the study of plants as active organisms, and treats of their various functions, illustrating them by many simple experiments which anyone can perform. This method of approach is sure to incite and sustain the interest of the pupil, and has high educational value as a practical application of the experimental method to the elementary study of a biological science. “The Honey-Makers,” by Miss Margaret Mor- ley, is written in a popular vein in the style of her previous books on natural history subjects. In > 1900.] THE DIAL 283 simple language she describes the structure of bees, their social organization, and the products of their industry from wax to hydromel. She then takes her readers far afield through the literature of India and the Orient, of Greece and Rome, and of Christian and Mediaeval times, in search of apian myth and fancy, but descends from the slopes of Hymettus to relate the curious customs and be- liefs that have gathered about the apiary, and to report the present status of bee-culture throughout the world. The book is thus not only a contribution to the natural history of the bee, but also a veritable literary compendium of the “little people.” A sixth volume of the “Science Series" treats of “Bacteria,” especially as they are related to the economy of nature, to industrial processes, and to public health. A work of this sort is much needed for popular information upon the scope, methods, and results of bacteriological science. Bacteria are omnipresent. “They occur in our drinking water, in our milk supply, in the air we breathe. They ripen cream and flavour butter. They purify sew- age and remove waste organic products from the land. They are active agents in a dozen industrial fermentations. They assist in the fixation of free nitrogen and they build up assimilable compounds. Their activity assumes innumerable phases and oc- cupies many spheres, more frequently proving them- selves beneficial than injurious. They are both eco- nomic and industrious in the best biological sense of the terms.” The important part which bacteria play in the diagnosis and treatment of disease and in preventive medicine make an intelligent comprehen- sion of their activities imperative in all matters of public and private sanitation. Mr. Newman's dis- cussions of bacteria and disease, of immunity, of antitoxins, and of methods of disinfection, are illum- inating, and are to be commended to all seeking information on these points. Any discussion of bacteria will seem technical to the uninitiated, but all such will find in this book popular treatment and scientific accuracy happily combined. CHARLEs A. Koford. SOME MUNICIPAL PROBLEMS AND PHENOMENA.” Dr. Weber has prepared, in his “The Growth of Cities,” a very valuable compendium for students of urban populations. It is not a readable book except in the latter chapters, but it presents the chief statistical considerations for students of the subject. A very striking picture of the changes *THE GRowth of CITIEs. By Adna Ferrin Weber, Ph.D. New York: The Macmillan Co. MUNICIPAL Gover NMENT. By Bird S. Coler. New York: D. Appleton & Co. A MUNICIPAL PROGRAM, Adopted by the National Muni- cipal League. New York: The Macmillan Co. The Gover NMENT of MUNICIPALITIEs. By Dorman B. Eaton. New York: The Macmillan Co. wrought by the century is given in the contrast be- tween the distribution of the population of the United States in 1790, and of Australia in 1891, with a population numerically about the same. The contemporary United States show an increasing tendency to concentration. It is manifest that this tendency is largely due to modern methods of or- ganization, economic, social, and political: hence the third chapter gives the proper place to indus- trial activity as the chief cause of the concentration of the population. His study of vital statistics in cities presents the difficulties due to modern urban life, but gives a rather hopeful outlook for the future, due largely to transportation facilities, and the growth of suburban life. The book forms a very valuable scientific treatise. The Comptroller of New York has written an instructive little volume out of the wealth of his experience in the metropolis, “Municipal Govern- ment.” Unless one has followed his career, the natural inquiry is, “Can anything good come out of Nazareth?” To have pointed criticisms and valuable constructive suggestions from a Tammany official is a novelty, but then Mr. Coler is himself a rara avis. It would be interesting, if space per- mitted, to apply the higher criticism to this volume. The author is so remarkably emancipated himself, and yet bears marks of his association. He says: “There are too many departments, too many bureaus, and too many officers. Authority should be centralized, responsibility fixed beyond possibility of evasion, details of administration simplified, and the machinery of gov- ernment reduced to the smallest scale consistent with perfect operation. No matter what division may be made of the duties and powers of municipal adminis- tration, local government really reaches the people through four channels—police, sanitation, public edu- cation, and taxation.” This simplification of government does not, how- ever, restrict municipal functions to the four chan- nels mentioned, as Mr. Color himself recognizes when he comes to speak of new problems. The chief value of the book is in its criticism of the Greater New York Charter, which Mr. Coler says has been proven by practical experience to possess the weaknesses pointed out by the political scien- tists. “The bicameral Municipal Assembly, created by the charter, should be abolished. . . . The repeal of the chapter of the charter that created borough presidents will save to the tax-payers $51,300 a year, without in the slightest degree disturbing the general plan of gov- ernment. . . . Another experiment in the charter, the Board of Public Improvements, should be either abol- ished or modified. “There are four Police Commissioners and one Fire Commissioner, one Commissioner of Highways, and three Commissioners of Docks and Ferries. Eleven or twelve commissioners at $5,000 a year could be dis- pensed with at once without detriment to the public service.” Mr. Coler shows himself handicapped by his polit- ical experience when he urges an increase of the 284 THE DIAL [April 16, power of the mayor, and the enlargement of the powers of the Board of Estimate, until — “It became a semi-legislative body. It should have power under the charter, by a unanimous vote of all its members, to build bridges, sell franchises, open new parks, construct public buildings, make and enforce through the proper department any regulation neces- sary for the public welfare.” This he seems to propose without regard to the functions of the council. Evidently it is necessary to insure the responsibility, but the Board of Esti- mate is certainly as superfluous as Mr. Coler indi- cates are the commissioners. He makes a very valuable plea, in discussing practical matters, for the amending of the State Constitution to provide that the city's bonded indebtedness shall disregard investments which permit of pecuniary returns. Among the great possibilities of such increased lat- itude for municipal activity, would be the develop- ment of a great dock system, and the construction of tunnels, which, Mr. Coler admirably argues, are cheaper and superior to bridges. His chapter on the relative cost and value of bridges and tun- nels could be studied with profit by the officials of every great municipality. In the final chapter on political machines, Mr. Coler quite fearlessly attacks the “boss.” For this the remedy lies in getting the people to vote at primary elections. “If nominations were inade by the people direct there would be no bosses, and every corrupt machine would be wrecked at the first election. A primary law that would enable the people to nominate all candidates for office would, I believe, cause all good citizens to take some interest in politics.” His bondage to his old associations is emphasized in this chapter, and makes an unhappy anti-climax to his many admirable proposals, his final word being, “When all the people vote at party primaries, when nominations are made by the rank and file of Democrats and Republicans, we shall have better politics and better government.” In spite of this limitation of the author's vision, not many political officials in American cities could be so little blinded by the trees in their view of the forest. The last volume issued by the National Munici- pal League is an elaboration of the Municipal Pro- gram which they have been discussing and complet- ing for over a year. It contains chapters of interest by well-known students of municipal government, and the entire volume is worthy of the attention of the citizen. The crucial points are the simplification of charters, the passage of amendments to the state constitutions when necessary, to secure greater home rule for cities, the regulation of municipal fran- chises and municipal indebtedness, the simplification and unification of public accounting, and finally, as touching the most vital problem of democracy in cities, the place of the council and of the mayor. The charter gives enlarged functions to the council in so far as it curtails the numberless elective offi- cers to be found in American cities to-day, but it also strengthens the hand of the mayor. The chief criticism which may be passed upon the “Municipal Program” may be found in Pro- fessor Eaton's book, “The Government of Munici- palities.” This is the most thorough and constructive book we have had on municipal government. The analysis of municipal evils is excellent; the criti- cisms are nearly always pertinent: the flaws of the book are incidental to the presentation of a thesis which in general will certainly be found to be sus- tained by future experience. It is first contended that there is no generally accepted standard of mu- nicipal government in the United States. There was no provision made by our forefathers, because there was no general charter adopted similar to the Constitution of the States. No doubt one of the greatest weaknesses of American government is the multiplicity of charters, and the immense number of the subjects with which they deal; and this con- fusion causes Professor Eaton to express a satisfac- tion with the federal and state constitutions which seems not quite warranted. One reason for bad municipal government certainly lies in the fact that the American people suppose that government may assume a permanent form, a fallacy largely due to the existing written constitutions. The only func- tion of a constitution is to state the most general principles, which change slowly. A written con- stitution is only a historical document which, by good fortune, may have a permanent value. The system of checks incorporated into the American constitutions is largely responsible for the same system in municipal government, and must be changed with the simplifying of the latter. If sim- plicity is needed in the one, it is needed in the other; the same principles apply to central and local gov- ernment; and hence it seems superfluous for Pro- fessor Eaton to contend, as he does in the note on page 375: “(1) City government deals mainly with business and administration, Congress and legislatures mainly with political principles and party issues; (2) the latter bodies are fit spheres for party action, while the cities are not; (3) the difference between the two spheres of action is so great as to require that city councils should be single chambers, while Congress and legislatures should be bicameral bodies.” Whether his analogies are correct or not, he escapes Mr. Coler's error and banishes national parties ab- solutely from municipal politics. Professor Eaton says (pages 24, 25) — among the causes of bad municipal government the following are given: (1) Individual selfishness; (2) confusion of muni- cipal and other elections; (3) (p. 27) centralized government and the absence of home rule; (4) (p.40) the limited powers of cities at present; (5) (pp. 52, 53) secrecy; (6) (chap. iii.) national party interference. This last is the fundamental evil according to Professor Eaton, which he illustrates with great force in a thorough criticism of Tam- many, carried through three chapters, iv. to vi. The next two chapters include a defense of the Merit System, and a consequent criticism of spoils. Y 1900.] THE DIAL 285 * ment. Chapter ix. shows the great advantage to be derived from free voting and nomination, as illustrated es- pecially by British experience. He supports Mr. Buckalew in the argument that free nomination and voting should be the precursors of proportional representation, and might be accepted by reformers of varying degrees of radicalism, and his sugges- tions are much more valuable than Mr. Coler's re- garding the use of primaries. The most original portion of the book concerns the functions and rela- tions of existing councils and mayors. Professor Eaton says of the council (p. 378): “It is the continuous, stable council, representing the people and public opinion, — and not the mayor repre- senting first one party and then another, which by its constant policy must uphold the just claims of the city against the state and the nation, which must cause the city to maintain an enlightened and consistent attitude toward its own interests and honor, as well as toward the great forces of charity, morality, education, and religion.” The stability of the council is to be maintained by only one-third retiring at each election, and by the addition of appointed aldermen as in British cities. Of the mayor he says: “The theory that a mayor may do as he pleases un- less his party arraigns him, and that he shall be respon- sible to no city authority, but only to the courts, for statutory crimes, or to the governor, is repugnant to all the analogies and conditions of public safety as it is to the fundamental conceptions of republican govern- It could hardly find acceptance among an en- lightened people whose views of city government had not been distorted by habits of thought born of desperate municipal conditions and perverted party conceptions. “The question whether mayors should be allowed a veto power—substantially such as belongs to the presi- dent and governors — is one of importance. In the nature of things, there seems to be no good reason why mayors, as well as presidents and governors, should not have this power. It cannot fairly be said to be a power for obstruction. It is really a power which tends to secure careful deliberation and large majorities. “Nearly all that has been said in favor of giving the mayor the veto power is also applicable in favor of giv- ing him a part of the appointing power as well. It would certainly increase the dignity of his office and make it more inviting to men of large ambition and capacity. “The experience most favorable to conferring the whole appointing power upon the council is mainly that of Great Britain. The councils in British, and largely in other European, cities make both appointments and removals. Apparently, there are no very decisive rea- sons, aside from public opinion, why the same method would not be equally successful in American cities, after good, non-partisan councils have been established.” Those who desire to examine municipal government from the standpoint not of trifling present improve- ments, or even fundamental changes in municipal machinery which are concerned simply with in- creased efficiency, but who look upon the munici- pality as the great training school of democracy, because more intimately identified with the people's interests and nearer to them, can profit by a minute examination of Professor Eaton's admirable volume. These books all bear witness not only to the growth of interest in the municipalities which increase so rapidly in size, and whose problems become increasingly difficult, but also the growing intelli- gence of the municipal students who are sure to find the way for the reconstruction of municipal government, and who are gradually reaching toward the conception that the value of political organiza- tion in this country must be judged not only as a means of satisfying wants, but by its conformity to the standards of democracy. CHARLEs ZUEBLIN. BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. Mr. Vance Thompson’s “French Portraits” (Badger) is an imposing book, but we are inclined to think that no one tinctured even to a slight degree with the love of letters will take it seriously. The au- thor himself clearly does not. His book is on the Writers of Young France, and he presents to us the figures of wonderful leaders of literature, poetry, and such things very much as if they really were great thinkers or writers. But he does not himself think that they are ; indeed he candidly says as much now and then. He is right: with half a dozen exceptions the persons of whom he speaks are not persons of consideration; they are, to use an old- fashioned expression, fumistes, a term which may be rudely translated “grand-stand performers.” Of this Mr. Thompson is well aware. What he does not seem to be aware of is that the book is not representative of French letters to-day. It repre- sents a section of what might once have been so- called. To present Verlaine and Mallarmé, Catulle Mendès and Jean Richepin, even Maurice Barrès and Jean Moréas, as Young France, is a most extra- ordinary libel. Shall we call Manet representative of Young France? Or Pissaro? Or Degas? The fact is that Verlaine is now dead and becoming fashionable, Mallarmé is dead and being forgotten, Catulle Mendès and Jean Richepin are now over fifty, were discredited twenty years ago, and only continue to exist in the minds of those who have come to maturity since that time, while MM. Barrès and Moréas are and always were, as Mr. Thompson indicates, solemn windbags. Why call attention to this matter? Because it seems worth while to say that France nowadays has matters more worthy attention than those presented in this book. What are the ideals presented over and over again by Mr. Thompson? In a number of cases we have what is practically affectation and need not count. But in the other cases we commonly find one of two types. One is called by Mr. Thompson “The Vagrom Man”: the other is (to use Mr. Thompson's euphemism) “the man with red corpuscles.” These two types are not unknown in America: they are The writers of Young France. 286 THE DIAL [April 16, plentifully represented; the first we call tramps, while for the second we have a variety of names none of which need be printed. These types we know well, but in life we do not admire them : is there any reason why we should be attracted to them in literature? There often is reason: Walt Whitman, who had something of the tramp dispo- sition about him, was also dominated by very large and noble ideas; Byron, who is now again rising to influence, although much of a rake, was also pos- sessed by large and noble ideas. In these two men the ideas sweeten the otherwise unlovely trampish- ness or rakishness. Have Mr. Thompson's friends these preservative qualities? Take them all in all with several exceptions, we should say either they have not or he is a bad interpreter. We advise no one to bother with any of them but Verlaine and the Belgians. In French literature to-day you may find one of the purest and gayest intellects of our century, one of the most classic and beautiful poets, a number of sincere and sympathetic observers of life, and the greatest dramatic romanticist since Victor Hugo. We think these are worth crossing the frontier to see; the vagrants and degenerates we may study in any of our own large cities, with the advantage that our specimens lack the gift of speech. Now that the New Year has begun to revive our old desires—and not only old desires, but old habits and re- membrances and never-attained ideals that for six months have lain dormant, now that the snow has gone, we are once more fascinated by the great out- doors. In the month or so yet, before it will be quite nice to spend a day on a country road or a river, or to sit out of an evening and see the twi- light brighten up with stars, or make a fire on the beach and awake from the short summer night to see the dawn over the waters, – in the month be- twixt and between called Spring, one will do well to turn to Mr. E. W. Lucas's collection called “The Open Road” (Holt), “a garland of good or enkind- ling poetry and prose’’ for city-dwellers, as he says, who like to get into the country. It is a very charm- ing book from cover to cover, which means name, binding, end-papers, and letterpress, as well as the collection itself, which is a sort of textbook for the logic of the freedom of the soul. It runs many a good gamut, from a “Farewell to Winter” to “The Reddening Leaf,” from “The Windy Hills” to “Garden and Orchard,” from “Music beneath a Bough" to “A Handful of Philosophy.” It has the voice of many a poet from John Milton to Matthew Arnold, from Herrick to Stevenson, from the well-assured classic to the most late-discovered singer of the Bodley Head. We miss one or two voices which have often been with us in the open, notably those of Mr. Henley on one hand and of Thoreau on another: some things are lacking but all that there is is good. One thing, however, must be noted. The little book is bound in form for the On the road again. pocket, and Mr. Lucas mentions its true function as to be read on the road itself, when one is out doors in the full summer. Probably Mr. Lucas, like many geniuses, does not see clearly the true intent of his labors. We are sure that his book is not rightly to be read when one is out-doors, but when one is within and is looking forward to going out; not when one is actually walking the highway or sitting under the tree, but rather when one is not but wishes that one were; in other words not in full summer but just now. Now it is to be read, when a roof is still comfortable, when a fire is still pleasant, when the grass is still brown and the trees still leafless, when the pleasures of last summer are still the only ma- terial we have for the pleasures of the summer to corne. “Echoes of Greek Idylls” (Hough- ton), Mr. Lloyd Mifflin's third vol- ume of verse, is made up of transla- tions from Bion, Moschus, and Bacchylides, done in the imaginative and graceful manner of his earlier books. Mr. Mifflin is at his best, however, in the few sonnets of his own which he includes, and his own faith in the mastery of that form is shown by his sole use of it here for the rendition of many varieties of verse in the original. Conscien- tious to the point of quoting one of Shelley's son- nets for the sole purpose of disclosing his use of half a line, it is impossible to suppose that the trans- lator could use Mr. Andrew Lang's prose rendering of Bion or Moschus without giving credit; yet the correspondences are many and minute throughout. This may be seen in the fragment to Hesperus. Mr. Mifflin sings (p. 19): “O Hesper, golden light of eve serene, Lamp of the lovely daughter of the foam, Thou sacred jewel of the deep blue dome, Dimmer as much than Cynthia, silver queen, Who sinking slowly, yonder now is seen, - As thou art brighter than all stars that roam The skies! oh, guide me to the shepherd's home The while I lead the revel o'er the green. The moon wanes fast; lend me thy beams divine,” etc. Italicizing the phrases used in common, Mr. Lang's translation reads thus: " Hesperus, golden lamp of the lovely daughter of the foam, dear Hesperus, sacred jewel of the deep blue night, dimmer as much than the moon, as thou art among the stars pre-eminent, hail, friend, and as I lead the revel to the shepherd's hut, in place of the moonlight, lend me thine,” etc. These coincidences are hardly less remarkable throughout Mr. Mifflin's versions. A third volume of Mr. Mifflin's graceful verse. A book Books “are not the honey of the human hive, but only the treasure- cells in which it is stored.” This dictum by Dr. Richard Garnett, late Keeper of Printed Books, British Museum, reminds us that much of his “honey” has hitherto been stored in “treasure-cells” beyond the easy reach of the bees that value it, and really need it for their daily con- sumption. In No. 5 of “The Library Series,” under his general editorship, he has gathered, from a for librarians and bibliophiles. 1900.] THE IXIAL 287 {{ * variety of sources, a collection of his “Essays in Librarianship and Bibliography” (Francis P. Harper). Twenty-five of these fugitive essays are now brought within the covers of a single comely volume of 343 pages, including index. The Essays on Cataloguing and Classification are addressed to specialists, but such papers as The Early Italian Book Market, Book Hunting in the 17th Century, English Paper-Making 18th Century, Preface to Blades' “Enemies of Books,” and the notes on Sir Anthony Panizzi and Henry Stevens, are of more general interest. It must come as a surprise to many to learn that the paper used in fine books printed in England was manufactured on the continent, mainly in Italy, down to the middle of the eighteenth cen- tury, when its importation was interrupted by the war with Spain. The original edition of Middleton's “Life of Cicero,” Dr. Garnett tells us, was printed partly on paper of English make and partly on Italian. In the slight memorial sketch of Henry Stevens, G.M.B. (Green Mountain Boy), Dr. Gar- nett makes a graceful acknowledgment of the British Museum's debt to that remarkable Ameri- can for the general impetus he gave to the collec- tion of the literature on the New World. To librarians everywhere, to bibliographers and spe- cialists, Dr. Garnett's book is invaluable, while the booklover who once makes its acquaintance would not willingly be without it. A fairly meania. No history which has yet appeared history of our of the recent war between the United *** States and Spain has shown one-tenth of the fairness and impartiality which inheres in “A History of the Spanish-American War” (Appleton), by Mr. Richard H. Titherington. This does not signify that his book is free from prejudice or mis- statement by any means, for it is not; but only that he undertook his work with fewer prejudices than were the share of the other historians, and has con- trived better to maintain the judicial frame of mind to the abeyance of his sympathies throughout his long and searching narrative. There is a partial failure to give the Spanish side of the tragedy which overwhelmed the “Maine,” and the plain state- ment of fact should have been made that no Span- ish official has been connected with that calamity by any testimony; it is not made evident that the instructions to Commodore Schley concerning his remaining off Santiago were left for enforcement to his discretion, and that the conduct subsequently characterized as “reprehensible” in this regard had Admiral Sampson's approval at the time, or that the difficulty in coaling off the harbor was due to a stormy sea; but on the other hand there is no at- tempt to unduly glorify Admiral Dewey's victory by attributing great superiority of force to the enemy; there is no attempt to deprive Schley of his just deserts in deeds actually done by him; there is no desire to withhold the facts in respect of Aguinaldo's military alliance with the forces of the United States; and the plain contradiction between Mr. Whitelaw Reid, who says that the twenty mil- lions paid Spain was for improvements in the Phil- ippines, and Messrs. Gray and Day, who state that it was to purchase title, is set forth in detail. Mr. Titherington is therefore to be complimented on his work. “The Sovereign Ladies of Europe” (Lippincott), a showy volume or- nately bound and containing 153 photographic illustrations, may be described as a sort of album of European royalty of to-day, for the spouses and children of the sixteen “sovereign ladies” are included in the pictures. The pictorial ensemble, it must be admitted, is not very striking, few of the subjects being blessed with even a mod- erate share of good looks. The most attractive portraits, perhaps, are the earlier ones of Queen Victoria, notably the one after Hayter, showing Her Majesty as a rather pretty child of eleven gazing amiably at a malevolent looking mackaw which to the fanciful eye might bear some slight resemblance to the intractable Krüger. The Queen of Italy is a distinguished figure; but the less said about Isabella of Spain the better. The portrait of the Emperor of Germany (after a Dublin photograph) is the most pleasing one we have yet seen — not at all like the comically and assertively Teutonic ones, with the amazing moustachios, upon which Paris carica- turists sharpen their wits. “Carmen Sylva” is not, in point of personal appearance, all that the admirer of her poetry could desire. The prettiest group on the list is formed by the three eldest sons of the German Emperor—fine wholesome little fellows, half English, half German, in tennis costume. The portraits are accompanied by a series of brief bio- graphical sketches, edited by the Countess A. von Bothmer, which serve their purpose well and are sensibly written. An album of Royalty. The titles of some of the chapters of Mr. Charles W. Heckethorn’s “Lon- don Souvenirs ” (A. Wessels Co.) will sufficiently indicate the character of the book, but will not give the brightness, the vivacity, and the wealth of comment that make up the charm of the volume. Of the nineteen chapters a few are as follows: “Witty Women and Pretty Women,” “Old London Coffee-Houses,” “Some Famous Old Actors,” “Queer Clubs of Former Days”; and not only these but the others are full of racy anecdote and story, told with such sharpness of detail that the dead days live again; and the court beauties, the wits, the politicians and poets of the coffee- houses, Horace Walpole and Mrs. Montagu, Addi- son and Johnson and Pope, Charles II. and Nell Gwynne, Garrick and Mrs. Siddons, give to the pages the color of the life they lived. The book gives evidence of thorough research and of the easy command of subject and material that research se- cures. The mustiness of old records is not here, but in its stead the grace of old manners, the joy- ousness of living in a time when life was full of the Vitrid sketches of London life a century ago. 288 [April 16, THE DIAL glow of romance, courtly indolence jostling want, beauty and foppishness and polite elegance hobnob- bing with debauchery and intrigue. Everyone who enjoys English literature may have that enjoyment very much enhanced by a reading of the book, so full is it of the life out of which literature has grown; and it will have value for all interested in English history, for its vivid picture of the life of one hundred years age. In mechanical execution the book leaves nothing to be desired. A scholarly Among Goethe's shorter works none edition of a enjoys greater popularity than his *****little epic “Hermann und Doro- thea”: nowhere does he betray to a greater extent the simplicity born of consummate artistic mastery and more knowledge of the humbler phenomena of human life. The poem has consequently for many years been read by fairly advanced students of Ger- man in our colleges. Successfully to edit “Her- mann und Dorothea" is a very charming but not an altogether easy undertaking. Scholarship must com- bine with literary sensitiveness and pedagogic tact to make the commentator's work valuable without being ponderous, accurate without being pedantic. In his new edition of the work, lately issued by the Macmillan Co., Professor James Taft Hatfield is at his best. The lucid Introduction and the careful notes show intimate acquaintance with the work of his predecessors in this field and with the contribu- tions of Goethe-philology to our knowledge and understanding of the idyll. His scholarship and a happy gift of expression enable the editor to inter- pret or elucidate all passages containing difficulties to the student, while his large acquaintance with literature in general often gives him an opportunity to point to striking parallels in other literatures, classical and modern. Special mention should be made of the care bestowed on the text proper. By supplementing Professor Hewett's labors to restore the original text as Goethe wrote it, Professor Hat- field was in a position to offer something far more satisfactory and accurate than any editor before him. One of the most interesting of all book on personalities in English literature Dr. Johnson. was, and is, Dr. Samuel Johnson. Accordingly it is not strange that a society calling itself “The Johnson Club” should have been formed in London for the sole purpose of keeping green the memory of “The Great Cham of Literature.” Equally natural it is, considering the distinguished character of the club membership, that a selection from the papers read at their quarterly meetings during the sixteen years of the organization should now be gathered and published. The “Johnson Club Papers” (Scribner's Importation) gives us fif- teen papers in all, and among the authors are names which ensure good things, – Augustine Birrell, George Birkbeck Hill, A. W. Hutton, George Whale, etc. In these days when not everyone reads Boswell’s “Life” as certainly as our forefathers A readable did, these bright papers will serve a good purpose on such subjects as “Some Johnson Characteris- tics,” Johnson's relations to Music, Politics, Law, Travel, etc. Boswell, too, has his apotheosis at the hands of Dr. George Birkbeck Hill. It is inter- esting to know that this indefatigible student found a finer collection of Johnsonian and Boswellian curiosities in the American city of Buffalo than exists anywhere on the other side of the ocean — that owned by Mr. R. B. Adam. Twenty illustra- tions have been well chosen to give the principal scenes and persons most closely associated with Johnson's life, the whole making a book as hand- some as it is readable. After fairly exhausting the annals of the countries of Europe during the century now slipping to its close, Mrs. Elizabeth Wormeley Latimer has digressed, so to speak, for a moment before adding the crown to her work by a seventh volume bringing the story down to the very close of the cycle. The result of this digression is embodied in “Judea from Cyrus to Titus: 537 B.C.–70 A.D.” (McClurg). With charming frankness the historian tells how she was led to undertake the work, her attention having been attracted to it while translating the fourth and fifth volumes of Renan’s “History of the Jewish People.” “Before I had completed my transla. tion,” Mrs. Latimer goes on to say, “I had become deeply interested in the period of history of which it treats, and also was much surprised to find how very little I had previously known about it. . . . It therefore appeared to me probable that that part of the public, which I love to designate as “my own readers,’ if no better informed than myself, might derive pleasure, as I had done, by being more fully acquainted with a period that had interested me greatly.” Such a book, so prepared, and for such an audience, leaves nothing to be desired. Mrs. Latimer has written in her pleasant and discursive manner, following Renan closely but not servilely, and omitting questions of criticism and doctrine which might have a tendency to take her into deep water. Her chance rediscovery of the deutero- canonical or apochryphal books of the Bible is cause for congratulation. A pleasant addition to Mrs. Latimer's histories. A record of It is to be regretted that a witness recent experiences so anxious to be impartial and so *** observing as Mr. Frank D. Millet shows himself to be in his “Expedition to the Phil- ippines” (Harper) could not have been on the spot to tell the tale of the outbreak of hostilities between the Filipino patriots and the forces under General Otis. Mr. Millet went out with General Merritt on the troop-ship Newport, touching at Honolulu with- out being charmed at the American improvements in the city, from the passing oligarchy of preachers’ sons to Californian barber-shops; was present at the taking of Manila, when the disclosure of the opera bouffé nature of the assault was not made 1900.] THE DIAL 289 & known to the American troops and brought on sev- eral wholly unnecessary fatalities among them; was present at the assembling of the first Filipino Con- gress under the presidency of Aguinaldo, and bears witness to its admirable personnel — all the more valuable because given grudgingly; and, in general, had a valuable experience which abundantly justi- fies his rather large book. Yet Mr. Millet succeeded in bringing back most of the prejudices against men of another speech and color with which he started, making constant correction for the personal equa- tion needful. - The “Reminiscences " of Morris Steinert (Putnam), compiled and ar- ranged by Mrs. Jane Marlin, tell the story of a German with a great fondness for music who came to this country in youth, amassed a com- fortable fortune after many vicissitudes, and found himself able to afford a delightful hobby: the col- lection of such musical instruments as can be re- garded as forerunners of the piano e forte. Mr. Steinert is not unknown through the East for his lectures on these earlier instruments, which were repeated at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago; and his frequent journeys to Europe for the purpose of enriching his collection led to his delivery there of many lectures which added sub- stantially to his reputation. In late years, convinced by his bringing a number of old spinets, hammer- claviers, harpsichords, and clavichords into a condi- tion of musical efficiency that the modern piano largely lacks in the way of sweet and sympathetic tone, Mr. Steinert has himself invented what he calls a “Steinertone,” which carries his ideas into prac- tice. The story is told in the first person, and is of more than ordinary interest. Mr. G. L. Lapsey’s “The County Palatine of Durham ” forms Volume VIII. of the “Harvard Historical Studies” (Longmans.) Mr. Lapsey says: “During the middle ages, and in a restricted sense up to the present century, the county of Durham was with- drawn from the ordinary administration of the kingdom of England and governed by Bishop with almost complete local independence. But the com- munity of Durham had the same local and economic requirements and dangers as the rest of the king- dom; accordingly there developed in the county a group of institutions reproducing all the essential characters of the central government.” These facts, in connection with the further one that Durham had a much longer independent history than either Chester or Lancaster, the other English County Pala- tines, give the subject a singular interest, furnishing an opportunity to study a section of English con- stitutional development under the microscope. “To exhibit the growth of these institutions, their organi- zation, and their relations to the central govern- ment,” is the object of Mr. Lapsey's study, which becomes, as he says, “the constitutional history of an English county.” The study, published from Reminiscences of a piano expert. Constitutional history in mintature. the income of the Torrey Fund, bears evidence of scholarly labor in preparation on every page. More- over, it has an enhanced interest to students of American history from the fact that the County Palatine of Durham was selected by King Charles I. as the type of government that Lord Baltimore was authorized to establish in his colony of Maryland. The admirable aim of the “Beacon Biographies” (Small, Maynard & Co.) to furnish brief, readable, and authentic accounts of the lives of those Americans whose personalities have impressed themselves most deeply on the character and history of their country, is carried out to the full in the volume on Thomas Paine, by Mr. Ellery Sedgwick. With an eager sym- pathy for justice and liberty, such as Paine himself stood for during a long life, the biographer catches the spirit of the time and holds it up for us to see the spirit of the man in revolt within it. The constant desire of the work is to exclude prejudice, and to this end the too partial periods of Dr. Conway are submitted to the same judicious pruning as the scur- rility and slander of Oldys and Cheetham. The summing up, after pages full of vivid writing which leaves little to be desired in point of clarity and picturesqueness, is masterly, showing this revolu- tionary hero and true patriot as one of the master reformers of the ages. Sympathetic The “Twelve Notable Good Women sketches of of the XIXth Century” (Dutton) *** selected for portrayal by Rosa Nou- chette Cary are Queen Victoria, Florence Night- ingale, Elizabeth Fry, Baroness Burdett-Coutts, the Princess of Wales, the Duchess of Teck, Agnes Weston, Grace Darling, the Princess Alice, Lady Henry Somerset, and Frances Ridley Havergal. To the American eye Miss Cary’s “hand” shows a somewhat over-liberal allowance of court cards; but her heroines, from Queen to light-house keeper's daughter, are all “good women” certainly, and notable enough to deserve portrayal. The stories are simply and sympathetically told, and with a pervading strain of pious sentiment that is evidently genuine and unforced. Some interesting biographic details are given, and the author's occasional lapses of style are largely atoned for by her earnestness and abounding sincerity. The book is prettily made, and the portraits are acceptable. A satisfactory biography of Thomas Paine. In spite of the fact therein recorded, that much valuable historical mate- rial has been heedlessly scattered and lost, the Rev. Arthur Howard Noll has given us an interesting and inclusive book, in his recent “His- tory of the Church in the Diocese of Tennessee” (James Pott & Co.). The plan of the book includes a brief account of the civil story of that common- wealth, and the beginnings of the Anglican Church there in colonial times. From that it passes slowly down to the present, weaving into a detailed account of the doings of the Church and its devotees enough A religious history of Tennessee. 290 THE TOIAL [April 16, of the annals of the other Christian denominations of the region to entitle it to be called a religious history of the State. The book shows the eru- dition and scholarship which is to be expected from the official historiographer of such a com- munion, and is a specimen of book-making much to be commended. The autobiography The Rev. Joseph Parker, D.D., has of a popular written “A Preacher's Life: An preacher. Autobiography” (Crowell), which is very excellent reading—for those who sympathize with Dr. Parker's religious views as a matter of course, and for all the rest of the world because it discloses a powerful individuality and considerable talent brought in contact with many of the best known English statesmen. Yet the book could not be so readable if it were not informed with a sense of humor throughout, which explains, one imagines, one of the secrets of this most popular preacher's success. There is a chapter on “Mad Folks Mainly,” which is delightful in respect of its anecdotes. The “Group of Recollections” near the close of the book is also filled with good things to remember. BRIEFER MENTION. Dr. Henry Sweet has done many services to the sci- ence of linguistics, and the last of them is by no means the least. It takes the form of a treatise on “The Practical Study of Languages” (Holt), being a guide for both the teacher and the taught, although the lat- ter, unless he be an exceptionally mature and scholarly person, will not find the work as useful as the former. What Dr. Sweet gives us is a philosophical study of method in the matter of teaching foreign languages, ancient and modern, Occidental and Oriental. He stands firmly for phonetics as the indispensable foun- dation of linguistic study, but otherwise is rather con- servative than radical in his recommendations. His book is of great value to teachers, and to many other persons. Messrs. J. M. Dent & Co. in London, and Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co. in New York, have begun the pub- lication of a series of biographies called “The Master Musicians,” and edited by Mr. Frederick J. Crowest. A volume on “Wagner,” by Mr. Charles A. Lidgey, is the first of the series, and turns out to be a readable story, with several illustrations, and the more important bibliographical and chronological data in convenient tabulation. As criticism, it offers no matter of any consequence, but as a popular account of Wagner's life and works, is not without merit. “Some Account of the Capture of the Ship “Aurora” (A. Wessels Co.) is the title selected for the first pub- lication of a manuscript left by Philip Freneau, the poet of the American Revolution, who was a passenger on the ship at the time it fell in with the British frigate Iris. The account is picturesque, though it shows no sign of the poetical talent that undoubtedly was the author's, and its value is greatly enhanced by the nu- merous illustrations, and by the admirable introductory memoir prepared by Mr. Jay Milles. The book is handsomely printed. From the complexity of the Chinese alphabet, instruc- tion in reading and writing covers a period of from six to twelve years. The Rev. W. H. Murray, principal of a school for the blind at Peking, has put into actual 'service the Braille system for teaching the blind to read, based on the 408 sounds of the Mandarin Chinese, the language spoken by four-fifths of the 300,000,000 in- habitants of the Chinese Empire. He found that with this system the blind could be taught to read in about six weeks. It then followed that illiterate sighted per- sons also could be instructed with equal facility, and it has become a matter of popular education. The details regarding the development of this application of work for the blind to the education of the sighted are told in a very interesting manner in a book by Miss C. F. Gorden-Cumming, recently published in London, enti- tled “The Inventor of the Numeral Type for China.” Miss Isa Bowman, the popular London actress, has written, for the special use of young readers, a loving and appreciative little sketch of the author of “Alice in Wonderland,” entitled “The Story of Lewis Car- roll” (Dutton). As a child Miss Bowman acted the part of “Alice” when a dramatization of the story was performed at the Globe Theatre; and she was one of Mr. Dodgson's prime favorites—one of the “little girl friends” whose companionship he loved, and for whose amusement he invented the whimsical tales that little folks all over the world now read. The booklet is pret- tily gotten up and contains some interesting portraits and facsimiles. “Wagner's Nibelungen Ring Done into English Verse” by Mr. Reginald Rankin (Longmans) is not, as the title would seem to indicate, a translation of Wag- ner's text, but rather a narrative poem in which the author has used the dialogue as far as was convenient, but for which he has supplied connective description of his own. It is in blank verse, and reads prettily enough, although it takes more enthusiasm than is at our command to think of Wagner's poem “as an epic surpassed only by the “Odyssey.’” The volume now published contains only half of the work as planned, for it ends with the parting of Wotan from Brünhilde at the close of “Die Walküre.” Young readers especially will derive profit and pleas- ure from Violet Brooke-Hunt's clearly written and carefully compiled historical sketches entitled “Pris- oners of the Tower of London” (Dutton), being a series of accounts of the more notable captives who, from the earliest days down to the period of the Cato street attempt, have been confined within the walls of the old state prison. The opening chapter tells briefly the story of the Tower itself and its builders. The author writes simply and directly, and has evi- dently taken due pains to prepare herself for the task. The volume is plentifully supplied with views and portraits. Recent German text-books include the following pub- lications: Volume II. of Dr. Max Poll's “Materials for German Prose Composition ” (Holt); a volume of selections from Schiller's “Thirty Years' War” (Holt), edited by Dr. Arthur H. Palmer; Herr Ger- hart Hauptmann's “Die Versunkene Glocke” (Holt), edited by Mr. Thomas Stockham Baker; “Sommer- märchen,” by Herr Rudolf Baumbach (Holt), edited by Mr. Edward Meyer; “Sigwalt und Sigridh” (Heath), by Herr Felix Dahn, edited by Dr. F. G. G. Schmidt; and “Kleider Machen Leute” (Heath), by Gottfried Keller, edited by Mr. M. B. Lambert. 1900.] THE DIAL 291 NOTES. Messrs. B. H. Sanborn & Co. publish “An Element- ary Physics for Secondary Schools,” by Dr. Charles Burton Thwing. “Stories of the Great Astronomers,” by Dr. Edward S. Holden, is a reading-book for children published by Messrs. D. Appleton & Co. “Pomona's Travels” and “The House of Martha" have just been added by the Messrs. Scribner to their new library edition of Stockton's works. The Macmillan Co. now reissue Professor W. H. Goodyear's popular book, first written for Chautauqua uses, upon “Renaissance and Modern Art.” “The Messages of Paul” (Scribner), by Dr. George Barker Stevens, is the latest volume in the series of handbooks entitled “The Messages of the Bible.” “Doce Cuentos Escogidos,” by the best of modern Spanish story-tellers, is a recent language text edited by Dr. C. Fontaine, and published by W. R. Jenkins. Ex-President Cleveland's notable addresses on the “Independence of the Executive” at Princeton, April 9 and 10, will appear in the June and July “Atlantic.” “A Short History of Monks and Monasteries,” by Mr. Alfred Wesley Wishart, is announced for early publication by Mr. Alfred Brandt, of Trenton, N. J. Mr. W. B. Powell and Miss Louise Connolly are the joint authors of “A Rational Grammar of the English Language,” one of the more recent publications of the American Book Co. “Critical Confessions,” by Mr. Neal Brown, is a vol- ume published by the Philosopher Press, Wausau, Wis- consin. The contents are essays, eight in number, mostly upon literary subjects. “Lessons in Botany,” by Professor George F. Atkin- son, and “Outlines of Plant Life,” by Professor Charles R. Barnes, are two text-books of the modern type re- PICKING UP SCARCE BOOKS -3 A SPECIALTY. : Private and Public Libraries > supplied. Ú/2 AMERICAN PREss co., Baltimore, Md. | -- - - - - - - DIAL . . . A semi-fiantbig 3ournal of Literary Criticism, Biscussian, and Enformation. THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of each month, TERMs or SUBscRIPTION, 82.00 a year in advance, postage prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the current number. REMITTANCEs should be by draft, or by express or postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATEs to CLUBs and for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application; and SAMPLE Cory on receipt of 10 cents. AdvKRTISING RATEs furnished on application. All communications should be addressed to - THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago. — No. 33s. MAY 1, 1900. Vol. xxviii. CoNTENTs. ‘’ - Pagº THE DIAL, 1880–1900 . . . . . . . . . . ... 327 3 Cºntntg gears' 3&ctrospect. TRANSATLANTIC LITERATURE. William Morton Payne . . . . . - - - - . 329 AMERICAN LITERATURE. William P. Trent . . . 334 AMERICAN = PUBLISHING AND PUBLISHERS. Francis F. Browne . AMERICAN BOOKSELLING AND BOOKSEL- LERS. John H. Dingman . 344 AMERICAN LIBRARIES. William H. Brett . . 346 AMERICAN PERIODICALS. Henry Loomis Nelson 349 AMERICAN EDUCATION. B. A. Hinsdale . . 352 TRIBUTES FROM OUR FRIENDS . . . . . . - James Lane Allen. Chas. F. Lummis. ' ' Hon. Rasmus B.Anderson. Hamilton W. Mabie. John Kendrick Bangs. Edwin Markham. Katharine Lee Bates. Donald G. Mitchell. Sir John G. Bourinot. S. Weir Mitchell. a George P. Brett. Charles Leonard Moore. John Burroughs. Harrison S. Morris. Prof. Richard Burton. Henry Loomis Nelson. Prof. Nicholas M. Butler. Prof. C. E. Norton. . .357 George W. Cable. Alfred Nutt. Rev. Robert Collyer. Bliss Perry. Prof. A. S. Cook. Geo. Haven Putnam. Alice Morse Earle, Dr. W. J. Rolfe. William Elliot Griffis. Horace E. Scudder. Edward Everett Hale, Dr. Albert Shaw. Edmund C. Stedman. Frank R. Stockton, Chas. Warren Stoddard. Prof. E. E. Hale, Jr.' Pres. William H. Harper. Dr. William T. Harris. D. C. Heath. Prof. Moses Coit Tyler. T. W. Higginson. T. Fisher Unwin, Ripley Hitchcock. Henry van Dyke. Henry Holt. ... Prof. J.C. Van Dyke. | Sir Henry Irving. Pres. David S. Jordan. Andrew Lang. -- A DHRECTORY OF THE AMERICAN PUBLISH- º: ING TRADE MAY.1, -1900 a... . . . . . . . . . 362. Charles Dudley Warner. ** Prof. Barrett Wendell. . . | other occasions. . 340. | than twelve years. . . THE DIAL, 1880–1900. With the publication of the present number, THE DIAL celebrates its twentieth anniversary. We trust that the interest in this fact which is felt by editors and publishers will be shared by our readers also, and that the present anniver- sary issue, departing as to its contents from jour usual custom, will prove an acceptable sub- !stitute for what we offer our readers upon We have thought it permis- |sible, for once, to pretermit the publication of : any critical notices of new books, and to pre- : pare instead a series of articles dealing with , the developments in literature and those other : aspects of culture, which constitute our prov- ince, that have taken place during the twenty years of our existence. With the exception of the first article, which sketches the more | salient features of transatlantic literary de- ; velopment during the period in question, the : contents of this issue deal with American ; subjects, with the various activities concerned in the production and distribution of books in this country, and with our recent educa- itional progress... We trust also that the kind words which we have received upon this oc- casion from so many quarters, and which it gives us so much satisfaction to print, will not be without interest to the wide circle of ! our friends. | THE DIAL is not in the habit of speaking about itself, but we may perhaps be: indulged upon the present occasion to the extent of a few words as to the external history of our twenty years of publication. THE DIAL was founded May 1, 1880, by Mr. Francis F. Browne, in connection with the publishing house of Jansen, McClurg & Co., bearing the imprint of that firm. Under these auspices, it i made a monthly appearance for a little more In the summer of 1892, : Mr. Browne purchased the periodical from its | previous owners, and THE DIAL COMPANY was | organized as a corporation under the Illinois | statute. Mr. William Morton Payne and Mr. | Edward: Gilpin Johnson, both of whom had ; been frequent contributors to THE DIAL for i many years, became formally associated with 328 [May 1, THE DIAL Mr. Browne in the editorship, while Mr. F. G. Browne, who had been in charge of the busi- ness interests of the paper since 1888, was appointed as the business manager. It was decided to make THE DIAL a semi-monthly publication, with a slight advance in the rate of subscription. The first number of the new semi-monthly issue was dated September 1, 1892, and from that date until the present, THE DIAL has appeared regularly upon the first and the sixteenth day of each month. As twelve numbers constitute a volume, the thir- teenth volume was made up of the four num- bers from May to August, 1892, inclusive, and the eight numbers from September 1 to Decem- ber 16, inclusive, of that year. Since then the volumes have been semi-annual, completed in June and December of each year. In conse- quence of these facts, THE DIAL is now in its twenty-eighth volume, and the present issue of the paper is numbered three hundred and thirty-three. The changes made in 1892 included, besides the increased frequency of publication, a con- siderable enlargement in the scope of THE DIAL, and an increased diversification of its contents. Previously, it had confined itself somewhat rigidly to the reviewing of new works; it now added such features as the regular lead- ing editorial, the occasional essay upon some literary or educational subject, the department of “Communications” which has proved so interesting, and the amplified miscellany. These new features added noticeably to its in- fluence, and evidence of the satisfaction which they occasioned was found in many expressions of personal opinion, as well as in the rapidly increasing list of subscriptions. THE DIAL has had four homes during the twenty years of its existence; its editorial and business offices and its composing-rooms are now conveniently and commodiously provided for in the Fine Arts Building, which shelters under a single roof so large a proportion of the literary, educational, and cultural interests of Chicago. These are the chief circumstances that concern our exter- nal history; we wish particularly to call atten- tion to the fact that the editorial conduct and the business management of THE DIAL have remained practically in the same hands during the whole term of our existence, thus making possible a continuity of policy and unity of purpose not often preserved in the history of such a publication, and explaining, in no small part, perhaps, the paper's success. The principles that THE DIAL stands for are so well known to its readers that we need not reaffirm them here, except in the briefest terms. It stands first of all for the signed re- view, or in other words, for the responsible and authoritative criticism of current litera- ture. It stands for the bookseller as a civiliz- ing influence, and for the public library as an important auxiliary to the work of public edu- cation. It stands for the advancement of edu- cation subject to the restraints of a wise con- servatism, for the humanistic rather than the materialistic training. It stands in an attitude of perpetual protest toward the vulgarizing tendencies of a large part of modern journal- ism. It stands for music and the drama as indispensable elements of a liberal culture. It stands for the endowed theatre and the en- dowed newspaper, not as utopian ideals, but as practical possibilities. It stands for an exten- sion of the term of copyright, and for the re- moval of those vexatious restrictions whereby this nation with one hand grants copyright to foreigners, and with the other withdraws the proffered gift. It stands in unalterable opposition to our barbarous tariff upon books, works of art, and the instruments of scientific research. Although not concerned with the narrower issues of politics, THE DIAL is un- willing to remain silent when questions arise which touch the very principles upon which our civilization is based, and in such cases its voice will continue to be raised, as it has been raised more than once during the past few years, in behalf of those national ideals and international amenities which we cannot ne- glect without forfeiting the most precious part of our American birthright. Entering now upon our second score of years, we hope to keep THE DIAL all it has been in the past, and to add to its usefulness in the future. If public appreciation of our efforts to maintain a high standard of literary criti- cism, and to advocate the cause of the higher culture in this country, shall continue to in- crease as it has been increasing since the scope of this journal was broadened eight years ago, we shall be deeply gratified. We already owe much to our friends, but will be glad to ac- knowledge a still greater debt. And we promise the public whose favor has made our existence possible, and has added to our fol- lowing from year to year, that we will continue to represent, to the best of our endeavor, and as far as our resources shall make it possible, all those intellectual interests with which we have so long been identified. 1900.] THE DIAL 329 ſ 3 Čturnty jears' #etrospett. TRANSATLANTIC LITERATURE. Although the chief purpose of this anniver- sary issue of THE DIAL is to consider the changes that have been wrought during the past twenty years in American literature, and in the conditions which affect those other de- partments of cultural activity with which the paper's work is allied, yet we must not miss the opportunity now presented of making some sort of brief survey of the recent course of lit- erary history in England and on the Continent of Europe. When we get far enough away from any literary period to view it in the proper perspective, twenty years does not seem a very long time. That term of years taken almost anywhere in a past century might, ex- cept for the purposes of intensive study, be summarized in a few words. But when the twenty years in question are those that lie just back of the immediate present, the case is dif- ferent, and the task far more difficult. We have so many recollections and personal asso- ciations with the books and writers of the period in which we have lived that it is not easy to single out the things that call for special mention. We cannot see the woods for the trees. We are tempted to magnify unimportant happenings, and to attach undue importance to names that may be clean forgot- ten a generation hence. But, making the full- est allowance for such illusions as arise from our intimate connection with the years in ques- tion, we cannot help thinking that the his- torian of the far distant future will see in the closing decades of the nineteenth century a period more noticeable than others of equal length for the rapidity of its literary develop- ment and the pronounced character of the changes which it has witnessed. One of its most marked characteristics will be seen to have been the great losses which it has sus- tained in the death of its most forceful writers, without any corresponding compensation in the appearance of others capable of filling the va- cant places. How true this is of American literature will be seen from the special article upon that subject which is to follow. That it is equally true of English literature, using the term in its n