t
is now in print concerning the Rev. George Ripley's
courageous attempt to found an actual Utopia.
Besides the mere collation of existing material on
library shelves, the author has furnished his per-
sonal quota of observation and judgment. Holding
a position of responsibility in the Boston Public
Library, Mr. Swift has had the advantages of bib-
liographical training and unexcelled literary facili-
ties. He is also geographically near to the hallowed
piece of ground in West Roxbury, already gradu-
ally becoming enveloped in the halo of tradition.
And he has, best of all, a descriptive pen, adapted
to keen yet appreciative analysis of the characters
who had part in this socialistic drama, the names
of some of whom now come for the first time into
the full light of public day. An opening chapter
upon the rise of the Transcendental movement, ad-
mirable in its succinct facts, is followed by a sketch
of the organization, resources and occupations of
the community itself. Twenty-five of the more
prominent scholars, members, and visitors are
made the subjects of brief biographical treatment
and estimate, while the full index provided enables
the reader to find mention of more than as many
more Brook Farmers. The last chapter, devoted
to the closing period, shows that the decline of the
enterprise began with the arrival of Albert Bris-
bane and Fourierism. All in all, it is safe to say
that Mr. Swift's book is the best single volume that
has yet been issued upon the subject it treats, val-
uable alike to the student and the general reader.
to Brook Farm
literature.
A year and more ago a book was
commonplace book. published called “Potpourri from a
Surrey Garden,” by Mrs. C. W.
Earle. It was not widely noticed in the public
prints, but it must have reached the attention of
those for whom it was designed, for the author very
shortly began to get letters from readers who de-
sired more of the same sort. Now appears “More
Potpourri from a Surrey Garden” (Macmillan).
The book is dedicated to the readers of the earlier
volume, but we think it probable that it will reach
a wider audience. New readers will like to see the
views which old readers had of the earlier volume,
and will probably want to read it themselves. The
two are among the most curious books that have
An old-fashioned


406 THE T)IAL
[May 16,
appeared for some time. On a foundation of ideas
suggested by her garden, Mrs. Earle has built an
unconventional structure of domestic opinion and
discussion (as about servants, children's health, and
receipts for cookery), extracts of poetry and notes
of travel, bits of diaries and criticisms on older men
of letters. This is a singular combination, and the
conception is at least original. It would seem at
first as though everybody would like in it what he
happened to like, and not much else. There is,
however, another matter which the author herself
once or twice remarks. The book is a singularly
perfect mirror of the life of a cultivated woman
living quietly in the country or in some small town,
in her parlor and her bookroom, her kitchen and
her garden. One place is as proper in its way as
another, for each is but a province of her domain.
She is not a gardener or a botanist, but a garden
lover; not a student of domestic economy, but a
housekeeper; not a critic, but a reader. She gives
us what appeals to her quite simply, not because it
is anything remarkable or especially to her credit,
but merely because it has appealed to her. It is
not strange, then, that the result should appeal
widely to many others.
After reading the “Life of Charles
hero of the Henry Davis, Rear Admiral ”
U. S. Navy. (Houghton), as prepared by his son,
Captain Charles H. Davis, U.S. N., largely from
original letters (and re-reading most of it), it may
be confidently stated that no career, of all the many
in the American navy which deserve emulation, is
better worth following than this. Born in 1807,
graduated from Harvard College in the class of
1825, becoming a midshipman in the service at the
instance of Commodore Isaac Hull, Davis achieved
a lasting scientific reputation for himself as the
virtual originator and perpetuator of the “American
Nautical Almanac,” and by his skilful work on the
Coast Survey. These are his contributions to his
country's fame as a sailor and a scholar. On the
side of the sailor and warrior, his endeavors are not
less distinguished. It was Davis who saved William
Walker and his fellow-filibusters from death in
Nicaragua in 1856; it was Davis who planned the
battle of Port Royal for Admiral Du Pont in 1861;
and it was Davis who fought and won the battle of
Memphis in 1862, clearing the upper Mississippi
from the rebels forever. To all this hard and
faithful work is to be added a consistent desire to
avoid publicity; a feeling that duty was preeminent
and self nothing; an ardent love for the Union, too
great to permit him to be merely politic; and a cul-
ture which makes his letters, even the most casual of
them, models of literary excellence. We have heard
much, and sometimes sorrowfully, of the scholar in
politics: here is the scholar in war, – a quiet, digni-
fied gentleman, whose place is rather in the hearts
of his countrymen than in their mouths. As long as
America can produce men like Charles Henry Davis,
and enough of them, the Republic is secure.
An old-time
Mr. John Jay Chapman's third
publication, “Practical Agitation”
(Scribner), is a continuation of his
“Causes and Consequences" in both matter and
manner. Broadly speaking, it is an attack on the
almost universal American habit of refraining from
saying the “word in season,” for fear of hurting
someone's feelings. Holding to Judge Robert
Grant's postulate that our national life is lacking in
honesty because our commercial life also leaves
much to be desired in the ethical sense, Mr. Chap-
man finds a remedy for both evils in the pressure
which may be brought to bear upon the offender
through his club, his church, and his broader social
relations. There is only one political question be-
fore the people, in his judgment, and that is the
question of honesty. So far as Republicans and
Democrats are concerned, there is only one machine
behind the two parties, and the one object of this
compound machine is private profit at the public
expense. Party loyalty is merely the blind thrown
over the scene of looting in order to lead the voter
to think of something else—anything else, if only
the machine may machinate. In this regard he
holds that very great improvement has been made
in a few brief years, so that in New York City
itself it has become possible to proceed along straight
lines of moral purpose without a thought of tem-
porizing with iniquity or deviating into an alliance
with wrong enthroned. From the passing genera-
tion of hide-bound partisans Mr. Chapman looks
for little help, — indeed, no partisan can read the
book without feeling himself a long way behind the
age; but great things are expected from the younger
folk who decline to wear a collar or be labelled in
respect of their political rights and conduct. The
book is one to be read and digested in a year of
presidential contest.
Practical agitation
in public affairs.
A Boer appeal to It would be quite as well, in view of
; “The Story of the Boers” (Harper)
*vailasatº nº. published with the authority of
the two South African Republics, to let the English-
men who are not dazzled by the imperial policy make
the argument to their countrymen and cousins across
the sea. For, so far as the official documents which
conclude the present volume are concerned, they are
to be found elsewhere for the most part, while the
preliminary papers are not nearly so forceful as the
occasion seems to warrant. Mr. Montagu White
prefixes an article on “The Policy of Mediation,”
a plea to the American Government for positive
intervention. If we could mediate in the case of
Cuba, we can surely do so, so far as principle is
concerned, in the case of South Africa; but, as
Admiral Mahan has suggested, intervention when
Great Britain and her affair is concerned is a very
different thing from intervention in the case of a
second-rate power—the difference being not at all
in the morals of the question, but in the comparative
sizes of the British lion and the Spanish wolf.
The principal part of the book is taken up with an
º


1900.]
407.
THE DIAL
article by Mr. C. W. van der Hoogt, in the nature
of “A Communication to the American People.”
It contains little that is new, and it is rambling and
discursive. Perhaps the best point raised is in con-
nection with the government of British Guiana,
wherein a few British, comparatively speaking, hold
many thousands of Dutch deprived of all political
rights whatever, through a property qualification
which makes the Transvaal's most onerous demand
seem light. -
Presumably any new information
about so genial and engaging a per-
sonality as that of Charles Lamb must
be acceptable to the host of those who love the man,
for his life as well as for his essays; but the new facts
which Mr. William Carew Hazlitt reveals in his
little volume on “Lamb and Hazlitt" (Dodd, Mead
& Co.) are neither of any great importance, nor
are they told in such fashion as to stir any very
lively interest. The special student will be glad to
piece the little revelations of the book into a fuller
knowledge of the man, but the general reader will
find the volume disjointed and occasionally obscure.
The same fault is observable in that part of the
book which has to do with Hazlitt. A reader igno-
rant of the fact that he was divorced from his first
wife would hardly know what to make of the chap-
ter dealing with that unfortunate production, the
“Liber Amoris’’; and to those familiar with the
circumstances it will seem a little strange that one
of the name should dwell at length upon an occur-
rence so little to the credit of him who gives the
name its distinction. But as the book is meant
largely for the special student, these criticisms are
perhaps captious. It does contain no small amount
of interesting matter hitherto unpublished. There
is an account of a joke perpetrated upon Hazlitt
by Lamb and his friend Joseph Hume, and Lamb's
characteristic humor sparkles in the pages of the
correspondence which grew out of it. In mechan-
ical execution the book is attractive, with its de-
lightfully wide margins, heavy paper, artistic letter-
press, and binding severely simple.
Lamb and
Hazlitt.
The history of British imperialism
points to nothing with pride so great
or so just as to the achievements of
Englishmen in the Malayan Peninsula. For once,
the selfishness of modern markets has been subor-
dinated to measures purely philanthropic, while the
impossibility of turning the Moslem natives to some
other form of religion has left the civil administra-
tors unhampered by the complications which mis-
sionaries generally contrive to interject into the
ordinary difficulties. Along with all the other ex-
cellences of the resulting system has gone a care
for science such as has marked the colonial admin-
istration of the French and Germans to a far greater
extent than that of the British up to this point. As
proof of this may be cited the newly published vol-
ume on “Malay Magic” (Macmillan), a most
imposing monument to the industry of its author
Folk-lore and
magic among
the Malays.
and compiler, Mr. Walter William Skeat,-not the
distinguished Cambridge professor of that name,
but a member of the civil service of the Federated
Malay States. Profiting by all the labors of many
diligent predecessors, and adding to those the re-
sults of his own investigations, Mr. Skeat presents
an amount of material which must serve as a basis
for many scholarly treatises, – the more useful
from his habit of recording facts without attempt-
ing to account for them. The numerous formulae
and superstitions embodied in this imposing volume
are most curious survivals of paganry in a Moslem
community, and are destined to early extinction
through the spreading of intelligence now going on.
Frequently a book is more interest-
ing for the glimpse it gives of the
author's character, poise, and view,
than for its matter. Mrs. Louise Jordan Miln's
“Little Folks of many Lands” (Scribner) is one of
that kind. It is written by a woman who says that
she has supported herself by work in two profes-
sions, and could do so again if necessary. Mrs.
Miln has been an actor and a newspaper writer;
she has travelled; she is independent, bright, sym-
pathetic, and fearless. The book is interesting, but
wearies if taken in long sittings. The author loves
children, and delights in saying so. It is almost
evident that she does not love all children, though
she tries to make herself believe that she does. She
describes children of many races and peoples, of
varying colors and characters, from all zones.
Those children whom she has really seen and known,
she describes interestingly; but those whom she
knows by reading, or by dim memory, she breaks
down on. Thus, her chapters about little Hindus,
Ceylonese, and Chinese are charming; but those
about the Eskimo, American Indian, and Mexican
(i.e., Vera Cruzan) children are tedious. Mrs.
Miln has gathered a remarkable collection of child-
pictures from all parts of the globe. They are used
as illustrations in the book, and are interesting.
“Little Folks of Many Lands” will interest and
amuse; it will kindle sympathy. It is not good
ethnology, but it is suggestive. Anyone with human
feeling and a soul, who knows other peoples and
other lands, will delight in Mrs. Miln's keen but
entirely justified thrusts at missionary meddling and
foreign education among remote and “lower”
peoples.
Child-life studies
in many lands.
An unassuming but important con-
tribution to the ethnology of our
North American Indians comes to us
from Messrs. Small, Maynard & Co., in a hand-
some little volume entitled “Indian Story and
Song.” The author, Mrs. Alice Fletcher, has long
been known as an authority on Indian folk-lore, and
her work is characterized by thorough accuracy as
well as the sympathy such study demands, and of
which it is really the life principle. Some twenty
stories or legends are given, with their accompany-
ing songs in musical notation. That the music is of
Indian songs
and musical
notation.


408 THE DIAL
[May 16,
hardly more than elementary order, is naturally to
be expected. But it will be very interesting to the
musician, nevertheless, and there is a pathetic quality
in much of it which gives unexpected light as to the
emotional nature of the Indian. It is Mrs. Fletch-
er's own belief that in the motives of these songs
and stories, simple and naive as they are, will be
found themes worthy the attention of the American
composer. They were given at the Trans-American
Exposition at Omaha in July, 1898, a number of
Omaha Indians singing their native melodies to an
audience of trained musicians. Thus far only the
ethnological journals have had any record of Mrs.
Fletcher's long and patient work, and her little vol-
ume is a most welcome addition to our native folk-
lore, a matter of increasing interest year by year.
Before Mr. Rounsevelle Wildman
was appointed consul of the United
States at Hong Kong in 1897, he
was editor of “The Overland Monthly" in San
Francisco. Though he has since been made consul-
general in that important post, and in addition to
his regular duties has contrived to relieve himself
of the responsibility for the American alliance with
Aguinaldo, Mr. Wildman's thoughts go back to his
journalistic career with evident longing. His expe-
riences, sublimed by time and a somewhat tropical
imagination, now appear in a volume entitled “As
Talked in the Sanctum ” (Lothrop). This is a
book wherein the curious in such matters may find
disclosed some of the more esoteric features of con-
ducting a magazine. As is usual in such cases, the
editor has a number of friends who are perfectly will-
ing to show him how such a periodical ought to be
conducted, and the conversations which ensue are
directed to that end. These are frequently bright,
and often not so bright; but they may serve for
instruction when dullest and for entertainment at
other times.
Secrets of
the sanctum.
BRIEFER MENTION.
One of the most charming books that have recently
issued from the press is that in which the Century Co.
have reproduced Mr. Ernest Seton-Thompson’s “Biog-
raphy of a Grizzly.” It is not quite safe to call any
writing a classic that is only a year old, but we feel
reasonably confident that this piece of sympathetic de-
lineation of animal life will have a longer life than
most books. The illustrations by the author, and the
decorative designs by his talented wife, present many
unusual and even startling effects, but they are unfail-
ingly artistic in their feeling, and no less important than
the text in accounting for the attractiveness of the book.
Two new volumes have lately been added to the
Columbia University Studies in History, Economics,
and Public Law. Volume X. consists of three studies,
treating of very diverse subjects, namely, sympathetic
strikes and lockouts, the attitude of Rhode Island
toward the adoption of the Constitution, and the cen-
tralized administration of liquor laws in the United
States. Volume XI. is devoted entirely to a statistical
study of the growth of cities during the present cen-
tury. Of these studies, the most interesting is the one
relating to Rhode Island, written by Mr. Frank Greene
Bates, now assistant professor of history in Alfred Uni-
versity. A review of the early history of that State
shows how persecution had aroused a fierce spirit of
independence, and how an apparently well-grounded
fear of absorption by the larger and more powerful
States impelled resistance to the formation of a stronger
federal government.
Professor E. D. Starbuck's work on “The Psychology
of Religion” (imported by Scribner) is the first notable
attempt on any large scale to study statistically such
phenomena as conversion, and to correlate them with
other phases of mental evolution. While much that is
merely commonplace is the result, yet the work has
considerable value and interest as taking a stand against
Sidis and others who consider all religious phenomena
as abnormal. Professor Starbuck shows with scientific
clearness that such a religious manifestation as conver-
sion has its normal place in the mental and physical
changes in adolescence, and is a deep-seated social phe-
nomenon. The work is one which ought to be read dis-
criminatingly by parents, teachers, and ministers.
“The Poetical Works of John Milton,” edited for
the Oxford Clarendon Press by the Rev. H. C. Beeching,
offers us in a single handsome volume a text carefully
reprinted from the earliest published copies of the sev-
eral poems. This means that the old spelling and
punctuation have been preserved, except for the correc-
tion of obvious misprints. The editor makes an elabo-
rate defense of this decision, but we are sure that most
scholars and general readers will applaud what he has
done, and find the defense quite unnecessary. The most
interesting feature of the present edition is its repro-
duction of the “Minor Poems” of 1645, which has never
before been reprinted in the original spelling. By way
of illustrations we are provided with specimens of Mil-
ton's manuscript and with facsimiles of all the original
title-pages.
“The Albion Series,” to be published by Messrs.
Ginn & Co., “will comprise the most important Anglo-
Saxon and Middle English poems in editions designed
to meet the wants of both the scholar and the student.”
The initial volume of this series is “The Christ of Cyne-
wulf,” edited by Professor Albert S. Cook. Professor
Cook has already done a considerable amount of pre-
vious work upon this poem, and has made some impor-
tant discoveries in connection with its sources. The
edition consists of an elaborate introduction, a text
based upon the standard readings, a large body of notes,
and a glossary. It offers an important and substantial
contribution to our Old English scholarship.
Mr. James Hay's recent volume on Sir Walter Scott
(Barnes) is a brief and very readable account of the
great romancer's characteristics as man, author, scholar,
advocate, and laird. Little attempt is made at a critical
estimate of Scott's writings; and the chief value of the
work lies in its biographical details, which are given in
a manner to commend the book especially to younger
readers.
Dr. Smith's “Smaller History of Rome” (Harper)
has done service in preparatory schools for many years,
and it is now given a renewed lease of life in the revised
edition prepared by Mr. A. H. J. Greenidge of Bras-
enose College. The maps and many of the illustrations
are new, and the text has been made to conform with
the results of recent research.


1900.] THE
DIAL 409
NOTES.
The “Birds of the Poets,” published by Messrs.
Brown & Co., is an interesting anthology edited by
Miss Lucy F. Sanderson. It includes about a hundred
selections, chiefly from American writers.
“The Elements of International Law,” by Colonel
George B. Davis, has just been issued by the Messrs.
Harper in a new and revised edition, making it better
fitted than ever for the use of college classes, as well
as for the general reader.
“The Classical Mythology of Milton's English
Poems,” by Dr. Charles Grosvenor Osgood, is volume
VIII. in the series of “Yale Studies in English,” edited
by Professor Albert S. Cook. Messrs. Henry Holt &
Co. are the publishers of this series.
The Rev. Arthur Dimock is the author of a handbook
to “The Cathedral Church of St. Paul” (Macmillan)
published in “Bell's Cathedral Series.” The author
expresses warm approval of Sir William Richmond's
mosaics, and makes contemptuous reference to the art-
ists who have criticised the work.
Mrs. Mabel Loomis Todd's little book on “Total
Eclipses of the Sun” (Little, Brown, & Co.), first pub-
lished six years ago, now appears in a revised edition,
with accounts of the eclipses of 1896 and 1898. Interest
in the eclipse of the present month should stimulate many
persons to read up the literature of the subject, and this
work should prove welcome to them.
Dr. George S. Keith is the author of two books of
popular advice upon matters of health and hygiene, re-
spectively entitled “Plea for a Simpler Life” and
“Fads of an Old Physician.” They are now republished,
having enjoyed much vogue as separate volumes, bound
within the same covers. The Macmillan Co. are Amer-
ican agents for the publication.
“Richard the Third up to Shakespeare,” by Dr.
George B. Churchill of Amherst College, is a monograph
which comes to us from Messrs. Mayer & Müller,
Berlin. It constitutes Volume Ten in the series enti-
tled “Palaestra,” which consists of “Untersuchungen
und Texte aus der Deutschen und Englischen Philo-
logie,” under the general editorship of Professors Alois
Brandl and Erich Schmidt. It is written in English,
and is a portly volume of between five and six hundred
pages.
“A Cumulative Index to the Books of 1898–99,”
compiled by Mr. M. E. Potter, and published by Mr.
H. W. Wilson, Minneapolis, is a volume of over six
hundred double-columned pages, and comprises under a
single alphabet author, subject, and title references to
the American publications of two years. About seven-
teen thousand books are catalogued, and the usefulness
of the work to booksellers and librarians does not need
to be set forth.
The American School of Classical Studies in Rome
has issued its circular for the year 1900–1901. The
school will be in charge of Mr. Richard Norton (being
his fourth year of service), and Professor F. W. Kelsey
will also be in residence, and give courses of instruction.
Professor Elmer T. Merrill, Middletown, Conn., is at
present in executive charge of the affairs of the School
in this country, and will be glad to answer any inquiries
that may be made of him.
The last publication of the London Bibliographical
Society is a quarto pamphlet containing a most useful
“List of English Plays Written before 1643 and Printed
before 1700.” It is the work of Mr. W. W. Greg, of
Trinity College, Cambridge. The plan of the handlist
arranges the plays under the authors' names in alphabet-
ical order; then under each playwright the collected edi-
tions are given first, followed by the editions of separate
plays in chronological order of the first dated editions.
Anonymous plays are listed at the end. It is a great
help to accurate studies to find the titles given in full,
with the printer's name, the date, and the place of
present possession. And in order to make the bibliog-
raphy of the great drama complete, Mr. Greg has
wisely included all the works of authors who are known
to have written plays, whether extant or not, up to the
closing of the theatres in 1642. Comparing this hand-
list of English plays with Halliwell's antiquated “Dic-
tionary of Old Plays,” and the wheat and chaff of
Fleay's valuable but exasperating “Chronicle of the
English Drama,” Mr. Greg's work is a distinct advance
in bibliographical scholarship. It is admirably simple,
concise, and businesslike, and withal modest. Not to
look a gift horse too closely in the mouth, one might
suggest that the list would be more useful if some de-
vice had been adopted to make the titles stand out
more clearly. Dates in the left-hand margin would
arrest the eye, or a different type, especially for first
editions. At all events non-extant plays should have
been printed in smaller type. So, also, the two indexes,
of authors and of plays, would work better if paged.
As it is, one must know the author's name to be able to
find any particular play. Plays in manuscript, masques,
pageants, and triumphs, and what are called, rather
loosely, “unclassable productions,” are purposely omitted
with a view to a separate publication. The fact that
Day's “Parliament of Bees” and Heywood's pastoral
“Amphrisa” are classed as “unclassable,” suggests
vague gaps on closer study of Mr. Greg's list. A com-
plete bibliography of the Elizabethan drama upon Mr.
Greg's plan would be a desideratum: Mr. Greg could
easily produce it by combining this first handlist with
the one he promises.
List of NEw Books.
[The following list, containing 170 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
.. GENERAL LITERATURE.
Rudyard Kipling: A Criticism. By Richard Le Gallienne;
with a Bibliography by John Lane. With portrait, 12mo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 200. John Lane. $1.25.
George Meredith: Some Characteristics. By Richard Le
Gallienne; with a Bibliography by John Lane. With por-
trait, 12mo, uncut, pp. 300. John Lane. $1.50.
A Concordance to FitzGerald's Translation of the Ru-
báiyát of Omar Khayyám. By J. R. Tutin. 8vo, uncut,
pp. 169. Macmillan Co. $3. net.
The Evolution of the English Novel. By Francis Hovey
Stoddard. 12mo, uncut, pp. 235. Macmillan Co. $1.50.
Notes on the Bacon-Shakespeare Question. By Charles
Allen. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 306, Houghton, Mifflin
& Co. $1.50. -
Ralph Waldo Emerson. By Edward Everett Hale. To-
gether with two early *. of Emerson. 16mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 135. Boston: Brown & Co. $1.
The Classical Mythology of Milton's English Poems.
By Charles Grosvenor , Ph.D. 8vo, pp. 113.
*A. Studies in English.” Henry Holt & Co. Paper, $1.
Books Which Have Influenced Me. By various authors.
16mo, pp. 123. James Pott & Co. 50 cts.
Opportunity, and Other Essays and Addresses. By J. L.
Spalding. 16mo, pp. 228. A. C. MeClurg & Co. $1.1,


410
[May 16,
THE DIAL
The Arts of Life. By Richard Rogers Bowker. 16mo, gilt
top, pp. 306, Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25.
The World's Orators. Edited by Guy Carleton Lee, Ph.D.
Wol. II., Orators of Ancient Rome; Vol. IV., Orators of
the Reformation Era. Each with pho vure portraits,
large 8vo, gilt top, uncut. G. P. Putnam's Sons. Per vol.,
$3.50. (Sold in sets only.)
Browning Study Programmes. By Charlotte Porter and
Helen A. Clarke, 12mo, gilt top, ºº: Also in 2 vols.,
18mo, gilt tops. T. Y. Crowell & Co. $1.50.
Greek Melic Poets. By Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph.D. 18mo,
pp. 564. Macmillan Co. $2.60 met.
The Chaucer Canon. With a discussion of the works asso-
ciated with the name of Goeffrey Chaucer. By Rev.
Walter W. Skeat. Litt.D. With frontispiece, 12mo, uncut,
pp. 167. Oxford University Press. $1. net.
The Temple Cyclopaedic Primers. First vols.: The Civil-
ization of India, by Romesh C. Dutt; Dante, by Edmund
G. Gardner, M.A.; A History of the English Church, by
H. D. M. Spence; The §. Drama, by Lionel D. Bar-
nett, M.A.; Roman History, by Dr. Julius Koch; Eth-
nology, by Dr. Michael Haberlandt. Each illus., 24mo.
Macmillan Co. Per vol., 40 cts.
William Gillette in Sherlock Holmes, as Produced at
the Garrick Theatre, New York. Folio. R. H. Russell.
Paper, 25 cts.
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
The Story of John Adams, a New England Schoolmaster.
By M. E. B. and H. G. B. Illus., 8vo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 275. Charles Scribner's Sons. $2. net.
The Memoirs of the Baroness Cecile de Courtot, Lady-
in-waiting to the Princess de Lamballe, Princess of Savoy-
Carignan. Compiled by her great-grandson, Moritz von
Kaisenberg (Moritz von Berg); trans. from the German b
Jessie Haynes. 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 298. Henry Hoſt
& Co. $2.
Chopin: The Man and his Music. By James Huneker.
With portrait, 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 415. Charles
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412
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THE TESSIER SALE, May 21-23
Splendid collection of scarce and valuable Books and Manuscripts,
Fine Bindings, Prints. Walturius. Verona. 1472.
The Mallerime Illustrated Bible, Venice. 1490.
Dante. Jeri. 1472,
Jucunabula, music books, early maps of the world with America,
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_
No. 335. JUNE 1, 1900. Vol. XXVIII.
CONTENTS.
rage
THEORY AND PRACTICE . . . . . . . . . 425
MEMOIRS OF ALEXANDER I. AND HIS COURT.
E. G. J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
THE FOUR BEST PLAYS OF HAUPTMANN.
Edward E. Hale, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . 430
AN EPISCOPAL RACONTEUR. Arthur Howard Noll 432
THE PEOPLE AND RULERS OF THE NETHER-
LANDS. E. D. Adams . . . . . . . . . 434
SOCIAL DISCUSSION AND REFORM. Charles R.
Henderson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
Patten's The Development of English Thought.—
Loria's The Economic Foundations of Society.—
Lloyd's A Country without Strikes. – Weblen's The
Theory of the Leisure Class.-Tarde's Social Laws.
—Moore's Better World Philosophy.— McKim's He-
redity and Human Progress. - Riis's A Ten Years'
War. — Drahms's The Criminal.—Miss Richmond's
Friendly Visiting among the Poor. — Brown's The
Development of Thrift.—Koren's Economic Aspects
of the Liquor Problem.—Du Bois’s and Eaton's The
Philadelphia Negro. — Washington's The Future of
the American Negro. — Hand's and Gore's Good
Citizenship. – Lubin's Let There Be Light.—Grin-
nell's The Regeneration of the United States.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS . . . . . . . . . 339
Dr. Wheeler's new Life of Alexander.—An example
of amiable verbosity.— Basis and origin of Chris-
tianity.—The Novel as seen by an evolutionist.—
The control of monopolies and trusts.--Tales from
the Totems.-The fighting Englishman. — Portraits
of Colonial worthies.—Studies in personal and social
development. – Biography of the late E. P. Roe. —
A pocket edition of Shakespeare.
BRIEFER MENTION . . . . . 444
NOTES . . . 444
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS . . . . . 445
LIST OF NEW BOOKS . 446
THEORY AND PRACTICE.
Not long ago there was published in “The
Atlantic Monthly” an account of “The Per-
plexities of a College President,” which proved
to be an exceptionally entertaining contribu-
tion to recent educational literature. The pub-
lication was anonymous, for reasons that became
obvious as one read the article. Had it pro-
vided entertainment and nothing more, it would
not now concern us; but its easy and pictur-
esque style served as the vehicle for a theory
of educational administration that we are bound
to characterize as both perverse and pernicious,
and that deserves to be disentangled from the
plausible rhetoric in which it was set forth.
The writer introduced his subject with an
elaborate parallel, filling two pages of the mag-
azine, between an old-fashioned stage coach and
a modern university. The stage coach was
drawn by an ill-assorted team of six horses, was
itself of antique pattern, and had for passengers
a crowd of light-hearted youngfellows who knew
that the coach was run for them and thought
that it ought to be run by them. There was an
untried driver, the coach had been repainted,
and the directors of the company were on hand
to witness the start under these new conditions.
All this is supposed to be a sort of parable.
The coach and its driver are a university with
a new president, the team is the faculty, and
the directors are — well, they are the directors
or trustees. The lesson to be conveyed is that,
given a faculty whose members are at cross-
purposes with one another, and a board of
trustees who represent various degrees of ignor-
ance and conservatism, the best president in
the world cannot develope the work of his uni-
versity in accordance with the modern demand
for progress, efficiency, and unity of aim. The
theory of the writer is thus expressed:
“When the directors of a great commercial corpor-
ation or of some transportation company find it necessary
to call a new man to the presidency or to the position
of general manager, he is at once given almost absolute
authority as to all executive details. The Board of
Control determines the general policy of the company,
always after counselling with the new president or man-
ager, and then leaves the executive to carry out this
policy — his success or failure determining the wisdom
of their choice of the man.”
The commercial analogy thus drawn is devel-


426
[June 1,
THE DIAL
oped in much detail. The two chief points
which the writer makes are that it is the pres-
ident's duty to dismiss all the men who are not
likely to act in full sympathy with his ideas of
university management, and, having secured a
harmonious faculty by the combined processes
of expulsion and replacement, to carry out his
own policy without calling the “employees” into
consultation. That this statement of the writ-
er's theory, monstrous as it seems, is not an
unfair one, may be shown from his own words:
“The same rule ought to apply here as elsewhere:
one who cannot commend himself to a wisely chosen
and properly restrained executive, one who cannot cor-
dially and enthusiastically coöperate with such an exec-
utive along lines of policy determined by the authorities
of the university, ought to go elsewhere—and ought
not to stand upon the order of his going, either.”
So much for the first of the writer's two funda-
mental propositions; for the second the follow-
ing quotation will suffice:
“If the manager of a cotton factory should under-
take to determine by the vote of all employees where
to buy raw material, when to buy, in what quantities to
buy, what prices to pay, with what pattern or in what
form or in what quantities to manufacture, when and
where and on what terms to sell, he would bankrupt his
corporation in a single year.
The philistine idea of a university thus out-
lined is already too widely current among the
unthinking masses of our people, and this latest
argument in its behalf should not pass without
a protest. When the New York “Nation”
described the article as “conceived in the spirit
and couched in the style of the educational
drummer,” the characterization was not un-
duly severe. And a correspondent of that
journal speaks only the barest truth when he
declares that he has never seen a “more mis-
chievous attempt to lower the high ideal of
what a college should be.” If we reflect upon
that exalted conception of the spirit and pur-
pose of an institution for the higher education
which has found expression in the writings of
so many serious thinkers—in Newman’s “The
Idea of a University,” for example — we are
brought to a forcible realization of the contrast
between their inspiring messages and the igno-
ble teaching of the writer now under consider-
ation. A university, in Newman's view, is a
place of “living teaching, which in course of
time will take the shape of a self-perpetuating
tradition, or a genius loci, as it is sometimes
called; which haunts the home where it has
been born, and which imbues and forms, more
or less, and one by one, every individual who
is successively brought under its shadow.” A
university, in the view of that “one of the
guild" who now contemptuously rejects all the
notions of old-fashioned culture, is an institu-
tion something like an insurance company,
having a corps of “employees” whose duty it
is to give unquestioning obedience to the orders
of the manager, and to unite with him in set-
ting a “hot pace” in the competition with
rival establishments. The writer states with
indignation the fact that he knows of a new
university president against whom it was once
actually scored “that his methods were too com-
mercial,” and he quotes for condemnation the
words, “He is attempting to run the univer-
sity precisely as he would run a woollen factory,”
in which a member of the faculty complained
of that new president.
To put the matter bluntly, our writer is evi-
dently of the opinion of a fellow-president
whom he represents as “fully assured in his
own mind that if it were possible to dismiss
immediately every member of every faculty east
of the Alleghanies, not more than one half
would be reinstated, and he doubted if more
than one third would be.” Yet he complains
in the same paragraph that “positive teaching
power is still a rare gift,” and that “there are
not yet enough strong men to go around.”
Does he imagine that the number of strong
men available would be greatly increased, say
twenty years from now, if the power of arbi-
trary dismissal which he advocates were to be
held and exercised by any considerable number
of college presidents? The dignity of the pro-
fession and the security of the tenure consti-
tute the chief reasons which now persuade an
able man to choose the educational calling;
these are what compensate him in part for the
sacrifices that he must make; for these consid-
erations he scorns the delights of material pros-
perity and lives the laborious days of the teacher
and investigator. Anything that weakens se-
curity of tenure in the teaching profession at
once tends to lower its standard besides dealing
a fatal blow to its dignity.
It is not often that a theoretical discussion
finds so apt an illustration as is provided in this
case by the affairs of the University of Cincin-
nati. At about the time when this defense of
the commercial method of university adminis-
tration was on its way through the press, the
method was being put into actual practice in
the institution just named. Last summer the
University of Cincinnati, having long been
without a president, obtained one from a neigh-
boring State, and a few months later this new
incumbent of the position startled the commu-


1900.] THE
DIAL 427
nity by an arbitrary demand for the resignation
of nearly all the members of the faculty. The
Directors of the University stood behind the
executive in this action, although it was taken
in defiance of the by-laws and before the new
executive could have made any real acquaint-
ance with the work of his associates. The
men thus summarily dismissed included several
scholars of long service and high distinction,
whose work had been uniformly commended for
many years in the annual reports of the Direc-
tors. This high-handed proceeding aroused
public indignation to such an extent that great
numbers of the most respected citizens rallied
to the defense of the faculty, and sought to
obtain, if not a reversal of the action, at least
a definite statement of the grounds upon which
it was taken. The Citizens' Committee was
composed of men of such standing that its pro-
test was entitled to the most respectful consid-
eration. This consideration it can hardly be
said to have obtained, and its efforts have re-
sulted neither in the restoration of the instruct-
ors dismissed, nor even in any defense of the
act which is deserving of serious consideration.
From the report of the Committee, which is
signed by such men as Rabbi Philipson and
the Rev. Charles F. Goss, we extract the follow-
ing sentences: -
“It has been clearly established by incontrovertible
testimony that these reputable citizens, learned men,
competent professors, courteous gentlemen, and life-
long promoters of the educational interests of our city
were, without previous notice, roughly summoned
by the janitor of the building to repair at once to the
President's private office, where, in the presence of a
stenographer to record what was said and in the absence
of other witnesses to the interview, an imperious
demand was made that they at once attach their signa-
tures to already prepared resignations. . . . When the
surprised and mortified victims pleaded for a little time
in which to consider the matter, they were promptly
informed that unless the prepared resignations were
signed, sealed, and delivered before five P. M. on the
following day, they would be disgraced by a summary
and unconditional dismissal, which he stated he had
been empowered to enforce. . . . Finally, when such
threats failed to terrify into subservient submission and
abject surrender, his threats were turned to pleadings
and promises that if they would sign and preserve abso-
lute secrecy in regard to the whole matter he would give
them the aid of his commendation and powerful influence
in obtaining appointments elsewhere—an offer whose
ethical nature will scarcely bear investigation. . . .
This by a man who has never had a meeting of his fac-
ulty for the purpose of considering or discussing condi-
tions, outlining his policy, or in any shape or form indi-
cating a desire for changes of any character or kind; a
man who has never visited any of the classrooms, heard
a single recitation, or taken any means whatever toward
making himself acquainted with the workings of the
University.”
These statements constitute a sufficiently
scathing denunciation of a proceeding which
must be viewed with apprehension by all who
are concerned with the best interests of the
higher education. Such star-chamber methods
are absolutely indefensible, and should excite
widespread indignation. “Under the absolute
despotism of the present administration,” says
one of the professors whose resignations were
demanded, “the faculty has ceased to be a free
deliberative body, and its rightful prerogatives
have been disregarded in respect to great uni-
versity questions.” That such conditions as
these should be possible in any American uni-
versity offers an alarming indication of a ten-
dency to depart from those principles of univer-
sity management which are essential to the
wellbeing of every institution of learning. The
testimony of Professor P. W. N. Myers, who
was not dismissed, but who promptly added his
own resignation to those which had been forced
from his colleagues, deserves also to be given.
The scholarship and the character of Professor
Myers need no defense, and his words carry
with them much weight. He says:
“As a believer in the eternal justice of God, and as
a teacher of the supremacy of the law of righteousness
in human life and history, I cannot consent to work with
President Ayers, as he has asked me to do, in carrying
on the future work of the University, since by so doing,
I should be giving approval to the professional assassi-
nation—I cannot use a less accusing word—by a compar-
ative stranger, of my colleagues of many years, some of
whom I have come to know intimately, and through such
knowledge have acquired the right to declare that in
their persons has been violated every principle of hu-
manity and justice. . . . For me to remain as a teacher
in the University under the administration so unhappily
inaugurated would be to undo the work of my past life,
and to impart a false note to all my instructions I have
ever held up before the young men and young women to
whom I have had the privilege and honor to stand in the
relation of teacher, friend, and guide, as the loftiest ideal
of conduct, unswerving fidelity to conscience and the
dictates of duty. I have told them never to follow ex-
pediency, but ever fearlessly to follow close after right
and justice, regardless of consequences. If I, myself,
as I now stand at a parting of ways, should falter and
fail to act in accordance with my own teachings, should
hesitate, because of the pain and sacrifice that the act
involves, to set my feet in the path which is plainly the
path of honor and of duty, how could I ever again tell
the young of the regnancy of conscience, of the majesty
of the eternal laws of righteousness, of the divineness
and inviolability of justice, save in words that would
ring hollow as sounding brass?”
No technical rejoinder, no amount of sophis-
tical reasoning, can avail against the force of
this sincere and dignified utterance, supported,
as it is, by the respected personality of its
distinguished writer.


428
[June 1,
THE DIAL
Čbe #tto $ochs.
MEMOIRS OF ALEXANDER I. AND
HIS COURT.*
The Memoir of the Countess Choiseul-
Gouffier enjoyed a well-merited vogue in its
day, three-quarters of a century ago, running
rapidly through two liberal editions, which have
now, as we learn, shrunk to the spectral dimen-
sions of a brace of copies, one of them in the
British Museum, the other in the possession of
the translator of the comely volume now before
us. Time has not materially dulled the interest
or staled the variety of Madame Choiseul-
Gouffier's picturesque and substantial little
book; and we are glad to see it thus revived
in a form which should give it a fresh lease of
life with a new public. The portrait it paints
of Alexander I., while not strictly in accord
with the wider verdict of history, has its spe-
cial features of truth and grace; while the
charm and animation of the author's pictures
of the events she saw and the circles she moved
in are undeniable.
The Countess de Choiseul-Gouffier, née de
Tisenhaus, was a Polish lady of rank, who was
born at Wilna in Lithuania toward the close of
the eighteenth century. Of her earlier life the
Memoir tells us little, its burden being the
writer's personal recollections of Alexander I.
during the dozen or so years of her acquaint-
ance with him. That acquaintance began in
1812 at Vilna, on the eve of Napoleon's inva-
sion of Russia, of which ill-starred enterprise
the Countess may be said in a way to have wit-
nessed the opening and the close. Alexander
had set up his military headquarters at Wilma,
out of compliment perhaps to his Lithuanian
subjects, whose loyalty showed signs of waver-
ing before the allurements held out by Napoleon
to the quenchless sentiment of Polish national-
Isin.
The Countess first met Alexander at Towiany,
the beautiful country-seat of Count Moriconi,
near Vilna, where the Emperor stayed over
night on returning from a review. Of this, to
her, memorable evening spent at Towiany the
author gives a vivacious account filled with
instances of the Imperial guest's winning affa-
bility and natural good breeding. Alexander,
she notes especially, had an infinity of shades
*Historical MEMoIRs of ALExANDER I. AND THE
Court of Russia. By Mme. La Comtesse de Choiseul-Gouf-
fier. Translated from the French by Mary Berenice Patter-
son. With portraits. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co.
of tone and manner, each nicely adapted to the
station or character of the person addressed.
“When he addressed men of distinguished rank, it
was with dignity and affability at the same time; to
persons of his retinue, with an air of kindness almost
familiar; to women of a certain age, with deference;
and to young people with an infinite grace, a refined
and attractive manner, and a countenance full of ex-
pression.”
Shortly after this meeting at Towiany the
Countess had an opportunity of observing a
potentate not born to the purple, who impressed
her much less favorably than Alexander. Hos-
tilities between France and Russia began, and
the Russian policy of continuous retreat was
determined on. As the French approached
Wilna the Russians evacuated it, without firing
a shot, much to the chagrin of Bonaparte, who
divined what his easy victory portended. Dur-
ing his stay at Vilna Napoleon “exacted ” a
presentation of the ladies of the district at the
castle. His manners, according to the Countess,
savored more of the barrack and the canteen
than of the drawing-room.
“At the same presentation, Napoleon, after having
spoken to several ladies, and, according to his custom,
asking singular questions,—“Are you married ? How
many children have you? Are they big and fat, hey?’—
addressed the whole circle and said: “The Emperor
Alexander is exceedingly amiable, he has gained all
hearts here; are you good Poles 2' A general smile
served as response.”
Napoleon, the author states, had nothing im-
posing in his face or manners.
“I was astonished not to feel in his presence that
emotion which one usually cannot prevent at the sight
of a celebrated personage. All that glory bought with
the price of men and blood could not inspire me with
enthnsiasm. The glory of conquerors is made to shine
in history, but it is goodness alone which conquers the
hearts of men. I had often pictured to myself the face
of Napoleon with a countenance (sic) sparkling with
genius. What was my surprise and disappointment on
seeing only a little, short, fat, waddling man, with
sleek, plastered-down hair, with good enough features
but little expression in his face, not even that of hard-
ness which is found in all the portraits, with the excep-
tion of that by David. On the contrary, there was
something pleasant in his smile, which showed very
handsome teeth. From a distance, I confess, his sal-
low, white face without a tinge of color, and his antique
profile, took on a character of severity, which disap-
peared as soon as it was examined near.”
The author saw the entry into Vilna of the
French army, then flushed with the anticipa-
tion of victory and spoil; and she saw rem-
nants of it return there, after famine, the
snow, and the Cossacks had done their work.
“During three or four days the streets of Vilna were
filled again with a throng of men, I cannot say soldiers,
since it was impossible to recognize them in that char-


1900.] THE
DIAL 429
acter under the grotesque garments which covered
them. One had thrown away his helmet and was muf-
fled up in a woman's velvet hood and black satin mantle,
under which you could see his spurs. Another had
wrapped himself in the ornaments and vestments of a
church, stoles, chasubles, and altar-cloths all piled upon
another to keep out the cold, from which nothing could
really protect the men. Others, more fortunate in their
booty, had thrown about their shoulders ladies’ fur
dressing-gowns, with the sleeves tied about their necks.
Others, again, trailed woolen blankets after them, or,
like shades from that place whence one never returns,
advanced in grave-clothes and winding-sheets.”
After the re-taking of Vilna by the Russians
there were scenes still more harrowing.
“We could not stir into the streets without encount-
ering the dead bodies of French soldiers, either frozen
to death or murdered by the Jews, who had killed them
to get their watches, money, or other articles which
they had about them. . . . Jewish women and even
children were seen robbing the dead soldiers, or if they
were not quite dead, killing them by kicks with their
iron-bound shoes.”
The imperial author of all this misery had
passed close by Vilna on his return to France.
The Duke of Bassano, who had seen him, spoke,
says the author, “to me of it the same day, and
said he had found the emperor very well and
cheerful.”
“Napoleon breakfasted near Wilna, almost at the
gates, chatting and joking with the members of his suite
and with the Duke of Bassano, while the postilion who
had driven his horses fell frozen to death.”
A fortnight after the retaking of Vilna by
the Russians the Emperor Alexander returned
there, and during his stay the author had sev-
eral conversations with him, which she recounts.
On one occasion he observed:
“I am badly seconded in my views for the happi-
ness of my people, in fact, sometimes I should like to
break my head against the wall, on seeing myself sur-
rounded by such egotists, who neglect the good and the
interests of the State, and think only of their own for-
tune and elevation.”
After her marriage to M. Choiseul-Gouffier,
cosmopolite, savant, and erstwhile favorite of
Paul I., the author resided for the most part at
Paris, revisiting, however, the North from time
to time and renewing her acquaintance with her
imperial hero. Her conversations with him are
faithfully recorded; and although she notes
symptoms of the mental change that darkened
his later years, and was so unhappily reflected
in his policy at home and abroad, there is no
abatement of the note of perfervid loyalty and
admiration that pervades her recollections. She
accepts without question Alexander's explana-
tion of his abandonment of the cause of the
Greek insurgents.
“I cannot, and I will not (said the Emperor), favor
the insurrection of the Greeks, because that step would
be contrary to the system which I have adopted, and it
would certainly destroy that peace which I have tried
so hard to establish, a peace so necessary to Europe.”
A “peace,” the countess might justly have
added, which would have been for the peoples
as the peace of death; for it would have been
founded in the strangling of every popular and
national aspiration, and the complete restoration
of the old social, political, and spiritual order.
The “system” adopted by Alexander after the
Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle was indeed one
which precluded him from aiding the struggling
Greeks, and thus obeying whatever remnants
of the generous and liberalizing impulses of
his youth he may still have retained. The
promise of that youth was ill-fulfilled by later
years. The erstwhile pupil of la Harpe, the
philanthropic prince who had dreamed of free-
ing and educating his people and spreading the
light and warmth of the “new ideas” through-
out his benighted and despot-ridden empire,
gradually sank, as we know, into the gloomy
and distrustful tyrant, the dupe of Metternich
and Nesselrode, the champion of all that was
reactionary and repressive in Europe. Des-
potism, said de Maistre, “breathed from his
nostrils.” He died at Taganrog in 1825, half-
demented, worn out by physical excesses, beset
by the strangest fancies, unlamented by the
people who had hailed his accession as the dawn
of a new and glorious era for Russia. And yet
those immediately attached to his person loved
him to the last. After his death, his old ser-
vant Ilia clung to his remains with dog-like
fidelity, following them from Taganrog to St.
Petersburg, “and every night, in spite of the
intense cold and his advanced age, he slept on
the hearse which carried the precious relic.”
Madame Choiseul-Gouffier's portrait of Al-
exander is, while partial and incomplete, un-
questionably faithful as far as it goes, and it
contains elements of truth which must be reck-
oned with in forming a well-rounded conception
of his complex and enigmatic character—a
character compounded of strangely assorted
and often contradictory qualities. Madame
Choiseul-Gouffier painted Alexander as she saw
him, adding little or nothing on the credit of
hearsay; and as much may perhaps be said,
though less confidently, of another female me-
moirist of the Czar, Madame de Krüdener, who
also supplied to the sum total of biographical
facts her quota of special truths. In Madame
de Krüdener's pages it is the visionary Alex-
ander, the mystic pietist, and founder of the
politico-religious Holy Alliance, that is set be-


430
[June 1,
THE DIAL
fore us; Madame Choiseul-Gouffier paints
rather the amiable and reforming prince, who
joins to the bearing due to the dignity of his
station that habitual deference to the claims
and sensibilities of others which stamps the
well-bred gentleman. History, noting chiefly
in Alexander I. those traits which bore most
directly and powerfully upon the course of
public events, regards him in the main as the
leader of the reaction against the first wave of
European democracy, the relentless foe of “the
ideas of ’89.”
We are glad, as we have already said, to
find this interesting little book revived in a
form that should give it a new lease of popu-
larity. It forms a useful foot-note to the his-
tory of the period. The translation is made
from the first edition, and therefore contains
the first three chapters, treating of the assas-
sination of Paul I., which were omitted from
the second one. The translator and editor ap-
pears to have done her work accurately and
carefully, only a few minor slips being apparent,
for instance, a rather disastrous misprint (“sol-
itude” instead of solicitude) on page 302, and
the statement in the Index that the execution
of the Duc d'Enghien took place in Baden.
The volume is tastefully gotten up throughout,
and contains five portraits. E. G. J.
THE FOUR BEST PLAYS OF
HAUPTMANN.”
Some time ago, in writing of the plays of
Mr. Bernard Shaw, I said that it was next to
impossible to see, among other plays, “Die
Versunkene Glocke,” by Gerhart Hauptmann.
At that time the play had been given in this
country only for a short time, in New York, by
Frau Sorma in German. Now, however, it has
been presented in English. When first pre-
sented in German, in this country, it was said
that there was “nothing for the stage” in it.
But Mr. Sothern seems to have thought other-
wise, and the criticisms on his opening night
in New York rather bore him out: several
years of theatrical success had had a mellowing
*THE SUNREN BELL. A Fairy Play. By Gerhart Haupt-
mann. Freely rendered into English verse by Charles Henry
Meltzer. New York: R. H. Russell.
DIEWERsun KENE GLOCKE: Ein deutsches Märchendrama
von Gerhart Hauptmann. With Introduction and Notes by
Thomas Stockham Baker. New York: Henry Holt & Co.
LoNELY LIVEs. Translated from the German of Gerhart
Hauptmann by Mary Morison. New York: R. H. Russell.
THE WEAvRRs. Translated from the German of Gerhart
Hauptmann by Mary Morison. New York: R. H. Russell.
effect on a judgment originally a little harsh.
Whatever the play may have for the stage,
certainly the stage has something for the play.
Now that it will soon be possible (it is to be
hoped) for everyone to see this play, which
some call Hauptmann's masterpiece, it is a good
time to note that a translation of it, by Mr.
C. L. Meltzer, was published last year, as well
as an excellent annotated edition which will be
of help to those who like to read the play in
German. There are also translations by Miss
Mary Morison of “Einsame Menschen" and
“Die Weber.” There is also a translation of
“Hanneles Himmelfahrt” by Mr. Archer,
which, I believe, has not been republished in
this country. It is therefore easily possible
for anyone to know Hauptmann's four best
plays. And these plays are not only his best,
but they are fortunately representative of the
different directions of his work. He is an
original man, and his things are by no means
all of the same kind.
In fact, it is proper to say that one of the
noteworthy features of “The Sunken Bell” is
that it is quite unlike the rest of Hauptmann's
work. He has written eleven plays. Of these,
the first was said, by those who did not like it,
to out-Zola Zola; and the same thing might also
have been said of the second. The third was
“Einsame Menschen” (translated under the
title of “Lonely Lives”), which is not so much
like Zola as it is like Ibsen. Without laying
much stress on the question of influence —
Zola and Ibsen were almost unescapable influ-
ences ten years ago — we may say that these
first plays were realistic plays, plays in which
the chief interest was in the characters, plays
which uncovered some of the tragic possibilities
of contemporary psychology. The first two
were crude pictures of manners rather than
anything else: plays of solicitous motive, char-
acter, dialogue, but hardly developed into the
coherence needed for tragedy. “Einsame
Menschen” was more of a true drama: it
brought together its dramatic possibilities into
an intense focus, without losing anything of the
realistic truth of character. The next three
plays were realistic also. Two of them (“Der
Biberpelz” and “College Crampton’’) are of
minor interest. “Die Weber” (“The Weav-
ers”), however, was Hauptmann's first great suc-
cess. It certainly was a remarkable piece, and
must be well known by those who would know
the man. But although in dramatic technique
it is very different from the plays which had
gone before, it is not different in spirit. It is


1900.] THE
DIAL 431
different in dramatic technique because it has
no especial action and has no particular char-
acters. Of course, something takes place, and
certain people appear more than once; but the
centre of interest is not in the individuals, it is
in the general movement. The play presents
the rise and failure of a strike among the
weavers; and if the full significance of the
movement be gained, the fate of particular
weavers is of minor moment. This surely is a
great departure from the fairly well-ordered
tragedy of “Einsame Menschen.” Still, the
two plays are the same in general method:
both are realistic in manner. The next plays
had still further differences: “Hannele " was
called “a dream-poem,” “Florian Geyer’ was
an historical drama in verse. But in both
Hauptmann was still realistic, if we may indi-
cate by that word that he was still absorbed
largely in seeing how men and women actually
do live and act. True, he chose out-of-the-way
fields, fields which stretch over toward the do-
main of romance. Hannele is a poor little girl
driven by cruelty to an attempt at suicide.
She is rescued and carried to the poorhouse,
where she sees strange and beautiful visions
before she dies. Vision and reality are some-
times so intermingled that one does not know
whether the stage represents the poorhouse
room or the disordered brain of the dying child.
Often, too, we may think that we have not
realism, but poetry. But there is never a place
in the play where we can deny that Haupt-
mann's chief interest was in watching the rise
and fall of the faint little flame of life in its
last flickerings before absorption or extinction.
And “Florian Geyer,” too, although historical,
although cast in the romantic period of mediae-
valism, was still an attempt to get at life, to
figure a period of social ferment and unrest not
unlike our own.
In fact, in these eight plays we see a realist
too large and too genuine to be bound by any
simple formula, turning from one motive to
another, from one time to another, from one
phase of life to another, but always recognizing
the limits of particular cases, always selecting
some individual forms wherein motive and
phase and time had actually manifested them-
selves, always presenting these particulars with
the strictest adherence to the laws of fact and
the necessities of the special case which hap-
pened to exhibit them.
Now “Die Versunkene Glocke,” which came
next after “Florian Geyer,” is nothing of this
sort at all. It is labelled a “márchendrama,”
a fairy play; its time is a half-legendary period
when Christianity has not long conquered
paganism; its characters are not only flesh-
and-blood villagers, but elves, woodsprites,
mixies; its action is more of a symbol of some
general truth of life than a presentation of any-
thing that ever took place. It is not realistic
at all, unless we call it so from the realities it
has been held to symbolize; it is not only ro-
mance, but it is the romance of Germany, which
is the species farthest removed from realism.
It is worth mentioning that “Die Versun-
kene Glocke” is not the only play of its kind
in Germany nowadays. About one year after
Hauptmann had turned to history and then to
romance, Sudermann did the same thing. First
came “Teja,” a one-act tragedy of the later
days of the Roman Empire; then “Johannes,”
a drama founded on the life and death of the
Baptist; and lastly “Die drei Reihefedern "
(“The Three Heronfeathers”), rather more
frankly romantic than Hauptmann even. And
it may also be added that although some of the
younger dramatists have succeeded in realism
— for instance, Max Halbe in “Mutter Erde”
—others have made a name in romance, and
that before “The Sunken Bell,” notably Lud-
wig Fulda with “Der Talisman” and Ernst
Rosmer with “Die Königskinder’” (“The
Children of the King”). So we might view
the change in Hauptmann's standpoint as a
change in tendency. A curious fact, however,
is that in his next play, “Fuhrmann Henschel,”
Hauptmann returned to psychologic realism;
nor does he attempt romance in “Schluck und
Jau.” So that “The Sunken Bell” stands alone
among his works.
It is, then, not the normal Hauptmann that
we have in this romantic allegory. Who is
the normal Hauptmann? one may ask. Is he
the author of “Einsame Menschen,” or of
“Die Weber,” or of “Hannele " ? Neither
one nor the other, would be the answer; but
he is the author of all three, and of “Florian
Geyer,” too, and of “Fuhrmann Henschel” as
well. He wrote “Die Versunkene Glocke,”
doubtless, and so did Ibsen write “Brand ”
and “Peer Gynt.” But if one got one's idea
of Hauptmann from “Die Versunkene Glocke”
alone, one would be too like the lady who wrote
a paper on Dickens after reading only “A
Tale of Two Cities.” She was asked why she
had not spoken of Dickens as a humorist, and
answered that she had not known that he had
been one.
If one could read but one play of Haupt-


432
[June 1,
THE DIAL
mann's, the one to read would be “Hanneles
Himmelfahrt.” It has enough realism and
enough of the romance that life itself has. It
has the psychology that his admirers long for,
but in such form that one is quite free to think
it something else. It has as true poetry as
“Die Versunkene Glocke,” and as true human
sympathy as “Die Weber.” It is, in fact,
although the shortest, yet the greatest of its
author's plays. Not one other of Hauptmann's
plays but has been equalled by somebody else.
“Einsame Menschen" is not stronger than
Sudermann’s “Heimat " or Max Halbe's
“Mutter Erde,” which are on something like
the same subject. “Die Weber” is certainly
almost sui generis : but it is not quite, being
easily paralleled by Verhaeren's “Dawn.”
“Die Versunkene Glocke,” as has been said, is
one of several, even in Germany, at the present
day. But the only drama that reminds me of
“Hannele" is Maeterlinck’s “Mort de Tinta-
gilis”; and this very beautiful work of the
Belgian is conceived in such a different mood
from “Hannele,” and so lacks that support of
firm flesh and blood that makes “Hannele" so
wonderfully appealing, that we really cannot
say that the two plays are of the same kind.
Yet whether our present play be eminently
characteristic of Hauptmann or not, it is a very
beautiful play, both to read and to see. It is
full of the spirit of German myth (though
occasionally with strange anachronisms which
are doubtless the result of the modern spirit);
it has much charming poetry, it has a well-
developed and pathetic motive, it has original
and attractive figures. I have less interest in
its allegory, or symbolism, which has greatly
interested the German critics. Doubtless Hein-
rich may be taken for one of those figures not
rare in literature—Faust, Manfred, Brand—
which are representative of the restless unsatis-
fied soul of humanity. But then so is Hamlet
representative, and so is Prospero; yet each of
these last is also and more especially a per-
sonal character. So is Heinrich a personal
character, a man in whom one may concentrate
interest and sympathy. True, he is not a very
strong man; Hauptmann's men are apt to be
weaklings, and purposely so : Alfred Loth in
“Wor Sonnenaufgang,” and John Vockerat in
“Einsame Menschen,” for instance. To me,
the chief character in the play is not the Bell-
founder but Rautendelein the Woodelf. With
some other of Hauptmann's women—Fraulein
Anna Mahr, say, and Hannele—she makes,
upon me at least, the first and last impression.
It is not an allegorical impression, or symbol-
istic, but a poetic impression.
I believe I think of Hauptmann, on the
whole, not as a realist or a romanticist, but
rather as a poet. As some poets have cast
their work largely in dramatic form, so has
Hauptmann. If you would realize the matter by
contrast, you may put the character of Fraulein
Anna Mahr, just mentioned, beside that of
Magda in Sudermann’s “Heimath.” Suder-
mann is a novelist; and Magda has all the
strength and firmness of a skilful novelist's
work. But Anna Mahr is more delicate, and
more pathetic, and more suggestive, and more
of a poetic conception.
Doubtless poets are not apt to be realists.
But here is one that is. He is a dreamer, but
a dreamer who is so impressed by waking life
that his dreams are not a mere phantasmagoria.
They are still dreams, but they follow the logic
of waking life, and to their author this iogic is
quite as interesting as anything else. We
might apply to him the lines put into the mouth
of Heinrich, with somewhat different meaning:
“I see—I feel—I know — the smallest thing–
Even to the pattern of this coverlet.
Each thread—each tiny knot—I could describe;
And yet I'm dreaming.”
Edward E. HALE, JR.
AN EPISCOPAL RACONTEUR.”
Of all the Bishops of the American Episcopal
Church who have sought to deliver their liter-
ary message to the world in the form of remi-
niscences, none have been quite so fortunate as
the Bishop of Minnesota. His good fortune
consists partly in the time he has selected for
this contribution to American literature. The
end of a century naturally finds the popular
mind prepared to be entertained with historical
and biographical gossip. Bishop Whipple, by
reason of the peculiar position he has main-
tained in both Church and State throughout
half a century, by the width of his experiences,
his keen sense of humor, and his unbounded
optimism, is eminently qualified to gratify this
popular interest. If the fault be found that
in his sumptuous octavo volume of 576 pages
(including appendices and index) he has paid
little regard to chronological sequence in the
*LIGHTs AND SHADows of A Long Episcopate. Being
Reminiscences and Recollections of the Right Reverend
Henry Benjamin Whipple, D.D., LL.D., Bishop of Minne-
sota. With portrait of the Author, and other illustrations.
New York: The Macmillan Co.


1900.] THE
TXIAL 433
arrangement of the incidents he relates, it may
be replied that the book is not intended to be
an autobiography nor a contribution to history.
One of its chief charms (and it is a charming
book) lies in the naive artlessness with which
the Bishop tells the story, or perhaps more
properly the stories, of the stirring times in
which he has lived. Not but that the Bishop
possesses valuable historical materials for which
coming generations might be grateful. Upon
the relations of our government and of our
civilization to the Indians, for example, the
Bishop could tell a story that would be of ines-
timable value. To this subject he has devoted
a large part of his book and more than sixty-
five pages of appendices. His life also furnishes
many elements of a successful biography. But
the general reader has reason to be grateful
that in forestalling the post-mortem biographer
and taking the law in his own hands he has
written reminiscences and recollections rather
than an autobiography.
Bishop Whipple belongs to a family that
furnished sixteen heroes to the Colonial and
Revolutionary wars and two signers of the
Declaration of Independence. That he should
hold the post of Chaplain-General of the Socie-
ties of the Sons of the Revolution and Colonial
Wars of the United States, seems logical and
appropriate. He is a native of the state of
New York. He does not tell us, but it is be-
traying no confidence to state, that his birth
year was 1823. After his school days, by the
advice of a physician he entered active business.
He was attracted to political life, was appointed
Division Inspector of Militia, and was once
secretary of a convention for the nomination of
state officers.
His career in the ministry began in 1849,
and some fears were expressed that he might
have spoiled a good politician to make an in-
different clergyman. But he did neither. As
early as 1853 he became acquainted with
Southern life. In 1856 he organized a parish
in Chicago, and introduced the free church
system in that city. Three years later he was
consecrated the first Bishop of Minnesota, a
Diocese then including more than eighty-three
thousand square miles of territory, and now
reduced to twenty-six thousand square miles.
The usual career of an American Diocesan
Bishop was varied in his case by winters spent
in Florida, by some foreign travel (he attended
the first Lambeth Conference and preached
the opening sermon before that Conference in
1888), by building the first Protestant Cathe-
dral in America, by a most interesting work
among the Swedes, by the founding of schools
at Faribault, and by the establishment of hos-
pitals and other charitable institutions. He
had, in fact, become so well known, both at
home and abroad, that in 1871 he was offered
the Bishopric of Hawaii under the English
Church. And later he became a Trustee of the
Peabody Board for Educational work in the
South.
But the Bishop's chief distinction was gained
by reason of the existence in his Diocese of
large numbers of Indians with whom the work
of the extension of the Church had but just be-
gun, and was, up to the time of his consecration,
meeting with but partial success. For a deep
interest in the welfare of these people he was
prepared by his ordinarily warm sympathies,
and by his previous experiences he was prepared
to be especially helpful. His efforts to better
the condition of the red men were not popular.
He had to confront government officials and
make scathing exposures of their official incom-
petence or worse. He went about armed with
documentary evidence of the truth of state-
ments he had to make. He learned the Indian
character, and how to interpret the message of
the Gospel so that it might be understood by
them. As a result he not only gathered Indian
congregations into the fold of the Protestant
Episcopal Church, but he trained and educated
and ordained a native ministry. Both in
America and in England his title of “The
Apostle to the Indians" is recognized. So
thorough was his knowledge of the wrongs done
to the Indians that he was requested to write
an introduction to Mrs. Helen Hunt Jackson's
“Century of Dishonor.” So efficient did he
prove himself in his labors for the amelioration
of the distressing condition of the Indians that
he won their unbounded confidence and was
many times made a member of important Com-
missions sent by the government to make trea-
ties with them.
A life so full of varied incidents could not
fail to furnish a fund of anecdotes, and the
Bishop would have been hiding his talent in a
napkin if he had not become an accomplished
raconteur. Some of his stories are thrilling to the
borders of the dramatic,+ as, for example, his
encounter with a lunatic armed for the purpose
of shooting him. His reminiscences abound in
anecdotes from which we predict that the clergy
will draw for many years to come. They are
illustrative of the ups and downs of ministerial
life, and of the Indian character. Those be-


434
[June 1,
THE DIAL
longing to the latter class are probably of the
freshest interest, and the specimens here given
are selected more because of their brevity than
otherwise.
The Bishop once undertook to reprove Wa-
basha for having a Scalp-Dance in front of the
Mission House.
“The chief was smoking, but when I had finished he
took his pipe from his mouth, and slowly blowing a
cloud of smoke into the air said: ‘White man go to
war with his own brother; kills more men than Wabasha
can count all his life. Great Spirit look down and
says, “Good white man; he has My Book; I have good
home for him by and by.” Dakota has no Great Spirit's
Book; he goes to war, kills one man, has a foolish
scalp-dance. Great Spirit very angry. Wabasha
does n’t believe it !'”
“Indians are keen judges of character. A lawyer,
who was reputed to be not over-scrupulous in his deal-
ings, was employed by an Indian to draw up some
papers. On paying his fee, the Indian asked for a re-
ceipt and was told that a receipt would not be necessary.
The Indian insisted upon having one, and when ques-
tioned as to his anxiety about the matter, replied, “Since
becoming a Christian I have been very careful in all
my dealings that I may be ready for the judgment, and
when that day comes I don't want to take time to go
to the bad place to get my receipt from you.”
The Indians are quick at repartee.
“An Indian agent, who was a militia colonel, desired
to impress the Indians with the magnitude of his dignity.
He dressed himself in full uniform, with his sword by
his side, and rising in the council told them that one
reason why the Great Father had had so much trouble
with his red children was that he had sent civilians to
them.
“‘You are warriors,” he said, “and when the Great
Father saw me he said, “I will send this man who is a
great warrior to my red children who are warriors, and
they will hear his words.”
“An old chief arose, and surveying the speaker from
head to foot, said calmly: “Since I was a small boy I
have heard that white men had great warriors. I have
always wanted to see one. I have looked upon one,
and now I am ready to die.’”
Their sense of justice is thus illustrated:
“Shakopee, one of the leaders in the [Minnesota]
massacre of 1862, was a prisoner in Fort Snelling under
sentence of death. He said to Dr. Daniels, who was
visiting him:
“‘What will the white men do to me?’
“I think you will be hanged,’ the doctor answered.
“With a quiet smile, Shakopee replied: “I am not
afraid to die. When I go into the spirit world I will
look the Great Spirit in the face and I will tell Him
what the whites did to my people before we went to
war. He will do right. I am not afraid.’”
A clergyman who was visiting Captain Jack
(head chief of the Modocs) in prison, after de-
scribing heaven as a place where the streets
were paved with gold and the houses built of
precious stones, said:
“And if you repent of your wickedness in fighting
good white men, the Great Spirit will permit you to go
to this place.”
“Captain Jack listened politely, and then asked, “Do
you think you will go to that place 2'
“‘Yes,’ was the answer, “if I should die to-day, I
should be there before night.”
“If you will take my place,’ was the response, “and
be hanged to-morrow, I will give you forty ponies.”
“The offer was not accepted.”
Red Cloud, having been asked for a fare-
well toast at a public dinner, arose and said:
“When men part they look forward to meet-
ing again. I hope that one day we may all
meet in a land where white men are not liars.”
President Cleveland once asked Bishop
Whipple what he thought the effect would be
of making the Indians voters.
“I told him that we had tried it, at which he ex-
pressed surprise. ‘We had a territorial law,' I ex-
plained, “that Indians wearing civilized dress might
vote. At an election some one said, “Wait till you
hear from Pembina ' When they heard from Pembina
they learned that a band of Indians had been put into
hickory shirts and trousers between sunrise and sunset,
and had become voters. The President smiled and
said, “I see how it may work.’”
It is due to the cheerful optimism of Bishop
Whipple that the lights are the more abun-
dant than the shadows in his Long Episcopate.
Among the illustrations are some facsimiles of
letters which add interest to a book which is
full of interest. ARTHUR Howard NoLL.
THE PEOPLE AND RULERS OF THE
NETHERLANDS.*
The publication, in 1892–3, of Volumes I.
and II. of a “History of the People of the
Netherlands,” by Petrus Johannes Blok, Pro-
fessor of Dutch History in the University of
Leyden, at once won for the author a distin-
guished place among European scholars. This
work is now offered in English in slightly
abridged form, and constitutes a valuable addi-
tion to historical literature for English readers.
The scope of the work is indicated by this
statement, in the preface:
“Such a history as the author wishes to write em-
braces all the manifestations of the life of the people,
the political history as well as the history of civilization,
commerce, industry, agriculture, navigation, law, and
economic development. To the history of the Dutch
people in its widest sense this work is devoted. It is
not enough for the history of the people to know the
evolution of Holland as a state, to explain the present
*History of THE PEoPLE of THE NETHERLANDs. By
Petrus Johannes Blok. Translated by Oscar A. Bierstadt
and Ruth Putnam. In two volumes. New York: G. P.
Putnam's Sons.


1900.] THE
DIAL 485
civilization from the past. Our time asks of the his-
torian with ever greater emphasis, How has our society
become what it is ?”
The author has, in the main, accomplished his
purpose. Facts and deductions therefrom are
stated for periods of Netherlandish history
heretofore beyond the reach of the ordinary
student. Characteristics and conditions im-
portant to a correct understanding of the devel-
opment of the people are enlarged upon, in
distinct chapters, for each social class and for
each element in any way instrumental in the
formation of the modern Netherlandish states.
It is safe to say that criticism is challenged
only in the plan adopted, wherein Dr. Blok
has sacrificed the sense of historical sequence
and correlation to his desire to fix the reader's
attention upon the subject-matter of each
chapter. It is often difficult to determine the
relative importance of any given social order
in a particular epoch, or to grasp the inter-
relation of the separate elements of the growing
nations.
Turning to the method of treatment, we find
an avowed attempt has been made to use the
semi-philosophical system which makes the
“Short History of the English People” such
delightful reading. This treatment is here not
altogether successful. The charm and value of
Green's work, in spite of some inaccuracies of
statement, lie in the careful elimination of all
those non-essential facts of English history
which do not serve to elucidate an analysis of
social and political conditions. Then, too, the
essential facts are so interwoven with the philo-
sophical examination as not to tire the reader
by detailed statements. Dr. Blok makes his
analysis of conditions a sharp, clear-cut, forci-
ble analysis, which ill prepares the reader for
what follows—a detailed and frequently weari-
some account of historic incidents. Still, it is
so unusual to find a continental historian who
recognizes any obligation beyond a classified
and orderly presentation of the facts for which
he has been laboriously digging, that in this
case the author should rather be commended
than condemned. His analyses are brilliant,
his facts dryly stated; he has yet to find the
right system of combination.
A point of unusual interest in the second
volume is the conception of the character and
influence of Charles the Rash of Burgundy.
This chief among the opponents of French
Royalty is familiar to historical readers as the
possessor by inheritance of a great domain and
vast wealth. Lacking the requisite adminis-
trative ability, and impelled by a controlling
impetuousness which made him blind to inevit-
able consequences, he steadily dissipated his
possessions. His schemes for a Burgundian
Kingdom are regarded as chimerical, his admin-
istration as directed by the chance temper of
the moment, while the failure of his plans and
his tragic death are but the logical result of
unconsidered action.
Dr. Blok does not proclaim himself a de-
fender of Charles the Rash, nor does he urge
a new light upon his character. He does, how-
ever, force genuine admiration for the character
of that prince, in a careful examination of the
results of his work. The details of his govern-
ment and administration, noted in various
chapters, with the author's criticism thereon,
exhibit in Charles an ideal of government indi-
cative of statesmanlike qualities not general in
the fifteenth century, a broadness of view and
ambition creditable to any ruler, and a real
genius in the government of his widely sepa-
rated dominions. Like Richelieu in France,
Charles intended to centralize, in administra-
tion, in justice, and in finance. His purposes
and plans as viewed to-day were admirably
conceived, and many of them took deep root in
Netherlandish institutions. Thus, Dr. Blok
emphasizes the service performed by Charles
in the destruction of numerous petty judicial
rights of the provinces, and the substitution of
a court system imperial in its scope though not
in name. Nor does the failure of the Bur-
gundian Kingdom, for which Charles inces-
santly labored, justify the conclusion generally
accepted that his project was merely the dream
of an over ambitious man. Success was, indeed,
very near, and the ultimate failure seems rather
the chance of mischievous ill-fortune than the
logical result of an ill-considered plan. Unlike
Richelieu, Charles did not finally succeed in
crushing out those separatist tendencies which
endangered the unity of his rule. Failing to
succeed, historians have called him “the Rash”;
— clearly he deserved the appellation in the
later years of his rule, but it was then the rash-
ness of despair, and of a mind distraught by
the unexpected and sudden overthrow of a
political edifice painfully erected by many years
of patient labor. The true test of merit, for
the claimant to historical honors, lies in the
permanence of his labors and in their effect for
good upon later forms of governmental insti-
tutions. Judged by this standard, few rulers
of the Burgundian territory deserve so much
credit as does he who figures in history as the


436
[June 1,
THE DIAL
destroyer of his Kingdom by the violence of
his temper.
The “History of the People of the Nether-
lands,” in spite of the difficulty of details en-
countered by the reader, is a scholarly produc-
tion, inspiring to the student by its occasional
luminous characterization and valuable by its
wealth of authorities and classification of
sources. Each volume contains excellent maps
and a carefully prepared index.
E. D. ADAMs.
SOCIAL DISCUSSION AND REFORM.”
In his work on “The Development of English
Thought,” Professor Patten has chosen his economic
material from the mother country because her insular
position and the freedom of her government have
left the process of intellectual development compara-
tively unhindered. The theory illustrated is thus
stated: “Survival is determined and progress
created by a struggle for the requisites of which
the supply is insufficient. These requisites are
the goods for which men strive or the means by
which they may avert evils. A group of such defi-
nite objects upon which the life and happiness of
each race depends, always exists. The environ-
ment formed by this group of economic objects sur-
rounding and supporting a given race changes with
*THE DEVELoPMENT of ENGLISH Thought. By S. N.
Patten. New York: The Macmillan Company.
THE EconoMic Foundations of SocIETY. By Adeille
Loria. Translated by L. M. Keasbey. New York: Imported
by Charles Scribner's Sons.
A Country WITHOUT STRIKES,
York: Doubleday, Page & Co.
THE THEoRY of THE LEIsu RE CLAss. By Thorstein
Weblen. New York: The Macmillan Company.
SocIAL LAws. By G. Tarde. Translated by H. C. Warren.
New York: The Macmillan Company.
BETTER-WoRLD PHILosophy. By J. Howard Moore.
Chicago: The Ward Waugh Company.
HEREDITY AND HUMAN PROGREss. By W. Duncan
McKim. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
A TEN YEARs' WAR. By Jacob A. Riis. Boston: Hough-
ton, Mifflin & Co.
THE CRIMINAL. By August Drähms.
Macmillan Company.
FRIENDLY WIsITING AMong THE Poor. By Mary E.
Richmond. New York: The Macmillan Company.
THE DEVELoPMENT of THRIFT. By Mary Willcox Brown.
New York: The Macmillau Company.
EconoMic Aspects of THE LIQUoB PRoBLEM. By John
Koren. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
THE PHILADELPHIA NEGRo. By W. E. B. Du Bois and
Isabel Eaton. Boston: Ginn & Co.
THE FUTURE OF THE AMERICAN NEGRO. By Booker T.
Washington. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co.
Good CITIZENship. Twenty-three Essays. Edited by
J. E. Hand and Charles Gore. New York: Francis P. Harper.
LET THERE BE LIGHT. By David Lubin. New York:
G. P. Putnam's Sons.
THE REGENERATION of THE UNITED STATEs. By William
Morton Grinnell. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
By H. D. Lloyd. New
New York: The
the several objects in which the interests of the
race are centred. With the new objects come new
activities and new requisites for survival. To meet
these new conditions, the motives, instincts, and
habits of the race are modified; new modes of
thought are formed; and thus, by the modification
of institutions, ideals, and customs, all the character-
istics of the civilization are reconstructed.” The
body of the work is given to an account of the
journey of a student of philosophy into the world
of the economist. Literature and history are seen
through an economist's eyes. We follow the author
through the statement of his theory, a psychological
and biological discussion of environment, race ideals,
social stratification, stages in the progress of thought,
curves of thought. Mankind he divides into four
classes, whose odd titles provoke irreverent mirth
at the first reading: the Clingers, Sensualists, Stal-
warts, and Mugwumps. The types are described
by the epithets; and the history of English thought
is the story of the struggle of these classes for exist-
ence and control. Mandeville’s “Fable of the
Bees” is made a new starting-point for the treatment
of the writers of the eighteenth century, Hume,
Adam Smith, and Whitefield. Under the title
“Economists” we have not only Ricardo, Malthus,
and Mill, but also Darwin, the English poets, and
the Oxford Movement. Throughout the volume
are scattered acute and ingenious interpretations
of particular writers and currents of speculation.
It is in the last chapter that the author's position
comes out most clearly. The key to this position
is the biological phrase “condition of survival.”
Certain economic conditions will dominate the future
and create the economic pressure out of which
the movement of thought will proceed. The unity
of the race is said to be not environmental but
psychic; the race ideals and social standards are
not the mere reflection of external conditions, but
are the products of psychic activity. But if the
advance thought does not prove of permanent ad-
vantage, the race which accepts it dies out and
others take the place. Science exercises its power
by creating new economic conditions, and these
modify national thought. A great invention changes
the conditions of survival and allows a new type of
man to succeed. The Royal Society did not kill
superstition with lectures. “Superstition died when
men got regular employment and three meals a day.
The habits of thought creating superstition come
from an irregular life and from the impossibility of
predicting future events or of providing for future
needs.” Dyspepsia creates new superstitions and
inclines men to swallow quack remedies. “Cheap
food and a sugar diet make the conditions out of
which the thought movement of the present epoch
will proceed.” Alcohol drinkers will be exterminated
by the industrial order, and sugar-eaters will sur-
vive and possess the land. But appetite for sweets
must be held under control, or Bright's disease and
apoplexy will catch them. “The elimination of
sensual men, and of women made inactive by art,


1900.] THE
DIAL 437
literature, and a sugar diet, are the prominent causes
of modifications in the national character. Economic
experience and thinking lead upward to religion.”
Such are some of the author's positions and conclu-
sions. We are here dealing with a man of learning
and profound reflection. Yet there is something
lacking. One is compelled to ask, when all has been
told as to the “conditions of survival,” whether
survival is the end of living, and whether there may
not be a tolerance of many styles of character
among the survivors. To account for Shakespeare,
Tennyson, and Wordsworth, in the most complete
sense, can we get all the help we need from economic
conditions?
The translation of Signor Loria's powerful book,
“The Economic Foundations of Society,” will ex-
tend the influence of one of the ablest of Italian
economists. It does not seem likely that his theory
of the progress of society can be generally accepted
as complete and final, but this work presents in a
powerful light one of the forces of evolution and
suggests many points of fruitful speculation. The
point most insisted on is that the origin of society,
of its institutions, its ethics, its spiritual ideals, is to
be accounted for on economic grounds. The author's
preface is a challenge to idealists: “The book re-
vealed the secret to the world; it boldly declared,
what no one had had the courage to say, that cu-
pidity, narrow, mean egoism, and class spirit ruled
in our so-called democracies; it ruthlessly unmasked
the political deities that the world had been in the
habit of invoking with pompous phrases, and, rais-
ing the veil that covered them, it showed that where
we had expected to find the mystical Isis, there was
only a yawning, greedy crocodile.” The idealist,
however, may still take his stand at two lines of
defense: first, when he denies that economic forces
are the sufficient explanation of social origins; and,
secondly, when he insists that “economic” motives
are themselves composed of all human desires which
call for material means of satisfaction.
While we are reading, in parallel columns of our
daily newspapers, detailed accounts of street-car
riots in Berlin and St. Louis, of bloody assaults and
threatened bankruptcies in building trades in Chi-
cago, and of ill-suppressed hate and rebellion in
industrial circles almost everywhere, it is refreshing
to learn of one little oasis where men can discuss
their business differences without resort to duel and
vendetta. New Zealand some years ago grew
weary of the mediaeval barbarism of industrial war-
fare, and also of modes of voluntary arbitration
without legal support. The community did not
choose a scheme of arbitration which would simply
create a combination of employers and trades unions
in a conspiracy to raise prices for the great con-
suming public. They resolved to protect the com-
mon welfare by legislation and judicial process.
Mr. H. D. Lloyd, in his account of “A Country
Without Strikes,” has told the story in plain, intel-
ligible, and convincing form. It is not probable
that America will heed his lesson and prophecy at
once. The partial and tentative methods must be
further tried until their essential fallacies have been
shown and their costly educational work has been
done. The New Zealand experiment is carried on
in a small country under peculiar conditions, and
its law will undergo many modifications; but it
gives the only rational promise for a certain and
just decision of class controversies and partisan
strife. The timeliness and practical wisdom of
Mr. Lloyd's little book should procure for it a wide
reading.
In “The Theory of the Leisure Class,” Mr.
Thorstein Veblen discusses the place and value of
the leisure class as an economic factor in modern
life. The grounds of class distinctions are sought
in primitive institutions. Property and ownership
had their origin in emulation during a period of
predatory acquisition. The enslavement of women
was a part of the process. Economic production,
useful drudgery, fell to women and other slaves.
Exploitation became the business of nobles and the
reputable. The productive industries became shame-
ful. Possession of wealth without labor marked
the superior race and the ruling class. Government
was instituted, and is still maintained, as the means
of keeping the exploiters in possession. The con-
ventional marks of this superiority are conspicuous
leisure and conspicuous consumption. The author
distinctly disavows any purpose to test the canons of
taste, art, fashion, and ceremony by any standard
except the economical; and the reader must, in
fairness, bear this claim in mind. The author pro-
ceeds with the cool temper of pure intelligence, the
calculation of an “economic man.” We should give
him credit for absolute sincerity when he affirms
repeatedly that he has no ethical, aesthetical, or
transcendental criterion in mind. His style is
chilled steel: hard, cold, and sharp. Its light is
dry and frosty. The word “socialism” is scrupu-
lously avoided, but the arguments made familiar by
socialists gleam through the sentences of every
chapter. The sole test of institutions, in this book,
is their economic or industrial usefulness. Useful-
ness, apparently, is nowhere defined ; but we may
get light from the definition of “waste”: “It is not
to be taken in an odious sense, as implying an ille-
gitimate expenditure of human products or life.
In the view of economic theory the expenditure in
question is no more and no less legitimate than any
other expenditure. It is here called “waste’ be-
cause this expenditure does not serve human life or
well-being on the whole, not because it is waste or
misdirection of effort or expenditure from the stand-
point of the individual consumer who chooses it.”
That is “waste” which does not enhance well-being
on the whole; which fails to promote the generically
human, the collective good. An impartial judgment
of the conclusions would be easier if the author had
given us a nearer view of his standard of usefulness.
While we must accept his disclaimer that he does
not mean to apply any but strictly “economic"
texts to contemporary customs, those who practice


488 THE DIAL
[June 1,
these customs must be very thick-skinned if they
can read his pages without wincing or revolt. The
book is too strong to be thrust aside. It is an
academic, subtle, and acute phrasing of what the
working men, “conscious of their goal,” are saying
about us in every shop and Sunday trades council.
Here lies a great merit of the book, in spite of a
somewhat evasive manner of approach: it compels
the “respectable” class to see themselves as others
see them,--if they care for that accomplishment.
A banker, on reading about himself here, will per-
haps not like to be classed among the “predatory”
classes even if nothing “odious” is intended. A
lawyer will hardly look a second time for the Pick-
wickian sense of this characterization: “The pro-
fession of the law does not imply large ownership;
but since no taint of usefulness, for other than the
competitive purpose, attaches to the lawyer's trade,
it grades high in the conventional scheme. The
lawyer is exclusively occupied with the details of
predatory fraud, either in achieving or in checkmat-
ing chicane, and success in the profession is therefore
accepted as marking a large endowment of that
barbarian astuteness which has always commanded
men's respect and fear.” In the most polite way
a comparison is set up between delinquents, gam-
blers, and business men. “Patriotism” is identified
with the martial spirit, and this with the barbarian
virtues of ferocity and pitilessness. Boys' brigades
and athletic sports are explained by the leisure-
class morality of barbarian love of cruelty and fraud.
The training for foot-ball leads to a “rehabilitation
and accentuation of those ferine traits which make
for damage and desolation.” Truculence and clan-
nishness are the marks of the athlete. There is
one more mark, common to criminals, gamblers,
and classical scholars, anthropomorphic worship,
which is part of the leisure class machinery for
holding up the regime of status and subservience,
although this is without conscious purpose. After
reading many pages devoted to this scalping and
skinning process, a priest, a captain of industry, or
a classical scholar may be soothed and mollified by
reading (p. 265): “The exigencies of the language
make it impossible to avoid an apparent implication
of disapproval of the apitudes, propensities, and
expressions of life here under discussion. It is,
however, not intended to imply anything in the way
of deprecation or commendation of any one of these
phases of human character or of the life process.”
Grim pleasantry aside, we have here to deal with
a man who cuts deep and means to be true and
candid. Many who need his message will not read
it, or will throw it aside in anger and contempt. It is
one-sided. It confessedly leaves in the background
the values of the higher existence, and discusses
chiefly the proximate means of welfare. The defi-
nition of the “economic man” seems, save from
the author's standpoint, a very low and narrow one
— to one of the “respectable” class. The omission
of the real aesthetic, ethical, and spiritual elements
of welfare seems to leave even industry without an
explanation. Yet here is a quiet, stern, honest
man, who compels the reader to face reality in one
of its aspects. Better to “pick out treasure from
an earthen pot” than miss the gem through pride
or fear or prejudice. Professor Weblen has stated
with unusual clearness the explanation of the famil-
iar fact that many reforms have been started from
the “lower classes"; ideas of betterment which
seemed revolutionary and even absurd to educated
and cultivated men, yet were finally accepted by all
as reasonable. The demands of the peasants in
Luther's day; the claims of the Chartists in En-
gland; the propositions for factory legislation
which were commonly rejected by upper class econ-
omists and statesmen, these may be taken as ex-
amples. Christianity may offer parallels: “Do any
of the rulers believe?” The explanation seems
reasonable and adequate: the poor feel the pressure
of new conditions long before the stress comes upon
the sheltered leisure class. Professor Weblen illus-
trates, by this book, a new element in the move-
ment of our day,+the intense and profound revolt
of scholars and independent thinkers against the
dictation of the money power in the field of thought.
The force of literary sarcasm may come to be felt,
and the attempt to suppress it by arts known to the
rulers must provoke a worse reaction.
It is fortunate for the general reader that he has
a reliable and readable translation of that one of
Tarde's recent discussions which presents his views
of social psychology in a somewhat systematic form,
under the title “Social Laws.” The heads of the
treatise are the repetition of phenomena, the oppo-
sition of phenomena, and the adaptation of phe-
nomena. The speculations are very suggestive, and
the clear and brilliant style of the author should win
for him a wide reading.
“Better-World Philosophy,” by Mr. J. Howard
Moore, is a strong plea for social control in the
interest of the entire community; an argument for
the predominance of altruism in education, politics,
and all life. The element of progress most insisted
upon is education, the conscious effort of contem-
porary society to shape to higher forms the mem-
bers of the coming race.
It is possible to present a very dark picture of
the existence of pauperism, crime, and attendant
miseries, without leaving the basis of facts. “He-
redity and Human Progress” recites the story
with strong realism, with the insight of a physician
and with literary skill. The failure of charity
and reformatory measures is argued from abundant
resources of illustration. Heredity is declared
to be the principal source of all the weakness
and perversity which occasion dependency, defect,
and crime. Then comes the remedy, all else hav-
ing failed: the painless extermination by the use
of carbonic acid gas of all those who are depend-
ent on the public as paupers, degenerates, and
habitual criminals. Most of us will think that such
a wholesale slaughter of perhaps a hundred thou-
sand of the feeble-minded, and nearly the same


1900.] THE
DIAL 489
number in each class of criminals, drunkards, epi-
leptics, in a single day or year, is hardly to be taken
seriously. The author does not count on very
speedily obtaining a majority as friends of his
panacea, because “sentiment” is against him. But
sentiment is a fact which makes his scheme impos-
sible, according to his own principle: “All wise
legislation has a care for expediency, and the present
plan aims not at the theoretical best, but at the best
which is practicable, with least resistance from the
people.” Most students and practical men would
reject his plan quite apart from “sentiment”;
since they believe it is a return to processes of elim-
ination which belong to unmoral nature and un-
taught savages; that there is a better method in
segregation, possibly supplemented by steriliza-
tion; and that these methods, so far from having
failed, are steadily reducing the evils which are
here so graphically depicted. One can advocate
“stirpiculture” with entire conviction, without feel-
ing it necessary to kill at a stroke several hundred
thousands of helpless human beings, while leaving
untouched and unreformed those vicious social ar-
rangements which would immediately produce an-
other multitude of defectives within two generations.
The author accounts for the transmission of traits
by inheritance, but does not adequately account for
the origin of defects in a bad environment.
In Mr. Jacob A. Riis, the famous newspaper re-
former of slums and tenement-house evils, we find
a man who emphasizes environment rather than
heredity, and believes that it is worth while to im-
prove conditions. He dedicates “A Ten Years' War”
to “the faint-hearted and those of little faith.”
The antidote for fatalism and pessimism lies in such
chapters as the breezy reporter has written. He
has studied the anatomy and pathology of crowded
cities, as the author of “Heredity and Progress”
has studied brains and physical transmission of
traits; and the conclusion is very different. The
deterioration of physical structure, vitality, and
intellectual energy, is traced to the miserable sur-
roundings which are the product of neglect and
cowardice. Very instructive and inspiring is the
account of the strategical methods of those who
succeeded in correcting many of the evils which
curse the metropolis.
The resident chaplain of San Quentin prison,
California, the Rev. August Drähms, has given us
the results of his observation and reflection upon
the phenomena of crime. Lombroso furnishes an
introductory note, in which he declares that he finds
the author in substantial agreement with his own
positions, except when it is said that the American
criminal differs in physiognomical type from his
European contemporary. The topics treated are
the instinctive criminal, the habitual criminal, the
single offender, the demography of crime, the juve-
nile offender and the reformatories, hypnotism and
crime, and practical suggestions in relation to pun-
ishment, reformation, and prevention.
The very proof we have wanted to show that
“Friendly Visiting” is practicable is given us by
Miss Richmond, in her book with that title. She
not only writes inspiringly, but she tells us just what
to do and how to go about doing it. Charity Organ-
ization is a lifeless thing without this personal service.
The hired agent can never perform the duty of the
well-to-do, vicariously and at long range. Those
who make real reports from the unknown country of
misery must travel and reside with the indigent,
and become their genuine partners in struggle. This
small volume tells the aspirant how to help the bread-
winner, to gain the confidence of the home-maker,
to watch over the children, to become a missionary
of sanitary science, of thrift, and of rational pleasure.
The directions in respect to relief and the relations
of the Church to charity are eminently wise.
A good discussion of methods is found in Miss
Brown's book on “The Development of Thrift.”
The charity visitor and settlement worker should
master the principles and devices of this volume,
which presents in elementary form the most prac-
tical aspects of schemes for saving, — building and
loan associations, banks, provident loan societies,
insurance and friendly societies. The books of
Miss Brown and of Miss Richmond are good text-
books for the students of clubs and circles of workers
among the dependent poor.
For the social student who interests himself in
the temperance reform, the able and impartial work
of Mr. Koren on “Economic Aspects of the Liquor
Problem” will be found indispensable. There is no
attempt to cover ground already occupied by the
Twelfth Annual Report of the Federal Department
of Labor and the Twenty-sixth Annual Report of
the Massachusetts Bureau of Labor. Entirely new
fields of investigation have been exploited: the re-
lations of the liquor problem to poverty and desti-
tution, to crime, to negroes, and the saloon as a
distributing agency of liquor in cities. It is inter-
esting to observe one of the indirect advantages of
the records of the charity organization societies which
many have unreflectingly denounced as “red tape.”
In this volume, their painstaking study of causes
of destitution becomes fruitful and instructive. A
valuable bibliography closes this important contri-
bution to the literature of the subject.
Very much of current discussion of the negro
problem is wide of the mark because it is based on
fragmentary observations and inadequate materials.
There is great need of systematic and thorough local
studies of the conditions of life under which col-
ored people live in our great cities. A model for
such studies is found in the brilliant essay of a
colored student and teacher who has won distinc-
tion by his writings. Professor W. E. B. Du Bois
has collected a vast amount of information in
relation to the Philadelphia negro, his history,
domestic relations, education, occupations, health,
organized associations, crime, pauperism, social
consideration and opportunities, and political out-
look. Miss Isabel Eaton, fellow of the College
Settlements' Association, has added a valuable re-


440
[June 1,
THE DIAL
port on the domestic service of the colored people.
When similar local studies are made, as they ought
to be made, in other cities, and in rural communi-
ties, the general plan of this investigation will be
found very useful.
The principal of the famous school for negroes at
Tuskegee, Alabama, Mr. Booker T. Washington, has
rendered his race and the nation a valuable service
by setting forth his views of “The Future of the
American Negro” in systematic form. He urges in-
dustrial education as the chief present need of his
race, but he is too broad a man to ignore other factors
in instruction and political action. Not only for the
sake of the colored people, but for the sake of thena-
tional honor and security, it is to be hoped that this
book will have a wide reading. It is by no means
the last word on the educational problem, but it is an
important contribution and deserves public consid-
eration in the North as well as in the South.
“Good Citizenship” is the title of a collection of
twenty-three essays on social, personal, and eco-
nomic problems, edited by Messrs. J. E. Hand and
Charles Gore. These papers touch, in a popular way,
current topics of great interest,--as the functions
of the State, housing of the people, old-age pensions,
poor laws, socialism, and the duties of religious
people in relation to such matters. The discussion
is carried on by English writers in the spirit of
“Christian Socialism.”
The sub-title—“The Story of a Workingman's
Club, its search for the causes of poverty and social
inequality, its discussions, and its plan for the ame-
lioration of existing evils”— of Mr. David Lubin's
“Let There Be Light” is an indication of the wan-
dering of a modern Ulysses in the world of social
confusion. The discussions are reported in the
form of a story without a plot. The plan is simply
a skeleton of topics, and a resolution to form a kind
of ethical culture society or Universal Church for
further discussion of schemes of betterment. The
work affords no practical proposition within the
field of economic or legal organization.
“The Regeneration of the United States,” by
Mr. W. M. Grinnell, is an optimistic vision of the
glory of the nation. Within the compass of a few
short chapters, the prophet glances at many of the
lessons of our past history and ventures upon
prophecy in relation to our social and political future.
CHARLEs R. HENDERson.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
Numerous as are the tales of Alex-
ander the Great—and his life and
achievements have been the inspira-
tion of hundreds—there has been for them all but
one point of view. Inevitably the enthusiastic his-
torian has drifted, perhaps unconsciously, from a
true historical perspective into such abject hero-
worship that the glory of matchless victories has
settled upon a divinity rather than a man. It is,
Dr. Wheeler's
new life of
Alexander.
then, an almost unexpected pleasure to find Dr.
Benjamin Ide Wheeler's volume on Alexander
(Putnam) giving us a true portrait of him as a
human being. The great hero of antiquity is greater
in every way as a man than as a god, and the story
of his glorious achievements is here charmingly
told; indeed, it is not too much to say that very
few brief memoirs of great men have been written
in so delightful a fashion. Alexander himself is
defended by Dr. Wheeler from the accustomed
charge of having encouraged a personal god-worship
by his followers. He says: “The idea that he
undertook to establish a formal cult of himself, and
to impose it upon the nations under his rule, par-
ticularly upon the Greeks, lacks all foundation. .
The notion that Alexander utilized the doctrine of
his divinity as a fundamental and constitutive prin-
ciple of his empire is so utterly at variance with
the plain historical facts, so utterly lacking in sup-
port from any known facts, as to possess no interest
except for its absurdity. It is a mere nightmare of
some schematizing historians.” One of the most
delightful things in the book, almost humorously so
at times, is the author's pleasure in Alexander's
victories as a game well played. To Alexander, in
his earlier years at least, war is a sport in which
the joy of winning is foremost, the more remote
result in empire-building being of secondary import-
ance. In recounting how well Alexander played
this game, Mr. Wheeler is as enthusiastic as if ex-
tolling the merits of some great athlete, and occa-
sionally even uses the terms of modern sport to
describe the winning of a battle — as when Alex-
ander by a “flying wedge” at Gaugamela pene-
trates and destroys the solid mass of the enemy.
Every lover of college athletics knows Dr. Wheeler
as a most earnest supporter of sport in its best form,
and will sympathize with his admiration of Alex-
ander's love of fair fighting. It helps, also, to an
understanding of the human side of the hero's char-
acter. In general, this life of Alexander is excel-
lently suited to the “Heroes of the Nations” series
in which it appears, and is one of the best volumes
of that series. The style is simple yet forcible, and
the interest in the story is successfully maintained.
The author has known where to draw the line be-
tween matters of general interest and those of
value only to students of antiquity, and has ex-
cluded the latter class. There are many good illus-
trations, together with numerous excellent maps
and battle plans.
The late Duchess of Teck, perhaps
better known as Princess Mary, was
an estimable woman who was widely
beloved in England for her gracious demeanor,
sweet philanthropy, and ceaseless activity in public
and private charities; and it was inevitable, as well
as eminently proper, that she should be made the sub-
ject of a memorial volume. Yet we cannot but think
that Mr. C. Kinloch Cooke's two bulky volumes,
entitled “A Memoir of Her Royal Highness Prin-
An example
of amiable
verbosity.


1900.] THE
DIAL 441
cess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck” (Scribners'
importation), are, like the girth of Sir John Falstaff,
“out of all compass, out of all reasonable compass,”
when the relative importance of their subject, the
brevity of human life, and the amount of reading
that people who read must get through with now-
adays, are taken into consideration. One moderate-
sized volume, with a leaning to the side of mercy,
would have been amply sufficient to tell the tale of
Princess Mary's virtues and benefactions, and the
story of her placid, uneventful life. But Mr. Cooke
gives us nearly 900 closely printed pages—quite
enough for a sufficient life of a man like Mr. Glad-
stone, whose career embodied a good share of the
history of his time. Let us hasten to say that Mr.
Cooke's part in these volumes is mainly that of
editor. The bulk of their contents is from Princess
Mary's amiable and smooth-flowing but by no means
sprightly or literate pen, in the form of diary and
correspondence. It is a chronicle—largely, it must
in candor be said—of small beer: domestic happen-
ings, little journeys, feminine prattle of charity
bazaars, sewing circles, training schools, social
“functions,” and what not. It is all very sweet-
tempered, gracious, mildly interesting, even mildly
informing in its small way; and it deals at times
with the minor doings of personages whose domes-
tic life and economy even republican America likes
to peep in upon. But there is too much of it. One
shudders to think what Mr. Cooke might prove
capable of, quantitatively, were it to become his
mournful duty one day to prepare a like memoir
of Her Majesty! Apart from its sins of non-
omission, Mr. Cooke's editing is all that can be
desired. The work is well arranged and judiciously
annotated, and there is a good index. Mr. Cooke's
accompanying thread of narrative is graceful and
to the point, and one by no means grudges the
space devoted to it. The volumes are beautifully
made, finely printed, and richly illustrated with por-
traits mainly. The lovely plate representing Princess
Mary bending over the infant Prince Alexander
(p. 72) is a gem in its way, and might alone tempt
one to buy the work containing it.
Professor Percy Gardner, in his
Basis and - -
origin of . “Exploratio Evangelica” (Putnam),
Christianity. conducts what he calls “a brief ex-
mination” into this interesting subject. His stand-
ing in the world of letters is a sufficient preliminary
pledge of the value of the work, which thorough ex-
amination fully confirms. “The general tendency”
of the book, he remarks in his preface, “is to
transfer the burden of support of Christian doctrine
from history to psychology, perhaps rather from the
history of facts to the history of ideas.” He quotes
Amiel: “What our age especially needs is a trans-
lation of Christianity from the domain of history to
the domain of psychology.” And Professor Jowett
also: “Religion is not dependent on historical
events, the report of which we cannot altogether
trust. Holiness has its sources elsewhere than in
history.” It is needless to say that such a transfer
as this is a great one. Traditionary Christianity
prides itself on being an historical religion; and a
shift from a basis of alleged fact to subjective
experience is greater than any made in the history
of Christian thought, with two possible exceptions—
the shift from the simple ethical religion of Jesus
to the philosophical religion that was set up in its
room by the Greek theologians, and the shift from
the authority of the Church to the authority of
Scripture interpreted by private judgment, which
was the great achievement of the Protestant Refor-
mation. The transfer now proposed, which is of
course in no sense original with Professor Gardner,
is brought forward by those who believe in what
they regard as the essentials of Christianity, but
who are at the same time convinced that critical
investigation has destroyed forever the historical
basis, as it has been held, of the Bible. The reader
will find this conviction stated briefly but strongly
in the present volume, and, what is more to the
purpose, will find an indication of the main lines
along which, as the writer thinks, the transfer from
the old basis to the new must be effected. Apart
from theories and doctrinal views, the book can be
most thoroughly recommended as the work of a
conscientious scholar, a trained critic, a practised
writer, and a man of unquestioned religious faith
and feeling. It is all the more significant, perhaps,
coming as it does from a layman. The book may
cause the ultra orthodox to grieve, but there is no
class of persons who more need to read books of
this character than the ultra orthodox.
Similar in form and binding to the
invaluable work by Professor Cross
on “The Development of the English
Novel,” recently noticed in these columns, there
now appears a volume by Professor Francis Hovey
Stoddard, entitled “The Evolution of the English
Novel” (Macmillan). If Professor Stoddard had
not multiplied words—had he seen fit to compress
his two hundred and odd pages into half the space
—he would doubtless have given us a very readable
and helpful brief essay upon the theory which he
here expounds. While not without value to the
student in this department of literature, the book is
weakened greatly by its author's endless repetitions
and discursions. As a serious study it is distinctly
inferior to the work of Professor Cross. The au-
thor does not attempt to derive the novel in its
modern manifestation by definite stages through
successive historic forms of literature; but he affirms
a law of tendency, which he declares “is, in general,
that the depiction of the external, objective, carnal,
precedes, in every form of expression of which we
can have records, the consideration of the internal,
the subjective, the spiritual.” “Fiction begins with
the objective novel; it progresses into the intro-
spective and the subjective novel.” In a broad and
reasonably generous application of this theory, it
strikes us that there is not much to provoke argu-
The Novel
as seen by an
evolutionist.


442 THE TOIAL [June 1,
ment. Indeed, ordinary students of all or any of the
expressed forms of literary creation have observed
its very natural working before. It hardly calls for
ten pages of profuse illustration, introducing Com-
modore Wanderbilt's locomotives, stage ghosts, medi-
aeval penitents, the American college of seventy
years ago, the early kings of England, and modern
politics, to give the idea sufficient plausibility for
further consideration by the reader. In successive
chapters the author treats the Growth of Person-
ality in Fiction, the Historical Novel, the Romantic
Novel, the Novel of Purpose, the Modern Novel
and its Mission. Much of this matter is really of
interest to one acquainted somewhat with the field
reviewed, and there are ideas of distinct value.
The characterizations of typical novels are well
worth reading, and the chapter on the Novel of
Purpose is particularly commendable. With respect
to Professor Stoddard's argument in detail, we are
bound to say that the choice of novels by which he
supports his theory seems arbitrary; he certainly
ignores some striking examples that do not wholly
harmonize with his view.
The control Professor Ely continues his well-
of monopolies known studies of economics in his
and trusts. interesting book on “Monopolies and
Trusts” (Macmillan). His definition of monop-
oly clears away much current confusion: “Mo-
nopoly means that substantial unity of action on
the part of one or more persons engaged in some
kind of business which gives exclusive control, more
particularly, although not solely, with respect to
price.” He contends that monopoly must be dis-
tinguished from concentration of wealth so far as
accumulation is subject to competition. He here
differs radically from the Socialists, who believe
that all kinds of business inevitably tend toward
monopoly. Mere mass of capital will not alone
secure monopoly, because there is always a surplus
of capital eager to find investment wherever there
is a living chance in the competitive world. Talent
for management never alone gives monopoly, but
only unusual gains, since there is plenty of mana-
gerial talent in the world waiting for employment.
Real monopolies arise from social action, as the
granting of patents, trade-marks, or special privi-
leges; or from natural causes, as limited supply of
raw material, properties inherent in the business, or
secrecy in the process of a manufacture. The the-
oretical part of the work consists in the elucidation
and enforcement of these ideas. The practical part
deals, though briefly, with public control of real
monopolies, when competition cannot enter to pro-
tect public interests. Such public control the author
declares to be an urgent and pressing social neces-
sity. Among the suggested reforms are the re-
striction of monopolistic corporations to normal
returns on capital, with publicity of actual invest-
ments and accounts. As this is extremely difficult
in the case of certain kinds of business, the most
promising method of control would be public own-
ership. “Public ownership with public manage.
ment renders control easy, because it is in the very
nature of public property that it should be publicly
controlled.” It is also recommended that vast es-
tates be broken up by regulation of bequests and
inheritances; that when tariffs make monopolies
they should be abolished; that patents be regulated
so that inventors and the public may not be op-
pressed by owners; that governmental regulation of
corporations by commissions be extended, etc.
Many visitors to the World's Fair at
Chicago noticed with much interest
a miniature reproduction of a British
Columbian Indian Town. The model was extremely
accurate: not only the houses, but the curiously
carved poles or columns standing near them, were
carefully copied to scale. These carved columns
differ in character: some are totemic, others are
commemorative or mortuary. The little buildings
were arranged in proper order upon an artifical
beach, and a background of forested mountains was
painted behind them. This interesting model (now
at the Field Columbian Museum) was made under
the direction of Mr. James Deans, who has lived in
the Northwestern Coast country for twenty-five
years. He is a Scotchman by birth and a practical
geologist and prospector by profession. He has been
over the whole country from Van Couver to Sitka,
and is profoundly and sympathetically acquainted
with the Indians. Mr. Deans was present at the
World's Fair in charge of his exhibit, and explained
the little village with its totemic and other carved
posts to hundreds of visitors. This experience sug.
gested to him the publication of a selection of stories,
which he had gathered from the Indians themselves,
most of which had reference to the totem carvings.
The stories are now issued in book form, with the
title “Tales from the Totems of the Hidery,” form-
ing Volume II. of the Archives of the International
Folk-lore Association. The Hidery—usually called
Haidaz—are favorites with Mr. Deans. The stories
printed in this little book are mostly those connected
with the carvings on the posts of the little village.
They include stories of the raven (yethel) to whom
man owes so much, of the eagle, the sun, moon,
bear, frog, mountain goat, scannah, etc. The list
includes stories representing two great classes of
legends, cosmogonic and heroic. In telling the
stories, Mr. Deans gives many interesting data re-
garding the life, customs, and ideas of the Hidery.
The style of the narration is simple and direct.
The collection of stories is edited by Professor
Griggs of the University of Chicago.
The fightin Volumes II., III., and IV. of Dr.
£º. W. H. Fitchett's modestly entitled
book “How England Saved Europe”
(Scribner) are now ready. Dr. Fitchett's own
pages must often enough traverse the assumption of
his title by showing how often, during the Napo-
leonic wars, it was not the English, but the Celts,
Tales from
the Totems.


1900.] THE
DIAL 443
the Scotch, and the Irish contingents of the British
forces, that did the bulk of the fighting. To come
nearer our own day, what sort of a showing must
“Tommy Atkins” proper (though outnumbering
his foes four to one) have made against the hardy
South African ranchmen, without the support of the
Scotch and Irish and Colonials . It is time now, in
the face of hard facts, to have done with the stale
prejudice as to the preternatural fighting qualities
of English troops. You cannot make a first-class
fighting man and a good shot out of a cockney by
clapping a red coat on him; and the ludicrous fail-
ure of the English attempt to raise in the rural dis-,
tricts a corps of “rough riders” on the American
model shows what may be looked for from their
“yeomanry.” The English “yeoman,” the bow-
man of Crecy and Agincourt, belongs to ancient
history, and England has long passed out of the
stage that produced him. To get his like she must
now look to ruggeder Scotland or the Colonies. Dr.
Fitchett's work is a very readable and at times
brilliant popular history of Great Britain's struggle
by sea and land against Napoleon. The narrative
is rapid, picturesque, and clean-cut, a little boastful
perhaps, but not likely on that account to offend
those for whom it is primarily written. Volume II.
tells of Nelson and the struggle for the sea; Volume
III., of the war in the Peninsula; and Volume IV.
of Waterloo and St. Helena. No better popular
history has been written of the long war that made
Nelson and Wellington famous. The work is at-
tractively mounted and well supplied with portraits.
In the preface to her pretty book on
“Salons Colonial and Republican”
(Lippincott), Mrs. Anne Hollings-
worth Wharton speaks with implied approval of the
“deep and widespread interest” now felt in the
America of our Colonial period. Every instructed
person will agree with Mrs. Wharton that it is,
generally speaking, a good sign when people take
an interest in the early history of their own country,
and show a desire to acquaint themselves with the
beginnings of the society they live in. Books on
Colonial times have multiplied greatly of late.
Some of them — the pleasant studies by Mrs. Earle,
for example—are useful and scholarly productions,
written in the proper historical spirit and to a
worthy end; others merely reflect the passing
attempt to make descent from the earlier immi-
grants a mark of social superiority; some of them
appeal to the student, others appeal to the snob.
The main element of general interest in Mrs.
Wharton's book is, we should say, its artistic or
pictorial one,—namely, the great number of beau-
tiful reproductions of choice old miniature portraits
it contains. The original pictures from which these
plates are taken are in many cases from eminent
hands, and the collection must be pronounced an
attractive and instructive one to all who take an
interest in the now reviving branch of miniature-
painting. Mrs. Wharton's rambling narrative serves
Portraits of
Colonial
worthies.
as an index to the identities, characters, connections,
pursuits, and social and family histories of the re-
spectable if not very memorable worthies portrayed
in the pictures. The book is finely printed and
gayly bound. -
Professor Edward Howard Griggs's
work, entitled “The New Human-
ism: Studies in Personal and Social
Development” (The American Society for the Ex-
tension of University Teaching, Philadelphia), may
be briefly described as an attempt at the working
out of the results of spiritual and other ideals in
our modern life; or, in other words, the application
of scientific method and study to personal and so-
cial matters which are ordinarily regarded as beyond
the pale of scientific investigation. The first of the
ten papers, all distinct in subject and treatment, yet
all making to a single end, is given to “The Scientific
Study of the Higher Human Life.” Successive
essays bear such indicative titles as “The Dynamic
Character of Personal Ideals,” “The Modern
Change in Ideals of Womanhood,” and “The Ethics
of Social Reconstruction.” This last takes the posi-
tion that “In all unfounded expectations of imme-
diate social regeneration there are two errors: the
mistake of imagining that progress can be sudden;
and the error of supposing that a condition of
statical perfection is either possible or desirable
in human society.” From this the argument is
carried through the concluding essays on “The New
Social Ideal” and “The Religion of Humanity,” for
a wider understanding of our intellectual possibili-
ties, apart from any preliminary system of social
organization. The strong and undeviating optimism
of the book as a whole, tempered as it is by the full
recognition of existing social blunders, makes it at
once stimulating and wholesome.
Studies in
personal and
social development.
It is surprising, to those who knew
the popularity of the books of the
late Edward Payson Roe, that twelve
years should elapse before the appearance of any
extended biography of him. Such a work is now
published (Dodd, Mead & Co.), prepared with loving
care by his sister, Miss Mary A. Roe, and is to be
welcomed as an addition to American literary biog-
raphies. So far as possible, Miss Roe has followed
the safe plan of letting the author speak for himself,
and more than half the book is made up of extracts
from his letters and journals, given without change.
These passages disclose a personality of great charm,
and the book traces in an interesting way the career
of the man who achieved the greatest literary popu-º
larity of his time in America. He was a graduate
of Williams College and of a neighboring theo-
logical school, and in 1862, before his studies were
fully completed, he became the chaplain of the
Harris Light Cavalry (Second New York), gaining
experience in writing at the same time by acting as
correspondent for the New York “Evangelist.” He
won golden opinions for his zeal and sympathy while
in the service, becoming the chaplain of the Hamp-
Biography
of the late
F. P. Roe.


444
[June 1,
THE DIAL
ton Hospital at Fort Monroe in 1864, where he
served until peace was won. He then accepted a
call to the pastorate of the church at Highland Falls,
on the Hudson. It was here that he published
“Barriers Burned Away,” his first and still his most
popular book. He died in 1888, in his home at
Cornwall-on-the-Hudson, universally regretted.
We have already expressed much
satisfaction with the “Eversley”
edition of Shakespeare, prepared for
the Macmillan Co. by Professor C. H. Herford.
Now that the editor is in this country, and is mak-
ing many personal friends upon our side of the
Atlantic, we are glad of the opportunity presented
by a reissue of this work to call attention once more
to its scholarly qualities and its attractive appear-
ance. The original edition was in ten volumes; the
new one is in thirty-nine—that is, a play to a volume,
with two volumes for the poems. The notes are
restricted to the essentials, and are found where all
notes should be found, at the bottom of the page.
This is distinctly a pocket edition of the poet, and,
as such, it is a close rival of the “Temple.” Shake-
speare, appealing possibly to a severer taste, but to
one no less refined. Professor Herford, who has
recently given a course of Turnbull lectures at the
Johns Hopkins University, is a nephew of the Rev.
Brooke Herford who lived for many years in this
country. He is one of the soundest of the younger
English scholars in English and German literature.
His translations of Dr. Ibsen's “Brand” and “Love's
Comedy” are not the least of his many services to
literature.
A pocket edition
of Shakespeare.
BRIEFER MENTION.
Edward Rowland Sill rarely, if ever, wrote anything
for the mere sake of writing, and what might be called
the flotsam and jetsam of his work is better worth pre-
serving than much of the labored composition of more
prolific writers. We have already had three small vol-
umes of his verse; it has now remained for the pub-
lishers (Houghton) to collect a companion volume of
his “Prose” from such sources as the “Contributor's
Club” of the “Atlantic Monthly” and other periodicals.
We are given, besides a brief memoir illustrated by his
letters, something like forty short pieces of prose, classi-
fied under half a dozen heads. They are all brief, but
they are also packed with the writer's own thought, and
we are heartily glad to have them thus preserved.
“Makers of Literature” (Macmillan) is the title
given by Professor George E. Woodberry to a collec-
tion of critical essays which is an enlarged reissue of
the volume of ten years ago which was called “Studies
in Letters and Life.” There are several additional
chapters, however, so that the work is something more
than a new edition. It comprises nineteen papers in all,
relating almost wholly to nineteenth century writers,
and includes “all of the author's critical work which it
seems desirable to reprint.” That it is a volume of
unusual thoughtfulness and weight goes almost without
saying, and the reader, however much he may bring to
its perusal, can count upon carrying away even more.
NOTES.
Professor Woodrow Wilson's “George Washington”
is republished in a popular edition, at a reduced price,
by Messrs. Harper & Brothers.
“José” a “novela de costumbres maritimas,” by
Señor Palacio Valdés, has been edited for Messrs. D. C.
Heath & Co. by Professor F. J. A. Davidson.
“Mrs. Cliff's Yacht” and “The Adventures of Cap-
tain Horn” are two new volumes in the Messrs. Scrib-
ner's uniform library edition of the writings of Mr.
F. R. Stockton.
“King Lear” and “A Midsummer Night's Dream”
are the latest volumes of the “Chiswick.” Shakespeare
(Macmillan), edited by Mr. John Dennis and illustrated
by Mr. Byam Shaw.
A translation into blank verse of the “Andreas,”
made by Mr. Robert Kilburn Root, is given us in No.
VII. of the “Yale Studies in English,” published by
Messrs. Henry Holt & Co.
Messrs. George W. Jacobs & Co., of Philadelphia,
are about to publish, by subscription, at five dollars a
copy, “A History of the University of Pennsylvania,”
by Mr. T. H. Montgomery.
The library of a leading London collector will be
sold at auction on the 4th and 5th of the present month
by Messrs. Williams, Barker & Severn, 178 Wabash
Ave., Chicago. The collection includes a number of
interesting items.
“A Condensed History of the Middle Ages” and
“A Condensed History of Modern Times,” by Victor
Duruy, both revised and edited by Professor Edwin A.
Grosvenor, are now published in new editions by Messrs.
T. Y. Crowell & Co.
An interesting exhibition of books and manuscripts
from the Augustin Daly collection is now being given
in the Fine Arts Building of this city by Mr. George D.
Smith, the New York bookseller. The exhibition and
sale will close June 2.
“Wuthering Heights” and “Agnes Gray” are con-
tained in the latest volume of the “Haworth "edition
of the works of the Bronté sisters. Mrs. Humphry
Ward supplies the customary introduction, and the work
is published by Messrs. Harper & Brothers.
Thackeray's “Henry Esmond,” with an introduction
by Mr. H. E. Scudder, is published by Messrs. Hough-
ton, Mifflin & Co., as a “quintuple number” of their
“Riverside Literature Series.” There are many illus-
trations and a few pages of notes.
Philip Gilbert Hamerton's “Paris in Old and Present
Times,” first published fifteen years ago, now appears
in a handsome new edition from the press of Messrs.
Little, Brown, & Co. Visitors to the Exposition will do
well to make this book part of their traveling equipment.
Mr. Temple Scott, who was for a time the regular
London correspondent of THE DIAL, and has had con-
siderable experience as a bibliographer, editor, and pub-
lisher in England, has removed to New York to become
the manager of the American branch of Mr. John Lane's
“Bodley Head” publishing house.
Messrs. Doubleday, Page & Co., have in preparation
a new series of biographies of distinguished Americans.
They are to be historical in character, and will form,
when complete, a sort of biographical history of the
country. It is hoped that style and scholarship will be
so combined in them that they will prove attractive to


1900.] THE
TXIAL 445
a large class of readers, and at the same time take
their place among authoritative historical writings.
Minute completeness of record will not be aimed at, but
rather a broad and philosophical method of treatment.
The plan of the series is intelligent, and its fulfilment
will be awaited with interest.
“The Popular Poetry of the Finns,” by Mr. Charles J.
Billson, and “The Fairy Mythology of Shakespeare,”
by Mr. Alfred Nutt, are two new pamphlets in the
series, of which we spoke some months ago, entitled
“Popular Studies in Mythology, Romance, and Folk-
lore,” published by Mr. David Nutt.
Miss Louise C. Boname is both author and publisher
of a small “Hand Book of Pronunciation for Advanced
Grades,” which students of the French language will
find particularly useful in supplementing the informa-
tion to be had from grammars and dictionaries, and
which teachers will find equally useful in their work.
“The Chaucer Canon,” by the Rev. W. W. Skeat, pub-
lished by Mr. Henry Frowde, is “a discussion of the
works associated with the name of Geoffrey Chaucer,”
and gives the tests which scholars apply in determining
the authenticity of a given work. The volume is an in-
dispensible supplement to the seven volumes of the
“Oxford Chaucer.”
“A Guide to the Trees” (Stokes), by Miss Alice
Lounsberry, is a companion volume to that writer's pop-
ular “Guide to the Wild Flowers,” and is provided with
many illustrations, including sixty-four colored plates,
besides a large number in black and white. These illus-
trations are the work of Mrs. Ellis Rowan. Dr. N. L.
Britton has written an introduction to the work.
Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin, & Co. have just published
a “Cambridge” edition, in a single volume, of “The
Complete Poetical Works of Sir Walter Scott.” The
text has been edited by Dr. Rolfe, and the arrange-
ment is chronological. The biography is done by Mr.
H. E. Scudder in a few graceful and compact pages.
The body of notes is considerable and the usual vignette
and portrait constitute the illustrations.
The new Boston publishing house which has just been
incorporated under the name of Noyes, Platt & Com-
pany is the result of an arrangement between Messrs.
Curtis & Cameron, publishers of the Copley Prints, and
Messrs. Small, Maynard & Company, for coöperation
between these two houses in the publication of certain
books on art and illustrated books. The first work to
bear the imprint of the new firm will be the official
illustrated catalogue of the Fine Arts Exhibit of the
United States at the Paris Exposition, which is to be
published immediately.
Those summer travellers whose thoughts are turn-
ing, not toward the heats of crowded Paris, but toward
the rest and coolness of the Rocky Mountains, will find
much to attract and interest them in the new hand book
of Colorado, prepared by that experienced traveller and
forceful writer, Captain James W. Steele, and issued
by the Passenger Department of the well-known “Bur-
lington Route,” Chicago. The illustrations of the little
work are profuse and well executed, while the text gives
not only a sense of the charm of the regions treated,
but just those bits of information regarding routes of
travel and points of greatest interest which the intend-
ing traveller most needs.
Mr.A.G.S. Josephson, of the Crerar Library,Chicago,
sends us the following interesting note on two modern
Swedish authors: In the review of European literature
of the last twenty years, which was given in THE DIAL
for May 1 last, no mention was made of Swedish liter-
ature. Of course, Sweden cannot show such a literary
giant as Henrik Ibsen, nor, perhaps, such a brilliant critic
as Georg Brandes. But there are two Swedish authors
who, even in a very rapid survey of contemporary lit-
erature, should have been at least mentioned. Wiktor
Rydberg, who died in 1895, was without question the
most commanding literary personality in Sweden since
Geijer, and some regard him as its greatest poet since
Tegnér. His influence may have been more as a civiliz-
ing force than as a purely literary one; but whatever
its kind, his influence upon the generations which have
grown up since the early sixties has been most pro-
found. The brilliant if erratic genius of August
Strindberg, combining deep ethical pathos with a coarse
and cynical manner of expression, has influenced recent
Swedish literature more than that of anyone else. He
seems now to have reached greater stability, and prom-
ises to give us, in his Indian summer, works of deeper
significance and perhaps higher artistic value than any
of the productions of his youth or manhood.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
June, 1900,
Armenian Question, The. C. A. P. Rohrbach. Forum.
Automobiles for for the Average Man. C. Moffett. Rev. of Rev.
Balloon, A Night in a. Dorothea Klumpke. Century.
Blake, William, Poetry of. Henry J. Smith. Century.
Boer Army, With the. T. F. Millard. Scribner.
Bunker Hill, Battle of. Stephen Crane. Lippincott.
Burr, Aaron, Alex. Hamilton's Estimate of. Century.
Chicago Municipal Voters' League. E. B. Smith. Atlantic.
Chinese, Attitude of U.S. towards. How Yow. Forum.
College Philosophy. G. Stanley Hall. Forum.
Consular Service, Business Manand. H. A. Garfield. Century.
Dante's Message. C. A. Dinsmore. Atlantic.
Economic Tendencies, Recent. . C. A. Conant. Atlantic.
Executive, Independence of the. Grover Cleveland. Atlantic.
Filipinos, Do We Owe Independence to. Chas. Denby. Forum.
France, A Letter from. Alvan F. Sanborn. Atlantic.
Garden, Content in a. Candace Wheeler. Atlantic.
Ghetto Stage, Realism on. Hutchins Hapgood. Atlantic.
Greek, A Substitute for. W. C. Lawton. Atlantic.
Hamilton, J. McL., Paintings of. H. S. Morris. Scribner.
Hill, James J. Mary H. Severance. Review of Reviews.
Human Energy, Problem of Increasing. Nikola Tesla. Cent'y.
Irish Question, Present Position of. J. E. Redmond. Forum.
Labor, Organized, in France. W. B. Scaife. Forum.
Lincoln Rail, Origin of. J. McCan Davis. Century,
Lowell and his Spanish Friends. Emilia de Riaño. Century.
Paris and the Exposition. Albert Shaw. Review of Reviews.
Paris, Boulevards of. Richard Whiteing. Century.
Passion Play at Oberammergau, 1900. Review of Reviews.
Philippines, Are they Worth Having? G. F. Becker. Scribner.
Pieter's Hill, Battle of. R. H. Davis. Scribner.
Poetry of a Machine Age. G. S. Lee. Atlantic.
Political Platform, The Stained-Glass. S. Chaplin. Century.
President, Election of a. A. Maurice Low. Scribner.
Quaritch, Bernard. Dean Sage. Atlantic.
Racial Types, Painting of. Charles de Kay. Century.
Reformers. Theodore Roosevelt. Century.
Refunding Law, Operation of. C. A. Conant. Rev. of Rev.
Sculpture, American School of. W. O. Partridge. Forum.
Southern Literature of the Year. B. W. Wells. Forum.
Spanish Arches, Early, in Mexico. Archibald Butt. Century.
Summer Camps for Boys. Cleveland Moffett. Rev. of Rev.
Swiss Passion Play. Christine T. Herrick. Lippincott.
Tenement-House Commission of N. Y. J. Riis. Rev. of Rev.
Trade Relations, Am. and Canadian. J. Charlton. Forum.
U.K., U.S., and the Ship Canal. Sir C. W. Dilke. Forum.


446 THE DIAL
[June 1,
List of NEw Books.
[The following list, containing 97 titles, includes: books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
- BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
Historical Memoirs of Alexander I. and the Court of
Russia. By Mme. La Comtesse de Choiseul-Gouffier;
trans. from the French by Mary Berenice Patterson.
With portraits, 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 321. A. C
McClurg & Co. $1.50.
Dwight L. Moody: Some Impressions and Facts. By
Henry Drummond; with Introduction by George Adam
Smith. With portrait, 12mo. McClure, Phillips & Co. $1.
Isaac M. Wise: His Life and Selected Writings. Edited by
David Philipson and Louis Grossmann. With portraits,
12mo, pp. 419. Robert Clarke Co. $1.50.
Cranmer, and the Reformation in England. By Arthur D.
Innes, M.A. 12mo, pp. 199. “The World's Epoch-
Makers.” Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.25.
George Washington. By Woodrow Wilson. Popular
edition; illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 333. Harper & Brothers.
$1.50.
Sir David Wilkie, and the Scots School of Painters. By
Edward Pinnington. 12mo, pp. 160. “Famous Scots.”
Charles Scribner's Sons. 75 cts.
HISTORY.
Our Presidents_and_How We Make Them. By A. K.
McClure, LL.D. Illus., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 418.
Harper & Brothers. $2.
The Mutiny on Board H.M.S. “Bounty.” By Lieutenant
William Bligh, Illus., 12mo, pp. 140. ew York:
M. F. Mansfield. $1.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
A History of Russian Literature. By K. Waliszewski.
12mo, pp. 451. “Literatures of the World.” D. Appleton
& Co. $1.50, -
The Ways of Men. By Eliot Gregory (“An Idler”). 12mo,
uncut, pp. 283. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
Literary Interpretation of Life. By W. H. Crawshaw,
A.M. 12mo, gilt top, pp. 266. Macmillan Co. $1.
The Mind of Tennyson: His Thoughts on God, Freedom,
and Immortality. By E. Hershey Sneath, Ph.D. 12mo,
pp. 193. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.25.
The Legend of St. Andrew. Trans. from the Old English
É Robert Kilburn Root. - 8vo, pp. 58. “Yale Studies in
nglish.” Henry Holt & Co. B. 50 cts.
Stevensoniana: Being a Reprint of Various Literary and Pic-
torial Miscellany Associated with Robert Louis Stevenson,
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1900.] , THE
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448 THE
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THE
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No. 336. JUNE 16, 1900. Vol. XXVIII.
CONTENTS.
- PAGº
THE COMMENCEMENT SEASON . . . 457
A STUDY IN BENEVOLENCE. W. E. Simonds . 459
THE STAGE-COACH THEORY OF COLLEGE
MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
SCHOULER'S HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR.
Francis Wayland Shepardson . . . . . 461
HISTORY OF MONASTIC INSTITUTIONS. James
Westfall Thompson . . . . . . . . . . . 463
POMPEII RESTORED. F. W. Shipley . . . . . 465
STORIES OF THE THOMPSON RIVER INDIANS.
Frederick Starr . . . . . - - - - - - . 467
MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF THE FRENCH
BASTILLE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS . . . . . . . . . 469
The hero of two Nations.—Causes of the destruction
of ancient Rome.—Islam in Africa.-A predecessor
of Michael Angelo.—Archaic literary criticism.—
A one-volume geography of the world.—Primer cyclo-
paedias of modern knowledge. — Fragments of old
French history.
BRIEFER MENTION . . . . . . . . . - 472
NOTES . . . - - - - - - - - - - . . . .472
LIST OF NEW BOOKS . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
THE COMMENCEMENT SEASON.
This is the time of the year when schools and
colleges all over the country are engaged in
closing up their work, and in dismissing into
the world of action the thousands of young men
and women who have, as the phrase goes, com-
pleted their education. They are, for the most
part, a hopeful body of young people, and those
who witness the final flourish of the exercises
which mark for these graduates the “com-
mencement” of their influence upon a wider
world than that of their Alma Mater must be
cynical indeed if they do not find this spirit of
hopefulness contagious. When should we take
hope for the future, if not in the presence of
these young and eager minds, conscious of their
rich inheritance from the past, and confident
of their power to recast the future into their
own glowing mould 2 However our own gen-
eration may have disappointed us, we still have
faith in the generation that is to come after us,
and deep down in most of our hearts there is
an invincible belief that somehow, somewhere,
the ideals that have been thwarted in our own
time by the brute forces of selfishness and ma-
terialism are destined to have a better chance
of realization in the near future. If our own
mood have become that of the “Locksley Hall”
of the poet's ripe age, we would not have it
shared by the younger generation, and are
glad that the mood which inspired the earlier
“Locksley Hall ” still invades the ardent
imaginings of youth, and shapes them to the
same fair dream.
It is not alone because of the hope that
springs eternal that we who have suffered the
disillusionment of advancing years still cling to
a belief in the promise and the potency of the
youth that is just taking the world's burden
upon its shoulders. We are not altogether
without rational grounds for that belief. It is
to the progress of education that we must look
for the accomplishment of all those things
which are not, yet which ought to be, and no
one can follow the educational developments of
recent years without taking heart for the race,
or without anticipating a marked practical out-
come from so great an amount of intelligent
and harmoniously concerted effort. Whether
we examine the bare statistics, with their show-
ing of increased educational opportunities, of a
better appreciation of the meaning of educa-
tion, of the strong hold of humanism upon our
systems despite the assaults made upon it in
the name of practicality, or whether we attend
to the philosophical generalizations of those
observers who, from year to year, survey the


458
[June 16,
THE DIAL
field of recent activity and sum up the results
accomplished, we are not without abundant
cause for encouragement and self-congratula-
tion. That much has been done, and done in
the right way, is undeniable; we have many
reasons to believe that the young of to-day are
given a better equipment with which to face
the world than was provided for the young of
twenty or thirty years ago.
And yet, with all the obvious reasons for
our feeling satisfied with what the educational
activity of the present time is accomplishing,
we must reckon with the fact that some of the
prevailing tendencies of educational thought
are viewed with mistrust, and even with alarm,
by many of the best observers, by profound and
weighty thinkers whose views command the
greatest respect. Amid the clamor of peda-
gogical novelty and radicalism the still small
voice of these protestants penetrates to the
attentive ear, and bids us reëxamine the funda-
mental articles of the current orthodoxy. One
such voice is that of Professor Münsterberg,
whose recent “Atlantic" article on “School
Reform "deserves the most careful considera-
tion. Let us take the case of the average
graduate from the school or college of to-day.
Comparing him with the graduate of a genera-
tion ago, we may admit at once that he has
been in the hands of instructors of more accu-
rate scholarship, that he has had better library
and laboratory aids, that more helpful text-
books have guided his studies. These things
are all good, but they are not fundamental.
What is really fundamental is, for example,
what Professor Münsterberg, writing of the
tendency to allow young people to select the
subjects which are the most interesting, ex-
presses in the following terms: “A child who
has himself the right of choice, or who sees
that parents and teachers select the courses
according to his tastes and inclinations, may
learn a thousand pretty things, but never the
one which is the greatest of all: to do his
duty. He who is allowed always to follow the
paths of least resistance never develops the
power to overcome resistance; he remains
utterly unprepared for life. To do what we
like to do, that needs no pedagogical encour-
agement; water always runs down hill. Our
whole public and social life shows the working
of this impulse, and our institutions outbid one
another in catering to the taste of the public.
The school alone has the power to develop the
opposite tendency, to encourage and train the
belief in duties and obligations, to inspire de-
votion to better things than those to which we
are drawn by our lower instincts.” For a stu-
dent to choose his own courses may make his
education both easy and pleasant; it certainly
does not develop the power to overcome resist-
ance. That power is developed only by work
that is not easy, and that sometimes is extremely
unpleasant. “The schools were bad, and the
public was dissatisfied,” says our writer; “now
the elective studies relieve the discomfort of
the children; in the place of the old vexation
they have a good time, and the parents are glad
that the drudgery is over.” Presently, how-
ever, there is a rude awakening, and it is dis-
covered that the children thus taught have
acquired no mental stamina, that they do not
know anything thoroughly, that they cannot
grapple with any hard problem of practical life.
Then the man who is strong on psychology and
pedagogy gets his chance. For the possession
of this apparatus “he is not a better teacher,
but he can talk about the purposes of the new
education till all is covered by beautiful words;
and thus parents and children are happily satis-
fied for a while, till the time comes when the
nation has to pay for its neglect.” “Just as
it has been said that war needs three things,
money, money, and again money, so it can be
said with much greater truth that education
needs, not forces and buildings, not pedagogy
and demonstrations, but only men, men, and
again men. . . . The right kind of men is
what the schools need. They need teachers
whose interest in the subject would banish all
drudgery.”
One of the dialogues of Lucian speaks —
we quote from Froude's paraphrase—of “lies
related so circumstantially and by such grave
authorities, with evidence of eye-witnesses,
place, and time all accurately given, that the
strongest mind could hardly resist conviction
unless fortified with the certainty that such
things could not be.” Our credulous age is
beset by innumerable lies of this character, lies
of popular science, of political controversy, of
religious propaganda, of every species of intel-
lectual quackery. It is surely both funda-
mental and vital to ask of our education
whether it fortifies the mind with the certainty
that such things cannot be. Does the average
product of our most approved educational sys-
tems know the demonstrated facts of physics,
of economic science, of the historical experi-
ence of mankind, with absolute conviction, or
does he stand toward them in a hazy mental
attitude, doubtful of their validity, and ready


1900.]
459
THE DIAL
to surrender them at the behest of some plaus-
ible word-monger? This attitude toward fun-
damental principles is so widely prevalent, even
among people who have gone through the form
of intellectual training, that the answer to our
question does little credit to whatever agencies
are responsible for such an intellectual outlook.
For a period that boasts of enlightenment, the
“forts of folly” are still defended by forces
whose numbers are, to say the least, disheart-
ening. Both intellectually and morally, the
educational methods most in vogue in the
schools of to-day, in spite of all the zeal and
energy behind them, seem somehow to fail
when we look below the surface of their results.
The sterner if less ingenious methods of the
past did succeed in evolving that type of “gen-
tleman and scholar’ which seems to be fast
disappearing, and the passing of which from
our life has recently been lamented by Pro-
fessor Emerton. The personal influence of the
teacher has become lessened, and the pressure of
the educational machinery has become greater.
And there is much food for reflection in these
words of the writer just mentioned: “The
highly developed machine is able by its very
perfection to give to comparatively poor ma-
terial an apparent finish, which may deceive
the unwary. . . . Our machinery will enable
us to turn out men trained to certain definable
forms of mental activity, men who can be tick-
eted off in groups and applied in various kinds
of work in the world. It will never give us
any guaranty that these are men of real intellect-
ual power, whose personal quality can of itself
command respect.” How far our insistence
upon the machine-made quality may go is illus-
trated by the growing tendency among edu-
cational administrators to recruit their forces
only from the ranks of men having the profes-
sional trade-mark. Professor Emerton makes
this pertinent quotation from Erasmus: “For-
merly a man was called ‘doctor’ because he
was a learned man; but nowadays no one will
believe a man is learned unless he is called
‘doctor.’” And the writer adds, in words that
are none too strong, this statement of his own
experience: “I have known many a man,
whose great fundamental need was intellectual
refinement and culture, sacrificed to this semi-
civilized demand for a certifiable kind of expert
training.” The educational tendency which
can be content thus to substitute a narrow and
easy test of ability for those broad and search-
ing tests which alone are of real value, is not
exactly a cause for congratulation. Here also
a fundamental principle is involved, and we
should look to it that the tendency be not suf-
fered to impair our education in a very vital
respect. The above are a few only of the re-
flections that must intrude upon serious minds
whenever educational questions come to the
front, and that cannot fail to exert a sobering
influence upon our enthusiasm.
A STUDY IN BENE VOLENCE.
Some material for an interesting study is to be
found in the list of public gifts and bequests made
in the United States during 1899 or becoming oper-
ative in that year, compiled by Mr. Rossiter John-
son, editor of “Appletons' Annual Cyclopedia.”
The compiler records only those gifts which amount
to five thousand dollars or over, and only those
made by private individuals; public contributions,
denominational gifts, and governmental appropria-
tions are excluded. For obvious reasons, the list
must be more or less incomplete; yet there are
here recorded donations which aggregate nearly
$63,000,000, - thirty-eight per cent more than
those of any previous year. The list is presented
in such compactness that several striking facts
are likely to escape the general reader, unless
these facts are given the emphasis of distinct state-
ment.
In the first place, it may be noted that while the
bequests of sixty-seven persons are recorded in the
published list, the direct gifts of a hundred and
forty, or more than twice as many, are mentioned.
Evidently, more than ever before our wealthy
classes are distributing their wealth while they live,
rather than leaving their property to the uncertain-
ties of an administered estate. Furthermore, while
twenty-five per cent of these bequests — those
which reach or surpass the $100,000 mark —
amount to $16,000,000, twenty-six of the direct
gifts, similarly selected, aggregate $32,000,000,
or twice the former sum. Secondly, it appears
that of two hundred and seven benefactors selected
from the list, fifty-seven — or about twenty-eight
per cent—are women. Nineteen out of two hundred
and seven philanthropists, representing more than
a million and a half in gifts, have not permitted
public announcement of their names.
An exact classification of all these benefactions
is not easy; but allowing for the unavoidable im-
perfections of the published list, the amounts con-
tributed to these specific objects are approximately
correct :
1. Religious and denominational organizations,
- missions, etc. . . . . . . . $ 4,661,500
2. Hospitals and asylums . . . . . . . . 7,095,000
3. The fine arts, public monuments . . . . . 799,350
4. Public libraries . . . . . . . . . . . 1,599,000
5. Universities, colleges, schools . . . . . . 31,469,000


460
[June 16,
THE TOIAL
It is worthy of note that of the amount devoted
to public libraries, Mr. Andrew Carnegie gave
$1,130,000, establishing, or contributing to the
establishment of, seventeen new public libraries in
thirteen different states. Mr. Carnegie was, with
one exception, the largest giver of the year, the sum
of his benefactions amounting to $5,000,000.
But the item of greatest importance in this sum-
mary is the last, which records the donations to
universities, colleges, and technical schools. Sixty-
eight institutions were thus remembered; and in
the distribution of these gifts, the East, the Middle
West, the Pacific Coast, and the Southern States
are all fairly represented. Gifts ranging from
$5,000 to $100,000 were received by thirty-three
colleges and universities; fifteen institutions re-
ceived sums ranging from $100,000 to $600,000.
In this last group Yale was the largest beneficiary,
receiving $528,000.
Eight colleges for women received an aggregate
of $311,000, an average of less than $40,000. Of
these eight, Vassar received the largest amount,
$96,000. Wellesley follows with 90,000, and the
Woman's College of Baltimore is reported with
$50,000.
The “big six” among the universities were:
1. Princeton, which received . . . . . . $ 1,032,000
2. University of Pennsylvania, which received . 1,180,000
3. Washington, which received 1,300,000
4. Columbia, which received 1,381,000
5. Harvard, which received . . . . . 2,230,000
6. Leland Stanford, Jr., which received . 15,000,000
These gifts amount to . . . . . . . $22,123,000
Adding the gifts to the 48 . . . . . . 3,828,000
We have a total of . . . . . ... $25,951,000
The benefactions of Mr. Rockefeller to the Uni-
versity of Chicago are not included here because of
the conditions making his gift ineffective before the
present year.
Let us now look at the amounts credited to the
industrial, art, and technical schools. Tuskegee,
the flourishing institution over which Mr. Booker
T. Washington presides with such marked success,
was remembered to the extent of $127,000. Hamp-
ton Industrial Institute is credited with $28,000.
The largest beneficiaries in this group were, as
reported:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston . $ 650,000
Armour Institute, Chicago . . . . . . 750,000
Bradley Polytechnic, Peoria . 1,000,000
Cooper Union, New York . 1,000,000
Carnegie Institute, Pittsburg. 1,750,000
The remaining ten received . 400,000
Making a total of . . . . . . . . . $5,550,000
Adding the donations to the colleges and
universities . - - - - - . 25,951,000
We have a grand total of $31,501,000
With the exception of the sums given to establish
public libraries, we have been considering thus far
benefactions bestowed only on existing institutions.
The following items are perhaps the most interest-
ing in the complete list:
1. For the education of deserving boys and girls unable to
attend the higher schools, Elizabeth Larkin, of Chicago, be-
queathed her entire estate of $35,000.
2. For a free industrial school for young women, the Rev.
P. J. Daly, of Boston, gave $50,000.
3. For the benefit of orphan boys, a home and industrial
school is provided by Mr. Henry A. Pevear, of Lynn, Mass.,
valuation, $300,000.
4. To establish an institution in Ohio for the free education
of girls, Mr. Wallace C. Andrews, of New York, gave $500,000.
5. Mr. George W. Clayton, of Denver, bequeathed to that
city for an orphans' college, $1,000,000.
6. To establish a school of pedagogy, comprising a kinder-
garten, primary, and grammar schools, high school and junior
college, situated near Lincoln Park, Chicago, and also a
thoroughly appointed school for the children of the poor, on
Milwaukee Avenue, Chicago, Mrs. Emmons Blaine gave
$1,000,000.
7. Twenty-five years ago, Mr. John Simmons, of Boston,
left a portion of his estate for the establishment of a college
for women. This bequest is now effective, having amounted,
under investment, to $2,000,000.
8. James Munyon, of Philadelphia, has given to that city
thirty acres of land near Fairmount Park, whereon are to be
erected buildings for a home and school for dependent girls,
similar in purpose to Girard College for boys. These build-
ings are planned to cost $2,000,000.
9. Peter A. Widener, of Philadelphia, has purchased thirty-
six acres of land in the suburbs of that city, whereon he will
erect a combined home, hospital, and industrial school for the
benefit of crippled children; to cost $2,000,000.
Thus the gifts of these nine persons to the cause of
higher education for young women, to the protec-
tion and industrial training of the children of the
poor, amount in round numbers to $9,000,000.
Unprecedented as were the donations of 1899,
those of 1900 are almost certain to surpass them.
Before half the year has expired, these already
amount to nearly or quite $20,000,000. Washing-
ton University has received additional gifts to the
amount of $5,000,000; the University of Chicago
has come into full possession of the millions secured
by the latest Rockefeller gift; Harvard, Columbia,
Wanderbilt, Washington and Lee, Yale, Bowdoin,
and Brown have all benefited by generous dona-
tions; and to this list might be added the names of
other colleges, as well as of libraries and art mu-
seums similarly enriched. It is interesting to note
that of these benefactions recorded during the five
months just passed, nine-tenths of the sums are
given outright by donors who are still living to see
their desires fulfilled, and to take some satisfaction,
doubtless, in observing the goodly results of their
munificence.
Thirty-five years ago, John Ruskin in a public
lecture forcibly arraigned the English people for the
spirit of commercialism which seemed to him to be
sapping the intellectual and spiritual life of the
nation. “We have despised literature,” he said.
“We have despised science. We have despised
art. We have despised compassion.” The spirit
of commercialism is as insidious as ever. It may
be that even in the devotion of these unwonted sums
to literature, to science, to art, to compassion, some
traces of commercialism may be discovered,— al-
though the insinuation is gratuitous, the presumption
being quite the reverse. Nevertheless, there are
developing certain economic problems in the exist-


1900.]
461
THE DIAT,
ence of these tremendously capitalized educational
corporations, and these problems are worth consid-
eration. It is a fact that the Stanford University
is the wealthiest institution, privately established,
in the world. Mrs. Stanford's gift of $15,000,000
(cash value of property transferred) during the
year just passed, swells the endowment of the uni-
versity to $45,000,000, although the face value of
the securities which constitute its investments now
amounts to $80,000,000, and this valuation is rather
likely to increase than to diminish. The University
of California, the University of Chicago, as well as
Columbia and Harvard, are almost rivals with the
Stanford University in the sums of their respective
endowments, while each new year seems destined
to surpass its predecessor in the amount of fresh
capital which it brings to these enterprises.
How impressive should be the thought of the tre-
mendous responsibilities involved — responsibilities
of administration on the part of those who direct
the activities of these institutions; the responsibility
of provision and recognition on the part of the
people and the nation to which they belong; the
responsibility of appreciation, and, may we add, of
justification, which lies upon those for whose imme-
diate good they are designed and those who are
actively enjoying the splendid advantages which
they provide. W. E. SIMONDs.
COMMUNICATION.
THE STAGE-COACH THEORY OF COLLEGE
MANAGEMENT.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
The leading article in your last number tempts me to
call attention to a significant feature in the parallel
between stage-coach and university, drawn by a recent
writer in “The Atlantic.” According to that edifying
parable, the college president is a man; the professors
are horses. Over these essentially inferior creatures he
naturally cracks his whip. They are horses; and, more-
over, in this typical team they are all bad horses – old,
blind, weak-kneed, freakish, stupid, raw, vicious. The
driver, coming “out of the tavern,” jerks the reins with
obvious ill-temper; the unfortunate beasts—not pro-
tected, in this o'er-true tale, by any “Society for the
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals” — must endure him
as they can. Meanwhile, the riotous young passengers
(a new method in education) are bound — whither?
To their several lots and stations in a republican gov-
ernment. Shades of our forefathers! What training
and example have we here for citizens of the American
republic 2 Or is it to be the American despotism 7
An English scholar who has been many years resident
in our country says that this “Land of the Free” has
developed the two most absolute tyrants of modern
times: the Political Boss and the College President.
But as yet not all college presidents are of the type
portrayed and betrayed in the “Atlantic" article.
When that day comes, let them draw their faculty from
something lower than mankind.
Dobbin.
Čbe #tº $ochs.
SCHOULER'S HISTORY OF THE
CIVIL WAR.4
Twenty years ago, writing from North Con-
way, New Hampshire, under date of July 15,
1880, Mr. James Schouler prepared the preface
for the first volume of a “History of the United
States under the Constitution.” He planned
to follow the footsteps of Richard Hildreth to
1821, and then move forward by himself to the
Civil War period, thus supplementing the
work of Bancroft and Hildreth in making a
complete story of the development of the Amer-
ican people from the discovery of the continent
to the close of the Rebellion. In this preface
he declared that it was just ten years to a day
since he laid aside the first draft of an intro-
ductory chapter of the History which he
planned to write “without fear or favor.” A
whole generation, therefore, has passed away
since the study was begun, a generation during
which wonderful changes have taken place in
American thought and American life. No ex-
amination of Mr. Schouler's History would be
fair which did not keep these great changes in
mind.
The underlying thought of the author is like-
wise to be remembered. Recent biographical
memoirs being considered as he wrote, he made
these statements in his first preface:
“Political biography distorts events necessarily to
give effect to a personal example; for the public pro-
gress of a new republic and of a people like ours is the
advance of a swelling host whose force and direction
are determined by a myriad of influences, while individ-
uals who contribute their strength rise into view and then
disappear. It is to trace this general advance, and dis-
tinguish these impelling influences, whether individual
or collective, political, moral, or social, that one should
devote himself in a work like the present; and in pur-
suance of such an object, I have availed myself of what-
ever fresh materials such writers and collectors furnish,
without relying implicitly upon any one of them.”
This purpose to seek the “impelling influ-
ences” which have entered into the political,
moral, and social life of the United States has
been kept steadfastly in view as Mr. Schouler
has worked away on his history during the
intervals of other literary labors since 1870.
The chapters in the several volumes which at-
tempt asummary of these influences are the ones
which give character to the work. They are
interesting and suggestive, valuable alike for
*HISTORY OF THE Civil WAR, 1861–1865. By James
Schouler. Being Volume VI. of The History of the United
States. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. .*
*


462 THE DIAL
[June 16,
what they contain and for what they indicate
as yet available for the student who may wish
to seek further light upon any phase of our
country's progress. And yet in connection
with these chapters a marked defect is to be
noted; for again and again, as special interest
is awakened by the graphic portrayal of events,
an exceedingly indefinite and disappointing
reference, such as to “newspapers of the day,”
discourages personal research and checks the
development of habits of additional private
investigation which are so strongly advocated
in these days of topical study.
Along with this notable defect of indefinite-
ness of references, the several volumes by Mr.
Schouler are marked by infelicities of style
which marmany otherwise strong passages. The
thought is not expressed with sufficient clear-
ness, the sentences are long and involved, and
very often subject and predicate are lost in a
maze of words. Two quotations from the sixth
volume will illustrate this point:
“Upon McClellan's repulse on the peninsula, had
been arranged, with the state governors, the new levy
of three hundred thousand men” (page 222).
“. . . . But the latter stood obstinately and corps by
corps, division by division, of the heroic and devoted
Potomac army were shattered in terrible carnage”
(page 235).
Infelicities of expression and indefiniteness of
citations being overlooked, however, the work
is a highly valuable contribution to American
literature, and will probably serve for years as
the standard reference for the general history
of the United States under the Constitution
down to 1865. The second volume appeared
in 1882, the third in 1885, the fourth in 1889,
and the fifth, intended for the final one, in
1891. The preface of this fifth volume, how-
ever, indicated, a desire, should health and
strength permit, to write a sixth volume de-
scriptive of Lincoln's administration; and it is
this, bound separately also as a “History of
the Civil War,” which has now come from the
press to complete the series. The first pub-
lishing arrangements were unfortunate, and the
History did not meet favorable comment or
attract general attention until the present pub-
lishers took hold of it. Since then the several
volumes have been received with interest as
they have appeared.
The volume on the Civil War begins with
a portrayal of the thoughts of the people as
they looked forward to the administration of a
man who was untried in national life and whose
capacity for the responsible position many
doubted. It closes with the thoughts of the
same people as they looked back over the four
years of trial and anxiety during which the
strength of the President became more and
more apparent until in an unhappy hour the
assassin struck him down. The period is by
far the most difficult of American history, for
the shelves are full of books written in support
of this theory or that, in defense or censure of
generals and commanders. Mr. James Ford
Rhodes worked over the great mass of material,
and reached conclusions which he made clear
in the recently published fourth volume of his
history. Mr. Schouler has examined the same
sources, and in quite a number of controverted
matters has reached substantially the same re-
sult. Leaving controversy out of consideration,
however, several distinct features of this vol-
ume are to be noted. There are five points
connected with this History of the Civil War
that are worth special attention.
1. The “conspiracy” idea is everywhere.
The Southern Confederacy is called a conspir-
acy, planned by men who were capable of
stooping to any means to accomplish their end.
Many of them were West Pointers who violated
their oath of allegiance to the United States,
betrayed the country which had educated them,
basely deserted it in the hour of peril, the ex-
cuses which they set forth being poor ones.
Nothing, our author thinks, can excuse the act
of Lee, especially when his treason is compared
with the loyalty of other Virginians. The ships
are sent to distant ports; representatives are
sent to European cities to plead the South-
ern cause; forts are seized, and yet commis-
sioners are appointed to negotiate for the
division of United States property as if no overt
act had been committed. The fears for the
cause of State Sovereignty are very soon lost
sight of, as President Davis becomes an auto-
crat of the most determined kind, ruling with
a rod of iron. It is a conspiracy in the interest
of slavery.
“The soul of the Southern revolution of 1861, the
nucleus of its absorbing passion, was historically the
zeal of founding a new or reunited union of States
whose corner-stone should be negro slavery, - the sub-
jection of the colored to the white race as a normal and
natural condition.”
2. Much attention is paid to men. Through-
out the several volumes of the history, Mr.
Schouler has made it a rule to stop occasionally
to look at the actors upon the stage, comment-
ing upon them and describing their character-
istics in terse words. In the sixth volume this
biographical feature is marked, the studies of
Seward, Stanton, and Chase, on the one side,


1900.] THE
DIAL 468
and Davis, Lee, and Toombs, on the other,
being conspicuous examples. McClellan finds
little favor in the final analysis. His organizing
ability is praised, but there is constant blame
for his inaction, his obstinacy, his contempt of
the administration.
“In his sublime egotism he viewed himself as the
sole preserver of the people, not in a military sense
alone, but against what he deemed the political infatua-
tion of the party and men in power.”
All through the volume there is opportunity
for comparison between McClellan and Grant.
The one constantly magnifies the enemy's force;
the other thinks the chances of disorganization
on the part of his adversary as great as on his
own, and risks attack. The one plans strategic
movements trying to capture places; the other
cares little for places if he can capture the
enemy. If McClellan fails to win admiration,
just as certainly the author has a warm spot in
his heart for Grant; and when the latter comes
to the front as the great leader of the war, the
reader recalls that many generals have been
given an opportunity, and that at the last names
appear in the relative rank which should be
given them, the reasons for this ranking being
plainly apparent.
3. The difficulties in the situation are ad-
mirably handled. Not to mention others, the
trials of the administration in dealing with
people in the North who were disposed to give
aid and comfort to the enemy, the delicacy of
treatment required in the case of the Border
States, and the more complex diplomatic diffi-
culties with foreign powers, each of these topics
is discussed in an instructive manner. This
leads to the mention of a fourth feature of the
volume.
4. Certain topics are presented with much
power. Good examples are the fiasco of Fre-
mont in Missouri, the invasion of Maryland by
Lee, and the corresponding movement of Bragg
into Kentucky which was attended by like fail-
ure of the Border States men to rise in the
interest of the Confederacy. Few descriptions
can be better than that of the fight at Fred-
ericksburg, while on the other hand the brilliant
attempt of Pickett at Gettysburg does not
inspire a notable paragraph. But as a rule the
descriptions are good, and this fact keeps the
interest of the reader from flagging in the
midst of technicalities of campaigns.
5. A fifth feature of the work is the bold-
ness of outline which remains in the mind of
the student because of the reiteration of certain
essential details. The gradual evolution of the
military leaders has already been mentioned,
as has been the marked predilection for Grant.
Of like nature is the feeling of Lincoln in regard
to the loyal people of East Tennessee, or the
jealousies among Confederate leaders, – little
things apparently, and yet in the long run
quite important in shaping campaigns and in
affecting the purposes and performances of
leaders on both sides. The repetition of the
statements regarding such things does not
weaken the narrative, because the occasions for
calling attention to them are many.
Finally, the volume is strong in the discus-
sion of phases of the war distinct from the
actual fighting. The fifty pages given to a
consideration of the soldiers of the war and of
general traits and industries of the people are
exceedingly interesting. The same thing is
true of half as many pages which treat specifi-
cally of the volunteers, the black soldiers, the
care or lack of care of prisoners, and the en-
forcement of the draft. The same faults which
appear in the earlier volumes by this author
are manifested in the closing one; the same
excellences are likewise apparent. On the whole,
students of American history are to be con-
gratulated on the fact that the literature of the
Civil War has been enriched by two such nota-
ble additions as the histories by Mr. Rhodes
and Mr. Schouler.
FRANCIS WAYLAND SHEPARDSON.
HISTORY OF MONASTIC INSTITUTIONS.*
The aim and scope of the Rev. Alfred Wes-
ley Wishart's “Monks and Monasteries” is “to
sketch the history of the monastic institution
from its origin to its overthrow in the Reforma-
tion period.” The work is distinctly a sketch,
for despite its large proportions the book is but
slightly over four hundred pages. The author
in a sense disarms criticism in the beginning
by frankly admitting that he has hardly touched
the original sources at all, “although interme-
diate authorities have been studied as widely
as possible.” What these are, we may pre-
sume the appended bibliography sets forth;
but in justice to Mr. Wishart, this either should
be enlarged (and pruned) or omitted altogether.
It is not edifying to see text-books like Church's
“Beginnings of the Middle Ages” and Stillé's
“Studies in Mediaeval History,” Scott's “Mon-
*Monks AND MonAstERIEs. By Alfred Wesley Wishart.
With four photogravure reproductions. Trenton, N. J.:
Albert Brandt.


464
[June 16,
THE DIAL
astery,” Sienkiewicz's “Knights of the Cross,”
and so bigoted a book as R. W. Thompson's
“Footprints of the Jesuits,” comporting with
Harnack and Neander and Stubbs and Schaff.
Moreover, this bibliography is as unfortunate
in its omissions as in what it includes.
The author is happiest in the beginning and
the end of his theme. The rise and develop-
ment of Monasticism he traces in an interesting
way, even if one does tire of too frequent quo-
tation — mostly from Kingsley — and long for
an expression of opinion in the author's own
words.
Monasticism was not entirely of Christian
origin. Oriental religions and practices, Greek
philosophy, and Judaistic influences, all had a
part in its formation. Asceticism and isolation,
its two elemental characteristics, were common
to both Judaism and pagan cults before Chris-
tianity came into being. The Nazarenes of
Scripture were primitive ascetics. Moses,
Elijah, John the Baptist, Christ himself, sought
the solitude of the desert. Buddha and Ma-
homet, founders of non-Christian religions,
did the same. The new dispensation of Chris-
tianity could not be wholly divorced from its
sources, nor could it cast off the influences of
its environment. The union of Greek thought,
which so accentuated the distinction between
mind and matter, with the teachings of Chris-
tianity—that union which made St. John the
mystic of the ages, gave monasticism most of
its philosophic and spiritual basis. Rome gave
it the law; the Orient contributed that fanati-
cism, amounting to a sort of hysteria, which
so characterized Eastern monasticism.
It was natural, therefore, that monastic
practices should gradually obtain in the Church.
It was natural, too, that monasticism should
originate in Egypt. The central position of
Egypt, at the angle of Europe, Africa, and
Asia, made that country the common ground
of Greek philosophy, Judaism, and Oriental
thought. Moreover, the atmosphere and to-
pography of Egypt was most favorable to
monasticism. The numberless natural cav-
erns and excavations in the low hills of the
Nile valley provided the primitive ascetic a
dwelling-place. The dryness of the climate and
his own isolation made him independent of
much clothing or furniture, and the scant sus-
tenance which his life required — dates and
millet — could be easily provided. The first
monks, like Paul of Thebes (circa 262—340)
and St. Anthony (251–350), adopted that
manner of living without reference to others
who might be doing the same. But the holy
living and holy dying of men like these, the
persecution which drove thousands into the
desert places, united with fanatical zeal, vastly
increased the movement, so that at the end of
the fourth century it has been estimated that
the number of hermits and cenobites in Egypt
almost equalled the population in the cities.
It was inevitable that organization should
develop out of this circumstance, and so grad-
ually the hermit of the desert becomes the
monk of the cloister. Two great names are
associated with this transition from the solitary
to the cenobitic life. Pachomius (292–348)
established a brotherhood of monks on the
island of Tabenne in the Nile, who lived under
the triple rule of poverty, chastity, and obedi-
ence. Basil the Great (329–379), a Greek of
character and ability, founded a similar clois-
ter in Pontus, near the Black Sea; and Basil's
Rule fixing the details of life within and with-
out the walls of the monastery, supplemented
by numerous decisions of councils and em-
perors, which Justinian united into a code for
the monasteries of the Empire, became the
organic law of the Eastern brotherhoods.
From the fourth century onwards monastic
foundations multiplied rapidly in the East.
At the death of Constantine in 337 there were
fifteen monasteries in the Empire. In 536
there were ninety. The reasons of this increase
are not hard to find. The intense and artifi-
cial civilization of the Later Roman Empire
created a craving for some new sensation or
novelty, and monasticism satisfied that ennui
which was eating at the hearts of so many.
The Church saw in the enthusiasm a new means
to idealize the Christian life of self-sacrifice.
Martyrdom was no longer possible; the live
heat of that burning enthusiasm which had up-
lifted the hearts of early converts in the stormy
hour of torture was becoming chilled.
But the excessive tendency to multiply the
monasteries, united with the extravagance of
some practices of the monks, by the middle of
the fifth century had become a serious source
of disquietude to the government. Men rushed
into the cloister to evade taxes, to escape ser-
vice in the army, or to find an easy means of
living at the expense of pious and generous
Christians. Relatives were confined there by
their own kin. Fugitive slaves, runaway hus-
bands, and sometimes criminals, found refuge
there. Ambitious and frivolous monks asso-
ciated with those of true faith. The vow of
personal poverty did not prevent the acquisition


1900.] THE
DIAL 465
of corporate wealth by the brotherhood, so that
luxury and ribaldry crept into the houses. Life
according to the Rule (regula) became impos-
sible. In 451, at the Council of Chalcedon,
the Church and the Empire together sought to
remedy these disorders by requiring episcopal
sanction for every monastic foundation; proper
endowment, in order to make it independent
of charity; rigid enforcement of regulations;
and a novitiate of three years—a provision
which the abbots made a dead letter.
Monasticism entered western Europe through
the instrumentality of St. Jerome (340–418)
and Augustine of Hippo (died 430), the latter
of whom established a community of clergy
who renounced their property, abounded in
charitable work, and lived a life of discipline.
The first monastery in Gaul was at Ligugé,
near Poitiers. Marmoutier, near Tours, soon
followed,— both due to the inspiration of the
famous St. Martin (816–896), and the list
grows longer as the years pass. But although
emanating from the East and adopted by the
West, western monasticism radically differed
in intent and practices from eastern monasti-
cism. The East was given to grotesque and
eccentric forms of self-discipline; the West was
practical. The eastern monks lived a life
apart, absorbed in abortive reflections or in
listless idleness, doing no work, but deriving
their support from pious but misdirected char-
ity. Those in the Latin West, on the contrary,
were earnest, sane in their thinking and action,
alert, industrious, and self-supporting. The
men of the West had no patience with pillar
saints, like St. Simeon Stylites, or hermits who
exiled themselves in swamps that the stings of
insects might teach them to mortify the flesh,
or prayed for days in thorn-bushes, or bent
their bodies into torturing positions.
In his chapters upon the fathers of western
monasticism, Mr. Wishart is disappointing.
The personalities of Benedict and Augustine,
Bernard of Clairvaux, and Peter the Vener-
able, are not made impressive. And save the
Benedictine Order proper and the Franciscans,
the rest of the orders get scant treatment. Two
pages suffice for Cluny and two for the Cis-
tercians ! With the winning personality of
St. Francis, the narrative begins to mend. The
best observation made regarding the founder of
the Franciscans is, however, relegated to a note
in the appendix, a bit worth quotation:
“In many interesting particulars St. Francis may be
compared with-General Booth of the Salvation Army.
In their intense religious fervor, in their insistence upon
obedience, humility, and self-denial, in their services
for the welfare of the poor, in their love of the ‘sub-
merged tenth,’ they are alike. . . . It is quite possible
that the differences between Francis and Booth are due
more to the altered historical environment than to any
radical diversities in the characters of the two men.”
The last chapters are upon the fall of
the monasteries, “The Disestablishment by
Henry VIII.,” and one upon “Causes and
Ideals,” an attempt philosophically to account
for monasticism. The conclusion is that it is
impossible to dogmatize, for the system was
never wholly good nor wholly bad. The social
and economic influence of the monks might
here have been considered at greater length.
It remains to make two corrections. It is
straining the usage of a term to apply the word
Saracen to the Arabians of the fifth century,
before Mohammed was born (p. 53). If Mr.
Wishart had read the letters of Sidonius Apol-
linaris he would never have termed the Roman-
ized Kelts of Gaul in the time of Constantine
“rude Gauls just emerging out of barbarism”
(p. 120). It was Benvenuto d’Imola who
was so pained at the careless treatment pre-
cious manuscripts received at Monte Cassino,
and used the words put in Boccaccio's mouth
in p. 136.
“Monks and Monasteries” is the first pro-
duct of the new publishing house of Albert
Brandt, of Trenton, N.J., and is admirable
in paper, print, and binding.
JAMES WESTFALL THOMPSON.
POMPEII RESTORED.”
It is not often that readers in this country
have the privilege of becoming familiar with
the results of German scholarship in English
before they are published in German. It is
therefore a pleasant surprise to find that it is
in English form, and from the press of the
Macmillan Company, that the latest work from
the pen of Professor August Mau has made its
first appearance. “Pompeii, Its Life and Art,”
the preface tells us, is not a translation of any
book previously issued by the German scholar,
but an entirely new work, translated from
the author's manuscript, and first published
in English. The publishers are to be con-
gratulated upon their enterprise in securing
so important a foreign work. Not only is it
the most important book, in point of complete-
ness and trustworthiness, which has yet been
* Pompeii: Its LIFE AND ART. By August Mau. Trans-
lated by Francis W. Kelsey. Illustrated in photogravure.
New York: The Macmillan Co.


466
[June 16,
THE DIAL
written upon Pompeii, but with these qualities
it combines the rare merit, not always to be
found in archaeological works, of being inter-
estingly written, attractive in form, and hand-
somely illustrated. It therefore deserves a
cordial welcome not only from the student of
classical archaeology, but from the general
reader as well.
From the scholar's point of view, there is
no one better qualified to write authoritatively
upon Pompeii than Professor Mau. Half of
his life has been given to the study of the ruins
of the Campanian city and all that they repre-
sent in the way of illustrating Roman life and
art. For a quarter of a century his summers
have been regularly spent among the ruins, his
winters in working up the material so col-
lected. He is therefore familiar with literally
every stone and corner of the excavated portion
of the city; and in addition to this familiarity
with the city he possesses two essential qualities
— an enthusiastic devotion to his work, and a
strictly scientific method. He has already writ-
ten much in German and Italian upon special
subjects and special problems in connection
with Pompeii. The present work sums up the
achievements of a scholar who made his repu-
tation years ago but is now first introduced to
English readers.
There are few travellers who have not re-
garded their visit to the excavations at Pom-
peii as one of the most interesting and profit-
able of their jaunts in Italy. Fewer still are
able to form more than a vague impression of
how each building, and how the city as a whole,
looked in antiquity. Though the walls of the
houses are standing, they are roofless, the wood-
work has all disappeared, all the furniture
and objects of artistic value have been car-
ried for safe keeping to the Naples Museum,
and the best of the wall paintings have been
removed to the same place, leaving an un-
sightly break in the plan of decorations. It
requires something more than the unaided
imagination to reconstruct each house or public
building as it stood before the catastrophe of
79 A.D., and the questions which one would
ask are only half answered by the guide or the
guide-book. The grand exception among the
ruins is the house of the Wettii, excavated in
1894 and 1895. Here the roof has been re-
stored, the paintings have been left intact, the
owner's safe stands in the atrium, the pots and
kettles appear upon the hearth just as they
were found, and the garden in the peristyle
has been planted with flowers and shrubs,
among which stand the statuary and the foun-
tains just as they stood in antiquity. On seeing
this house, one forms a more definite idea of
how a Pompeian lived than he has been able to
gather from all the other houses in Pompeii
put together. What the excavators have done
in the case of the house of the Wettii, Professor
Mau has sought to do for the reader in the
case of all the important buildings of Pompeii,
the city itself, and its life.
One by one each edifice is rebuilt in the
reader's imagination in such a way that he can
form a clear idea of how it must have looked
inside and out. For the completeness of this
picture every aid is furnished to the eye in the
way of plans and restorations based upon care-
ful measurements. The sectional drawings of
these restorations, in particular, help to give
the reader a better idea of the appearance in
antiquity of many of the buildings than he
could get from an actual visit to the ruins
guide-book in hand. The decorations are then
described, the mosaics, architectural ornaments,
and paintings, the latter in some detail and
with copious illustrations whenever they happen
to be of artistic value or of interest in connec-
tion with the development of Pompeian art.
In the chapter on the house of the Wettii there
are no fewer than ten illustrations of the paint-
ings alone. A large portion of the book is nec-
essarily taken up with describing the buildings
of the city. The descriptions, however, in spite
of the fact that many of the buildings possess
some elements of similarity, do not grow tedi-
ous; the author has something new and enter-
taining to say in the case of each, and it is no
small praise to say that one finds the account
of the last houses upon his list quite as inter-
esting as the first. The enumeration of nec-
essary details is relieved by passages such as
the following, taken from the chapter on the
house of the Faun, in which the reader is car-
ried back in imagination to the days before the
eruption and is given a general view of this
house in a description which shows no trace of
scholarly dryness.
“As one stepped across the mosaic border at the end
of the fauces, a beautiful vista opened up before the
eyes. From the aperture of the compluvium a diffused
light was spread through the atrium brilliant with its rich
coloring. At the rear the lofty entrance to the tablinum
attracted the visitor by its stately dignity. Now the
portières are drawn aside, and beyond the large window
of the tablinum the columns of the first peristyle are
seen. The shrubs and flowers of the garden are rich
with sunshine, and fragrant odors are wafted through
the house; in the midst a slender fountain jet rises in
the air and falls with a murmur pleasant to the ear.”


1900.] THE
TXIAL 467.
Throughout the book, Professor Mau has
endeavored to reconstruct, not merely the
buildings of the city, but also the life of the
people which thronged in and about them. A
description of Isis, her worship and her wor-
shippers, forms an integral part of the chapter
on the temple of that goddess. The public
buildings, the baths, the palaestra, the theatres
and amphitheatre, are made the centre of
a vivid account of the serious business and
the recreations and amusements of the Pom-
peians. In the chapters on the shops, the inns,
the manufactories, and the farm buildings at
Boscoreale, he describes the various trades and
industrial processes concerned. He has thus
given us in a single volume not only by far the
best work upon the buildings of Pompeii, and
the best guide-book of the city for those who
have more than a few hours to spend there, but
also the best account which we have of the
details of every-day life in a Roman provincial
town.
The volume is a model of clear exposition.
From beginning to end the author has taken
the utmost pains to make it intelligible at every
point with the least expenditure of effort on
the part of the reader. Every term of a tech-
nical nature is carefully explained; the account
of the different architectural periods and the
styles of house decoration is beautifully clear
and definite. Although each chapter contains a
great deal of scholarly information, this is em-
bodied easily in the text without detracting from
its clearness or making it heavy. It is indeed a
pleasure to review a book to which so much de-
served praise can be given. Professor Mau has
made the Pompeii of fact not less interesting to
the general reader than the Pompeii of fiction,
and that too without sacrificing any of those
qualities which render such a work valuable to
the special student, who will find it the most
complete account of Pompeii which has yet
been published, and one which is scholarly in
every respect.
The author is fortunate in having secured
as his translator a scholar who is himself so
familiar with Pompeii as Professor Francis W.
Kelsey of the University of Michigan.
F. W. SHIPLEY.
“Malentendus” is the title of a new volume of short
stories by that prolific and entertaining writer, Mme.
Blanc (Th. Bentzon). It includes four numbers, of
which the first gives a title to the collection, and it is
the thirty-fourth volume published for this writer by
M. Calman Lévy.
STORIES OF THE THOMPSON RIVER
INDIANS.*
The Salish Indians live in Washington,
Idaho, Montana, and British Columbia. The
group is linguistic, and is subdivided into two
lesser divisions — the Coast Salish and the
Interior Salish. The languages of the Coast
Salish are notably divergent; those of the
Interior Salish are more uniform. The Indians
whose traditions are studied in the volume
before us are Interior Salish, living along the
upper part of the Thompson River and in the
Nicola Valley.
In the Introduction, Dr. Boas sketches the
ethnography of these Indians. “They are pri-
marily hunters and fishermen.” Their villages
are small. Until recently, the little popula-
tions moved with the seasons, which brought
a varying food-supply. Their social organiza-
tion was ill-defined. There were no definite
chiefs, no clans, no totems, no restrictions upon
marriage except that near relations might not
marry. The religious ideas were simple, and
great rituals and secret societies did not exist
among them. The sun seems to have been the
chief object of worship. In all these points
of ethnography, the Thompson River Indians
differ remarkably from their neighbors —
Kwakiutl, Tshimpshian, and other coast tribes
north of these.
Fully half of Mr. Teit's collection of the
traditions of these Indians are “transformer
stories.” A “transformer" is a being who has
brought about present conditions by the trans-
formation of those previously existing. Such
transformers are frequent in Indian traditions,
but usually one transformer is sufficient for a
tribal cycle. Here, however, there are several
such beings — the Coyote, three brothers called
Qoaq Luah, Kokwela, and the Old Man. The
transformer Qoaq LQah is also a culture-hero.
Frequently in Indian legends the culture-hero
is at once good and bad; he is benevolent and
helpful; he is a trickster and a liar. This
peculiar combination of qualities has given rise
to considerable discussion among ethnographers.
To reconcile these contradictory traits in one
being was the problem. Dr. Boas believes that
the transformer is rarely an intentional bene-
factor. He presents a series of illustrations of
his operations in the stories of different tribes.
*TRADITIONs of THE THoMPson River INDIANs of
BRITish Columbia. Collected and annotated by James
Teit, with Introduction by Franz Boas. Volume VI. of the
Memoirs of the American Folk-Lore Society. Boston:
Houghton, Mifflin & Co.


468 THE DIAL
[June 16,
The transformer is in all purely egoistic: he
seeks his own selfish ends; if the results are
helpful to mankind, this is incidental, not pur-
posive. While this is clearly true of the tribes
discussed, Dr. Boas shows the existence of a
transition to stories where the altruistic efforts
of a true culture hero become evident.
From the presence of four transformers
instead of one, Dr. Boas infers a probably com-
plex origin of the Thompson River traditions.
By an analysis of the Coyote stories, he demon-
strates that there has been transmission of tales
from foreign sources. The elements from these
different sources have not yet amalgamated.
The various transformers are beings from dif-
ferent neighboring tribes not yet fused into
one great culture-hero. These stories have been
influenced by the physical environment and by
the social organization of the Indians among
whom they have been gathered. These influ-
ences are considered in detail by Dr. Boas, and
important generalizations are drawn from the
consideration.
Following Dr. Boas' Introduction, thirty-
eight stories of the Thompson River Indians are
presented. To these are added two stories of the
Lillooet. In the notes a variety of helpful mat-
ter is given. Some of this is explanatory; much
is comparison with stories from elsewhere;
some is presentation of variants; some is the
rendering into Latin of passages considered
indecent. A few of the stories are given in the
original language, with interlinear translations.
In the comparisons instituted a wide range of
tribes is included — tribes of the whole North-
west Coast region, Chinook, Northern Atha-
paskan, Ponca, and Navajo. It is strange that
with so wide a range of comparison no refer-
ence is made to the Tehua stories given by Mr.
Lummis. Several elements in these strikingly
resemble those found in the Thompson River
tales, and well deserve consideration. The
visits by the coyote to other animals who can
do what he cannot do; the tree which by its
growth carries a person up to a required point;
the wee basket of food that is inexhaustible,_
these are features sufficiently peculiar for their
identical occurrence in tribes as separated as
the Thompson River Indians and the Rio
Grande Pueblos to be noted. The book ends
with a valuable series of abstracts of the stories,
made by Dr. Boas. This sort of analysis of
folk-tales is the most important step prelimin-
ary to serious study and comparison.
FREDERICK STARR.
MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF THE
FRENCH BASTILLE.”
Mr. Funck-Brentano's interesting book of
“Legends of the Bastille” is based on recent
examination of hitherto neglected records, and
proves beyond the shadow of a doubt that a
certain class of popular notions about that
famous prison are not well founded. That the
Bastille of the eighteenth century was not half
so black as it was painted, may be taken as
proved. What people used to call the “hor-
rors” of the Bastille have been overdrawn. It
may be questioned if during the last half-
century of the prison's existence there were
any “horrors” in the usual sense of the term.
There were, for instance, no frightful subterra-
nean dungeons, dank, dark, and swarming with
vermin — with toads, lizards, enormous rats,
spiders, etc.—where the starving captives lay on
straw rattling their chains and uttering doleful
cries. In point of fact, the Bastille of the eight-
eenth century was a very good and humanely,
even indulgently, conducted prison, as prisons
then were, where the inmates appear to have
been well fed and decently lodged. The one
damning thing about the Bastille was that one
might be sent there arbitrarily, at the instance
of private malice, vengeance, or self-interest,
and kept there as long as the powers that ruled
thought fit. That feature of the Bastille was,
to our thinking, “horror” enough, and a suffi-
cient justification of democratic celebrations of
the work that was done on July 14, 1789.
The fact is that the motive that made men
of liberal opinions the world over acclaim the
fall of the Bastille was not so much humani-
tarian as political. It is ridiculous to suppose
that they rejoiced over that event as over a
mere jail-delivery of a parcel of ill-treated pris-
oners. Had there been no prisoners at all
(and there were only a handful of them), the
enthusiasm would have been the same. The
Bastille was regarded as a symbol, as a tangible
emblem, of the social and political system that
the Revolution came to destroy. Its fall was
hailed by Democracy as a token of the fall of
the régime it stood for. It seems to us a very
superficial view to hold that the significance,
the immortal memory, of the event of July 14
evaporates when it is proved by Dryasdust that
when this prisoner wanted “a dressing-gown
*LEGENDs of THE BASTILLE. By Frantz Funck-Brentano;
with Introduction by Victorien Sardou. Authorized transla-
tion by George Maidment. Illustrated. New York: Charles
Scribner's Sons.
:


1900.] THE
DIAL 469
of red-striped calamanco,” he got it; when
that prisoner wanted “embroidered ruffles” to
his shirt, they were procured for him; when
the other prisoner wanted “a dress of white
silk spotted with green flowers,” it was not
denied her; that there were firewood, light,
pens, ink, paper, soap ad libitum, and so on,
at the Bastille; that the food there was com-
paratively good and plenty; and that one pris-
oner had his flute, and another his fiddle, etc.
All this is interesting to know, and testifies to
the spirit of humanity that was already abroad
in France. “Sensibility” was the humor of
the day, of Rousseau's day, and inmates of all
houses of detention had their share of the ben-
efit of it. But such facts do not abate one jot
the significance of the essential fact that the
Bastille symbolized the arbitrary power of a
ruling caste. The first blast of the gathering
storm of the Revolution swept it away.
While, to our thinking, Mr. Funck-Brentano's
attempt to paint the Bastille as a sort of state
hotel where the guests were clothed in purple
and fine linen and fared sumptuously every
day, is, in its way, as much of an exaggeration
as the grewsome old “legends” he assails were
in theirs, there is no denying the interest,
authenticity, and pertinence of the facts he
adduces in evidence. His inductions, however,
seem to us too sweeping. He certainly makes
havoc of the “legend” of Latude; and his
attempt to strip off the covering from the face
of the Man in the Iron Mask (which was really
a velvet mask, by-the-way) is ingenious and
plausible, if not quite convincing. The book
is readable and must not be neglected by stu-
dents of the subject. Mr. George Maidment
is the authorized translator, and M. Victorien
Sardou has supplied a lively Introduction.
There are eight illustrations.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
When, as in the case of Charlemagne,
the hero of a nation has become the
theme of epic legends, the task of a
biographer becomes one of de-heroizing his hero,
and the result is apt to be disappointing in measure
as the work is faithfully done. Something of this
effect must be felt by the reader of Mr. Davis's
volume on Charlemagne in the “Heroes of the
Nations” series (Putnam), though the picture loses
vividness as a result of its extent. A biography
which is to treat its subject as a hero should natu-
rally be quite personal. But when all of the
personal details of the life of the great Emperor
which are not strictly authentic are rejected, there
The hero of
two Nations.
remains scarcely enough material for a book of
330 pages. Barring this discrepancy between the
author's method and the title of his book, it is a
valuable work. The summary of conditions pre-
vious to the accession of Charlemagne to the throne
brings together much material necessary to a proper
background. Only here and there a generalization
seems to be too sweeping or the trust reposed in a
chronicler too confiding. When credit is given to
England (page 9) for the evangelization of Ger-
many, it would have been more exact to say Great
Britain, since many of the first missionaries to Ger-
many were Scotch and Irish. “The ideal Teuton
of imaginative historians” is doubtless to be dis-
counted, but one must be cautious in attempting to
correct this ideal by the descriptions of a clerical
annalist like Gregory of Tours. This, indeed, our
author admits; yet he quotes the descriptions of
Gregory while ignoring those of the “imaginative
historians.” Sympathetic imagination is the desir-
able quality which Mr. Davis lacks in his treatment
of his subject. It may have been wise to sift the
sources scrupulously, but the sieve should not be so
plainly in evidence if we are to have a hero left in
the results (cf. page 26). The danger of too sweep-
ing generalization is manifest in the contradictions
of pages 90 and 319: “The Pope's position in the
Frankish realm is still that of a favored subordin-
ate.” “Charles belonged in fact to no nation of
modern growth, but to the only nation which in
his day deserved the name, to that nation in which
local and racial differences were suppressed or trans-
cended,—to the nation of the Catholic Church. As
the servant of the Church he humbled the Saxon,
treated with the Dane, and cowed the Slav; as the
servant of the Church he led his armies first across
the Alps and then across the Pyrenees.” Similarly,
on pages 32 and 46: “The conceptions of the fam-
ily, the state, civic rights and duties, were the same’
throughout the realm.” “The Neustrian Frank,
especially when of royal rank, was frequently polyg-
amous; irregular unions unsanctioned by the Church
were at all times lightly contracted and lightly
broken. But these were a departure from the best
traditions of the race.” Nevertheless, the book is
well worth reading, especially for those who have
not access to the sources. It is adorned with a
number of reproductions illustrating the civilization
of the Carolingian period.
There are few visitors to Rome who,
as they stand before the ruins of the
ancient city, do not feel the desire
to know what were the forces which caused the
destruction of the once magnificent buildings whose
remains, though still massive, form but a small
portion of the original structures. Everyone who
views the site of the Circus Maximus, which, we
are informed, seated upon marble seats at the
most conservative estimate 150,000 people, natu-
rally wishes to know what has become of so much
marble, and how so huge a structure has vanished
Causes of the
destruction of
Ancient Rome.


470
[June 16,
THE DIAL
so completely as to leave hardly a trace of its ex-
istence. The same question is asked with regard
to the missing portions of the Coliseum, of the Ba-
silica of Constantine, and of many other buildings
whose ruins still seem capable of withstanding the
mere forces of nature for all time. This is the
problem which Professor Lanciani undertakes to
solve in his latest work, “The Destruction of An-
cient Rome” (Macmillan). The book is a sketch
of the various factors that have contributed to the
demolition of the monuments of the ancient city,
from antiquity down to modern times. The gen-
eral conclusions which the author draws are not
entirely new, but have been hinted at in his works
already published. These conclusions are, in sub-
stance, that the ravages of time and the invasions
of the barbarians have played a much less important
part in the destruction of the monuments than has
generally been supposed, and that the chief de-
stroyers of Ancient Rome were the Romans them-
selves, who throughout the Middle Ages, and down
to even comparatively recent times, not only preyed
upon the monuments as quarries for the procuring
of building materials, but burned many of these
precious marbles to make lime. In the present
work Professor Lanciani has gone into the subject
more exhaustively, and treats it systematically and
in chronological order. Beginning with the reign
of Augustus, he tells, century by century, the story
of the destruction of the ancient monuments, whether
due to fire, flood, the sacking of the city by hostile
armies, or the vandalism of the Romans themselves,
and also of the extent to which the ancient buildings
suffered from each of these causes. The book is
thoroughly entertaining, and is interesting not
merely from the point of view of the problem which
the author has undertaken to solve, but also by
reason of the vast amount of varied information,
archaeological and historical, which it gives by the
way. The student of history in particular will find
some interesting sidelights thrown upon the inva-
sions of the Northern races by the evidence of the
excavations. The volume is profusely illustrated,
and is rendered valuable as a book of reference by a
good index compiled by Professor Walter Dennison
of Oberlin College.
The rapid exploitation of Africa in
recent years, and the increased
knowledge of that continent which
has come to us, have served to bring to public notice
an impending conflict between two great religions.
Mohammedanism has lately spread with such start-
ling rapidity that to-day it is the dominating reli-
gious force in Africa north of the Equator. What
is the duty of Christian nations in relation to this
condition in Africa? Is Islamism suited in itself
and in its rules of life to the best and quickest up-
lifting of the native races? Is it advisable to encour-
age the native acceptance of Mohammedanism in
order to use that religion as a stepping-stone in the
progress from fetish worship to Christianity? These
Islam
in Africa.
are the questions which the Rev. Ansen P. Atter-
bury attempts to answer in his book on “Islam in
Africa” (Putnam). Though the author seems not
to have had any personal experience in Africa, he
has apparently studied his subject with extreme
care, and has produced a scholarly monograph,
eminently fair and generously appreciative of the
best features of Mohammedan faith and life. In
his conclusion Mr. Atterbury emphatically favors
Christianity under all circumstances and conditions,
and is unalterably opposed to any toleration of
Islamism, even when the latter religion serves as a
merely temporary agency for good. It is in this
sweeping judgment that there seems cause for criti-
cism. Mr. Atterbury does not sufficiently distin-
guish between the people of northern Africa, for
centuries followers of the Mohammedan faith, and
those of central and equatorial Africa, for the most
part converts of the present generation and largely
converts by compulsion. Nor is due importance
given to differences of race in these regions. The
consensus of recent English opinion, including that
of many missionaries, is that while energetic action
will save central Africa to Christianity, the day is
far distant when Christian missionary enterprise
will be generally successful in northern Africa. The
book is particularly valuable in its clear and concise
estimate of the value of Mohammedanism as a civil-
izing agency for the negro races. It should be of
great interest to all observers of African affairs.
A recent volume of “Great Masters
in Painting and Sculpture” (Mac-
millan) is given to Luca Signorelli,
by Miss Maud Cruttwell. We pointed out, some
months ago, the particular interest attaching to
the first volumes of this series — those on Luini
and Velasquez. We will confess that we see no
especial reason for continuing the series with Luca
Signorelli: it would seem proper to include him,
doubtless, but his appearance so early reminds one
of the man who sought too high a seat at the wed-
ding feast. It is true that it is not really a matter
of importance just where in such a series any given
painter may appear; still, the fact that the volume
on Signorelli comes just where it does brings up
more strongly than would otherwise be the case the
contrast between him and the masters who have
been mentioned. Signorelli is not intrinsically as
great a man as Velasquez, nor is he representative
of so much as Luini. What is he? Why does he
continue to exist? Why have a book about him
with forty pictures? The average student of the
arts, if taken very suddenly with these questions,
will say that Signorelli is interesting as a prede-
cessor of Michael Angelo. But we must expect of
a biographer something more definite than this, and
something less academic. No one but a student or
a professor will bother about a predecessor when he
can have the man himself. We rather think that
the author of this book goes far toward making out
a case, does much in giving Signorelli an independ-
A predecessor of
Michael Angelo.


1900.] THE
IXIAL 471
*
ent existence, makes us feel in a way something of
the artistic spirit of the man. To the more general
amateur, we do not think that spirit will ever again
be of very great interest; to the artist and the art-
student it will probably always have its attraction
and fascination, for it was imbued with so strong a
feeling for one of the eternal things of art, the hu-
man form. -
In “The Theology of Modern Lit-
erature” (imported by Scribner),
the Rev. S. Law Wilson, D.D., con-
siders, with reference to their theology, the writings
of ten different authors, namely, Emerson, Carlyle,
Browning, George Eliot, George MacDonald, J. M.
Barrie, Ian Maclaren, Mrs. Humphry Ward, Thomas
Hardy, and George Meredith. Among the 450
pages of this volume there are many interesting
ones; the author's analysis and discussion show
considerable insight and literary appreciation, but
the critical value of the volume is much impaired
by the persistent intrusion of the author's own dog-
matic theology, which is of the most pronounced
antiquarian type. In his opinion, “there are few
phases of our literature which can be considered
deeply or pronouncedly religious. . . . The theol-
ogy which the circulating library now uses its vast
network of agencies to circulate is very largely a
theology which empties Scriptures of their meaning,
substitutes uninspired materials for inspired in the
evolution of belief, sets up a defiant individualism
against the historic consciousness of Christendom,
resolves the grace of God into a “sweet reasonable-
ness,’ and insists that Christianity shall commit sui-
cide by renouncing everything Christian.” To
rescue theology from becoming “the vassal or the
troll of literature . . . to bring the theology of the
litterateur and the belle-lettrist into comparison
with the theology of Church and Creed, and where
the two are not en rapport, as very often happens,
to indicate as accurately as possible the precise
angle of divergence,” is the author's self-appointed
task. There is more than a touch of mediaevalism
in “criticism" of this sort.
Professor Hugh Robert Mill’s “In-
ternational Geography” (Appleton)
is a work of great interest and value.
It has seventy different contributors, chosen from
among the foremost specialists in the world in their
several branches of knowledge, and with particular
reference to their acquaintance with the specific
subjects they were to treat. For example, Professor
W. M. Davis, of Harvard University, writes the
chapters on the Continent of North America and
the United States, the last one being the longest in
the book. Part I. of the work deals with the
“Principles of Geography” under the heads, “Geog-
raphy, Principles and Progress,” “Mathematical
Geography,” “Maps and Map Reading,” “The
Plan of the Earth,” “Land Forms, their Nature
and Origin,” “The Oceans,” “Atmosphere and
Climate,” “The Distribution of Living Creatures,”
Archaic
literary
criticism.
A one-volume
geography of
the world.
“The Distribution of Mankind,” “Political and
Applied Geography”; and Part II., in seven books,
is given to a treatment of the Continents and the
Polar Regions. The work will be of value even to
advanced students of geography who desire to have
the more important knowledge of the world brought
together in one book; but it will be found even
more helpful by a far larger class of persons—
students of other sciences, historians and students of
history, journalists, men in public life, men of let-
ters and students of literature, and general readers
who are frequently in sore need of some manual to
which they can readily turn for information that is
relatively full and perfectly authoritative. The
illustrations, nearly five hundred in number, a ma-
jority of them sketch-maps, add much to the value
of the work.
Primer-cyclopædias
of modern
knowledge.
“The Temple Primers,” published
by Messrs. J. M. Dent & Co. in con-
nection with the Messrs. Macmillan,
are designed to provide, “in a convenient and acces-
sible form, the information which the usual bulky
and high-priced encyclopædias place beyond the easy
reach of the average reader.” Judging by the
promises of the publishers, this series of small books
is likely to run into the hundreds of volumes, for
nothing less than “a complete and trustworthy
Primer-Cyclopaedia of modern knowledge” is what
we are told to expect. The writers will be the fore-
most English, French, German, and Italian special-
ists, and such works are promised as “Modern
Chemistry,” by Professor Ramsay; “Mediaeval
French Literature,” by M. Gaston Paris; “Educa-
tional Methods,” by Dr. Rein; and “The Italian
Renaissance,” by Professor Villari. The volumes,
which will be illustrated when found desirable, are
exceedingly attractive in form, and are sold at a
low price. The following eight numbers have been
received by us: “An Introduction to Science,” by
Dr. Alexander Hill; “A History of Politics,” by
Professor E. Jenks; “The English Church,” by Dean
Spence; “Roman History,” by Dr. Julius Koch;
“Dante,” by Mr. E. G. Gardner; “The Civilization
of India,” by Mr. Romesh C. Dutt; “The Greek
Drama,” by Mr. L. D. Barnett; and “Ethnology,”
by Dr. Michael Haberlandt. We wish the projectors
of this enterprise every success, for its usefulness is
fully attested by the volumes now published, and it
is likely to do a great work for the popularization
of the latest results of scholarship.
A considerable amount of curious
information of a sort not altogether
justly thought to lie outside the prov-
ince of history is to be found in Mr. Tighe Hopkins's
“An Idler in Old France” (Scribner). Clio is
commonly too busy with the doings of courts and
cabinets, diplomats and soldiers, to pay much atten-
tion to the vulgar facts of life—to tell us how men
and women ate, drank, dressed, and amused them-
selves, what were their notions in respect of the
toilet and the bath, etc. It is of such and kindred
Fragments of
old French
history.


472 THE DIAL
[June 16,
matters beneath the dignity of conventional history
that Mr. Hopkins writes, and he appears to have
made a rather close inquisition into the records.
There are a baker's dozen of papers in the volume,
and these are reprinted from leading English mag-
azines, with such sub-titles as “A New Picture of
Old Paris,” “The Toilet,” “Old Paris at Table,”
“A French Mediaeval Inn,” “A Mediaeval Pulpit,”
“The Chase,” etc.
BRIEFER MENTION.
Austria, Central Italy, the Rhine, and Switzerland
form a group of four new English Baedekers, imported
by the Messrs. Scribner. They are revised to date, and
include the latest things in hotels, railways, and useful
advice for tourists. Every Baedeker now has its cycling
section, a feature unknown to the handbooks of a dozen
years ago. The “Austria” includes Hungary, Tran-
sylvania, Dalmatia, and Bosnia. The latest guide-books
for Paris alone are “A Woman's Paris,” published by
Messrs. Small, Maynard & Co.; “Lee’s Standard Guide
to Paris,” published by Messrs. Laird & Lee; and the
“historical guide” prepared by the late Grant Allen,
and published by the A. Wessels Co. The latter pub-
lishers also issue “London and Londoners,” edited by
Miss Rosalind Pritchard.
Since Messrs. Maynard, Merrill & Co. abandoned
their American edition of Ruskin, with the special pre-
faces contributed by Mr. Charles Eliot Norton, the work
of introducing the volumes still published from time to
time by Mr. George Allen has fallen to other American
houses. The latest of these volumes, now imported by
the Messrs. Scribner, is a new edition of “Giotto and His
Works in Padua.” The first edition of this book dates
from 1854, and was due to the enterprise of the Arundel
Society, which issued a series of reproductions of the
frescoes in the Arena Chapel, and obtained the services
of Mr. Ruskin for the explanatory text by which they
were accompanied. The present edition contains some
new matter in the form of notes, besides a number of ad-
ditional plates. The plates are now upward of fifty in
number, and are fairly well reproduced. The volume
is a beautiful one, and an important addition to the col-
lected series of new editions of Mr. Ruskin's work.
Heer Martinus Nijhoff, the veteran bookseller of the
Hague, has compiled a catalogue of the principal works
that concern the history of the Netherlands, the whole
forming “the real nucleus of Dutch historical litera-
ture.” The books here described are kept in stock
in complete sets, and offered for sale at one thou-
sand dollars to such libraries as may wish to “indulge
into the expenses of securing a ready-made collection
of the best works on the history of the Netherlands.”
The list includes 183 numbers, many of them being
sets of many volumes each, such as the publications, in
180 volumes, of the Historisch Genootschap.
A second edition, revised and enlarged, of “The
Grammar of Science,” by Professor Karl Pearson, has
just been published in a single stout volume by the
Macmillan Co. This critical investigation of the funda-
mental concepts of science belongs to the general class
of books which includes the writings of W. K. Clifford,
W. S. Jevons, the late Judge Stallo, and Professor Pierce,
and it is one of the most thought-provoking of them all.
NOTES.
“William Gillette in Sherlock Holmes” is the title
of an illustrated souvenir pamphlet published by Mr.
R. H. Russell.
“The American Salad Book,” by Mr. Maximilian de
Loup, is a practical and timely new publication of
Messrs. McClure, Phillips & Co.
A volume on “Bach,” by Mr. C. F. Abdy Williams,
is published by Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co. in the
“Master Musicians” series, edited by Mr. F. J.
Crowest.
“American Inventions and Inventors,” by Messrs.
W. A. Mowry and A. W. Mowry, is an illustrated read-
ing-book for schools, just published by Messrs. Silver,
Burdett, & Co.
“Lee’s American Automobile Annual for 1900,” pub-
lished by Messrs. Laird & Lee, is a volume whose title
is self-explanatory. Dr. Alfred B. Chambers has edited
the publication.
Mr. Arthur L. Goodrich has prepared, and the Mac-
millan Co. have published, a volume of “Topics on
Greek and Roman History,” which teachers in high
schools will find useful in their work.
Volumes IX, and X. of the “Larger Temple Shake-
speare” (Macmillan) have just appeared, and carry
that admirable edition well along toward completion.
Two more volumes remain to be published.
A “First Book of Home Geography and the Earth
as a Whole,” published by the Macmillan Co., is the
joint work of Professors Ralph S. Tarr and F. M. Mc-
Murry. It is provided with many illustrations and
colored maps.
Mrs. May Alden Ward is the author of “Prophets
of the Nineteenth Century,” a small volume published
by Messrs. Little, Brown, & Co. It consists of three
chapters, devoted respectively to Carlyle, Ruskin, and
Count Tolstoy.
A fifth and revised edition of Mr. Richard Le Gal-
lienne's critical study of Mr. George Meredith has just
been published by Mr. John Lane. The work is made
particularly valuable by the addition of a portrait and
the inclusion of a bibliography.
“The Mother Tongue” is a work in two volumes,
prepared by Professor G. L. Kittredge and Miss Sarah
Louise Arnold, and published by Messrs. Ginn & Co.
It is a text-book in elementary English, designed for
primary and grammar school children.
Professor Edward Channing has made “A Short His-
tory of the United States for School Use” which is one
of the best books of its class, having most of the admir-
able characteristics of the author's large work upon the
same subject. The Macmillan Co. publish the volume.
The American Book Co. publish Scott's “Quentin
Durward” in a school edition prepared by Miss Mary
Harriott Norris. From the same publishers we have
also a volume of “Old Norse Stories,” retold for child-
ren by Miss Sarah Powers Bradish, and attractively
illustrated.
The extensive collection of papers and publications
relating to the World's Congresses at Chicago in 1893,
made by Mr. C. C. Bonney, President of the Congresses,
will hereafter be in the keeping of the Chicago Public
Library, where a suitable cabinet has been provided for
its permanent safekeeping, and where it will be acces-
sible to the public for reference. It is to be hoped that


1900.] THE
DIAL 478
the library authorities, in recognition of Mr. Bonney's
distinguished services and generous donation, will pro-
vide a special catalogue of this unique and invaluable
collection of what is the most vital and enduring part
of the Columbian Exposition, and that the collection will
permanently bear his name.
The forty-third volume of “L’Année Scientifique et
Industrielle,” a publication founded by Louis Figuier,
has just been published by Messrs. Hachette & Co.
The volume covers the year 1899, and has been pre-
pared by M. Emile Gautier. Under the head of “Tra-
vaux Publics,” the Exposition comes in for treatment
at some length. The material of the work is classified,
and ranges from cosmology to the death-roll of the
year.
The National Council of Education offers two prizes
(of $200 and $100 respectively) for the best two
essays upon each of the following four subjects: the
seating, the lighting, the heating, and the ventilation of
school buildings. The limit is ten thousand words for
each essay, and all manuscripts must be submitted by
February of next year. Mr. A. R. Taylor, of Emporia,
Kansas, is chairman of the committee in charge, and
will furnish particulars of the competition to those
interested.
“Orators of Ancient Rome” and “Orators of the
Reformation Era,” both edited by Messrs. Guy Carleton
Lee and Joseph Cullen Ayer, form the second and
fourth volumes of “The World's Orators,” to be pub-
lished in ten volumes by the Messrs. Putnam. These
handsome tomes, with their portraits and their dignified
typographical dress, deserve a place in every library,
and we predict that the thousand sets to which this
“University Edition” is limited will be speedily taken
up by subscribers.
“The International Monthly” offers a series of prizes,
called “Teachers' Fellowships,” of $150 each, for essays
embodying some amount of original research in the
following departments: history, philosophy, sociology,
comparative religion, literature, fine art, biology, geol-
ogy, economics, and education. One or more prizes
will be awarded in each department. The competition
is open to all persons actively engaged in the profession
of teaching. For conditions and further particulars
application should be made to the Fellowship Editor,
Burlington, Vermont.
The resignation of Dr. Henry Wade Rogers from
the presidency of the Northwestern University is an
event to be deplored in any case, and if, as the public
prints hint somewhat broadly, the resignation was
forced, and connected in any way with the manly and
outspoken attitude of Dr. Rogers toward the present
attempt of certain politicians, temporarily in power, to
subvert the foundations of the American Republic, it is
an event of sinister significance to educational interests
in general. If the authorities of the University do not
make it clear that this motive had nothing to do with
the retirement of Dr. Rogers, they will suffer severely
in the opinion of the intelligent public, and the prestige
of their institution will have been dealt a blow from
which recovery will not soon or easily be made. To
Dr. Rogers, upon his departure from the scene of his
recent activities, THE DIAL wishes to pay a tribute of
respect and admiration for the efficient work that he
has done to promote the best interests of the higher
education, and for his devotion to ideals that are now
being roughly attacked in many quarters.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 104 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRs.
Oliver Cromwell, and the Rule of the Puritans in England.
By Charles Firth, M.A. Illus., 12mo, pp. 496. "Heroes
of the Nations.” G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50.
Luther and the German Reformation. By Thomas M.
Lindsay, D.D. 12mo, pp.300. “World's Epoch-Makers.”
Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.25.
Wesley and Methodism. By F. J. Snell, M.A. 12mo,
§: :*, yona'. Fº Charles Scribner's
ons. $1.
Bach. By C. F. Abdy williams, M.A. Ilus., 12mo, gilt top,
º: *; 223. “The Master Musicians.” E. P. Dutton
. $1.25.
William Watson Andrews: A Religious Biography. With
extracts from his letters and other writings. Prepared by
his brother, Samuel J. Andrews. With portrait, 12mo,
gilt top, pp. 280. G. P. Putnam's Sons. §.
HISTORY.
A History of the University of Pennsylvania, from its
Foundation to A.D. 1770. By Thomas Harrison Mont-
gomery. Limited edition; 4to, gilt top, uncut, pp. 566.
George W. Jacobs & Co. $5 net.
McLoughlin and Old Oregon : A Chronicle. By Eva
Emery Dye. With portrait, 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 381.
A. C. McClurg & Co. $1.50.
A History of South Africa. By W. Basil Worsfold. Illus.,
:* pp. 199. “Temple Cyclopaedic Primers.” Macmillan
. 40 cts.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
A History of Sanskrit Literature. By Arthur A. Mac-
donell, M.A. 12mo, pp. 472. “Literatures of the World.”
D. Appleton & Co. £iº.
Ancient Ideals : A Study of Intellectual and Spiritual
Growth from Early Times to the Establishment of Chris-
tianity. By Henry Osborn Taylor. New edition; in
2 vols., large 8vo, gilt tops, uncut. Macmillan Co. $5.
King Alfred's Version of the Consolations of Boethius.
Done into Modern English, with an Introduction, by Walter
John Sedgefield, Litt.D. 16mo, uncut, pp. 253. Oxford
University Press, $1.10 met.
Hôtel de Rambouillet and the Précieuses. By Leon H.
Yº: 16mo, gilt top, pp. 123. Houghton, Mifflin &
1.
The Ethics of Judaism. By M. Lazarus, Ph.D.; trans. from
the German by Henrietta Szold. Part I.; 12mo, pp. 309.
Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society.
Bride Roses, and Room Forty-Five: Two Farces. By
W. D. Howells. Each 24mo. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Each, 50cts.
Peasant Lore from Gaelic Ireland. Collected by Daniel
Deeney, 12mo, uncut, pp. 80. London: David Nutt.
Paper.
Prophets of the Nineteenth Century: Carlyle, Ruskin,
Tolstoi. By May Alden Ward. With portrait, 18mo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 189. Little, Brown, & Co. 75 cts.
The Prince Who Did Not Exist. By Edward Perry
Warren. Illus., 12mo. Charles Scribner's Sons. $2. net.
World's Congress Addresses. By Charles Carroll Bonney.
12mo, pp. 88. Open Court #. Co. Paper,
15 cts.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
The Life of Charlotte Brontë. By Mrs. Gaskell. “Ha-
worth” edition, with Introduction and Notes by Clement
K. Shorter. Illus., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 670. Harper
& Brothers. $1.75.
The French Revolution. By Thomas Carlyle. In 2 vols.,
large 8vo, uncut. “Library of English Classics.” Mac-
millan Co. $3.
Illustrated English Poems. Edited by Ernest Rhys.
First vols.: John Gilpin, by William Cowper, illus, in
hotogravure by Chas. E. Brock; The Sensitive Plant, by
ercy Bysshe Shelley, illus. in photogravure by Laurence
Housman. Each 8vo, gilt top. E. P. Dutton & Co.
Per vol., $1.50.


474
[June 16,
THE DIAL
The Elusive Hildegarde. By H. R. Martin. 12mo, pp. 328.
R. F. Fenno & Co. $1.25.
Daniel Whyte: An Unfinished Biography. By A.J. Dawson.
12mo, uncut, pp. 341. Brentano's, $1.25,
Congressman Hardie: A Born Democrat. By Courtney
Mºston. 12mo, pp. 240. G. W. Dillingham Co.
1.25.
Bishop Pendle; or, The Bishop's Secret. By Fergus Hume.
12mo, pp. 324. Rand, McNally & Co. $1.25.
The Things that Count. By Elizabeth Knight Tompkins.
12mo, pp. 283. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.; paper,
50 cts.
Matthew Doyle. # Will Garland. 12mo, pp. 282. G. W.
1.25.
Dillingham Co.
By Martha Baker
Memory Street: A Story of Life.
Dunn. With frontispiece, 12mo, pp. 312. L. C. Page &
Illus.,
Co. $1.25.
The Boarder of Argyle Place. By George Toile.
12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 241. R. F. Fenno & Co.
.25.
A Triple Flirtation. By L. M. Elshemus. Illus., 12mo,
pp. 260. New York: The Abbey Press. $1.
Doings in Derryville. By Lewis W. Price. 12mo, pp.212.
United Society of Christian Endeavor.
Novels and Stories of Frank R. Stockton, “Shenandoah”
edition. New vols.: The Great Stone of Sardis, and The
Water-Devil (Vol. XI.), and The Girl at Cobhurst (Vol.
XII.). Each with frontispiece, 8vo, gilt top, uncut. Charles
Scribner's Sons. (Sold only in sets by subscription.)
The Iliad of Homer. Done into English Prose by Andrew
Lang, M.A., Walter Leaf, #;" and Ernest Myers,
M.A. Revised edition, 12mo, pp. 507. Macmillan Co.
80 cts. net.
The Odyssey of Homer. Done into English verse by S. H.
Butcher, M.A., and A. Lang, M.A. New edition; 12mo,
pp. 428. Macmillan Co. 80 cts. net.
Temple Classics. Edited by Israel Gollanez, M.A. New
vols.: The Citizen of the #. by Oliver Goldsmith, in
2 vols.; The Golden Legend, or Lives of the Saints, as
Englished by William Caxton, Wols. I. and II.; Poems,
Narrative, É.i. and Lyric, by Matthew Arnold ; Silex
Scintillans, or Sacred Poems and Private Ejaculations, by
Henry Waughan. Each with frontispiece, 24mo, gilt top,
uncut. Macmillan Co. Per vol., 50cts.
FICTION.
Fruitfulness (Fécondité). By Emile Zola; trans. and edited
by Ernest Alfred Vizetelly. 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 487.
Doubleday, Page & Co. $2.
Voices in the Night: A Chromatic Fantasia. By Flora
Annie Steel. 12mo, gilt top, pp. 418. Macmillan Co.
$1.50.
The Bath Comedy. By Agnes and Egerton Castle. 12mo,
gilt top, pp. 298. F. A. Stokes Co. $1.50.
The Isle of the Winds: An Adventurous Romance. By
S. R. Crockett. Illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 446. Doubleday
& McClure Co. $1.50.
The Knights of the Cross. By Henryk Sienkiewicz; au-
thorized unabridged translation from the Polish by Jere-
miah Curtin. Second half; with portrait, 12mo, pp. 352.
Little, Brown, & Co. $1.
From Sand Hill to Pine. By Bret Harte.
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25.
The Green Flag, and Other Stories of War and Sport. By
A. Conan Doyle, 12mo, uncut, pp. 384. McClure, Phillips
& Co. $1.50.
By Arlo Bates.
$1.50.
16mo, pp. 327.
Love in a Cloud: A Comedy in Filigree.
12mo, pp. 291. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
The Baron's Sons: A Romance of the Hungarian Revolu-
tion of 1848. By Dr. Maurus Jókai; trans. from the
Hungarian by Percy Favor Bicknell. With portrait, 12mo,
pp. 343. L. C. Page & Co. $1.50.
A Dream of a Throne: The Story of a Mexican Revolt. By
Charles Fleming Embree. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 464. Little, Brown, & Co. $1.50.
The Seafarers: A Modern Romance. By John Bloundelle-
Burton. 12mo, pp. 310. D. Appleton & Co. $1.; paper,
50 cts.
As the Light Led. By James Newton Baskett.
gilt top, uncut, pp. 392. Macmillan Co. $1.50.
The Black Terror: A Romance of Russia. By John K.
§ With frontispiece, 12mo, pp. 340. L. C. Page & Co.
1.50.
The West End. By Percy White. 12mo, pp. 405. Harper
& Brothers, $1.50,
The Passing of Thomas, and Other Stories. By Thomas
A. Janvier. Illus., 12mo, pp. 181. Harper & Brothers.
$1.25,
Babes in the Bush. By Rolf Boldrewood. 12mo, gilt top,
pp. 420. Macmillan 8. $1.50.
The Song of the Sword: A Romance of 1796. By Leo
Ditrichstein. Illus., 12mo, pp. 286. G. W. Dillingham Co.
$1.50.
At the Court of the King. By G. Hembert Wesley. With
frontispiece, 12mo, pp. 283. L. C. Page & Co. $1.25.
The Black Homer of Jimtown. By Ed. Mott.
pp. 286. New York: Grosset & Dunlap. $1.25.
White Butterflies, and Other Stories. B; Kate Upson
Clark, 12mo, uncut, pp. 283. J. F. Taylor & Co.
$1.25.
The Head of Pasht. By Willis Boyd Allen. 12mo, gilt top,
pp. 346. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50.
The Pursuit of Camilla. By Clementina Black.
pp. 282. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.; paper, 50cts.
Stanford Stories: Tales of a Young University. By Charles
... K. Field aud Will H. Irwin. Illus., 12mo, pp. 281.
Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.25.
16mo,
12mo,
12mo,
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
Highways and Byways in Normandy. By Percy Dear-
mer, M.A.; illus, by Joseph Pennell. 12mo, gilt top,
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476 THE DIAL [June 16,
JUST PUBLISHED
THE BATH COMEDY
A NOVEL
By AGNES and EGERTON CASTLE, Authors of “The Pride of Jennico,” etc.
. The scene of the story is the fashionable resort of the Spa of Bath, and the time, the second half of the
eighteenth century. Mistress Kitty Bellairs, widow, reigning belle and prettiest woman in Bath, finds her friend,
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AN OPERA A GUIDE TO THE TREES
AND LADY GRASMERE By ALICE LOUNSBERRY
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gemmed with epigram.”—Western Mercury (Plymouth, Eng.) | 9argoes.” The Captain confesses to having a greatfascination
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The most prominent note in these stories is their humor, but the Relief, of Kimberley. With a summary ºf subsequent
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12mo, cloth, with appropriate cover, $1.50. wº. º: Appendices, . Map. d
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By BERNARD CAPES # guestiºn º Mºjº" #ſº :::::::::. Tº:
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wnt
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