es, if indeed it can be said
to have had any civilized side. The selfish and
cynical indifference of the trappers, traders, and
companies to the well-being of the Indians, we have
not seen shown up in a more striking manner. For
example, in the winter of 1844 Larpenteur was or-
dered by his superior at Fort Union to take an “out-
fit” and go a hundred miles northward into the
British Possessions, to trade with the Cree and
Chippewa Indians for robes. He and his two com-
panions suffered from cold and hunger almost unto
Fur trading
on the Upper
Mississippi.
death, but he was successful in his object. He traded
for two hundred and thirty robes, giving for them
five gallons of alcohol, on which the camp got twice
drunk, and some flimsy cloths and trinkets like
hand looking-glasses. “This ended the business,”
he remarks, “there being no liquor and hardly any
robes left in camp.” The weather was such that a
mule froze to death standing bolt upright in his
shelter, while buffalo robes were almost the only
protection that the savages had against the cold.
The editor estimates that the percentage of profit
in the transaction must have been several thousand.
Very realistic, too, are Larpenteur's pen-pictures of
the Indian agents he had known, most of whom
were under the immediate influence of the Amer-
ican Fur Company, and so incapable of doing the
Indians justice. He describes them with such pic-
turesque bits of description as “The greenest of all
agents I ever saw "; “a great drunkard”; “a
drunken gambler”; “a drunkard and a gambler”;
“a jovial old fellow who had a very fine paunch
for brandy, and when he could not get brandy would
take almost anything which would make drunk
come,” etc. The book is opportune, coming at a
time when we are all much borne down with the
white man's burden. It is edited in Dr. Coues's
usual skilful manner, and brought out in its pub-
lisher's usual handsome style.
A fashionable young man whose de-
Great Britain's sire for social position was so great as
** to lead him to abduct from boarding-
school an heiress, and to carry her from the heart
of England first to Edinburgh and then to France,
could hardly be expected to develope into a man of
ability in statecraft. Such, however, was the long
step taken by Edward Gibbon Wakefield, a short
account of whose life and labors is now given by
Mr. R. Garnett in a volume of the series called
“Builders of Greater Britain” (Longmans). Wake-
field's aggressive method of conquering matrimonial
good fortune (and incidentally a seat in Parlia-
ment) resulted in dismal failure; for the friends
of the lady soon succeeded in rescuing her, and
in having the House of Lords by special act set
aside an irregular marriage cerremony performed in
Scotland, while the abductor was given a sentence
of three years' imprisonment in Newgate gaol.
Parliamentary life was forever closed to Wakefield
by this incident, but his undeniable genius and
indomitable enthusiasm resulted in the end in creat-
ing for him an enviable position as a sort of non-
official adviser to the crown ministers in charge of
colonial affairs. How he attained that position, and
how he used it, are well told by the author, with
numerous selections from Wakefield's writings and
private letters. The inclusion of Wakefield in the
list of colonial “builders” in the present series is a
surprise, for he alone had no direct agency in con-
ducting exploration or in expanding English terri-
tory and control. His work was rather that of the
theoretician who lays down rules of general policy
A builder of


202
[March 16,
THE DIAL
and advocates certain lines of expansion. His great
and enduring fame rests mainly upon the fact that
to him more than to any other is due the adoption
by England of her modern colonial policy — “to
let colonies be extensions of England, with the same
constitution as at home, with their own parliaments
on the spot, and Governments responsible to them
under the Queen's Viceroys who connect them with
her supremacy.” This assuredly renders him as
much a builder of the Empire as the actual organ-
izer in any particular colony. The author's defense
of the New Zealand Company, aside from Wake-
field's connection with it and responsibility for its
actions, seems non-essential to the purpose of the
book. The delineation of his hero's somewhat erratic
character and the analysis of his labors are given
with discriminating judgment and with excellent
summation.
A general The “General Index to the Library
inder to the Journal,” long demanded by mem-
”” bers of the profession, has at last
been published by the American Library Associa-
tion. It covers the twenty-two years (and volumes)
from 1876 to 1897, inclusive, and provision is made
for a manuscript extension by leaving the right half
of each page blank. There are 130 of these half-
printed pages, with an average of something over
fifty entries to the page. Obviously from these
figures, it is not a minute index – such an index
would have meant a volume six or seven times as
large as that now published; nevertheless it affords
a means of ready reference to everything of im-
portance in the files of the “Journal.” The index
is chiefly the work of Mr. F. J. Teggart, with the
assistance of Miss Helen E. Haines, both of whom
“deprecate having their work compared with the
ideal library standard of indexing, in view of the
limitations necessarily imposed upon them in their
work.” A glance over the entries shows Mr. Cutter
and Mr. Dewey to have been the most frequent con-
tributors to the “Journal,” each of them having about
a page and a half of references. Mr. Paul L. Ford
and the late Dr. Poole come next in the number of
entries given to individual names. The work will
prove of great value to all libraries, whether or not
they possess complete sets (now almost unobtain-
able) of the periodical which is thus indexed.
Professor John H. Huddilston's re-
cent volume on “The Attitude of the
Greek Tragedians Toward Art” is
now followed by “Greek Tragedy in the Light of
Wase Paintings” (Macmillan), showing the other
side of the question. As the earlier treatise col-
lected all the passages in Greek tragedy where the
poet shows familiarity with the potter's art, so the
later one attempts to trace the effect of tragedy
upon conception and treatment of subject by the
vase decorator. It is interesting to note that Sopho-
cles, whose dramas contain fewest allusions to pot-
tery or comparisons drawn from the industry, is
also, according to Dr. Huddilston's theory, the poet
Vase paintings
as illustrating
Greek tragedy.
who least influenced the designs of later potters.
The greater popularity of the works of AEschylus
and Euripides in furnishing subjects for illustration
he attributes to their greater creative power; the
scenes as treated by Sophocles are less original.
One feels that “Greek Tragedy in the Light of
Vase Paintings” will have greater interest for ar-
chaeologists than for students of tragedy, in spite of
the author's hope, expressed in the preface, that his
work will appeal to the latter class. More important
for vase painting than for tragedy is an understand-
ing of the relation between them. We may think
that at times Dr. Huddilston has fallen into the
temptation of assuming parallelism of tragic scene
and vase painting where none exists, or of attribut-
ing the frequency of a design to the great popu-
larity of a poem, when really it was due to the con-
ventionalizing of a scene by the potters themselves,
or to their tendency to duplicate patterns. But one
must appreciate the painstaking scholarship that the
book represents, and must be grateful for some ad-
mirable reproductions of Greek vases. Such repro-
ductions are all too rare, and every fresh addition
is welcome. -
In the preface to his lucid and tem-
biography of perate little sketch of Mirabeau in
Mirabeau. the “Foreign Statesmen” series
(Macmillan), Mr. P. F. Willert states that he does
not know that “much of importance has been
written in English about Mirabeau, except an essay
by Macaulay.” We beg leave to call Mr. Willert's
attention to the important volumes treating largely
and professedly of the public career of the brilliant
French politician by Professor von Holst, as a work
that might possibly lead to certain modifications of
his own views. In the main, however, Mr. Willert
is in accord with Professor von Holst as to Mira-
beau's course and character—and also, let us add,
in regard to Lafayette, whom he roundly pronounces
“a prig,” a judgment, in our opinion, too severe.
There was undoubtedly a tinge of self-complacency,
a hint of the poseur, in the attitude of the knight
of the “white horse,” on grand occasions, that did
not fail to excite the smiles of watchful contempo-
raries like Gouverneur Morris, and can hardly be
charged entirely to the score of race; but Lafayette
played altogether too forceful a part in the drama
of his time to be set down as a mere. “prig.” His
foibles were patent; he failed to see and to seize
his one grand opportunity of mastering the radical
movement, when that movement momentarily col-
lapsed before the determined onset of the Constitu-
tional party on the day of the “Massacre of the
Champ de Mars.” He is dwarfed in history by the
proximity of such Titans as Mirabeau and Danton;
but his hands were clean. Mr. Willert has turned
the continental authorities on Mirabeau to excellent
account, notably the full and impartial biography
(“Das Leben Mirabeaus”) of Professor Alfred
Stern. The little book may be read through in a
couple of sittings, and (with the exception noted)
it contains the essence of the fuller narratives.
An English


1899.] THE
DIAL 203.
Neither so simple as to appear barren,
nor so ornate as to become “precious,”
the third of Mr. Alfred Austin's prose
works, “Lamia's Winter-Quarters” (Macmillan)
steers skilfully a middle course between all manner
of faults. There is something in the attitude of
a poet-laureate seeking distinction in prose which
is bound to excite adverse criticism; but it may
safely be averred that the critics here will belong
to that larger class who do not read the books they
animadvert upon. And, for the first time since
Beowulf and his compeers, it seems to be true that
there are fewer persons writing really good prose
in English than there are verse-writers of consider-
able distinction, making a possible dubbing as prose-
laureate perhaps the more worthy title of the two.
In any event, Mr. Austin is now to be congratulated
on having not only added a third work to the En-
glish prose classics, but on having invented in the
first instance a vehicle for the setting of his verses
which lends both them and the vehicle itself addi-
tional charms. For in this he retains his original
dramatis personae, the Poet among them, and from
his lips fall from time to time lyrics of much charm
and spontaneity. Indeed, the word “charm" is one
to be used of the book as a whole: manly men,
lovely women, an admirable mise en scene, smoothly
flowing prose, elegant verse, the whole embodied in
a book having many mechanical beauties, all work-
ing to that single end. It is a pleasure to note that
the former volumes, “The Garden that I Love” and
“In Veronica's Garden,” have met with proper
appreciation in their own country, and it is to be
hoped that Americans will not deny themselves a
similar pleasure.
Professor F. G. Peabody gives to the
students of Harvard University brief
addresses on religious subjects in the
setting of a beautiful service. A volume of these
addresses is now published by Messrs. Houghton,
Mifflin & Co. The addresses read well and carry
out into the wider world the message of the quiet,
restful, reverential hours of the old chapel. One
feels as he reads that he is in the company of noble
spirits who love to talk of high themes and whose
purpose it is to live true and pure and useful lives.
The time given is too short for the heavy university
sermon, weighted with ponderous discussions of
metaphysics, but long enough to spur young and
restless students to worthy endeavor. The author
is master of a charming style, crisp and chaste, well
suited to fill a small canvas with figures and hints
without crowding and confusion.
The prose of a
poet laureate.
Afternoons
in a college
chapel.
The pendulum of biographical writ-
ing seems to have reached the limit
of realism in the various “true '’
sketches of American public men now appearing.
“The True Benjamin Franklin,” by Sidney George
Fisher (Lippincott), is another attempt at this lit-
erary iconoclasm. A portrait which shows “wart
and all ” may suit a Cromwell and be true to nature;
The lampblack
school of
biography.
but one which paints the wart and omits the por-
trait is not true. Doubtless this mania for realism
is but a reaction from the heroic drawing of Weems
and his kin; but to paint the shadows without the
high lights is no more fair than to paint the high
lights without the shadows. To conjure into ille-
gitimacy the affectionate title of “daughter” given
by an old man to his friend's child becomes easy
when one sin in that direction has been committed.
No one was more keen to his shortcomings than
Franklin, and no one kept a better calendar of his
own sins; but to measure his deeds by our standard
is as cruel as it is unjust. One waits with bated
breath the publication of the next attempt at lamp-
black biography. It may be a “true” life of the
angel Gabriel.
“Red Patriots” (The Editor Pub-
lishing Co., Cincinnati) is a tale of
the Seminole Indians, into which the
author has put an earnest spirit and a realizing sense
of the wrongs done this family of red men. The
usual account of the Seminoles tells of a runaway
offshoot of the Creek nation, which found a home
in Florida, and became a menace to the Southerners
because of predatory excursions, or, more offensive
yet, established a rendezvous for refugee slaves.
This notion finds no favor in “Red Patriots.” There
were two sides to every quarrel with the Southern
Indians, and the facts presented in evidence seem
to show that more often the white man rather than
the red was the first offender. The object of the
present publication is to claim a proper place in
history for the Seminoles, and especially to do full
justice to the fame of Osceola, one of the most noted
of the chiefs. The book is full of references to
official documents and records, and bears the stamp
of faithful investigation; but there is a notable lack
of literary polish, and the typographical work is as
wretched as the quality of paper used is inexcus-
ably poor.
A plea for
the Seminoles.
BRIEFER MENTION.
The introductory essay written by Mr. Lewis E. Gates
for his three volumes of selections from Jeffrey, New-
man, and Arnold have been detached from the books in
which they first appeared, and brought together (the
Jeffrey rewritten and expanded) into an independent
volume called “Three Studies in Literature” (Mac-
millan). This is as it should be, for the essays were
much too good to remain in the semi-obscurity of their
text-book form, and we are glad once more to commend
them as striking examples of literary criticism and
interpretation. The Newman, particularly, is as good
as anything that has been done upon the subject.
“Historic Nuns,” by Bessie R. Belloe, comes to us
from the London press of Duckworth & Co. Mary
Aikenhead, Catherine McAulay, Mme. Duchesne, and
Mother Seton of Emmettsburg, are the four excellent
women whose lives, privations, and manifold good works
have engaged, if not exactly inspired, Miss Belloc's pen
The narratives are condensed from approved sources.


204
[March 16,
THE DIAL
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF SPRING BOOKS.
THE DIAL's customary Spring Announcement List,
published here with, shows this year to be one of consider-
able activity and enterprise in the publishing trade. Over
600 titles are included, representing sixty American
publishers. It is not intended to include in this list any
books already issued and entered in our regular List of
New Books; and all the books here given are presum-
ably new books — new editions not being included un-
less having new form or matter. The list presents,
therefore, a real survey of the new and forthcoming
books of the Spring of 1899, carefully classified, and
compiled from authentic data.
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRs.
Life of William Morris, * J. W. Mackail, illus. by E. H.
New.—Life of Francis Turner Palgrave, by his daughter,
Gwenllian Palgrave, illus.-The Early º: Life of
Maria Josepha, Lady Stanley, from 1796, edited by J. H.
Adeane, with portraits.-Memories of Half a Century, by
Rev. R. W. Hiley, D.D., with portrait.—Queen Elizabeth,
by the Right Hon. Mandell Creighton, D.D., new and
cheaper edition.— The Last Years of St. Paul, by Abbé
Constant Fouard, trans. by Rev. George F. X. Griffith.-
Memoir of the Rev. W. Sparrow Simpson, D.D., compiled
and edited by W. J. Sparrow Simpson, illus., $1.50.-His-
tory of St. Vincent de Paul, founder of the Conjugation of
the Priests of the Mission and of the Sisters of Charity, by
Monseigneur Bongaud, 2 vols. (Longmans, Green, & Co.)
The Life of George Borrow, by William I. Knapp, Ph.D.,
2 vols. – Oliver Cromwell, a history, by Samuel Harden
Church, A.M., illus. – “Heroes of the Nations.” new vol.:
Bismarck and the New German Empire, by J. W. Head-
lam, illus., $1.50. – "Heroes of the Reformation,” new
vol.: Desiderius Erasmus, 1467–1536, by Ephraim Emerton,
Ph.D., illus., $1.50.-Life and Correspondence of Rufus
King, edited by his grandson, Charles R. King, M.D.,
Vol. VI., completing the work, $5. (G. P. Putnam's
Sons.)
Moscheles’ Reminiscences, fragments of autobiography, by
Felix Stone Moscheles, with portraits.-Reminiscences, by
Justin McCarthy, M.P., 2 vols.-The Martyrdom of an
Empress, the story of Elizabeth, Empress of Austria, illus,
$2.50. (Harper & Brothers.)
James Russell Lowell and his Friends, by Edward Everett
Hale, illus. – Life of Edwin M. Stanton, by George C.
Gorham, 2 vols., illus., $6. – Life and Work of Thomas
Dudley, second governor of Massachusetts, by Augustine
Jones, illus., $5. – "American Statesmen,” new vol.:
Thaddeus Stevens, by Samuel W. McCall. $1.25.-Charlotte
Cushman, her letters and memories of her life, by Emma
Stebbins, new popular edition, with portraits, $1.50.
(Houghton, Mifflin & Co.)
Life and Letters of Archbishop Benson, edited by his son,
2 vols., illus.--Cardinal Newman as Anglican and Catholic,
a study, by Edmund Sheridan Purcell, together with cor-
respondence, with portraits.-Life of Henry A. Wise, by
his grandson, Barton H. Wise, with portraits.-Spinoza,
his life and philosophy, by Sir Frederick Pollock, Bart.—
Life and Remains of Rev. R. H. Quick, edited by F. Storr,
M.A.—“Foreign Statesmen,” edited by Prof. J. B. Bury,
new vols.: Louis XI., by G. W. Prothero; Ferdinand the
Catholic, by E. Armstrong; Mazarin, by Arthur Hassall;
Catherine II., by J. B. Bury; Louis XIV., by H. O. Wake.
man.—John Milton, a short study of his life and works, by
W. P. Trent. (Macmillan Co.)
Life of Danton, by Hiliare Belloc, with portraits. – Anton
Seidl, a memorial, by various writers, with biographical
sketch by Henry T. Finck and Mrs. Seidl, limited edition,
illus., $5. net. — Ramakrishna, his life and sayings, by F.
Max Müller. (Charles Scribner's Sons.)
Marysienka, Queen of Poland and wife of Sobieski, 1641–
1716, by K. Waliszewski, with portraits, $2. — Life of
R. W. Dale, D.D., of Birmingham, by his son, A. W. W.
Dale, $4. net. (Dodd, Mead & Co.)
How Count Tolstoy Lives and Works, by P. Sergyeenko,
trans. from the Russian by Isabel F. Hapgood, illus., $1.25.
(T. Y. Crowell & Co.)
The Reminiscences of a Very Old Man, 1808–1897, by John
Sartain, illus.-"Great Commanders,” new vol.: Admiral
Porter, by J. R. Soley, $1.50. (D. Appleton & Co.)
Elizabeth, Empress of Austria, by A. De Burgh, illus., $2.50.
(J. B. Iippincott Co.)
From Reefer to Rear Admiral, by Benjamin F. Sands, illus.,
$2. (F. A. Stokes Co.)
Memoirs of 1812–1813, by Sergeant Bu ne of Napoleon's
Old Guard, compiled j. ori #. by Paul Cottin,
illus., $1.50. (Doubleday & McClure Co.)
George Müller, of Bristol, authorized biography of the t
hilanthropist, by Rev. Arthur T. Pierson, D.D., illus.,
1.50. (Baker &T.; Co.)
Heroic Lives in Foreign Fields, bi phies of noted mission-
aries, by Rev. Thomas P. H. D.D., with portraits,
$1.50. (E. R. Herrick & Co.)
A Ken of Kipling, by Will M. Clemens, with portrait, 75 cts.
(New Amsterdam Book Co.)
The Life of Nelson, by Captain A.T. Mahan, new popular
edition, illus., $3. §:. Brown, & Co.)
HISTORY.
“Story of the Nations,” new vols.; Story of the Fº of
England in the 19th Century, by Justin McCarthy, M.P.,
2 vols.; Austria, by Sidney Whitman; China, by Robert
K. Douglas; each illus., per vol., $1.50.- History of the
º: of the Netherlands, by Petrus Johannes Blok,
Ph.D., trans. by Oscar A. Bierstadt and Ruth Putnam,
Part II., with maps, $2.50. (G. P. Putnam's Sons.)
A History of British India, by Sir William Wilson Hunter,
K.C.S.I., in 5 vols., Wol. I., To the Overthrow of the En-
glish in the Spice Archipelago, $5. – England in the Age
of Wycliffe, by George Macaulay Trevelyan, B.A. (Long-
mans, Green, & Co.)
England and America after Independence, a short examina-
tion of their international intercourse, 1783–1872, by Ed-
ward Smith. — The End of an Era, by John S. Wise. —
Throne-Makers, historical essays, by William Roscoe
Thayer. (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.)
History of the People of the United States, by Prof. J. B.
McMaster, Vol. W., 1821–1837, $2.50.-A History of Amer-
ºtiºn by Edgar S. Maclay, $3.50. (D. Appleton
History of America before Columbus, by P. De Roo. (J. B.
Lippincott Co.)
The Story of France, by Hon. Thomas E. Watson, Vol. II.,
completing the work. – Syllabus of European History,
1600-1890, by H. Morse Stephens, M.A., with biblio-
graphies.- #e Roman History of Appian of Alexandria,
trans. from the Greek by Horace White, M.A., 2 vols.-
The Welsh People, their origin, language, and history, by
John Rhys and David Brynmor Jones, Q.C. (Macmillan
Co.)
The Downfall of the Dervishes, by E. N. Bennet, with por-
trait, $1.40. (New Amsterdam k Co.)
Duruy's Ancient History, trans. by E. A. Grosvenor, with
maps, $1. – Contemporary History, by Prof._Edwin A.
Grosvenor, with maps, $1. (T. Y. Crowell & Co.)
A Short History of the United States, by Justin Huntly
McCarthy, $1.50. (H. S. Stone & Co.)
The '98 Campaign of the Sixth Massachusetts, U. S. W., by
Kººk E. Edwards, illus., $2. net. (Little, Brown,
0.
History of the Pennsylvania Railroad, with plan of organiza-
tion, portraits of officials, and biographical sketches, by
Williºn Bender Wilson, 2 vols., illus., $5. (H. T. Coates
o.)
Germany, her people and their story, by Augusta Hale Gif-
ford, illus., $1.50. (Lothrop Pub’g Co.)
History up to Date, a short chronicle of the Spanish-American
war, by William A. Johnson, illus. (A. S. Barnes & Co.)
Colonial Mon phs, written and illus. by Blanche McManus,
new vol.: The Quaker Colony, $1.25. (E. R. Herrick & Co.)
The Story of the West Indies, by Arnold Kennedy, 50 cts.
(M. F. Mansfield & A. Wessels.)
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Ruskin, Rossetti, and Pre-Raphaelitism, letters and papers of
Mr. Ruskin addressed to Rossetti, 1854–62, arranged and
edited by W. M. Rossetti, illus. in photogravure, $3.50,-
Joubert, a selection from his thoughts, trans. by Katharine
Lyttelton, with introduction by Mrs. Humphry Ward,
$i.25.-The New England Primer, a history and facsimile
reprint, edited by Paul Leicester Ford, $1.50. (Dodd,
Mead & Co.)
Letters of Carlyle to his Youngest Sister, edited by Charles
T. Copeland, illus., $2. (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.)


1899.] THE
T)IAL 205
Shakespeare in France, by J. J. Jusserand, illus.-Seven Lee-
tures on the Law and History of Copyright in Books, by
Augustine Birrell, M.P., $1.25. —Dante Interpreted, by
Epiphanius Wilson.—Literary Hearthstones, studies of the
home life of certain writers and thinkers, by Marion Har-
land, 8 vols., illus.- A Life for Liberty, anti-slavery and
other letters of Sallie Holley, edited, with introductory
chapters, by John White Chadwick, illus.-English Prose,
its elements, history, and usage, by John Earle, M.A., $4.
—Writings of Thomas Jefferson, edited by Paul Leicester
Ford, Vol. X., completing the work, $5. — Writings of
James Monroe, edited by S. M. Hamilton, Wol. II., $5.
(G. P. Putnam's Sons.)
Retrospects and Prospects, descriptive and historical essays,
by Sidney Lanier. — “Periods of European Literature,”
edited by Prof. Saintsbury, new vol.: The Fourteenth Cen-
tury, by F. J. Snell, $1.50 net.—History of Yiddish Liter-
ature in the 19th Century, by Leo Wiener, $2.net. (Charles
Scribner's Sons.)
Contemporary French Novelists, b
from the French by Mary D.
(T. Y. Crowell & Co.)
The Baronet and the Butterfly, a valentine with a verdict,
Eden vs. Whistler, by J. McNeil Whistler.—New series of
plays in uniform style, comprising: Cyrano de Bergerac,
by Edmond Rostand, trans. by Gladys Thomas and Mary
. Guillemard; The Weavers, by Gerhart Hauptmann,
trans. by Mary Morison; Lonely Lives, by Gerhart Haupt-
mann, trans. by Mary Morison; Hedda Gabler, by Henrik
Ibsen, trans. by Edmund Gosse; The Master Builder, by
Henrik Ibsen, trans. by mund Gosse and William
Archer; Alabama, by Augustus Thomas; per vol., $1.-
The King's Lyrics, verse of the time of James I. and
Charles I., selected and arranged by FitzRoy Carrington,
illus., 75 cts. (R. H. Russell.)
Studies of the Mind and Art of Robert Browning, by James
Fotheringham, $2.25 net.—Some College Memories, by
Robert Louis Stevenson, 75 cts. (M. F. Mansfield & A.
Wessels.)
An Introduction to the Poetical and Prose Works of John
Milton, by Hiram Corson, LL.D.—The Development of
the English Novel, by W. L. Cross. (Macmillan Co.)
A Voyage to the Moon, by Cyrano de Bergerac, edited b
Curtis Hidden Page, illus., 50 cts. net. (Doubleday
McClure Co.)
Modern Plays, edited by R. Brimley Johnson and N. Erichsen,
first vols.: The Dawn, by Emile Verhaeren, trans, by Ar-
thur Symons; TheStorm, by Ostrovsky, trans. by Constance
Garnett; Three Plays: Alladine and Palomides, Interior,
and The Death of Tintagiles, by Maurice Maeterlinck,
trans. by Alfred Sutro and William Archer; each, $1.25
net. (Charles H. Sergel Co.)
Selected Essays of Rev. Dr. Isaac M. Wise, edited by Rabbi
David Philipson, D.D., and Rabbi Louis Grossman, D.D.,
with biography by the editors, with portraits, $1.50.-
Character not Creeds, reflections from hearth and plow-
beam, by Daniel Fowler De Wolf, A.M., $1.25. (Robert
Clarke §.
Chapters on Jewish Literature, by Israel Abrahams. (Jewish
ublication Society.)
Book-Lover's Library, new vol.: Book Auctions of the 17th
Century, by John Lawler, $1.25. (A.C. Armstrong & Son.)
PoETRY.
Hermione, and other poems, by Edward Rowland Sill, $1.-
Under the Beech Tree, by Arlo Bates. (Houghton, Mif-
flin & Co.)
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206
[March 16,
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b
S


1899.] THE
DIAL 207
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(Houghton,


208
[March 16,
THE DIAL
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cott Co. -


1899.] THE
DIAL 209
Introduction to the Study of Literature, by Edwin Herbert
Lewis, Ph.D.— A Selection of Poems for School Reading,
by Marcus White, Ph.B.- Outlines of Civil Government,
by F. H. Clark.-The Elements of Practical Astronomy,
by W. W. Campbell, second edition, revised and enlarged.
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ada. — Physics for Beginners, by Henry Crew, Ph.D.—
Three-Year Pre tory Course in French, by Charles F.
Kroeh, A.M., Third Year's Course.—Phonic Reader, by
Norman Fe Black. — Child-Life Readers, by Etta
Austin Blaisdell and Mary Frances Blaisdell, 4 vols., illus.
—Selections from the Greek Lyric Poets, edited by Her-
bert Weir Smyth, Ph.D., Vol. I., The Melic Poets. –
Chaucer's Prologue and the Knight's Tale, edited by Mark
H. Liddell.— Macmillan's Classical Series, new vols.; Se-
lections from Plato, edited by Lewis L. Forman, Ph.D.;
Selected Letters of Pliny, edited by Elmer T. Merrill,
M.A.— Macmillan's Pocket English Classics, 9 new vols.-
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millan's German Classics, 5 new vols. (Macmillan Co.)
Composition and Rhetoric, by Robert Herrick, A.B., and
Lindsay Todd Damon, A.B. (Scott, Foresman & Co.)
First Lessons in Linear Perspective, by F. R. Honey, Ph.D.,
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son. (G. P. Putnam's Sons.)
Plane and Solid Geometry, by William J. Milne, Ph.D.—
Ranke's Kaiserwahl Karls W., edited by Hermann Schoen-
feld.-Heyse's L'Arrabiata, edited by Max Lentz.-Stories
of Maine, by Sophie Swett.—Stories of the Old Bay State,
by Elbridge S. Brooks. – Eclectic School Readings, new
vols.; Scott's Kenilworth, edited by Miss Mary Harriott
Norris; The Story of the Great Republic, by H. A. Guer-
ber; Stories of Animal Life, by C. F. #: LL.D.
(American Book Co.)
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ard ler.—Progressive Questions in History. — Deane's
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ence Morse Kingsley.—Stories of Starland, by Mary Proc-
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field, edited by Robert Jones Peter, A.M.; Longfellow's
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SURGERY AND MEDICINE.
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sics,” new vols.: North's Plutarch, in 10 vols.-"Temple
Dramatists,” new vol.: Otway's Venice Preserved. (Mac-
millan Co.)
Cambridge Editions of the Poets, new vols.: Complete Poet-
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and vignette, $2.-Poems, by Henry Timrod, new memo-
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net.—The Antigone of Sophocles, trans. into English by
George H. Palmer. (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.)
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100 photogravure plates by French artists, per vol., $1.50.
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º, * other stories; per vol., $1.50. (Little, Brown,
The Works of Mark Twain, “Autograph” edition, with bio-
graphical and critical essay by Brander Matthews, 22 vols.
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Departmental Ditties, by Rudyard Kipling, typographical
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Arthur Gordon Pym, The Gold Bug, and The Murders of the
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Americans, by Elbridge S. Brooks, illus., $1.50.-Yester-
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75 cts. – The Despatch Boat of the Whistle, a story of
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rop Publishing Co.)


210
[March 16,
THE DIAL
The Cougar-Tamer, and other stories of adventure, by Frank
Welles Calkins, illus., $1.50.-Ickery Ann, and Other
º s ma Girls, by Elia W. Peattie, $1.25. (H. S. Stone
When Boston Braved the King, a story of Tea-Party times,
by William E. Barton, illus., $1.50. — Cadet Standish of
the St. Louis, a story of our naval campaign in Cuban
waters, by William Drysdale, illus., $1.50.- A Daughter
of the West, the story of an American princess, by Evelyn
Raymond, illus., $1.50. (W. A. Wilde & Co.)
MISCELLANEOUs.
Life Masks of Great Americans, by Charles H. Hart, illus.
$5. net. – Kipling Kalendar for 1900, with bas-relie
* by J. Lockwood Kipling. (Doubleday & McClure
The private Stable, its establishment, management, and ap-
* by “Jorrocks,” illus., $3. net. (Little, Brown,
o.
The Gambling World, anecdotal memories and stories of per-
sonal experience, by “Rouge et Noire,” illus., $3.50. —
Books I Have Read, a blank book for personal entries, $1.
(Dodd, Mead & Co.)
Benjamin on Sales, a treatise on the law of sale of personal
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tion, newly edited and revised by Hon. Edmund H. Ben-
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Duality of Voice, an outline of original research, by Emil
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Horatio W. Dresser, $1. (G. P. Putnam's Sons.)
The History of Gambling in England, by John Ashton, $2.50.
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Mad Humanity, º: Dr. Forbes Winslow, $2.50.-Prisons and
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ers, by Clifford Harrison, $1. (New Amsterdam Book Co.)
Through Boyhood to Manhood, a plea for ideals, by Ennis
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The Laws and Principles of Whist, by “Cavendish,” revised
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Gospel of the Stars, or Astrology for the People, by “Ga-
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Mr. William Johnson Stone is of those who entertain
the forlorn hope of naturalizing strictly classical metres
in English poetry, and he has just published, through
Mr. Henry Frowde, an argumentative pamphlet in sup-
port of this view. It is entitled “On the Use of Clas-
sical Metres in English,” and however essentially ques-
tionable the argument may be, it is urged with much
force, and, what is better, illustrated by a really beau-
tiful version of about one hundred lines from the
“Odyssey.”
LITERARY NOTES.
“The Scapegoat,” by Mr. Hall Caine, has just been
published by Messrs. D. Appleton & Co. in a new edi-
tion, which is almost a new book, so extensively has it
been revised and amended.
Professor Patrick Geddes, of Edinburgh, will speak
before the Twentieth Century Club of Chicago on the
thirtieth of this month. “Schemes and Dreams of a
Great City” will be the subject of his address.
Mr. Gosse’s “Life and Letters of Dr. John Donne,
Dean of St. Paul's,” upon which he has been long en-
gaged, will be published soon. The University of St.
Andrews has just conferred the honorary degree of
LL.D. on Mr. Gosse.
The Rev. Andrew Kennedy Hutchinson Boyd, known
to more readers by his initials than by his name, died
early this month, at the age of seventy-four. The “Rec-
reations of a Country Parson” was his best known
work, although he published many other volumes.
Something of a new departure is to be made by the
Turnbull lectures at the Johns Hopkins University. A
course on Wagner, to be given by Mr. H. S. Chamber-
lain, has been announced. Dr. Paulsen, of Berlin, will
give a series of lectures next year at the same Univer-
sity.
Dr. Henry Van Dyke, who is now quite definitely
said to have accepted a professorship of English litera-
ture at Princeton University, will be the speaker at the
next convocation of the University of Chicago. The
date will be April 1; and the subject of the address,
“Democracy and Culture.”
Mr. Chalkley J. Hambleton, of Chicago, has printed
privately a small volume called “A Gold Hunter's Ex-
perience.” The book is not, as one might expect, an
account of some recent expedition to the Klondike, but
rather the story of an expedition made by the author to
Pike's Peak in 1860, “made up partly from memory
and partly from old letters written at the time to my
sister in the East.” It is a belated bit of history, but
none the less interesting for that.
Two recent numbers of the Johns Hopkins publica-
tions (Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore) consist of
studies of slavery in New Jersey by Henry Scofield
Cooley, and of the causes of the Maryland Revolution
of 1689 by Francis Edgar Sparks. Rejecting the usual
statement that this revolution was produced by a few
ambitious men through a false story of a Roman Cath-
olic plot, the author of the latter pamphlet traces it to
an over-development of the strong Palatinate system of
government during the thirty years preceding. The
former pamphlet traces the history of slavery in its
beginnings under proprietary government, its increase
under the Crown government, and the spread of the
Quaker abolition feeling until the gradual abolition law
of 1804. The largest number of slaves at any time
within the state was about 12,000 in 1800.
“A Laboratory Manual in Astronomy” (Ginn), by
Miss Mary E. Byrd, emphasizes the growing apprecia-
tion of observational and experimental methods in all
departments of teaching. At first thought, it seems as
if these methods were beyond the reach of most schools
and colleges, as far as astronomy is concerned, on ac-
count of the expensiveness of the equipment necessary,
to say nothing of the advanced mathematical knowl-
edge presupposed. But the author of this volume
shows that a great deal may be done with simple means,


1899.] THE
DIAL 211
and her book fairly justifies its title. We are a little
suspicious of “home-made telescopes,” but there is no
doubt that many observations and simple calculations
are within the reach of young students, and afford an
admirable sort of discipline in scientific thought and
method.
DANIEL LEWIS shorey.
Chicago has been singularly unfortunate during the
last few months in the loss of a number of men repre-
senting the highest type of intelligent citizenship.
Within a comparatively brief period, we have had mel-
ancholy occasion to report the deaths of E. G. Mason,
J. L. High, L. H. Boutell, and W. K. Sullivan. To
that list must now be added the name of Daniel Lewis
Shorey, who died after a two months' illness, on the
fourth of March, at the age of seventy-five. Mr. Shorey
will be remembered by our readers as an occasional
contributor, but there are far more cogent reasons than
that for recording in these columns a tribute to his mem-
ory. Few Chicagoans have been so thoroughly identi-
fied with the higher intellectual life and social aspira-
tions of the community as was Mr. Shorey, even during
the busiest years of his professional career; and few have
left behind them so much good work, accomplished with-
out ostentation, for the furtherance of culture. He was
born in Maine, January 31, 1824, and was educated at
Phillips Andover, Dartmouth, and the Harvard Law
School. He taught for a few years in New Hampshire,
Massachusetts, and Washington, and was admitted to
the Massachusetts bar in 1854. The year following, he
removed to Davenport, Iowa, where he practised for
ten years, also serving terms as city attorney and pres-
ident of the school board. In 1865 he came to Chicago,
and continued in the practice of his profession for
twenty-five years. When, after the Great Fire, it was
proposed to establish a public library in Chicago, Mr.
Shorey took an active interest in the matter, and drafted
the Illinois statute of 1872, one of the first and best of
the State laws relating to public libraries. He became
a member of the first library board organized under this
law, and occupied that position for eight years. This
led to his friendship with the late W. F. Poole, one of
the closest friendships of his life, lasting for twenty
years. Of the nine members of that first library board,
Mr. Julius Rosenthal is now the sole survivor. In 1880
Mr. Shorey became a member of the City Council, serv-
ing the public in this capacity for six years. In 1890
he retired from his profession, took a long trip abroad,
and, returning, settled down to spend his closing years
in his library. He read widely and deeply in several
directions, particularly in the history of the French
Revolution, upon which subject he had made himself an
authority. His contributions to THE DIAL were among
the results of these studies. The establishment of the
University of Chicago soon after his retirement, and his
appointment as a Trustee of the institution, provided a
happy outlet for his surplus energies. Living close to
the University, he visited it almost every day down to
his last illness, and devoted himself to its interests with
a zeal that few men in similar positions have time to
display. It was peculiarly fitting that the funeral ser-
vices, held on the seventh of this month, should have
been given a quasi-official character by the participation
of the University authorities. The tale of his public
services is not complete without mention of his eighteen
years' presidency of the Western Unitarian Conference,
and his lifelong activity in the cause of liberal religion.
Of Mr. Shorey's character it is difficult to speak ade-
quately in a few words. No one could know him closely
without thinking, with Hamlet of Horatio, that he was
“E'en as just a man
As e'er my conversation coped withal.”
Preserving throughout his life a youthful freshness of
feeling, his nature was so genuine, and his integrity so
absolute, that he won both love and respect in a meas-
ure beyond most of his fellow-men, and his death leaves,
to those who knew him intimately, the sense of an irre-
parable loss, of a void that can never be filled.
AN INDEX OF
ADVERTISERS
APPEARING IN THE DIAL'S SPRING ANNOUNCEMENT NUMBER, 1899.
NEW YORK. PAGE NEW YORK-Continued. PAGE CHICAGO-Continued. Page
Macmillan Co. . . . . . . . . 185, 186 Royal Manuscript Society . . . . . . 214 Rand, McNally & Co. . . . . . . . 182
Scribner's Sons, Charles. . . . . 169, 171 Grant, F. E. . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Open Court Publishing Co. . . . . . 223
Longmans, Green, & Co. 178, 179 Benjamin, Walter Romeyn . . . . . . 214 Sergel Co., Charles H. . . . . . . . 175
Harper & Brothers . . . . . . . . 184 Blackwell, Henry . . . . . . . . . 214 Scott, Foresman & Co. . . . . . . . 215
Appleton & Co., D. . . . . . . 173, 214 Berlin Photographic Co. . . . . . . 221 Presbyterian Board of Publication . . . 220
Harper, Francis P. . . . . . . . . 170 American Shakespearian Magazine . . . 214 Western Methodist Book Concern . . . 220
Barnes & Co., A. S. . . . . . . . . 174 Boston Pilgrim Press . . . . . . . . . . 220
Putnam's Sons, G. P. . . . . . . . 216 - - Brentano's . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Holt & Co., Henry . . . . . . . . 183 Houghton, Mifflin & Co. . . . . . . 181 Flanagan, A. - - - - - - - - - 221
New Amsterdam Book Co. . . . . . . 112 || Crowell & Co., Thomas Y. . . . . 212, 223 Arts & crafts Publishing co. . . . . . .222
Lane, John . . . . . . . . . . . 1so | Lee & Shepard . . . . . . . . . . * | Thurston Teachers' Agency . . . . . 221
oxford University Press . . . . . . 213 | *****, *, * . . . . . • * | Fisk Teachers' Agency . . . . . . . 221
Cassell & Co., Ltd. . . . . . . . . 213 Bird, Frank W. . . . . . . . . . 214 Armour Institute . . . . . . . . . 221
Mansfield & Wessels . . . . . . . . 175 L'Echo de la Semaine . . . . . . . 221 Santa Fe Route. . . . . . . . . . 222
Bangs & Co. . . . . . . . . . . . als | Unitarian Mission Committee • 215 Illinois Central Railroad . . . . . . 222
Baker & Taylor Co. . . . . . . . . 221 PHILADELPHIA. Perkins, Dwight H. . . . . . . . . 214
Lentilhon & Co. . . . . . . . . . 214 Lippincott Co., J. B. . . . . . . . . 176 MiscellANEous.
Potter & Putnam Co. . . . . . . . 221 Jewish Publication Society . . . . . 214 G.&C.Merriam Co.,Springfield, Mass. 214, 215
Jenkins, William R. . . . . . . . . 221 Boname, L. C. . . . . . . . . 221 Spectator, The, London, England . . . 223
Public Opinion . . . . . . . . . . 217 Spencer, Walter T., London, England . 221
Gillott & Sons . . . . . . . . . . 215 CHICAGO. Baker's Book Shop, Birmingham, England 215
Boorum & Pease Co. . . . . . . . . 215 Stone & Co., Herbert S. . . . . 218, 219 Editor Publishing Co., Cincinnati, O. . . 222
New York Bureau of Revision . . . . 222 || Laird & Lee . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Davidson, Mrs. H. A., Albany, N. Y. . . 221
Editorial Bureau . . . . . . . . . 222 American Book Company . . . . 224 Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. 222


212 THE TXIAL [March 16,
THOMAS Y. CROWELL & CO.S
NEW PUBLICATIONS.
MUNICIPAL MONOPOLIES.
By Edward W. BEMIs, John R. CoMMons, FRANK PARsons, M. N. BAKER, F. A. C. PERRINE, MAx West. One
vol., 691 pp., appendices, index. Cloth, $2.00. (Vol. XVI. Crowell's Library of Economics and Politics.)
This book deserves to be read by every intelligent citizen, and it will not fail to add to the ever-increasing
demand for a wiser and better management of our public affairs. The work is amply provided with statistical ap-
pendices and has an excellent index.
CONTEMPORARY FRENCH NOVELISTS.
By RENE Doumic. Translated by Mary D. Frost. One vol., 402 pp., portraits. $2.00.
The authors whom M. Doumic selected as representative not only of modern French fiction but also of his
own best work in criticism are : Octave Feuillet, the Goncourt Brothers, Emile Zola, Alphonse Daudet, Paul
Bourget, Guy de Maupassant, Pierre Loti, Edouard Rod, J. H. Rosny, Paul Hervieu, J. K. Huysmans, Réné Bazin.
The translation by Miss Frost is smooth and accurate and preserves much of the beauty of the original. It
is one of the most important of recent contributions to the study of literature.
HOW COUNT TOLSTOY LIVES AND WORKS.
Translated from the Russian of P. A. SERGYEENko by Isabel F. Hapgood. One vol., 8vo, cloth, gilt top, 100 pp.,
4 photogravure illustrations. $1.25.
The author first knew Tolstoy in 1892, and, having from that time come into intimate relations with the
family, both at Moscow and also at the Count's country estate at Yasnaya Polyana, he is qualified to give a fair
and accurate account of the great writer's daily habits. He pictures in a simple and vivid style.
The illustrations are of great interest and are here for the first time published for American readers.
BETWEEN CAESAR AND JESUS.
By GEORGE D. HERRON, D.D. One vol, 16mo, 276 pp., cloth, 75 cents; paper, 40 cents.
This volume contains a series of eight remarkable lectures delivered in Chicago before crowded and enthu-
siastic audiences. The work is designed to show the relation of the Christian conscience to the economic problem
and the social system.
These lectures have stirred the West as if they were the utterances of a prophet, and even those who were
compelled to dissent from Dr. Herron's extreme views have been filled with admiration for his lofty spirit, his
tremendous zeal, his chivalrous presentation of what he considers the burning truth. -
ANCIENT HISTORY.
By VICTOR DURUY. Revised and edited by Prof. Edwin A. Grosvenor. One vol., 12mo, 192 pp.; maps and plans,
index. $1.00.
In addition to its claim upon the general reader, this volume affords an admirable text-book in preparation
for college. It imparts ample information to answer the requirements of a college entrance examination in Greek
and Roman history, and bestows that information in a manner that is never dull. The practical value of this
English version is largely increased by a plentiful supply of maps.
CONTEMPORARY HISTORY.
By Edwin A. GRosvenor, Professor in Amherst College. One vol., 12mo, cloth, 183 pp., 5 maps; index. $1.00.
This book attempts to outline the most prominent political events in Europe and North America during the
last fifty years.
Neither in perspicacity, brilliance of style, skill of generalization nor wisdom of selection is there any fault
to be found with Professor Grosvenor's work, and the general reader and the student will find a surprisingly full
marshalling of facts, in spite of necessary terseness. The book fills a genuine want and cannot fail to have a wide
popularity. It has excellent maps and a comprehensive index.
For sale by all Booksellers, or sent postpaid by the Publishers on receipt of price.
&END FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE.
NEW YORK THOMAS Y. CROWELL & CO., Publishers. BOSTON


THE
DIAL
3. Šemi-ſāonthlg 3ournal of 3Literarg Criticism, HBigtuggian, amb Information.
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
each month. TERMs of SUBscBIPTION, 82.00 a year in advance, postage
prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries
comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must
be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the
current number. REMITTANCEs should be by draft, or by express or
postal order, payable to THE DIAL. Special RATEs to Clubs and
for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application;
and SAMPLE Copy on receipt of 10 cents. Adventisng RATEs.furnished
on application. All communications should be addressed to
THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago.
No. 307. APRIL 1, 1899. Vol. XXVI.
CONTENTS.
- - Page
NEWSPAPER SCIENCE . . . . . . . . . . . 233
COMMUNICATION . . . . . . . . . 236
Poe Again. Charles Leonard Moore.
THE SCOUTS OF SPRING. (Sonnet.) Emily Hunt-
ington Miller . 237
THE BROWNING LOVE-LETTERS. Anna B.
McMahan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
THE STORY OF A FAMOUS IMPOSTURE. B. A.
Hinsdale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
DAUDET AND HIS FAMILY. Benjamin W. Wells 242
MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES. Frederick
Starr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne . . . 244
Miss Robins's The Open Question.— Miss Godfrey's
Poor Human Nature. — Pemberton's The Phantom
Army.—Oxenham's God's Prisoner. Lee's The Key
of the Holy House. — Bentley and Scribner's The
Fifth of November. — Dole's Omar the Tentmaker.
–Larned's Rembrandt.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS . . . . . . . . . . 246
Avian anatomy.—Types of socialism in English lit-
erature.—Memoirs of the wife of an English martyr.
—A “Social Settlement” handbook.-Architecture
among the poets. – A new edition of Browning.—
Growth of American influence in Hawaii. — A new
physiology.—The Spanish Revolution of thirty years
ago.—A new short history of Switzerland.
BRIEFER MENTION . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
LITERARY NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS . . . . . 250
LIST OF NEW BOOKS . . . . . . . . . . . 250
NEWSPAPER SCIENCE.
Walter Bagehot, in one of his letters, speaks
of somebody's books as containing “a pale
whitey-brown substance, which people who don't
think take for thought, but it is n't.” All of
us who do much miscellaneous reading in cur-
rent literature come to be painfully familiar
with the substance thus described, and to won-
der, on the one hand, how it can be evolved
from minds that seem to work normally in the
everyday relations of life, and, on the other,
how it can prove acceptable to the mental pal-
ate of so many readers, for many readers there
must be to account for its voluminous and con-
tinued production. Such an account of the
vagaries of intellection as is given by Mr. John
Fiske, in his recent “Atlantic" article upon
various kinds of “cranks,” is an amusing thing
to read, of course, but in another aspect—an
aspect that persists in the field of vision after
the humorous one has faded — its effect is sad-
dening, almost disheartening. Cling as tena-
ciously as we may to a belief in the essential
rationality of the human intellect, our faith
suffers many a rude shock when we see one
form after another of irrationalism sweeping
over the public mind, threatening almost to its
foundations the empire of logic. Illustrations
of this power of the irrational to set intellects
awry abound on every hand, and may be drawn
alike from great things and from small. The
irrationality of imagining that our conduct as
a nation toward the people of the Philippine
Islands can be made to square with the prin-
ciples upon which we have hitherto shaped our
national life and carved out our success is of a
piece with the irrationality that claims next
year for the first of a new century instead of
the last of an old one. The former is a matter
of grave import to countless millions of people;
the latter is a belated bit of scholasticism; both,
to the psychologist, are interesting examples
of the way in which pure reason gets flouted
when it runs counter either to a passion or a
whim.
There was a time, not very long ago, when
we hoped great things from our rapidly expand-
ing schemes of education, which were to make


234 THE DIAL
[April 1,
for rationality in so many ways. The teaching
of science, particularly, was to raise up a new
generation with a new mental habit. The
preachers of this gospel said that all our intel-
lectual ailments proceeded from the fatal defect
in educational methods that made words rather
than things the chief object of attention. Some-
thing analogous to the degeneracy of inbreed-
ing was the consequence of the manner in which
each new generation was content to deal mainly
with the merely verbal inheritance of the past,
instead of benefitting by a vivifying contact
with the concrete facts of nature. Science was
to change all this, to keep men in constant
touch with life, leaving the dead past to bury
its dead, and henceforth to base all our convic-
tions upon the solid foundations of observation
instead of the uncertain indications of author-
ity. Well, science has had pretty much its own
way in education for the past quarter-century,
yet the generation that it has helped to train
seems hardly less prone to superstition than
were those that preceded. Such mockeries
of the scientific spirit as parade under the
names of palmistry and psychical research and
“Christian" science, and countless other man-
ifestations of the unregulated intellect, rear
their heads unabashed, and bear witness to
the persistence of the irrational even under
conditions that would seem the most adverse
to the prosperity of such aberrations of the
intelligence.
This flourishing of the unscientific in what is
commonly supposed to be peculiarly the age of
science is doubtless the result of instincts too
deeply seated in the human consciousness to be
readily accessible to the appeal of educational
and other rationalizing influences. Yet we can-
not wholly acquit these influences themselves of
all responsibility for a state of things so dis-
creditable to human intelligence. Our educa-
tional methods must somehow be defective,
must fail in seriousness of application if not in
grasp of the problem to be coped with, while
those ancillary agencies upon which education
has a right to count seem to be far removed
indeed from any adequate realization of their
high mission. While the church, and the polit.
ical party, and the industrial organization, and
the publisher of books, and the various kinds
of purveyors of entertainment to the commu-
nity, are all in part answerable for this failure
to realize the opportunities offered them to con-
tribute to intellectual advancement, the most
conspicuous offender in this respect is that type
of the modern newspaper, far too frequently
met with, which panders to the lower intellec-
tual instincts quite as noticeably as to the lower
social and moral instincts of its readers. We
wish to emphasize this distinction just at present
because, although many voices have been raised
to protest against the low moral tone of the
greater part of contemporary journalism, the
fact that its intellectual tone is equally low has
failed to attract the attention due it as a com-
mentary upon our boasted success in carrying
on the work of popular education.
Mr. J. L. Larned, speaking before the libra-
rians at Cleveland two or three years ago, made
use of these impressive and well-weighed words:
“The common school, making possible readers, and
the newspaper inviting them to read, arrived together at
a conjunction which might have seemed to be a happy
miracle for the universalizing of culture in the western
world. The opportunity which came then into the hands
of the conductors of the news press, with the new powers
that had been given them, has never been paralleled in
human history. They might have been gardeners of
Eden and planters of a new paradise on the earth, for
its civilization was put into their hands to be made what
they would have it to be. If it could have been possible
then to deal with newspapers as other educational agen-
cies are dealt with; to invest them with definite moral
responsibilities to the public; to take away from them
their commercial origin and their mercenary motive; to
inspire them with disinterested aims; to endow them as
colleges are endowed; to man them for their work as
colleges are manned, with learning and tried capacity in
the editorial chairs—if that could have been possible,
what imaginable degree of common culture might not
Europe and America by this time be approaching 2 As
it is, we are to-day disputing and striving to explain to
one another a condition of society which shames all who
think of it.”
We know now that these things were not pos-
sible, although we believe that they may yet
become possible, and it is just because we hold
this belief that it seems important to empha-
size as frequently and as sharply as we may
the contrast between what our newspapers are
doing for education in the true sense and what
they might so easily take it upon themselves to
do. And in saying these hard truths of a per-
verted newspaper press, we wish to give the
frankest recognition to those journals, found
here and there, whose aims, both intellectual
and moral, are entirely creditable to their pub-
lishers, and which are particularly instructive
because they indicate the course that others
might take to the immense benefit of their
prestige, and not impossibly also to the benefit
of their subscription and advertising accounts.
While it is true that some of the greatest com-
mercial successes in American journalism have


1899.] THE
DIAL 285
been gained by newspapers of the most debased
and ruffianly description, it is also true that
the most dignified examples of our journalism
have proved, if not the most successful, at least
successful enough to gratify any reasonable
ambition. The choice by no means lies between
success at the price of decency and failure with
the preservation of self-respect.
In order to provide some sort of justification
for the title given to these remarks, we must
turn from the foregoing abstract considerations
to something in the nature of concrete illustra-
tion. We all know that “newspaper science”
is a term of reproach, and the reason is not far
to seek. The same spirit of sensationalism that
leads to the detailed chronicling of a prize fight
or a criminal trial leads also to the exploitation
of every sort of mental vagary that cloaks itself
with the respectable name of science. Whether
it be a belated alchemist who claims to have
discovered the stone of the philosophers, or an
exponent of the newest and most extravagant
occultism, whether it be a palmist or a “mind-
reader" or a “faith-healer,” whether it be a
Shaconian or a circle-squarer or a pyramid en-
thusiast or a direful prophet with a tale of the
coming destruction of the world, there is no per-
son so scientifically impossible that he cannot get
into the newspapers, and enlist their services in
the propaganda of his pet eccentricity or insane
delusion. He can get himself taken seriously,
or at least semi-seriously, and that is what he
wants. For all such persons notoriety is the
very breath of life, and the newspapers provide
it without scruple, because in so doing they can
at the same time provide the weak-minded sec-
tion of their readers with a new variety of
mental dissipation. The most incredible inan-
ities, the most preposterous notions, the most
meaningless pseudo-science are thus given a
currency that is denied even to the genuine
achievements of investigation.
This work is done, moreover, in so blunder-
ing and hap-hazard a way that the spirit of
sensationalism is not enough completely to ac-
count for it. There is usually in addition some
admixture of an ignorance so dense that one
can only marvel at the number of essentially
uneducated people who by some mysterious
dispensation get their lucubrations into print.
We recall a newspaper article published in
Chicago some years ago which undertook to
instruct a confiding public upon the subject of
ozone. The account was a brief one, but it
contrived to include statements to the effect that
the true nature of ozone was not fully under-
stood, that it got its name “from the peculiar
odor, which resembles that produced when a
succession of electric sparks are passed through
the air,” that Faraday considered it “identical
with the medicinal quality in electricity,” that
the effect of inhaling it was very “exhiliatory,”
and that M. Jules Werne had once told an
interesting “story of the wild doings in a vil-
lage which became accidentally permeated"
with ozone. This illustration is trivial enough,
no doubt, but it is so extremely typical of the
sort of “newspaper science” we are concerned
with that it will serve as well as another. The
wonder of it is, of course, that any person so
absolutely ignorant of elementary chemistry
should write, and that any newspaper should
print, so astonishing a farrago of misinforma-
tion.
One more illustration must suffice us. An
improved method for the liquefaction of air has
recently attracted much attention, and the
newspapers have naturally taken it up. The
same newspaper which was responsible for the
remarkable statements about ozone to which
reference was just made quotes the inventor as
“stating that with three gallons of the liquid
he had repeatedly made ten gallons, and that
he could go on doing so for any length of time.”
“There is no reason to doubt this assertion ”
is the astonishing editorial comment upon this
astonishing statement. Now if this means that
the energy liberated from the aérification of a
certain quantity of the liquefied air is sufficient,
without any auxiliary energy, to reduce a still
larger quantity to the liquid form, it is the flat-
test of impossibilities, for it denies the prin-
ciple of the conservation of energy, which is
the fundamental principle upon which all phys-
ical science rests. A schoolboy less omniscient
than Macaulay's should know such a statement
to be impossible, and he should know it with a
firmness of conviction that should make him
willing to stake his life upon it. If a school-
boy can get through a common high school ed-
ucation without knowing this and other uni-
versal principles of the same order there must
have been something radically wrong about his
instruction. And it is because we are inclined
to think that there often is something radically
wrong about the teaching of elementary science,
that such teaching is too apt to make information
rather than intellectual discipline its chief aim,
that we have wished to provide this moral with
the sharpest possible of points.


THE DIAL
[April 1,
COMMUNICATION.
POE AGAIN.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Is it not strange how Poe's name is usually the signal
for a free fight? One might go up and down the streets
proclaiming that Longfellow or Bryant or Whitman
or anybody was the greatest American poet, and all
would be somnolent and calm. But to speak of Poe
in that connection is to evoke cudgels. In my case
it is all Donnybrook to a single shillelah. One critic,
indeed, whom I am proud to call my friend, Mr.
Pennypacker of the Philadelphia “Inquirer,” has stood
forth to champion the champion of an oppressed poet.
Mr. Pennypacker is in some sense the father of the
new Poe cult, so it is only right he should fight for his
offspring.
Although I assumed in my article printed in THE
DIAL some time since that there was a widespread pre-
judice against Poe, I am surprised at the extent of it.
One correspondent, dating, of all places, from Baltimore,
is particularly incensed. He claims it to be a well-known
fact that whenever Poe wished to make a parade of
learning he was in the habit of getting Professor Anthon
to coach him. I did not refer to the vexed question of
Poe's scholarship in my article, deeming it superfluous
to do so. In all probability Poe had the same sort of
learning as had Shakespeare, Goethe, and Emerson.
It was rich and various and vital, rather than exact
and dull and dead. He knew at least the alphabets
of the whole circle of sciences and arts, – knew their
relations to each other and their bearings on human
life. And when he wanted any special information he
knew what slave of the lamp, Anthon or another, to
summon up to get it for him. The notion that he had
Professor Anthon on tap during the whole of his lit-
erary life is really a humorous one. We must imag-
ine him sending an order for an assorted bill of erudi-
tion, and getting in return, as per invoice, samples and
supplies of such goods to deck his show-window. In
nine cases out of ten such a procedure would be more
trouble to any man who had wits of his own than to
study up the subjects for himself. The same corre-
spondent also states that he has talked with several
New York literary men about Poe, and they all gave
him a bad character. Very likely. New York literary
men are capable of anything. My correspondent has
the advantage over me in knowing them, and I cannot
contradict him. I have gone up to New York more than
once, but I always camped on a hillside and preached
the destruction of the city from afar.
However, my proper purpose in recurring to the Poe
question is to answer, as far as I may, the temperate
and courteous communications which have appeared in
THE DIAL. With Professor Tolman I have very little
quarrel. I have no doubt he is sealed of the tribe of
Poe himself. His analysis of Poe’s “additions” is
amusing. I always suspected there was something queer
about that treasure chest, but I never worked it out.
Such errors, however, are even more trivial than Shake-
speare's anachronisms, and do not touch what I meant
when I spoke of his inerrancy. I referred to what
I might term the mathematics of character, — that
sense of logic in him which compelled him to think
straight and act straight in a world which is fond of
curves and compliances. I have no desire to make Poe
out an angel or an unsinning man. He was doubtless
nothing of the sort. But his faults were such as com-
port with truth. His great sin indeed was the same
as Dante's, and he has doubtless long been treading
with bended back that ledge of Purgatory where Pride
is punished.
Professor Tolman says that Poe can never be pop-
ular. Mr. Harvey, on the other hand, claims that
he is popular, or at least widely prized. This is the
crux of the case. He was immensely popular in his
lifetime — his work startled the public and vivified
magazines — and yet he was unpaid. He is popular
in death—“The Raven,” I suppose, is, after Gray's
“Elegy,” the best-known short poem in the language
— and yet he is proscribed. It is the horrible injustice
of this fate which moved me to protest.
Mr. Harvey, in spite of real fairness, is dominated by
the traditional conception of Poe as a sort of a Giant
Pape sitting in the door of a cave strewn with hu-
man bones and grinning horribly. It does not appear
to me that Poe is often baleful or ghastly; his art is
usually controlled by too strong a sense of beauty to be
really unpleasant. But he is prevailingly tragic. If
Mr. Harvey will look squarely at the masterpieces of
tragic poetry he will find that they are all of the char-
nel and the pit. What breath of plain air is there in the
“AEdipus Tyrannos,” or “Macbeth,” or the greater part
of “Faust”? Is there not in all of them the intense
and contorted atmosphere of a thunderstorm? And
with lesser tragedians, such as Ford or Webster or Emily
Brontë, the sheer horror is still more accentuated. The
difference between these writers and Poe is that they get
their tragic effects from human beings, while he deals
mainly with abstractions. From a Greek point of view,
and even more from that of the art of the East, this
conventionalizing and generalizing may be defended as
tending to unity, proportion, and effect.
And this brings me to Mr. Barrows's charge against
Poe of a want of realism, naturalness, or, to put it in
its strongest word, truth. Truth, like heaven, has many
mansions. Every age inhabits a different one — or to
be more accurate, mankind vibrates between its town
house of conventionality and its home amid the forests
and the floods. In the day of the “Spectator,” Shake-
speare was thought a barbarian or a wildly irregular
genius. In the time of the domestic novel, Poe naturally
went to the wall. The volcanoes are extinct or are piped
to furnish heat to our hot-houses. The witch Imagina-
tion has been thrust out of doors and the hag Fact
installed in her place. Our ideal felicity is a balance at
our bankers, a country villa, and everything handsome
about us. But the slicked-up human being is a savage
still. Fire and flood and famine and disease and war
still exist. The perturbations of nature and the pas-
sions of man are still untamed. And because Poe, in
an odd enough way I grant, expresses these primal
things, he is nearer eternal truth than the painters and
reporters of the surface of society.
It may be answered me that there are other primal
things— sunlight and peace and happiness. Of course.
But Tragedy does not much deal with them. People
may say that they do not like Tragedy—that they will
not read Tragedy. The incredible childishness of the
American mind does say something of the sort. And
it identifies the artist with his art; it executes the bearer
of bad tidings; it hisses the villain of the melodrama
from the stage. The consent of the rest of the world,
however, calls him the greatest poet who faces the
darkest storm of life, who searches the deepest chasms


1899.] THE
DIAL 287
and climbs the most inaccessible peaks of human nature.
Poe's art is tragic — therefore it deals with evil—it
could not do otherwise. But that he compromises with
evil or is wanting in moral motives is a singular error.
The reverse is the case to a degree that hurts his art.
His spirituality and high-mindedness are everywhere
apparent. Conscience comes too easily upon the scene;
the Furies lurk around every corner; Nemesis follows
upon the slightest transgression. It is only neces-
sary to compare him with Stevenson to bring this out.
Stevenson deals with evil almost in the spirit of
mischief. The worse his characters are the better he
likes them. He as much exceeds the sane tolerance of
Shakespeare, which accepts evil because it is necessary
and then does justice to it, as Poe falls short of such an
outlook.
“Place aux dames” is an honored custom, and I hope
my woman critic will forgive me for leaving her com-
munication to the last. I do it because it is perhaps
the most important one I have to deal with. To give
up Poe as a heartless genius is too much — it leaves his
intellect living in too dry a place. My own view of
the matter is that his nature vibrated between the two
poles of thought and feeling; that it was his super-
sensitiveness, his extra emotionality, which brought him
half his hurts, and which caused him to case himself
as in a shell against the world. To those who accept
Lowell's flippant characterization of Poe as one whose
heart had been squeezed out by his brain, it must seem
strange that nearly all his best poems were dictated by
personal affection — were tributes to those he loved.
It is true they are not like the usual run of poems of
the affection — the keepsake kind. Poe was a conscious
artist even when most moved, when most inspired.
“Ulalume” was rejected originally by a woman editor,
and it is a strange dirge for a dead wife. One of the
main uses of books of travel, however, is to teach us
that all men do not think or feel alike. In this matter
of high sentiment, as Matthew Arnold would scoffingly
phrase it, the Anglo-Saxon temperament is not to have
the last word. I do not see that Poe's embodiment of
his wife in Ulalume is more out of the way than Pe-
trarch's personifications and canonizations of Lady Laura,
or than Dante's using Beatrice to typify the Divine
Wisdom and putting in her mouth immeasurable ser-
mons of scholastic philosophy. Petrarch and Dante have
not been accounted heartless men, though both of them
were probably more faithless to their loves than Poe.
It will be admitted, I think, that it is difficult as well
as ungracious to argue with a woman. Their methods
of thought are different from those of men; and, be-
sides, like Britomart in Spenser, they always tilt with
enchanted lances. My critic reproaches Poe for not voic-
ing the common feelings of mankind and then when he
does this verything, coining his heart blood into tokens
of beauty which must be current forever — she turns
upon him and taunts him with the musical outpourings
of self pity. What will satisfy her? A poet must
speak his feelings and he must not. Resolve me this
riddle. As for girding up his loins in the strenuous
Anglo-Norman fashion — I should like to know what
else Poe was doing all his life. I know of no poet who
played his part in a manlier way. He faced the world
with fierce independence. He cringed to no one and
asked no help. He labored honestly to support his
family. He paid his own “freight,” which we have
the authority of Eugene Field for asserting that Horace
did not do. He did not go gallivanting after strange
women. And when his wife died he mourned her in an
immortal poem. In the name of all the Gods and fishes
what can the most exacting feminine ask more?
I have only one thing else to notice, and that is what
somebody calls the “bad physics and worse metaphys-
ics” of the “Eureka.” I am not to speak of physics,
yet I can see there are some considerable errors in the
piece. A notable one is a grossly absurd theory as to
the variations in vegetation in high latitudes in past
times. The received hypothesis is that they were caused
by the eccentricity of the earth's orbit. Poe was per-
fectly cognizant of Kepler's laws and the mistake is a
mere oversight. There are other flaws, but I do not be-
lieve enough of them to make his physics at all foolish.
His main position, the finite nature of the physical uni-
verse, is, I understand, coming to be the accepted astro-
nomical view. As to his metaphysics, he shares the fate
of all other philosophers in that they are not provable.
But this thought is interesting and in the main original.
One of the most remarkable things in “Eureka” is the
suggestion of a new method of proof– or of a sense for
reaching such a proof, which he names the intuitional fac-
ulty. To a certain extent this faculty is the same as Kant's
moral judgment that issues “categorical imperatives,”
and it is still more closely akin to Cardinal Newman's
Illative Sense. That the physicists and English School
of philosophers deny the existence of any such judgment
or faculty or sense does not rob Poe of the credit of a
bold speculation.
And now I am done. It is not the least my desire to
claim for Poe a place with the great world poets.
I think, though, that he is the most vital and universal
force in letters America has yet produced. As com-
pared with Tennyson, when one takes him with all his
best and makes the necessary omissions and excep-
tions from Tennyson, they are, I think, about equal in
range and equal in execution. And the underivable
and daemonic spark burns brighter in Poe than in the
English poet. On the whole, I would rank him beside
the great originating poets of the beginning of the
century, beside Wordsworth, Byron, Shelley, Keats,
Leopardi, and Heine. If this estimate is true he has not
had his just deserts. That it is true is my thesis, which,
as I think I have sufficiently defended it, I deliver to
the judgment of others.
CHARLEs LEONARD MooRE.
Philadelphia, March 17, 1899.
THE SCOUTS OF SPRING.
Whom does she summon from her cohorts fleet,
This Mother Nature, for her scouts to set,
While the brown woods with melting snows are wet,
Along the line of Winter's slow retreat,
Lest backward turn his chill reluctant feet?
Like star-eyed babes, half held in slumber yet,
Smiling at vanished dreams with vague regret,
The brave Houstonias lift their faces sweet;
Camped on the sodden leaves, Arbutus breathes
Her challenge to each bold rough-rider blast;
Hepatica, in robes of softest blue,
Guards the grim hollows with her scentless wreaths.
Defenceless, frail, the pure array troops past:
So Nature writes her parable anew.
EMILY HUNTINGTON MILLER.


238 THE I) LAL
[April 1,
Čbe #tto $ochs.
THE BROWNING LOVE - LETTERS.*
Probably the majority of right-minded and
duly reticent persons learned with surprise, not
to say a distinct shock, that the son of Robert
and Elizabeth Barrett Browning was to present
to the world, in cold type, the private corre-
spondence of his parents preceding their mar-
riage. Could any circumstances justify such
a proceeding? Could it be anything but a
desecration to remove the veil which fittingly
is permitted to screen the most interior and
sacred moments of life from the gaze of the
public? Have the living a right to publish
what the dead have refrained from publishing,
especially when it has been written for the eyes
of one person only 2
However one may have answered these ques-
tions before opening the volumes, whoever now
reads the whole of these 1185 pages of love-
letters—for love-letters they are, even from the
very first — will hesitate no longer in gratitude
that literature and life have been enriched by
classics of a new order. The qualification here
made — to read the whole — needs emphasis;
because if one were to pick up the volumes with
a deficient knowledge of the very peculiar lim-
itations and situations surrounding the writers,
and read only a page here and there at random,
it is quite possible he will lay them down with
derision or even disgust. But this is also true
of Dante's Vita Wuova, or Shakespeare's Son-
nets, or any of the other love-classics of litera-
ture. They all presuppose a sympathetic mood,
and some degree of knowledge of the situation,
on the part of the reader.
Two special reasons may be urged in the
present instance for setting aside the usual con-
siderations of reservation from the printed
page: first, because Robert Browning and
Elizabeth Barrett Browning have come to stand
as the type of married lovers in all time, as truly
as Dante and Beatrice have come to stand for the
type of the romantic and idealizing sentiment of
man for woman, in all time; second, because
there is here no “raking of a man's desk” when
he has ceased to be able to guard it, since Mr.
Browning left the collection with his son, say-
ing, “Do with them as you please, when I am
dead and gone.”
* LETTERs of Robert BRowNING AND ElizaBETH BAR-
RETT BARRETT, 1845–1846. In two volumes. New York:
Harper & Brothers.
Moreover, the world is not in danger of be-
ing reminded too often that there is a genius
for loving, and that it may be just as admir-
able, and is perhaps even more rare, than a
genius for poetry or music or painting or sci-
ence. When superlative gifts both for lov-
ing and for poesy are combined, as in these
two persons, rare and precious indeed to the
world are the fruits thereof Of such, came
the “Sonnets from the Portuguese.” These
indeed would be denied us, and even more
strenuously, by the same canons that would
deny us the “Letters.” For not only were
these not written for general circulation, they
were not written even for the eye of the one
lover who inspired them, but merely as the ex-
pression of an over-full heart. In fact, these
now famous sonnets were never shown to Mr.
Browning himself until months after his mar-
riage. At Pisa, one day, as he stood looking
out of the window, a packet was thrust into
his pocket from behind, by his wife, who begged
him to destroy it if he did not approve, and
then immediately fled from the room while he
should read it. But Browning dared not reserve
to himself what he recognized at once as “the
finest sonnets since Shakespeare.” So, under
the purposely misleading title “Sonnets from
the Portuguese,” Mrs. Browning was persuaded
to include them in the next edition of her works,
published three years later. Time is the great
reconciler, and after some years these “Let-
ters” will come to their own among the classics
of love-prose, as the “Sonnets” have won long
since their unquestioned place in love-poetry.
Indeed, Mrs. Browning's turns of expression
here not infrequently recall the sonnet senti-
ments and phrases, though there is no direct
allusion to their composition, unless this may
be counted as one:
“You shall see some day at Pisa what I will not
show you now. Does not Solomon say that “there is a
time to read what is written”? If he doesn't he ought.”
But, aside from the consideration that since
“all mankind love a lover” they must perforce
love such lovers as these, the “Letters” will go
far to correct many hitherto generally accepted
errors of biography. For example, on the au-
thority of Mr. Gosse we have believed that
“During the months of their brief courtship,
closing, as all the world knows, in their clan-
destine flight and romantic wedding of Septem-
ber 12, 1846, neither poet showed any verses
to the other.” No statement could be farther
from the truth. In the first place, eighteen
months of courtship scarcely can be called


1899.] THE
DIAL 239
“brief,” either as to time or as to opportunities
of acquaintance. It included ninety personal
interviews and between three and four hun-
dred of these very long and intimately confi-
dential letters, in which each disclosed to the
other not only the feelings of the moment but
incidents of their preceding lives, descriptions
of family traits, daily habits, personal friends,
etc. Passing over the words “clandestine’”
and “romantic"—though they convey a false
impression, since it was necessity alone that
compelled a secrecy most distasteful and for-
eign to both natures—nothing could be more
misleading than that they did not share their
writings with each other. Their letters reveal
a continual consultation about the work that
each was doing. Especially this was true of
Mr. Browning's compositions during these
months of 1845 and 1846. “The Flight of the
Duchess” was sent to Miss Barrett almost stanza
by stanza as written; “Saul’’ in its first form
received her comments, and it was she who
suggested that the printer's marks should indi-
cate that it was published as a fragment;
“Luria” and “A Soul's Tragedy" were read
by her in their proof-sheets, and here are pages
of her advice about them. Collaboration even
was once proposed by him, to which she re-
sponded:
“If you would like to ‘write something together’
with me, I should like it still better. I should like it
for some ineffable reasons. And I should not like it a
bit the less for the grand supply of jests it would ad-
minister to the critical Board of Trade, about visible
darkness, multiplied by two, mounting into palpable
obscure. We should not mind . . . should we ? You
would not mind, if you had got over certain other con-
siderations deconsiderating to your coadjutor. Yes—
but I dare not do it . . . I mean, think of it . . . just
now, if ever.”
It is plain all through that each found a true
inspiration in the other. Before their meeting,
he had written:
“You do what I always wanted, hoped to do, and
only seem now likely to do for the first time. You
speak out, you, -I only make men and women speak —
give you truth broken into prismatic hues, and fear the
pure white light, even if it is in me, but I am going to
try; so it will be no small comfort to have your com-
pany just now, seeing that when you have your men and
women aforesaid, you are busied with them, whereas it
seems bleak, melancholy work this talking to the wind.”
After a meeting had been secured through the
kindness of their common friend Mr. Kenyon,
and the rule of a weekly visit had been estab-
lished, Browning writes:
“You do not understand what a new feeling it is for
me to have someone who is to like my verses or I shall
not ever like them after! So far differently was I cir-
cumstanced of old, that I used rather to go about for
a subject of offence to people; writing ugly things in
order to warn the ungenial and timorous off my grounds
at once. I shall never do so again at least ! As it is,
I will bring all I dare, in as great quantities as I can —
if not next time, after then — certainly. I must make
an end, print this Autumn my last four “Bells,” Lyrics,
Romances, “The Tragedy,’ and then go on with a whole
heart to my own Poem—indeed, I have just resolved
not to begin any new song, even, till this grand clear-
ance is made.”
Let those who declaim against Browning's
obscurity thank Miss Barrett that the case is
no worse. That “Sordelloisms,” as she called
them, appear at times, even in his letters, ought
to go far to remove the frequent charge of
“wilful obscurity,” since it is not to be con-
ceived that in his love-letters would any man
“wilfully” be anything less than clear. In
this sprightly fashion she writes to him of one
of his best-known and most melodious lyrics
now called “Home-Thoughts from Abroad.”
“Your spring-song is full of beauty, as you know very
well—and “that's the wise thrush’so characteristic of
you (and of the thrush too) that I was sorely tempted
to ask you to write it twice over . . . and not send the
first copy to Mary Hunter, notwithstanding my promise
to her. And now, when you come to print these frag-
ments, would it not be well to stoop to the vulgarism of
prefixing some word of introduction, as other people do,
you know . . . a title . . . a name? You perplex your
readers often by casting yourself on their intelligence
in these things. . . . Now these fragments . . . you
mean to print them with a line between . . . and not
one word at the top of it — now don't you? And then
people will read
* Oh, to be in England,”
and say to themselves, “Why, who is this? . . . Who's
out of England?' Which is an extreme case, of course;
but you will see what I mean. . . . And often I have
observed how some of the very most beautiful of your
lyrics have suffered just from your disdain of the usual
tactics of writers in this one respect.”
These glimpses into the workshop, so to speak,
are of especial value because biography hitherto
has not been satisfactory in the case of either
poet. The standard “Life” of Robert Brown-
ing—by Mrs. Orr — though accurate and full
as to external details, is singularly barren of
any insight into the poetic side of the man, and
one fails to trace in it that connection which
we know must exist between the life and the
life-product of any man. And Mrs. Browning's
biographers have been so much at sea that they
have differed even as to the date of her birth.
Charming discussions of such subjects as
lovers in all ages are wont to write of —such
as the books they read, the persons they meet,
the thoughts of each day, and the dreams both
by day and night—are here to be found in
rich profusion, as may be seen by consulting


240
[April 1,
THE DIAL
the copious Index at the close. There is temp-
tation to quote what they have to say of their
contemporaries — Tennyson, Carlyle, Words-
worth, Mill, Landor, and other celebrities.
Moreover, both had great gifts as letter-writers,
and their words invite citation as specimens of
good literature, — never stilted or formal, but
sparkling and often playful as letters should be.
But, after all, it is the two principal figures
that make the charm of the book. Meeting in
the full maturity of their poetic powers and
richly endowed natures, without previous en-
tanglements or even youthful fancies, each
finds in the other the most perfect companion-
ship, inspiration, protection, that life can know.
Now, as never before, can we realize not only
the full significance of the “Sonnets from the
Portuguese,” but also how it was not poetic
effect but simple truth that prompted Robert
Browning’s “Prospice,” “One Word More,”
the invocation to “Lyric Love,” and that stanza
of “By the Fireside”:
“I am named and known by that hour's feat,
There took my station and degree;
So grew my own small life complete,
As nature obtained her best of me.”
ANNA BENNESON McMAHAN.
THE STORY OF A FAMOUS IMPOSTURE.”
In the latter part of the year 1558 there was
published in Venice a small octavo volume of
but fifty-eight folios, consisting of two parts,
wholly distinct in character, and put together
in one book only because the leading actors in
both were members of the same family. The
first part, which is about four-fifths of the whole,
relates to travels in Persia by Caterino Zeno,
Venetian Ambassador to that country in 1471–
78; it is of undeniable authenticity in its main
features, but of no great value. The second
part, having the sub-title, – “Concerning the
Discovery of the Islands Frislanda, Eslanda,
Engroueland, Estotilanda, and Icaria, made
by the two brothers Zeni, Messire Nícolo, the
Knight, and Messire Antonío, with a map of
the said Islands,”—has made a great noise
in the world, and yet, if we may accept the
verdict of Mr. Fred. W. Lucas, is pure fic-
tion and wholly valueless. This part consists
*THE ANNALs of THE Voyages of THE BROTHERs Nicolò
AND ANTONío ZENO in the North Atlantic about the End
of the Fourteenth Century, and the Claim Founded thereon
to a Venetian Discovery of America. A Criticism and an
Indictment. By Fred. W. Lucas, author of “Appendiculae
Historica,” etc. Illustrated by facsimiles. London: Henry
Stevens Son & Stiles.
mainly of letters purporting to have been written
by the two Brothers Zeni, and giving accounts
of the important discoveries they had made in
the far northern seas. These discoveries relate
to certain countries and islands, several of which
are mentioned in the sub-title, the names of
which even general readers of history will re-
member to have seen on old maps strewn about
in the North Atlantic Ocean. The story really
involves the question of the discovery of Amer-
ica a full century before Columbus crossed the
Sea of Darkness. The book, says Mr. Lucas,
“Went forth to the world with the prestige of the
well-known names of Zeno, Barbaro, and Marcolini
attached to it; and it appears to have been at once ac-
cepted, without question, as genuine history and geog-
raphy; indeed, there seems to have been no reason why,
at that time, it should not have been so accepted. The
cartography of the Northern Atlantic was still confused.
Many non-existent islands appeared upon the best maps
of the time. It was still a question whether Greenland
was united to the Continent of Europe, or to America,
or to both, or whether it was part of Asia, or an island.
The latter question was, indeed, still open until Peary's
recent explorations settled the fact that it was an island.”
The influence of the Zeno book, which had
Nícolò Zeno the younger for its author, who
said he found the materials in the family home
in Venice, was far-reaching and lasting. Mr.
Lucas devotes thirteen of his folio pages to
illustrations of its influence upon subsequent
publications, especially maps, but stops short
long before reaching the end of the list that he
might have given, having said enough to show
that for nearly a hundred years after their pub-
lication the book and map were generally looked
upon as authentic. Still, doubts as to their
genuineness soon began to appear, and have
continued to grow until the authority of the
whole story, while by no means destroyed, has
become greatly impaired. Mr. Lucas no doubt
hopes to deal it a death-blow.
It was in no way strange that the Zeno doc-
uments, both book and map, should have been
accepted as genuine in the sixteenth century;
but, considering the gross improbability of some
of the incidents, the discrepancies that exist
between the book and the map, and the impos-
sibility of adjusting the story to the facts of
history and geography, it would certainly seem
strange that it has retained any authority at
all. In fact, the most ingenious and far-fetched
devices have been resorted to to remove the
difficulties that the book presents. Two exam-
ples may be given. The elder Zeno, writing to
his brother Antonío, says he found on the island
of Frislanda a great Lord named Zechmni,
master of some islands called Porlanda, “who


1899.] THE
DIAL 241
fe
was certainly as worthy of immortal remem-
brance as any other who has ever lived in this
world, on account of his great valor and many
good qualities.” Of course the Zeno adherents
must identify this puissant chief, which they
do, or at least some of them, by finding him in
Henry Sinclair of Roslyn, Earl of the Orkneys
and Caithness by the investiture of King Hacon
of Norway in 1879. To say nothing of histor-
ical questions, the derivation of Zechmni from
Henry Sinclair is a philological feat upon which
a layman, at least, had better not comment.
Again, one feature of the marvellous tale of a
fisherman who cuts an important figure in the
letters, is that a king in Estotoland, an island
situated in the far Western ocean, dwelt in a
populous city with walls, and had Latin books
in his library, which neither he nor anyone
about him could read, a tale that moves Mr.
John Fiske, who never lets slip a good story if
he can help it, to ask: “Pruning this sentence
of its magniloquence, might it perhaps mean
that there was a large palisaded village, and
that the chief had some books in Roman char-
acters, a relic of some castaway which he kept
as a fetich.”
We cannot deal with Mr. Lucas's specific
answers to the arguments that have been ad-
vanced in defense of the book, but rather make
room for his own final conclusions, which are
as follows:
“1. That, though Nicolò and Antonſo Zeno may have
sailed into the North Sea, and may even have visited
the Continental Frislanda, Frisia, or Friesland, and
may have written letters to Venice during their travels,
Nicolò Zeno, the younger, certainly did not compile his
narrative from any such letters, but from the published
works of Bordone, Olaus Magnus, and other authors
indicated above.
“2. That the two accounts of Greenland attributed
to Nicolò and Antonſo Zeno are untrue as applied to
that country, and could not have been honestly written
by any persons who had visited it.
“3. That there is no evidence that Antonſo Zeno
ever visited any part of America, or any of its islands,
as claimed by Marco Barbaro, Terra-Rosso, Zurla,
Beauvois, and others; nor, indeed, do the Annals them-
selves state that he did so.
“4. That there is no evidence to show that either
Christopher Columbus or Juan de la Cosa ever heard
of “Frislanda.”
“5. That, in fact, no such island as Zeno's Frislanda
ever existed, his map of it having been compounded
from earlier maps of Iceland and the Faroes.
“6 That Zichmni, if such a man ever existed, was
certainly not identical with Henry Sinclair, Earl of
Orkney.
“7. That the story that the ‘Carta de Navegar’ was
copied from an old map found in the archives of the
Zeno family is a pure fiction; and that it was, in fact,
concocted from several maps of various dates and nation-
alities, and not from any one map.
“8. That a sufficient motive for the compilation of
Zeno's story and map is to be found in a desire to con-
nect, even indirectly, the voyages of his ancestors with
a discovery of America earlier than that by Columbus,
in order to gratify the compiler's family pride and his
own personal vanity, and to pander to that Venetian
jealousy of other maritime nations (especially of the
Genoese) which was so strong in the early days of the
decadence of the great Venetian Republic, and which,
later on, appeared so forcibly in the works of Terra-
Rossa, Zurla, and other Venetian writers.
“9. That however harmless may have been the orig-
inal motive of Nicolò Zemo, the younger, for the com-
pilation of the narrative and map, it ceased to be
innocent when he reëdited his map for publication in
Ruscelli's edition of Ptolemy (1561), whose work was,
in Zeno's time, accepted as the greatest authority on
geography.
“10. That Zeno's work has been one of the most
ingenious, most successful, and most enduring literary
impostures which has ever gulled a confiding public.”
No doubt some readers will think that a
publication which justifies such a characteriza-
tion as this hardly merits such elaborate treat-
ment as Mr. Lucas and his publisher have
bestowed upon it; but the author replies to all
such critics, that while the importance of the
book from a practical point of view has long
ceased to exist, it still possesses an historical
and a literary interest, because upon the story
contained in it is founded a claim on behalf of
the Venetians to a pre-Columbian discovery of
America, and also because the acceptance of
the Zeno map as genuine by Mercator and
Ortelius, the two leading cartographers of the
latter half of the sixteenth century, was the
cause of great confusion in the maps drawn
during the latter part of that century and for
nearly two hundred years afterwards.
We must not dismiss Mr. Lucas's work with-
out characterizing it as an excellent piece of
historical investigation, and a most sumptuous
volume typographically considered. The Zeno
story is reproduced both in the original and in
translation; while there are eighteeen beautiful
large facsimiles of important maps in plates in
the appendix, besides numerous smaller fac-
similes of other maps at the backs of half-titles
and the ends of chapters. The all-important
bibliography has also received due attention.
Students of the subject will welcome the vol-
ume for its original matter and its beautiful
form, regardless of their views of the author's
conclusions.
B. A. HINSDALE.


242 THE DIAL
[April 1,
DAUDET AND HIS FAMILY.*
The volume on Alphonse Daudet and his
family inaugurates the uniform series of Dau-
det's works in English projected by pub-
lishers who have already deserved well of
French fiction by their edition of Dumas. We
could have wished for the present series a more
auspicious beginning; for this book is unsatis-
factory in spite of its dainty binding and ex-
cellent printing. Its faults are various. In
the first place, the material is not homogeneous,
save in the mediocrity of all its parts. In the
second place, it is not well translated. The
French shines through the English quite too
often, and the English itself is not seldom ques-
tionable in vocabulary and in style. We should
not say, “My father writes using a little plank
screwed to the wall ” % 5); we should say,
“shelf" or “board.” We should not speak of
“great books, dripping with emotion and sweet-
ness” (p. 28); nor should we say “ he broke
me into my Latin” (p. 42). “Would" for
“should " is also common, and such infelicities
as “I made it a reproach to him to have never
put,” etc. (p. 51), are constant. We have
marked many other passages, but it is hardly
worth while to cite them. If it were important
that the reader should know what Messrs. Léon
and Ernest Daudet say, there would be some
reason for desiring a revised version. As it is
not a matter of the least consequence to the
understanding or enjoyment of Daudet whether
they are presented correctly or presented at all,
we may as well turn from the translations to the
originals of the book before us.
These are three.
value, such as it is, is M. Ernest Daudet's sketch
of the youth and ancestry of the brothers. This
was made in 1881, and has no novelty to-day.
It serves usefully to check the fancy of his
brother’s “Little What's his Name,” and adds
some interesting, though so far as we discern,
not particularly significant, details as to the
family ancestry. It is soberly written, in a gen-
erous and fraternal spirit. It could be read at
any time with a certain mild pleasure. But it
will be hailed with the devout fervor with which
the thirsty pilgrim greets the oasis in the desert
by those who approach it through the interme-
diate section of the volume, an “Appendix."
of eighty-one pages in which M. Léon casts
into the form of “a dialogue between my father
*ALPHoNs E DAUDET. By Léon Daudet. To which is
added “The Daudet Family,” by Ernest Daudet. Translated
from the French by Charles de Kay. With portrait. Boston:
Little, Brown, & Co.
Last in place and first in
and me” some half-digested “thoughts” on the
imagination. The purpose, result, or organic
unity of this composition we have been unable
to discover. We surmise, however, that its
purpose was to pad an over-thin book, of which
most readers will have had more than enough
before they get to it, so that its result will be
nil. As to its organic unity, it has at least as
much as the first part, the Memoir proper,
which is about as unsatisfactory to analyze as a
jelly-fish. You discern a sort of rudimentary
organism at the start, acephalous and inverte-
brate though it be; but when you have dissected
this out it shrivels away, and what is left is a
glutinous mass of platitudinous literary jelly.
The book, this part of it, is throughout
maudlin at intervals, “writ,” as Lord Byron
would say, “in a manner that is my aversion,”
peppered with “O destiny!”“O Shakespeare!”
and similar literary hysterics. So far as we
can see, it does not contain a single new liter-
ary fact of moment, a single new critical point
of view. It threshes the old grain over again,
adding a good deal of paternal admonition to
young Léon, that would be more edifying if he
had not taken pains to make the scandals of
his own domestic life as familiar to leading
French newspapers as the dignity of his father's
home has been to the readers of Mr. Sherard's
excellent biographical study.
Occasionally the carelessness of composition
betrays M. Léon Daudet, and he deviates into
unintentional humor. Here, for instance, are
a few lines describing young Alphonse at a fire:
“He appeared on the scene of the combat pour-
ing water on himself and having water poured
on him, holding a lance in his hand” (p. 25).
An edifying spectacle he must have made of
himself. The French pompier is always a
goodly spectacle, but Alphonse, pouring water
on himself with one hand and holding a lance
in the other, standing at his post, Casabianca-
like, “till the flames came and burned off his
eyelashes and licked his hands,” is heroic in his
way, a worthy candidate for a Montyon prize.
After this, one does not wonder to find the au-
thor aver that “unless I am mistaken the grand
(say gr-r-r-and) philosophical system that we
shall have to-morrow will put emotion in the
first rank and will subordinate all else to it.”
Evidently common sense will have to take a
back seat if ever the “astre noir" is in the
ascendant. Meantime, to train himself for that
consummation we are told that Alphonse “did
not boggle to compare’” the Stanley of Dark-
est Africa “with the victor of Austerlitz.”


1899.] THE
TXIAL - 248
(p. 45), nor George Meredith with Hamlet
(p. 46) “in that cottage where lights and
shades played about his aureole” (p. 47).
It seems a pity not to extend this fascinating
anthology from the family memoir of the great
romancer. I have cited only from the first
quarter of M. Léon Daudet's work, and the
fourth of its treasures has not been told. I must
draw this appreciation to a close; but here is a
nugget of political wisdom that one would not
willingly spare. Apropos of Dreyfus: “On
the morning of the catastrophe I promised him
(Alphonse Daudet) that Rochefort [of all men]
would come in person to confirm him in his
certainty. The idea of the visit delighted him,
because he much admired the great pamph-
leteer and recognized in him a unique gift of
observation analagous to the divining power of
Drumont” (p. 53). To all who know the men,
this anti-climax is record-breaking, colossal.
As to M. Léon Daudet's memoirs as a whole,
I looked forward with singular eagerness to its
appearance in the Revue de Paris, and felt a
perplexed disappointment from fortnight to
fortnight as I first read its parts. Then came
the book, to increase vexation by concentrating
puerility. I must plead, therefore, for indul-
gence if on this third reading of “needy noth-
ing trimmed in jollity” I close with the author's
*Own words (p. 44): “Every book is an organ-
ism. If its organs are not in place it must die
and its corpse become a nuisance.” I do not
think this book will be long in reaching the
corpse stage. On the whole, however, I think
the most epigrammatic summing up of my idea
on this “Memoir” would be in Shakespeare's
words: “Bottom, thou art translated.”
BENJAMIN W. WELLS.
MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.*
Señor Romero, the late distinguished minis-
ter from Mexico to the United States, was ex-
ceptionally qualified to write authoritatively
upon the relations between the two countries.
He twice held a cabinet position in his own
country, so that he was familiar with its con-
dition and policies. He was twice accredited to
this country—first during President Lincoln's
administration and again after but a short
interval spent at home. He was practically
a continuous resident in our country from
the Civil War to the time of his death a few
months since. It is no exaggeration to say that
*MExico AND THE UNITED STATEs. By Matias Romero.
Volume I. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
no representative of a foreign country at Wash-
ington ever made a better impression or gained
a higher position — personal or official.
The first 280 pages of this bulky volume now
before us for review, “Mexico and the United
States,” are taken up with “Geographical and
Statistical Notes on Mexico.” This part of the
work has already appeared as an independent
volume and has been noticed in THE DIAL. The
remaining pages, almost five hundred in num-
ber, are important historic or economic studies.
In two papers — “Genesis of Mexican Inde-
pendence” and “Philosophy of Mexican Rev.
olutions”—Mr. Romero shows that revolutions
in Mexico are not mere exhibitions of turbu-
lence, but natural, perhaps necessary events in
a normal evolution from peculiar conditions.
A study follows of “Anglo-Saxon and Ro-
man Systems of Jurisprudence.” It is a com-
mon impression in the United States that the
legal systems of the two countries are extremely
unlike and that justice is a thing unknown in
Mexico. Mr. Romero clearly distinguishes
common law and equity—English Law and
Roman Law. Both exist in our country. So,
too, both exist, though unequally developed, in
Mexico. The paper is an interesting statement
of the exact conditions prevalent in the two
countries. It may be remarked in passing that
Mexican Law is not administered to the dis-
advantage of Americans in the Republic; fre-
quently its terms are modified in favor of our
citizens as a matter of national comity.
One of the most interesting chapters in the
book, as dealing with a question which has
threatened international complications and
which is not even now settled, is “The Mexi-
ican Free Zone.” This “free zone,” estab-
lished by the Mexican government at the solic-
itation of the northern states—especially Tam-
aulipas—has much distressed some of our
wordy politicians. It has been asserted that
it has given opportunity for enormous smug-
gling operations and has defrauded our govern-
ment of vast sums. Mr. Romero, either as
Secretary of the Treasury in Mexico or as
Minister from Mexico, has never been an advo-
cate of “the Free Zone.” He however shows,
conclusively, by statistics and argument, that
no serious disadvantage can have come to the
United States from its existence, that the con-
trary really has happened, and that no great
advantage has accrued to Mexico.
In “Silver and Wages in Mexico’’ and
“Silver Standard in Mexico’’ are discussions
of sociologic-economic questions of timely inter-


244 THE DIAL
[April 1,
est. It is a mistake to draw conclusions for
either country from the other. Conditions in
the two are fundamentally different. That
Mexico is flourishing to-day with a silver stand-
ard does not prove that the United States would
do so. Distribution of wealth, character of
resources, nature of the laboring population, all
are elements in the problem.
The final chapter on “The Pan-American
Conference of 1889" is interesting as present-
ing a straightforward statement of (a) the
originating of the idea, (b) the purposes, (c)
the make-up and work of this interesting gath-
ering. What we thought of the meeting has
some value: how it impressed the other partici-
pating nations is of greater value — especially
at this moment when we stand in an entirely
new position with reference to other countries.
It is certain that the conference did not do all
that was expected of it, that it did not impress
our neighbors strongly with our disinterested-
ness, but it did do something in bringing
together representatives of neighboring coun-
tries which have many common interests and
must perforce have many inter-relations.
These chapters have already appeared as con-
tributions to periodical literature, and particu-
larly to “The North American Review.” It is,
however, a good idea to publish them in a con-
nected and permanent form. Mr. Romero,
either by appendices or by changes and inter-
polations in the text, brings the matter quite up
to date. “Mexico and the United States’’ will
be an important work of reference for politi-
cians, for students of social and economic ques-
tions, and for the increasingly large class of
persons who for one reason or another are
interested in our nearest southern neighbor.
FREDERICK STARR.
RECENT FICTION.”
“The Open Question” was published in England
some months ago, and attracted much attention by
its bold presentation of an ethical problem with
which few writers venture to grapple. The name
of the author, “C. E. Raimond,” had previously
been attached to a number of novels, none of which
had proved particularly noteworthy, although they
were remembered by their readers with a certain
satisfaction. Presently it transpired that their
authorship was pseudonymous, and that the person-
ality of Miss Elizabeth Robins, already widely
known as an actress in the later plays of Dr. Ibsen,
was concealed beneath the non-committal name that
figured upon the title-page. No pretense of keeping
the secret is any longer made, and the American
publishers of “The Open Question” frankly an-
nounce it as the work of Miss Robins. Upon read-
ing the book, we are not surprised at the interest
which it has excited, for it has qualities that set it
far apart from the common run of fiction. Yet the
impression gained from reading many English com-
ments upon the novel was very different from the
impression which the novel itself produces. It pre-
sents a problem, no doubt, and one of the most
startling; but in such a case the manner is every-
thing, and this particular problem, which becomes
merely brutal in a bare statement, may be treated
with the utmost delicacy, as the performance of
Miss Robins attests. Briefly put, it is the problem
presented by two lovers, who are closely related by
blood, and who both inherit a constitution predis-
posed to the attack of consumption. Have two such
people any right to the happiness that they most
desire? We can imagine the reply to this question
of our greatest ethical teachers, the fierce negative
of Carlyle, the more suave but equally emphatic
negative of Renan and Mr. Ruskin. And, absolutely
speaking, we should be bound to answer with them.
But the case as it here lies before us is too compli-
cated to be decided offhand. It is weakened by the
notion that the fears of the lovers may be imaginary,
for they are represented as under the obsession of
the theoretical idea rather than as attacked by the
disease, while modern science, as we know, emphat-
ically denies that consumption is hereditary, the
most that it admits being hereditary susceptibility.
Again, the question of consanguineous marriage
is an open one, as far as the exact limits of dan-
ger or safety are concerned. In consequence of all
this, we cannot help feeling that the author of
this book has failed to make out a case clear enough
to justify — even if otherwise justifiable—her con-
clusion. She seems herself to take too hard and
fast a view of the matter, to be over-influenced by
what are, after all, no more than theoretical con-
siderations. Her actual solution is to bring her
lovers into a compact whereby they purchase a year
of happiness with the pledge that they will end their
own lives rather than entail disease upon any life
yet unborn. Here is an “open question” indeed,
one upon which we will not presume to pass judg-
ment. It is all very effectively and even poetically
managed, and the idea loses most of its harshness in
*THE OPEN QUESTIon. By C. E. Raimond. New York:
Harper & Brothers.
Poor HUMAN NATURE. A Musical Novel. By Elizabeth
Godfrey. New York: Henry Holt & Co.
THE PHANToM ARMY. Being a Story of a Man and a Mys-
tery. By Max Pemberton. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
GoD's PRIsonER. A Story. By John Oxenham. New
York: Henry Holt & Co.
THE KEY of THE Holy House. A Romance of Old Ant-
werp. By Albert Lee. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
THE FIFTH of November. By Charles S. Bentley and
F. Kimball Scribner. Chicago: Rand, McNally & Co.
OMAR THE TENTMAKER. A. Romance of Old Persia. By
Nathan Haskell Dole. Boston: L.C. Page & Co.
REMBRANDT. A Romance of Holland. By Walter Cranston
Larned. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
•


1899.] THE
DIAL 245
the working-out. And the story, on its way up to
this tragic ending, is full, not only of interest and
acute observation, but has no small measure of
those finer qualities which betoken genius. There
are occasional longueurs in the way of semi-didactic
discussion, but at least three-quarters of the book is
fairly glowing with life, and the chief characters
are creations in a very fine sense of that term.
“Poor Human Nature,” by Miss Elizabeth God-
frey, is called “a musical novel” upon the title-page,
but hardly deserves the description. It is mostly
concerned with musical people, to be sure, for its
leading characters are the principals in the royal
opera of Blankenstadt, and a great deal of the talk
is about operatic matters. But the author evinces
no power to make verbal interpretation of music,
and has only the externals of the singer's life to set
before us. When we contrast this treatment of the
art with that found in “Evelyn Innes,” for example,
the difference is seen to be so great as to be one of
kind. Miss Godfrey's novel is little more than a
sentimental love story, a story of the general type to
which “The First Violin” belongs. It would have
been essentially the same story had its characters
been poets or painters instead of singers. In other
words, the artistic terms in which it is stated are of
the interchangeable sort. This does not prevent it
from being a fairly acceptable novel of the kind in
which sentiment almost achieves the convincing ac-
cent of passion. The workmanship is nicely fin-
ished, and the outcome is not too gloomy.
“An attempt to depict the emprise of a man who
is a victim of the Napoleonic idea" is what Mr.
Pemberton tells us he has made in writing “The
Phantom Army.” His hero is a Spaniard of extra-
ordinary charm and strength of character—at least
he is intended to be all this — who gathers about
him a band of devoted adherents, and who seeks
with their aid to overthrow the Spanish government,
and even to overrun the rest of Europe. The au.
dacity of his strategy leads him to several successful
engagements, but he is overcome in the end, and
suffers the death that such brigands deserve. Mr.
Pemberton has evidently got much of his material
from a study of Carlist conspiracies and methods,
with which he seems closely familiar. His work is
brilliant episodically rather than successful as a
whole, and one feels that the romance was planned
upon a scale too large for the author's powers.
Despite a fault or two of construction, and a few
loose ends in its complicated plot, “God’s Prisoner,”
by Mr. John Oxenham, remains one of the most
captivating works of fiction that it has often been our
good fortune to read. Beginning with a hot-blooded
murder in London, it ends among the islands of the
South Pacific, and its leading character has, in the
interval, gone through a series of the most romantic
and startling experiences. The author's invention
is unflaggingly brilliant, and his narrative manner
both direct and forcible. We will not summarize
the plot: that would be in this case peculiarly un-
fair to the reader, besides being a totally inadequate
way of conveying a notion of the remarkable qual-
ities of the story. The reader bent upon excite-
ment alone, and the reader who delights in the better
qualities of romance—in literary form and psy-
chological portrayal,—will alike find their account
in a book which we counsel them not to miss.
As far as our recollection goes, Mr. Albert Lee
is a newcomer in the field of romantic fiction, and
his “Key of the Holy House” is certainly a prom-
ising piece of work. The scene is sixteenth century
Antwerp, and the chief incidents are connected with
the Spanish tyranny and the methods of the Inqui-
sition. We have glimpses of the Prince of Orange,
and the Beggars of the Sea are our companions for
a time. An English episode near the close gives us
brief sight of the Queen, and altogether there is
much brightly-colored interest in the story, both
historical and inventive. To mention a small mat-
ter, Mr. Lee's Dutch names seem a trifle uncertain
in their orthography. On the first page, for exam-
ple, we have “Nordenstrasse” instead of “Noord-
enstraat.”
Messrs. C. S. Bentley and F. Kimball Scribner
have collaborated in the production of “The Fifth
of November" a historical romance that makes no
great pretensions and that is put together in a
straightforward and conscientious way. Its subject
is, of course, the Gunpowder Plot, having Guy
Fawkes for a central figure, and providing brief
views of the King, Monteagle, Catesby, and other
historical characters. The fanatical spirit that led
to the Plot is well reproduced in the dialogue, and
the utter villainy of the thing is sufficiently tem-
pered by our interest in the ringleaders and our
sympathy with their motives to make the story a
possible one.
Two interesting examples of what may be called
the biographical as distinguished from the historical
romance have recently been published. In one of
them Mr. Nathan Haskell Dole has told the story
of Omar's life. In the other Mr. Walter Cranston
Larned has subjected Rembrandt to similar treat-
ment. Mr. Dole's “Omar the Tentmaker” displays
much knowledge of Persian history and life in the
eleventh and twelfth centuries, and the meagre sup-
ply of facts that have come down to us concerning
Omar's own life is in this case liberally eked out
with selections from his verses, taken from several
translations, and including many of which Fitz-
Gerald had no knowledge or took no cognizance.
The result of this pastiche of history and poetry is
distinctly readable, although it fails to create the
illusion proper to romance. At least, it creates only,
and that for an occasional moment, such illusion as
there is in an Arabian Night's Entertainment. We
are a little startled to make acquaintance with an
Omar who is a lover in the concrete sense, familiar
as we are with the poet who sings so tenderly of
love in the abstract; but this proves merely an epi-
sode in Mr. Dole's romance, and the interest speedily
lapses into the strictly historical and philosophical.
But we can hardly forgive him for making the poet


246 THE DIAL
[April 1,
anticipate the fin de siècle pun upon Omar and
Homer. What Mr. Dole calls “an Oriental's exces-
sive fondness for playing on words” should not be
used as a cloak for his own paronomastic depravity.
Mr. Larned's “Rembrandt" embodies the essen-
tial facts in the artist's career, his sudden rise to
fame, the history of his most famous pictures —
“The Anatomy Lesson,” “The Night Watch,” and
“The Syndics”—the pathetic story of his financial
embarrassments, and, above all, the romance that
has so linked the name of Saskia with his own that
we can never think of the one without recalling the
other. The whole narrative is informed with so
generous an enthusiasm, and written with so vivid
a sympathy, that we can easily pardon its excess of
sentimentality and the vagueness of its character
delineations. The book helps us, somehow, to feel
the wonder of Rembrandt's consummate art, and
that is doubtless what the author chiefly wished it
to do. WILLIAM MoRTON PAYNE.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
As Prosector of the Zoological So-
ciety of London, it has fallen to Mr.
Frank E. Beddard to bring to a suc-
cessful completion in his “Structure and Classifi-
cation of Birds” (Longmans) a treatise upon the
subject of avian anatomy which his predecessors,
Garrod and Forbes, had projected. The book is
timely, for there has been no comprehensive work
of recent date upon this subject, in the English lan-
guage, which at all compares with the Monograph
of Fürbringer, or Gadow's extended treatise in
Broun's Thierreich, published in German. English
investigators, of whom Mr. Beddard is one, have
long been leaders in this field and the author has
not lacked for material at hand. Over 250 figures,
drawn from original memoirs, adorn the volume,
and with very few exceptions they come from En-
glish sources, the names of Huxley, Mivart, Garrod,
Mitchell, Forbes, Selater, and Beddard being oft
repeated as authorities. The book is a condensed
and somewhat systematic presentation of the most
important facts of comparative avian anatomy, and
an extended discussion and application of these
facts to the classification of the group of birds. In
this phase of the work it is an advance upon any
hitherto published. It is to be expected that old
systems of classification would be disturbed some-
what by this process. We are therefore not sur-
prised to find that the author has severed the owls
from their long association with the hawks and has
shifted them to the neighborhood of the goat-suck-
ers; and to find him arguing for the primitive re-
lationships of the pico-passerine group and the
degeneracy of the Struthionidae as a type. For
those who pursue at a distance the study of orni-
thology with an opera-glass as a pastime or as an
avocation, this book will not be light reading, though
Avian Anatomy.
doubtless suggestive and profitable; for those who
with scalpel and lens seek the sterner discipline of
a science, it will be invaluable.
In “Social Ideals in English Let-
ters” (Houghton) Miss Vida D.
Scudder writes with the same careful
scholarship, clear criticism, and alluring style as in
her earlier work, “The Life of the Spirit in English
Poetry.” Beginning as far back as William Lang-
land and Sir Thomas More — who are classed as
Utopian socialists born out of due time — the aim
of the book is to show the varied types of socialism
from time to time expressed in English literature.
The principal space—about one-half of the volume
—is given to the great prose writers of the last
half-century. The novelists Thackeray, Dickens,
and George Eliot, and the essayists Carlyle, Ruskin,
and Matthew Arnold, are dealt with as prophets of
socialism in twelve chapters of admirable construc-
tive criticism. The concluding chapter on “Con-
temporary England” is so delightfully optimistic
that even one who does not share in the author's
enthusiam for social settlements cannot fail to enjoy
its pleasing picture of the present and its prophecy
for the future. “The mystic of former times, re-
acting against conventions and longing for simplicity
of life, fled like Thoreau into the wilderness; the
mystic of the present, actuated by the same impulse,
flees not from but to the world,—betakes himself,
not to the woods, but to a crowded city district, and
steeps his soul in the joy of the widest human sym-
pathy he can attain. . . . Children of privilege and
children of toil will be united in these groups;
thinkers and laborers, women and men of delicate
traditions and fine culture, mingled in close spiritual
fellowship with those whose wisdom has been gained
not through opportunity but through deprivation.
. . . They will realize in a measure the old dream
of Langland,-fellow pilgrims of Truth, while they
share life and labor in joyous comradeship.”
Types of socialism
in English
literature.
Few characters stand out more nobly
in history than Lord William Russell,
martyr to the cause of English liberty
under the second Charles. Few have been treated
more exhaustively, as a result. Yet the “Memoirs
of Lady Russell” (Macmillan), setting forth the
facts in the life of his wife and widow, come to the
reader in much the light of a revelation. She was
his elder in years, a widow when he met her; she
survived him a full forty years, devoted to his
memory until the end; the honor which would have
been his had he not been so mercilessly slain came
to his descendants through her offices; in every way
her career is a notable one. There is a confused
prefatory note to the volume which leaves the fact
of preparation for the press much in doubt. It
would seem that Lady Stepney, une grande dame of
four generations ago, brought the contents together
from the family documents in her possession. Fall-
ing into the hands of Colonel Pollok, her grand-
Memoirs of the
wife of an
English martyr.


1899.] THE
DIAL 247
nephew, they are now published with his authority.
It seems ungracious to criticize one so far beyond
the reach of this modern world, but Lady Stepney
has injured her work seriously by making it, chiefly,
a religious tractate, her illustrious kinswoman's
long and virtuous life lending itself as readily for
the pointing of a moral as for the adornment of a
tale. Lady Russell was indeed a devoted maid,
wife, and mother, and the book is to be read with
profit in the human even more than the doctrinal
sense. A brief, interesting, but not cogently re-
lated memoir of Lady Herbert, widow of the brave
Sir Edward who fought for his king so gallantly at
Naseby, is added by way of conclusion. It serves
to increase the dislike felt for Charles II., but is not
of great importance.
Messrs. Lentilhon & Co., of New
Settlement” York, have begun the publication of
handbook. a convenient series of “Handbooks
for Practical Workers in Church and Philanthropy,”
edited by Professor Samuel M. Jackson, of New
York University. Among the first volumes of the
series is a little book on “Social Settlements,” by
Professor C. R. Henderson, of the University of Chi-
cago. It opens with an historical introduction sketch-
ing the changes in life and thought which led up to
the newer and higherforms of philanthropy, followed
by an account of the immediate genesis of the Uni-
versity Settlements in England. Here one finds
the names of Dr. Thomas Arnold, Professor Thomas
Hill Green, Mr. Ruskin, Frederick Denison Mau-
rice, Charles Kingsley, and John Richard Green, as
well as those of Edward Denison, Arnold Toynbee,
and Canon Barnett; and, in connection with the
progress of the movement in England, those of both
Mr. and Mrs. Barnett, Mr. Percy Alden, and Mrs.
Humphry Ward. There are chronological lists of
the University, College, and Social Settlements of
England and America, and brief notices of many of
the more important Houses. Part II. is devoted to
the “Theory of the Settlement,” as shown mainly
by the writings of leaders in the movement; and in
the third and final part of the volume the author
describes the manifold methods of Settlement work,
exhibits a systematized “table of activities,” and
offers many practical suggestions to inexperienced
workers. The book is a compendium of desirable
A *Social
information in small compass and convenient form. .
It bears some evidences of haste in preparation and
in printing, but its defects are not such as will
interfere with its usefulness to readers who wish to
inform themselves about the Settlement movement.
Among the books recently imported
by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons is
a little volume by Mr. H. Heathcote
Statham, entitled “Architecture among the Poets”
— a long essay, originally published as a series of
articles in “The Builder.” It deals, as may be
inferred from its name, with the references made
to architecture by the greater poets — or, to speak
Architecture
among the poets.
precisely, by the greater Greek, Latin, and English
poets. The points made are two: first, that archi-
tecture, which ranks among the least popular of the
arts, has been of no such value to the poets as have
painting and music; second, that the love of archi-
tecture for its own sake, and the perception of the
racial and intellectual significance of style, belong
to modern poetry alone. The classics are repre-
sented by Homer and Virgil, and the “entirely fan-
ciful” Homeric architecture is compared with the
realistic description of Priam's palace which we find
in the “AEneid.” The English poets are then re-
viewed chronologically, the elder being shown as
affiliated, in regard to architectural terms and im-
agery, with the classic writers, while “the new feel-
ing,” merely suggested in eighteenth-century poetry,
becomes evident in the early romantic school, and
rises to its full height in the poets of our own time.
The author's especial enthusiasm is for Browning,
in whose pages, as he very rightly declares, may be
found a stronger descriptive power and a greater
knowledge of architecture than in those of any other
English poet. Of American poets, he mentions
only Longfellow and Poe, quoting the former liber-
ally, the latter only in a few lines from “The
Haunted Palace"; Lowell, whose “Cathedral ” we
think worth notice in such an essay, is evidently
forgotten. The literary criticism of the book is a
minor matter; though generally correct, and, hav-
ing the virtue of simplicity, it lacks the literary
touch. Its illustrations are dainty and its ensemble
pleasant.
Devotees of Robert Browning have
no cause to complain of any lack of
variety in the editions of their chosen
poet offered by the publishers. First of all, we had
the many-volumed library editions supplied, respect-
ively, by Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. and the
Macmillan Co. Then, the former house issued their
one-volume “Cambridge” edition, which the latter
house soon followed with their attractive “Globe '’
edition in two volumes. We have now to call atten-
tion to the edition in twelve volumes just published by
Messrs. T.Y. Crowell & Co., which for some purposes
is more desirable than any of the others, particularly
for all careful students of the poet. This “Cam-
berwell ” edition is in pocket volumes, four inches
by six in size, and is provided with annotations by
Miss Charlotte Porter and Miss Helen A. Clarke,
the editors of “Poet-Lore.” It is hardly necessary
to say how entirely competent these editors are for
the task, or with what sympathy they have per-
formed it. There is a general biographical intro-
duction to the edition, and a special introduction to
each volume; the notes occur at the end, and include
digests of each poem. The text is the poet's latest
revision of 1888–89, and includes in addition many
fugitive pieces, among them the unfortunate Fitz-
Gerald lines (which had better have been left un-
printed), and the prose essay on Shelley. The lines of
each poem are numbered for easy reference. Each
A new edition
of Browning.


248
LApril 1,
THE DIAL
volume has a photogravure frontispiece and a deco-
rative title-page. The whole set comes in a tasteful
box. We cannot thank the editors and publishers
too warmly for this convenient and entirely delight-
ful edition of a great English poet.
Growth of In the first half of the present cen-
American influence tury Boston was the centre of activ-
in Hawaii. ity in the religious and commercial
enterprises which the American people directed
toward the Hawaiian Islands. In Boston and from
official sources Mr. E. J. Carpenter has gathered
the material for an opportune and very interesting
history, “America in Hawaii” (Small, Maynard &
Co.), of the growth of American influence in our
new territory, from the landing of the little ship-
load of missionaries from Boston in 1819 to the
culmination in the annexation ceremonies of August
12, 1898. The tale is of more than passing inter-
est and is told with dramatic effect. The history
is written from the American point of view and with
professed sympathy for the annexation movement,
though the treatment of persons and policies is as a
rule candid and fair. The author’s zeal for dramatic
effect leads him to make England the villain of the
play, in spite of her repudiation of the seizure of
the Islands by Lord George Paulet in 1843, and of
her uniformly neutral position in recent years.
This same zeal, coupled, perhaps, with a lack of
familiarity with details of local history, has led to
some misleading statements of minor importance.
The part that Boston merchants have played in the
development of American commerce with the Islands
is well told. The early sandalwood trade with China
and the rise and decline of the whale fishery in the
Pacific are described at length, but the growth
of the sugar industry is barely mentioned, though
Whitney's edition of Jarvis gives a very good ac-
count of it up to 1872. This, however, is a story,
not of Boston, but of Honolulu and San Francisco.
Mr. Louis J. Rettger's bulky volume
of “Studies in Advanced Physiol-
ogy” (Terre Haute: Inland Publish-
ing Co.) is a compilation from standard treatises of
the principal facts of human anatomy, histology, and
hygiene, with some attention to the experimental
phases of the science and to the subject of physio-
logical chemistry. The work is confessedly not
critical and some of the illustrations are veterans in
the service; the figures illustrative of cell-division,
for example, are quite out of date in this day of
cytological research. There is no index, an inex-
cusable omission in a work of this character. The
book presents, however, an advance both in the
choice of material and in the method of treatment,
over many elementary treatises often used in our
academies and normal schools. The effect of alco-
hol upon the system is treated in a brief and sensible
manner, with a noticeable absence of exaggeration
and a commendable candor. Teachers and boards
of education will find many practical suggestions
A new
Physiology.
for the control and suppression of contagious dis-
eases in the public schools in the rules of the Indi-
ana State Board of Health, which are given in full
in the chapter upon Public Health. The history of
the science is also well treated in the opening chapter.
To most Americans, General Prim
and Señor Castelar are but shadowy
figures on the field of modern history,
and the Spanish Revolution of thirty years ago is
but little better known than the petty revolutions of
mediaeval Italy. But now that Spanish affairs have
taken on a new interest for us, Mr. E. H. Strobel's
account of “The Spanish Revolution, 1868–1875.”
(Small, Maynard & Co.) will be read with pleasure
and profit. It is not easy to get started in the book,
for it is a section taken out of a projected larger
work and so fails to give the necessary information
as to parties and conditions. But when one gets
into the current of the narrative he finds it most
interesting. The story is dramatic in its rapid
changes, its making and unmaking of kings and
republics. “In six years the Spaniards had seen a
panorama of governments pass before them, . . .
each a failure and each in turn replaced by another
failure.” The restoration of Alfonso of Bourbon
closed the series of changes, but not the misfortunes
of that unhappy country.
The Spanish
Revolution of
thirty years ago.
To the stream of books about that
short history most interesting nation, Switzerland,
** and its history, another has been
added, “A Short History of Switzerland” (Mac-
millan) by Dr. Karl Dăndliker. The author writes
with authority, having previously produced a three-
volume standard work on the same subject. The
present volume contains all the common helps for
easy reference, — numbered paragraphs with bold-
faced headings, maps, index, chronological table,
dates at the top of the page, and the like. It is not
easy reading, for during eight centuries this little
country in the middle of Europe has had relations,
friendly or as prospective prey, with the warring
powers on all sides of her, and this complex history
cannot be put into less than three hundred pages in
a flowing narrative style. But the work is valuable
as a trustworthy epitome of Swiss history, and as
such can be heartily commended.
A new
BRIEFER MENTION.
The “Biographical” Thackeray (Harper) is nearing
completion. “The Virginians” and “The Adventures
of Philip” have recently been added to the edition, leav-
ing but two more volumes to follow. “The Virginians”
vies with “The Newcomes” in length, each of them
running to more than eight hundred pages. Mrs. Ritchie's
introductory chapters are as delightful as ever. The
former is concerned mainly with the second visit to
America; the latter with Thackeray's “Cornhill "
editorship. We quite agree with this observation:
“‘Philip' did not have the success it deserved. To me


1899.] THE
DIAL 249
it seems to contain some of the wisest and most beauti-
ful things my father ever wrote.”
Messrs. Small, Maynard & Co. have just issued an
attractive little book that should find many purchasers
—“The Memory of Lincoln.” It is a collection of
eighteen lyric tributes to the martyr-President, compris-
ing all worthy of preservation that have appeared to
the present time, with an interesting introductory essay
on “The Poetic Memory of Abraham Lincoln,” by the
editor of the volume, Mr. M. A. De Wolfe Howe. The
book is furnished with a fine frontispiece portrait of
Lincoln. — The same publishers send us “Washington's
Farewell Address,” with a prefatory note by Mr.
Worthington Chauncey Ford—forming a little book
that should be in every American's library.
The well-known series of “Monographs on Artists,”
edited and written jointly with other authors by Pro-
fessor H. Knackfuss, have heretofore been accessible
only in the German text. We are glad to note that
Messrs. Lemcke & Buechner of New York have now
begun the publication of the series in English, the trans-
lation being the work of Mr. Campbell Dodgson of the
British Museum. Two volumes, devoted to Raphael
and Holbein, have been published, and are issued in
handsome mechanical form with a profusion of well-
printed illustrations. The series when complete will
form a satisfactory history of all the great periods of art.
The following are the latest publications among French
and German texts: “Le Siège de Paris,” by M. Fran-
cisque Sarcey (Heath), edited by Mr. I. H. B. Spiers;
“La Main Malheureuse” (Heath), an anonymous story,
edited by Miss H. A. Guerber; “Conjugaison des Werbes
Français” (Jenkins), by M. Paul Bercy; “Altes und
Neues” (Ginn), a reader for beginners, edited by Mr.
Karl Seeligmann; and “Rosenresli,” by Frau Johanna
Spyri (Heath), edited by Miss Helene H. Boll.
The series of “Temple Classics,” published in this
country by the Macmillan Co., now numbers more than
fifty volumes, forming as handsome and well-chosen a
little library as could be desired. Nearly every great
literature and period of literature is represented in the
series, some of the latest volumes to be published being
Chapman's translation of the Iliad; “The High History
of the Holy Graal,” now translated for the first time
from the French by Dr. Sebastian Evans; “The Little
Flowers of St. Francis,” newly translated by Professor
T. W. Arnold; Casaubon's translation of Marcus Aure-
lius; Browning’s “Men and Women”; Mrs. Browning's
“Aurora Leigh’’; and the first two of ten volumes con-
taining North's version of Plutarch.
The following German text-books have recently been
published: Grillparzer's “Sappho.” (Ginn), edited by
Dr. C. C. Ferrell; Kleist's “Prinz Friedrich von Hom-
burg" (Ginn), edited by Dr. John S. Nollen; six
“Waldnovellen” (Heath), by Herr R. Baumbach, ed-
ited by Dr. Wilhelm Bernhardt; “Allgemeine Meere-
skunde” (Heath), by Herr Johannes Walther, edited by
Miss Susan A. Sterling; “Die Schriften des Wald-
Schulmeisters” (Holt), by Herr Peter Rosegger, edited
by Mr. Laurence Fossler; “German Sight Reading”
(Holt), by Miss Idelle B. Watson; and “A German
Reader” (Macmillan), edited by Dr. Waterman T.
Hewett. Recent French texts are “La Tulipe Noire”
(Heath), by A. Dumas, edited by M. C. Fontaine;
Molière’s “Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme” (Heath), ed-
ited by Mr. F. M. Warren; and “La Retraite de Moscou”
(Holt), by the Comte de Ségur,edited by Mr. O. B. Super.
LITERARY NOTES.
“Quentin Durward,” in two volumes, is the latest
addition to the “Temple” edition of Scott's novels, pub-
lished by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons.
The Macmillan Co. have published a third edition of
Mr. George Birkbeck Hill’s “Gordon in Central Africa,
1874–1879,” which first appeared eighteen years ago.
“Our Feathered Friends,” by Miss Elizabeth Grinnell
and Mr. Joseph Grinnell, is an illustrated reading book
for young pupils just published by Messrs. D. C. Heath
& Co.
Dr. Charles Waldstein is now in this country occu-
pied in lecturing before the Archaeological societies and
other audiences upon the subjects of Greek art and the
results of recent excavations.
Mr. Clifton Johnson has prepared an abridged edition
of “Don Quixote" for “school and home reading.”
Except for the considerable omissions, the text, which is
Ormsby's translation, is left practically unchanged.
“Art and the Beauty of the Earth” is the title of a
lecture by William Morris, delivered in 1881, and now
printed with the author's own “golden" type at the
Chiswick Press. Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co. are
the publishers.
A new and revised edition of Mr. Maurice Hewlett's
charming volume of sketches and translations, entitled
“Earthwork Out of Tuscany,” first issued three years
ago, has been published by Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons
in connection with Messrs. Dent of London. A number
of rather slight pencil sketches, made by Mr. James
Kerr-Lawson, are contained in this edition.
A happy outcome of the recent tribute publicly paid
to Mr. Carl Schurz for his distinguished services in so
many good causes is the endowment fund of twenty
thousand dollars contributed by the German-Americans
of New York. Columbia University is to be the trustee
of this fund, one half of which provides a fellowship in
German literature and the other half is to be used to buy
books for the Germanic department of the University.
Professor Benjamin Moore is the author of an “Ele-
mentary Physiology” published by Messrs. Longmans,
Green, & Co., which we can recommend most heartily
for its attractive presentation, compact form, and sci-
entific accuracy. We note, further, that the index con-
tains no reference to alcohol, tobacco, or narcotics,
which fact will probably prove a still stronger recom-
mendation to all teachers who wish to deal seriously
with the subject.
It is announced that there remain in the hands of the
| heirs of the late George Brinley, some copies of the
parts of the Brinley Catalogue, with the exception of
the first, also some copies of the index, and of the price-
lists. So long as they last these will be sent gratuit-
ously to any public library making application for them,
specifying the parts required, and enclosing fifteen cents
for each part (five cents for price-lists) to cover postage
and mailing expenses — applications to be addressed to
W. I. Fletcher, Librarian of Amherst College, Amherst,
Mass.
Emile Erckmann died about the middle of last month.
As the associate of Alexandre Chatrian, who died in
1890, he contributed not a little to the instruction and
entertainment of his fellow-countrymen, and the Erck-
mann-Chatrian series of historical novels, if at times
somewhat flamboyant in their patriotism, and if lacking


250 THE DIAL
[April 1,
in the finer literary qualities of fiction, achieved a note-
worthy and well-deserved success. They were whole-
some literature, although not the best of art. The
partnership of the two men lasted for something like
forty years, and is one of the most remarkable instances
of collaboration in literary history. A short time be-
fore Chatrian's death, an unfortunate quarrel estranged
the two novelists. Erckmann was born in 1822, and
had lived to the age of seventy-six years.
The new uniform edition of “Sketches and Studies
in Italy and Greece” (imported by Scribner), by the
late John Addington Symonds, is now made complete
by the publication of the third volume. This volume is
the richest of the three, for it includes the marvellous
chapters on Siena, Perugia, and Orvieto, the subtle and
sympathetic studies of Lucretius and Antinous, while
from the titles of still other chapters the magic names of
Amalfi, Paestum, Capri, Syracuse, Girgenti, and Athens,
meet the reader's eye. These studies are literature of
a very noble sort and will bear repeated perusal. It is
a great pleasure to have them all collected in the present
set of dignified volumes.
Several novel features will distinguish the “British
Anthologies” which Professor Edward Arber is editing
for the Oxford Press, from other collections of English
verse which have appeared. The series will contain
some two thousand five hundred entire poems and songs
(exclusive of extracts which have been inserted spar-
ingly), printed for the most part in large type on stout
paper in crown octavo volumes, and published at a pop-
ular price. Some three hundred authors will be repre-
sented, a few for the first time in any anthology. Use
has been made of the earliest and most authoritative
texts, but the spelling and punctuation have been re-
vised where necessary. Each volume will consist of
three hundred pages of text, to which are added an
index of first lines and authorities, and a glossary.
Pains have been taken to prevent lines being turned.
Each volume will be identified by its title with the chief
poet of the period treated, and together with his works
will be printed the compositions of his contemporaries
and anonymous poems of the same date. Not one-fifth
of the total, however, will be anonymous. Ten volumes
have already been arranged for — The Dunbar Anthol-
ogy, 1401–1508; The Surrey and Wyatt, 1509–1547;
The Spenser, 1548–1591; The Shakespeare, 1592–
1616; The Jonson, 1617–1637; The Milton, 1638–
1674; The Dryden, 1675–1700; The Pope, 1701–1744;
The Goldsmith, 1745–1774; and The Cowper Anthol-
ogy, 1775–1800. Of these the Shakespeare, Jonson,
and Milton volumes will be published immediately, and
the remainder will follow in quick succession. Profes-
sor Arber's reputation and experience in editing reprints
—his experience extending over thirty years—are a
sufficient guarantee that these Anthologies will be schol-
arly, and that he will avoid the pitfalls into which so
many compilers of collections of verse have fallen. As
an illustration of the labor spent on the volumes it may
be interesting to state that no fewer than fifty-five texts
have been verified at the Bodleian from sources which
are not to be found in any public library in London, not
excluding the British Museum. The natural grouping
of the poems, the historical basis on which the volumes
have been planned, the notes and glossaries, will com-
mend these “British Anthologies” to systematic stu-
dents of English literature at home and abroad, and it
is hoped that the fulness, variety, and freshness of the
selections will appeal to all classes of readers.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
April, 1899.
Anatomical Nature Casts. H. W. Armstead. Mag. of Art.
Atlantic Fleetin Spanish War. W. T. Sampson. Century.
Bismarck's Witches' Kitchen. Karl Blind. Pall Mall.
Boston Subway, The New. G. J. Warney. Lippincott.
British Colonial Conception, Growth of. W. A. Ireland. Atlan.
Buckingham, Duke of. Charles Morris. Lippincott.
Cervera, Admiral, Rescue of. Peter Keller. Harper.
Citizenship, The Newer. Henry Davies. Self Culture.
City House, Modern, Equipment of. Russell Sturgis. Harper.
City Life, Improvements in. C. M. Robinson. Atlantic.
College President, Evolution of. H. A. Stimson. Rev. of Revs.
Constitutional Government Imperilled. E. B. Smith. Self Cult.
Corinth, American Discoveries at. R. B. Richardson. Century.
Cromwell, a tricentenary study. S. H. Church. Atlantic.
Cromwell and his Court. Amelia E. Barr. Harper.
Czar's Peace Conference, The. E. M. Bliss. Rev. of Reviews.
Death, The Ape of. Andrew Wilson. Harper.
Earthquake, Appearance of an. F. H. Dewey. Lippincott.
Evil, The Mystery of. John Fiske. Atlantic.
Franklin as Printer and Publisher. P. L. Ford. Century.
French President, The New. Review of Reviews.
Hawaii, American and “Malay” in.W.L.Marvin. Rev.of Revs.
Housman, Laurence, Work of. Gleason White. Mag. of Art.
Jerusalem, Round about. J. James Tissot. Century.
Johnson, Men Who Impeached. F. A. Burr. Lippincott.
Kensington Palace. Mary Howarth. Pall Mall.
Kipling in America. Review of Reviews.
Klondyke, A Winter Journey to. Frederick Palmer. Scribner.
Landscape-Painters, ASociety of. Arthur Fish. Mag. of Art.
Lenbach, Franz. Joseph Anderson. Pall Mall.
Liquid Air. William C. Peckham. Century.
Manila Campaign, The. Gen. F. W. Greene. Century.
Manila, Surrender of. J. T. McCutcheon. Century.
Mines, Lost, Legends of. Mary E. Stickney. Lippincott.
Municipal Misrule. F. Spencer Baldwin. Self Culture.
Musicians, American, A Group of. Review of Reviews.
Names, Our Naturalized. W. W. Crane. Lippincott.
New England Hill Town, A. R. L. Hartt. Atlantic.
“Oregon,” Trial of the. L. A. Beardslee. Harper.
Philippines, Problems in the. S. W. Belford. Rev. of Reviews.
Princeton University. J. G. Hibben. Self Culture.
Relaxation, The Gospel of. William James. Scribner.
Rembrandt. Walter Armstrong. Magazine of Art.
Ritualism in England. Goldwin Smith. Self Culture.
Rome, Aspects of. Arthur Symons. Harper.
Rough Riders at San Juan. Theodore Roosevelt. Scribner.
Solar System and Recent Discoveries. T. J. J. See. Atlantic.
Theatre, Limits of the. John La Farge. Scribner.
Tyre, The Siege of. B. I. Wheeler. Century.
Versailles, The Election at. Lucy M. Salmon. Rev. of Reviews.
Views Afoot. Charles C. Abbott. Lippincott.
Windsor, Queen's Furniture at. E. M. Jessop. Pall Mall.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 128 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
EIISTORY.
Historical Sketches of Notable Persons and Events in the
Reigns of James I. and Charles I. By Thomas Carlyle;
edited by Alexander Carlyle, B.A. 8vo, uncut, pp. 354.
Charles Scribner's Sons. $3.
The Fight for Santiago: The Story of the Soldier in the
Cuban Campaign from Tampa to the Surrender. B
Stephen Bonsal, Illus., large 8vo, pp. 543. Doubleday
McClure Co. $2.50.
The Sinking of the “Merrimac”: A Personal Narrative.
By Richmond Pearson Hobson, U.S. N. Illus., 12mo,
pp. 306. Century Co. $1.50.
The “Maine”: An Account of her Destruction in Havana
Harbor. By Captain Charles D. Sigsbee, U.S. N. Illus.,
12mo, pp. 270. 8. Co. $1.50.
*


1899.] THE
DIAL 251
The West Indies. By Amos Kidder Fiske, A.M. Illus.,
12mo, pp. 414. “Story of the Nations.” G. P. Putnam's
Sons. $1.50.
A Short History of the Saracens: Being a Concise Ac-
count of the Rise and Decline of the Saracenic Power. By
§." Ali Syed, M.A. Illus., 12mo, pp. 638. Macmillan
0.
BIOGRAPHY.
Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll (Rev. C. L. Dodgson).
By Stuart Dodgson Collingwood. Illus., 8vo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 448. Century Co. $2.50.
Elizabeth, Empress of Austria: A Memoir. By A. De
#. Illus., 8vo, uncut, pp. 383. J. B. Lippincott Co.
Gordon in Central Africa, 1874–1879. Compiled from orig-
inal letters and documents by George Birkbeck Hill,
D.C.L. Illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 456. Macmillan Co. $1.75.
A Boy in the Peninsular War: The Services, Adventures,
and Experiences of Robert Blakeney; an Autobiography.
Edited by Julian Sturgis. With map, 8vo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 382. Little, Brown, & Co. $4.
Lord Clive and the Foundation of British Rule in India. By
Sir Alexander John Arbuthnot. With portrait, 12mo,
pp. 318. “Builders of Greater Britain.” Longmans,
Green, & Co. $1.50.
Pollok and Aytoun. By Rosaline Masson. 12mo, pp. 156.
"Famous Scots.” Charles Scribner's Sons. 75 cts.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Letters of Walter Savage Landor, Private and Public.
Edited by Stephen Wheeler. With photogravure portraits,
8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 369. J. B. Lippincott Co. $3.
A History of English Dramatic Literature to the Death
of Queen Anne. By Adolphus William Ward, Litt.D.
New and revised edition; in 3 vols., 8vo, gilt tops, uncut.
Macmillan Co. $9. net.
A History of Japanese Literature. By W. G. Ashton,
C.M.G. 12mo, pp. 408. “Literatures of the World.”
D. Appleton & Co. $1.50.
Early Italian Love Stories. Taken from the originals b
Una Taylor; illus, in photogravure, etc., by H. J. #.
4to, gilt top, uncut, pp. 144. Longmans, Green, & Co. $5.
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The Patriots of Palestine: A Story of the Maccabees. By
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In the Australian Bush and on the Coast of the Coral Sea:
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Semon. Illus., large 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 552. Mac-
millan Co. $6.50 net.
12mo, gilt top,
12mo, gilt top,


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West African Studies. By Mary H. Kingsley. Illus., 8vo,
pp. 639. Macmillan Co. $5.
The New Far East. By Arthur Diósy. Illus., 8vo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 374. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $3.50.
Campaigning in Cuba. By George Kennan. 12mo, pp.269.
Century Co. $1.50.
In Cuba with Shafter. By John D. Miley. With portrait
and maps, 12mo, pp. 228. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
Hawaii Nei. By Mabel Clare Craft. Illus., 12mo, pp. 197.
San Francisco: William Doxey. $1.50.
MUSIC AND ART.
Music and Musicians. ... By Albert Lavignac; trans. by
William Marchant; edited, with additions on Music in
America, by H. E. Krehbiel. Illus., 8vo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 504. # Holt & Co. $3.
The Perfect Wagnerite: A Commentary on the Ring of the
Niblungs. By Bernard Shaw. 12mo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 170. H. S. Stone & Co. $1.25.
Monographs on Artists. Edited, and written jointly with
other authors, by H. Knackfuss; trans. by Cam .
Dodgson, M.A. First vols.; Raphael, and Holbein.
illus., large 8vo, gilt top, uncut. New York: Lemcke &
Buechner. Per vol., $1.50.
Art and the Beauty of Earth: A Lecture. By William
*::: 8vo, uncut, pp. 31. Longmans, Green, & Co.
1. met.
Memories of an Old Collector. By Count Michael Tyskie-
wicz; trans. by Mrs. Andrew Lang. Illus, in photograv-
ure, etc., 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 189, Longmans, Green,
& Co. $1.75.
Alphabets, Old and New. By Lewis F. Day. Illus., 12mo,
pp. 150. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
ECONOMICS AND POLITICS.
The Development of English Thought: A Study in the
Economic Interpretation of History. By Simon N. Patten,
Ph.D. 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 415. Macmillan Co. $3.
Value and Distribution: An Historical, Critical, and Con-
structive Study in Economic Theory. By Charles William
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pincott Co. $2.50.
The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study in
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The Development of Thrift. By Mary Willcox Brown.
16mo, pp. 222. Macmillan Co. $1.
The Federation of the World. By Benjamin F. Trueblood,
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A Study in Current Social Theories. By William A.
Quayle; with Introduction by Frederick B. Price, Ph.D.
12mo, pp. 53. Curts & Jennings. Paper.
The New Leviathan; or, The World at Peace. By J. A.
Farrer. 12mo, uncut, pp. 126. London: Elliot Stock.
THEOLOGY AND RELIGION.
Religion. By Rev. W. C. E. Newbolt, M.A. 12mo, uncut,
pp. 301. "Oxford Library of Practical Theology.” Long-
mans, Green, & Co. $1.50.
The Christian Conquest of Asia: Studies and Personal
Observations of Oriental Religions (Morse Lectures of
1898). By John Henry Barrows, D.D. 12mo, pp. 258.
Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
Visions: Sunday Morning Sermons at St. Bartholomew's,
New York. By David H. Greer, D.D. 12mo, gilt top,
pp. 282. Thomas Whittaker. $1.50.
Between Caesar and Jesus. By George D. Herron. 16mo,
gilt top, pp. 278. T.Y. Crowell & Co. 75 cts.
Church History: Syllabus of Lectures and Library Guide.
By Andrew Stephenson, Ph.D. 8vo, pp. 193. Greencastle,
Ind.: Banner #. Co.
The Eternal Building; or, The Making of Manhood. By
George T. Lemmon. With portraits, 12mo, pp. 380. Eaton
& Mains. $1.50.
Blessed Are Ye:Talks on the Beatitudes. By F. B. Meyer,
B.A. 12mo, pp. 142. Thomas Whittaker. 75 cts.
The Ship of the Soul, and Other Papers. By Stopford A.
º, M.A. 18mo, uncut, pp. 118. Thomas Whittaker.
cts.
A Daughter of Israel. By Rose Porter. 12mo, gilt top, uncut,
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Four Key-Words of Religion. By William Reed Hunt-
; D.D. 12mo, pp. 109. Thomas Whittaker. Paper,
cts.
Confirmation. Compiled by the Rev. Ashton Oxenden,
D.D. Revised edition; 24mo, pp. 58. E. R. Herrick &
Co. Paper.
NATURE AND SCIENCE.
Wood and Garden: Notes and Thoughts, Practical and
Critical, of a Working Amateur. By Gertrude Jekyll.
Illus., 8vo, uncut, pp. 286. Longmans, Green, & Co. $3.50.
Ichthyologia Ohiensis; or, Natural History of the Fishes
Inhabiting the River Ohio and its Tributary Streams. By
C. S. Rafinesque. A reprint of the original; with bio-
graphical sketch and bibliography by Richard Ellsworth
Call, M.Sc. Illus., large, 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 175.
Cleveland: Burrows Brothers Co. ... net.
Volcanoes: Their Structure and Significance. By T. G.
Bonney, D.Sc. Illus., 8vo, pp. 332. “Science Series.”
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Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian
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A Berkeley Year: A Sheaf of Nature Essays. Edited by
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ley, Cal.: Published by the Woman's Auxiliary of the
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Principles and Methods of Teaching: A Manual. By
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European History: An Outline of its Development. By
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Algebra for Schools. By George W. Evans. 12mo, pp. 433.
Henry Holt & Co. $1.12.
A German Reader. By Waterman T. Hewett, Ph.D. 12mo,
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Kleist's Prinz Friedrich von Homburg. Edited by John
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Don Quixote. By Miguel de Cervantes. Edited for school
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Grillparzer's Sappho. Edited by Chiles Clifton Ferrell,
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The Sir Roger de Coverley Papers. Edited by Mary E.
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The Sir Roger de Coverley Papers. Edited by William
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Seventh Book of Homer's Odyssey. Edited by Charles
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Dumas' La Tulipe Noire. Edited by C. Fontaine, B.L.
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Our Feathered Friends. By Elizabeth Grinnell and Joseph
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Baumbach's Waldnovellen. Edited by Dr. Wilhelm Bern-
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Harmonics of Evolution. By Florence Huntley. With
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!


THE
DIAL
3 &mi-ſilonthly 3ournal of 3Literarg Criticism, HBigtuggium, amb Information.
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
each month. TERMs of SUBscRIPTION, 82.00 a year in advance, postage
prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries
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on application. All communications should be addressed to
THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago.
No. 308. APRIL 16, 1899. Vol. XXVI.
CONTENTs.
page
THE EDUCATIONAL OUTLOOK . . . . . . . 261
THE FRIEND OF JASPER PETULENGRO.
Alfred Sumner Bradford . . . . . . . . . .263
A SKEIN OF MANY YARNS. E. G. J. . . . . 265
THE AMERICAN BUTTERFLY BOOK. Charles
A. Kofoid . . . . . . - . . . . 267
THE “LITERARY”. PLAY. Edward E. Hale, Jr. 269
A ROUND-UP OF THE BOOKS OF THE WAR.
John J. Culver . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Sigsbee's The “Maine.”—Hobson's The Sinking of
the “Merrimac.”—Wheeler's The Santiago Cam-
paign. – Parker's The Gatling Gun Detachment at
Santiago.— Miley's In Cuba with Shafter.— Bonsal's
The Fight for Santiago. —Davis's The Cuban and
Porto Rican Campaigns.—Spears's Our Navy in the
War with Spain. — Goode's With Sampson through
the War.-Kennan's Campaigning in Cuba.-Mar-
shall's The Story of the Rough Riders.-Hemment's
Cannon and Camera.-The Spanish-American War.
—Halstead's The Story of the Philippines.—Wilcox's
Short History of the War with Spain.-Morris's The
War with Spain.-Howard's Fighting for Humanity.
RECENT POETRY. William Morton Payne . . . 274
Hardy's Wessex Poems.-Hewlett's Songs and Medi-
tations. – Wilson's The Shadows of the Trees.—
Savage's Poems.-Musgrove's The Dream Beautiful.
–Guthrie's A Booklet of Verse. — Crockett's Be-
neath Blue Skies and Gray. - Hovey's Along the
Trail.— Gordon's For Truth and Freedom.—White's
Songs of Good Fighting.— Miss Peabody's The Way-
farers. — Miss Gannon's The Song of Stradella. –
Miss Lowe's The Immortals.- Miss Hay's Some
Verses.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS . . . . . . . . . . 278
Democracy: its evils and their remedy. — Queen
Elizabeth's great minister. — Two new books on
Porto Rico. — Mr. Jones's plays in book form. —
Essays on phases of evolution.— An unaccountable
history of the United States. – Recollections of a
British officer in the Peninsula.-The pioneering and
building of a railroad. – The struggle for Italian
unity. - A concise biography of Cavour.
BRIEFER MENTION . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
LITERARY NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
LIST OF NEW BOOKS . . . . . . . . . . . .282
THE EDUCATIONAL OUTLOOK.
During the session of the Illinois Legisla-
ture now just ended, two educational measures
of the highest importance were presented to
that body for consideration. One of them pro-
vided for the control of degree-conferring insti-
tutions, to the end that the scandal of the
fraudulent issue and sale of diplomas should
cease; the other sought to create a new organi-
zation for the public schools of Chicago, to
the end that politics and personal influence
might be eliminated from their management,
and statutory sanction be given to those fun-
damental principles of educational administra-
tion which are now accepted with practical
unanimity by all educational leaders. The for-
mer of these measures was popularly known
as the “Rogers Bill,” from the fact that it was
championed by the president of the North-
western University; the other was similarly
dubbed the “Harper Bill,” from the fact that
it emanated from a commission having the
president of the University of Chicago for its
chairman. Both measures were discussed by
us at the time of their introduction into the
Legislature, and are thus, in their general terms,
familiar to our readers. Both measures made
for progress, and were the outcome of an en-
lightened intelligence applied to the educational
situation in Chicago. There now remains to
us to chronicle, not merely the defeat of these
measures, but the significant fact that they did
not even receive respectful consideration, that
they were rejected with derision and contumely.
We are free to say that we were not at any
time of the sanguine souls who antieipated any
other outcome than this. It was almost a fore-
gone conclusion that a body of timorous poli-
ticians of the sort that we choose to have for
our law-makers would not discuss such propo-
sitions as these upon rational grounds; that
they would be swayed by what seemed to them
the prevailing sentiment of the public. We say
“seemed,” and wish to emphasize the word,
because what seems to be public opinion in such
cases is usually the opinion of a small minority,
made up chiefly of interested persons who are
fearful lest their weakness be exposed and the
privileges they have usurped be wrested from
them. These persons promptly rally about the


262
[April 16,
THE DIAL
legislativelobbies when attack is threatened, and
their angry buzzing enables them to gain their
ends without much resort to the two-edged
weapons of logic and rational discussion. Those
who form the real majority, meanwhile, have
too much inertia to be moved to speedy action,
and have only just begun to bestir themselves
when the question is already disposed of, and
the powers of darkness have once more pre-
vailed.
Since the result of this preliminary effort in
the direction of educational reform has been
about what was expected, we cannot fairly say
that we are discouraged. Much public interest,
including some of the intelligent kind, has been
aroused by the discussion, and the movement
now well started is sure to gather impetus as
the months go on, and we are as assured of its
ultimate triumph as we were of the temporary
setback it has just experienced. Out of the dis-
tracting conflict of theories that has enlivened
educational discussion during the past score of
years, there have gradually emerged certain
controlling ideas that have risen above the plane
of the debatable, and are sure to impress them-
selves eventually upon our school systems. This
slow but sure development of unity out of diver-
sity, of order out of chaos, in the educational
domain is an indication altogether encouraging
to those who have the cause of education at
heart, and when we take a comprehensive view
it is the one fundamental indication of recent
discussion. A quarter of a century ago, such
journals as “The Educational Review” and
“The School Review,” such reports as those
of the Committee of Ten and the Committee
of Fifteen, such a piece of legislation as the
Massachusetts high-school law of 1891, even
such a Commission as framed the law which
has just been defeated in Illinois, would have
been simply impossible. The conditions that
made all these things possible have come into
existence in this country during very recent
years. Looking at the general situation in this
light, it cannot fail to appear encouraging, in
spite of the failure of the Illinois Legislature
to rise to the opportunity set before it, and in
spite of the reactionary spirit displayed by a
considerable section of the teaching force in
the schools of Chicago.
We may also take encouragement from the
experience of New York City during the past
few years. Not more than five or six years
ago, the condition of public education in that
community seemed well-nigh hopeless. So far
had its methods of administration fallen behind
the times, that its school system, instead of
leading those of our American cities, had be-
come an object of contempt. Yet a single term
of the mayoralty, owing to the fortunate elec-
tion of an officer strong enough to inaugurate
and carry out a thoroughgoing reform, sufficed
to put the schools of New York nearly where
they belong, at the head of our municipal sys-
tems. The present problem in Chicago is
nothing like as difficult as was the New York
problem, and there is every reason to anticipate
for it a satisfactory solution. With a Super-
intendent determined to exercise the preroga-
tives that rightfully belong to his office, and
with a Mayor (just reëlected for his second
term) who, although he may have made mis-
takes, has nevertheless taken a more active
and intelligent interest in the city schools than
any of his predecessors for twenty years has
done, the outlook is reassuring to those who
hold as the most sacred of all causes the cause
of public education.
We wish to repeat upon this occasion what
we said three months ago, that the report of the
Educational Commission of last year, together
with the accompanying draft of a new school
law, was, taken as a whole, an expression of
the most enlightened ideas upon the subject
with which it dealt, and that its adoption, with
a few amendments, would be the most fortunate
thing, educationally, that could happen to
Chicago. At least nine-tenths of it was alto-
gether praiseworthy and desirable, and if the
remaining one-tenth was open to question, our
sense of its value as a whole was so high that
we would have been willing to accept the ques-
tionable sections for the sake of the great
improvement promised by the rest. Doubtless
this would not have been necessary, for a lit-
tle rational discussion would have excised the
merely tentative suggestions of the plan, leav-
ing only those features upon which enlightened
educators now agree with almost complete
unanimity. Had the document been dealt with
in this spirit, recognizing the disinterested zeal
of the body that gave a year of hard work to
its formulation, admitting the soundness of most
of its positions and calmly weighing the few
that seemed doubtful, we might have chronicled
its fate without any touch of bitterness. But
it has been painfully obvious to all who have
followed this discussion, that interest and pas-
sion had much more to do with the rejection of
the plan than did anything that might fairly
deserve the name of argument, that the teach-
ers who attacked it used the weapons of the


1899.] THE
DIAL 263
politician rather than those of the educator,
and that—to borrow a phrase from a recent
cause célèbre in New York—there are some
“fine old educational mastodons" still lumber-
ing about our social jungles. The influences
that led to the defeat of the proposed law were
mainly of the lower sort; they came from the
least competent and progressive elements of the
teaching body; they were appeals to prejudice
rather than to intelligence; and they accom-
plished their purpose by resorting to wilful
misrepresentation. As for the Legislature that
made itself the tool of these influences, we can-
not do better than say of it, in the words of the
Chicago “Evening Post,” that it “rests like a
dead weight upon every movement that is calcu-
lated to promote the best educational interests
of the commonwealth.”
THE FRIEND OF JAS PER
PETULENGRO.
Perhaps you are wearied of the sometimes dizzy
heights of romanticism and the oftentimes monot-
onous plains of realism. Then form acquaintance
with a man who, if he find you a kindred spirit,
shall show you a new country which is yet an old
one; a traveller through whose eyes you shall see
things which are strange, yet familiar; a writer
whose words go to the making of the essay proper,
which is “the world viewed thro’ the prism of indi-
viduality.” Through the prism of this man's individ-
uality you shall have a view of life, unique, full of
strange lights and shades, of a clearness sometimes
startling.
The man is George Borrow — litterateur and
travelling tinker, zealous churchman and enthu-
siast in the manly art of self-defense, literary hack
and nature worshipper, acute philologist and “pal"
of the Romany Chals. Never was there so strange
a combination in one personality; never was there
a better illustration of the saying of the Autocrat:
“This body, in which we cross the isthmus between
the two oceans, is not a private car but an omnibus.”
Borrow's writings are comparatively unknown; but
book-lovers have a strongly developed property
instinct, and find an added attraction in the thought
that a favorite author is little known or caviare.
The reader of “Lavengro" has that sense of inti-
macy and possession that means so much to those
born with the book-mark.
Borrow's whole leaning was toward the unusual,
and circumstances seemed always to incline him in
that direction; he was born for adventure, as other
men to trouble: the cause lay not in his surround-
ings, but in himself. “One finds in Rome only
what one takes there,” and Borrow took with him
a freshness of observation and an attitude of mind
not paralleled in literature. -
His first meeting with the Gypsies, who were to
so strongly affect his after life, is worth noting as
characteristic both of his style of narrative and of
the man. He has come suddenly upon the Petul-
engro family, which is evidently engaged in the
making of counterfeit money.
“I’ll strangle thee,” said the beldame, dashing at
me. “Bad money, is it?”
“Leave him to me, wifelkin,” said the man, interpos-
ing; “you shall see how I'll baste him down the lane.”
Myself. I tell you what, my chap, you had better put
down that thing of yours; my father lies concealed within
my tepid breast, and if to me you offer any harm or
wrong, I’ll call him forth to help me with his forked
tongue.
Man. What do you mean, ye Bengui's bantling? I
never heard such discourse in all my life: playman's
speech or Frenchman's talk — which, I wonder? Your
father 1 tell the mumping villain that if he comes near
my fire I’ll serve him out as I will you. Take that —
Tiny Jesus! what have we got here? Oh, delicate Jesus !
what is the matter with the child?
I had made a motion which the viper understood; and
now, partly disengaging itself from my bosom, where it
had lain perdu, it raised its head to a level with my
face, and stared upon my enemy with its glittering eyes.
The man stood like one transfixed, and the ladle with
which he had aimed a blow at me, now hung in the air
like the hand which held it; his mouth was extended,
and his cheeks became of a pale yellow, save alone that
place which bore the mark which I have already de-
scribed, and this shone now portentously, like fire. He
stood in this manner for some time; at last the ladle fell
from his hand, and its falling appeared to rouse him
from his stupor.
“I say, wifelkin,” said he in a faltering tone, “did
you ever see the like of this here?”
But the woman had retreated to the tent, from the
entrance of which her loathly face was now thrust, with
an expression partly of terror and partly of curiosity.
After gazing some time longer at the viper and myself,
the man stooped down and took up the ladle; then, as
if somewhat more assured, he moved to the tent, where
he entered into conversation with the beldame in a low
Wolce.
The recontre ends in his being made “brother”
to young Jasper Petulengro, the future Gypsy
“Pharoah" and his mentor in the Romany world
—that world that was to know the young scholar
as “Lavengro” and the “Romany Rye,” and which
was to serve him as an intermittent home, a refuge
and very present help in time of trouble. From this
meeting the Gypsy motif begins to appear in his
life, and in a few years the Romany Chals were to
him brothers and the Romany women sisters, though
some of the latter (like the murderously inclined
Mrs. Herne, with her brimstone disposition) were
exceptions to the rule.
No one can tell how much of Borrow's work is
autobiography, but one feels that his writings are
dyed through and through with his experience and
his individuality. The style is unusual and faulty;
and yet the wildlife, the broken narrative whose se-
quel may appear in a place entirely unlooked for, the
mass of information on out-of-the-way subjects, –


264
[April 16,
THE DIAL
perhaps the touching for the evil chance, perhaps
horse-charming, perhaps the forgotten meaning of
a word, all contribute to a whole which is strangely
fascinating.
His style is faulty; true, but he can limn a per-
sonality or a landscape with a vividness that many
a master of style would rejoice to possess. For a
man with angles in his character, Borrow has an
affection; for all affectation and humbug, only
scorn. The thoughts and motives of his men and
women are never analyzed, but the reader feels that
he knows the make-up of the nature before him.
There is the talk with Jasper:
“‘What is your opinion of death, Mr. Petulengro 2'
said I, as I sat down beside him.
“My opinion of death, brother, is much the same as
that in the old song of Pharaoh, which I have heard my
grandam sing—
“Cana marel o manus chivios andé puv,
Ta rovel paleste o chavo ta romi.”
When a man dies, he is cast into the earth, and his wife
and child sorrow over him. If he has neither wife nor
child, then his father and mother, I suppose; and if he
is quite alone in the world, why, then he is cast into the
earth, and there is an end of the matter.”
“And do you think that is the end of man 2'
“There's an end of him, brother, more's the pity.”
“Why do you say so?'
“‘Life is sweet, brother.”
“Do you think so 7”
“‘Think so! — There's night and day, brother, both
sweet things; sun, moon, and stars, brother, all sweet
things; there's likewise a wind on the heath. Life is
very sweet, brother; who would wish to die?’
“‘I would wish to die ».
“‘You talk like a gorgio — which is the same as talk-
ing like a fool—were you a Rommany Chal you would
talk wiser. Wish to die, indeed!— A Rommany Chal
would wish to live forever!’
“In sickness, Jasper?”
“‘There's the sun and stars, brother.’
“‘In blindness, Jasper?”
“‘There's the wind on the heath, brother; if I could
only feel that, I would gladly live forever. Dosta, we'll
now go to the tents and put on the gloves; and I’ll try
to make you feel what a sweet thing it is to be alive,
brother!’”
In that talk you have the underlying spirit, the
motif, of the Gypsy. Does the thought never come
to you on one of those days when you weary of the
city street, that the spirit there outlined, the feeling
of joy in mere living, is an inheritance which we
have practically thrown away, refined out of our
lives? There comes to most men some experience
—perhaps it is standing on the border-line of the
great forest that breaks the sweep of a northern
prairie and breathing the sweet cold wind of spring
that sweeps the plain and roars in the bending trees
overhead, perhaps it is facing the salt breath of the
ocean—which gives them a taste of the divine elixir.
The thought is thenceforth with them that we are
far from that part of happiness that should come
from mere physical existence, that primal feeling
still strong in the Romany blood.
How few words are required to indicate the man
who knows how to use his mother tongue, and how
often do we find this noble simplicity in Borrow, a
manner of writing that carries with it more than
the mere signification of the words. When applied
to character-drawing this quality becomes extremely
effective, as in his talks with Isopel Berners. Hers
is a magnificent character, and though she is alone
among all the women of fiction, one feels that here
is a true reading of one of those almost indecipher-
able manuscripts, women.
Borrow, like Keats and Stevenson, believed in
the body; he revelled in outdoor life, in violent
sports, and especially in “the manly art.” How
delightful is the narration of how the shabby old
gentleman, by means of his Broughton guard and
chop taught him by the immortal Sergeant himself,
served out the bruising coachman, the bully of the
line. But better yet is Borrow's own contest with the
Flaming Tinman, the best man in the north country.
Mr. Stoddard refers to this as the finest thing of the
kind in literature; and one must certainly go far to
match it. In the fight of the frail youth against the
burly ruffian shines clear and bright the indomitable
spirit which characterized him, that spirit which in
later years made possible the “Bible in Spain.”
This slight sketch cannot consider that side of
Borrow shown in his philological.work and in his
travels, both illuminated by his strangely fascinating
personality; but it should not close without a rec-
ognition of the fact that his character is essentially,
and in the best sense, religious. Therein lies the
secret of his strange success in gaining the good-will
of natures differing apparently so widely from his
own, be they those of the Romany Chals, the Fancy,
or the Welch preaching brotherhood. This feeling
is shown in his tribute to the wandering preachers,
as he comes across one, standing on the seashore,
preaching salvation to the fishers gathered around
him, amid the roar and boom of the breakers. The
ending of this episode is particularly Borrowesque:
“I would have waited till he had concluded, in order
that I might speak to him and endeavor to bring back
the ancient scene to his mind; but suddenly a man
came hurrying to the monticle mounted on a speedy
horse, and holding by the bridle one yet more speedy,
and he whispered to me, ‘Why loiterest thou here?
knowest thou not all that is to be done before midnight?'
and he flung me the bridle; and I mounted the horse
of great speed and I followed the other who had already
galloped off. And as I departed I waved my hand to
him on the monticle, and I shouted “Farewell, brother
the seed came up at last after a long period l’ Then I
gave the speedy horse his way, and leaning over the
shoulder of the galloping horse I said, ‘Would that my
life had been like his, even like that man's l’”
With this saying, that shows the true George Bor-
row, let us say Good-day to “Lavengro,” but let it
be an Ave as well as Vale, and be it in the words
of the Hungarian master of horse at the Horncastle
Fair: “Here's to the Romany Rye | Here's to the
» *
Sweet M***". ALFREd SuMNER BRAprond.


1899.] THE
DIAL 265
Čbt #tto $ooks.
A SKEIN OF MANY YARNS.*
Mr. Frank T. Bullen's fascinating and
instructive account of his cruise of some twenty-
two years ago round the world on the bluff old
New Bedford whaler “Cachalot ” makes its
appearance fortified by the glowing endorse-
ment of Mr. Rudyard Kipling. In an open
letter to the author, Mr. Kipling assures him
that his book is “immense,” that he has “never
read anything that equals it in its deep-sea
wonder and mystery,” that “it’s a new world.”
he has “opened the door to,” and so forth.
All this praise from Sir Hubert Stanley must
make Mr. Bullen feel as good as if he were
homeward bound with a fair wind, a “full"
ship, and a Captain’s “lay” to reckon his share
of the voyage on ; and we congratulate him on
his feelings. But (it may be well to point out)
Mr. Kipling's practical experience of sperm-
whaling being limited, his testimony to the
“immensity” of Mr. Bullen's book must be
taken cum grano, and as going to its literary
merits mainly. Mr. Kipling can hardly claim
to be an expert witness in the case from the
technical, or New Bedford, standpoint; else,
we make bold to say, he must have felt bound
to pick a small-sized hole or two even in the
coat of Mr. Frank T. Bullen.
Not that we by any means presume to charge
Mr. Bullen with sailing under false colors when
he styles himself “First Mate” (plain “Mate”
would, by-the-bye, have been the correcter
form for a whaleman), or with having gained
his whaling experience through the easy and
not untried process of “pumping” some an-
cient New Bedford or Provincetown mariner
caught on the wharves and “held up" for the
purpose. The keel of more than one popular
“sea-story” we could mention that has been
eulogized as “immense” by critics who (as
Mr. Bullen might say) could not tell a binnacle
from a bung-knocker or a “scrap” from a
“horse-piece,” has been laid pretty much in
that way. But Mr. Bullen's book is unmistak-
ably from a hand that knows an “iron-pole”
as well as a pen-handle. He will understand
us when we say that there is very little “white-
horse” about it. Its author clearly is (or has
been) a sailor, and, more than that, a whaler.
*THE CRUISE OF THE CACHALOT: Round the World after
Sperm Whales. By Frank T. Bullen, First Mate. Illustrated.
New York: D. Appleton & Co.
We gladly admit that his narrative, at its best,
is as salt as Lot's wife and as breezy as Nan-
tucket; that he describes the process of “rais-
ing,” striking, killing, cutting in, and trying
out a whale far better than we have seen it
described elsewhere; that his bordereau of a
whaleship's proper gear, tackle, apparel, and
furniture is full and accurate, from try-works
to chock-pins. But, nevertheless, we can't
help wondering how it is that Mr. Bullen, with
all this store of professional knowledge at his
fingers' ends, should here and there make slips
in his terminology that would grate on the ear
of a green hand four months out of New Bed-
ford. Maybe the slips are intentional, and due
to the author's pardonable desire to make him-
self clear to the lay reader; but slips they are,
and in the very shibboleth of his calling. For
example, what practical whaleman, clothed and
in his right mind, was ever known to style the
flukes of a whale the “tail,” as Mr. Bullen
does with rasping frequency? And did Mr.
Bullen, while aboard the “Cachalot,” ever hear
a boat-steerer called a “harpooner,” or a lone
whale a “solitary”?
On the other hand, Mr. Bullen's book is the
first one of its kind we have met with that is
free from certain stereotyped errors of writers
on his subject—the annoyingly persistent one,
in particular, that represents the man at the
mast-head as singing out “There she blows!”
at sight of a spout... Possibly a very green hand
(remembering the formula given in the books)
might do so—once. But Mr. Bullen sets us
right on this point. He reproduces with pho-
nographic truth that magic cry from the crow's-
nest that is to a whaleship what the blast of
Gabriel's trump will be to a graveyard.
“I turned in at four o'clock A. M. from the middle
watch and, as usual, slept like a babe. Suddenly I
started wide awake, a long mournful sound sending a
thrill to my very heart. As I listened breathlessly,
other sounds of the same character but in different tones
joined in, human voices monotonously intoning in long
drawn-out expirations the single word “bl-o-o-o-o-w!’
. . . “There she white waters Ah, bl-o-o-o-w, blow,
blow / ?”
There are also one or two little inaccuracies
or inconsistencies not exactly of a technical sort
in Mr. Bullen's book that we must point out.
He starts out by describing the “Cachalot” as
a full-rigged ship, which she appears to be
in the pictures; but later on he calls her a
“barque”—square-rigged on the fore and main
masts, and fore-and-aft rigged on the mizzen,
like most of the New Bedford fleet. This is a
small matter, perhaps, but we expect accuracy


266
[April 16,
THE DIAL
from a sailor on these points. But the oddest
of Mr. Bullen's lapses is the extraordinary
“sea-change” suffered by the speech of Mr.
Count, Mate of the “Cachalot,” in the course
of the narrative. Early in the voyage Mr.
Count is made to say:
“I’ve seen a fifty-bar'l bull make the purtiest fight
I ever hearn tell ov — a fight that lasted twenty hours,
stove three boats, ’n’ killed two men. Then, again, I’ve
seen a hundred 'n' fifty bar’l whale lay’n’ take his grooel
'thout hardly wunkin' 'n eyelid — never moved ten
fathom from fust iron till fin eout. So yew may say,
boy, that they're like peepul—got their individooal
pekewlyarities, an’ thar's no countin' on 'em for sartain
nary time.”
One would scarcely expect this same Mr. Count
(become Captain on the death of the “Cacha-
lot's" original “Old Man”) to get off the fol-
lowing neat little speech to the crew a few
months later on :
“Men, Captain Slocum is dead, and, as a consequence,
I command the ship. Behave yourselves like men, not
presuming upon kindness or imagining that I am a weak,
vacillating old man with whom you can do as you like,
and you will find in me a skipper who will do his duty
by you as far as lies in his power, nor expect more from
you than you ought to render.”
Nothing like promotion and a “good voy-
age” to polish up one's English, it seems.
There's another little count (no pun intended)
in our not very serious indictment of Mr. Bul-
len. He has not perhaps overdrawn the bru-
tality that reigned for the most part on board
the particular vessel he chanced to ship on.
But he tends (unintentionally no doubt) to
give the impression that such brutality is the
rule on all these vessels, and that the New
Bedford whaler generally is, or was, like the
“Cachalot,” more or less a “floating hell.”
Now, Mr. Bullen must know that such is not
the case. The conditions of the service — the
perils of the calling, the length of the voyages,
the great disparity in numbers between officers
and crew, the often reckless and unruly char-
acter of the latter, etc.— make it necessary that
order be maintained with a firm hand, and that,
from first to last, forecastle be kept in awe of
cabin. In bad cases something like a reign of
terror is the sole alternative to insubordination
and disaster; and, it must be owned, there are
cases where the reign of terror is due more to
the savagery of the officers than the character
of the men. But there are “home ships” as
well as “hell ships” sailing out of New Bedford,
with men and not brutes in command of them.
We recall one good old barque of Mr. Bullen's
time (and there were others of her class) whose
Mate was a hero every inch of him, and a gen-
tleman to boot; whose crew was a happy fam-
ily of “shipmates all ”; and whose good old
Skipper (now at rest) was a type of old-fash-
ioned Down East piety. There was a tradition,
indeed, that Captain C , momentarily
“downed ” by the Old Adam, had once been
heard to swear; but the occasion was a trying
one. The ship was lying “hove to ” in a gale,
when a great sperm whale rose alongside, blow-
ing and wallowing in the brine not twenty fath-
oms to leeward, and gazed calmly at his enemies.
Lowering the boats in such a sea was out of the
question; and there was much strong language.
“There goes a hundred an' twenty bar'ls plum
to , by the great Jehosaphat!” said Cap-
tain C , as he went below to hide his
feelings. That night (so the story ran) the
men who stole aft to peep at the clock back
of the binnacle saw through the cabin skylight
the penitent “Old Man" poring over his
“big ha' Bible” till well in the Middle Watch;
and who can doubt that his peace-offering was
accepted?
Mr. Bullen is not a good hand at dialect.
Happily, there is not much of it in his book,
and there is but one variety. Yankees, “Por-
tagees,” “niggers,” all the “Cachalot's "poly-
glot crew, are made to speak pretty much the
same preternatural lingo — a sort of cross be-
tween the Whitechapel “patter" of Mr. Alfred
Chevalier and the speech of the plantation
“darky.” Fancy a Vermont Yankee fresh
from the ploughtails talking in this way, for
instance: “I doan see de do'way any mo” at
all, sir.” Did Mr. Kipling ever hear anything
like that up Brattleboro' way, we wonder ?
But Mr. Bullen is a capital hand at descrip-
tion, and he writes from a memory packed with
scenes and processes that nine out of ten of his
readers will have never seen described before.
Of his style, the following pathetic episode may
serve as a sample. A cow whale has been
“struck” with the harpoon, and the author
goes on to describe the dénouement:
“But, for all the notice taken by the whale, she
might never have been touched. Close nestled to her
side was a youngling of not more, certainly, than five
days old, which sent up its baby-spout every now and
then about two feet in the air. One long, wing-like fin
embraced its small body, holding it close to the massive
breast of the tender mother, whose only care seemed to
be to protect her young, utterly regardless of her own
pain and danger. If sentiment were ever permitted to
interfere with such operations as ours, it might well have
done so now; for while the calf continually sought to
escape from the enfolding fin, making all sorts of puny
struggles in the attempt, the mother scarcely moved
from her position, although streaming with blood from


1899.] THE
TXIAL 267
a score of wounds. Once, indeed, as a deep searching
thrust entered her very vitals, she raised her massy
flukes high in air with an apparently involuntary move-
ment of agony; but even in that dire throe she remem-
bered the possible danger to her young one, and laid the
tremendous weapon as softly down upon the water as if
it were a feather fan. . . . So in the most perfect quiet,
with searcely a writhe, nor any sign of flurry, she died,
holding the calf to her side until her last vital spark had
fled, and left it to a swift despatch with a single lance-
thrust.”
Naturally, there are marvels not a few in
Mr. Bullen's book which landsmen will find
hard to accept as fact. They will “shy” at
some of his stories (mere commonplaces of
whaling) pretty much as the Gold Coast chief
did at the missionary's assertion — that in his
own country he had seen water get so hard in
winter that men walked on it and sawed it up in
blocks. “Gospel man heap liar!” roared the
indignant Bongo — who had already accepted
some of the good man's toughest Old Testament
stories without a quiver; and we have no doubt
some of Mr. Bullen's unsalted readers will feel
at times like using language similar to that of
the Gold Coast skeptic. But while Mr. Bul-
len's experiences and adventures certainly lose
nothing in the telling, we cheerfully vouch for
the substantial, and in proper cases the literal,
truth of his narrative. It forms, we believe,
the first published account from the seaman's
standpoint of a sperm-whaling voyage in a New
Bedford ship; and the “Cachalot's" voyage,
it should be added, took her into the South
Atlantic, the Pacific, the Indian Oceans, and
the Japan and Okhotsk Seas, round the Cape
of Good Hope and the Horn, and to many re-
mote ports and islands little known even in
these globe-trotting days.
In fine, Mr. Bullen's book is brimful of
truths that are far stranger than most men's
fiction, and it is as instructive as it is readable.
The marvels of the deep sea are mirrored in
his pages, and the novel phase of human life
and character he paints is painted substantially
to the life. It was an odd chance that threw
a man of Mr. Bullen's unquestionable literary
talent into so rude and unpromising a calling;
but it was a happy one. In its declining days,
whaling has found in him its picturesque his-
torian. E. G. J.
THE Annual Report for 1896 of the Smithsonian
Institution has just come to hand from the Government
Printing Office. It is a volume of more than eleven
hundred pages and nearly as many illustrations, two
hundred of these being full-page plates. Archaeology
and prehistoric art are the chief subjects of the essays
contained in the volume.
THE AMERICAN BUTTERFLY BOOK.”
The collecting habit is a natural one, and is
by no means confined to the bower-bird of
Australia or the arctic foxes of Franz-Josef
Land. Intellectual and even aesthetic diversion
may be found in the collecting of postage-
stamps or of old blue china; but objects of
natural history are par excellence the spoil of
the amateur collector. Here is found not only
the widest range of choice but also the greatest
freedom of access; it is here that the zeal for
classification enjoys its fullest gratification and
the search for the beautiful its natural satisfac-
tion. The collection and study of butterflies is
a favorable, and has long been a favorite, pur-
suit for the amateur as well as for the specialist.
The natural beauty of these common objects
excites the interest and holds the attention.
The methods of capture are somewhat simple,
and the expenditure attending the instalment
and maintenance of a collection is relatively
slight. The student has unrivalled opportuni-
ties for the study of many of the most interest-
ing biological problems of the day, such as
variation, seasonal and sexual dimorphism, and
the effects of the various elements of the en-
vironment, such as food and temperature, upon
the form and color of the full-grown organism;
he also has the privilege of contributing to our
knowledge of the life-histories of many forms
which are as yet unknown; furthermore, his
pursuit is quite free from the objectionable
features which pertain to the robberies of the
bird's-nesting oologist and the bloody business
of many an amateur ornithologist. There is
little aesthetic or economic objection to any
diminution in the numbers of butterflies and
caterpillars that may result from his activity.
The lack of an illustrated, inexpensive, and
at the same time fairly complete manual of this
group has been hitherto a serious obstacle to
the growth of amateur interest in butterflies in
this country. Europe and the Continent are
more fortunate in this respect. We have, to
be sure, several most excellent and inexpensive
handbooks by eminent authorities, but these are
limited in their geographical scope to parts of
the country, include but a part of the species,
and are in no case fully illustrated. The mono-
graphs of Edwards and Scudder, with their
*THE BUTTERFLY Book: A Popular Guide to a Knowledge
of the Butterflies of North America. By W. J. Holland,
Ph.D., D.D., LL.D., Chancellor of the Western University of
Pennsylvania, Director of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg,
Pa., etc. With 48 Plates in Color-Photography, New York:
Doubleday & McClure Co.


268
[April 16,
THE DIAL
superb lithographed plates, are too expensive
for any but the larger libraries, or the most
self-denying specialist; but even these fail to
figure many of the American species.
This need of an illustrated manual bids fair
to be supplied by Chancellor Holland’s “But-
terfly Book.” It has been the aim of the author
to provide a popular handbook of the diurnal
Lepidoptera of this continent north of Mexico.
The opening chapters deal in a pleasing man-
ner with the anatomy and development of the
butterfly, collecting apparatus, and the breed-
ing of specimens, the arrangement and preserva-
tion of collections, the classification of the group,
and the literature of the subject. The remain-
der of the book is taken up with a systematic
and descriptive catalogue of species, all of which
are figured. Brief descriptions are given, not
only of the butterfly, but also of the egg, cater-
pillar, and chrysalis, wherever these are known.
In many instances both sexes are figured, and
in some cases both the upper and the under
sides of the wings are shown, while supple-
mentary figures which elucidate anatomical
structures of diagnostic importance are to be
found in the text. Details of color and of
structure which may be derived from a study of
the illustrations are to a large extent eliminated
from the descriptions. In all, about 550 forms
are described and figured; while Mr. Skinner's
recently published “Synonymic Catalogue of
North American Rhopalocera” ascribes 645 to
the territory covered by this work. The manual
is thus not an exhaustive one. It should be
noted, however, that over five-sixths of the spe-
cies are described and figured; that practically
the whole of the butterfly fauna east of the
Mississippi River is included; that the omitted
forms are either small and insignificant (as,
e.g., many of the Hesperidae), and are thus of
little popular interest, or they are of doubtful
specific rank and cannot be readily distin-
guished from their nearest relatives. Further-
more, no work on American butterflies presents
so exhaustive an iconography of our lepidop-
teran fauna.
In the preface to the book the author says:
“I flatter myself that I have possessed peculiar facil-
ities for the successful accomplishment of the undertak-
ing I have proposed to myself, because of the possession
of what is admitted to be undoubtedly the largest and
most perfect collection of the butterflies of North Amer-
ica in existence, containing the types of W. H. Edwards,
and many of those of other authors.”
The number of such “types” or specimens that
served for the first published description of the
species, which are figured in the book, is stated
in a descriptive circular issued by the publish-
ers to be “fully three hundred.” The scientific
value of this fact is, however, largely lost, for
such figures are in no way designated in the
descriptions of the plates, and are but rarely
indicated in the text.
Scattered through the book are a number of
apt quotations, ranging from grave to gay, or
even facetious at times, and anecdotal digres-
sions which are more or less germane to the
subject. These add variety, though perhaps
not always dignity, to the theme.
The most noticeable feature of the work, and
one that is destined to attract wide attention, is
the series of forty-eight plates, which exhibit in
their natural colors over five hundred different
butterflies. These are shown in all the charming
array of brilliant coloring and delicate tints of
the originals, with an accuracy and faithfulness
that is as wonderful as it is surprising. The
plates are prepared from photographs of the
actual butterflies, by the so-called process of
color-photography, or three-color printing. The
results of the application of this method to the
illustration of this scientific subject are most
gratifying, and promise much for the future.
These plates rival the most skilful and expen-
sive chromo-lithography—if, indeed, they do
not surpass it—in the accuracy with which the
general color effect, as well as the specific tints
of an intricate pattern, are reproduced. The
optical limitations of photography are such that
the structural details are at times obscured in
the figures, but these can be illustrated readily
by other methods. The American press is to
be congratulated upon its signal success in this
new venture, for this volume exhibits a marked
advance over the work of the Société de Pho-
tographic en Couleurs a Puteaux put forth
recently in Delage, and Hérouard’s “Traité de
Zoologie Concrète.”
To suggest shortcomings in a work which has
so many commendable features seems indeed to
be gratuitous, especially as any suggested de-
fects are rather only sins of omission, and the
very low price at which the book is sold is per-
haps both their occasion and excuse. In the
first place, there is no synopsis of the group,
and there are no keys, natural or artificial, for
the determination of genera and species. Char-
acters of diagnostic value are not emphasized
sufficiently in the text. The collector is thus
encouraged to ignore structural details which
form the basis of classification, and to descend
to the level of the philatelist, merely scanning
the plates for the identification of his speci-


1899.] THE
DIAL 269
mens. More recognition of variants and of vari-
able forms, and a fuller discussion of the syn-
onomy and more references to literature, would
add to the utility of the book to a considerable
degree. The cultural value of the work would
be greatly enhanced by a more generous recog-
nition of the butterfly as a living thing and a
part of the economy of nature. To stimulate
an interest in its life-history, its activities, and
its relations and exquisite adjustments to the
animate and inanimate world about it, is quite
as desirable as to rouse an ambition for a com-
plete collection of “painted beauties”—dead,
to be sure, but impaled in orderly array and
duly designated by the proper Latin binomial.
Finally, stouter binding and tougher paper are
most desirable in a handbook destined to the
hard usage which this one is sure to receive.
The publishers are to be congratulated upon
the production of so excellent a model, mark-
ing, we trust, a new epoch in methods of sci-
entific illustration. The author has prepared
a most excellent handbook of a fascinating sub-
ject, and it is to be hoped that the companion
volume, “The Moth Book,” may not be long
delayed. CHARLEs A. Koroid.
THE * LITERARY 2’ PLAY.”
Not a year ago I saw an article on the edi-
torial page of an influential journal, which
began by saying that “another literary artist”
had “undertaken to reunite literature and the
stage, whose divorce has been so often and so
dogmatically declared by the melodramatists.”
This interested me: I had heard talk of the
divorce, although I had not known that the
melodramatists were responsible for it, and I
was glad to hear of the reconciliation which the
article went on to speak of as almost, if not
possibly quite, successful. That seemed to me
a good deal for one single work to accomplish,
and I became curious about it. The literary
artist in question was Mrs. Craigie, or “John
Oliver Hobbes” (I'm sure I don't know which
to call her—or him; it's very awkward indeed
about the pronouns), and the means of recon-
ciliation was “The Ambassador,” which ap-
peared in print not so very long ago.
It struck me at the time as rather curious
that “John Oliver Hobbes” should be spoken
of as a path-breaker, as one of the very few
literary fellows who had to do with the theatre.
*THE AMBAssador: A Comedy in Four Acts. By John
Oliver Hobbes. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co.
In this country, I know, the line is pretty
sharply drawn; but then, we are not talking of
this country: “The Ambassador’’ was pre-
sented in London. I found, however, as I went
on, that the article was extremely exclusive in
its conception of Literature. This appeared
when I read later that “Dumas and Pinero are
almost the only men who take a high grade of
literary art to the theatre.” You see it was
before “Cyrano de Bergerac” had become
known among us, and before the author of
“Catherine” had been elected to the Academy.
Still, to confine ourselves to the dramatists of
our own tongue, why was Mr. Henry Arthur
Jones left out? That was surely too bad. It
must have been an oversight, for “Michael and
His Lost Angel” has been in print for some
years, so that anyone may see how literary
Mr. Jones is. Mr. Jones, I suppose, may have
consoled himself at being classed as unliterary
along with Ibsen, Hauptmann, Sudermann,
d'Annunzio, Echegaray, and many Frenchmen.
But, after all, what is a “literary play”?
What is meant by “taking literary art to the
theatre”? I don't know anything else to say
except that a literary play is one that can be
printed in a book and read with satisfaction by
a cultivated person (i.e., somebody like myself:
that's what a man generally means when he
says “cultivated person”). I don't see much
that can be said beyond that. The fact that a
man is or is not professionally connected with
the theatre has nothing to do with it. Molière
was an actor, Lessing a dramatic critic, Sheri-
dan a manager; yet they contributed to litera-
ture much more, so far as the drama is con-
cerned, than Woltaire, Klopstock, and Addison,
who were distinctly men of letters.
It may seem foolish to say that a literary
play is one that is printed in a book. Still,
there can be no doubt that there have been
“literary plays” which never made a part of lit-
erature, solely because they were never printed.
People saw them, liked them perhaps, and for-
got them; and there was an end of it. But if
you print your play and get the right people to
read it and like it, then it becomes literature,
in the sense, of course, that a great many other
things become literature.
If, however, we think of literature in a more
confined sense, what then 2 Is there not some-
thing aside from the accident of paper and
print about a play that we can say is literary 2
Suppose there are two plays that both please
us; do we not often think of one as literary
and the other not? A man said to me not


270
[April 16,
THE DIAL
long since that “The Liars” was literature:
but I never heard that said of “Tess of the
d'Urbervilles.” What is there about one play
that there is not about the other? If you see
the two plays you are certainly more moved by
“Tess”: why, then, is it not more literary 2
I do not know, I’m sure. Print the two and
perhaps I could tell. But just now let us re-
turn to “The Ambassador.”
“The Ambassador” may be compared (in
fact, one cannot well help comparing it) with
Pinero's “The Princess and the Butterfly.”
They are plays of much the same general
character, comedies of character and incident,
set in the same world, mostly in the same place,
more or less alike in plot though not in motive.
Being so nearly alike, then, any difference
ought to be very clear. Now, as it is well
known that Mr. Pinero is a practical play-
wright, and not a literary man tempted to the
theatre, we may have here a means of seeing
what is the difference between a playwright's
play and a literary play.
It will interest you to read the two plays
within a short space of time and try to see
whether there is any real difference between
them. It would not seem to be in the plot:
Mrs. Craigie's plot is the simpler, but not any
more literary. In fact, both are somewhat
stagey. Pinero's play is of a middle-aged man
and a middle-aged woman who were once in
love with each other. Twenty years after their
youth they meet and think they will marry each
other. Each marries somebody else who has
been introduced into the play solely for that
purpose. In “The Ambassador” the middle-
aged man has several middle-aged ladies who
like to flirt with him. He marries none of
them, but falls in love with a young woman
who has to be disengaged from a worthy young
baronet, who gets engaged to somebody else.
The difference is that Mr. Pinero's plot is a
little more regular in a way: each pair illus-
trates the same notion. Mrs. Craigie's second
pair has no very great reason for existence.
Mr. Pinero's play is also a little more involved:
there are more complications init—a young lady
of doubtful parentage, for instance. Neither
action is absolutely natural or probable, though
both are natural or probable enough for the
stage. “The Ambassador,” being the simpler,
is somewhat the more natural.
Nor would the difference seem to be in the
characters. St. Orbyn and Sir George Lam-
orant, indeed, might change for each other
sometime just for fun, and few would notice
the difference: two middle-aged and pretty well-
preserved gentlemen who fall in love rather
suddenly, and without your really believing
either to be serious. St. Orbyn is rather a
cheerful diplomatist, it is true, and Sir George
is a man of the world rather down in the mouth
at being middle-aged; but otherwise the differ-
ence would depend largely on the actors. Of
course, the other characters do not by any means
run parallel. Still, you might compare Las-
celles and St. Roche, if you like, or the ladies
who come and call on the princess with the
ladies who come and call on Lady Beauvedere.
Doubtless a person more familiar with the
world these remarkable people move in would
see points of difference; but I do not see much.
On the stage they would probably wear differ-
ent colored frocks.
Then there is the dialogue. Here, too, there
is a likeness, as there must be in any good rep-
resentation of the talk of well-bred people.
There is a good deal of sparkle, of course, –
Mrs. Craigie's probably the more genuine.
Take these two specimens. The first is from
“The Princess.”
LADY RINGSTEAD: I confess I hardly care to sit down
to dinner at half-past six.
MRs. SABIston: Oh, I don't mind that, but I cannot
undertake to rise at half-past seven.
This is from “The Ambassador”:
LADY BEAUvedERE: Nearly ran away ! Why, every-
one knows that if she had n't been thrown from her horse
and killed that very morning — on her way to meet him.
St. ORBYN: I never attend post-mortems on a con-
science.
It seems somewhat of the same piece, and rather
a well-known web at that.
Yet, on looking back over what I have writ-
ten I must confess to having rather deceived
the reader. All the things I have said were
alike, are alike, I believe, – but there are
also differences. I am not sure that these dif-
ferences make “The Ambassador” more liter-
ary, but I suspect they do: at least, I am pretty
sure that they made “The Princess and the
Butterfly” more successful on the stage.
Take the dialogue: there is much that is
alike, certainly. But here are two passages
coming at precisely the same place in the two
plays, the place where the middle-aged man
and the young girl have just arranged matters.
The first is by Mr. Pinero.
SIR GEoRGE: I have loved you since — oh, for these
many days. You know it.
FAY, almost inaudibly : Yes.
SIR GEORGE: You — you — you return my love?
FAY, faintly: You know it.
SIR GEoRGE: For how long have you loved me?


1899.] THE
1)LAL 271
FAY: Since — for these many days.
And here it is in “The Ambassador”:
St. ORBYN: I want to tell you how much — but if I
could say how much it would be little—I love you.
JULIET: Why?
St. ORBYN: Because you are pretty . .
that’s not the reason either.
JULIET: What, then.
ST. ORBYN: Because you are honest . . . that's not
the reason either.
JULIET: What? Well, guess again l
St. ORBYN: Because . . . Oh, Juliet, it is because
you make me forget the reasons why I
JULIET: Then remember the reasons why not. I am
T. . . .
St. ORBYN: So are the angels.
JULIET: And then .
St. ORBYN: Well, dearest?
JULIET: ... You make me forget the reasons why not.
... and yet
There is a difference, certainly: there's not
a shadow of a doubt Mrs. Craigie is the more
natural and (to me) more charming; but I
rather think that Mr. Pinero would call forth
more applause, especially when he repeats his
little bit with a slight change in the course of
a minute.
Then as to the characters. I spoke of the
two men: they certainly are more or less alike.
But the two women : as certainly they are
not. Juliet and the Princess are two very dif-
ferent people. It is rather idle to try to ex-
plain the difference to any purpose in short
compass and without quotation. But the fact
of it calls our attention to another thing. Mr.
Pinero's characters are all more or less built
on the model furnished by the idea of his play.
They are people on whom middle-age works
differently. Thus, one is a woman who still
loves her husband, and one is a woman who
chiefly loves her dinner. Of the men, one re-
mains young in middle-age, or would like to ;
and another has become middle-aged in the
midst of his youth. In other words, the charac-
ters are more or less consistent with the scheme,
or balanced against each other, but not espec-
ially real. Mrs. Craigie's characters are uncon-
strained by any such conventionalities, and are
therefore, other things being equal, rather more
life-like.
And then as to plot: the two are truly very
much alike, but Mrs. Craigie's is much the
simpler. In “The Princess and the Butterfly,”
Sir George has a ward whom he thinks is the
daughter of his brother. She meanders pic-
turesquely through the play, having nothing to
do with it until Sir George finds out that she
is not his brother's daughter but the daughter
of some old Italian, having been changed in the
cradle. So he kisses her, and, though that is
not his intention at the time, falls in love with
her afterwards. Certainly a very romantic love-
making : certainly that belongs to the stage,
no one would claim it for literature. Then
there is another complication, a great mix-up
about a woman of shady reputation who is en-
gaged to a deluded young Frenchman: she
goes where she should not, and there is a quar-
rel which leads to a duel, and the deluded man
who provokes the duel becomes good and mar-
ries a little girl who is only in the play to be
ready for him. As to the “Ambassador,” the
only complication comes to nothing by the reso-
lute refusal of all parties to suspect each other
of what would be very unlikely. That appeals
to me: I like it. But I rather think the com-
plication would do better on the stage: it gives
more “go” to the business to have Demailly
throw water on Sir George, and to have Fay
appear in harlequin's clothes, especially when
that part is taken by a lady who looks well in
tights.
So I think “The Ambassador” is the more
literary: that is, it contains things that please
me more as I read the plays over quietly at
home, please me more than do various things
about “The Princess and the Butterfly.” Still,
I doubt not that the latter play was the more
successful on the stage (at any rate, it was suc-
cessful enough to come over here, as “The
Ambassador” has not yet), and very probably
for the very things that are not wholly pleasing
to one who only reads.
In the Fifth Reader, or perhaps the Fourth,
there used to be a tale about two sculptors who
made two statues to go up and be set on a very
high place. The reader may remember it: one
statue seemed very coarse and rude till it got
where it was intended to be ; the other, which
was very charming and delicate when examined
down below, lost a good deal when it was put
in place. I think it is the same thing here.
Mr. Pinero knows the stage better than Mrs.
Craigie: he is somewhat conventional and con-
fined, it is true, but he must know the stage.
Ladies wear rouge on the stage and put black
lines under their eyes, I believe, and do other
things that would not render them attractive in
the parlor; and so do the men. I fancy that
it may be that some of these things that we
do n’t like about Mr. Pinero may be necessary
for the right effect across the footlights.
But the others, the delicacies, the delight-
ful half-tones, – why must they miss their
effect? Why can they never be put rightly


272
[April 16,
THE DIAL
on the stage? Why can they get no farther
than to be realized by the kindly imagination?
Why should we not like them when we saw them
in real flesh and blood 2 Even if the other
things be necessary, why should we not have
these too?
Be content, my dear insatiable; your keenest
pleasures, your most delightful half-minutes,
do you really wish to share them with the mul-
titude? Edward E. HALE, JR.
A ROUND-UP OF BOOKS OF THE WAR.”
If students of history smile at the coloring given
the facts in the war of 1812, where the retreat after
Lundy's Lane is converted into a victory, and the
sacking of York, the Canadian capital, is omitted
in order to leave the British without reason for the
reprisals at Washington, they will frown at the ex-
posure of national weaknesses which make up most
of the histories of the war with Spain. There is no
place in the intelligent world of to-day for the sen-
timent “My country, right or wrong,” and there
should be no place for the sensation-mongering with
which an unscrupulous press is now contaminating
our books. Of the many volumes relating to the war
which have come from the pens of our soldiers and
sailors, there is little complaint to be made; they
are for the most part sober, dignified, intelligent,
*THE “MAINE'': An Account of her Destruction in Havana
Harbor. By Charles D. Sigsbee. New York: The Century Co.
THE SINKING of THE “MERRIMAC.” By Richmond Pear-
son Hobson. New York: The Century Co.
THE SANTIAgo CAMPAIGN. By Joseph Wheeler. Boston:
Lamson, Wolffe & Co.
THE GATLING GUN DETACHMENTAT SANTIAgo. By John
H. Parker. Kansas City: The Hudson-Kimberly Publishing
Company.
IN CUBA witH SHAFTER. By John D. Miley. New York:
Charles Scribner's Sons.
THE FIGHT For SANTIAgo. By Stephen Bonsal, New
York: The Doubleday & McClure Co.
THE CUBAN AND Porto Rican CAMPAIGNs. By Richard
Harding Davis. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
OUR NAVY IN THE WAR with SPAIN. By John R. Spears.
New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
WITH SAMPson THROUGH THE WAR. By W. A. M. Goode.
New York: The Doubleday & McClure Co.
CAMPAIGNING IN CUBA. By George Kennan. New York:
The Century Co.
THE STORY of THE Rough RIDERs. By Edward Marshall.
New York: The G. W. Dillingham Co.
CANNoN AND CAMERA. By John C. Hemment. New York:
D. Appleton & Co.
THE SPANIsh-AMERICAN WAR, By Eye-Witnesses. Chi-
cago: Herbert S. Stone & Co.
THE STORY of THE PHILIPPINEs. By Murat Halstead.
Chicago: The Dominion Company.
A Short History of THE WAR witH SPAIN. By Mar-
rion Wilcox. New York: The Frederick A. Stokes Co.
THE WAR witH SPAIN. By Charles Morris. Philadelphia:
The J. B. Lippincott Co.
FIGHTING For HUMANITY; or, Camp and Quarter-Deck.
By Oliver O. Howard. New York: F. Tennyson Neely.
impartial, and painstaking. Of others prepared by
civilians, whether in or out of the field, most of those
hewed out by the swords of fighting journalists
add new terrors — of slander, untruth, partiality,
suppression of vital facts, and vituperation — to
what, in General Sherman's profoundly truthful
phrase, was already Hell. It is hardly needful to
repeat here the fact, patent to everyone who glances
at any of these volumes, that they are the raw ma-
terial of history rather than history itself, the pro-
toplasm from which time and patient study shall
eventually bring something organic. So far, there
appears to be hardly a suspicion of sources of
information outside of our own country which must
be consulted to insure accuracy of statement; and the
prevailing assumption that there can be no other
side to a controversy in which the United States
is a party, is the final proof that these volumes are
largely tentative and ephemeral.
If there is any general fault in the books written
by the various officers of our army and navy, it is
that they are too long. Captain Sigsbee's account
of the destruction of the “Maine,” for example,
could have been kept in half the space. There is
in this work, too, an assumption of Spanish guilt
which is not justified by the facts which have so far
come to light, however strongly it may be inferred;
and there is a notable lack of information from that
side, though it was at hand and available. But the
story of the sinking of the great battleship has much
merit as a bit of literary work. This is quite as
true of Lieutenant Hobson's personal narrative of
the sinking of the “Merrimac,” in spite of his lack
of reserve in describing the actual submergence of
the vessel. But he dwells too long upon the minor
matters of his imprisonment, making an anti-climax
in spite of the thrilling scenes attending his return
to his own flag. Had there been judicious suppres-
sion in the account of his detention by Spain, the
book would be nearly perfect; even as it is, it de-
serves wide circulation. If other naval officers can
write half as well as these two, it is a pity that they
are so ill-represented in our literature.
Major-General Joseph Wheeler has limited him-
self to a bare — almost bald — statement of fact,
and to a reproduction of official reports from his
own papers and those of his superiors and subordi-
nates. His book on “The Santiago Campaign" is
interesting in spite of this, and will increase in value
with the years. Lieutenant John H. Parker was
not only in command of “The Gatlings at Santiago,”
but it was due to him that there were any Gatlings
there. What he has to say of machine-guns in the
battle-line, and of their effect when opposed to artil-
lery, is of real importance. Had all our officers
been possessed of a tithe of Lieutenant Parker's zeal
and intelligence there would have been fewer mis-
takes.
Lieutenant-Colonel Miley served as aide-de camp
to the general commanding the expedition against
Santiago, from the beginning to the end of the war.
His book, “In Cuba with Shafter,” has therefore


1899.] THE
DIAL 273
all the intimacy of a personal narrative and much
of the importance of an official document. Rather
with this and the foregoing books than with those
of the professional journalists and compilers is to be
ranked Mr. Stephen Bonsal's account of “The Fight
for Santiago.” All of these show General Shafter
to be a patient, hard-working, thoughtful man, who,
till he succumbed to illness which deserves pity
rather than abuse, was doing the best he possibly
could do under extreme disadvantages which were
by no means of his making.
It is well to remind the public here that the losses
by sickness and mismanagement before Santiago
were due chiefly to the deliberate inattention of Con-
gress, for many years, to the needs of both army and
navy. That preparation for war in the face of war
is not only the least efficient but the most expen-
sive preparation, has assuredly been clearly demon-
strated; but so great is the inertia of our people, that
the new Congress will probably be found quite as
incompetent to give us the skill and practice so sadly
needed as these which have now left their shameful
record behind. The evils of the spoils system, in
which Congressmen from both houses played an unen-
viable part, the unwillingness of the Administration
to accept war as a probability or to stand out against
an apportionment of military offices among mere
politicians when there were trained soldiers kept in
idleness, the favoritism in the navy which has led
to such unnecessary wrangling and dispute,_ these
are matters for the dispassionate hand of time to set
down without fear and without malice. The thou-
sands of ruined lives resulting from the expeditions
in Cuba and Porto Rico were offered up on an altar
of national ignorance and indifference erected long
before the outbreak of hostilities—an altar which
has not yet been thrown down.
In the face of these facts, and in the face of the
books which have already been mentioned, it is im-
possible to acquit Mr. Richard Harding Davis and
Mr. John R. Spears of malice. In “The Cuban
and Porto Rican Campaigns,” the former is fairly
scurrillousin his attacks upon General Shafter, while
he exalts General Miles to a point which forces him
to omit all mention of the illness which fell upon
the soldiers in Porto Rico, though every whit as
severe and extensive as that in Cuba; while Mr.
Spears, in “Our Navy in the War with Spain,”
makes a similar attack upon Commodore Schley, at
the same time apotheosizing Admiral Sampson.
Both journalists suppress and distort the facts to
suit their ends, and both have written books which
are to be classed as fiction rather than sober history.
It may be well to add here that the insinuations
of cowardice which are made against Shafter and
Schley respectively are unsupported by any facts.
In respect of Admiral Schley and Admiral Sampson,
it must be remembered that both had served their
country faithfully and without reproach up to the
opening of the war with Spain, when Sampson was
placed in command of one who was his senior and
had been his superior officer during the War of the
Rebellion. There both officers behaved as Amer-
ican sailors have always behaved, though Sampson
had the ill luck to lose the ship on which he was
executive officer, the monitor “Petapsco,” in
Charleston harbor, a fact which may be looked for
in vain in Mr. Spears's “History of Our Navy.”
Since the war, Sampson has presided over the des-
tinies of the Naval Academy at Annapolis with
dignity and decorum, has aided materially in bring-
ing our ordnance to the point of efficiency shown in
this war when in charge of the Ordnance Depart-
ment, and, as Mr. Spears reminds us, has written
an admirable paper on “The Naval Defence of
Our Coast.” Nothing is said of Schley's remark-
able record, but it might have been told that he has
landed blue-jackets in Central America, in Corea,
and in the Cho-Sen Islands; has cleared up the dif-
ficulties with Chile ; has rescued the Greeley expe-
dition to the North Pole, – in short, has been in
active and continuous service, doing deeds rather
than writing essays or conducting experiments. It
is not, then, the records of the two men which gave
Sampson the position of commanding officer which
availed him so little, as Mr. Spears disingenuously
suggests.
Mr. Goode, who was “With Sampson through
the War” as correspondent of the Associated Press,
is a little fairer than Mr. Spears and not quite so
fond. His praise does not lack discrimination, but
his partisanship is nevertheless complete. He sup-
presses, for example, all mention of the dispatch
from Sampson ordering Schley to hold his fleet off
Santiago; and, following Sampson again, he regards
Schley's obedience to this order to be reprehensible.
This is the more unpardonable, because Admiral
Sampson has evidently supplied the writer with most
of his material, including a chapter of his own. Mr.
Goode, too, has his quarrel with Shafter, evidently
by way of retribution for the General's criticism of
the Navy. Yet the work shows painstaking, even
to the extent of drawing upon the Spanish for
information. -
“Campaigning in Cuba,” Mr. George Kennan's
account of services performed in connection with
the Red Cross Society, is a vivid picture of suffer-
ing and hardship, ameliorated in a considerable de-
gree by the efforts of Mr. Kennan and his associates.
The book, commendable in almost all respects, is
injured by the persistency with which references to
Siberian matters are dragged in, and far more by
a determination to hold General Shafter responsible
for all the calamities which fell under the writer's
vision among the American soldiers. Both Colonel
Miley and Lieutenant Parker disprove Mr. Ken-
nan's statement that the lack of surgical attendance
was due to the commanding general.
The vivid account of “The Rough Riders” from
the pen of Mr. Edward Marshall, the newspaper
correspondent who achieved the distinction of being
severely wounded while joining in a charge, is well
worth reading, filled as it is with dramatic pictures
by an eye-witness of the exciting events in the ca-


274
[April 16,
THE DIAL
reer of that famous regiment. As is perhaps inevit-
able in such a book, it lacks a sense of proportion.
Without in the least reflecting upon the character of
the work done by that excellent volunteer organiza-
tion, there is here accorded a meed of praise which
is surpassing in both quantity and quality. It is well
to remember that not less than a thousand volunteer
regiments, both North and South, were equally instant
in performing their duty as they understood it dur-
ing the Civil War. Let us not forget that we laughed
at battles like Caney and San Juan when the Cubans
and Spaniards were fighting two years or so ago,
and that some notion of relative values must be pre-
served or Gettysburg and the Wilderness will take
on the dimensions of skirmishes. Mr. Marshall, too,
has something to urge against Shafter, which rests
more upon his mere averment than upon any facts
he chooses to relate.
The books remaining are of lesser moment, though
having value as repositories of material. Mr. John
C. Hemment is an expert photographer whose zeal
carried him not only to Santiago but into the firing-
line in search of subjects for his camera. To him
are due many of the pictures that have given those
at home so vivid a conception of the war, and it is
in these pictures that the interest of his “Cannon
and Camera’’ chiefly lies. Another abundantly
illustrated book is “The Spanish-American War by
Eye-Witnesses,” compiled from original sources,
chiefly the daily press. It is episodic, but of much
interest, the materials being well chosen. Mr.
Murat Halstead describes the battle of Manila in
“The Story of the Philippines,” styling himself
“Historian of the Philippine Expedition.” His
voluminous work is encyclopaedic in its scope, but
with neither alphabetical arrangement nor index.
It also is illustrated.
“A Short History of the War with Spain,” the
work of Mr. Marrion Wilcox, is an agreeable dis-
appointment, being fair, comprehensive, succinct,
and, considering the material at hand when it was
put forth, accurate. “The War with Spain,” by
Mr. Charles Morris, is written down to the many,
is filled with errors, and will be a real grief to those
who welcomed his compendium of facts relating to
our navy. General O. O. Howard, in “Fighting for
Humanity,” confines himself to the means taken for
the christianization of American soldiers and sailors,
and his book is of religious rather than warlike inter-
est. It will supply some interesting paragraphs to
the future historian.
Though the war itself was waged with the wea-
pons of civilization, the controversies which have
attended its close have the savor of those ill-smelling
contrivances still in use, we believe, among the Chi-
nese. It is to be hoped that unseemly partisanship
in respect of such dissensions may give way to a
spirit of reform, -turning our national energies to
the prevention of future scandals rather than to the
reanimation of issues which need nothing so much
as decent burial. John J. CULVER.
RECENT POETRY.”
The “Wessex Poems and Other Verses” of Mr.
Thomas Hardy display much rugged strength and
an occasional flash of beauty, but they are evidently
nothing more than the literary diversions of a man
who has cast his best intellectual effort in other
moulds of expression. Yet at moments they exhibit
qualities that almost persuade us a true poet was
lost when Mr. Hardy became a novelist. Some-
times it is merely a haunting phrase, such as “at
mothy curfew-tide,” that arrests our attention; at
others it is a longer passage of striking power, such
a passage, for example, as this from the lines ad-
dressed “to a lady offended by a book of the
writer's":
“So be it. I have borne such. Let thy dreams
Of me and mine diminish day by day,
And yield their place to shine of smugger things;
Till I shape to thee but in fitful gleams,
And then in far and feeble visitings,
And then surcease. Truth will be truth alway.”
Sometimes, again, although rarely, it is an entire
poem, such as “Heiress and Architect,” perhaps the
strongest of all Mr. Hardy's pieces, too long to
quote, and too compactly knit to bear dismember-
ment. But we may find space for “Nature's Ques-
tioning,” which contains the essence of the poet's
message.
“When I look forth at dawning, pool,
Field, flock, and lonely tree,
All seem to look at me
Like chastened children sitting silent in a school;
“Their faces dulled, constrained, and worn,
As though the master's ways
Through the long teaching days
Their first terrestrial zest had chilled and overborne.
*WEssex PoEMs, and Other Verses. By Thomas Hardy.
New York: Harper & Brothers.
SoNGs AND MEDITATIONs. By Maurice Hewlett.
York: The Macmillan Co.
THE SHADows of THE TREEs, and Other Poems. By
Robert Burns Wilson. New York: R. H. Russell.
pº. By Philip Henry Savage. Boston: Copeland &
ay.
THE DREAM BEAUTIFUL, and Other Poems. By Charles
Hamilton Musgrove. Louisville: John P. Morton & Co.
A BookLET of VERsk. By William Norman Guthrie.
Cincinnati: The Robert Clarke Co.
BENEATH BLUE SkiEs AND GRAY.
Crockett. New York: R. H. Russell.
ALONG THE TRAIL. A Book of Lyrics. By Richard Hovey.
Boston: Small, Maynard & Co.
For TRUTH AND FREEDOM. Poems of Commemoration.
By Armistead C. Gordon. Staunton, Wa.: Albert Shultz.
Songs of Good FIGHTING. By Eugene R. White. Boston:
Lamson, Wolffe & Co.
THE WAYFARERs. By Josephine Preston Peabody. Boston:
Copeland & Day.
The SoNg of STRADELLA, and Other Songs. By Anna
Gannon. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co.
THE IMMoRTALs. By Martha Perry Lowe. Boston: The
Botolph Book Co.
SoME VERses. By Helen Hay. Chicago: Herbert S.
Stone & Co.
New
Poems by Ingram


1899.] THE
DIAL 275
“And on them stirs, in lippings mere
(As if once clear in call,
But now scarce breathed at all) —
“We wonder, ever wonder, why we find us here.
“"Has some Wast Imbecility,
Mighty to build and blend,
But impotent to tend,
Framed us in jest, and left us now to hazardry?
“‘Or come we of an Automaton
Unconscious of our pains? . . .
Or are we live remains
Of Godhead dying downwards, brain and eye now gone?
“‘Or is it that some high Plan betides,
As yet not understood,
Of Evil stormed by Good,
We the Forlorn Hope over which Achievement strides?”
“Thus things around. No answerer I . . .
Meanwhile the winds, and rains,
And Earth's old glooms and pains
Are still the same, and gladdest Life Death neighbors nigh.”
This is one of the undated, and presumably later,
poems; its pessimism is that of “Tess” and “Jude
the Obscure.” But a similar note is struck in several
pieces that bear the date 1866, which shows that
Mr. Hardy has consistently maintained the same
attitude toward the fundamental problems of exist-
ence. More than thirty years ago he could pen such
verses as these:
“How arrives it joy lies slain,
And why unblooms the best hope ever sown 2
Crass Casualty obstructs the sun and rain,
And dicing Time for gladness casts a moan . . .
These purblind doomsters had as readily strown
Blisses about my pilgrimage as pain.”
Of the “Wessex poems” proper we have said noth-
ing, for they form the least interesting part of the
collection. But there must be at least one word of
mention for the simple and appropriate sketches
made by the author himself to illustrate his poems.
Mr. Maurice Hewlett's “Songs and Meditations”
are dated more than two years back, but the vol-
ume which contains them has only recently been
sent us for review, an occurrence which we doubt-
less owe to the large measure of popularity so de-
servedly won by Mr. Hewlett's prose romance of
last year. These poems are all that we should expect
from the author of “The Forest Lovers ” and
“Earthwork out of Tuscany.” They have a dis-
tinction of manner and of phrase that is almost
unfailing, and that at one moment suggests Mr.
Henley, at another Patmore, and at still another
our own Emerson. Yet no one could fairly charge
Mr. Hewlett with being imitative, for his utterance
is distinctly his own, as this “Dirge’’ witnesses:
“How should my lord come home to his lands?
Alas for my lord, so brown and strong |
A lean cross in his folded hands,
And a daw to croak him a resting song.
“And in autumn tide when the leaves fall down,
And wet falls as they fall, drip by drip,
My lord lies wan that was once so brown,
And the frost cometh to wither his lip.
“My lord is white as the morning mist,
And his eyes ring'd like the winter moon:
And I will come as soon as ye list–
O love, it is time 2 May the time be soon l’”
Here, in a very different measure, is an utterance
even more original:
“Man is a cage of pain,
His thought is a pure thin fire
That beateth against the bars
And bonds of his grosser part,
Astrain for the sky. And behold
The flame roareth and rendeth,
And the war nor stayeth nor endeth !
“Then at last when the bars
Of the body shatter'd and torn
Cleave asunder, the flame
Winneth the bitter stars
(Keener than scimitars),
And man lieth prone in shame:
Better not to be born l''
The elusive charm of such a poem as “Artemision”
is not to be described, but the pleasure of feeling it
is within the reach of every reader.
“Now Winter stealeth out like a white nun,
Cloaking her face behind her icy fingers,
And men each day look longer at the Sun,
While late and later yet the sweet light lingers.
“Fast by the hedgerows, bit by gales of March,
A chaplet for thy brows of delicate leaves—
Tendrils of briony, ruby tufts of larch,
Wood sorrel, crocus pale, the New Year weaves.
“Yet is thy smile half wintry, as forlorn
To view thy state too solemn for thy years,
And half amazèd as a flower's, late born,
And not more quick for pleasure than for tears.
“Thy month austere telleth thy cloistral fashion:
March frost thy pride is, March wind thy pent passion.”
We miss from this volume a very beautiful sonnet
upon the Botticelli Madonna of the Uffizii, published
in “The Athenaeum ” several years ago.
Nature and the soul of man, the solace of the
one for the doubts and perplexities of the other—
these are the intertwined themes of Mr. Robert
Burns Wilson's volume called “The Shadows of the
Trees.” This closing stanza of “A Walk with a
Child” may be taken as a highly characteristic ex-
ample of Mr. Wilson's work:
“Come, I will cast this cloak of care aside,
• And break the world's false armour from my breast:
His kingdom, from thine eyes, God doth not hide;
Come, we together, will go forth to rest,
Somewhere—secure-wrapped in the sacred dream
Which haply, waiteth still,
Close nestled in the hollow of yon hill
Amidst the drifting leaves. There shall the wild
And inarticulate whisperings, once more,
Speak, with unlying tongues. Once more the stream
Shall sing of beauty which remaineth ever:
No more shall bitter tears for lost endeavour
Be known to us. All things that should have been,
Shall vex us not. Thy steps shall go before
Towards God's kingdom. On the hidden door
Thy hand shall knock, and we shall enter in.”
The final philosophy of the poet finds its best ex-
pression in this stanza from “Dust and Ashes”:
“There be but two things which the soul may find
On this sad earth, and, finding, should hold fast,-
The soul of beauty, which dwells in the mind
And hence in all things, for all things are cast -
In our soul's proper measure; and the last
And best is love; love truly can repay


276 THE
DIAL [April 16,
The heart's full sacrifice, for love, being past
Leaves something with us that no fate can slay;
And if love linger till the end be here,
What cause have we for sorrow then, what cause for fear?”
These two quotations afford sufficient evidence of
the fact that Mr. Wilson's poetry is out of the com-
mon, that it displays a deeper passion and a finer
gift than most minor singers have at their command.
We should like to enforce this proposition by nu-
merous further extracts, but space forbids more than
one other, a stanza from the poem which asks a
question that often before this has put a too com-
placent optimism to shame.
“Would we return
If love's enchantment held the heart no more,
And we had come to count the wild, sweet pain,
The fond distress, the lavish tears, but vain;
Had cooled the heart's hot wounds amidst the roar
Of mountain gales, or, on some alien shore
Worn out the soul's long anguish, and had slain
The dragon of despair; if then the train
Of vanished years came back, and, as of yore,
The same voice called, and, with soft eyes beguiling,
Our lost love beckoned, through time's grey veil smiling,
Would we return?”
One thing, and one only, about Mr. Wilson's vol-
ume we regret. We find among the contents a
battle song called “Remember the Maine.” The
sooner that discreditable phase of last year's war is
forgotten, the better it will be for our national
reputation.
The “Poems” of Mr. Philip Henry Savage are,
for the most part, trifling and fanciful, although the
light touch of the writer sometimes sounds a chord
of deep feeling, as in these lines:
“This crystal sapphire of the sky
Is saner far than you and I,
Who in our passions and our dreams
Run ever more to wild extremes.
“The pure perfection of the sea
Lies not in mirth and tragedy;
But like the silence of the snows
In breadth of beauty and repose.
“God give one moment, ere we die,
As crystal clear as the blue sky,
Serene as ocean, white as snow,
And glowing as the heavens glow.”
Mr. Savage is often happy in his form of expres-
sion, but not often as happy as this.
“The Dream Beautiful,” by Mr. C. H. Musgrove,
is a small and not unpleasing volume of a conven-
tional sort of verse. We are glad to reproduce
“Cain, or Christ?” two quatrains