ch are separately dedicated to the Countess
Dowager of Derby, the Countess of Huntingdon,
Lady Frances Egerton, and Lady Anne Chandos.
One of the most famous portraits of Shakespeare
is the Chandos portrait, now in the National Por-
trait Gallery of London. The artist is unknown;
but the portrait has been attributed to Cornelius
Janssen and to Paul Van Somer. The history of
this celebrated portrait shows that it was preserved
for posterity, partly at least, by the descendants of
the Countess of Derby. The " Dictionary of National
Biography" says of this portrait: "At length it
reached the hands of James Brydges, third Duke of
Chandos, through his father-in-law, John Nichols,
and it subsequently passed through Chandos's
daughter, to her husband, the Duke of Buckingham,
at the sale of whose effects at Stowe, in 1848, it was
purchased by the Earl of Ellesmere. The latter
presented it to the nation."
On Shrove-Tuesday night, February 18, 1634,
Thomas Carew, Henry Lawes, and Inigo Jones
presented their masque, "Ccelum Britannicum," in
the Banqueting House at Whitehall, and King
Charles I. was one of the actors. Among the
"Young Lords and Noblemen's Sons" who took
part were John Egerton, Viscount Brackley, his
brother Mr. Thomas Egerton, and his cousin Lord
Chandos.
The Earl of Bridgewater went into residence as
President of Wales in 1633. The social functions
attendant upon his inauguration extended to Sep-
tember, 1634, when on Michaelmas night Milton's
masque of "Comus," which was written for this occa-
sion, was presented before him. The masque was
given in the great justice-chamber of Ludlow Castle,
Shropshire, whose ruins still bear the name of Comus
Hall. In the presentation, the part of the Lady was
played by Lady Alice Egerton; the First Brother
was John Egerton, Viscount Brackley; and the
Second Brother, Mr. Thomas Egerton. "Comus"
was written while Milton was living with his parents
at Horton, Bucks, and Viscount Brackley was his
father's landlord.
In the dedication of "Comus" to Viscount
Brackley, Henry Lawes says that it is "not openly
acknowledged by the Author, yet it is a legitimate
offspring, so lovely and so much desired, that the
often copying of it hath tired my pen to give my
several friends satisfaction." Milton's short masque,
"Arcades," is described by him as "Part of an
Entertainment presented to the Countess Dowager
of Derby at Harefield, by some noble persons of her
family, who appear on the scene in pastoral habit,
moving toward the seat of state, with this Song,"
(the opening song). Fleay, in his "Chronicle of the
English Drama," says that " Arcades" was acted
not long after " Comus." The " noble persons of her
family" were probably young Lord Chandos and
his brother, then living with their grandmother
at Harefield, and some of the Egertons, Viscount
Brackley, Mr. Thomas Egerton, and the Ladies
Alice and Mary Egerton.
In passing, it is interesting to note that Viscount
Brackley, the " learned " Earl of Bridgewater, who
"delighted much in his library," was so scandalized
by Milton'8 "Defensio Pro Populo " that he wrote
in his copy, "Liber igne, auctorfurod, dignisaimi."
Of the two young Egerton ladies who probably
sang the songs of "Arcades," Lady Alice Egerton
became the second wife of Richard Vaughan, Earl
of Carberry. To her Jeremy Taylor dedicated part
of his " Life of Christ" Her husband, the Earl of
Carberry, appointed Samuel Butler, author of
"Hudibras," to the stewardship of Ludlow Castle.
Richard Baxter, author of "The Saints' Ever-
lasting Rest," was a native of Shropshire. In
1631, when Baxter was a lad of sixteen, he became
attendant to Mr. Thomas Wickstead, Chaplain to the
Council of Wales, and lived for a year and a half
in Ludlow Castle. Lady Mary Egerton married
Richard Herbert, second Lord Herbert of Cherbury
(1600[?]-1655), who was the son of Edward Her-
bert, first Lord Herbert of Cherbury (1583-1648),
poet and philosopher.
In 1653 Henry Lawes dedicated to these two
granddaughters of the Countess of Derby his " Ayres
and Dialogues for One, Two, or Three Voyces,"
saying they "excelled most ladies, especially in
vocal music."
Curiously enough, the Countess of Derby's estate
of Harefield Manor is indissolubly connected with
English literature through the Newdigate Prize for
poetry at Oxford University. Harefield had been
in possession of the Newdigate family or their
forebears from time immemorial, when, in 1585,
John Newdigate exchanged the manor for that of
Arbury, Warwick, with Sir Edmund Anderson,
Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas. In 1601
Sir Edmund Anderson conveyed Harefield Manor
to Sir Thomas Egerton, to his wife Alice, Countess
of Derby, and to her daughters after her. On the
death of Lord Keeper Egerton's widow, the Countess
of Derby, in 1636, the manor was inherited by Lady
Anne Chandos, then her only surviving daughter;
after her death, in 1647, it descended to her son,
Lord Chandos. At his death, in 1655, he left it
to his wife, Jane, Lady Chandos, who married as
her second husband Sir William Sedley, Bart.; and
again, after his death, George Pitt, Esq., of Strath-
fieldsaye, in Hampshire. About 1660 the mansion


170
[March 1,
THE
DIAL
was burned down, by the carelessness, it is said, of
Sir Charles Sedley, wit and dramatist, who was on
a visit to Harefield at the time, and who was indulg-
ing in the dangerous pastime of reading in bed.
By a deed dated 1673, Lady Jane Chandos
vested all her estates in Mr. Pitt and his heirs;
and in 1675, she being still alive, Mr. Pitt sold
Harefield Manor to Sir Richard Newdigate, Baronet,
of Arbury, Warwick. This sale conveyed the manor
back to its original owners. The Newdigates still
own both Harefield and Arbury.
Sir Roger Newdigate (1719-1806), was fifth
Baronet of Harefield, Middlesex, and Arbury, War-
wick. He was a member of University College, and
M.P. for Oxford from 1750 to 1780, when he re-
tired from public life. He never lost his interest
in classical art, and in the last year of his life he
gave Oxford two thousand pounds to remove the
Arundel Collection into the Radcliffe Library, a plan
which was carried out by Flaxman. Archdeacon
Churton described Sir Roger Newdigate as "an intel-
ligent and polished gentleman of the old school."
He married twice: first, Sophia Cony era, and second,
Hester Mundy; but had no children. A housekeeper
in his family at Arbury Manor was related to Mary
Ann Evans, who, as George Eliot, located "Mr.
Gilfil'8 Love Story" at Arbury Manor and made
Sir Roger and Lady Newdigate the originals of Sir
Christopher and Lady Cheverel.
In 1805 Sir Roger Newdigate left a thousand
pounds by will to Oxford University to establish an
annual prize for poetry, the poem to be "of fifty
lines and no more, in recommendation of the study
of the ancient Greek and Roman remains of archi-
tecture, sculpture, and painting." The restriction
of the subject to classical art, and of the length to
fifty lines, did not last many years. The prize
poems are now about three hundred lines long, and
the subjects show a wide range of interest.
The Newdigate Prize has been awarded more
than a hundred times, and many of the prizemen
have achieved distinction in English letters. The
first prize, in 1806, was won by John Wilson,
"Christopher North," for a poem on "The Study
of Greek and Roman Architecture." Another early
Newdigate was Henry Hart Milman, Dean of St.
Paul's, the historian of Latin Christianity, whose
subject, in 1812, was the "Apollo Belvidere."
Thomas Legh Cloughton, long Bishop of St. Albans,
read his poem, "Voyages of Discovery to the Polar
Regions," before Sir John Franklin, when the nav-
igator received the degree of D.C.L. from Oxford,
in 1829.
In 1834 the prizeman was Joseph Arnould, later
Judge of Bombay, who recited "The Hospice of St.
Bernard " in the presence of the Duke of Wellington,
then being installed as Chancellor of the University.
Four lines of this poem are:
"When on that field where last the eagle soarVI,
War's mightier master wielded Britain's sword,
And the dark soul, a world could scarce subdue,
Bent to thy genius — Chief of Waterloo."
John Richard Croker says these verses alluding to
the Chief of Waterloo "made the whole assembly
start up," "and some people appeared to me to go
out of their senses — literally to go mad."
Dean Stanley was the Newdigate in 1837, and
offered a poem entitled "The Gypsies." In 1839
John Ruskin, prizeman, read "Salsette and Ele-
phanta" before William Wordsworth, who was made
an Oxford D.C.L. at that time. The prizeman of
1842, with a poem on "Charles XII.," was John
Campbell Shairp, whose haunting lyric "The Bush
aboon Traquair" carries on the great tradition of
Scottish ballad and song. Principal Shairp was
born to poetry, poeta ncucitur; for, with Walter
Scott, he was a lineal descendant of Mary Scott,
"the Flower of Yarrow," whose romantic wooing he
mentions in the poem "Three Friends in Yarrow."
Matthew Arnold took the Newdigate in 1843, for
his "Cromwell," and just ten years later (1853)
Sir Edwin Arnold's "Feast of Belshazzar " won the
prize. John Addington Symonds's "Escorial" was
the Newdigate of 1860. Nor have all the Newdigates
been men. Rev. W. Tuckwell, in his " Reminiscences
of Oxford," relates how the Newdigate was once car-
ried off by a woman. She was Miss Rachel Burton,
nicknamed "Jack," daughter of a Canon of Christ-
church. Although she lived long before the foundation
of women's colleges at Oxford, "Jack's" poem, sent in
just for fun, to see what would happen, was awarded
the prize, until the judges discovered her sex!
Two of the Newdigates have filled the chair of
poetry at Oxford — Matthew Arnold and John
Campbell Shairp.
What Sir Roger Newdigate's prize for poetry has
accomplished was summed up several years ago by
Ogier Rysden in "A Century of Newdigates." Of
ninety-nine prizemen, twenty-seven had won a place
in the " Dictionary of National Biography"; among
them there had been one ambassador, one Lord
Chancellor (Roundell Palmer, Earl of Selbome),
three bishops, three deans, one judge, one physician
( Francis Hawkins, who wrote a poem on the "Pan-
theon " and a well-known treatise on rheumatism),
one artist, and one editor of "The Times." The
Newdigates have naturally made their best success
in literature, and have produced no less than 918
volumes: 163 volumes of poetry, excluding the prize
poems; 158 collections of sermons; 98 volumes of
essays; 74 works on divinity; 48 volumes of lec-
tures; 28 biographies; 55 editions of standard
authors; 28 works on political economy, 33 on law,
21 novels, and 12 plays. This is a large and notable
output, and makes it of peculiar interest to educa-
tion in the United States that through the Rhodes
Foundation the Newdigate Prize last year crossed
the Atlantic Ocean. The prize of 1912 was won by
William Chase Greene, of Balliol College, Rhodes
scholar from Massachusetts, for a poem on "King
Richard the First before Jerusalem." Mr. Greene
was salutatorian and class odist at Harvard in 1911.
He is a son of Professor Herbert E. Greene, of Johns
Hopkins University. Mary Augusta Scott.


1913]
171
THE DIAL
CASUAL COMMENT.
The present popularity of the classics has
lately been made the subject of some careful investi-
gation. Certain public libraries have placed the
great works of ancient and modern literature in a
particularly exposed situation and watched the result
At Springfield, Mass., this plan produced a marked
increase in an already considerable circulation of the
classic authors. The monthly "Bulletin" of the
library records in its February issue that "from the
first the collection was a pronounced success. It
seemed to attract all classes of readers. Young and
old, rich and poor, men and women, could be seen
standing in front of the case and examining the vol-
umes. In a month so many of the books were in
circulation that it was found necessary to replenish
the supply." This experiment was made in the
summer, the library's dull season, but when autumn
came and the books were returned to their places,
only two, Trevelyan's "Macaulay" and Leigh
Hunt's "Essays" had found no readers. Of those
drawn, the "Odyssey " went out eight times, the
"Divine Comedy " seven, Epictetus six, Rousseau's
"Emile " six, the "Rubaiyat" six, Moliere's plays
six, Plato's " Republic " four, Goethe's "Faust" four,
Malory's "Morte d'Arthur" four, More's "Utopia"
six, Pliny's letters three, "Sartor Resartus " eight,
Amiel's "Journal" six, and the leading English
essayists, excepting Leigh Hunt, were in frequent
demand. Moreover, it was found by a study of
charging slips that a very creditable all-the-year-
round circulation was enjoyed by the principal
classics, "Faust" being drawn twenty-six times in
the twelve months from May, 1911, to May, 1912,
the " Odyssey " twenty-two times, Plutarch's " Lives"
twenty-one, the "Divine Comedy " twenty, and other
works in a diminishing scale, down to Aristotle's
"EthicB," which went out twice. Furthermore, it
should be remembered that many well-regulated
families have their own sets of the great authors
and resort to the library only for current fiction or
other books of the day; so that probably not even
the foregoing very encouraging record is at all ade-
quate as an indication of the extent to which the
Springfield people read the classics. In general, it
seems to be found that wherever the public is given
a fair chance to choose its reading, the best books
of all time are the ones to be most constantly drawn,
year in and year out. It is safe to say that even in
Newark, N. J., this will be found to be the case, in
spite of the Newark librarian's recent intimation of
a doubt in the matter.
A question of usage, long open to debate, and
destined no doubt long to continue so, is again in-
viting discussion. In a recent newspaper commu-
nication Mr. John D. Long ventured to say a good
word for the split infinitive as an old and legitimate
locution, thereby showing an attitude toward it quite
different from that of the woman who, on being
asked whether her husband ever did any work about
the house, replied with a significant shrug of the
shoulders: "Oh, yes, he splits a few infinitives every
day." In that entertaining manual entitled "The
King's English" occurs the following: "The 'split'
infinitive has taken such hold upon the consciences
of journalists that, instead of warning the novice
against splitting his infinitives, we must warn him
against the curious superstition that the splitting or
not splitting makes the difference between a good
and a bad writer. . . . Even that mysterious quality,
'distinction' of style, may in modest measure be
attained by a splitter of infinitives." The same au-
thority calls the split infinitive "one among several
hundred ugly things," and cautions the novice
against allowing it to occupy his mind exclusively.
In our language, which is in the main an uniriflected
language, the sign of the infinitive is a separate
word, just as the sign of the future indicative is a
separate word; but why it should be necessary to
keep the two parts in close contact in one case, and
permissible to sunder them in the other, has never
been satisfactorily explained. Ordinarily the modi-
fying adverb seems to fall naturally and gracefully
into place either before or after the full infinitive
form; but occasionally, especially in poetry, good
reasons for splitting present themselves. A sup-
posed instance of a permissible split is sometimes
cited in such sentences as, "He wished to more than
square the account," which, however, contains an
ellipsis rather than a split infinitive. In full the
sentence would be, "He wished to do more than
square the account," the second infinitive having its
"to" understood. To split or not to split, that is
the question frequently confronting a writer, and
ordinarily to be answered in the negative — if only
to avoid needless offense to a critical reader's taste.
It would be interesting to know how the Bible and
Shakespeare stand in this matter. Have they any
split infinitives? If the research necessary for an
authoritative answer has never been made, here is
a tidy bit of work cut out for someone in quest of
a subject for a Ph.D. thesis.
• • •
The sanity of genius is vigorously asserted by
Dr. Arthur C. Jacobson in "The Medical Record."
He admits the liability to disorder which goes with
the delicate organization and high-strung nervous
system of the man of genius. In his own words,
"genius makes for insanity, but neither insanity nor
the insane temperament makes for genius. The
genius is usually, if not always, of insane tempera-
ment, but his best creative work reflects the man at
his best, that is to say, sanest. To the degree that
clinical insanity enters in, to that degree is his work
vitiated. Insanity is the Nemesis of the delicately
balanced genius, never his good angel. He does his
work not because of, but in spite of, the Damoclean
sword." Dr. Jacobson asks why "a great literature
is not emanating from the asylums of the land if it
be true that the relation of genius and insanity is so


172
[March 1,
THE DIAL,
close"; and the question is pertinent, despite the
logical fallacy it implies. Not" all insane men are
men of genius," but "all men of genius are insane"
is the assertion he is refuting. However, let us hear
his answer to his own question. "The answer is
that the great genius must be eminently sane. He
must possess in the highest possible degree the crit-
ical faculty directed toward his own literary pro-
ductions. No great literary work can possibly be
produced if this endowment be lacking." But it is
exactly this perfect marriage of the creative and the
critical faculties that is seldom found in literature;
the one tends to stifle the other, though, as the single
instance of Goethe would sufficiently prove, it does
not always succeed. Dr. Jacobson scores a point
when he declares that "the mind that produced
Hamlet was super-sane." Great poets and painters
and musicians, and other men of genius, are such,
according to this student of the problem, not because
of but in spite of their liability to psychopathological
states unknown to common mortals.
• • •
Ouk daily debt to Shakkspeare, as shown by
the large number of colloquial phrases with which
he has supplied us, is one that we bear lightly
enough because we seldom pause to consider its
magnitude. Mr. Frank J. Wilstach, in the interest
of Mr. Sothern and Miss Marlowe in their Shake-
speare repertory, calls attention to a considerable
number of these everyday Shakespearean words and
phrases which are commonly used without a thought
of their origin. His list, which we have not veri-
fied, includes the following: Bag and baggage, dead
as a door nail, proud of one's humility, hit or miss,
love is blind, selling for a song, wide world, cut
capers, fast and loose, unconsidered trifles, westward
ho, familiarity breeds contempt, patching up excuses,
misery makes strange bedfellows, to boot, short and
long of it, dancing attendance, getting even (in re-
venge), birds of a feather, that's flat, rag-tag, Greek
to me, send one packing, as the day is long, packing
a jury, mother wit, kill with kindness, mum, ill wind
that blows no good, wild-goose chase, scarecrow,
luggage, row of pins, give and take, sold, your cake
is dough. To almost any reader of this list there
will at once occur numerous expressions that claim
a place beside those enumerated, as, for instance,
"to the manner born," " more honored in the breach
than the observance," "a sea of troubles," "that
way madness lies," " the hazard of the die," and so
on without end. Perhaps it would be shorter to tell
what our daily speech does not owe to Shakespeare
than what it does.
A literary dumping-ground is made of many
a long-suffering library by some of its would-be
benefactors who use it as a convenient depository
for such printed rubbish as they know not how
otherwise to dispose of. A well-intentioned lady of
our acquaintance long had the habit of visiting the
local library about once a month with a bulky parcel
of odds and ends in pamphlet or leaflet form, rarely
or never in book form, which she deposited on the
delivery desk with the air of a munificent benefac-
tor, and then departed. Luckily she never made
inquiry as to the ultimate destination of her gifts,
never ransacked the card-catalogue to make sure that
every item had been properly entered and classified,
and never seemed to expect a formal expression of
thanks for her heterogeneous contributions. Un-
doubtedly she assumed that in an institution dedi-
cated to the preservation and circulation of literature
her offerings had been welcomed with joy by the
head librarian, the cataloguer, the classifier, the ref-
erence librarian, the children's librarian, the direc-
tor of the circulating department, and all others whose
chief delight it must be to watch the growth of the
collection in their joint charge. At any rate it costs
nothing, she may have thought, for a library to ex-
tend its hospitality, and its shelf-room, to any waifs
and strays of print that chance to knock at its doors.
But it does cost something, as Miss Corinne Bacon
took occasion to point out last summer at Asbury
Park, in an address now printed in "Public Libra-
ries." Cataloguing costs, she continued, and dusting
costs, and shelf-room costs. In a word, as she aptly
expressed it, a live library is not a storage reservoir.
Beware, then, of indiscriminate gifts! Be on guard
against the person who seems disposed to make of
your public library a public dumping-ground.
A lack in English literary criticism is de-
tected by Mr. J. E. C. Bodley, a well-known writer
on France and things French, in its reticence con-
cerning the identity of the critic. They order this
matter better in France, he thinks, where the signed
review is the rule, as contrasted with the unsigned
review common in England and America. Feeling
no personal responsibility and pride, the English
and the American reviewer, if Mr. Bodley is in the
right, do not put forth their best efforts, and we have
not, as they have in France, a "school of criticism"
or any literary critic comparable with the famous
author of those " Causeries " which once made the
second day of the week eventful to the reading world
across the Channel. To himself, then, according to
Mr. Bodley, the critic owes it to let his light shine
undimmed by any modest anonymity. Still more,
however, does he owe it to the author whom he criti-
cizes, and to the interests of careful scholarship, to
come out from behind the shelter of anonymity. In
creations of the imagination and in the play of fancy
let the writer keep his authorship as secret as he
chooses; but not to put one's name to a " hurticle,"
as Thackeray called it, may often savor of unfair-
ness or cowardly spite or other unlovely quality.
Literature as a living art formed a part of
the subject chosen by Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch for
his opening lecture as King Edward VII. Professor
of English Literature at Cambridge. He uttered a
caution "against despising any form of art which is
alive and pliant in the hands of man. As for my
part," he continued, "I believe, bearing in mind Mr.


1913]
173
THE
DIAL
Barrie's' Peter Pan' and the old bottles he renovated
to hold that joyous wine, that even musical comedy,
in the hands of a master, might become a thing of
beauty. Of the novel, at any rate, whether we like
it or not, we have to admit that it does hold a com-
manding position in the literature of our times, and
to consider how far Mr. Lascelles Abercrombie was
right the other day when he claimed on the first
page of his brilliant study of Thomas Hardy that
the right to such a position is not to be disputed;
for here, as elsewhere, the right to such a position
is no more than the power to maintain it. You may
agree with this or you may not, you may or may not
deplore the forms that literature is choosing; but
there is no gainsaying that it is still very much alive.
And I would say to you, 'Believe and be glad that
literature is an art, and English a living tongue.'"
Liberal library rules are better than harshly
restrictive ones, and once in a while no rules at all
seem better than even the most liberal ones. The
Trinity Parish Library in Boston is an instance of
a library that does good work with an irreducible
minimum of red tape. It is in the parish house in
Clarendon Street, and numbers about five thousand
volumes, the nucleus of the collection being the
generous gift of books bestowed by Phillips Brooks
from his own fine library when he was rector of
Trinity thirty years ago. These well-selected vol-
umes and others added later comprise one of the
best collections of books in the departments of relig-
ion, biography, travel, essays, and social problems.
Any person of respectable appearance may enter the
library and borrow for home use any book desired,
with no questions asked as to the borrower's ante-
cedents, with no requirement of references or of
guaranty for the return of the book. Last year the
circulation numbered about three thousand volumes,
and the borrowers included the policeman of the
neighborhood and learned doctors of divinity from
far and near. Miss Snelling, the librarian, says that
she has never known the privileges of the library to
be abused, though hundreds of those who enjoy those
privileges are utter strangers to her.
• ■ •
Lincoln's liking for apt quotations, especially
from the poets, was such as might have been ex-
pected in one who displayed no mean ability in the
framing of phrases and sentences so aptly expressive
as to become themselves household words after his
death. Mr. John Langdon Kaine's Lincoln reminis-
cences in the February "Century" contain mention
of Lincoln's appreciation of that true wit which,
according to Pope, "is Nature to advantage dressed,
what oft was thought, but ne'er so well expressed."
"He insisted," writes Mr. Kaine in recalling a boy-
hood interview with the President when the latter
chanced to be in an especially talkative mood, "on
the importance of learning, in early life, sentiments
expressed in verse. In effect he said that as a man
grows older, lines which he learned because of their
pleasant sound come to have a meaning; just as old
saws show their truth in later life. 'It is a pleasure,'
he said, 'to be able to quote lines to fit any occasion,'
and he noted that the Bible is the richest source of
pertinent quotations." This recalls the remark made
by George Eliot in one of her published letters and
quoted the other day by Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch in
his inaugural lecture as King Edward VII. Professor
of English Literature at Cambridge. Speaking of
Wordsworth's poetry the author of "Theophrastus
Such" said: "I never before met with so many of
my own feelings expressed just as I should like
them."
• • •
The growth of the periodical press seems to
keep pace with the growth of the world's population.
In the United States and Canada, for example, there
was in 1912 a birth-rate of newspapers and periodi-
cals amounting to more than five each week day;
that is, 1686 new publications started into being.
But the death-rate was so nearly equal to the birth-
rate that the net increase for the year was only
thirty-six, about equally divided between this coun-
try and our northern neighbor, and chiefly confined
to the field of daily journalism. So largely are we
Americans a nation of readers that the printing
and publishing industry is exceeded, in number of
employees and value of product, by only four other
industries—or so the statisticians assure us. In the
last ten years the value of the annual output of printed
matter in America has increased by more than eighly-
six per cent. Nearly every trade and industry has
its one or more periodicals, and the whole mass of
periodical publications is divided into 208 classes,
with the weekly issues of all sorts in a large majority.
A study of the "American Newspaper Annual and
Directory" impresses one with the magnitude of
the industry that supplies to thousands of energetic-
Americans practically all the reading matter they
ever avail themselves of.
The beginning of the new library building
at Harvard was made February 12, when a spade-
ful of earth was turned up by each member of a
selected company assembled within the enclosure
now erected around the site of the prospective struct-
ure. In the absence of Mrs. George D. Widener,
giver of the two million dollars that the Widener
Memorial Library is expected to cost, her son, Mr.
George D. Widener, Jr., was the first to handle the
spade, which then passed successively to President
Lowell, Dean Briggs, Professor Kittredge, Librarian
Lane, Assistant Librarian Potter, Mr. Horace Trum-
bauer, architect. Professor Haskins, of the library
committee, and the Hon. Robert Bacon, of the Har-
vard corporation. And now that this spectacular
spade-play is over, the real digging of the building's
foundations is in active progress, with hope on the
part of the university authorities that the dedication
of the long-desired library building may form a
conspicuous part of next year's commencement
exercises.


174
[March 1,
THE DIAI,
tyt feto goohs.
Wisdom and Unwisdom about Woman.*
The world we live in is made up of men,
women, and children. This fact, which works
out for most of us into an infinite enrichment
of actual life in interests, duties, and emotions,
seems a source of wrath and stumbling to many
of those who sit in their studies writing about
the past and future of the race with especial
reference to the part woman plays in the evolu-
tionary process. It is curious to note how often
the very writers who protest against sex-bias in
the one direction will, themselves, display it
conspicuously in the other. Obviously, if we
are to treat at all of the sex-interest in the plot
of the race drama, it should be done with all
the temperance, detachment, dignity, and ability
at our command; obviously, also, few of these
books will be epoch-making, since the influence
of such intellectual performances upon evolution
is slight. At their best these will interpret to
some struggling human beings the tangles in
which they find themselves, and furnish a clue
by which they may follow to the real freedom
found only in self-mastery; at their worst they
will increase sex-antagonism and concentrate
the attention of the individual upon personal
grievances — an attitude which promptly par-
alyzes will and achievement and dries up the
springs of character.
The season's books on the woman-question
offer very perfect examples of wise and foolish
literature in their field. "The Advance of
Woman " by Mrs. Jane Johnston Christie is
almost a museum-specimen of partisanship. The
author seems to believe with an absolute fury of
conviction that Woman is innately, divinely,
and unalterably a superior being who has been
maliciously clubbed into silence, if not insensi-
bility, by Man. Man is accordingly belabored
with sweeping ferocity. The author argues from
such facts of animal life as the female crusta-
cean who "carries a little husband in each
pocket," and such pre-historic and chiefly infer-
ential conditions as the matriarchate, that the
female is biologically the superior of the male;
* The Advance of Woman. By Jane Johnston Christie.
Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co.
Woman Adrift. A Statement of the Case against Suf-
frage. By Harold Owen. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co.
The Woman Movement. By Ellen Key. Translated
from the Swedish by Mamah Bouton Borthwick. With
Introduction by Havelock Ellis. New York: G. P. Putnam's
Sons.
The Business ok Bf.ing a Woman. By Ida M. Tarbell.
New York: The Macmillan Co.
that she was originally endowed with the right
of selection, indefatigable industry, and a paci-
fic temperament; that these endowments were
enough to lead the race to its highest possible
evolution, had the female continuously domi-
nated it; that, as domination was forcibly taken
from her when, by the result of her own choice
in selection, the male became the more power-
ful physically, so the race has been evolving in
the wrong direction ever since—a mistake only
to be rectified when Man gives over " the futile
efforts he has made for thousands of years to
fill a place he was not equipped for," and
Nature's Elect, the Woman, is absolute ruler
of the earth. It must be very comforting to
hold with such fervor these gratifying convic-
tions about one's sex, but surely the human
predicament is not so simple as this. Man may
not have done his utmost in climbing up the
ages, but a programme which involves his prac-
tical enslavement at the moment when woman
is rejoicing in great new freedoms seems subtly
lacking in logic as well as in humanity, and
hardly commends itself to sane judgment.
On the other side," Woman Adrift: A State-
ment of the Case against Suffragism," by Mr.
Harold Owen, is admirably adapted to promote
the movement it is designed to discourage. The
present reviewer confesses to grave doubts about
the immediate expediency of votes for women,
—at least in this country, where, though cer-
tain industrial injustices remain, nevertheless
women's grievances as a sex have been replaced
by privileges which leave the American woman
the freest creature on the earth to-day. If it
takes three generations to make a gentleman,
that complicated product a conscientious voter
can hardly be created in less; and while un-
limited woman-suffrage is almost certainly at
hand in the United States, it is almost equally
certain that only a hundred years hence shall we
know if it is for our real betterment. But Mr.
Owen's arguments against an extension of the
suffrage are so minute, masculine, uninspired,
and British, that they are calculated to create a
violent reaction in any mind, even that of a con-
vinced anti-suffragist! Excellent as are many
of his beliefs, it must be said that Mr. Owen
nags. He is also entirely incapable of refrain-
ing from small flings and cheap gibes at feminine
foibles which have nothing to do with the issue.
He weakens his argument, where candor would
have strengthened it, by refusing to admit
frankly that women in Great Britain still have
actual wrongs and disabilities which make their
case quite different from that of women in


1913] THE
DIAL, 175
■
America. The book attempts to settle by the
logic of the debating society a question which
ought to be discussed in a more generous spirit.
Mr. Owen does not ignore the fact that duality
of function and race-betterment are the grounds
upon which the matter should be decided, but
he is too much preoccupied with more trivial
arguments to give these their appropriate posi-
tion. Now and again he has a flicker of insight,
as where he intimates that if the female sex is to
be born again, it must, nevertheless, "be re-born
in its own image," or where he points out that
political freedom is likely to be purchased by
industrial servitude. But as a whole the book
is too self-satisfied, not to say beefy, and its
logic too mechanical, to produce an effect. The
final argument in matters political, as in matters
religious, is emotion, but this fundamental truth
of human nature is seldom recognized by those
who debate according to the rules.
Whether you always agree with Ellen Key
or not, her books are examples of close thinking
and clear expression. As intellectual perform-
ances, they have dignity and texture. "The
Woman Movement," her latest work, is an acute
study of the effect of the general emancipation
of woman, so far as it has now progressed, upon
the outer world; upon feminine psychology;
upon the status of daughters, spinsters, and men
and women at large; and, finally, upon mar-
riage and motherhood. Ardent believer in the
woman-movement as she is, she realizes that it
has reached the stage where intelligent criticism
should replace blind enthusiasm. She sees how
many women have lost their heads and misplaced
their hearts; and, without abating a jot of her
faith in the virtue and necessity of freedom, she
points out, with a penetration never equalled by
any opponent of feminine emancipation, the
hundred pitfalls lying in wait for the modern
woman. Perhaps the most startling of her ad-
missions is that regarding the effect of public
life on the woman. The woman-movement of
fifty years ago was based upon belief in the
«ternal stability of womanliness. It was pre-
oisely that quality which was to benefit the world
when it was given freedom of operation outside
the home. Already it has been demonstrated,
Ellen Key admits, that womanliness is subject to
change by changed vocations and surroundings.
She goes so far as to state explicitly that if
women are to improve political conditions at all,
it would be well to give them full civic rights
quickly, before they have lost their intuitive
and instinctive power through "masculiniza-
tion." This is an admission that almost goes
beyond the obstreperous Mr. Harold Owen, yet
it comes from the lips of a friend. Equally
acute is her analysis and denunciation of what
she terms " the amaternal idea," as it is advanced
by Mrs. Gilman and Rosa Mayreder. Regard-
ing motherliness as the distinguishing character-
istic of womanliness, and recognizing that from
the point of view of the race the division of labor
between the sexes must on the whole remain the
same as that which has hitherto existed "if the
higher development of mankind is to continue
in uninterrupted advance to more perfect forms,"
she gives short shrift to those who maintain
that equal rights for the sexes mean equal func-
tions or who insist that woman can do her own
work in the world and man's as well. Granting
to these theorists all freedom to live their own
lives according to their bent, she denounces the
attempt "so to falsify life-values in their own
favor" as to set the cerebral type above the
maternal, or the office above the home, as offer-
ing a more "human" variety of work. It is
greatly to be desired that all ultra-feminist
thinkers and speakers (the terms are not syn-
onymous) should spend a few quiet hours over
these significant pages. Carefully digested, they
offer an antidote to the "unleavened bread"
of much of the crude and superficial thought so
undeservedly popular to-day.
Most young women depend upon instinct for
the solution of their problems, and in the main
find it a safer guide than any printed word.
But those who really desire, first, to think their
way through the abstract problem of feminine
destiny, and, second, to supplement that think-
ing with the best practical advice about what to
do under the circumstances, should read " The
Woman Movement," and follow it up with
"The Business of Being a Woman." Miss
Tarbell's little volume contains more available
wisdom to the page than anything yet written
on the subject in this country. Few latter-day
authors recognize that, within the limits of
decent existence, the breadth or narrowness of
a life depend far more on the personal outlook
than upon the external circumstances. Miss
Tarbell recalls this forgotten truth, and lays
needed emphasis upon the fact that"the highest
civilization is that in which the largest number
sense and are so placed as to realize the dignity
and beauty of the common experiences and
obligations." Her book is rational, broad-
minded, and helpful; it diffuses common-sense,
but common-sense irradiated with the ideal.
What happier combination can there be?
Cornelia A. P. Comer.


176
[March 1,
THE
DIAL
Greek TjIterattjre and the Door
of to-morro�.»
To-day there is a constant cry for the man,
the thought, the word, that shall help us open
the door of to-morrow. A few happy spirits, it
is true, are content to feast their visions on the
occasional glorious halting places in man's march
across the plains and up the slopes of the ages,
and, in their love for what has been, to be care-
less of what is to be. For them, Greek litera-
ture and sculpture and architecture will always
offer deep joys complete within themselves, even
as the canvases of Andrea del Sarto or the cathe-
drals of nameless Gothic builders will abide as
pleasures that scorn the test of practical service.
But, on the whole, the literature and art of the
past, not less than the science of the present, will
survive and flourish only as they have a meaning
before the problems of the future. Moreover, I
believe that the deeper one has delved into the
past, and particularly the past as represented by
Greece and Rome, the keener will be his interest
in the coming lot of his fellow-men:
"Guests of the ages, at To-morrow's door
Why shrink we? The long track behind us lies,
The lamps gleam and the music throbs before,
Bidding us enter: and I count him wise,
Who loves so well Man's noble memories
He needs must love Man's nobler hopes yet more."
In any event, the ultimate unescapable trial
must come before this tribunal, and to its bar
Mr. Livingstone is willing to bring the Greek
genius.
"There are few more important problems than this—
is humanism right? Is it right to take a purely human
attitude towards life, to assume that man is the measure
of all things, and to believe that, even though the unseen
may be there, still we can know our duty and live our
life without reference to it? That is perhaps the biggest
question of the present day, the one most worth settling,
the one which every one has to settle for himself.
"If our minds are made up and we are humanists,
then we are not likely to And better models than the
Greeks. Of unaided human nature it is not too much
to say that they made the best that can be made; in
regard to the chief things of life, modern humanists are
not likely to come to conclusions different from or better
than those of a people whose acuteness of insight amounts
almost to inspiration; and tbey can hardly find better or
wiser teachers than its great men.
"But if we approach the subjects as inquirers, anxious
to learn to what humanism leads and whether it will
work, still we must turn to Athens. There alone the
experiment of humanism has been tried; the only evi-
dence about it we can get is the evidence from Greek
society. There we can see how it succeeds; whether it
tends to strength, to racial survival; whether it leads to
justice, righteousness, mercy, true happiness; or whether
the sins, whose long catalogue closes the first chapter of
•The Greek Genius and its Meaning to Us. By
R. W. Livingstone. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans, are the logical and
finally inevitable issue of life for those peoples who wor-
ship and serve the creature more than the Creator."
This is the central and significant feature of
our Oxford Hellenist's contribution; and he
discusses only the essential elements of the
Greek genius that he believes to have a mean-
ing for us to-day. There are scores of able books
and suggestive papers on the value of things
Greek in the world of thought: the general
theme, like some great jewel, has so many angles
that it is impossible for any one worker to gather
up all the various rays that emanate therefrom.
The late Professor Adam, for instance, wrote
enthusiastically and convincingly on "The Vi-
tality of Platonism"; Mr. Livingstone practi-
cally sweeps Plato aside, on the ground that he
is exceptional rather than characteristic. Pro-
fessor Mahaffy in his felicitous Lowell lectures,
published under the title, "What Have the
Greeks Done for Modern Civilization?" devotes
several chapters to science, mathematics, poli-
tics, medicine, and so forth; Mr. Livingstone
deliberately discards them all. There are hun-
dreds of laudatory volumes on Greek sculpture
and architecture; Mr. Livingstone treats only
of literature. A few years ago Professor Kelsey
of Michigan collected a rather remarkable series
of papers on the value of Latin and Greek in
formal education, including Professor Shorey's
comprehensive brief, "The Case for the Clas-
sics"; Mr. Livingstone avoids even touching
upon the question of Greek in the schools.
These few examples, chosen from so many that
present themselves, may emphasize not only our
author's particular service, but also the diver-
sity and inexhaustibility of this Grecian treas-
ure. Naturally, Mr. Livingstone cannot exclude
the rays from other angles; but he does adhere
admirably to his plan of presenting what he
considers the fundamental contributions of
Hellenism: the Greeks' sense of beauty, their
Freedom, their Directness, their Humanism,
their Manysidedness, and their Sanity.
But even after the angles are chosen, there
is need for much denning and limiting, both
geographical and chronological. What about
Sparta, with its extreme example of rugged and
ascetic militarism? What about Lucian, who
reads like a nineteenth century essayist? Or
Theocritus, the fountain head of idyllic poetry?
However, these difficulties do not escape Mr.
Livingstone, and he comes out with a trenchant
decision:
"Firstly: by the Greek genius we shall mean a spirit
which manifested itself m certain peoples inhabiting
lands washed by the vEgean sea: it appears to have


1913]
177
THE DIAL
been only partly determined by race: Athens was its
heart, and little or nothing of it is to be seen at Sparta:
but Pindar possessed it though he was a Theban, Aris-
totle though he came from Stagira, Thales though he
was born and lived in Asia, and Homer though his birth-
place is not known. Perhaps this definition evades the
difficulty: but it seems to suit the facts.
"Secondly: in defining this spirit we shall keep our
eyes tixed on what is admitted to have been its most
brilliant season of flower, the years between 600 and
400 B.C.; without forgetting that a hundred years
passed before the most influential philosophies of
Greece came to birth and its far-reaching permeation
of the world began." ,
Keeping our author's plan in mind, we may
turn to the interesting chapter on "The Note
of Directness." After recalling Ruskin's in-
cisive treatment of "The Pathetic Fallacy"
and "Classical Landscape," Mr. Livingstone
compares Mrs. Browning's sentimental and
moving lines on the fate of a sea-gull carried
into inland captivity with Alcman's brief lim-
ning of the bird " that flies over the blossom of
the swell with the halcyons, careless of heart,
the sea-purple bird of spring." He concedes
the grace and daintiness of his countrywoman's
poem, but declares that Alcman gives the more
accurate picture, as well as a more sympathetic
rendering of the bird's charm. Passing from
this directness in the Greek's view of nature, he
voices his conviction that it was simply one
aspect of a general trend of thought and man-
ner of looking at life. "It guided the eyes of
the Greeks and drew their attention to certain
aspects of things. It afforded a focus, within
which they saw everything in strong relief, out-
side which they saw only darkness and confu-
sion. It determined their whole idea of the
world. For everywhere they took things at
their obvious value, and saw them, so to speak,
naked." Then he turns to their attitude toward
such fundamental questions as love, friendship,
and death. Proceeding always by illustration
and comparison, he emphasizes his point, find-
ing throughout his search a simplicity and a
directness that are at times almost naive, but
are none the less unflinching and heart-searching
in their straightforwardness. The Greeks never
substituted color for light. "They were content,
in the presence of life, if they could use and
enjoy it rightly, and in the presence of death,
if they could know it for what it was."
The foregoing must serve as an example of
our author's treatment of his "Notes of Hellen-
ism"; but one chapter on exceptions is quite as
interesting as those that represent the rule.
Believing with Rohde that Platonic thought
and philosophy were an alien phenomenon in
Greece, he treats the great master as an example
of the unhellenic spirit. To be sure, he admits
that in a thousand ways Plato was a Greek of
the Greeks, nor has he missed the charm and
tremendous importance of the master; but he
feels that the great idealist belongs essentially to
those who "taught us to look past the 'unim-
aginary and actual' qualities of things to sec-
ondary meanings and an inner symbolism. In
opposition to liberty and humanism they taught
us to mistrust our nature, to see in it weakness,
helplessness, an incurable taint, to pass beyond
humanity to communion with God, to live less
for this world than for one to come." In this
connection he deals very briefly with Orphism
and "similar gospels of otherworldliness" in
Greece, and iterates his conclusion that the ex-
ceptions to rationalistic humanism are but few.
Now from Mr. Livingstone's deliberately limited
point of view, I think he is right; but we must
emphasize two points. Firstly: Orphism had an
influence on Christianity that even yet is very
hard to estimate. In the paintings of the Cata-
combs, for instance, it is clear that the Thracian
singer, whether he ever existed or not, was re-
garded as prefiguring the Christ, while the echoes
from Orphism in the New Testament are fre-
quent and important. Secondly: many great
thinkers in every century since the birth of
Christianity, and in every occidental country,
have seen in Plato an undying light upon the
eternal hills; and tributes to his abiding great-
ness have been poured forth in abundance by
the apologists of Christianity from Clement, who
declared that Plato wrote by the inspiration of
God, to Bishop Westcott, who states admiringly
that he points to St. John. Greek philosophy
and Greek religion between them managed to
influence the thought and morals of the Roman
Empire and of all succeeding generations. In
fact, many scholars are declaring to-day that
Greek teaching about immortality and ethics
and kindred themes will constitute their most
valuable and abiding contribution to civilization.
At any rate, Mr. Livingtone's attitude and his
confidence in the inherent strength of his case
are indicated by his willingness to throw away
the powerful arguments for a knowledge of
Greek life and literature' that can be based on
the greatness of Plato and the significance of the
Grecian religions of mysticism.
But then our author is not trying to convert
anybody. And here lies much of his charm.
He admits frankly that he is interested in Greek
strength and beauty, not in Greek ugliness and
weakness; yet he does not deny that the ugliness


178
[March 1,
THE
DIAL
and weakness were real and ominous. He is
always willing to concede everything to the other
side, sometimes more than is necessary. Such
a spirit is not less confidence-inspiring than de-
lightful; and to the profane who are not of the
grosser sort the volume will offer a much more
winning argument for Greek studies than would
a more definitely propagandist effort. To stu-
dents and teachers of the Classics, as also "to
the considerable public who take a humane in-
terest in what Greece has done for the world,"
it will be a source of genuine pleasure. The
present reviewer read it the first time with enjoy-
ment, a second time with unfeigned delight.
The book has its defects. It skips from
"Shelley's passionate idealism" to Bruneti&re's
Sur les Chemins de la Croyance with a glad-
some agility that recalls the famous measurings
in the "Thinkshop " of " The Clouds." It writes
about Winckelmann in words that will not be
clear to readers unfamiliar with his life, and may
be misleading. It picks examples that are open
to controversy. To me, at least, Pindar seems
a most unfortunate choice as a type of Greek
humanism. It is extravagantly severe on poor
Helen. It is unnecessarily uppish about such
amiable souls as Theocritus and Stevenson and
Lamb. It jars with a phrase like this: "A
world where the state was first and the individ-
ual nowhere," which is an obvious adaptation
of the famous words of Captain O'Kelley about
the performance of "Eclipse" at Epsom. It
even includes the following beautiful sentence
in a chapter that is lauding Greek truthfulness
and freedom from artificiality: "We seem in
their literature to watch the immediate image
of life, unrefracted by any disturbing medium,
just as to-day, off their coasts, the traveller some-
times sails over a sunken sarcophagus, and far
below him can see the carven figures on it, clear
and undistorted through the pellucid waters."
It does a hundred things,— and remains intel-
lectually profitable and stimulating, delightfully
written, and generously rich throughout.
Furthermore, I think, it does render fine and
genuine service in the connection I have tried
to suggest by the title and the opening para-
graph of this review. The day of supernatural-
ism may never pass for all mankind; but the
number of men and women who can no longer
see by its light and live by its breath is increas-
ing with startling rapidity. They seek their
revelation in human nature, their guidance in
reason and the experience of the race. And
Mr. Livingstone points out that the Greeks are
the only people who have conceived the problem
similarly, that their answer is the only one which
has yet been made. So we are turning back to
Greece, and beginning to understand what the
Greeks said and meant. We are ascertaining
their views, and in some cases accepting them.
Our author does not explicitly advocate any
form of what writers have been calling neo-
paganism; yet his work may easily incur such
a charge. Now, on the general question many
readers will agree with Mr. Chesterton's pithy
conclusion: "But if we do revive and pursue
the pagan ideal of a simple and rational self-
completion we shall end — where Paganism
ended. I do not mean that we shall end in de-
struction. I mean that we shall end in Christian-
ity." But writers like Mr. Livingstone and Mr.
G. Lowes Dickinson (in "The Greek View of
Life ") are not attempting to revive Paganism,
or Hellenism, or anything else. They are only
insisting, and insisting rightly, that the Greeks
faced many of our problems and have much to
tell our own generation as it stands before the
door of to-morrow. Fred B. R. Hellems.
The Comedy and Tragedy of an
ACTOR'S IilFE.*
The intimate and sometimes amusingly frank
self-revelations of Macready's private diaries,
now for the first time publicly printed with
scarcely any reservations or omissions, give them
that character of warm human interest and un-
mistakable naturalness that cannot but go far
toward reconciling the reader to the somewhat
formidable size of the two volumes in which these
diaries, between the years 1833 and 1851, are
presented by their editor, Mr.William Toynbee.
It is thirty-eight years since Sir Frederick
Pollock, one of Macready's executors, gave to
the world the actor's "Reminiscences and Se-
lections from his Diaries and Letters," and the
reasons that then made advisable a careful cen-
sorship of the wealth of material at the editor's
disposal have now lost their force. The eighteen
years covered by the present work are the most
interesting and eventful of Macready's life, the
period of his highest success in his calling;
and they are also interesting and eventful years
in the political, social, and literary history of
England. Earlier and later passages from the
actor's diaries are found in Pollock's book; but
before 1833 the entries are brief and compara-
tively unimportant, and after 1851 they exhibit
•The Diaries of William Charles Macready,
18X5-1851. Edited by William Toynbee. In two volumes.
With forty-nine portraits. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.


1913]
179
THE
DIAL
Macready in his retirement and busied chiefly
with family affairs. The "Reminiscences,"
covering the period from infancy to the age of
thirty-three, and the later letters that are pub-
lished with them, will serve as supplement to
Mr. Toynbee's work, and the two books together
present in sufficient completeness the famous
actor's four-score years (1793-1873). With
the addition of Mr. William Archer's succinct
and scholarly account of the man and his work,
in the " Eminent Actors " series, the whole story
of William Charles Macready's public and pri-
vate life would seem to have been told for all
time.
A few passages from his full and intimate
daily notes will depict the Irish actor's char-
acter better than any description from another
person. Piety and passion, outbursts of anger
and seasons of repentance, pride and humility,
the fine enthusiasm of one devoted wholly to
his art, and presently the dull prosiness of the
introspective moralist—these and other contra-
dictory qualities are to be found in the gifted
actor's portrait of himself. Though his grand-
father was a Dublin upholsterer and his father
an actor and afterward an unsuccessful theatre-
manager, young Macready was sent to Rugby
and was expecting to study for the bar when
his father's misfortunes compelled him to take
the shortest road to the succor of the distressed
family. Thus it came about that, as Mr.
Toynbee tells us,
"With the University and a learned profession in pros-
pect, he was suddenly transported into the squalid
atmosphere of a bankrupt provincial theatre which his
father, hitherto prosperous, was precariously directing,
shadowed by the sheriff's officer. To an aspiring and
highly sensitive public-school boy such a transition must
have been little less than torture. Worse, however, was
to follow, for after a few months' hopeless struggle, the
unfortunate manager disappeared behind the walls of
Lancaster gaol, leaving his son to face the situation
alone, a truly appalling plight for a lad of sixteen, with
practically no experience and not a shilling in the
treasury."
But he grappled with the difficulty in manly
fashion, took command of the stranded com-
pany, and contrived to hold it together until his
father regained his freedom and was able to re-
sume control. On the seventh of June, 1810,
the son made his first appearance on the stage,
in the part of Romeo, in which he " cut a gal-
lant and picturesque figure," and found himself
fairly launched on his course of forty years'
uninterrupted success as a favorite entertainer
of the theatre-going public. But it was a well-
earned success. On the very first page of the
present edition of the diaries we find an indica-
tion of the unremitting care he bestowed on the
study of his parte. Under date of January 2,
1833, he writes:
"My performance this evening of Macbeth afforded
me a striking evidence of the necessity there is for
thinking over my characters previous to playing, and
establishing, by practice if necessary, the particular
modes of each scene and important passage. 1 acted
with much energy, but could not (as I sometimes can,
when holding the audience in wrapt attention) listen
to my own voice, and feel the truth of its tones. It was
crude, and uncertain, though spirited and earnest; but
much thought is yet required to give an even energy
and finished style to all the great scenes of the play,
except perhaps the last, which is among the best things
I am capable of. Knowles is ravished with his own
acting, and the support it has met with. I wish I was
with mine."
A little later occurs one of the diarist's not
infrequent outbursts of disgust with his calling,
together with a scathing invective against critics
in general and the " Quarterly Review " editor in
particular. In his closing sentence Harriet
Martineau would have found joy, as would also
many others whom the mordant pen of Walter
Scott's son-in-law had stung to madness.
"I wish I were anything rather than an actor—except
a critic; let me be unhappy rather than vile! If I
meant by this that men who usually criticize are vile I
should convict myself of equal folly and injustice. It
is the assumption of the high duties of criticism (de-
manding genius and enthusiasm tempered by the most
exact judgment and refined taste) by mere dealers in
words, with no pretentions to integrity of purpose or the
advancement of literature, that disgusts and depresses
me. The sight of the Quarterly Review — the arena of
Croker, Lockhart, Harness, Hall, etc. — which H. Smith
has sent me, induced a train of thought upon the (so-
called) criticism of the country. Generally speaking it
takes its tone from faction. The most profound ignor-
ance is no obstruction to the most dogmatic assertions—
these are made, of course, on points that few persons
are interested in contradicting, or in seeing contradicted,
therefore they remain as texts for the declaimers from
the particular Review to preach from. It is really my
opinion that in the classification of minds such a one as
Lockhart's — hireling, defamer, corrupt (not by direct
means of pecuniary bribe, but by party and power),
malignant trader in sentences pointed to stab, and draw
by slow droppings the life-blood of a man's heart — is
of the base the basest."
Macready lived to see the mercilessly slash-
ing style of criticism go out of fashion, but it is
probable that he retained to the last a tongue
that could, on occasion, slash with the best of
the reviewers and critics. Again and again he
upbraids himself for giving vent to his anger.
"Oh passion! passion!" he exclaims, "what a
wretched, senseless, ruinous guide thou art!"
And in the same vein he descants more at length:
"How strange it is that our experience of the pain as
well as unprofitableness of passion should not teach us
the lesson of subduing it! How many times this morn-


180
[March 1,
THE DIAL
ing had I to accuse myself and reason myself out of
my wrath and impatience, as I drove along, because
Healey had brought me a slow coach instead of a fast
cab! If there be one folly more injurious to man than
another it is the senseless fury of anger."
This same senseless fury was responsible for
the hostile relations that grew up, or sprang up,
between Macready and so many of his friends
and associates, as Kean and Forrest, Charles
Kemble and Alfred Bunn, and numerous others.
Among the amiable diarist's minor foibles we
find that of late rising repeatedly censured by
him, though an actor might surely be pardoned
for hugging his pillow a little longer in the morn-
ing than other people. Rather amusing are such
entries as the following:
"Compunction is injurious if unproductive of improve-
ment; let my revision of this day enable me to be more
resolute in my resistance of future temptations, and teach
me for my own and my children's good the necessity of
blending activity with enjoyment. . . .
"I am again oalled upon to note down an instance of
my indolence and weakness; the reflections of yesterday
only expose me to further self-reproach to-day. I lay
in bed until a very late hour. As some atonement I
walked to town, redeeming part of the day from general
censure by using it in the wholesome exercise of the
body, which is the best use of time after employing it
in strengthening and invigorating our minds. . . .
"Could not get up when called this morning, so over-
come did I feel from want of sleep; all the coaches had
passed, and left me to make a virtue of necessity, which I
did by sending my cloak, etc., to town,and setting off in the
sharp air of the morning upon a most delightful walk."
He continues, in quite Pepysian vein, to describe
the exhilarating effects of his walk, his gratifica-
tion at being invited to take a seat in a very
neat gig by a gentleman who was driving to
town—an invitation that he thankfully declined,
as he was walking for exercise—and his pleas-
ure at the sight of several villagers wheeling
home the coal he had given them.
From that part of the record which describes
his American tour in 1843-4, a few passages
must be quoted. In New York, soon after
landing, he writes:
"Forrest called and took me out to see the reservoir
of the aqueduct; afterwards to see Mrs. Forrest. Dined
with Pierce Butler, Bryant, Mr. and Mrs. Longfellow.
Mrs. Butler's [Fanny Kemble's] conversation was such
that, had I been her husband I should observe
that Mrs. Butler spoke admirably well, but quite like
a man. She is a woman of a most extraordinary mind;
what she said on most subjects was true — the stern
truth, but what in the true spirit of charity should not
have been said in the presence of one who was obliged
to listen to it. Alas!"
At New Orleans five months later he writes:
"Last day of my engagement here! The thought
brings new animation to my spirits and comparative
quiet to my nerves. My labour is incessant, monoton-
ous, and with nothing in the character of my criticism
to stimulate me; the money and the thought of home
are the comforting reflections."
Again, in New York, on the eve of leaving our
shores, he writes, with a mingling of piety and
thrift:
"The anniversary of my opening the Park theatre, New
York, since when I find myself, with all expenses paid,
about £2,500 bettered in pecuniary circumstances, for
which I gratefully, devoutly and earnestly thank God."
Ten portraits of Macready, including six in
stage costume, and thirty-nine portraits of
friends and fellow-actors contribute the pic-
torial element of the volumes, and their thou-
sand or more pages of excellent reading matter
are fully indexed as well as sufficiently provided
with footnotes. Percy F. Bicknell.
Mr. Zangwill's New Play.*
The appearance of "The Next Religion " has
been eagerly awaited by the devoted company of
those who hold that n<s\.writer since Browning
has taken unto himselr	he entire wealth of
human culture with finetv sensitiveness of re-
sponse than Israel ZangwilK, His work is not
always of even texture; wtt«n the Almighty
planned Zangwill, He wrote upon the prescrip-
tion, "Fiat mixtura"—yet t^here be those
who believe that in "The Mantle of Elijah"
the author has given to the world the most
elevated novel of a generation; in " The Melt-
ing Pot" he has handled a world-problem with
masterful security; his brilliant modern play
"The War-God" sounds the clearest note of
. . . "duty—-
God's trumpet-answer to life's dreary riddlO-"
His internationalism qualifies him for his mis-
sion as a cosmopolitan mediator (it is perhaps not
generally known that the composer of the unusu-
ally successful American song, "I 'in Awfully
Glad I'm Irish" bears the name of Piantadosi).
Open to every stimulus throughout the whole
range of elaborated values, Mr. Zangwill has
sensed most debicately the richest dignities and
beauties of human life. He knows his classics
and his Church Fathers, he has compassed music,
history, painting, and the infinite messages of
nature: "the universe has passed through that
brain," even as in the case of his own Raphael
Dominick. In the midst of an appalling super-
ficiality among writers, he feels the life-and-
death earnestness of the struggle for spiritual
existence; his severe puritanism means more
because it is a part of the web of the most
* Thk Nkxt Religion. A Play in Three Acts. By
Israel Zangwill. New York: The Macniillan Co.


1913.]
181
THE DIAL
sumptuous civilization; he has given body to
the visions of those who yearn for a kingdom of
God on earth; he is a true poet and seer, of the
twentieth century.
Each of the three acts of "The Next Re-
ligion " is played against a most effective back-
ground: in the first, the scene is laid in a cosy
English country parsonage, in which the crisis
of the insurgent clergyman is developed with
telling strokes; in the second act we look into
the shabby quarters in the Whitechapel Road
where Stephen and his family are tasting all the
bitterness of poverty and failure; the last scene
shows the splendors of St. Thomas's Temple,
the cathedral of Stephen's "new religion," of
which he is the high-priest and prophet.
But all these scenic and dramatic features are
but merest incidents when it comes to confront-
ing the critical problem of our earth,
"This labouring, vast, Tellurian galleon,"
floundering in the welter of Islam, and Judaism,
and Christianity, — the insistent question as to
whether Christianity is still able to meet its
obligations: whether it should be wound up, or
should continue to do business in the hands of
receivers: it is to this ominous taking account
of the world's stock that Mr. Zangwill summons
us, and his " New Religion " comes as an answer
to a waiting which has not been short of pain-
ful: we trusted that it had been he which should
have redeemed Israel; if he were not to prove
the Moses to lead into a larger land, we had, at
least, every right to expect an open-eyed facing
of the whole matter.
Alas and alack! this cosmic drama must be
added to the large list of Jungle-Books which
lead nowhere. We had awaited a convincing,
universal synthesis, and at the beginning such
hopes are encouraged: "Yes, but the devil's
truth comes by denying—God's truth by affirm-
ing. From more faith, not from less! The next
religion will be larger than Christianity, not
smaller; harder, not easier." We have intima-
tions of deep spirituality, of triumphant faith:
"No lip-religion this, but life's central reality,
as clear as the sky, as real as the earth." It
promises to attack the "world's dirty work,"
but fails altogether to connect with the fierce dis-
persive ethics of to-day's labor-philosophy. It
certainly fails to show a religion which attests
or even hints at a significant, harmonized uni-
verse. Through twelve years the action con-
tinues, until Stephen, thanks to the money of a
clumsy British Philistine, is " Master," and "the
world at his feet"—one wonders why. As to
motives and action, we have an almost sardonic
blend of light and shade, of hope and despair.
The real "push" to the New Religion comes
from Mary, a pure-minded Christian reaction-
ary, a heroine who hangs like a millstone about
her husband's neck, and who by an opportune
miraculous prayer becomes a startling dea ex
machina at the moment of supreme tragic diffi-
culty, the whole situation seeming about as
incongruous here as the big engraving of a side-
wheeled ocean steamship which marks the close
of the third volume of St. Ambrose's writings
in the " Patrologia Latina." The representa-
tives of the protest against the Christian Church
and its teaching are sorry figures (even the good
Stephen) when not vulgar, selfish, or dissipated.
As to the fire-new Temple-cult, with Swinburne
as a stained-glass Saint (ein wunderlicher
JTeiligerf), its wax candles and golden candle-
sticks, its ever-burning taper before the portrait
of Sir Thomas McFadden, inventor of guns, to
say nothing of the sacristan in his "blue gown
with silver spots,"—these things may be con-
vincing and heartening to some souls—"credat
Iudaeus Apella; nonego."
Even the incidental cleverness is annoying in
its futility, and the dramatic tensity at the close
is painfully cheap. The play sedulously extrudes
all undigested objections to superseding Chris-
tianity, and from a sunny outlook leads to the
gloomiest fog. Mary's last outcry is against
Stephen's " miserable religion," and the oracular
Hal McFadden, M.D., M.R.C.S., etc., trans-
formed from a chaser of housemaids into a rep-
resentative of England's mature wisdom, delivers
the final counsel of despair: "Christianity can't
be improved on — the lesson was cheap at the
price. Good-bye." We fail to see that twelve
years of dramatic business have advanced the
matter one inch.
Possibly our American perspective is at fault,
and it may be impossible to overcome the diffi-
culties in estimating the relative values of these
things on British soil. It is sufficiently axio-
matic that a mortal insult in Illinois may be a
flattering compliment in Michigan, or the reverse.
But however baffled we may be in getting light
from Mr. Zangwill's message, our chief marvel
lies in the easy gullibility of England's Lord
Chamberlain: the Free Thinkers of our allied
Empire must surely have bribed him to forbid
the performance of "The Next Religion" in
Great Britain, for no conceivable document
could be better contrived for driving a whole
people, like a flock, into the untroubled fold of
the Holy Apostolic Christian Church.
James Taft Hatfield.


182
DIAL [March 1,
THE
A Concordance to Dante's
Latin Works.*
Concordances are growing in number and
favor. There is now a flourishing Concordance
Society. Everybody is familiar with one or
more biblical concordances. The earliest of
these were made to show that there is no incon-
sistency between one part of the Bible and
another. St. Anthony of Padua should be
regarded as the patron saint of concordance
makers, as tradition says that he made the first
biblical concordance. When Dr. E. A. Fay
published his Concordance of the Divina Com-
media, twenty-five years ago, the hope was
expressed that the venture might prove suffi-
ciently successful to encourage further efforts
in the same direction. Mr. Paget Toynbee gave
it as his opinion that a concordance to Dante's
minor works, Latin as well as Italian, would
undoubtedly do more for the elucidation of
Dante than half a dozen isolated commentaries,
there being no method more profitable than
making Dante his own interpreter. A concor-
dance of the minor Italian works, compiled by
Messrs. E. S. Sheldon and A. C. White, was
published in 1905. To complete the series,
Messrs. E. K. Band and E. H. Wilkins, assisted
by Mr. A. C. White, have recently published a
concordance of Dante's Latin works. In this
are included all the Latin works found in the
third edition of the Oxford text, 1904, namely,
the "Eclogae," "De monarchia," " De vulgari
eloquentia," "Epistolae," and "Quaestio de
aqua et terra."
A concordance is strictly a ready reference
book. The aim is always a practical one. It
has no interest for the mere amateur. It is to
aid the serious student in word study, the loca-
tion of a particular passage, or the comparison
of the different uses to which an author puts a
particular word. Its value is chiefly as a help
in the critical study of a text or an author.
Only the authors of highest rank can expect to
have the honor of a concordance awarded them.
Among English authors so honored are Burns,
Gray, Milton, Pope, Shakespeare, Shelley,
Tennyson, and Wordsworth. Comprehensive
indexes and dictionaries of various writers are
appearing from year to year, like the recent
Dickens, Kipling, Thackeray, and Zola diction-
aries; but these are mostly concerned with the
proper names occurring in the works of the
* Dantis Alaqherii operum latinorvm concordan-
tiae. Ediderunt E. K. Rand et E. H. Wilkins. New York:
Oxford University Press.
authors mentioned. One could not get much
assistance if he went to these guides for help on
the use of a special word, nor could he determine
the frequency of use of a particular expression
by consulting their pages. Thanks to the work
of Messrs. Fay, Sheldon and White, Band and
Wilkins, we now have three valuable aids to
the study of Dante's vocabulary,—helps to the
study of mediaeval Latin and early Italian as
used by the same master hand.
The maker of a concordance must have pa-
tience, industry, accuracy, leisure, and a sense
of orderly arrangement. Care is more essential
than originality, and there is a constant call for
the play of judgment in deciding what common-
place words not to index, or what to omit when
making a concordance to prose works, so that a
one-line extract can give a sense of the context
and usage of a particular word. A higher grade
of judgment is required to plan the arrangement
of all the material when collected. On the part
of the compiler, the work must be one of love
for the author, lest it turn to drudgery of the
most oppressive sort. All these qualifications
are amply possessed by the compilers of the new
Dante concordance. To them, as well as to the
Dante Society of Cambridge, to which is due
the first impulse, we extend congratulations on
the completion of a useful and laborious task
exceedingly well done.
Theodore W. Koch.
Personality in Criticism.*
The four volumes here grouped for review are
confessedly miscellanies, and it would be idle to
profess to find unity in any one of them, much less
in the group, unless it be in the circumstance that
they exemplify the power of personality in criticism.
None of them, that is to say, would have been
published without the author's name; each of them
finds its right to exist in the fact that a considerable
number of persons will care to know what its writer
has had to say about books. Two are posthumous;
and a third, that of Mr. Frederic Harrison, has also
a suggestion of posthumous quality, being primarily
made up of the reminiscences of an old—though,
happily, still thoroughly live — man.
The many friends of the late Dr. Watson may
hesitate to congratulate themselves on the publica-
* Books and Bookmen, and Other Essays. By Ian
Maclaren. New York: George H. Doran Co.
Posthumous Essays of John Chubton Collins.
Edited by L. C. Collins. New York: E. P. Datton & Co.
Among My Books. Centenaries, Reviews, Memoirs.
By Frederic Harrison. New York: The Macmillan Co.
Gateways to Literature, and Other Essays. By
Brander Matthews. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.


1913]
183
THE DIAL
tion of the volume called "Books and Bookmen."
The essay which supplies the title is indeed well
worth preserving, with its witty and undoubtedly
personal account of the temptations and falls of the
bibliolater. The other three were written as popular
lectures, and show something of the thinness, the want
of stuff, which is to be expected of such performances
if they appear unchanged in print,— an impression
strengthened by the fact that the whole book is an
example of the all too common contemporary prac-
tice of making,by judicious choice of type and paper,
a volume which should normally consist of a hun-
dred pages look like one of three hundred, and sell
for a corresponding price. The real worth of the
book, aa has already appeared, is in its appeal to
those who have known the genial Ian Maclaren or
heard him, and who will be glad of any memorial
of his personality. Such persons will perhaps turn
first to the lecture on Humour, which was repeatedly
delivered in this country. To the reader of this it
is even plainer than it must have been to the hearer
that Dr. Watson had nothing of independent value
to say about humour except where it touched his
own country and countrymen; but his account of
Scottish humour remains delightful, and furnishes a
valuable commentary on many of the "Brier Bush"
tales. It is characterized, we are told, by "a sense
of the underlying tragedy of things, of the contra-
dictions and mysteries of life, which have in them
a sad absurdity." And the admirable corollary is
this: "No man comes off so well at a wedding as an
Englishman, but none is so ill at ease at a funeral;
while a Scotsman has no freedom at a marriage, since
he does not know how the matter may end, but he
carries himself as to the manner born at a funeral."
Friends of the late Mr. Churton Collins, whose
criticism was not always distinguished for its gen-
iality, may also think it a doubtful tribute to collect
the manuscripts which make up the volume of his
"Posthumous Essays." These essays exhibit, to be
sure, the breadth of his interests and the fine back-
ground of literary experience which he justly com-
plained was so generally wanting in contemporary
criticism; but they show little of the trenchant vigor
of the " Ephemera Critica," and on the other hand
preserve many imperfections of form which their
author would never have permitted to find way into
print. The greater number were written for delivery
as popular lectures, and must be judged from the
standpoint of this purpose. Of this sort perhaps the
most satisfactory is the account of Emerson, whose
character is portrayed with finely discriminating
appreciation. The keynote of the interpretation
might be found in Mr. Collins's interesting state-
ment that Emerson combined some of the striking
qualities of Berkeley, Wordsworth, and Benjamin
Franklin.
It was always Mr. Collins's distinction to stress
more firmly the actual content of literature than is
the habit of those who have devoted themselves to
literature as a profession. Of this practice signifi-
cant examples are found in the essays on Words-
worth and Browning. Mr. Collins reacts strongly
against Matthew Arnold's contempt for the Words-
worthian philosophy, and holds that, the better we
know Wordsworth's poetry, the more shall we value
its actual contribution to the thought of the age.
Of Browning's religious philosophy his account is
the most substantial portion of the volume, being
presented in three essays with the alluringly myste-
rious titles, "Browning and Butler," "Browning
and Montaigne," and " Browning arid Lessing." To
have found close kinship between the theological
speculations of the authors of the "Analogy," the
"Essays," and the "LaocoiJn,"—Anglican divine,
Renaissance Catholic-skeptic, and eighteenth-century
German theorist,—must have been a rewarding in-
tellectual experience. Mr. Collins's further discern-
ing of parallels between all these and the vaguely
Christian idealism of Browning's poetry has already
been ridiculed as an example of his well-known taste
for literary resemblances,—viewed, as others have
believed, under a very strong microscope. In the
present instance, however, he was not so much con-
cerned with source-hunting or questions of influence
as with the kinship between superficially different
processes of justifying religious faith; and the paral-
lels he draws must be interesting to every student of
Browning. Whether Mr. Collins implicitly exagger-
ates the value of the several processes is a question
for theologian or philosopher.
Mr. Frederic Harrison's volume is even more a
miscellany than these others, containing, for example,
two exceedingly learned essays on Byzantine history
(one of them the Rede Lecture at Cambridge Uni-
versity, 1900), fortified with many footnotes, side
by side with comments of the most chatty character
on "Poets that I Love" and editions which are
pleasant to put in one's bag for a journey. It might
appear that Mr. Harrison, having undergone some
severe discipline in the field of history, values
scholarly method in connection with that subject;
whereas in the field of literature, having been always
an amateur, he is disposed to scorn other methods
than those of the amateur. At any rate he holds
that the " word of ill-omen known as Research hangs
upon literature like the microbe of Sleeping Sick-
ness," leading men to make books "by laborious
poking into charnel houses and dustbins of the past,
instead of by intelligent understanding of men and
things." Again, in matters of literary judgment he
warns us not to trust to experts, since a specialist
is necessarily limited in his outlook. Wherever art
is concerned, Mr. Harrison aspires to the same
catholicity which his Positivism has taught him in
matters of religion,—such an unprejudiced temper
as won for him the approval of Cardinal Newman,
he tells with gusto, as translator of the "Imitation
of Christ." "What I contend for," he says in the
essay on tragedy, "is respect for all great types of
art, and freedom from national, personal, or sectional
bias. 'Art is long,'—but inexhaustible." In one
direction, however, he refuses to extend the scope
of his appreciation. In a brief essay on Rodin he


184
[March 1,
THE DIAL
takes the great sculptor as typical of indefensible
tendencies in contemporary art, whose single aim,
apparently, "is to shock one's grandmother." After
the Victorian period, when "things were decorous,
refined, and conventional, because it was an age of
serious, decent, unimaginative men and women with
a turn for science, social reform, and making things
comfortable," came an incursion of morbid degen-
eracy characteristic of "the Scandinavian and Mon-
gol imagination," with a new cult, which might be
dubbed " Aischrolatreia—worship of the Ugly, the
Nasty, the Brutal." After indulging himself in this
healthy outburst, Mr. Harrison proceeds to discuss
more philosophically why sculpture is of all arts the
least fitted to the peculiar mannerisms of the age of
Rodin.
The real worth of these essays (barring those
based on historical learning) is again in the essay-
ist's personality: in the personality of that type of
amateur of literature which it is the special glory of
the English universities to produce. The six essays
which give the volume its title are frankly confined
to the rehearsal of the personal tastes of the writer,
as he goes about his library in old age and takes
account of what it contains that is still vital, still
beloved, after all the years. And is this, indeed,
not as valid a laboratory test as one is likely often
to have the chance of observing? On occasion we
may feel certain that some error of the personal
equation is implied,—as when Mr. Harrison exclaims
of Byron's Letters, "This is the finest prose in our
language"; or when he observes, "I care for Plato's
metaphysics as little as for the rhapsodical gammon
of Professor Bergson or Miss Marie Corelli" (which
does not keep him from reading his Plato "with
ever new delight"). But in general he is close enough
in touch with the judgment of the ages, of the orbis
terrarum, to make one certain that his guidance
among his books will be not only agreeable but
sound.
In turning to Professor Brander Matthews's essays
we leave reminiscence and retrospection for alert
contemporary criticism,—more worldly than acad-
emic, even if it be from the professorial chair. Two
matters of external detail will attract the attention
of one who picks up this volume. On the title-page
is a continental sort of appendage to the author's
name, —" Member of the American Academy of Arts
and Letters," reminding us of that to which we
have at length attained in the way of an hierarchy
of which earlier generations of Anglo-Saxon men of
letters idly dreamed. The other matter is reformed
spelling in the text, calling to mind Professor Mat-
thews's eloquent Bervice on behalf of the Spelling
Board, at whose pertinacity many of his friends
have scoft in vain. Letting pass these frivolities, one
finds a dozen essays on literature as various as the
works of Fenimore Cooper and of Anatole France,
all in the urbane and liberal tone which the accus-
tomed reader knows so well. To anyone interested
in the art of the essayist perhaps the outstanding
element in this collection is the theory and the prac-
tice of the French idea of critical style. In more
than one passage Professor Matthews refers to the
"Parisian tradition" of writing always for the gen-
eral reader,—of renouncing "overt individuality,"
and eschewing self-expression of a kind likely to
shock any person addressed; and nothing could be
plainer than that this is always the goal which he
sets before himself. The virtues of the method are
doubtless suitable for imitation on the part of any
young critic, but it has "the defects of its qualities."
When one has been led easily and gracefully through
fifty pages of the essayist's urbanities, he finds him-
self beginning to wish to be shocked in some fashion,
either by a really salient idea or a mannerism of
expression,—even if it be some extraordinary thrust
of personality in the manner of a Saintsbury. He
begins to weary, too, of the elegantly amateurish way
in which the abundant quotations from other critics
are introduced,—"It was a Frenchman who de-
clared"; "As Whitney once phrased it"; "It was
the wise Mommsen who called" etc.; "It was the
shrewd Bagehot who asserted"; "As Sidney Lanier
declared poetically." These instances are from a
half dozen pages,— pages guiltless, incidentally, of
any too scholastic footnote which might aid a thor-
ough reader to seek out a citation in its context. It
must have required much self-restraint on the part
of a scholar to so purge his method and style of the
dreadful German habit called grilndlichkeit. But
while we may be genuinely grateful to him for doing
so, we must regretfully admit that some of the merits
of grilndlichkeit — such as the sense that we have
really come to grips with the heart of the subject,
as distinguished from circumnavigating it appreci-
atively—have been lost at the same time with the
clumsiness of the German style.
Of the subjects discussed in this volume, perhaps
those to which the author makes the happiest con-
tributions are Familiar Verse, the Duty of Imitation
on the part of young writers, and Anatole France.
Another topic from which one hopes not a little is the
elusive question as to the indifference of English
readers to French poetry; but it is disappointing to
learn nothing of this beyond the familiar facts that
the French language lacks accent, lacks semi-tones,
and lacks Germanic root-words, though these are
restated with persuasiveness and charm. (On this
subject there is now available the recent and valuable
discussion of M. Legouis.) Perhaps least appealing,
to many readers, is a curious little essay called "The
Devil's Advocate," in which are brought together
"historic doubts " concerning the right of Johnson,
Ruskin, and Carlyle to a lasting place among great
writers. It will be seen that the real source of
unity in this grouping is in the common element of
alleged bad manners, together with the element of
exaggerated personality in style. But the devil's
advocate (quite properly, of course) is allowed to
forget such facts as that, while Dr. Johnson wrote a
very bad style, he also wrote a very fine one. Who
can read the closing words of the Preface to the
Dictionary, or many a passage in the Preface to


1913]
186
THE DIAL
Shakespeare, and believe that his influence as a
stylist was altogether "artificial and demoralizing"?
And as to lacking readers, there are signs of a new-
growth in this direction, of a new appreciation of
Johnson's sturdy sagacity and truthfulness,—witness
the recent lectures of Professor Walter Raleigh.
Here Mr. Churton Collins, in some pages that
exhibit sound appreciation not only of Johnson's
personality but of the substantial value of what he
wrote, probably conies much nearer than the devil's
advocate to representing the final judgment of the
court. Raymond Macdonald Alden.
A. French
study of
Chaucer.
Briefs on Nbw Books.
Students of Chaucer will rejoice in
the appearance in an English dress
(Dutton) of M. Legouis's valuable
biography of Chaucer, which appeared in Let grands
6crivains Strangers (Paris: Bloud et Cie., 1910).
We do not hesitate to pronounce it the most stimu-
lating and suggestive book on Chaucer, of its kind,
that has appeared in many years. M. Legouis brings
to his task exceptional qualifications: wide familiar-
ity with the literatures of both France and England;
a keen delight, we may believe, in the special type
of literature—narrative poetry—represented by
Chaucer; sympathy with the point of view of the
poet; and a distinctive and trenchant style. As a
Frenchman, too, he naturally pays much attention
to the style of the poet. He emphasizes the value of
the training Chaucer received from his close imita-
tion of the intricate verse forms of Machaut and his
contemporaries. The Roman de la Rose, "the great
poetical well" of the fourteenth century, was to
Chaucer even more than a school for style; it sup-
plied him with many thoughts, images, turns of ex-
pression. Indeed, recording as M. Legouis's book
does the results of the latest scholarship, it differs
from earlier works in representing Chaucer as far
more of a borrower than was formerly supposed to
be the case. It is not merely that he borrows plots
and motifs, as did everybody in those days and for
a long time afterward; it is not that he echoes many
a line, and phrase, and bon mot, stored up by a re-
tentive memory through years of absorbed reading;
it is indeed the very essence of French poetry that
he reproduces—the pure, even tone of the trouvhres,
the simplicity, the restraint, the sober sense, betoken-
ing the firm control of mind over feeling, which
were distinguishing traits of the old French poets
and which, in M. Legouis's opinion, serve to set off
Chaucer's poetry in such sharp contrast with that
of his English predecessors that to pass from one to
the other seems like going into a different world.
It is natural that a Frenchman should be the first
to appreciate this fully and set it forth in telling
fashion. Yet the author by no means belittles the
genius of the English poet; nor is there any undue
display of patriotism in his description of Chaucer's
French debt. He represents Chaucer indeed as a
very human poet, who never poses as a mentor, but
would always be looked upon as "a good-natured
companion always ready to make place for some-
body else," and who very quickly makes himself our
friend. Yet he contends that Chaucer marks a dis-
tinct advance, which may be characterized as a
progress of the intelligence: a weakening of passion
based on self-confidence, a keen pleasure in observ-
ing men as they are, a willingness to portray average
humanity. "He leads the group of amused and
good-natured observers who will accept as a fact the
motley fabric of society, without wishing to dye to
a uniform colour the many strands that compose it."
Thus he becomes the first, as he is not the least, of
the realists. M. Lailavoix as a translator has ac-
quitted himself well. Occasionally he has made a
foreigner's slip in idiom, as e.g., when he says that
the Wife of Batli "must be put on the same rank
with Panurge and Falstaff" (p. 175); but such in-
stances are rare. Some will regret that he has not
thought it necessary to translate M. Legouis's care-
ful analysis (sixty-four pages) of "The Canterbury
Tales"; but as partial compensation for this omis-
sion we have a well-written preface of thirty pages
in which the translator himself sums up French
knowledge and opinions of Chaucer, deriving his
facte chiefly from Miss Spurgeon's work. We have
noted one or two misprints: p. 5, in the quotation
read floytinge; p. 118, 1. 6 f.b., read Robert K.
Root; p. 119, read De Casibus Virorum, etc. The
frontispiece portrait of Chaucer, reproduced from
the Occleve MS. now owned by Mr. Munro, comes
out much better than it does in the French edition.
Beroton't own Two translations of Henri Bergson's
I'o'hu own"1 "Introduction a la Me'taphysique"
phiiotophy. are published almost simultaneously
under the respective titles of ''An Introduction to
Metaphysics" (Putnam) in a rendering made by
Mr. T. E. Hulme, and "The Introduction to a New
Philosophy" (Luce) translated by Mr. Sidney Litt-
man. Mr. Hulme's translation has the very decisive
advantage of having been revised in proof by M.
Bergson, and further advantage was taken of that
fact to make several changes in the presentation of
the subject. And apart from this, Mr. Hulme's trans-
lation is the more exact of the two. On the other
hand Mr. Littman's volume includes a portrait of
Bergson, which may be a consideration with some
admirers of the French philosopher. The reader
should not surmise from the original title that the
author has written a general textbook. He simply
gives us in these pages the basis upon which his own
philosophy is built. Briefly, his argument is that
the intellect, working as it does for practical ends,
in the interests of the control of matter, tends to dia-
gram everything, to specialize on the fixed and the
expected features of reality; and then, when it be-
gins to speculate, it takes the diagrams of reality for
reality itself. From this tendency come the errors
of the conflicting schools of philosophy, which have


186
[March 1,
THE DIAL,
all failed to see that the reality of life is a continual
becoming, a flow which will not stop and mould itself
on the categories of the understanding. This flow,
says Bergson, cannot be described in the static terms
of the intellect any more than grey can be described
—to a man who has never seen it—in terms of black
and white, although after it is once seen it can be
analyzed into those terms. To comprehend reality
then, we must use a faculty of direct perception,—
an intuition which is behind, and more fundamental
than, intellectual understanding. There is nothing
mysterious about that faculty, says Bergson. "Every
one of us has had occasion to exercise it to a cer-
tain extent. Any one of us, for instance, who has
attempted literary composition, knows that when
the subject has been studied at length, the materials
all collected, and the notes all made, something more
is needed in order to set about the work of composi-
tion itself, and that is an often very painful effort to
place ourselves directly at the heart of the subject,
and to seek as deeply as possible an impulse, after
which we need only let ourselves go. . . . Meta-
physical intuition seems to be something of the same
kind. What corresponds here to the documents
and notes of literary composition is the sum of the
observations and experiences gathered together by
positive science. For we do not obtain an intuition
from reality — that is, an intellectual sympathy with
the most intimate part of it—unless we have won its
confidence by a long fellowship with its superficial
manifestations." This last sentence should be an
answer to those who have ridiculed the Bergsonian
method on the ground that it exalted an alleged
mystical faculty above positive science.
The crowded life The fecord. of J°hn Wesley's strenu-
o/ a great ous life, with its thousands of miles
religious leader. 0f yeariy travel and its incessant
preaching to audiences of humble hearers, is fairly
equalled by the crowded chronicle of General Will-
iam Booth's gospel labors from the sixteenth year of
a life that exceeded the Psalmist's limit by thirteen
years. "The Authoritative Life of General William
Booth, Founder of the Salvation Army," by Mr. G. S.
Railton, the General's First Commissioner, comes
seasonably from the press within six months of the
famous religious leader's death. Like Wesley and
like Fox, William Booth had to maintain his cause
against great public opposition, and like them he
knew no such word as defeat. The fruit of his cour-
age and enthusiasm was a religious organization ex-
tending to every part of Great Britain and to half
a hundred other countries as well. That so frail a
form, sustained by a diet incredibly meagre in its
proportions, could have borne the burden of work
and travel put upon it, especially in later years, ex-
cites wonder and admiration. It was the sustaining
power of a high and unselfish purpose that carried him
through. In his biographer he is fortunate to have
a man more intimately familiar with the details of
his life and work than anyone outside his immediate
family. Mr. Railton freely supplements his narra-
tive with extracts from Booth's journals and letters
and published writings. Characteristic of Mr. Booth
and in harmony with the plan of the biography is
the omission of those details which, while of less
moment than the successive steps in the evangelist's
rise to world-wide recognition and in the recruiting
of his great army of religious workers, would have
pictured the man to us more vividly as a human
being and would have imparted variety to the narra-
tive. For instance, while the General tells us much
about his six weary years of apprenticeship at Not-
tingham and his subsequent period of irksome toil
in London, he seems not to think it worth while, or
of any interest to the reader, to explain in what his
labors consisted. We fail to find any mention of
the trade to which he was apprenticed, the fact of
his conversion in the course of that apprenticeship
overshadowing in its importance all less spiritual
concerns. As a record of evangelistic toil and
achievement, and as a history of the Salvation
Army, the book is all that could be desired. It is
well illustrated, and a useful chronological table is
added. (George H. Doran Co.)
Etiav'bytht "Anecdotes and entertainment,
wife of a rather than severe speculations, his-
famout enavitt. torical and social, are the farrago
libelli — the burden of the book," writes Andrew
Lang in a prefatory note to his wife's volume of
collected papers, "Men, Women, and Minxes"
(Longmans). Eighteen diverting studies in biog-
raphy and literature and the philosophy of life, some
of them dating back a quarter of a century, were
chosen in Mr. Lang's lifetime by himself and Mrs.
Lang from her contributions to various periodicals,
and were in press for book publication at the time
of his death. It is a severe test for a woman writer
to be compared with so brilliant a literary crafts-
man as was Andrew Lang; but the comparison
is inevitable, and in truth implies a compliment,
for di88imilars are never compared, but rather con-
trasted. Something of her husband's lightness of
touch, something of his command of a wide range
of curious reading, and something of his fondness
for the frequent unexpected or humorous turn of
thought, are perceptible in Mrs. Lang's pages. She
treats, with equal facility, "A Poseuse of the
Eighteenth Century "—namely, Madame de Genlis,
—"The Social Records of a Scotch Family," " Pit-
falls for Collectors," " Rousseau's Ideal Household,"
"Morals and Manners in Richardson," "Two Cen-
turies of American Women," "Other People's
Friends," and various other topics. But in her
"Trials of the Wife of a Literary Man," in which
she ought to speak with authority, she pictures that
woman's lot as too unendurable to be true; she makes
the literary husband talk " shop "and ride his hobby
to the point of utter weariness, whereas the surpris-
ing and refreshing thing about the best of literary
men—about Browning and Thackeray and Scott and
William Black, and dozens more—is their unaffected
delight in escaping from the subjects associated with


1913]
187
THE DIAL
their bread-winning pursuits. Can it be that the late
A. L. was such a prig and pedant as these "trials"
would have us believe the average literary man to
be? Impossible!
a, .st.. •„ One of the main authorities depended
bturttet in . . » ,
primitive upon by the trerman critic, Arthur
Christianity. Drews, in his attack upon the doctrine
of an historical Jesus, was Dr. William Benjamin
Smith of Tulane University, a mathematician by
vocation but a theologian by avocation, who had
independently reached the same conclusion as the
German scholar, — that Jesus was not an historical
personage. The book in which Professor Smith's
conclusions were set forth in detail, "Ecce Deus:
Studies in Primitive Christianity" (Open Court Co.),
was originally written in German and published in
Germany — probably owing to the fact that a work
of such character is not only more sure of general
welcome there, but because the judgment of the
author's peers on his work must be a German judg-
ment. Now the book comes, in enlarged form, to
the English reader, after its ground has been pre-
pared by the wide discussion of the recent English
translation of Drews's book. While the general
consensus of opinion is against both scholars in
their contention, the fact must be apparent even to
their opponents that they have done good service in
clearing away from the figure of Christ much that
is undoubtedly unhistorical and misleading. Pro-
fessor Smith's discussion of such points as the in-
terpolated references to Jesus in the writings of
Josephus, for instance, is a matter of general interest
to believers and non-believers alike. Stated posi-
tively, Professor Smith's thesis is that primitive
Christianity was the evangel of a Saviour-God, con-
ceived monotheistically, and described in symbolic
terms which afterward came to be interpreted as
referring to the man Jesus. His work, therefore,
is not to be regarded as an attack on Christianity,
but simply as an alternative explanation of its origin
and growth.
Later memories M'' Henrv .M.ayerS Hyndman's
of an Engiith "Further Reminiscences" (Macmil-
publicist. lan) formg a sequel to his "Record
of an Adventurous Life," which came out two years
ago and attracted attention by its variety of interest
and liveliness of style. That book brought the
writer's life down to 1889; the present volume con-
tinues the discursive narrative to the year just ended.
Social and economic questions naturally claim the
lion's share of space in the pages of this energetic
social-democrat, but literary topics also find a place,
and among literary celebrities Mr. Bernard Shaw,
with whom Mr. Hyndman is evidently on intimate
terms, receives most frequent mention. As a sample
of the book's engaging manner, and in illustration
of its author's out-spoken partisanship on any ques-
tion, small or great, that presents itself for discus-
sion, the following passage is worth quoting. "But
a propos of that albuminous repast of his, what a
pity it is that Shaw should have stunted the natural
growth of his mind and racked his intellect to fiddle-
strings by his confoundedly inappropriate diet. Why
has Shaw no pathos? How is it he is destitute of
poesy? What makes his humour comparatively
thin? Why do his dramas tend to peter out at their
latter end? I say it with all confidence and certi-
tude: because his food is not suited to our damnable
climate, and his drink does him no good. In Sicily,
or Tasmania, at Santa Barbara, Cape Town or
Copiapd these vegetarian vagaries may be pardon-
able, though I should be sorry to try them on myself
even there. But in England and in London, to say
nothing of Ireland and Dublin, they are a sheer
tempting of Providence to reduce a man to his lowest
possible common denominator." Here, then, at last
we have pathos and poesy traced to their source in
beef and ale. The book is full of good things, almost
as good as beef and ale, but it does not abound in
pathos and poesy—which, however, the reader will
not look for.
Mr. Hugh Childers, who died last
m7dtrn'l*M,. ™m™T' completed shortly before his
death the manuscript of a collection
of historical studies entitled '* Romantic Trials of
Three Centuries," now published by John Lane Co.
The twelve cases selected for discussion were tried
between the years 1650 and 1850. They are very
unequal in interest and importance. Disraeli's early
libel suit has relatively no significance, except such
as attaches to the smallest of a great man's doings
and sufferings; and the Lyons Mail mystery,
although the case is worked out by the author with
enthusiastic thoroughness, falls somewhat out of the
cadre, being as it is the only matter treated which
has nothing to do with England or English proced-
ure. Each one of the others touches on some inter-
esting phase in the development of English criminal
law. The trial of Elizabeth Canning for perjury,
to instance one of them, was the first "of those
elaborately conducted criminal trials in which no
time or expense is spared on either side, and in which
all the characteristics of English criminal law are
seen at their best." That of William Penn for street
preaching, to name another, first established defini-
tively the right of juries to acquit, without reference
to the attitude of the judge. Mr. Childers was so
thoroughly interested in his cases that the reader's
interest is not likely to flag,— even when, as in the
matter of the Lyons Mail, he presents the slightly
varying evidence of witness after witness with a per-
sistency that grows fatiguing and confusing. In such
easily followed and thrillingly interesting trials as
that of the unfortunate "macaroni parson " Dodd,
his narrative makes a powerful appeal even to the
reader who has little interest in legal minutiae.
That Mr. Kendall Banning is a ver-
^arZTvein. "»tile young writer is evidenced by
the simultaneous publication, under
the auspices of the Brothers of the Book, Chicago,
of two booklets as widely different in contents as
"The Squire's Recipes " and "The Love Unend-


188
[March 1,
THE
DIAL
ing." The former, irreverently known as "the booze
book," pretends to be a collection of recipes for the
concoction of a dozen alluring and insidious drinks,
as originated by one Calvin Banning, the author's
putative ancestor. It masquerades as a reprint of a
pamphlet dated Sudbury, 1784, and the mystification
is effectively carried out by the employment of old-
fashioned typographical devices. As for the recipes,
they sound good, and will probably be found good
by those who venture to follow them. Mr. Banning's
other booklet is a collection of four sonnets, dedi-
cated to the memory of "the wife of my youth." We
quote the one called " Communion."
"No circumstance of death shall part us twain:
My love for thee is not hut for a day;
But sometime, somehow, ever and for aye,
Mine arms shall hold thee to mine own again.
Time shall not enter unto love's domain;
Men, creeds and worlds and gods, in grim array,
Like chaff before the storm, shall sweep away,
And death shall die. But love, our king, shall reign.
Somewhere, between the black, abysmal night
That broods in silence, endless and profound
Below the thunders of the seventh hell,
And heaven's utmost high celestial height,
Where perfect love by perfect peace is crowned
My soul shall find thee. And the rest is well."
The undeniable beauty of this sonnet is matched in
the other three. And a photogravure of Watts's
"Love and Death " provides a frontispiece in exqui-
site keeping with the emotion of the poems.
Net* light on the In rescuing from oblivion the names
exploration of of four Virginian explorers (Wood,
the Ohio vaiiev. Batts, Fallani, and Needham), and
establishing by their narratives the fact that the
actual discovery of the Trans-Allegheny region was
made by the English and not by the French, a
notable addition to the history of North American
exploration has been made by Messrs. Clarence
Wadsworth Alvord and Lee Widgood, whose vol-
ume embodying this result is published by the
Arthur H. Clark Co. under the title, "The First
Explorations of the Trans-Allegheny Region by the
Virginians, 1650-1674." It is singular enough
that two such painstaking historians as Francis
Parkman and Justin Winsor should have denied
the authenticity of these discoveries; but as the most
essential link in the chain of evidence—Abraham
Wood's letter describing the journeys of Needham
and Arthur—was buried in the Public Record
Office in London, there is perhaps some excuse for
their mistake. To complete the story, the editors
have brought together in this volume not only several
documents that had never before seen the light, but
also some that had already been published. None
of these latter, however, were readily accessible. Not
the least valuable part of the work is the full and
scholarly introduction, in which the editors succeed
in throwing a very clear light not only upon the lives
and achievements of the discoverers, but also upon
the circumstances and conditions that impelled them
to cross the mountains—the first pathfinders in the
restless and resistless movement toward the west. A
bibliography and an analytical index, two features
often enough missing in works of this character,
add materially to the value of the book from the
student's point of view.
A new volume "Thi8 ™d That and the Other"
of Mr. Belloc'> (Dodd) is a new volume of essays by
divertiotu. an English author who needs no
introduction. Mr. Hilaire Belloc—the versatile, irre-
sponsible, prolific, altogether likable Mr. Belloc —
is particularly beloved by those who are not attracted
by the essayists of paradox and the essayists of
aesthetic culture. In his latest book, which differs
from its predecessors mainly in the title (and not
conspicuously even in that respect), we have a new
fund of mirth, sobriety, and sentiment, a thisness
and thatness and otherness as diversified and in-
structive as those of the world itself; pedants,
atheism, inns, crooked streets, the love of England,
the obituary notice, are some of the forty subjects
dealt with. "On Knowing the Past" is a title that
symbolizes Mr. Belloc's habit, which distinguishes
him from most American essayists, of looking to
former ages for inspiration and guidance.
BRIEFER MEN TION.
"Poems and Stories by Bret Harte" (Houghton),
edited by Mr. Charles Swain Thomas, is a welcome
addition to " The Riverside Literature Series." Seven-
teen poems and five stories are included, while the
editor has supplied notes, questions, and an introduction.
Professor Albert H. Tolman's " Questions on Shake-
speare," published at the University of Chicago Press,
is a series of pamphlets, each devoted to a single play,
which provides the teacher with a wealth of material in
the shape of information, suggestion, and questions for
discussion in class. It is a very helpful publication.
Mr. Henry Frowde publishes, in two volumes, a
translation, made by Mr. Edward Kershaw Francis, of
the Latin lectures on poetry, delivered in 1832-41 by
John Keble, when he held the professorship of poetry
at Oxford. They are a welcome and highly important
addition to the literature of literary criticism in English.
Adam Lindsay Gordon is probably the best known of
Australian poets, and it is no slight tribute to his fame
that an American publisher should have thought it safe
to venture an edition of his complete poems. This is
what the Messrs. Putnam have done, and the volume, a
very attractive one, is edited by Mr. Douglas Sladen.
It includes several pieces never before printed.
The second publication of The Happy Publishing
Company (London) is a little brochure entitled "Religion
and Fairyland," whose thesis aims to show that the funda-
mental human need for a fairy land,— a "beyond,"—
is "the raw material of all religion, and perhaps of all
philosophy and art as well." The binding of the little
book is dainty and unusual. Miss Edith M. Jewson is
its author.
Lamb's essay on " Old China," dear to every votary
of Elia, has been reprinted in an exquisite little River-
side Press Edition by the Houghton Mifflin Co. Several
quaint decorations in blue from Japanese ceramic designs


1913.]
189
THE DIAL.
embellish the twenty-odd pages; and the old-fashioned
paper boards, in blue and white, which enclose the book-
let strike a pleasant and appropriate note. It is indeed
what Lamb himself would have called a "delicate
edition."
The "Guide to the Study and Reading of American
History " (Ginn), prepared by Professors Edward Chan-
ning, A. B. Hart, and F. J. Turner, is a revised and
greatly augmented form of a work published in 1896 by
the first two of the editors named. It now constitutes
a working bibliography which places every student of
the subject under a deep debt of gratitude.
Mr. Robert H. Bradbury has prepared "An Inductive
Chemistry " (Appleton) which lives up to its name in its
order of topics and method of their treatment. It be-
gins with sulphur and the sulphides, an opening which
has manifest advantages. The subjects of the kinetic
theory of matter, the atomic theory, valence, and the
periodic law, are introduced when the time comes to
take them up, instead of being forced upon the unpre-
pared mind as an introduction to the subject. A series
of eight portrait illustrations, from Scheele to Fischer,
adds materially to the interest of the book.
So nearly ideal in form and make-up is the "Golden
Treasury Series " (Macmillan) that we have long thought
a poet could ask no better favor of the future than that
his work should be enshrined in one of these little blue
and gold volumes. William Allingham is the latest
poet to gain admittance to the series. Although known
chiefly by his two children's songs, " Up the airy moun-
tain" and *' Good-bye, good-bye to Summer," which
appear in every anthology, Allingham wrote much that
will always find favor among serious poetry-lovers.
The present selection from his work has been made by
Miss May Allingham. A photogravure portrait of the
poet is included by way of frontispiece.
A uniform library edition of the works of Sir Gilbert
Parker, to be completed in eighteen volumes, has been
planned by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons. The edi-
tion is known as the "Imperial," and is similar in form
to the other subscription sets of modern authors issued
by this house. The first volume of the set, "Pierre
and His People," contains a general introduction by
the author, and each volume has a special introductory
article concerning the book that follows. The other
volumes now at hand are "A Romany of the Snows,"
"Northern Lights," and "Mrs. Falchion." These
books of Sir Gilbert's earlier years will prove a pleas-
ant revelation to the host of those who know him only
by the recent novels that have made him so widely
popular a writer.
Public libraries in Australia have not yet caught up
with the needs of the Australians, but it is a new coun-
try and the library idea must be allowed time to grow.
Among those who are doing good work in fostering its
growth is Mr. £. Morris Miller, librarian of the Mel-
bourne Public Library and chairman of the Provisional
Committee of the recently formed Library Association
of Victoria. A well-considered treatise on "Libraries
and Education" comes from his hand, being the out-
growth of a series of lectures lately delivered by him.
The pamphlet treats of the relations of libraries to edu-
cation, in six sub-sections; of school libraries and read-
ing, in the same number of subordinate chapters; of the
university library; and of schools and libraries. The
references show the author to be a careful reader of
English and American library literature, and no stranger
to German and French.
Notes.
A book on "Enjoyment of Poetry," by Mr. Max
Eastman, is announced by Messrs. Scribner.
An account of "The Life and Times of Calvin" by
L. Penning, a Dutch writer, will be published immedi-
ately by Messrs. E. P. Dirtton & Co.
Mr. Bliss Carman is engaged in the preparation of an
"Oxford Book of American Ver'se," planned as a com-
panion volume to Mr. Quiller-Couch's well-known
anthology of English poetry.
Mark Twain's life in Bermuda has been made the
subject of a volume by Miss Elizabeth Wallace, which
Messrs. A. C. McClurg & Co. announce under the title,
"Mark Twain and the Happy Island."
"English Criticism" by Professor J. W. H. Atkins,
and "English Dramatic Poetry" by Professor Felix
Schelling, are two important volumes soon to appear in
Messrs. Button's "Channelsof English Literature "series.
Mr. Humfrey Jordan, who will be remembered as
author of "The Joyous Wayfarer," one of the most
distinctive of last year's novels, has completed a new
story entitled "Patchwork Comedy," which Messrs.
Putnam will publish late this month.
Another of Mr. John Masefield's long narrative poems
is the principal feature of " The English Review " for
February. "The Daffodil Fields" is its title. An
interesting discussion of "Phonetics and Poetry," by
Mr. Lascelles Abercrombie, also appears in this issue.
"The Price of Inefficiency," by Mr. Frank Koester,
is an analysis and criticism of our national conditions,
to be published this spring by the Sturgis & Walton Co.
This firm has also in press a new novel by Mr. John
Fleming Wilson, entitled "The Princess of Sorry
Valley."
Charles Major, a novelist of wide popular repute, died
at his home in Shelbyville, Ind., on February 13. His
first book, "When Knighthood Was in Flower," had an
enormous sale at the time of its publication, fifteen years
ago. Eight novels have appeared from his pen since
that time.
Mr. John Muir's " Story of My Boyhood and Youth,"
which has been the most interesting of recent "Atlantic"
features, will be published in book form this month by
Houghton Mifflin Co. This house has also in press a
new volume by Mr. Enos A. Mills, to be entitled "In
Beaver World."
Three books of serious interest soon to be published
by Mr. B. W. Huebsch are the following: "The Dis-
covery of the Future," by Mr. H. G. WeHs; « Syndi-
calism, Industrial Unionism, and Socialism," by Mr.
John Spargo; and "The Truth about Socialism," by
Mr. Allan L. Benson.
In Mr. James Huneker's forthcoming volume, "The
Pathos of Distance: A Book of a Thousand and One
Moments," will be discussed such subjects as "The Later
George Moore," " The Celtic Awakening," "In Praise
of Fireworks," " The Artist and His Wife," and "Brown-
ing among his Books."
"The Drift of Romanticism," a new series (the
eighth) of Mr. Paul Elmer More's " Shelburne Essays,"
is announced for early issue by Houghton Mifflin Co.
Other books of literary interest to be published this
spring by the same house are the following: "The En-
glish Lyric," by Professor Felix A. Schelling; "Youth
and Life," a collection of "Atlantic" essays by Mr.
Randolph .S. Bourne; "Goethe's Key to Faust," by Mr.


190
[March 1,
THE
DIAL
William Page Andrews; and "Strange Stories from the
Lodge of Leisures," translated from the Chinese by
Mr. George Soulie*.
The Committee on Research Institute is collecting in-
formation about bibliographical material and indexeskept
in manuscript by libraries and individuals. Those who
have in their possession or know of the whereabouts of any
such material, are asked to communicate with Mr. Aksel
G. S. Josephson, care the John Crerar Library, Chicago.
Two volumes by the late John Bascom, for many
years a frequent contributor to The Dial, are an-
nounced for spring publication by Messrs. Putnam.
One of these, entitled "Things Learned by Living,"
is a sort of spiritual biography of a life lived on the
highest intellectual and ethical levels; the other book
is a collection of " Sermons and Addresses."
The April number of the "American Historical
Review" (Macmillan) will contain the full text of the
address on "History as Literature" which Colonel
Roosevelt delivered on December 27 before the Ameri-
can Historical Association as president of that body; as
well as the papers read before the same association by
Mr. Charles Francis Adams, Professor J. W. Thomp-
son, and Professor W. E. Doild.
Among the more important books on the Spring list
of Messrs. D. Appleton & Co. are the following: "All
the Days of My Life," an autobiography by Mrs.
Amelia £. Barr; the eighth and concluding volume of
"A History of the People of the United States," by
Professor John Bach McMaster; "The Psychology of
Laughter," by Professor Boris Sidis; "The Flowery
Republic," an account of the revolution in China, by
Mr. Frederick McCormick; "French Prophets of Yes-
terday," by Professor Albert Leon Guerard; "Woman
and To-morrow," by Mr. W. L. George; « The Vatican,"
by Rt. Rev. Edmond Canon Hugues de Ragnau and
Gaston Jollivet; "The Social Meaning of Education,"
by Professor Irving King; "Certainty and Justice," by
Mr. Frederic R. Coudert; and "The Social Center,"
edited by Mr. Edward J. Ward.
Topics in Leading Periodicals.
March, 191S.
Administration, Changing the. F. J. Haskin. Everybody's
Agriculture, Illinois, Permanency in. B. E.
Powell Rev it w of Reviews
Alabama Claims, Arbitration of. W. C. Church Century
Americanisms—What They Are Not. Thomas R.
Lonnsbury Harper
Americans and Europeans. Maurice F. Egan . . Century
Aretic, My Quest in the—IV. Vilhjalmur
Stefansson Harper
Asia, The Gift of. Claude Bragdon Forum
Atonement. Josiah Royee Atlantic
Balkan Diplomacy. J. Irving Manatt. Review of Reviews
Balkan Thunderbolt, The. Frederick Palmer. Everybody's
Barn-door Outlook, A. John Burroughs .... Harper
Bosphorus, Gardens of the. H. G. Dwight . . Scribner
British Politics, Chaos of. Sydney Brooks . . No. Amer.
Broadhurst, Addison, Master Merchant — III.
Edward Mott Woolley World's Work
Bryant, Morse's Portrait of. Annie N. Meyer . Bookman.
Caldwell, "Jim": Cobperator — III. Frank P.
Stockbridge World's Work
China, The Trade of. James D. Whelpley . . . Century
Churches, Rural, Some Successful. Fred
Eastman World's Work
Cleveland and His Cabinet at Work. H. A. Herbert Century
Coates, Florence Earle. W. S. Braitliwaite . . Lippincott
Collins, Wilkie, Unpublished Letters of . . . Bookman
Courts and Legislative Freedom. G. W. Alger . Atlantic
Dalmatia, Picturesque. Robert Hichens . . . Century
Detective Fiction, Supreme Moments of. Burton E.
Stevenson Bookman
Eugenics and the Child. Norman Barnesby . . . Forum
Federal Jobs, The Race for. R.W. Woolley. World's Work
France, Public Ownership in. P. Leroy-Beaulien N. Amer.
Freedom, The New—IU. Woodrow Wilson. World's Work
French, The, in the Heart of America — V.
John Finley Scribner
French Presidency, The. James W. Garner . No. Amer.
Frenoh Women Writers of To-day. Marie Fontaine. Bookman
Gold Supply, Investor and. E. S. Mead . . . Lippincott
Great Lakes, Traffic on the. Edward Hungerford. Harper
Grub Street Problem, The—I. Algernon Tassin. Bookman
Health and Horse-Power. Woods Hutchinson . American
Health Pilot, A City. F. P. Stockbridge . World's Work
Hearn, Lafcadio: A French Estimate. Michael
Monahan Forum
Home and Family. J. Walter Gapp .... American
Home, The Changing. Inez Milholland .... McClure
Ireland, A Nation in. Darrell Figgis Forum
Irony, The Life of. Randolph S. Bourne . . . Atlantic
Japanese Painting. Henry P. Bowie Scribner
Jefferson and Wilson: A Record and a Forecast No. Amer.
Jewish Invasion of America. B. J. Hendrick . . McClure
Lead Menace, The. Gordon Thayer .... Everybody's
Libraries, American, and the Investigator. Herbert
Putnam North American
"Macleod, Fiona," A Note on. B. Bancroft . . Bookman
Merrick, Leonard, Impressions of. A.B.Maurice. Bookman
Money Trust, The. Thomas W. Lawson . . Everybody's
Montessori Movement in America. Ellen Stevens. McClure
Morgan Art Collection, The. Ernest Knaufft. Rev. qf Revs.
Moro and Pagan, Commercial Awakening of. John
P. Finley . .' North American
Motor Car and Its Owner. Albert L. Clough. Rev. of Revs.
Mt. Wilson Observatory, Work of. George E.
Hale World's Work
Music, Nationalism in. Redfern Mason .... Atlantic
New York, Impressions of—11. Pierre Loti . . Century
Panama, Government Socialism in. J. B. Bishop. Scribner
Philosophy, Western, Playboy of. J. G. Huneker . Forum
Plays of Real Life. Willa Sibert Cather . . . McClure
Politics, Changing Focus in. Walter Lippmann . Forum
Presidential Inaugurations, Four Critical. William
B. Hale World's Work
Public Utilities and Policy. Theodore N. Vail . . Atlantic
Publisher's Reader, The. Calvin Winter . . . Bookman
Railway Accidents, American. H. T. Wade. Rev. qf Revs.
Railway Wrecks—Why They Increase. A. W.
Atwood American
Republican Party, Passing of the. F. E. Leupp . Atlantic
Scarlet Woman, The. Anna G. Spencer .... Forum
Seville, First Days in. W. D. Howells Harper
Shadow-Shapes, Magic. Robert M. Gay .... Atlantic
Smell, The Sense of. EUwood Hendrick .... Atlantic
Socialism, What It Is — IU. A. M. Low. North American
Soil Fertility, Conservation of. A. D. Hall . . . Harper
Story Tellers' League, The. R. T. Wyche. World's Work
Sugar and the Tariff. A. G. Robinson. Review of Reviews
Surgery, Time-study and. Albert J. Nock . . . American
Three-Arch Rocks Reservation in Oregon. Dallas L.
Sharp Atlantic
"Titanic" Survivors, Rescue of. Captain Rostron. Scribner
Toscanini at the Baton. Max Smith Century
Trust Regulation — HI. Albert Fink . . North American
Undergraduate, The. Henry Seidel Canby . . . Harper
Virginians, The, and Constitutional Government.
Thomas Nelson Page North American
Whitlock, Brand, Autobiography of—III. . . American
Wilson, Woodrow. Ellery Sedgwick Atlantic
Wilson, Woodrow. W. G. McAdoo Century
Wilson, Woodrow, as Man of Letters. Bliss Perry Century
Woman in Germany. Price Collier Scribner
Woman's War. Elizabeth Robins McClure


1913]
191
THE DIAL
List of New Books.
[The following list, containing 137 titles, includes books
received by The Dial since its last issue.}
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
James Fenlmore Cooper. By Mary E. Phillips. Illus-
trated, 8vo, 368 pages. John Lane Co. $2.50 net.
Kin* Edward in Hla True Colours. By Edward Legge.
Illustrated In photogravure, etc., large 8vo, 416
pages. Small, Maynard & Co. $4. net.
Onr Book of Memories! Letters of Justin McCarthy
to Mrs. Campbell Praed. Illustrated in photo-
gravure, etc., large 8vo, 463 pages. Small, May-
nard & Co. $4. net.
Mahommedi "The Great Arabian." By Meredith
Townsend. 16mo, 86 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co.
76 cts. net.
HISTORY.
Republican France, 1870-1912: Her Presidents,
Statesmen, Policy, Vicissitudes, and Social Life.
By Ernest Alfred Vizetelly. Illustrated In photo-
gravure, etc., large 8vo, 511 pages. Small, May-
nard & Co. $4. net.
Tbe English People Overseas. Volume V., Austral-
asia, 1688-1911. By A. Wyatt Tilby. 8vo, 447
pages. 'Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.50 net.
The Makers of Malnet Essays and Tales of Early
Maine History. By Herbert Edgar Holmes, LL.B.
Illustrated, 8vo, 251 pages. Lewlston: The-Has-
well Press.
Tooth of Fire i Being Some Account of the Ancient
Kingdom of Senn&'r. By H. C. Jackson. 12mo, 106
pages. Oxford: B. H. BlackwelL
GENERAL LITERATURE.
English Literature, 1880-1905. By J. M. Kennedy.
Large 8vo, 340 pages. Small, Maynard & Co.
$2.50 net.
The Spirit of American Literature. By John Albert
Macy. 8vo, 347 pages. Doubleday, Page & Co.
$1.50 net.
Plays and Players In Modern Italyi Being a Study of
the Italian Stage as Affected by the Political and
Social Life, Manners, and Character of To-Day.
By Addison McLeod. Illustrated. 8vo, 355 pages.
Charles H. Sergei & Co. $2.75 net.
The Play of To-Dayi Studies in Play-Structure for
the Student and the Theatre-Goer. By Elizabeth
R. Hunt. 12mo, 219 pages. John Lane Co.
$1.50 net.
An Introduction to the French Classical Drama. By
Eleanor F. Jourdain. "With frontispiece, 8vo, 208
pages. Oxford University Press.
The Vital Study of Literature, and Other Essays.
By William Norman Guthrie. 8vo, 380 pages.
Charles H. Sergei & Co. $2. net.
Sappho and the Island of Lesbos. By Mary Mills
Patrick, Ph.D. Illustrated, 12mo, 180 pages.
Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25 net.
Yang Chu's Garden of Pleasure. Translated from the
Chinese by Professor Anton Forke, Ph.D.; with
Introduction by Hugh Cranmer-Byng. 12mo, 64
pages. "Wisdom of the East Series." E. P. Dut-
ton & Co. 40 cts. net.
Studies in the Work of CoIIey Clbber. By De Witt C.
Croissant, Ph.D. Large 8vo, 69 pages. "Human-
istic Studies." Lawrence: University of Kansas.
Paper.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
The Ring and the Book. By Robert Browning; with
Introduction by Edward Dowden. With photo-
gravure portrait, 12mo, 506 pages. "Oxford India
Paper Edition." Oxford University Press.
$1.75 net
Jocaata and The Famished Cat. By Anatole France;
translated by Agnes Farley. 8vo, 248 pages. John
Lane Co. $1.75 net.
Luclan. With an English translation by A. M. Har-
mon. Volume I.; 12mo. 471 pa^es. "Loeb Classi-
cal Library." Macmillan Co. $1.50 net.
L'Avare (The Miser) and Le Misanthrope (The Mis-
anthrope). Translated from the French of Moll-
ere by Curtis Hidden Page. Each 12mo. G. P.
Putnam's Sons. Per volume, $1. net.
DRAMA AND VERSE.
Plays. By August Strindberg, translated by Edith
and Warner Oland. With frontispiece, 12mo.
John W. Luce & Co. $1.50 net.
Patriots! A Play in Three Acts. By Lennox Robin-
son. 12mo, 48 pages. John W. Luce & Co.
75 cts. net.
The Dronei A Play in Three Acts. By Rutherford
Mayne. 12mo, 68 pages. Luce & Co. 75 cts. net.
The Necessary Evil. By Charles Rann Kennedy.
12mo, 111 pages. Harper & Brothers. $1. net.
The Blindness of Virtue! A Play in Four Acts. By
Cosmo Hamilton. 12mo, 127 pages. George H.
Doran Co. $1. net.
Addlo, Madretta, and Other Plays. By Stark Young.
12mo, 137 pages. Charles H. Sergei & Co.
$1.25 net.
The Poem-Book of the Gael! Translations from Irish
Gaelic Poetry into English Prose and Verse. Se-
lected and edited by Eleanor Hull. With photo-
gravure frontispiece, 12mo, 370 pages. London:
Chatto & Windus.
Ripostes of Esra Pound: Whereto are Appended the
Complete Poetical Works of T. E. Hulme. with
Prefatory Note. 12mo, 64 pages. Small, Maynard
& Co. $1. net.
The Agate Lamp. By Eva Gore-Booth. 12mo, 110
pages. Longmans, Green & Co. $1. net.
Amor Vltaquei A Little Book of Speculation in
Lyric, Ballad, and Omargram. By Oliver Opp-
Dyke. 16mo, 166 pages. Sherman, French & Co.
$1.25 net.
Poems Old and New. By A. H. Beesly. 16mo, 134
pages. Longmans, Green & Co. $1. net.
Death and tbe Princess i A Morality. By Francis
Cornford. With frontispiece, 12mo, 112 pages.
Cambridge: Bowes & Bowes.
The Poetical Works of Rose Hart wick Thorpe. Com-
piled by the author. With portrait, 12mo, 137
pages. Neale Publishing Co. $1.60 net.
Picked Poems. By Ella Wheeler Wilcox. With por-
trait, 12mo, 176 pages. Chicago: W. B. Conkey
Co. Ooze Calf, $1.
Masterpieces of the Southern Poets. Compiled by
Walter Neale. 12mo, 278 pages. Neale Publish-
ing Co. $1. net.
Gems from Ella Wheeler Wilcox. In 4 volumes; each
with frontispiece, 32mo. Chicago: W. B. Conkey
Co. Ooze calf, $1.60.
Poems. By Campbell Mason. 12mo, 69 pages. Cos-
mopolitan Press.
The Land Where We Were Dreaming, and Other
Poems. By Daniel Bedinger Lucas; edited by
Charles W. Kent, Ph.D., and Virginia Lucas. With
portrait, 12mo, 252 pages. Richard G. Badger.
Eros, and Other Poems. By Edmund Deacon Peter-
son. 12mo, 113 pages. Cosmopolitan Press.
$1. net.
FICTION.
Elementary Jane. By Richard Pryce. 12mo, 344
pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.35 net.
Concert Pitch. By Frank Danby. 12mo. 380 pages.
Macmillan Co. $1.35 net.
The Night Born. By Jack London. With frontis-
piece, 12mo, 290 pages. Century Co. $1.25 net.
The White Shrine. By Gerald Villiers-Stuart. 12mo,
336 pages. A. C. McClurg & Co. $1.25 net.
The Impeachment of President Israels. By Frank B.
Copley. Illustrated, 12mo, 124 pages. Macmillan
Co. $1. net.
The Lost Despatch. By Natalie Sumner Lincoln.
Illustrated, 12mo, 310 pages. D. Appleton & Co.
$1.30 net.
Wlndyrldge. By W. Riley. 12mo. 328 pages. Dv
Appleton & Co. $1.30 net.
Seven Keys to Baldpnte. By Earl Derr Biggers.
Illustrated, 12mo. 408 pages. Bobbs-Merrill Co.
$1.30 net.


192
[March 1,
THE DIAL,
The Mystery of the Barranca. By Herman Whitaker.
With frontispiece in color, 12mo, 281 pages. Har-
per & Brothers. $1.25 net.
The Chequer-Board. By Sybil Grant. 12mo, 284
pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.20 net.
Pippin. By Evelyn Van Buren. Illustrated, 12mo,
816 pages. Century Co. $1.80 net.
The Story of Stephen Compton. By J. E. Patterson.
12mo, 8(7 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.26 net.
The Fine Air of the Horning: A Pastoral Romance.
By J. S. Fletcher. 12mo, 336 pages. Dana Estes &
Co. $1.25 net.
Success. By Una L. Silberrad. 12mo, 316 pages.
George H. Doran Co. $1.20 net.
Preclona Water*. By A. M. Chlsholm. Illustrated in
color, 12mo, 422 pages. Doubleday, Page & Co.
$1.25 net.
Simon Brandin. By B. Paul Neuman. 12mo, 301
pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.20 net.
The Devil's Admiral. By Frederick Ferdinand Moore.
Illustrated in color, 12mo, 295 pages. Doubleday,
Page & Co. $1.25 net.
A Dream of Bine Roses. By Mrs. Hubert Barclay.
12mo, 342 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.25 net.
The Reluctant Lover. By Stephen McKenna. 12mo,
841 pages. John C. Winston Co. $1.20 net
What a Man Wishes. By William Stanley Hill. With
frontispiece In color, 12mo, 273 pages. New York:
Morningslde Press. $1.35 net.
Written In the Sand. By G. R. Duval. With frontis-
piece in color, 12mo, 335 pages. John C. Winston
Co. $1.20 net.
Time and the Woman. By Richard Pryce. Illus-
trated. 12mo, 298 pages. R. F. Fenno & Co.
$1.26 net.
Log-Cabin Yarns of the Rocky Mountains. By Ed-
mund Deacon Peterson. 12mo, 147 pages. Cos-
mopolitan Press. $1.25 net.
The House of Shame. By Charles Felton Pidgin.
12mo, 244 pages. Cosmopolitan Press. $1.16 net.
Princess Mary's Locked Book. With frontispiece,
12mo, 190 pages. Cassell & Co. $1. net.
The Conquest of Iaea Ripley. By Scobe King. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 827 pages. Boston: Roxburgh Pub-
lishing Co. $1.60.
The American Paradise i Sequel to An American Ma-
donna. By Mary Ives Todd. Illustrated, 12mo,
858 pages. New York: Published by the author.
$1.60.
W. A. CPs Tale. Edited by Margaret Turnbull. Illus-
trated In color, etc, 12mo, 170 pages. Houghton
Mifflin Co. $1. net.
The Madonna of Sacrifice! A Story of Florence. By
William Dana Orcutt With frontispiece, 12mo,
51 pages. F. G. Browne & Co. 50 cts. net.
Anthony and Hero, and Short Stories. By Simmle.
12mo, 116 pages. New Haven: F. Simon.
The Lady Who Smoked Cigars. By Rupert Hughes.
Illustrated, 16mo, 48 pages. Desmond Fitzgerald.
When Lincoln Kissed Mei A Story of the Wilder-
ness Campaign. By Henry E. Wing. Illustrated,
16mo, 39 pages. Eaton & Mains. 25 cts. net.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
In French Afrlcai Scenes and Memories. By Miss
Betham-Edwards. Illustrated, large 8vo, 324
pages. A. C. McClurg & Co. $2.50 net.
Across the Andes. By Charles Johnson Post. Illus-
trated, large 8vo, 362 pages. Outing Publishing
Co. $2. net
The New Pacific. By Hubert Howe Bancroft. Re-
vised edition; 8vo.. 649 pages. Bancroft Co.
$2. net. . .
The Different West as Seen by a Transplanted East-
erner. By Arthur E. Bostwlck. 12mo, 184 pages.
A. C. McClurg & Co. $1. net.
A Satchel Guide for the Vacation Tourist in Europe.
By W. J. Rolfe, Litt.D. First edition for 1913;
with maps, 16mo, 344 pages. Houghton Mifflin
Co. $1.50 net.
PUBLIC AFFAIRS.
The New Freedom i A Call for the Emancipation of
the Generous Energies of a People. By Woodrow
Wilson. 12mo, 294 pages. Doubleday, Page & Co.
$1. net.
Modern Problems i A Discussion of Debatable Sub-
jects. By Sir Oliver Lodge. 8vo, 348 pages.
George H. Doran Co. $2. net.
The Governments of Europe. By Frederlo Austin
Ogg, Ph.D. Large 8vo, 668 pages. Macmlllan Co.
$3. net.
The Cotton Manufacturing; Industry of the United
States. By Melvln Thomas Copeland, Ph.D. 8vo,
415 pages. Harvard University Press. $2. net.
Woman's Share In Social Culture. By Anna Garlln
Spencer. 12mo, 330 pages. Mitchell Kennerley.
$2. net.
The Stock Exchange from Within. By W. C. Van
Antwerp. Illustrated, 12mo, 459 pages. Double-
day, Page & Co. $1.60 net.
Co-Ope ration in New England i Urban and Rural.
By James Ford, Ph.D.; with Introduction by
Francis G. Peabody, LL.D. 12mo, 237 pages.
"Russell Sage Foundation." New York: Survey
Associates, Inc. $1.50.
The Banner with the New Device i Woman's Place
in Nature, in Civilization, and in Government. By
William W. Hicks. With frontispiece, 12mo, 280
pages. Boston: Sanctuary Publishing Co. $1.50.
Why I Am Opposed to Socialism i Original Papers by
Leading Men and Women. By Edward Sllvln.
8vo, 63 pages. Published by the author. 75 cts.
RELIGION AND THEOLOGY.
The Significance of Ancient Religions In Relation to
Human Evolution and Brain Development. By
E. Noel Relchardt, M. D. 8vo, 436 pages. Dodd,
Mead & Co. $4. net
The New Testament Manuscripts In the Freer Collec-
tion. Part L, The Washington Manuscript of The
Four Gospels, by Henry A. Sanders. Large 8vo,
247 pages. Macmlllan Co. Paper, $2.
Twenty Years of Llfei Messages from a Historic
Boston Pulpit By Thomas Van Ness. With fron-
tispiece, 12mo, 205 pages. Boston: American
Unitarian Association. $1. net
The Reasonableness of the Religion of Jesus. By
William Stephen Ralnsford, D.D. 12mo, 262 pages.
Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.26 net.
The Book of Judges. By Edward Lewis Curtis, Ph.D.
12mo, 201 pages. Macmlllan Co. 75 cts. net.
The Old-Time Religion) or. The Foundations of Our
Faith. By David James Burrell, LL.D. With por-
trait 12mo, 349 pages. American Tract Society.
$1. net
The Homing Instinct. By Fred Clare Baldwin. 12mo.
67 pages. Eaton & Mains. 50 cts. net
A Man's Religion. By William Fraser McDowell.
12mo, 225 pages. Baton & Mains. 60 cts. net
Man Considered In Relation to God and a Church.
By W. Carew Hazlltt. Fifth edition; large 8vo.
532 pages. Bernard Quarltch.
Easter Morning. By John Henry Jowett, D. D. Deco-
rated, 12mo, 26 pages. American Tract Society.
15 cts. net
The Gateway of Life. By David James Burrell. Dec-
orated, 12mo, 22 pages. American Tract Society.
15 cts. net.
ART AND MUSIC.
Lyric Diction, for Singers, Actors, and Public Speak-
ers. By Dora Duty Jones; with Preface by
Madame Melba. 12mo, 342 pages. Harper &
Brothers. $1.26 net.
Sixty Patriotic Songs of AH Nations. Edited by
Granville Bantock. Large 4to. "Musicians
Library." Oliver Dltson Co. $1.60.
National Treasures. First volume: The National
Gallery, by J. E. Crawford Flitch, M.A.; The
Louvre, by E. E. Richards. Each Illustrated,
16mo. Small, Maynard & Co. Per volume.
75 cts. net.


1913]
193
THE DTATi
NATURE AND OUT-DOOR LIFE!.
Field Days In California. By Bradford Torrey. Illus-
trated In photogravure, etc., 12mo. 235 pages.
Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.60 net.
Onr Vanishing Wild Life: Its Extermination and
Preservation. By William T. Hornaday, Sc. D.
Illustrated, 8vo, 411 pages. Charles Scrlbner's
Sons. $1.60 net.
Modern Strawberry Growing. By Albert E. Wilkin-
son. Illustrated, 12mo, 210 pages. Doubleday,
Page & Co. $1.10 net.
The Fox Terrier. By Williams Haynes. Illustrated,
12mo, 121 pages. "Outing Handbooks." Outing
Publishing Co. 70 cts. net.
BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG.
White-Ear and Peteri The Story of a Fox and a
Fox-Terrier. By Neils Helberg. Illustrated in
color by Cecil Aldln, 8vo, 222 pages. Macmlllan
Co. $2.26 net.
Deerlng of Deal} or, The Spirit of the School. By
Latta Grlswold. Illustrated, 12mo, 317 pages.
Macmlllan Co. $1.26 net.
The Children of the Meadows. By Mittle Owen Mc-
David. Illustrated, 12mo. 187 pages. Cosmo-
politan Press. $1.26 net.
EDUCATION.
How New York City Administers Its Schools t A
Constructive Study. By ErneBt Carroll Moore,
Ph.D. 8vo, 321 pages. New York: World Book
Co.
The Diary of a Free Kindergarten. By Llleen Hardy.
Illustrated, 12mo, 176 pages. Houghton Mifflin
Co. $1. net.
Elementary Principles of Electricity and Magnetism
for Students in Engineering. By Robert Harbi-
son Hough, Ph.D., and Walter Martinus Boehm,
Ph.D. 12mo, 233 pages. Macmlllan Co. $1.10 net
A Practical Guide to a Scientific Study of the Ger-
man Vocabulary. By August Prehn, Ph.D. 12mo,
257 pages. "Oxford German Series." Oxford Uni-
versity Press. 76 cts.
I.lboMai Trauersplel in fllnf Aufziigen. Von Franz
Grillparzer; edited, with Introduction and Notes,
by George O. Curme. Illustrated, 12mo, 186 pages.
"Oxford German Series." Oxford University Press.
60 cts.
Gobaeck et Jesus-Christ en Flandre. By Honore de
Balzac; edited with Introduction, Notes, and In-
dex, by Dr. R. T. Holbrook. With frontispiece,
12mo, 197 pages. Oxford University Press. 60 cts.
Founders of Our Country. By Fanny E. Coe. Illus-
strated, 12mo, 820 pages. American Book Co.
60 cts.
The Beacon Primer. By James F. Fassett. Illus-
trated In color, etc., 12mo, 120 pages. Glnn & Co.
36 cts.
Cyrt New Primer. By Ellen M Cyr. Illustrated in
color, etc, 12mo, 121 pages. Glnn & Co. 30 cts.
Latin Subordinate Clause Syntax. By M. A. Lelper.
12mo, 66 pages. American Book Co. 30 cts.
Outline for Revlewi Civics, By Arthur Mayer Wolf-
son, Ph.D. 16mo, 80 pages. American Book Co.
26 cts.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Mlshnaht A Digest of the Basic Principles of the
Early Jewish Jurisprudence. Translated and an-
notated by Hyman E. Goldln, LL.B. 8vo, 206
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THE DIAL
a Semi»ffionti)IS Journal of ILitrrarg Criticism, Utscussaion, ano Information.
Nc. 648. MARCH 16, 1913. Vol. LW.
Contents.
PA OK
AN EXECUTIVE OF LETTERS 223
ALL-AMERICA VS. ALL-ENGLAND IN MODERN
LITERATURE. Charles Leonard Moore ... 228
CASUAL COMMENT 227
The epistolary art.—Freaks of language—What they
read in Oregon. — The nntranslatability of the beat
literature. — A library "waiting list." — President
Wilson's literary style.—A bureau of general infor-
mation.— Remembering what one reads. — Serious
students and their "sources."—A gigantic lexicog-
raphical undertaking. — The indispensability of the
printed word.—The reference library's debt to Ben-
jamin Eli Smith.— The stealing of literary thunder.
—The first illustrated English book.
COMMUNICATION 281
Radiograph or Skiagram? Henry Bixby Hemenway.
WAGNER AND BAYREUTH. Louis James Block 232
J. M. SYNGE AND HIS WORK. James W. Tupper 233
DISRAELI AS POLITICIAN AND AUTHOR.
Laurence M. Larson 236
THE WOMEN OF SHAKESPEARE. Alphonso Gerald
Newcomer 237
MYSTICISM: WHITHER BOUND? George Boy
Elliott 239
PROBLEMS OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY. George
Milton Janes 241
Clay's Syndicalism and Labor.— Portenar's Organ-
ized Labor.— Redfield's The New Industrial Day.—
The Outlook for Industrial Peace.
RECENT AMERICAN POETRY. William Morton
Payne 243
Woodberry's A Day at Castrogiovanni.—MacKaye's
Uriel and Other Poems.— Leonard's The Vaunt of
Man.— Cawein's The Poet, the Fool, and the
Faeries. — Carman's Echoes from Vagabondia.—
Hagedorn's Poems and Ballads.— Wheelock's The
Beloved Adventure. — Whitcomb's Poems. — Miss
Akin's Interpretations.—Miss Corbin's The Spinning
Woman of the Sky. — Mrs. Coates's The Uncon-
quered Air.—Miss Robinson's The Call of Brother-
hood.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 247
Ripe reflections on life's minor problems.— Records
of the changing East.—Folk-tales from the gorgeous
East.—Character building in school.—Ten women of
light and leading.— A summer in an amateur farm-
er's life.— Animal evolution by mutation.— The hu-
man basis of our life. — A gallery of Devonshire
worthies.—Socialism from the Catholic standpoint.
— The scenery and records of Somersetshire. — The
life story of a Southern educator.
BRIEFER MENTION 251
NOTES 252
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF SPRING BOOKS .... 253
A classified list of books to be issued by American
publishers during the Spring and Summer of 1913.
AN EXECUTIVE OF LETTERS.
Commenting upon the election of M. Poincare"
to the Presidency of the French Republic, the
London "Nation" wrote the other day as fol-
lows: "Thus the Republic makes choice of a
citizen eminently in accord with its ideals, and
singularly fitted to represent and adorn its
standard of manners. It will now be the legi-
timate boast of the intellectual Frenchman that
the titular head of his State is also a member
of the Academy." How many Americans, we
wonder, are acquainted with the fact that these
words are literally applicable to the man who for
some ten days past has filled the exalted office
of President of the United States? And of
those who are somehow dimly aware that there
is such a body as the American Academy of
Arts and Letters, and that Mr. Wilson is a
member thereof by virtue of his distinction in
letters, how many realize the significance of the
latter fact for our culture as a nation, and for
our standing in the eyes of that section of man-
kind which appreciates intellectual distinction
and has a just sense of human values? It is
now the legitimate boast of the intellectual
American, as of the Frenchman, "that the
titular head of his State is also a member of the
Academy." We have long been assured by
pessimists that there was no use in hoping for
certain desirable things under our system of
government—that the Constitution, for example,
was practically unamendable, that the machinery
for removing from the bench a corrupt judge
was practically unworkable, and that the highest
office in our gift could not possibly be bestowed
upon the sort of American who stood in the
opinion of the elect as the finest embodiment
of our national idealism. Thirty years ago, it
was frequently remarked by those who believed
James Russell Lowell to be the first of Amer-
icans then living that under no conceivable cir-
cumstances could he, or any man of his type,
become the chief magistrate of the nation. Well,
the kaleidoscope of politics has made realities of
all three of those impossibilities during the space
of a year, and in the choice of a President the
most seemingly impossible of them all. Let it
not be said lightly after this that the American
people is so hampered by the machinery of its
own creating as to be unable to put into effect
its own deeper purposes.


224
[March 16,
THE DIAL
The writings of the Presidents of the United
States have been collected by the industry of
historians into imposing sets of volumes that
fill many feet of shelving in all our large libra-
ries. No "five-foot shelf" of culture could ac-
commodate more than a small fraction of these
books. Most of their contents, to be sure, are
innocent of the tincture of letters, and we know
how Charles Lamb would have classified them.
The "works" of Madison and of Polk and of
Buchanan and of McKinley may not even re-
motely be associated with literature, and are
valuable only for their biographers and the his-
torians of their periods. But in the Sahara of
the mass of Presidential writings there are scat-
tered oases for the reader's refreshment. In the
recorded words of Washington and Jefferson
there is something more than material for
history. There are passages which strike the
human note, and have the validity of literature
because they transcend the conditions under
which they were produced. The writings of
Lincoln contain purple patches of wisdom
adorned with style for which nothing less than
the inspiration of genius can account. The
epic of the Civil War, as unfolded in Grant's
memoirs, was awarded very high praise for its
purely literary value by no less a critic than
Matthew Arnold. The volume of Mr. Roose-
velt's writings is so great, and so respectable,
if not distinguished, in quality, as to give their
author a recognized place in American litera-
ture, and win for him an election to the
Academy, thus making him a sharer in the
distinction of our present Executive. Never-
theless, Mr. Wilson is a man of letters in a
more absolute sense than any of his predeces-
sors. He won his spurs as a modest scholar and
teacher, before political preferment appeared
on his horizon, and no accident of adventitious
rank, but his own intrinsic abilities, made pub-
lishers and editors seek out and solicit his work.
President Wilson once wrote an essay on
Bagehot, whom he called "A Literary Politi-
cian," defining the term as "the man who has
the genius to see deep into affairs, and the dis-
cretion to keep out of them." He has not been
discreet enough to live up to this definition, but
the indiscretion may be imputed to him for right-
eousness, and the hobgoblin of inconsistency in
this matter is not likely to cause him sleepless
nights. Elsewhere in the same context, he
enlarges upon his definition. "The literary
politician, let it be distinctly said, is a very fine,
a very superior species of the man thoughtful.
He reads books as he would listen to men talk.
He stands apart, and looks on, with humorous,
sympathetic smile, at the play of policies. He
will tell you for the asking what the players
are thinking about. He divines at once how the
parts are cast. He knows beforehand what
each act is to discover. He might readily guess
what the dialogue is to contain. Were you short
of scene-shifters, he could serve you admirably
in an emergency. And he is a better critic of
the play than the players." In this genial
description, Mr. Wilson has given us his own
characterization, although he would be the last
person in the world to style himself "a very
superior species of the man thoughtful." But
his friends will insist that this is no less true of
him than all the rest. And he can do nothing
else that will so dignify and exalt his office as
the bringing into the discharge of its duties the
objectivity and the fine detachment that are the
attributes of his ideal literary politician. An
emergency has pressed him into the service of
scene-shifting, and we expect him to prove equal
to the occasion. "New occasions bring new
duties," says the poet, but we cannot conceive
that in the present instance the duties will be
really new. Rather will they be the practical
expression of old duties long held theoretically
sacred, and now to be performed for the service
of his fellow-countrymen in the spirit in which
he has been urging them all his life.
In the man of letters as executive we have
the fullest confidence. Examples may be mul-
tiplied, all the way back to Tyrtaus. Fire-
stricken San Francisco and the new-born
Portuguese republic have alike, in our own
time, entrusted the chief executive function to
a poet, and had no occasion to regret their action.
Lord Morley and Lord Haldane are shining
present-day examples of the man of letters in
high executive office. And not the least of the
satisfactions with which we acclaim a member
of the American Academy as President is that
of feeling assured that he will be able to give
impressive literary expression to his purposes
and policies, that we may expect from him for
the next four years a series of state papers of
whose felicitous quality the Inaugural of last
week gives us a pleasant foretaste. That first
address of the new President to the American
people offers indeed a striking illustration of
the sort of distinction that we have a right to
expect from an executive of literary instincts
and training. For the simple sincerity and
the restrained passion with which it pleads for
social justice it will be remembered and cher-
ished long after its author has passed away.


1913]
225
THE
DIAL
ALL-AMERICA VS. ALL-ENGLAND IN
MODERN LITERATURE.
Literature, in many respects, is a game of skill;
and all games have to be decided by the prowess of
opposed champions. The rivals must be brought
together; the runners must stretch away to the goal,
the cricketers play their match, the chess players
bend over the board. It is of course difficult to
make such individual or conceited tests among the
champions of literature; but a system of parallels
may do something to enable us to award the wreath.
Such parallels, in the briefest form, between the
contending powers of English and American litera-
ture during the middle half of the nineteenth cen-
tury, is what I venture to propose.
Precedence for the prophets! Due libation and
invocation to Carlyle and Emerson! I suppose the
final estimate of the value of these two writers
must be subjective. It must depend on whether
the reader is attuned to pessimism or optimism,—
whether he prefers humanity bodied forth in the
awful struggle of life, or the dim-haunting presences
and thin oracular voices of the gods. Carlyle always
knew what he meant and wanted. His energy con-
centrated in the intense, jagged lightning flash,
which eats up the impurities of the air, but perhaps
prostrates some giant tree or kills some master of
the herd. Emerson is so eclectic in his likings that
when you balance all his contradictions there is left
a tabula rasa. He is like the summer lightning,
which flares and fades and does no harm. Em-
erson, however, has that perfection of phrase which
earries so far. If his philosophy is uncertain, his
expression is clear. Nietzsche, for example, may
possibly have taken his idea of the Superman from
Carlyle's hero worship and adoration of brute force,
but he gives no sign of the indebtedness; whereas it
is recorded that he usually had a volume of Emerson
at hand. On the whole, I think that this first con-
test for place between England and America must
be accounted a draw.
Not so the struggle between the two foremost dis-
ciples of these men—between Ruskin and Thoreau.
Both of these last were apostles of nature rather than
of humanity. They perhaps knew nature equally
well. But Thoreau knew her as an Indian does, inti-
mately and of necessity; Ruskin like a college pro-
fessor with encyclopaedias and sciences and arts at
the back of his head. Both were ascetics, men of
the hermit type; but Thoreau yielded to the cenobitic
discipline, while Ruskin fought against it and tried
to make himself useful to his fellows. Their basic
philosophy, contempt for the things of this world,
was the same. But the wild tang and original flavor
of Thoreau is nothing compared with the richness,
the variety, the ever changing wealth of earthly wine
and viands and heavenly nectar which is in Ruskin.
England scores heavily in this comparison.
Turn now to the two poetic puzzles of the last
century — Browning and Whitman. Of Browning's
intellectual force there can be no question. He had
enough wit, wisdom, subtlety, resources of knowledge,
to have made him a leader in almost any field of
active life. And Whitman's emotional gift, his
oratorical exuberance, above all his profound belief
in himself, might have made him a great religious
power, the founder of a faith. But both elected to
write poetry, and tried by the canons of that art it
seems to me that they only slenderly succeeded.
However, they have the right of sanctuary in the
hearts of their admirers, who account them the
greatest poets of their age, and I leave to such admir-
ers the decision as to which is the best.
From that Perkin Warbeck and this Jack Cade
of literature I turn to the true Princes of the Purple
Line. First on the roll come Tennyson and Poe.
They rose together, in poetry at least they wrought
on similar lines, they admired each other's art. Poe
said that Tennyson was the most perfect poet who
had ever lived; and Tennyson called Poe the prince
of American poets. In mere verse, indeed, Poe would
be overwhelmed by the immense mass of his rival's
work, even though his own slender product may have
a more rare and original strain. But Poe's prose is
equivalent to poetry, and it is by his prose that he
has conquered the world; whereas Tennyson's verse
seems to be utterly ineffective outside the limits of
the English-speaking race. He has had no apparent
influence on the Continent, has bred no imitators
there. He is so entirely English, so peculiarly the
product of his Victorian environment, that he carries
no appeal to the revolutionary-minded European.
Perhaps he may have his revenge some day when
his sweetness and charm, his ideals of decency and
law, his Virgilian reverence for the deities of the
hearth and field, may again attract the world. At
present, however, Poe seems the greater man.
Arnold and Lowell are like the greater and the
lesser Ajax fighting behind one shield. Which is
which, however, it would be pretty hard to say.
Lowell is the richer and more radiant, Arnold the
deeper and more poignant. In criticism Arnold is
the law-giver and Lowell the appreciator. Coleridge
and Hazlitt are their analogues. In poetry the sing-
ing god only entered into Lowell occasionally. This
god was always with Arnold; but was so checked,
driven, beaten back by Arnold's circumstances and
character of mind that he had scant chance to do
himself justice. I think, on the whole, that the
balance of greatness inclines towards Arnold's side.
Mrs. Browning and Longfellow were popular
poets, but they lifted popular poetry to a level of
distinction if not of supremacy. I should, I think,
cast my vote for the lady; but in popular poetry
the opinion of the people counts, and the author of
"Voices of the Night" and " Evangeline" must be
at the head of the poll.
It is difficult to find a parallel for Rossetti in our
literature. Perhaps we must hark back to Bryant
to find a writer with an equal conciseness of phrase
and 8tateliness of air; though Bryant's austerity set


THE DIAL
[March 16,
against Rossetti's luxuriance makes the comparison
a little ridiculous. The American poet seems to me
the more permanent power of the two.
Christina Rossetti and Aldrich are rivals and fair
equals in the short lyric. Aldrich has more of airy
grace; Miss Rossetti more of profound emotion.
Swinburne must range unchecked across the
field. Our technicians, Bayard Taylor and Stedman
and Lanier, would be no match for him were they
multiplied a dozen-fold.
Turning now to the novel, Dickens lifts himself
so above the age in mass and power that it is im-
possible to find any American to oppose him. Per-
haps with Irving and Bret Harte together an attempt
might be made to do so. Irving is anterior, and
Bret Harte is in some respects a pupil of Dickens.
The former cannot compete in variety or creative
force, but a few of his masterpieces have a classic per-
fection which Dickens hardly reached. And Dickens
learned a great many of his secrets from the older
man. Irving revealed England to Dickens before
the latter revealed it to us. As for Bret Harte,
Carlyle thought him superior to Dickens in their
kind of work. This is hardly so; but if the Amer-
ican gained much from his master, he repaid the
debt by creating a school to which a good many of
the best recent English writers of fiction belong.
If we assort Hawthorne with Thackeray we shall
have a pair of opposites. On one side there is the
tragedian, Puritan, man of solitude; on the other,
the comedian, churchman, and man of the clubs.
The only thing in which they are alike is a pure and
easy style, in each case impregnated with person-
ality. To say which is the greater might be vain,
but few will dispute that they are equal.
The Bronte sisters rule a realm apart in romance.
The light in their books seems to come up from the
ground, as though the hills of the fairies had opened
and those uncanny creatures had come forth to make
their luminous rings on the grass. They have no
real analogues in America, where passion has been
so severely let alone. Perhaps the world of Herman
Melville is as remote and enchanted in its own way.
His credit is but Blight compared with their fame,
but "Typee" and " Moby Dick" will endure.
Cooper is the largest, the most wide-ranging
American novelist. I have reserved him to oppose
to Trollope because of a certain practical and prosaic
turn of mind in each. They both produce strong
effects with apparently little artistic instinct or in-
clination. The American is, however, immeasur-
ably the greater, both as a creator of character and
as the painter of scenic wonders. Trollope received
both his art and his subject matter by inheritance
from Jane Austen. If he is sturdier than she is, he
is also less fine. But Cooper only took his methods
from Scott. His matter is novel; it is larger
and intrinsically more fascinating than that of his
master.
So much for the imaginative writers. Coming
to the historians, the balance is against America,—
mainly because of Macaulay's prepotent cleverness
of phrase. Prescott, Parkman, and Motley could
outwrite Froude and Freeman, but Macaulay is too
vivid for them. Here again in subject matter the
Americans have all the advantage. Macaulay's
history hardly unfolds one of the great stories of
the world. It is conceivable that it may cease to
interest, however illuminated by his festal fireworks.
But the conquests of Cortez and Pizarro, the deeds
of the North American explorers and adventurers,
the struggle of the Netherlands with Spain, have a
stamp of wonder and splendor on them which must
always attract, though they are only adequately and
not brilliantly set forth by our historians.
There are many other writers who range by the
side or in the rear of those I have named. But
these are enough for a comparative judgment. It
seems to me that the American product about equals
the English. This is not the general view, even in
our country. In our clear air the reverberation of
English fame has been overwhelming. In fact, it
is a fault with us that we open our ears to foreign
voices and shut them to domestic accents. The echo
of American reputations, on the contrary, has always
had a difficulty in making way against the density
of English fog and insular self-assertion. The
power of a literary past is also with the modern
English writers. Each one of them, as it were,
has Shakespeare and Milton, Burns and Byron,
at his back. So it is hard to compete with them on
their own ground. On the continent, however, at
least three of our men, Poe, Emerson, and Cooper,
are more widely read and appreciated than any of
their English rivals. It is certainly our business
in America to stand up for our own if we can do
this without gross folly or favoritism.
There is one fact that makes American literary
success stand out fiery bright—and that is the scant
measure of material reward it has achieved. For
all the higher sort of abilities, whether in war, states-
manship, or letters, we in America have always been
bargain-hunters,—we have got our great men as
cheap as possible. The reverse has been the case
in England. Exact figures are of course lacking,
but it is probable that Dickens, Bulwer Lytton,
Macaulay, and Tennyson each received close on to
a million dollars for his work in life. With the
single exception of Mark Twain, it is doubtful if
any American author of high rank ever made a
tithe of this amount Even the less popular English
authors have been exceedingly well paid. Thack-
eray accumulated a comfortable fortune. Ruskin
could have got and probably did get large sums for
his writings. Trollope and George Eliot received
immense material rewards. In this view, and con-
sidering also the incredible and preposterous rewards
of business men and inventors flaunted in their faces,
American writers have done extremely well and
have exhibited a self-devotion and self-sacrifice
almost unparalleled in literature.
Charles Leonard Moore.


1913]
227
THE DIAL
CASUAL COMMENT.
The epistolary akt is now not uncommonly
numbered among the lost arts. The reason of its
decline, if there has really been such decline, may
perhaps be partly found in what Mr. Leonard Porter
Ayres, a statistician of the Russell Sage Foundation,
has to say concerning the vocabulary of present-day
letter-writing. It appears that this vocabulary is
surprisingly meagre. Tabulations covering about
twenty-four thousand words show an employment of
only two thousand and one different words, of which
forty-three are used so often as to constitute a full
half of all the words tabulated. The pronoun of the
first person achieves a record of nearly eleven hun-
dred, and, contrary to all expectations, the word
"soap " far outstrips the word "love" in frequency.
Surely we must be a hard and prosaic generation,
to judge from the statistician's findings. But let us
console ourselves with the belief that the batch of
letters examined by him was not up to our average
in richness of thought and felicity of expression.
There is no good reason why we should not write
as delightful letters as were ever penned; in fact, it
would not be difficult to find reasons why our letter-
writing ought to excel that of former generations.
Just wherein we fail has been pointed out, or the
attempt has been made to point it out, often enough;
but after all is said and done, the letter-writer, like
the poet, is born, not made; and his letters can flout
all the rules laid down for epistolary composition,
and yet be works of art. Is it alleged that our pres-
ent style lacks dignity, shows too much indulgence
in trivialities? Turn, then, to Sydney Smith and
see how amusingly he can handle trivialities. In a
letter to Lady Holland he begins thus: "I am sorry
to hear Allen is not well; but the reduction of his
legs is a pure and unmixed good; they are enormous,
—they are clerical! He has the creed of a philoso-
pher and the legs of a clergyman; I never saw such
legs,— at least, belonging to a layman." Or is the
objection raised that our epistolary style tends to
formality and stiffness? Consider for a moment the
style of Anna Seward, the "Swan of Lichfield"—
her correspondence in six volumes is easily accessible.
Here are two sentences from a letter of hers to Dr.
Parr: "Disease gloomed, and made long my wintry
and vernal hours, since I had the honour and delight
of conversing with you in Warwickshire. . . . Often
in the absence from our little city, do I look back with
home-sickness to my umbrageous retreat beneath its
spires, especially when the swart star glares." Dr.
Johnson's high opinion of this gifted lady is well
known. If, again, it be urged that letters now are
too curt and businesslike and matter-of-fact, what,
we ask, could be more curt and businesslike than
David's letter to Joab concerning Uriah the Hittite,
sent by the hand of Uriah himself? This early and
famous example of the epistolary art runs as follows:
"Set ye Uriah in the forefront of the hottest battle,
and retire ye from him, that he may be smitten, and
die." The fault of the feeble or futile or otherwise
wretched specimen of letter-writing lies in the letter-
writer himself; but plenty of good, incisive, humor-
ous, fanciful letters are written in these days, only
they very seldom get into print. The more pointed
and personal and therefore spicy and enjoyable they
are, the less adapted are they to publication.
Freaks of language furnish matter for endless
debate and comment of a more or less learned philo-
logical sort, and as all are users of language the dis-
cussion of these linguistic vagaries is of universal
interest Professor Lounsbury's remarks on Ameri-
canisms ("What Americanisms Are Not") in the
current "Harper's Magazine" will please all good
Americans who like to believe that they speak En-
glish, and very good English, whatever our cousins
across the water may say to the contrary. In the
English mind there seems to be a tendency to brand
contemptuously as an Americanism any term or
phrase that for the moment strikes the ear with an
unwelcome unfamiliarity, or appears otherwise
objectionable; and the makers of dictionaries of
so-called Americanisms too often encourage this
tendency. The Yale professor gives some glaring
instances of the way these innocent offenders "have
been shoveled into vocabularies of terms assumed to
be peculiar to this country." His first example is
"female," which as a matter of fact many American
readers must have noted as occurring with rather
tiresome frequency in Victorian fiction of even the
most distinguished English authorship. Professor
Lounsbury might have included in his list the word
"commence," which Americans have been accused
of using in foolish preference to "begin." If we
sin in this, we sin in good English company. There
are other somewhat objectionable usages now pre-
valent with certain English authors, which perhaps
a little later, as soon as their irregularity is discov-
ered, will be fathered upon us. For instance, in
that excellent novel, " Marriage" (not Miss Ferrier's
romance), the phrase "aren't I?" is put into the
mouth of the hero, a man of education and the holder
of a professorship; and it is to be found in other
English authors of the present time. In the books
of the popular writer who has immortalized the
Five Towns in fiction, the preposition "off" for the
more usual "of" or "from" is to be found more
than once, as in the expression, to buy something
"off" a person. Some morning we shall wake up to
find ourselves accused of distorting "am not" into
"aren't" and of invariably substituting "off" for
"of."
• • •
What they read in Oregon ought not to be
very different from what they read in Maine. The
two Portlands are good representative American
cities, and the three thousand miles separating them
do not mean a like sundering of interests. Never-
theless, eastern readers and others may like to hear
from the officials of the Library Association of Port-
land, Oregon, something about the reading habits


228
[March 16r
THE
DIAL,
of the people of Multnomah County, over which that
growing institution now extends its activities. In
light reading, the most popular author appears to he
Dickens, with Victor Hugo, Dumas, Mark Twain,
and Bulwer Lytton following on his heels. Of
almost equal popularity, reports the librarian, are
Jane Austen (who would have thought it?), Mr.
Kipling, Mr. Owen Wister, Dr. Weir Mitchell, and
Charles Reade. Also it is to be noted that the vaca-
tion privilege of drawing an extra number of books
for a prolonged period is extended to travelling men
throughout the year, but " no fiction is included, as
trains and hotels supply novels generously "—which
cannot be said of eastern trains and hotels, as a rule.
In selecting books for purchase, the library pursues
no narrow policy. "Nothing human is foreign to
us," declares the president of its board of directors;
and "whatever has taken literary form, with sin-
cerity of purpose, may be needed on the shelves of
a public library. ... A great deal of criticism arises,
however, when purchases are made of books of fact
and fiction which can be described as containing
insurgent thought or audacious inquiry and criticism
of things as they are. It should be needless to say
that the library staff has instructions as to the class
of readers from whose hands certain books should
be withheld, especially in the case of young or im-
mature minds, and a careful supervision is kept at
all times in order to minimize possible harmful
results." The practical difficulties and inevitable
embarrassments of such a supervision in a public
library are at once apparent. The Portland library
attendants must have unusual tact and wisdom to
meet these perplexities with credit to themselves
and to the satisfaction of all concerned.
The untranslatability oir the best liter-
ature has long been admitted; but the fact that
much of the study of foreign masterpieces, with
dictionary and grammar and commentary in hand,
results in little more real appreciation of their
peculiar excellences than could be got from transla-
tions, is less often recognized. While such study is
necessary and helpful in acquiring full mastery of
an alien tongue, the learner at first does little more
than painfully and imperfectly translate the strange
words into terms, sometimes far from synonymous,
that he can understand. Of course the real under-
standing of the text comes only when one is so far
advanced as unconsciously to think, and perhaps
even to dream, in the foreign language. Mr. Price
Collier, in his work on " Germany and the Germans"
now appearing in "Scribner's," well says of the dif-
ferent nations of the earth: "Each builds its life in
words, and the words are as little alike as in the
days of Babel; and thus it comes about that we
misunderstand one another. We translate one
another only into our own language and understand
one another as little as before, because we only know
one another in translations, and the best of the life
of each nation remains and always will remain un-
translatable. No one has ever really translated the
Greek lyrics of the choruses of .lEschylus, or the
incomparable songs of Heine. Who could dream of
putting the best of Robert Louis Stevenson into Ger-
man, or Kipling's rollicking ballads of soldier life
into Spanish, or Walter Pater into Dutch, or Edgar
Allan Poe into Russian!" Pater, by the way, came
of Dutch stock on his father's side, and his books
would more easily admit of translation into the lan-
guage of Holland than into some other tongues that
might be named; but that does not invalidate the
argument, which might have been turned to account
in explaining why so many of the masterpieces of
so-called translation — such as FitzGerald's "Ru-
b£iyaV' and Pope's Homer — are far from being;
translations at all. . . .
A library "waiting list" may not have one
established meaning throughout the library world,
but its meaning at the Grand Rapids Public Library
is interestingly explained by Mr. Ranck, the libra-
rian, in his current Report. When requests for
books not in the library are received, he tells us,
the books are first of all looked up in the "waiting
list," which is a card-catalogue of works desirable,
but not immediately purchasable for lack of funds.
"There are now," we read, "more than 10,000
volumes on this 'waiting list,' nearly all of them
desirable for our shelves according to our best infor-
mation, provided we had the money to pay for them.
This list is referred to and used constantly in order-
ing books from publishers' remainder catalogues,
books for which there is a sudden special demand,
etc. Those purchased in this way from remainder
catalogues we usually get at half or less than half
the original price. The money thus saved more
than pays for the work of maintaining this list,
which at the same time is used in so many other
ways. For many of the requests, no information
regarding the publisher or price can be found, and
on calling up the requester it is frequently learned
that there is no certainty as to the author and title,
and therefore the Department is wholly in the
dark. For all books requested, the Library endeav-
ors to find reviews in standard periodicals or get
information from other reliable sources, where it is
learned that many of these books are trivial, inac-
curate as to facts, or vicious. Cards noting these
facts are held at the library for our information
and the information of those making the inquiry."
This waiting-list system of book-purchase might be
commended not only to all libraries, but also to all
individual buyers; for book-buying, like marriage,
is often effected in haste, to be repented at leisure.
• • ■
President Wilson's literary style is made
the subject of interesting comment from the pen of
Professor Bliss Perry in the March "Century."
That one who expresses himself in language abound-
ing in delicate bookish overtones should be quick to
detect the same subtle harmonies in another, is not
at all surprising; and Mr. Wilson, as a man of


1913]
229
THE DIAL.
letters, could hardly have found a more sympathetic
and appreciative critic than in the present instance.
Mr. Perry recognizes the coarsening influences to
which a public man is subjected, and the effect they
may have even on our new President's graceful and
felicitous and refined manner of spoken and written
utterance. Nevertheless he believes that Mr.
Wilson's best writing is yet to come, while as ad-
mirable examples of his next best he points to such
earlier and later essays as "The Truth of the
Matter," "On Being Human," "Mere Literature,"
"The Author Himself," the papers on Burke,
Bagehot, and Cleveland, and other scholarly articles.
As a marked example of one whom the wear and
tear of high public office refined rather than coars-
ened, Lincoln is instanced, and the writer continues:
"Woodrow Wilson is the first professional man of
letters to become President of the United States.
No man who has entered the White House since
Lincoln has been better equipped by character and
training to ennoble and refine the tone of public
utterance"—which without a doubt now stands in
crying need of being refined and ennobled. Signi-
ficant at this time become the words long ago writ-
ten by Mr. Wilson and now recalled by Mr. Perry:
"It behooves all minor authors to realize the possi-
bility of their being discovered some day and exposed
to the general scrutiny."
A BUREAU OF GENERAL INFORMATION is what
the modern public library strives to be, as well as a
storehouse and distributer of good literature. In
this attempt the library at Newark, N. J., appears to
have succeeded more than passably well. Its busi-
ness branch, already noticed in these columns, has
within the few years of its existence achieved a fame
that has gone abroad in the land. After hearing of
the many and varied demands to which it promptly
responds in the ordinary course of its day's work,
one is almost ready to believe that here at last can
be found, in the person of the alert and resourceful
attendant in charge, somebody who really knows
your own business better than you do yourself.
Stories are told of the most curious and perplexing
questions asked and answered at this dispensary of
general and particular information. For example, a
street in Ohio, city or village unknown, was inquired
about; a man in Pennsylvania, residence and occu-
pation lost in nebulosity, so far as the inquirer was
concerned, was earnestly sought; particulars con-
cerning trolley routes to Boston were desired; and
all these, with nobody knows how many other conun-
drums, were answered with accuracy and despatch.
Necessarily the store of reference material — maps,
directories, railway time-tables, hotel guides, and so
on — maintained at a library business branch like
that at Newark is rather different from that to be
found in the ordinary reference room, and it is per-
haps a debatable question whether the services ren-
dered are such as properly may be expected of a
public library. At all events, the business branch,
as conducted at Newark, is an extremely useful
public institution; and until some other provision is
made for its maintenance, those who resort to it will
doubtless be glad to have it continued as an offshoot
of "the people's university."
* • ■
Remembering what one reads is rapidly be-
coming an obsolete accomplishment, so multitudinous
and heterogeneous are the books that we rush through
in these latter days. Not to remember the matter
itself, but to remember where it may be found in
case of need, is getting to be the limit of the burden
imposed on the memory; and it is this ability to
direct others to the desired source of information
that the librarian and the reference-room attendant
more and more diligently cultivate. The schoolboy
who, on being asked how many ribs there are in the
human skeleton, stumbled at the exact number, but
referred his teacher to the second page in the third
chapter of the textbook, had already begun to develop
this useful but not altogether most desirable form of
memory. At Harvard it has recently been urged
that the English system of examination at the hands
of a board of examiners ought to be adopted. At
Oxford and Cambridge the professor giving the
course neither sets the examination questions nor
corrects the papers, so that a larger and more inde-
pendent command of the subject is encouraged in
the student than in our own colleges, where not the
subject itself so much as the instructor's presentation
of it is regarded as the all-important thing by the
crammer for examination. But, after all, the slight-
ness of the connection between mere memory of
facts, of whatever sort, and real culture, becomes
apparent to anyone in reviewing his own educational
experience. , . .
Serious students and their "sources," that is,
the printed and manuscript material needed by them
in their researches, are in this country of magnificent
distances often widely sundered; and any system
of inter-library loans that shall practically diminish
these distances is to be welcomed. The Librarian of
Congress contributes some words of weight on the
subject of "Libraries and the Investigator" to the
March "North American Review," calling attention
to the comparative fewness of valuable special col-
lections accessible to the public in the United States,
their unsystematic development, and their very irreg-
ular geographic distribution. While more than two-
thirds of the population lie west of the Alleghenies,
only about one-eighth of the important working libra-
ries are situated within this vast region. There is,
naturally enough, a huddling of these institutions on
the Atlantic seaboard. But a perfect inter-library
loan system would do much to equalize disparities;
and the Library of Congress, since its removal into
its present quarters, and especially since its present
librarian's assumption of its superintendence, has
led the way in the practice of a liberal and widely
beneficent policy in this respect. It now hopefully
awaits a more general following of its example, and
the inauguration of a more thorough-going parcel-
post system to diminish the expense of a nation-wide


230
[March 16,
THE DIAX
exchange of library books in the interest of serious
students and specialists. Significant and reassuring
is the fact, noted by Mr. Putnam, that not one book
has been lost of the many that have been sent out
from the library under his charge to distant appli-
cants. The risk, then, and even the present expense
involved in the inter-library loan system are negli-
gible as compared with the accruing benefits.
A GIGANTIC LEXICOGRAPHICAL UNDERTAKING is
proposed by a number of English scholars of emi-
nence. At the great congress of historians to be
held next month in London, it is expected that co-
operation will be solicited for the preparation of a
dictionary of mediseval Latin. Dr. Murray, of the
great Oxford Dictionary, and his colleagues and
others are bestirring themselves in the matter, and
an invitation will probably be extended to history
workers in all countries to lend their aid in the
great enterprise, whose magnitude becomes apparent
when one considers the mass of mediaeval literature
written in a decidedly corrupt Latin between the
fall of Rome and the Renaissance. A lifetime
devoted to the reading of this mountain of books on
theology, law, medicine, philosophy, science, history,
and other subjects, would make but slight impression
on it. Hence the need of extensive collaboration
and of rather minute subdivision of the labor.
The standard work in this field of lexicography has
hitherto been that of DuCange (1678), of which the
latest edition appeared in 1883-7,— a monumental
work and a credit to its compiler's industry and
scholarship. Bat modern standards call for a more
rigorous and thorough treatment of the whole sub-
ject. If the project is carried through, there will
be added one more to the already considerable list
of scholarly and useful reference works undertaken
from the pure love of the task itself and in the
sustaining hope of producing something that shall
be of benefit to others, in smcula smculorum.
• • •
The indispensability of the printed word,
and of that store-house and disseminator of the
printed word, the public library, is emphasized by
Mr. John Cotton Dana in his ever fresh and stim-
ulating monthly publication, "The Newarker."
Forecasting the "Educational System of Newark in
1924," he predicts for the library "a very large
influence as a universal, ever-present educational in-
centive and aid," and continues: "Teaching always
falls back at last upon the page of print. Most
people to-day say they care little for books and ask
to be shown, and at the same time to be told. So
soldiers are taught; so were taught the slaves who
toiled by thousands at the building of the pyramids.
So to-day are taught the men with the shovel and
the hoe. The green hand in the factory must see
and touch his lathe and chuck and pulley, and be
told by spoken words their uses before he can be
trusted to mind the machine before him. But this
is a busy world; most men must be always doing,
and few can be spared in office or store or shop or
factory to point out the obvious and to repeat the
ancient rules in the ears of listening dullards. And
so he who in the pernicious pride of his own dullness
is waiting to be shown, is outstripped by him who
not only looks and listens, but also reads." Ampli-
fying the familiar railway-crossing inscription, the
above writer's wholesome advice to the present gen-
eration might be thus worded: Stop, Look, Listen,
but, above all else, Read!
The reference library's debt to Benjamin
Eli Smith, who died on the 24th of February after
a long illness, is so great as almost to eclipse the other
services he rendered to literature. As a young man
of twenty-six he undertook the managing editorship
of "The Century Dictionary," and was afterward
editor-in-chief of "The Century Atlas," "The Cen-
tury Cyclopedia of Names," and the revision of the
"Dictionary." In other fields of literary activity,
he translated, with the encouragement and aid of
the late President Seelye of Amherst College,
Schwegler's "History of Philosophy," and later pro-
duced English versions of Cicero's "De Amicitia,"
and edited selections from Marcus Aurelius, Epic-
tetus, and Pascal. In poetry also he early displayed
talent, and he painted with skill, besides being some-
thing of an athlete, as his college mates can testify.
Born in 1857, of New England parentage, at Beirut
—his father was for twenty-five years connected
with the American mission in Syria,—Benjamin
was sent to this country to be educated, and was
graduated from Amherst in 1877. Further study in
Germany followed, after which he taught philosophy
at Johns Hopkins; but what was to be his chief
work began in 1883 with his connection with The
Century Co. He died at his home at Rochelle Park,
N. Y.
The stealing of literary thunder without
due acknowledgment of the source of the theft is
not exactly a praiseworthy practice. That sprightly
and oft-quoted writer on the less serious aspects of
library life, Mr. Edmund Lester Pearson, in his
department known as "The Librarian" of the
Boston "Transcript," relates amusingly his not
altogether amusing experiences in encountering the
frisky offspring of his own fecund fancy in publica-
tions to which they have strayed by a more or less
roundabout route, losing in their wanderings the tag
designating the place of their nativity. Incidentally
he pays graceful acknowledgment to The Dial
for "occasional inspiration" in his own writing, and
adds, truly enough, that he believes the benefit has
not been wholly one-sided. To "The Librarian"
these columns are in truth rather deeply indebted;
and it is an indebtedness shared, as we have recently
noted, by our antipodes. The "Library Miscellany,"
published at Baroda in three languages, reprints in
a late number Mr. Pearson's clever bit of verse
entitled "The Reference Librarian"—which, how-
ever, the editor has not attempted to translate for
the Gujarati and Marathi sections of his journal,
much as one would have liked to see him try it.


1913]
231
THE DIAL
The first illustrated English book came
under the auctioneer's hammer the other day, when
"The Mirrour of the World," printed by Caxton in
1490, with the crudest of woodcuts, copied from
those in the manuscript of Vincent of Beauvais, was
sold at Sotheby's. The first and unillustrated edition
of this work made its appearance from Caxton's press
in 1481; the illustrated issue is a greater curiosity
in the book world, and the present copy has added
value from having belonged successively to two cele-
brated English artists, Millais and Birket Foster,
themselves illustrators as well as painters. From
the rude designs in this Caxton production, designs
chiefly representing teachers instructing their pupils,
and betraying an almost incredible clumsiness in
the draughtsman, to the modern photogravure and
other mechanical or semi-mechanical processes of
book-illustration, both in black-and-white and in
colors, it is a long leap, though it was far from
being a leap in the actual evolution of the illus-
trator's art. Not per saltum, but per gradus, was
the long distance covered.
COMMUNICA TION.
RADIOGRAPH OR SKIAGRAM?
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
Exactness in the choice and use of words is an indi-
cation of culture and of refinement in ideas. The
uncultivated person may describe the color of each of
several objects as "red," while one with a clearer
perception easily recognizes that there are many hues
represented, such as vermilion, scarlet, crimson, pink,
rose, damask, ruby, and even maroon. We frequently
find " infer " used in the place of " imply," and vice versa.
Exactness demands that so far as possible each word
should have one definite meaning, and no other. Un-
fortunately full compliance with this proposition would
increase our vocabulary to a cumbersome extent. When,
however, we have two words and two significations they
should not be used indiscriminatingly, and the unneces-
sary forms should be dropped.
Dictionaries are governed chiefly by usage, rather
than by inherent right. Not seldom words receive
their initial impulse from those who may be better
versed in some other branch of science than they are
in orthography, and the carelessness of others per-
mits an error to be perpetuated. Thus we find a strong
tendency among prominent surgeons to use the word
"radiograph" to designate the shadow picture taken
by means of the X-ray. Exactness is favored by reserv-
ing certain forms for given ideas, and in our choice of
words and forms we must be largely guided by their
derivation.
We have many words in the English language ending
in "-graph," " -gram," and "-graphy"; and approved
usage, perhaps only through carelessness, has permitted
some confusion as to the definite signification of these
suffixes. The Greek word "graphein," from which we
derive the suffix "-graph," is a verb, and designates
the action of writing or making a picture. The result
of the completed action was designated by the Greek
"gramma," and from the stem of this noun we have
the suffix " -gram." If, however, those ancients desired
to indicate the result of continued or repeated action
they used the noim " graphia," from which we have the
suffix "-graphy." The ending "-graphy "therefore
indicates an art, descriptive science, or treatise, as in
"telegraphy," "geography," or "arclueography," and
"biography." We very properly use the suffix "-graph"
in verbal forms, such as "telegraph," and "photo-
graph." We also use this form to describe instruments
by means of which the action may occur, such as
"phonograph," "cardiograph," and "actinograph."
Etymologically considered, the result of the action
should be described by the suffix "-gram," as in " tele-
gram" and "skiagram." The uses of the ending
"-graph" to denote the result of the finished action is
secondary and unnecessary, and is therefore confusing.
It is unnecessary because we already have the form
"-gram" with that individual signification. Why then
should the form "photogram " have been permitted to
drop into oblivion? Why not say " phonogram" and
"dictogram," rather than the more cumbersome expres-
sions "phonographic record" and "dictographic re-
cord"? In spite of the authority of many dictionaries,
therefore, it seems that the form " skiagram " is pre-
ferable to " skiagraph" to indicate the picture taken
by the Rontgeu ray; and "radiogram " is better than
"radiograph."
There are three objections to the use of "radio-
graph," " radiogram," and "radiography" with refer-
ence to the taking of shadow-pictures by the aid of the
X-ray. In the first place they represent a compound
of Latin and Greek stems. This is an etymological
offense which, because it is without any excuse, betrays
ignorance on the part of the user. It is without excuse
because we already have the purely Greek compounds
"skiagraph," etc., with the same applied reference, and
at present without any further signification. Secondly,
it is objectionable because it causes the use of two sets of
words without change of meaning. Thirdly, it has been
found that a chemical (radium) has a similar power of
making shadow-pictures upon the photographic plate
through ordinarily opaque objects. The use of the word
"radiograph " and its companion forms should therefore
be strictly limited to such photography by means of
emanations from the chemical radium. It must be
remembered that "skiagraph" is not a new word, as it
was used long before we knew anything of the peculiar
properties of the Rbntgen ray. Though old methods
have now fallen into disuse, and though strictly the
term might cover all shadow pictures, practically it
would be well to limit the use of the term "skiagram"
to the photograph takeu by the electric ray, and leave
the form "radiogram" to describe such a product of
emanations from radium.
There is another use of the verbal suffix "-graph," as
found in a noun, which both usage and reason seem to
approve. We have said that the suffix "-graphy"
indicates the result of repeated, or continued, action, as
found in an art or descriptive science; and thus is dis-
tinguished from a "-gram," which is the result of one
action. There is an intermediate form which is some-
times needed, a sort of diminutive "-graphy." Several
characters are combined into one "monogram." A
"monograph " is more extended in signification, and the
term is used to designate a short treatise upou a single
topic or portion of a topic, generally in some science or
"-olouv"
6J' Henry Bixby Hemenway.
Evanston, III., March 7, 1913.


232
[March 16,
THE
DIAL
Wagner and Bayreuth.*
The story of Richard Wagner's achieve-
ment at Bayreuth is of absorbing interest. A
genuine reformer in his art, he had all the
reformer's troubles and discouragements to
meet; but he had also the indomitable faith
and determination which lead to success. The
thought of a National Play House, where the
new operas which he had in contemplation
might come to adequate representation, had
risen upon his consciousness, and he never
abandoned the prosecution of his plan for its
realization. Time and time again affairs were
so critical that everyone connected with the
enterprise was ready to give it up. The Master
himself once or twice appeared to have lost
heart; but he made a rapid recovery, was ready
for additional sacrifices, devised fresh expedi-
ents, and went to his task once more.
Miss Caroline V. Kerr has done an excellent
work in translating and editing the letters of
Wagner which have to do with the inception
and completion of the Bayreuth Theatre. Her
introductory account is admirably adapted to
give the needed unity to the collection. As
early as 1848 Wagner published a paper on
"A Project for the Organization of a National
Theatre." In 1863, Miss Kerr tells us, he
produced an essay on "A German National
School of Music"; this he hoped to establish
in Munich. He had not reached his thirty-fifth
year before his mind was filled with the master-
pieces to which he subsequently gave form. He
had conceived the large tetralogy; and a sacred
opera was hovering before him which finally
assumed the form of "Parsifal." He recog-
nized that as a dramatic poet he was to make use
of the material furnished by German mythology,
filling it, however, with a significance that was
human and universal. His study of Schopen-
hauer and of Oriental literature gave him the
idea of a religious experience which lay at the
foundation of all religions, and out of this came
"Parsifal," and another opera of which we hear
under the title of "The Penitents," and of which
a fragment was left at his death.
In 1850 he tells his friend, Friedrich Heine:
"I am now thinking of writing the music to
Siegfried. In order to be able to produce it
properly some day, I am cherishing all sorts of
*Thb Bayreuth Letters ok Richard Wac.ner.
Translated and edited by Caroline V. Kerr. Illustrated.
Boston: Small, Maynard & Co.
bold and unusual plans, for the realization of
which nothing further is necessary than that
some rich old uncle or other should take it into
his head to die." In the preface to the first edi-
tion of the drama of " The Ring of theNibelung,"
which appeared in 1862, he distinctly announces
his plans. He prefers a small town free from
the influences surrounding the metropolitan
opera houses. He proposes a theatre designed
strictly for artistic purposes, as he understood
them; the coming together of singers imbued
with the seriousness and nobility of their calling;
the cooperation of instrumentalists who under-
stood what the intentions of the Master really
were; and the presence of an audience of music-
lovers from far and near, who would make of
the occasion a new festival of the combined arts
in their highest estate. No doubt in all this he
had in mind the great festivals of ancient times.
As Miss Kerr very well remarks:
« Wagner projected these ideas with that fine free
breadth which characterizes the mind of genius, but the
'three full years' which he allowed himself for the
completion of his heroic musical task —' Ring of the
Nibelung'— became, in reality, a quarter of a century
filled with struggles and disappointments, baffling to
anyone but a reformer fighting for an idea which em-
bodied his ' conscious mission in life.'"
The work thus remained a matter of earnest
endeavor, persistent propaganda, and anxious
anticipation until 1871, when it assumed the
proportions of a great effort on the eve of
realization.
Miss Kerr, following Glasenapp, gives a fine
characterization of the men on whom Wagner
chiefly relied for practical assistance. There were
four — Friedrich Feustel, Theodor Muncker,
Emil Heckel, and Carl Brandt. It would be
difficult to find anywhere exemplars of greater
devotion, clearer understanding, or higher secu-
lar wisdom. The man with whom they had to
deal was not one to engage readily in com-
promises; he had an unalterable conception of
the dignity and significance of his labors — had
anyone ever more right to such self-confidence?
—and the diplomacies of the manipulator of
inevitable expedients met with characteristic
treatment at his hands. The demands made
upon him were excessive, but he met them at
whatever cost or sacrifice.
Of the four advisers, Feustel was engaged in
political matters relating both to the German
Empire and to his residence city, Bayreuth.
He was a man of affairs, an excellent manager
of practical business, a competent financier, and
so indefatigable a laborer in the cause that he
received the appellation of " the Flying Dutch-


THE DIAL
233
man of Bayreuth." Muncker was the Burgo-
master of *Beyreuth, and he gave the new
musical evangel his unfaltering attachment;
he took a personal share in the task of the
Master, and was a bulwark of defense in time of
trouble. Heckel of Mannheim was an organizer
■of exterior enterprises everywhere; he dissem-
inated intelligence widely, and served the pur-
poses of obtaining the necessary financial help
and propagating the crusade in divers places.
Last but not least we have Brandt, the famous
stage machinist of Darmstadt, for whom Wag-
ner had the deepest regard, and whose advice
and suggestion were invaluable. He was far
more than a maker of stage machinery,—he had
to do largely and fully with the positive crea-
tion of a suitable home for a new synthetic art
that was far more than a mere extension of the
limits within which music, operatic and other,
had prospered up to the date of that art's appear-
ance. Music was to undergo a transfiguration
■of all its material,— was to rise to a wholly new
and higher plane.
Why Bayreuth was chosen for the Music-
Drama Festival finds explanation in this extract
from a letter to Feustel:
"The place must not be a large city with a permanent
theatre, nor one of the large summer resorts where
■during the season an absolutely undesirable public
would offer itself; it must be centrally located in Ger-
many, and moreover be a Bavarian city, as I also intend
to take up my permanent residence in the place, and
■consider that I could only do this in Bavaria if I hope to
«njoy the continued patronage of the King of Bavaria.
Apart from these considerations, this pleasant old city,
with its surroundings, made an indelible impression on
me years ago, and the fact that I am an utter stranger to
the citizens of Bayreuth gives me no cause for alarm."
Miss Kerr tells us that in the spring of 1871
Wagner went again to the old hill town, and
the " indelible impression" was deepened and
the final decision made. It was during this visit
that Wagner, who was travelling incognito, fell
ill, and Dr. Carl Landgraf was called in to see
him. The doctor became the uncompensated
physician to the artist assemblage at Bayreuth,
and he is assuredly to be named in any account
of the enterprise. In April of 1871, Wagner
issued a communication to the public, now well
disposed to his efforts, —" About the Perform-
ances of a Stage Festival Play, 'Ring of the
Nibelung.'" In this he reiterated the explana-
tions of his project formerly made. The esti-
mated cost of the Festival was over two hundred
thousand dollars, and the means for raising this
sum were to be found through the Wagner So-
cieties. The Societies were to issue membership
certificates; the holder of the certificate was to
have a place at all of the performances, and three
persons might share in one certificate. By the
early death of Karl Tausig his knowledge and
enthusiasm were lost to Wagner, and the main
labor of establishing the Societies fell upon the
broad and willing shoulders of Heckel, whose
wisdom and devotion had no superiors. He
organized the first Wagner Society in Mann-
heim in 1871, and the ball was set in motion.
The rest of the story, with its ups and downs,
its manifold fluctuations, its hopes and tem-
porary despairs, may be read in these letters.
Here are the original sources, and they are per-
vaded by the fervor of emotion which belongs
to the success of enterprises of great pith and
moment. At times it seemed as though im-
passable barriers obstructed further progress.
The Emperor of Germany was appealed to
without result, and more than once Louis of
Bavaria was obliged to come to the rescue. At
last the Festival came into being, one of the
capital achievements of mankind, only to sink
into a subsequent silence of five years. Then,
in 1876, "Parsifal" resounded in the ears of
men, and the Bayreuth Theatre was established.
Miss Kerr's translation is a good one;
although there seems an occasional misunder-
standing of a German idiom. The connecting
passages are excellent, and the series of letters
becomes a consistent history. It is here that
Miss Kerr has done some of her best work, and
she converts epistles written to various persons
into a genuine chapter of autobiography. It
was a fine thing to bring together these intimate
communications relating to an important episode
in Wagner's life; it was a still finer thing so to
arrange and relate them as to give continuity of
interest and narrative. The letters are charac-
teristic of the author, who was always a won-
derful letter-writer. Louis James Block.
J. M. Synge and His Work.*
The amount of biographic fact so far made
known about J. M. Synge is surprisingly small,
and though a book "is shortly to make its ap-
pearance that will tell from direct reminiscence
all that the world is entitled to hear, written by
those who knew Synge well," the promise does
not seem to carry a hope of much more exten-
*Thk Cutting ok an Agate. By William Butler
Yeats. New York: The Macmillan Co.
J. M. Synge and the Irish Dramatic Movement.
By Francis Bickley. With portrait. Boston: Houghton
Mifflin Co.
J. M. Synoe. A Critical Study. By P. P. Howe. With
portrait. New York: Mitchell Kennerley.


234
[March 16,
THE DIAL
sive information than we now possess. The
biography in Mr. Francis Bickley's little vol-
ume consists of one chapter of nine pages; and
that, as far as actual biography is concerned, is
mostly padding. Synge was born in Dublin,
spent his wander-years on the continent as
obscurely as Goldsmith did, was discovered by
Mr. W. B. Yeats in a Paris garret in 1897, and
on the latter's advice devoted himself to creative
work in Ireland until his death in 1909. Such
are the outstanding facts of his life.
What effect the years of study in French and
German had upon Synge's literary work has not
as jret been fully developed, nor is it even satis-
factorily indicated by Mr. Howe in his " critical
study." It would form a very pretty subject
for research, not even unworthy of a doctor's
dissertation, though, of course, repulsively mod-
ern. It stands to reason that the formative
years up to 1897 were probably formative in
the real sense of the word. Mr. Yeats s very
words that Synge had "nothing to show but one
or two poems and impressionistic essays, full of
that kind of morbidity that has its root in too
much brooding over methods of expression, and
ways of looking upon life, which come, not out
of life, but out of literature, images reflected
from mirror to mirror,"—these words explain,
to some extent at least, the wonderful diction of
the plays, and enable one to comprehend how
this genius when brought into the open air of
the Aran Islands could turn to healthy use this
morbid care for the word and phrase. Still
more might one expect to find far-reaching
influences in form and thought, as indeed has
been pointed out by Professor Sherman in the
matter of Synge's relation to Anatole France
and others.
Whatever results might be obtained from such
a study of foreign influence, they would not lessen
our appreciation of Synge's genius any more than
our knowledge of the pre-Shakespearean influ-
ence decreases our admiration for the "Comedy
of Errors" or "Hamlet." The voice is a new
one, as distinctively national as individual.
"The Well of the Saints," the chief of Synge's
plays, according to Mr. Howe, has elements in
common with Maeterlinck's "Les Aveugles"
and Clemenceau'8 " Voile du Bonheur," but it is
as wholly characteristic of the Irish national
genius as it is expressive of Synge's sense of
the greyness of life untouched by the poetic
imagination. The play is no less a product of
Ireland than the "Playboy," which is based on
a story told Synge by "the oldest man on Inis-
maan." Its local color is perfect in detail; the
characters have the complete flavor of the soil,
— so much so that the bit of supernaturalism
upon which the action hinges is accepted by the
audience as readily as are the superstitions of
the locality by the inhabitants. The very con-
trast, too, between the world of reality and that
of imagination is characteristic both of the Celt
and of Synge. Thus in this play of " The Well
of the Saints," two blind beggars, man and wife,
weather-beaten and old, recover their sight by
the miracle of an itinerant saint and discover
that their beauty, which the villagers had made
them believe as actual, was the grossest delusion.
With their sight they get only misery, and not
until their eyes become dimmed again and grad-
ually become sightless, do they return to their
former joy in the natural world about them.
When the holy man returns and is about to-
repeat the cure by means of the sacred water,
the man strikes the can containing it out of the
saint's hand and thus spares himself and his wife
the misfortune of another miracle. Their world
of imagination is better than that of things as
they saw them with their eyes. The same note
is struck in other plays. The Playboy discovers
himself, by breaking away first from the dull
tyranny of a brutal father and later from the
fleeting joys of a false state of worship as a hero
into the realization of his own spirit, till he be-
comes "a likely gaffer in the end of all," a poet
ranging through the Western World of his
vaunting imagination. So the Tramp in "The
Shadow of the Glen" holds out to Nora, who-
somewhat doubtfully accepts the prophecy ac-
cording to which "you '11 be hearing the herons-
crying out over the black lakes, and you '11 be
hearing the grouse and the owls with them, and
the larks and the big thrushes when the days
are warm; and it's not from the like of them
you '11 be hearing a tale of getting old like Peggy
Cavanagh, and losing the hair off you, and the
light of your eyes, but it's fine songs you'll be
hearing when the sun goes up, and there'll be
no old fellow wheezing, the like of a sick sheep,
close to your ear." All this the Tramp holds
out to her imaginative spirit, so that she goes
out with him to face "the cold, and the frost,
and the great rain, rather than live with her
husband in a lonesome place the like of this
place." And in "Deirdre of the Sorrows" the
contrast is carried to the extreme, so that when
the world of facts becomes overpowering, the
only refuge is death, but death lighted up by
faith and love. Just before Deirdre presses the
knife into her heart and sinks into the grave,
she thus addresses Conchubor, who has killed


1913]
235
THE
DIAL
her lover and husband, Naisi: "I have a little
key to unlock the prison of Naisi you'd shut
upon his youth forever. Keep back, Conchubor;
for the High King who is your master has put
his hands between us. It was sorrows was fore-
told, but great joys were my share always; yet
it is a cold place I must go to be with you,
Naisi; and it's cold your arms will be this night
that were warm about my neck so often. . . .
It's a pitiful thing to be talking out when your
ears are shut to me. It's a pitiful thing,
Conchubor, you have done this night in Emain;
yet a thing will be a joy and triumph to the ends
of life and time." Love is as great a transformer
of the actual as is the imagination, and in Deirdre's
case it has made the world so beautiful that death
with her lover is better than life without him.
Synge's genius was much more tragic than
comic. His comedy, "The Tinker's Wedding," is
probably the least effective of his works. In-
teresting types of character the tinkers and the
priest are, but the dialogue is not particularly
amusing nor is the plot very interesting. His
comedy is at its best when it serves to heighten
by contrast the grim or the pathetic. Thus how
admirably in "The Playboy" is the character
of Shawn revealed when he disconsolately
remarks to the Widow Quin it propos of his
rival's success: "Oh, Widow Quin, what'11 I
be doing now? I'd inform agen him, but he'd
be sure and certain to destroy me. If I wasn't
so God-fearing, I'd near have courage to come
behind him and run a pike into his side. Oh,
it's a hard case to be an orphan and not to have
your father that you're used to, and you'd
easy kill and make yourself a hero in the sight
of all." The comic spirit in this play which
is more marked than in any other, brings out
more completely the tragic fate of Pegeen, who
sees all her happiness suddenly vanish in her
disillusionment. She has lost her playboy of
the western world and nothing will fill the
blank. "Riders to the Sea" is a tragedy of a
whole people who earn their bread on the waters,
and it is filled with the brooding and fatalistic
melancholy of the Celt. Maurya speaks with
the solemn intensity of her kind. It is not the
"excitement of the will in the presence of at-
tainable advantages" we have in this tragedy;
it is rather the submission of the will crushed by
the inexorable power of the sea. When her last
son is brought in drowned, she cries: "They re
all gone now, and there isn't anything more the
sea can do to me. ... I '11 have no call now to
be up crying and praying when the wind breaks
from the south, and you can hear the surf is in
the east, and the surf is in the west, making a
great stir with the two noises, and they hitting
one on the other. I '11 have no call now to be
going down and getting Holy Water in the dark
nights after Samhain, and I won't care what
way the sea is when the other women will be
keening." And how poignantly passion is
expressed in the greatest tragedy of them all,
when Deirdre bids farewell to the home of her
seven happy years as she leaves it for the un-
known: "Woods of Cuan, woods of Cuan; dear
country of the east! It's seven years we've had
a life was joy only, and this day we're going
west, this day we 're facing death, maybe, and
deatli should be a poor, untidy thing, though
it '8 a queen that dies." And again just before
she presses the knife to her heart she says:
"Little moon, little moon of Alban, it's lone-
some you '11 be this night, and to-morrow night,
and long nights after, and you pacing the
woods beyond Glen Laoi, looking every place
for Deirdre and Naisi, the two lovers who slept
so sweetly with each other."
And the voice of this genius is new because
his people are so wonderfully fresh and clear.
What a great language they speak! How lucid
and simple and poetic it is! Thus in "The
Well of the Saints" Martin tells of the sights
the two blind beggars, he and his wife, have:
"Ah, it's ourselves had finer sights than the
like of them, I'm telling you, when we were
sitting a while back hearing the birds and bees
humming in every weed of the ditch; or when
we'd be smelling the sweet, beautiful smell
does be rising in the warm nights, when you do
hear the swift Hying things racing in the air,
till we'd be looking up in our own minds into
a grand sky; and seeing lakes, and big rivers,
and fine hills for taking the plough." Above
all, the voice is new because the author is not
concerned in solving a problem or exploiting a
theory; it is like the voice of the Elizabethans,
which proclaims truth and beauty through the
medium of pure art. James W. Tupper.
Disraeli as Politician and Author.*
In the preface to the second volume of Mr.
William Flavelle Monypenny's Life of Disraeli,
it is explained that the delay in publication was
due to reasons of health. The preface is dated
October, 1912 ; a little later news went abroad
of the author's death. The passing of a brilliant
•The Life of Bej.ma.min Dinkaeli, Eaki. of Beacons-
kield. By William Flavelle Monypenny. Volume II.
Illustrated. New York: The Mucmillan Co.


236
[March 16,
THE
DIAL
writer is always keenly felt; in this case there
is the added regret that death came while the
author was in the midst of the greatest task of
his career. Of his biography of Disraeli only
two of the four volumes that he had planned
have been published. We are assured, however,
that he had the remaining volumes well under
way, and that they will appear in due time.
In the present volume the author has em-
ployed the same literary method as in the earlier
one. It is to a large extent made up of extracts
from Disraeli's letters and novels, which the
author has strung together on a thin thread of
original narrative. This method has decided
advantages: it gives the reader an insight into
Disraeli's mental character that no discussion
on the author's part could give us. The great
politician is made to reveal all the many traits
of his extraordinary mind, his love for the fan-
tastic, his ambition, his shrewdness, his faith in
himself, his vanity, and the rest: the author
makes no attempt at concealment. At the same
time, there arises a doubt as to whether the
method has not been overworked. It is import-
ant to know what Disraeli thought of himself;
but we need also to be told what his contem-
poraries thought of him. To some extent Mr.
Monypenny supplies this information, but too
often it is given on the authority of Disraeli
himself. It may be true that "I spoke with
great effect last night in the House, the best
speech on our side," and that" my great speech
in 1846 . . . was followed by the loudest and
longest cheer that ever was heard in the House
of Commons," but we ought to have more
evidence.
The volume covers a period of nine years,
beginning with Disraeli's first appearance in
parliament in 1837 and closing with his suc-
cessful overthrow of Sir Robert Peel in 1846.
A chapter is given to his marriage, and another
to his stay in Paris during the winter of 1842-3;
but the bulk of the narrative is devoted to liter-
ature and politics, two subjects that were closely
related in Disraeli's mind. Mr. Monypenny has
studied his subject from three sides: he sees
him as a parliamentary orator, as a novelist,
and as a political theorist. Disraeli the states-
man will be the subject of future volumes; for
in his career previous to 1846 there were no
clear indications that he would ever develop con-
structive statesmanship; nor would anyone have
guessed in the days when he had to remain in-
doors for fear of his creditors that he would
some day prove a fairly successful chancellor
of the exchequer.
Considerable attention is given to Disraeli's
career as a parliamentary orator. The story of
his maiden speech, when the radicals and the
Irishmen howled him down, is told in detail,
and the author shows that it was Disraeli's own
fault that he received such rough treatment:
he went"out of his way to provoke the hostility
of the Irish, on whom the traditions of the House
were least likely to impose restraint." Ten days
later he was again on the floor, and was satisfied
with the impression that he made: "I spoke
again last night and with complete success."
Three months later he made an unusually effec-
tive speech, and " sat down amid loud cheers";
but he adds: "No one cheered me more vehe-
mently than Hobhouse, who was a little drunk."
Before he had been six months in the House,
it seems that the press as well as parliament
had begun to take him seriously. At least such
is his own belief.
"I made a most brilliant and triumphant speech last
night—unquestionably and agreed upon by all hands the
crack speech of the night. . . . Every paper in London,
Radical, Whig, or Tory, has spoken of my speech in
the highest terms of panegyric, except the wretched
Standard, which, under the influence of that scoundrel
Maginn, always attacked me before I was in parliament,
and now always passes over my name in silence."
The author also discusses Disraeli's oratorical
mannerisms, his monotonous drawl, his careless
gestures, and the indifferent manner that he
employed until he reached the really important
parts of his speech, when he would suddenly
rise to the occasion and give the enemy thrust
after thrust.
Two chapters are devoted to Disraeli's novels
of this period, "Coningsby" and "Sibyl." Mr.
Monypenny rates these very high, whether re-
garded as works of art or as political treatises.
But he is not oblivious to the defects in Disraeli's
literary art,—chiefly his inability to keep his
purpose from dominating the story. The au-
thor's discussion of these novels is most illumi-
nating. "'Coningsby' can be regarded either
as a work of art, or as the manifesto of Young
England." The chapter on Young England, a
group of dreamers who looked to Disraeli as a
leader, serves as an excellent introduction to
the discussion of the novel itself, for some of the
members of Young England appear as characters
in the story. In "Sibyl" Disraeli gives us a
study of conditions among the impoverished
industrial classes. It is Mr. Monypenny's opin-
ion that although "Sibyl" has been a favorite
"withthe critics and with the elect," it is really
inferior to "Coningsby."
"Coningsby" is important for the study of


1913]
237
THE DIAL
Disraeli as a political theorist, because in this
book he develops his ideas of historical Toryism;
"Sibyl," because in this he shows the necessity
of combining the older Tory idea with that of
social reform. In tracing the growth of the new
Toryism, Mr. Monypenny finds that Disraeli
was not disloyal to his early radical convictions
when he became a member of the conservative
party. With his conservative friends he em-
phasized the historic elements of the English
constitution,—the land, the church, and above
all the monarchy. But he did not stop there:
he realized that the industrial revolution had
produced a new set of social conditions, and
that the call for social reform should be heeded.
Monarchy, as he viewed it, did not exist merely
to conserve the existing institutions; it was to
serve as the agent of the nation in effecting
social reform.
"For him in the political cosmos there are two great
realities — the throne at the centre, and the People at
the circumference; and on the maintenance of their nor-
mal and unimpeded interaction the health and balance
of all depends. 'The privileges of the multitude and
the prerogatives of the Sovereign had grown up together,
and together they had waned'; together also they were
to be redeemed from the selfish oligarchy which had
usurped them, and the not less selfish and only less nar-
row middle class winch had now taken the place of the
oligarchy. That, briefly stated, is the Disraelian posi-
tion. There is no shrinking, as we can see, from democ-
racy as such, though there is a shrinking from a sudden
transference of power to a neglected and entirely unedu-
cated democracy."
It was, however, not as the exponent of a
political theory, but as the supporter of a ques-
tionable economic expedient, the corn laws, that
Disraeli mounted to leadership. The fight over
the corn laws is told in considerable detail. An
effort is made to show that Disraeli was abso-
lutely honest in his opposition, and that he had
given Peel warning in several notable speeches
that an attempt to abandon protection might
bring them to the parting of the ways. It is
in his discussion of this conflict that Mr.
Monypenny shows most clearly his own political
bias; this part of the narrative is therefore
likely to meet with some criticism. For the
author holds that the abolition of the corn laws
ruined English agriculture, while it brought no
help to Ireland; that the apparent prosperity of
England in the following years was not due to
the repeal, but to other causes: "the great
development of steam and railways that was
proceeding when it was adopted, and the gold
discoveries in California and Australia that soon
followed"; and, finally,—
"The repeal of the Corn Laws was the first decisive
step in that policy of sacrificing the rural life of England
to a one-sided and exaggerated industrial development
which has done so much to change the English character
and the English outlook, and which it may not impossi-
bly be the business of subsequent generations to endeavor
to retrace."
It is also a question whether the author is
just in his treatment of Sir Robert Peel. He
admits that morally Peel was superior to
Disraeli; Disraeli's flat denial in the House of
Commons that he had ever asked Peel for an
office would make another conclusion impossible.
Mr. Monypenny makes no attempt to excuse the
falsehood; he adds, however, "Let the politi-
cian who is without sin in the matter of veracity
cast the first stone." But, he argues, "there is
not only a moral but an intellectual integrity,
and in intellectual virtue Peel was as much the
inferior of Disraeli as in the moral he was his
superior."
It is likely that too much is made of Disraeli's
devotion to principle; for it seems impossible
to disguise the fact that he was, after all, a
political adventurer, who would leap at an op-
portunity like that afforded by the plight of
the squires who were threatened by Peel's pro-
posed legislation. But except in matters related
to the great battle in 1846, the author shows
rare judgment and writes in a spirit of evident
fairness. It must be remembered, however,
that Mr. Monypenny wrote in the year 1912,
in an atmosphere full of schemes for future corn
laws and other forms of protection; in such an
atmosphere it would be difficult for the judgment
of a Tory to maintain an even balance.
Laurence M. Larson.
The Women of Shakespeare.*
Several years ago Mr. Frank Harris, the
London editor and dramatic critic, published a
work on " The Man Shakespeare," in which he
professed to read the inner history of Shake-
speare from youth to decline by finding him
thinly disguised in his dramas under a recurrent
type-character, now, for example, as Orsino, now
as Hamlet, and now as Antony. Mr. Harris's
new volume of studies, reprinted from "The
English Review," are in effect a continuation
of the same theme. By "The Women of
Shakespeare" are meant primarily the four
actual women who had most to do with the
shaping of Shakespeare's life and sentiments—
his mother, wife, mistress, and daughter. These
women, like Shakespeare himself, Mr. Harris
* The Women of Shakespeahe. By Frank Harris. New
York: Mitchell Kennerley.


238
[March 16,
THE
DIAL
finds portrayed more or less faithfully in suc-
cessive characters in the dramas, and he freely
employs such phrases as Cleopatra-Fitton and
Judith-Marina to convey his meaning. Natur-
ally, the chief emphasis is upon the mistress,
Mary Fitton, Queen Elizabeth's maid-of-honor.
It was she, Mr. Harris believes, who is to be
credited with the development of Shakespeare's
tragic power, working in his soul and art a trans-
formation paralleled (shall we say?) only in such
histories as those of Dante and Petrarch.
The matter of the volume is not entirely new.
We have long been familiar, for instance, with
the attempt to identify "the whitely wanton
with a velvet brow" of " Love's Labor's Lost"
with the dark lady of the sonnets, and this lat-
ter with Mary Fitton. But Mr. Harris goes far
beyond these slight conjectures, and attempts
to extract from the plays not only, as already
stated, a spiritual history, but even definite
biographical details. For example, a scene in
"Coriolanus" makes him "feel that Shake-
speare's mother on her death-bed had probably
begged something of Shakespeare which he had
granted very reluctantly," that she had, in fact,
"made him promise to be reconciled to his wife."
A declaration so bold as this excites one's curi-
osity to know by what process of deduction the
author arrives at his conclusions. Example
will be more satisfactory than description.
Speaking of " Coriolanus," he says:
"The wife plays hardly any part in the drama; the
whole interest is concentrated on the mother and son.
. . . The speech of Coriolanus when he is on the point
of yielding to his mother's pleading is impossible in the
mouth of a Roman general, but is all the more character-
istic of Shakespeare at this time:
Like a dull actor now
I have forgot my part, and I am out,
Even to a full disgrace. . . .
. . . You gods! I prate,
And the most noble mother of the world
Leave unsaluted: sink my knee, i' the earth
Of thy deep duty more impression show
Than that of common sons. . . .
Surely in the last Hues of this self-revealing speech we
catch an echo of Shakespeare's pride in himself and his
intense admiration of his mother. Why should Corio-
lanus praise his mother to us?"
It seems to us rather more pertinent to ask,
Why should Shakespeare praise his mother to
a London audience? But if that is not convinc-
ing, perhaps the following may be — this time
with reference to "Antony and Cleopatra":
"Shakespeare had been in love with Mary Fitton for
years. She had got into his blood, and he could not
but paint her for us in act after act, in a dozen differing
moods. Even Shakespeare's intellectual conscience
Enobarbus cannot control himself when he speaks of
her:
I saw her once
Hop forty paces through the public street;
And having lost her breath, she spoke, and panted
That she did make defect perfection
And, breathless, power breathe forth.
This incident seems to me a veritable performance of
Mary Fitton reported by Shakespeare. It must have
made a deathless impression on him. Not only does it
throw Enobarbus off his perfect balance: but it is in
itself too peculiar to be imagined and is besides not at
all in keeping with the character of the sensual queen.
It reminds us too directly of the bold sonnet-heroine.
That insistence upon ' power ' strikes the same note as
in Sonnet 150:
0 from what power hast thou this powerful might?"
In the chapter on "All's Well that Ends
Well" Mr. Harris makes out a strong case for
the identification of Bertram's character with
that of Lord Herbert, and the plausibility of
this portion bespeaks serious consideration for
his entire argument. But, unfortunately, no-
where else does assent follow so readily, and very
often one feels compelled to enter an emphatic
denial. That Hamlet upbraiding his mother
and beseeching her to abandon the King should
be really Shakespeare reproaching Mary Fitton
and begging her to cast off Lord Herbert, ap-
pears little short of ridiculous. And when, a
little later, we are told that the unnatural cruelty
of Hamlet in speaking with such contempt of
the slain Polonius —
"I '11 lug the guts into the neighbor room "—
is only to be explained by the fact that"Shake-
speare is here again thinking of Herbert, the
real object of his hate, whom often in imagina-
tion he had killed with one quick thrust," one
feels bound to protest that if this indeed be so,
the creator of Hamlet was insane. If Mr. Harris
were not so serious and so evidently convinced
by his own reasoning, we should be disposed to
think it all a deliberate hoax, perpetrated pos-
sibly with the object of showing the Baconians
how, with persistence enough, one can read any-
thing he pleases into the text of Shakespeare.
Not the least strange part of it all is the au-
thor's fancy that his discovery somehow glorifies
Shakespeare, even while he calls him a snob and
a sensualist. He appears to think that now, for
the first time, in the light of this new truth, is
Shakespeare revealed in all his essential human-
ity, and his character clothed with flesh and blood.
But surely this is just what all men have always
seen in Shakespeare. Life, we grant,— indeed,
we insist,— he must have known to the core.
What we refuse to believe, even granting the
Herbert-Fitton episode, which is by no means
established, is that he should have kept so nar-
rowly within the pale of his personal experience


1913]
239
THE
DIAL
and hugged so closely his private wrongs that
he merely transcribed them, schoolboy-like, into
his plays, instead of transmuting them into that
wonderful pageant of universal human passions
that spectators and readers alike have taken
them to be. Mr. Harris exclaims, in a moment
which to a mere "mandarin-professor" looks
like the very ebullition of hysteria, "What a
pity it is that Shakespeare and Mary Fitton do
not sleep together in the great Abbey!" But
if we were once convinced of what he asserts so
exultantly, that many of the plays, including
all the greatest ones, actually "reek of" Mary
Fitton, we should feel with an immeasurable
sadness that our idol was dethroned and should
close our Shakespeares forever. Happily, not
many of us are likely to be convinced.
Alphonso Gerald Newcomer.
Mysticism: Whither Bound?*
The world will not cease to demand from
mysticism some firm human significance. Lack-
ing this, a new mystic vision may indeed carry
us off our feet for a time, but we will not fly
far with it. Possessing this, it may transport
us to very strange shores: we will "adventure
for such merchandise." History is instinct
with this demand, and general thought will
make it continually more pressing. Surely it
is destined, working its way to the very roots
of mysticism, to cultivate in time a hardier
plant and lovelier flowers than have been.
But just at present the process is acute
and debilitating. The blossoms are not only
strange but inherently fragile,—for instance,
those that blow in M. Maeterlinck's garden.
Graceful and assiduously tended as these are,
they can scarce draw one's approbation unmixed
with the regret "that it should come to this"!
Especially calculated to stir the Hamlet in one,
are the essays on Emerson, Novalis, and Ruys-
broeck in their English dress. The translation,
though on the whole adequate, is frequently the
reverse of subtle, and in any case much of the
original color and perfume was bound to flee
the language of shop-keepers; moreover, the
studies in the volume represent, as the translator
remarks, the sources of Maeterlinck's "philo-
sophic inspiration." As a result, his views
confront the Anglo-Saxon reader in barer out-
line than ever before.— and readers are likely
•On Emerson, and Other Essays. By Maurice Maeter-
linck. Translated by Montrose J. Moses. New York: Dodd,
Mead «fc Co.
to be numerous on account of the author's
popularity. Many who have seen Maeterlinck
through the general haze which hangs about
him may be induced now to ponder somewhat
thoughtfully the bare essentials of his mysticism.
Indeed, although the essays are not new, they
have now a fresh importance. They provide,
unintentionally, a timely " Past and Present."'
Joining with certain other influences which are
working in the same direction, they will help
compel our attention for the present state of
mysticism. And more general meditation upon
this subject should react to the good of mysti-
cism itself,—should indirectly hasten its period
of firmer growth. Whither is it bound?
Mysticism comprises two main spiritual
states, fundamentally inseparable and comple-
mentary but nevertheless distinct: an apo-
calyptic, in which truth seems merely to be
revealed; and a humanly creative, so to speak,
in which new truth seems brought into exist-
ence. At times, the dreamer is contemplating
a transcendent picture from which a veil has
dropped; again, he is himself the artist, paint-
ing with divine colors a scene not yet known to
heaven or earth. For him, the joy of strangely
mingled self-forgetfulness and creative exulta-
tion is for the moment all-sufficient. He rele-
gates to colder hours, or to other persons, the
pursuit of a rational harmony. This pursuit
reduces the two mystic states to aspects of what
has so far appeared, in the world's net verdict,
a persistent dualism presenting such further
discords as "the one and the many," good and
evil, eternity and time. Yet all considerable
attempts at harmonizing these discords have soon
reacted upon the nature of mysticism itself —
have been the true parents, indeed, of all mys-
tic visions which have attained lasting human
significance.
Where, then, will the pursuit of harmony
next lead us? The effect of modern thought,
certainly, has been to deepen the human terms
of the old paradox. The tap-root of them all,
plainly, is "time"—roughly represented in
ordinary speech by such expressions as flux,
evolution, human progress, and the like: time
in the largest sense of the word. This fact has
been more and more firmly established among
us,—on the one hand by those who look askance
on everything from Rousseau to Bergson, and
on the other by those optimists—spiritual chil-
dren of Comte — who find the direct line of
progress passing through the middle of our
epoch. So that the central stream of human
thought, if it follows its old commonplace pro-


240
[March 16,
THE
DIAL
cedure of issuing about midway between the
conservative and radical channels, can scarcely
do so without being colored, more deeply than
before, with the current of time. That color
will slowly work its way—in just what degree
it is impossible to foretell, although certainly
not in the Bergsonian degree—through the
general conception of ultimate reality. To this
result the majority of nineteenth century writ-
ers, most often unwittingly, have made sig-
nificant contributions. Even those have done
so who, like Carlyle and Browning, affected
independence of the age's trend and rendered
inborn homage to "the Quiet" overhead. For
by uniquely emphasizing, in effect, the lasting
significance of human labor, "the many," even
evil, and various other constituents of the
human drama, they edified the very plot and
frame of that drama—time itself. They all
abetted time's invasion of the Quiet's realm.
It seems that the central push of history was
behind them.
The eventual result for mysticism will be to
intensify what was termed above its humanly
creative mood. Implicit in this mood is the
recognition that time possesses at bottom some
ultimate reality. Nor will the intensification of
that mood make it dissonant with the apocalyp-
tic state in which time's shackles seem to be
loosed. For it is surely the function and value
of mysticism to solve, as the world grows older,
deeper discords than of yore. And the mystic
himself mayexperience increasingly rich returns.
The truth which he discovers will never again,
indeed, have the pure simplicity and the static
completeness of the Platonic vision. But if the
divine excellence shall show some inherent need
of development, it will evince also a transcend-
ent capability for such unfolding. And the
rapture of perceiving this excellence will be
mingled more than ever with the deep joy
of creatively aiding in that development. A
prevision of this joy appears in Emerson: the
"Oversoul" is overlaid with a peculiarly crea-
tive "Self-Reliance "— fruit of a long growth
of human thought which in him attained a pro-
phetic, if premature, harmoniousness.
In Maeterlinck's essay on Emerson, however,
the thought-foundation has faded from view,
and the self-reliance been reduced to a succes-
sion of receptive moods. How strangely thin,
then, here as in the writings of Emerson's
less noted present-day disciples, does the Over-
soul appear! And it is this sort of soul—"a
capricious and hidden thing'" he once well terms
it — which the author pursues through the re-
maining two essays, and distills into a haze of
imagery. Mystic imagery, rather than mystic
vision with its large background of thought, is
what attracts him,— notably in Ruysbroeck.
The book is therefore thoroughly characteristic
of contemporary mysticism. For this has fallen
into the twofold estate produced always by peri-
ods of transition: its apocalypse is weak, and
its humanly creative vision is merged largely in
a predilection for symbolism. Fleeting impres-
sions of vague greatnesses — often light shadows
of past gods — are elaborated through a finely
graduated scale of symbolic images. Pick up
almost any present literary production tinged
with mysticism — be it American lyric, German
reverie, or Russian novel — and you are told the
same story. It throws one's thoughts, distress-
ingly, upon the merely latent, inert aspect of
reality. The oversoul, without firm human
foundation, easily sinks to an undersoul. Those
highest " peaks " of our being, for instance, that
Maeterlinck talks so much about,—do they not
quickly turn, if one rubs one's eyes, into mere
inverted images of valleys?
To be sure, it is well to be made conscious of
our needs; such a condition is pre-essential to
reconstruction. And if the pursuit of symbol-
ism cannot fulfil those needs, nevertheless it has-
a certain secondary value. At its best, present-
day literary mysticism is cultivating the high
meaning of the small familiar things of life; it
is thus contributing in a minor fashion to |hat
humanizing of mysticism which is bound in the
future to run its course. And, indeed, flashes of
truly constructive insight, indicating a develop-
ment of fresh vitality in the general direction
outlined above, are not wanting: witness the first
part of Maeterlinck's essay on Novalis. But
naturally the new harmony, in which time, with
its increased reality, shall be reconciled again
with eternity, must be built up not in the proper
sphere of mysticism but in that of religious
thought. Browning's optimistic attempt at over-
coming this discord was not merely Victorian,,
but also prophetic; though smiled at nowadays,,
to be sure, by many of the critical, it has obvi-
ously met a real need vaguely apprehended by the
public mind. Other religious or semi-religious
thinkers, among them Professor Eucken, have
been more or less consciously contributing to the
coming result. In the meantime, mysticism is.
on the whole worshipping "an unknown God."
Whenever it has done this in the past, it has-
left, in its decay, no large kernel of human,
significance.
George Roy Elliott.


1913]
241
THE DIAL,
Problems of Labor and Industry.*
An eminent economic authority of a past genera-
tion once said that, while production to a large extent
is governed by fixed and immutable laws, the distri-
bution of wealth varies according to the laws and
customs of a country,— one being fixed by nature,
the other by society. If this is true (and there seems
to be a consensus of opinion in that direction) the
present industrial unrest is caused by the desire for
a more equitable distribution of the fruits of human
toil among the several producers. The capitalist has
always been able to take care of himself, but now
the laborer is coming into his own more than ever
before in industrial history. Both capital and labor
are indispensable factors in production, and through
peaceful adjustments of difficulties right understand-
ing and mutual well-being must be brought about.
Discontent, to be effective, must express itself; and
even if the proposed remedies vary, as they do in
the four books here considered, the inevitable out-
come must be social progress.
Sir Arthur Clay discusses in "Syndicalism and
Labor" the rise of militant methods in labor circles,
and adds some notes upon various aspects of social
and industrial questions of the day. The origin of
Syndicalism is briefly described, and concerning its
meaning we read:
"It may be correctly used to designate the system adopted
by any association of persons formed to further common
interests; but in France of late years it has acquired a special
meaning, and is now generally understood to denote the
policy of the 1 Confederation Generate du Travail,1 the object
of which is the destruction by force of the existing organi-
sation, and the transfer of industrial capital from its present
possessors to Syndicalists, or in other words to the revolution-
ary Trade Unions. The means by which this object is to be
secured is the General Strike."
One faction looks to revolutionary methods, while
the other to constitutional means, to accomplish their
ends. The intellectual justification of Syndicalism
in the writings of Sorel is thus stated:
"In the absence of a virile and energetic middle class,
human progress is impossible. In these latter days this class
has become degenerate and cowardly. The only chance for
its regeneration is that it should be compelled to fight for
its existence. The war of classes taught by the doctrine of
Syndicalism can alone supply this necessary stimulant; there-
fore to teach this doctrine is to serve the true interest of
humanity."
In other words, Syndicalism is advocated as a relig-
ion. The larger part of Sir Arthur Clay's book is
devoted to an historical risumS of the development
of Syndicalism in France, Sweden, Italy, Spain, and
the United Kingdom. Then follow chapters on
trade unionism in England, and the influence upon
it of growing socialistic sentiment. The position
•Syndicalism and Labob. By Sir Arthur Clay, Bart.
New York: E. P. Dutton it Co.
Organized Labor: Its Problems and How to Meet
Them. By A. J. Portenar. New York: The Macmillan Co.
The New Industrial Day. By William C. Redfield.
New York: The Century Co.
The Outlook for Industrial Peace. Philadelphia:
American Academy of Political and Social Science.
of the author is that of an extreme Tory, and the
"sacred rights of property" are emphasized to the
neglect of even the most conservative and humane
considerations. All trades unions are regarded as
necessarily anti-social bodies, and their present tend'
encies are viewed with alarm. Although written
almost entirely from secondary sources, and despite
its reactionary tone, the book contains an interesting
account of the ideas and growth of Syndicalism.
Unlike the previous volume, Mr. Portenar's book
on "Organized Labor" is a discussion of labor prob-
lems and how to meet them written from a trade-
union point of view. The author is a member of
the Typographical Union, and his views are there-
fore not theoretical but the result of actual experi-
ence. The lesson to him of the McNamara affair,
with all its attendant results, is not the necessity for
a breaking up of trade unionism but for its more
thorough organization. The way out is by peaceful
means. Then, after a consideration of some of the
existing grievances, the author says:
"Hence the first answer to the question, What shall we
do? is a negative. We shall not resort to open or furtive
violence. Those to whom an ethical reason is sufficient need
not be urged to refrain from it. Those who see in it a means
of advancement should be satisfied that the best to be hoped
from it is temporary gain, certain to be followed by punish-
ment for the guilty and disaster for the movement. The
two reasons together should control us all."
A chapter is then devoted to Syndicalism, and its
exposition in this country by the Industrial Workers
of the World. Here also the writer takes the
evolutionary and not the revolutionary view, and
condemns the idea of the "irritation" strike as a
common feature of industrial life. The way out is
rather by cooperation for mutual benefit and pro-
tection. Organization by industry as allied trades,
with arrangements for the arbitration of grievances
with employers, is strongly urged. But even with
this ideal realized more or less fully, the strike is
not to be discarded,— because, as in war between
nations, the strike is a last resource for the work-
man, when all other efforts for justice have failed.
Succeeding chapters are devoted to "Insurance
Benefits," "Co-operative Trading," and related
topics. The proposal is made that a great co-
operative society should be formed, to be controlled
and directed by the international unions, for the sale
of union-made goods, thus doing away with the
profits of the middleman and the expensive methods
of the boycott and the union label. The dominant
note of the book is one of practical common-sense
combined with a belief that no problem is settled
until it is settled right.
"The New Industrial Day" is described as "a
book for men who employ men"; and its author, Mr.
William C. Redfield, a former member of Congress,
presents in its pages the results of his own experience
as a manufacturer and as an observer of industrial
conditions. The thesis of the book is that the work-
man should be so treated that he may do his best,
and this involves a wage which has some relation to
the profit realized from his work. The plea is for


242
[March 16,
THE DIAL
an intelligent development of the workman, and the
application of brains to business methods. The line
of least resistance in reducing expenses seems to be
the reduction of wages, and this is taken by many
employers; but the real need is for better methods
of production and of business management. Says
Mr. Redfield:
"Given the scientific spirit in management, constant and
careful stud; of operations and details of cost — and this is
the crux of the whole question —given the scientific spirit
in management, constant and careful study of operations
and details of cost, modern buildings and equipment, proper
arrangement of plant and proper material, ample power,
space, and light, a high wage rate means inevitably a low
labor cost per unit of product and the minimum of labor cost."
The reality of this statement is brought out in some
nine chapters by a great wealth of illustration from
practical experience. The days of the rule of thumb
are gone, and to keep afloat to-day the manufac-
turer must cease to be a Bourbon and must really
understand his business. Particularly pungent and
refreshing is the chapter entitled "What Have We
Got to Do with Abroad?" where our failures in
foreign trade are traced to our neglect to comply
with the demands of foreign buyers rather than to
our high wage rate, which is in reality a low product
rate. Costs and their causes are then dealt with in
a spirit of inexorable logic, while the influence in
their reduction of a well-paid and efficient working
force is clearly brought out. The fact is insisted
upon and reiterated that we have only gone half-
way on the industrial road, and that in the light of
the rise of human values account must be taken of
the human factor in production as well as of ma-
chinery and selling. The results coming from a
scientific spirit in management are shown, and at
the same time fair dealing with the worker is in-
sisted upon as a requisite for success. The book is
based not only upon sound sense but upon sound
economics; for, as the writer so clearly points out,
high-priced labor leads to progress, efficiency, and
improved methods, and these lead in turn to an
increased output and to greater cheapness of the
product.
Fourteen papers, written from many points of
view, are brought together in "The Outlook for
Industrial Peace." While lacking to a considerable
extent any degree of unity, the result is a compre-
hensive presentation of conditions and tendencies in
the industrial world. The need of settling disputes
between employers and employees without resort to
strikes, and a method of accomplishing such a result,
is brought out by Mr. Marcus M. Marks in an exposi-
tion of "The Canadian Industrial Disputes Act."
The initiative under this act for conciliation comes
not from the government but from one or the other
interested party, and results in the appointment of
a Board of Conciliation and Investigation. Pending
the investigation of this Board, the service must be
uninterrupted, under penalty of heavy fines. After
investigation, a published report is made, but there
is no compulsion as to acceptance of this report or
for arbitration.
"If both parties voluntarily agree to arbitration, well and
good; but the act contemplates only investigation and pub-
licity. After the report of the Board has been published,
either party is entirely free to strike or lock-out; the law
has been complied with when employer and employed per-
mit the situation to remain unchanged until the end of the
period of investigation. However, workingmen are quite
unlikely to risk the dangers of a strike in the face of an
adverse opinion of such a Board. Similarly, the employer
will in almost every instance accede to the requests made by
a fair tribunal."
The effectiveness of this act is shown by the
fact that during the past five years only fourteen
instances out of one hundred and ten disputes so
referred have resulted in strikes. In the light of
such a result, it would seem well for our several
states to adopt such a method. The aims and
methods of various industrial organizations are
discussed in the papers on "The National Civic
Federation and Industrial Peace," by Dr. Seth
Low; "The Joint Board of Sanitary Control in the
Cloak, Suit and Skirt Industry in New York City,"
by Mr. Henry Moskowitz; "Industrial Betterment
Activities of the National Metal Trades Association,"
by Mr. Robert Wuest; and "Industrial Peace Ac-
tivities of the National Electric Light Association,"
by Mr. Arthur Williams. Then the related topics
of scientific management and industrial education
are emphasized in "The Attitude of Labor towards
Scientific Management," by Mr. Hollis Godfrey;
"Education and Industrial Peace," by Mr. Herman
Schneider; and "Factory Organization in Relation
to Industrial Education," by Mr. Hugo Diemer.
The most thoroughgoing paper of all is the one on
"Conditions Fundamental to Industrial Peace," by
Mr. George B. Hugo. After a scathing indictment
of the surrender of the Boston Elevated Railway
Company to organized labor in the recent strike,
the assertion is made that there is no choice for
the individual between the two evils of corporate
capital and organized labor. Each is as bad as the
other. Over against these is placed the ideal of
individual economic freedom. How this is to be
brought about is not indicated, except in the state-
ment that " government will again assume its abdi-
cated function of protecting the individual." But
large-scale production and big business units are
already here; and it is entirely unlikely that in-
dustry can be forced back into past conditions. In
conclusion it may be said that industrial peace
means industrial democracy, and the consequent
passing of absolute monarchy (not to say despot-
ism) in industrial relations. The contrast between
democracy in government and absolute monarchy
in industry, as now existing, is too glaring an
anomaly to last. George Milton Janes.
"The Print-Collector's Quarterly," edited by Mr.
FitzRoy Carrington, has been published hitherto by
Messrs. Frederick Keppel & Co. of New York. Mr.
Carrington has been appointed Curator of the Print
Department of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, and
beginning with the current issue the periodical will
be published by the Museum.


1913]
243
THE DIAL
Becent American Poetry.*
In "A Day at Castrogiovanni," Mr. George
Edward Woodberry has crystallized in noble verse
the impressions of a happy Sicilian day. It was a
■day five years ago, spent on the site of Demeter's
temple and in view of Etna. There are three poems:
a sonnet called "Etna," an ode to "Proserpine,"
and a didactic poem in stanzas upon "Demeter."
The sonnet may be given complete:
"Bird-wakened out of sleep, my darkling eyes
Saw Etna bloom and whiten in the dawn,
While over hollow leagues of crag and lawn
Brightened earth's edge npon the far-set skies;
Now, volleying light, the lucid mountain lies
Transfigured, in the breath of gold updrawn,
Dim base to rosy plume, and high the wan
Worn moon turns snow, and worships as it dies.
"Then o'er the shoulder of that mount in heaven
Rose like a moon divine, celestial sun,
The Star to which all glory hath been given,
The orb of life whence all things here have been.
The nightingales sang on,— and I shall see
No sight so mighty in tranquillity."
Of the "Prosperpine" we will quote the closing
section:
"O Prosperpine, dream not that thou art gone
Far from our lives, half-human, half-divine;
Thou hast a holier adoration won
In many a heart that worships at no shrine.
Where light and warmth behold me,
And flower and wheat enfold me,
I lift a dearer prayer than all prayers past;
He who so loved thee that the live earth clove
Before his pathway unto light and love,
And took thy flower-full blossom,— who at last
Shall every blossom cull,—
Lover the most of what is most our own,
The mightiest lover that the world has known,
Dark lover, Death,— was he not beautiful."
The burden of the "Demeter" is that worship is
one, however diverse the names of its gods and the
systems to which they belong.
•A Day at Castrogiovanni. By George Edward
Woodberry. The Woodberry Society: Privately printed.
Uriel and Other Poems. By Percy MacKaye. Boston:
Houghton Mifflin Co.
The Vaunt ok Man, and Other Poems. By William
FJlery Leonard. New York: B. W. Huebsch.
The Poet, the Fool, and the Faeries. By Madison
Cawein. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co.
Echoes from Vaoabondia. By Bliss Carman. Boston:
Small, Maynard & Co.
Poems and Ballads. By Hermann Hagedorn. Boston:
Houghton Mifflin Co.
The Beloved Adventure. By John Hall Wheelock.
Boston: Sherman, French & Co.
Poems. By Selden L. Whitcomb. Boston: Richard G.
Badger.
Interpretations. A Book of First Poems. By Zo«
Akins. New York: Mitchell Kennerley.
The Spinnino Woman of the Sky. By Alice Corbin.
Chicago: Ralph Fletcher Seymour Co.
The Unconquebed Air, and Other Poems. By Florence
Earle Coates. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
The Call of Brotherhood, and Other Poems. By
Corinne Roosevelt Robinson. New York: Charles Scribner's
Sons.
"Lo, I have believed in all the gods in turn,
And know they have no being bnt in me;
All is the form of what doth inly burn,
Up from the fetich to eternity;
Wherever man doth pray, and finds faith there,
I kneel beside him and repeat his prayer.
"Man doth prevail, who masters, age by age,
The secret forces that through nature ply,
And with the changes of the mind grows sage,—
Whose faith burns brighter as the old truths die;
Truth is the cloud, molded by every storm;
Faith, like the rainbow, changes not its form."
This reminds us of Swinburne's "Hymn of Man,"
without its fierce invective, or of the prelude to the
"Songs before Sunrise." It expresses the essence
of the religious belief of the emancipated mind
which sees life steadily and sees it whole, and echoes
also the wistful sympathy of such a poem as " Die
Gotter Griechenlands." Mr. Woodberry's position
as the first of living American poets would be secure
without the credit of this new volume; of its con-
tents we may simply say that they are entirely
worthy of the genius that gave us "Wild Eden"
and "The North Shore Watch."
The contents of Mr. Percy MacKaye's "Uriel and
Other Poems " are chiefly personal and commemor-
ative. The pieces have been written for occasions,
and offer tributes to Moody, Gordon Craig, Peary,
Browning, Thackeray, and others. The "Uriel"
of the collection is William Vaughn Moody, who
is also the subject of another poem, "To the Fire-
Bringer." We quote some scattered stanzas from
the titular poem:
"Because he never wore his sentient heart
For crows and jays to peck, ofttimes to such
He seemed a silent fellow, who o'ermuch
Held from the general gossip-ground apart,
Or tersely spoke, and tart:
How should they guess what eagle tore, within,
His quick of sympathy for humblest smart
Of human wretchedness, or probed his spleen
Of scorn against the hypocritic mart!
"But special-privileged investitures
Of beauty liked him not. To him the fact
Was by its passion only made compact
Of beauty; as, amid the Gloucester moors,
The loveliness, which lures
The artist's eye, for him was nature's prism
To illnme his love of country: art which endures
At once is poetry and patriotism,
In spite of jingoists and epicures."
Mr. MacKaye's thought is fine and true, but he has
many forced and infelicitous phrases, and his diction,
as the close of the above stanza shows, is sometimes
anything but poetic. The following stanza is ex-
plained by this note: "Shortly before his death, he
told a friend about a new drama, on the theme of
Saint Paul, the outlines of which had come to him
splendidly as a vision":
"Darkling those constellations of his soul
Glimmered, while racks of stellar lightning shot
The white, creative meteors of thought
Through that last night, where — clad in cloudy stole —
Beside his ebbing shoal


244
[March 16,
THE
DIAL
Of life-blood stood Saint Paul, blazing a theme
Of living drama from a fiery scroll
Across his stretched vision as in dream —
When Death, with blind dark, blotted out the whole."
In "The Vaunt of Man, and Other Poems," Mr.
William Ellery Leonard has given us a detailed and
intimate relation of the adventures of his soul in
far-off lands and the realms of gold which literature
discloses to the seeker,—adventures with faiths and
ideals, with " men of high report," with love and life.
His poems are intensely intellectualized, and shaped
in the mould which results from a wide acquaint-
ance with literature and with the currents of
thought that have flowed down through the ages.
Mr. Leonard is no experimenter, and has no con-
cern with the freakishness in which the feeble find
their last resort. His temper may fairly be called
academic, which is not to our mind a term of dis-
praise, albeit his outlook and his moods are distinctly
modern. The sonnet is his favorite form, and he
thus uses it to state his poetical programme or con-
fession of faith:
"I wonld make mention of primeval things,
Oceans, horizons, rains, and winds that bear
Moist seeds from isle to isle, caves, mountain air
And echoes, clouds and shadows of their wings
On lakes or hillsides, autumns after springs
In starlight, sleep and breathing and the blare
Of life's reveille, love, birth, death, and care
Of sunken graves of peasants as of kings.
The wide world over,—
0 be bold, be free!
Strip off this perfumed fabric from your verse,
Tear from your windows all the silk and lace! —
And stand, man, woman, on the slope by me,
O once again before the universe,
O once again with Nature face to face!"
It may be said that the writer keeps fairly true to
the line thus marked out for himself. In the follow-
ing piece he strikes a note that was sounded for
us by Arnold and Sill:
"Our life is threefold; toil for daily bread,
A little vintage and a little oil,
Consumes the middle day; and after toil,
When golden sunlight (else for joyance shed)
Once more behind the hill or holt is sped,
Then sleep must take us from the stars and foil
The joyance of the splendor-night and coil
Around us dreary shades or dreams of dread;
"But in the space between our toil and sleep,
An hour at level dawn, at eve an hour,
A sacred watch we keep, or ought to keep:
Then stands the soul at peace, as in a tower,
And hears the world's eternal music sweep,
And knows its heritage of light and power."
Mr. Leonard's poems are good to read and to pon-
der over. They get at the realities of life, and
have something worth while to say about them; and
always in a grave, measured, and exalted expression.
Happy the poet who can sing from his heart:
"Yes, I have been in Avalon,
The faery Isle in faery seas;
Therefore it is my face is wan,
My heart at peace remembering these.
It may not be, and yet — I seem
Forever waking from a dream."
If he can say this, he will walk among men apart,
taking fortune's buffets and rewards with equal
thanks, with only pity in his heart for those who
look at him askance and call him visionary or ideal-
ist The great army of philistines, their thought
fixed upon mean ideals, will bestow upon him neither
their understanding nor their applause, but he will
be sure of his reward despite their purblind disre-
gard. Mr. Madison Cawein, whose song we have
just echoed, is one of those whose consecration to the
poetic calling has long been attested, and his new
volume, "The Poet, the Fool, and the Faeries," was
not needed to make sure his election to the company
of our approved singers. We must find space for
one of these new lyrics, and our choice shall be "In
the Deep Forest"
"In the deep forest when the lightning played,
Pallid and frail a wilding flower swayed,
Lifting its blossom from the streaming sod,
Trembling and fearful, like a child dismayed,
Who in the darkness has forgotten God.
"In the deep forest, in the thunder's roll,
Face to pale face I met with my own soul;
And in its eyes were trouble and alarm,
Like that which held the heaven from pole to pole,
And donbt of God above the night and storm.
"In the deep forest, when the tempest passed,
The flower smiled unbroken of the blast;
And in the forest, aa the day drew on,
Hand in pale hand, with sure eyes upward cast,
My soul and I stood confident of dawn."
One little chink may be found for this exquisite bit
of imagery:
"Godiva-like, the moon rode into sight,
Cautious, yet confident that no one sees;
The naked moon, astonishing the night,
Brightening the thoroughfares of all the trees:
Holding her course unfaltering and sure,
Knowing herself as beautiful as pure."
Mr. Cawein is not, as far as we know, a popular
poet; his verses are not sought after by the news-
papers, nor do they offer the combination of slangi-
ness and sentiment which appeals to the host of
readers who think they like poetry without having
the remotest notion of what it really is. But he has
long been sure of his following among those whose
judgment really counts, and for whom poetry—to
be poetry — must be a deep interpretation of nature
and the soul of man.
In a new "Vagabondia" volume—this time
without the collaboration of Richard Hovey—Mr.
Bliss Carman once more rings the changes upon the
old themes of nature's pageant, the legendary lore
of the past, and the joys of the care-free life under
the sun on the open road. The following is typical:
"We travelled empty-handed
With hearts all fear above,
For we ate the bread of friendship,
We drank the wine of love.
"Through many a wondrous autumn,
Through many a magic spring,
We hailed the scarlet banners,
We heard the blue-bird sing.


1913]
245
THE DIAL
"We looked on life and nature
With the eager eyes of youth,
And all we asked or cared for
Was beauty, joy, and truth.
"We found no other wisdom.
We learned no other way,
Than the gladness of the morning,
The glory of the day.
"So all our earthly treasure
Shall go with us, my dears,
Aboard the Shadow Liner,
Across the sea of years."
This pretty, facile stuff is anything but difficult to
write, and it goes out of one ear as quickly as it goes
into the other. Mr. Carman properly calls these
pieces "Echoes,"—we might have read them all
before without now being conscious of the fact. And
we must considerably qualify the praise bestowed
on a poet who is capable of writing "Me for there!"
as the ending of a lyric of yearning for the beauty
of a scene known in the past.
Of Mr. Hermann Hagedorn's "Poems and Bal-
lads," the ballads are better than the poems, but
they are too long to reproduce. If we were to choose
one for that purpose, it would be "The Devil and
St Donat," which opens thus:
"The Devil hath made him a ship
. To bear the sinful souls;
He hath made it well of roots from Hell,
And sulphur and brimstone and coals."
To say "sulphur and brimstone" is like saying
"poems and ballads." Of the pieces which the au-
thor is content to describe as poems, the sonnet on
our national infamy of repudiating the Panama treaty
with England shows us that the poets are ever watch-
ful of our country's honor. It is addressed to the
Senate.
"Blind guardians of the glory of our land,
Defenders of our fame, what have you done ? —
Crying! Our holiest pledges every one
Are idle words writ on the windy sand!
How shameless at the judgment do we stand!
Through cynic Europe hear the laughter run;
Shrewd Machiavellis mocking as they shun
The great republic of the faithless hand!
"Yea, we are great, but not by juggled phrases!
Yea, we are strong, but not by troth denied!
The age is full of change and insecure;
Hot in the fevered blood of nations blazes
The strife of souls. Only by clear-descried
Intrepid equity can we endure."
Mr. John Hall Wheelock discourses thus of "The
New Love":
"Before the morning I arose and went
Over the snowy meadows clear and cold,
And with the dawn a deep and new content
Awoke in me. Farewell, dear love of old.
"Now that I love you, what is there to say I
Who would have harmed you, what shall now be said!
The morning wind has purged it all away.
Before this love all the old lusts lie dead.
"The holier love more deep than all desire
Into my spirit from the morning came,
Out of the sacred and the whitening Fire
It rose within me like a silent flame;
11 And the winds blew it to me from the west,
Over the sad fields of unbroken snow,
Patient and pure as your own naked breast
And hopeless as our love of long ago."
The verses sound as if they meant something, but
close scrutiny discloses little more than inarticulate
emotion tricked out with imagery. We quote this
poem, and make this comment upon it, because
most of the contents of Mr. Wheelock's volume,
"The Beloved Adventure," invite similar observa-
tions. Gauzy fancies and nebulous ideas abound in
his collection, but we rarely find in it either clear-cut
thought or lyric rapture. Moreover, Mr. Wheelock's
verses are somewhat freer in form than is permis-
sible to anyone not an approved master. It is only
at great risk that a minor poet may attempt what
a Verlaine or a Whitman is free to do without
censure.
"The Call" of the poet is thus apprehended by
Mr. Selden L. Whitcomb:
"Sing no more of the meadow brook
That wanders amid the grasses;
Sing no more of the lover's look
When the careless maiden passes,'
But sing of passion that endnreth, large,
Sweeping the soul to life's untrodden marge.
"Sing of Peruvian peaks that rise
In silence, barren, regal;
Unseen, unsought of human eyes,
Too lonely for the eagle;
Where only the winds of God are unafraid
To search the eternal terrors He has made."
It is a tonic prescription, but Mr. Whitcomb does
not seem to apply it very resolutely to his own case,
for he has much to say of birds and flowers and
lovers. Nevertheless, he has force here and there,
and sometimes sounds a resonant note, as in "My
Own."
"I would suck the bitter, perilous fruits,
I would chew the bark of nauseous roots,
I would gnaw the wolf's abandoned bone,
If I might find my own.
"Lash me atop the swaying mast
Amid the sleet and the midnight blast
That bends with the breaking vessel's groan,
If I may find my own.
"Shackle my feet and bind my hands,
Bear roe a slave to deadly lands
To strike all day on the stubborn stone,
If I may find my own.
"I would woo the fever's wasting heat
With the taunting demons at my feet,
The sunken eyes whence reason has flown,
If I might find my own.
'Tear off the wreath the master gave,
And break the marble over my grave
To be by brambles overgrown
If I may find my own."


246
[March 16,
THE DIAL
For a collection of first poems, the " Interpreta-
tions" of Miss Zoe" Akins are distinctly promising.
She has grace, passion, and sensuous charm, and
her ear for music is keen and sure. This little
lyric is a singularly haunting thing:
"I am the wind that wavers,
Yon are the certain land;
I am the shadow that passes
Over the sand.
"I am the leaf that quivers,
You — the unshaken tree;
You are the stars that are steadfast,
I am the sea.
"You are the light eternal,
Like a torch I shall die, . . .
You are the surge of deep music,
I — but a ory I"
These lines from the long poem "Mary Magdalen,"
reflecting the courtesan's thoughts after the vision
has come to her, show how well the writer has
mastered the subtleties of blank verse:
"What if my hands be white — mine eyes like pools
Made deeper by the shade of standing reeds?
What if my house be still and beautiful?
My slaves as fair and fleet and soft of foot
As Aphrodite's doves? What if I live
As long in legend as that Spartan queen
For whom a war was made in perished Troy,
And whose gold hair shall flame when stars are dark?
I care no more to watch the wandering moon
Launched like a burning galley in the sky,
Or swinging like a lantern through the clouds,—
And from the even-hour I hide my head."
From the tender and heart-felt tribute "In Memory
of Swinburne," we take these two stanzas:
"Not all of England's armies, nor her ships,
Could leave, as thou,
Her language on a million singing lips,
Alien till now;
"And that the land that bore thee leaves unsaid
Praise for thy name,
And does not lay the laurel o'er thee, dead,
Is thy land's shame."
Mrs. Alice Corbin Henderson's little book of
verse invites such epithets as iridescent, fantastic,
and ethereal. Her lyrics are not easily reducible
to any form of intellectual statement, and their
appeal is through music and delicate imagery, sug-
gesting not a little the measures of the Celts who
have been troubling the poetic waters of late years.
One of them is frankly styled a "Reve Celtique," a
title which these stanzas justify:
For Danu, Lir, and Cleena with light feet,
Who tossed the bubble of the world away,
And with light laughter, music low and sweet,
Covered it over and left it till a day,
"Have vanished with their softly waving spells,
Their flame-white dances and bright hair wind-tossed—
Sadder than deaths the wars of worlds have cost,
The keening of the winds in these low dells:
"While we have turned from beauty and have lost
Our sense of ancient kinship with the earth,
Under the running wave the flaming host
Dance in the heart of time and knew no birth."
Sometimes the verses are conceits, as in Pygmalion's
description of his beloved statue:
"Her waist is the faint horizon
Where night and day are drawn,
Her low left hip is the twilight,
And her right hip is the dawn.
Her breasts are hills of widsom,
And the pale pink rose
Of the summit is veiled with marble,
Where the color comes and goes,"
or, as in "Moon of Peace": «
"Lap me in scented waters, moon of peace,
In silver waters flowing under the moon.
For now the water-bearer's pouring flood
Pours rivers of silver peace under the moon,
The dragon is killed, the archer's arrow sped,
The bearded goat has trampled out the wine,
And now the water-bearer's pouring flood
Pours rivers of silver peace and silver wine."
They are very pretty conceits, and their astronomy
is not at fault. But we must represent this volume
by at least one complete poem, and "Nodes" is the
one that seems to us the best single example of
Mrs. Henderson's work:
"The endless, foolish merriment of stars
Beside the pale cold sorrow of the moon,
Is like the wayward noises of the world
Beside my heart's uplifted silent tune.
"The little broken glitter of the waves
Beside the golden sun s intent white blaze,
Is like the idle chatter of the crowd
Beside my heart's unwearied song of praise.
"The sun and all the planets in the sky
Beside the sacred wonder of dim space,
Are notes upon a broken, tarnished lute
That God will some day mend and put in place.
"And space, beside the little secret joy
Of God that sings forever in the clay,
Is smaller than the dust we cannot see
That yet dies not, till time and space decay.
"And as the foolish merriment of stars
Beside the cold pale sorrow of the moon,
My little song,, my little joy, my praise,
Beside God's ancient, everlasting rune."
Mrs. Florence Earle Coates is a poet who is con-
tent with the old forms of expression, and who holds
fast to the old sanities of thought. This alone is much
in an age when so many of the followers of the muse
are given over to freakishness, and when originality
at any cost is held to be necessary to arrest the atten-
tion. Mrs. Coates keeps to the tried and safe ways,
and makes her appeal neither by stridency nor
eccentricity. Sometimes she gives beautiful voice
to an abstract idealism, as in the closing page of her
new volume, where we find an injunction to "Dream
the Great Dream":


1913]
247
THE DIAL
"Dream the Great Dream, though yon should dream —
yon, only,
And friendless follow in the lofty quest,
Though the dream lead you to a desert lonely,
Or drive you, like the tempest, without rest,
Yet, toiling upward to the highest altar,
There lay before the gods your gift supreme —
A human heart whose courage did not falter
Though distant as Arcturus shone the Gleam.
"The Gleam? Ah, question not if others see it,
Who nor the yearning nor the passion share;
Grieve not if children of the earth decree it —
The earth, itself—their goddess, only fair!
The soul has need of prophet and redeemer:
Her outstretched wings against her prisoning bars,
She waits for truth; and truth is with the dreamer,—
Persistent as the myriad light of stars."
It is love in the high spiritual sense of the mystics
and the saints, rather than in the grosser vision of
the sensualists, that is enshrined in these verses on
"Eros":
"I, who am love, come clothed in mystery,
As rose my beauteous mother from the sea,
Veiling my luminous wings from mortal sight —
Whether at noon or in the star-strewn night —
That I may pass unrecognized and free.
"Ignoring them that idly seek for me
Unto mine own, from all eternity
I come with heart aflame and torch alight —
I who am Love!
"What bring I them? Ah, draughts that sweeter be
Than willing waters of Callirhoe I
What give I them? Life! — even in Death's despite;
And upward still I lead them to the height
Of an immortal passion's purity! —
I who am Love."
Most of the poems in this collection are of the occa-
sional class, suggested now by the death of a great
man, now by a news-item, now by an intimate
personal experience. The tendency to moralize is
perhaps a little too pronounced, but the idealism is
always fine, and the emotional note rich and com-
pelling.
As the title indicates, Miss Robinson's "The Call
of Brotherhood and Other Poems "voices the newly-
awakened social conscience of our time, the humani-
tarian feeling that is so intense as to be somewhat
reckless in the choice of instruments for the attain-
ment of its goal. "The Great Question " voices the
perplexed state of mind of many a worker for the
cause of humankind:
"My heart is weary with the world's distress,
The cry of those who struggle in the night.
Oh! Lord, who sent thy Son for our redress,
We pray thee as of old ' Let there be light!'
I would not ask the ' Why ' nor pierce the veil;
All that I long for is to know, behind
The torture, and the terror, and the wail
Of human woe, there is no crnel, blind,
Unreasoning Chance, that hurls us here and there,
Victims of an insensate Tyranny;
I would not ask the Cause, but this my prayer —
To know there is a Cause for Misery;
Could I but see the working of Thy Hand
I should be willing not to understand."
William Morton Payne.
Bkiefs ox New Books.
Ripe reflection, Contributed originally to a religious
on life't weekly journal, the little essays in
minor problem*. « Along the Road" (Putnam), by
Mr. Arthur Christopher Benson, are not unnaturally
devoted largely to questions of conduct, to specula-
tions on the great mysteries by which our every-day
life is surrounded, and to such personal reminiscences
as have a bearing on the spiritual problems that con-
front all thoughtful persons throughout life. Treat-
ing the commonest of daily experiences with the
geniality and the insight that lend charm to his dis-
cussion of whatever topic, Mr. Benson here gives
his readers a new sense of the height and depth and
illimitable richness of existence. Ethical questions
alternate with glimpses of great men and bits of
nature-study and description. Such subjects of uni-
versal interest as conversation, tactfulness, pride,
reading, absent-mindedness, gossip, letter-writing,
jealousy, sympathy, and sincerity, form the staple of
his well-considered and often suggestive and stimu-
lating talk in most of these brief chapters. Concern-
ing interruptions, for example, he well says that
"there is no form of self-discipline to be compared
to that which can be practised by dealing with little
tiresome engagements and interviews and interrup-
tions in a perfectly tranquil and good-humoured way,
giving the whole of one's attention to the matter in
hand, and not allowing the visitor to feel that he is
being hurried or that he has intruded." The fol-
lowing is pertinent to the season: "I do not at all
like the languor, about three degrees this side of
faintness, which Keats said was one of the luxuries
of spring; I like to be judiciously and temperately
frozen, when all that one does is sharp-set and has
a keen edge on it." A story of Alpine experience,
which he entitles "The Face of Death," and which
describes his narrow escape from falling into a cre-
vasse, reminds one of Leslie Stephen's harrowing
narrative of "A Bad Five Minutes in the Alps,"
except that Stephen's tale is fictitious and covers
forty-eight pages, while the other is undoubtedly
true, and (chiefly for that reason) takes only seven
pages in the telling. Mr. Benson is thoroughly
enjoyable in these latest essays of his, even though
they are sometimes in the nature of miniature
sermons.
One of the most voluminous of re-
is Mr. Lancelot Lawton's "Empires
of the Far East" (Small, Maynard & Co.). During
the period of preparation, two of the three empires
dealt with — Korea and China — changed their
status; but the original title was retained and the
narrative brought down to March, 1912, while the
splendid map shows the Republic of China. It is
difficult to summarize the contents of these bulky
volumes. The 1571 pages of text are divided into
eighty-four chapters of varying length. At least
a thousand pages, comprising forty-three chapters,


248
[March 16,
THE
DIAL,
are devoted to Japan, "for the reason that she is
the first Oriental country within modern history
to be accorded a place of front rank among the
Powers of the world." These chapters deal with the
geography and history, the administrative, social,
economic, financial, and industrial conditions of that
empire, the war of 1904-5, and the problems of the
Pacific. Seven chapters, comprising seventy pages,
describe conditions in Korea since the Japanese
occupation, while an eighth treats of the other colo-
nial possessions of Japan. Manchuria is considered
in eighteen chapters of 250 pages, receiving some-
what more attention than China, which is dealt with
in fourteen chapters of 214 pages. In the case of
China the narrative is concerned solely with the
reform movement, the recent revolution, and the
establishment of the Republic. It is difficult also
to estimate the value of this elaborate piece of work.
Mr. Lawton tells us that "Hitherto the critics of
our allies have been met with the charge of failure
to substantiate their statements. Consequently I
have taken special pains to produce chapter and
verse for all that is written." If this were the case
the work might be almost invaluable, but as a matter
of fact exact citations are rarely given. Such state-
ments as "I have it on the authority of an American
Consul" and "the notable speech delivered some
years ago by Sir Thomas Sutherland " hardly consti-
tute a citation of "chapter and verse." Throughout,
Mr. Lawton is a vigorous critic of the Japanese
We learn that "to America, Japan has become
what in Europe Germany has so long been to Great
Britain"; that in Manchuria "the policy persistently
pursued by the Japanese since the war has been
. . . one of deception and despoliation"; and it is
certainly a new interpretation of history to assert
that the exclusion policy of the Tokugawas "was the
outcome of a petty and primal arrogance which
dictated a savage hatred of other peoples and an
ignorant contempt for their ways." The volumes
do contain, however, a great mass of valuable inform-
ation concerning the most recent happenings in the
Far East.
Foik-talet Ten tales from an old woman, who
from the in turn had heard them from her
gorgeou, Eait. grandmother, two from an old
Brahman, three from an old barber, and from
another old Brahman enough more to make twenty-
two,—such was the farrago offered by the Rev.
Lai Behari Day in his "Folk-tales of Bengal,"
published originally thirty years ago, and now re-
issued by the Macmillan Co. in a "colour-book"
edition, printed on heavy paper in large type and
illustrated with no less than thirty-two full-page
pictures by Mr. Warwick Goble. Now, the present
reviewer admits frankly that he is a lover both of
folk-tales and of almost anything Indian, so his
judgment may not be quite as trustworthy as he
tries to believe; but to him the book was very wel-
come, and its merits seemed to justify fully its
reappearance in such a new and elaborate dress.
Brahmans, and rakshasas, and gold-mohurs; mar-
vellous horses called pakshirajes or kings of birds;
elephants that are king-makers; the kapila cow that
gave milk whenever it was needed; the hiraman, or
green-gem parrot, that" not only replied intelligently
to every question the king put, but recited to him
the names of the three hundred and thirty millions
of the gods of the hindu pantheon"; toontooni eggs
that hatch into beautiful maidens; the boy with the
moon on his forehead; the child suckled by seven
mothers; gardens of heavenly scented flowers;
wonder-working jewels guarded by serpent kings,—
who would not hear about them all? Then there
is the popular life and popular wisdom that always
appear in the folk-tale, whether it is told beneath
the Bear of the North or the Cross of the South.
And through every page breathes that haunting
spirit of the Orient which attracts an occidental so
irresistibly, if it attracts him at all. The author
vouches for his material in these words: "I have
reason to believe that the stories are a genuine
sample of the old, old stories told by Bengali women
from age to age through a hundred generations";
but a punctilious critic might question whether two
or three of the narratives are folk-tales in the strict
sense of the word. However, neither this point nor
a few minor defects need interfere with the pleasure
of any reader who has a taste for popular tales and
the gorgeous East.
„. A considerable amount of interest
Character , ,
building is being manifested throughout the
in tchooi. educational world to-day in the prob-
lem of moral training in the schools. Most people
seem to think that school children should receive
ethical instruction, but there is little agreement
respecting the way in which this should be accom-
plished. The French people have elaborated a
course of moral instruction, beginning with the
earliest school year and continuing on through the
lycie; but American teachers have not had much
confidence in this system, because it has seemed too
formal. Miss Jane Brownlee, in her volume en-
titled "Character Building in School" (Houghton
Mifflin Co.), presents a method of moral instruc-
tion for young children which does not seem as rigid
and mechanical as the French system. Her methods
were worked out in the public schools of Toledo,
Ohio, and they have attracted favorable attention.
As administered by Miss Brownlee herself, the sys-
tem accomplished a good deal in making her pupils
conscious of ethical principles, and observant of these
in their daily lives. Her plan aims to lead children
to form clear and accurate notions regarding the
duties of everyday life. The teacher is simply a
guide to the children in working out ethical prob-
lems. Miss Brownlee presents most of the questions
which she would ask children on any topic, and in-
dicates just how she would guide her pupils to reach
sound conclusions in regard to their conduct in daily
life. This book should be of genuine service to all
who have to do with the training of young children.


1913]
249
THE
DIAL
But if a teacher should attempt to use it as a French
instructor often uses his text-book on ethics, it is
doubtful if good results would follow. The success
of a method of this sort depends largely upon the
personality and attitude of the teacher. The relation
between teacher and child must be wholly natural,
unaffected, spontaneous. The questions must seem
to the pupil to come directly out of his daily experi-
ence, and not to be thrust upon him from the outside.
In the hands of a formalist, work of this sort would
be as likely to do harm as good. It seems to the
present reviewer that Miss Brownlee has included
too much in her plan. She has tried to cover all
the ethical relations of pupils, whereas it would seem
better to limit the instruction in the youngest years
to those relations which are most prominent in a
child's adjustments to those about him. It is prob-
ably impossible to build up effective ethical notions
about relations which have not yet been assumed, or
to think straight about duties beyond the experience
of the child at the time he is being instructed.
Ten women Women as champions of worthy
c/light and causes are more and more making
leading. their influence felt, though not always
of late in the most womanly manner. Ten who did
succeed in being reformers without ceasing to be
women are made the subject of a useful and very
readable book by Mr. Elmer C. Adams, with the
collaboration of Professor Warren Dunham Foster.
"Heroines of Modern Progress" (Sturgis & Walton
Co.) presents in compact and attractive form the
chief events in the lives of Elizabeth Fry, Mary
Lyon, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Harriet Beecher
Stowe, Florence Nightingale, Clara Barton, Julia
Ward Howe, Frances E. Willard, J. Ellen Foster,
and Miss Jane Addams—the record being neces-
sarily, and fortunately, incomplete in the case of the
last-named. The volume has been prepared to help
meet a demand for "adequate short biographies of
those women who have done the most for the world's
progress during the last century," and is designed
especially for "young women of from twelve to
thirty," as the preface explains. A six-page chron-
ological table at the end shows interestingly the
overlapping and interlocking of the ten lives related,
and gives an idea of their connection with some of
the great reform movements of the last hundred
years. In the body of the book, facts and dates and
statistics are wisely made subordinate to more gen-
eral and more largely significant matters; but this
course has not quite succeeded in avoiding all errors
of statement. One, at least, arrests attention, in the
account of Mrs. Howe. "In the late sixties," we are
told, "Mrs. Howe watched with the interest of a
traveler and a linguist the progress of the Franco-
Prussian war. Her mature conclusion was that the
war had been hatched up by politicians for political
reasons, without any heat whatever on the part of
the soldiers who fought in it. The war had been
won and lost,— and thousands of lives had been
snuffed out." But the war did not begin until the
summer of 1870; its first rumblings go back no
further than June of that year. Moreover, it may
be questioned whether Mrs. Howe's interest in the
war was primarily that of "a traveler and a lin-
guist." Portraits of the ten heroines of progress
are appropriately inserted, and a short introduction
by Mrs. Ellen M. Henrotin opens the volume.
A summer in
an amateur
In the form of a journal extending
from March 1 to October 12, of some
farmer's life. evidently recent year, the story of
Mrs. Henry Wade Rogers's experience as an amateur
farmer on a small New Jersey estate inherited or
otherwise acquired from her maternal grandfather
is agreeably told. "The Journal of a Country
Woman " (Eaton & Mains) is the name she gives to
her book. It is small, well illustrated, well printed,
and fragrant throughout with odors of the farm and
the field. The Palisades of the Hudson are near by,
and the whole environment presents itself as all but
ideal for the agricultural experiment entered upon
with zest by the writer—all the more so because of
the manifest sufficiency of material as well as mental
resources with which she essays her task. Of her
conception of the dignity and difficulty of the farmer's
calling, she leaves the reader in no doubt. "In advis-
ing my young college friends," she says, "to choose
farming as a lifework — the God-ordained work for
mankind — I discriminate, and advise only the
specially bright and energetic ones to take it up,
the honor men. A mediocre man may earn a scanty
living in law, medicine, the ministry, or other lines,
but he could hardly worry a living out of the soil.
Brains, energy, and insight must go to make the
successful modern farmer." She might have added
capital to the other prerequisites. Quotations from
Whitman, Gilder, Dr. Van Dyke, and other poets
and prose-writers appropriately diversify the narra-
tive. Apparently Mrs. Rogers is planning to con-
tinue the agricultural enterprise so auspiciously
begun, even though she is forced to delegate its
immediate management to someone else for some
months in the winter. Hers is a book to make one
long for a grand-paternal farm in the beautiful
Hudson valley, with a grand-paternal fortune to
spend in making it rejoice and blossom as the rose'
A book on evolution which says
ttmZat^""0"*0™^* "ally new is by way of
being an extraordinary phenomenon,
whether regarded from a literary or a scientific
standpoint To be sure, much that is novel in the
way of fact or principle is being added just now to
the sum of knowledge about the factors of evolution;
but such contributions are, in the first instance,
almost invariably to be found in some biological
journal or the proceedings of some learned society.
So when a book like Professor R. E. Lloyd's "The
Growth of Groups in the Animal Kingdom " (Long-
mans) appears, with a mass of new and pertinent
facts, analyzed in a critical and unorthodox manner,
it constitutes an event worthy of special mention.


250
[March 16,
THE DIAL
As a consulting zoologist of the Indian Plague Com-
mission, Dr. Lloyd bad the opportunity of examin-
ing many thousand rats collected in all parts of India
through the exterminatory activity of that commis-
sion. In the course of this examination specimens
were found from time to time which differed from
all known species of rats in particulars which had
been and are used by systematic zoologists as the
basis for distinguishing species. These findings led
Dr. Lloyd to speculate as to the probable origin of
these aberrant groups of rats. The present book is
the outcome of these speculations. It opens with a
careful critical discussion of the concept of a natural
species. The treatment of this perplexing subject is
excellent. It clearly and convincingly sets forth the
essentially artificial and unnatural way in which the
problem of species separation and description is
handled by practical working taxonomists. Having
cleared the ground in this way, the author proceeds
to describe in detail his own results in regard to the
nature, origin, and distribution of new " groups" of
rats, which one may or may not call "species " as he
chooses. Cogent evidence is adduced to show that
these new natural groups arise by mutation, and that
natural selection has nothing to do with their origin.
The concluding chapters are devoted to the discus-
sion of the results of similar purport obtained by
other workers, and to an exposition of the author's
general philosophy of evolution. The book is a sub-
stantial contribution to the literature of evolution.
The human
basis of
our life.
Under the somewhat arresting title of
"Human Quintessence," Dr. Sigurd
Ibsen (once premier of Norway and
a son of the dramatist) has written a work which
even the professional philosophers, into whose pre-
serves the author boldly enters, must acknowledge
as most suggestive and stimulating, and one which
the unprejudiced reader is quite likely to hail as a
true and an emancipating book. Like many other
thinkers and laymen, Dr. Ibsen has tired of the
spirit in which, for the last half century, the great
problems of human life have been approached. Dur-
ing that tinje, some such abstraction from natural
phenomena as the struggle for existence or the
dogma of utilitarianism, or the dogma that man is
nothing but the product of heredity and material
environment, has been taken as a starting point, and
from it rules of human conduct have been laid down.
Dr. Ibsen objects to all such criterions of life on the
ground that they are artificial. We may know, intel-
lectually, he says, that we are not the central beings
of the universe. We may be Copernican in creed.
But such knowledge has never been emotionalized
and made part of our springs of action. When we
actively live we must do it on a Ptolemaic basis—
that is to say, we must regard our humanity as the
centre of things and always act in reference to that
rather than to any extra-human standpoint. And
the distinctively human thing about us, he further
says, is that self-conscious use of reason by which we
can mould our destinies as we will. Hence he out-
A gallery of
Devonshire
worthies.
lines a social policy that will remind the reader of
the social rationalism of the eighteenth century. In
fact, he frankly avows belief in the "eighteenth-
century belief—nowadays so despised — that social
systems are capable of being reconstructed from the
beginning and on a strictly reasonable basis." It is
easy to scoff at such a view as this, but Dr. Ibsen
is not alone in trying to resuscitate it, and his book
may be cordially recommended as an offset to some
of our more uncritical brands of social psychology.
(Huebsch.) . .
Mr. Francis Gribble's busy pen has
been at work noting down the many
illustrious names associated more or
less closely with the county of Devon, and chroni-
cling some of the things said and done by the bearers
of those names. "The Romance of the Men of
Devon" (Little, Brown & Co.) is in plan and scope
somewhat after the pattern of the same author's
"Romance of the Oxford Colleges," being a chatty
and entertaining book abounding in curious informa-
tion and anecdote not likely to be already familiar
to the reader. The great names that any mention
of Devonshire calls up are, of course, those of Walter
Raleigh, Joshua Reynolds, Coleridge, Humphrey
Gilbert, Francis Drake, John Davis, Charles Kings-
ley, James Anthony Froude, and Richard Black more;
but there are also many more Devon men of note,
such as Thomas Bodley, the judicious Hooker, Miles
Coverdale, Benjamin Robert Haydon, John Gay,
Philip Gosse, the naturalist, and his son Edmund.
Thomas Newcomen receives conspicuous honor at
Mr. Gribble's hands as a Dartmouth man and the
real inventor of the steam engine, James Watt and
his bubbling tea-kettle to the contrary notwithstand-
ing. At the other end of the scale stands Jack
Rattenbury, "as hard as nails, and an ingenious
rascal to boot. He hit upon the subtle device of
smuggling lace in the interior of disembowelled
geese," but found in the end that the way of the
transgressor is hard. Not all the persons so agree-
ably mentioned in Mr. Gribble's pages have very
much to do with Devonshire, but they help to fill
out a readable volume. Good illustrations abound,
but the index to be expected at the end of such a
work is lacking.
Socialism from father Bernard Vaughan's "Social-
ise Catholic ism from the Christian Standpoint"
standpoint. (Macmillan) is a strange combina-
tion of a rigid adherence to the old natural rights
philosophy, the advocacy of Jesuit teachings, the
frequent and unwarranted use of slang, and the
extended glorification of the Church fathers. In
no way can the book be looked upon as a contribu-
tion to the literature of Socialism. The author
discloses the grossest ignorance concerning not only
the more fundamental ideas underlying the socialist
movement, but also the developments which have
taken place in the fields of philosophy, political
science, and economics since the opening of the
nineteenth century. He declares man to be "a


1913]
251
THE DIAL
moral being, with inalienable personal rights and
an eternal destiny"; he maintains that "God made
the family" and "established civil society"; while
he looks upon the State, not as "the output of mere
economic conditions" or as "the dynamic expression
of material evolution," but on the contrary as "a
natural institution with well defined rights and
duties, limited by the prior rights and duties of the
family and of the individual." Any group of men,
or any movement, which looks at these matters from
any other viewpoint, is to be condemned most vigor-
ously as being detrimental to the welfare of society.
Destructively, the author attempts to show that So-
cialism is "non-natural, if not unnatural," and that
it is opposed to religion, the home, and to personal
and property rights. Life under Socialism "would
be as deadly dull as that seen in a boarding house,
a charity school, or a barrack room." Construc-
tively, Father Vaughan advances the idea that "if
the old Catholic laws about property, and the obliga-
tions attaching to it, were once more brought into
general practice, we should find ourselves many mile-
stones nearer to a solution of our present-day social
problems." Other than this, he proposes nothing more
definite as a Catholic solution of the problem than a
"Triple Alliance" of "the Church, the State, and
Private Initiative, working in harmonious accord."
The icenerv In "High wavf» and Byways of Som-
andrecordtof erset" (Macmillan), Mr. Edward
Somenetihire. Hutton writes with even more than
his usual enthusiasm. For in Somerset was the
home of his childhood, and the glamor of the child's
vision still rests upon the land. From a neighboring
hill-top, he believed it was the world that lay spread
out beneath him. He saw its cities, — Bristol, the
port of the sea; Bath, upon the hills; Wells, half-
hidden in a valley; Taunton, with shining wind-vaned
towers. Here, on this very hill-top, had the Legion
halted ere it went singing on its way to Rome.
There, mysteriously alone, islanded in the evening
mist, roee Avalon, where St. Joseph hid the Grail.
Beyond, loomed Camelot, very dark and strong, that
was King Arthur's, that saw Guinevere go by, and
heard the tumult and the shouting. Yonder, in the
marsh, lay Athelney that hid King Alfred, and Wed-
more where he curbed the Danes. It is easy to read
between the lines that the author has found it a
gracious task to fill in the outlines of his well-
remembered vision, — to describe the noble archi-
tecture of manor and cottage, of cathedral and village
church; to portray the country, often of rare beauty
and always of great peace; to recount the historic
associations where the fathers signalled the passing
of the Legions, the onset of the Saxons, the retreat
of the Danes, the advance of the Normans, the com-
ing of the Armada. Somerset has been one of the
least-visited parts of Southern England by the
tourist. But this book will surely tempt many to
include the county in their next itinerary. One hun-
dred drawings by Miss Nelly Erichsen add much to
the charm of the volume.
_,. ... , The late William Leroy Broun, for
Tlie life ttory '» ,
of a Southern the last twenty years of his lire presi-
educator. dent 0f tne Alabama Polytechnic
Institute, and before that at various times connected
with Vanderbilt University and the University of
Texas, was a man who had worked his way up
against difficulties that would have discouraged the
ordinary youth. A brief but impressive account of
this struggle and its triumphant issue, with illustra-
tive selections from Dr. Broun's correspondence and
public addresses, has been prepared by his brother,
Major Thomas L. Broun, assisted by his daughter,
Miss Bessie Lee Broun, and his granddaughter, Miss
Sally F. Ordway. "Dr. William Leroy Broun"
(Neale), as the book is entitled, is really a compila-
tion, the compilers holding themselves modestly in
the background and allowing other more disinterested
observers to tell the story of Dr. Broun's achieve-
ments as Confederate army officer, science teacher,
and college president. A noteworthy chapter de-
scribes a memorable clash between Alexander H.
Stephens and the subject of the biography, with
its momentous consequences. Dr. Broun was con-
spicuous among the too few well-equipped workers
for Southern education, and his death in 1902 at
the age of seventy-five removed one whose character
and services were held in the highest repute. Por-
traits of Dr. Broun, his wife and daughter, and some
of his associates, are given in the book. Nine pages
of autobiographical notes, especially interesting for
their account of school days and early manhood, are
inserted near the beginning.
BRIEFER MENTION.
A dignified library edition of " The Political Debates
between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas"
has just been published by the Messrs. Putnam. The
work is edited by Dr. George Haven Putnam, who sup-
plies it with a historical introduction.
"The Right of the Child to be AVell Bom," by Dr.
George E. Dawson of the Hartford School of Religious
Pedagogy, is a brief but excellently presented statement
of the purpose and possibilities of the eugenics move-
ment. The discussion of what should be the mutual
relations of religion and eugenics is quite the best treat-
ment of this fundamentally important phase of the
eugenics progagauda which has come to our attention.
(Funk & Wagnalls Co.)
"Literary Influences in Colonial Newspapers, 1704-
1750," by Miss Elizabeth Christine Cook, is a publica-
tion of the Columbia University Press. Miss Cook has
examined the files of the chief colonial newspapers for
the half-century in question, and has made notes upon
such portions of their contents as have a literary flavor.
Nothing of much importance is thus rescued from obliv-
ion, but a demonstration is afforded that the newspapers
of that period were not altogether without a tincture of
letters, and that they were considerably addicted to the
reprinting of passages from current English literature,
and of framing imitations upon these models. Miss
Cook's notes and extracts make very interesting reading.


252
[March 16,
THE DIAL
Notes.
Mr. Nathan Haskell Dole is preparing a volume on
Switzerland for publication next autumn in Messrs.
L. C. Page & Co.'s "Spell Series."
An English translation, made by Mr. Gilbert Cannan,
of M. Julien Benda's much-discussed novel, "L'Ordi-
nation," is announced by Messrs. Holt & Co.
Two forthcoming musical biographies of considerable
interest are Mr. Berthold Litzmann's Life of Madame
Schumann, and Mr. J. F. Runciman's Life of Richard
Wagner.
Dr. Alfred Russel Wallace, the venerable English
scientist, has written a book on "Social Environment
and Moral Progress," which Messrs. Cassell & Co. will
publish shortly.
Professor George Santayana's volume of philosophical
essays, "Winds of Doctrine," which was announced
recently in this column, will be published immediately
by Messrs. Scribner.
Mr. Willis J. Abbot is the author of a volume
just announced by John C. Winston Co. under the title,
"Famous Women in History." Biographies of more
than seventy women are included.
"Medical Benefit," a study of state insurance against
sickness by Dr. L G. Gibbon, and an eugenist catechism
for children entitled «A Catechism of Life," will be
issued at once by Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co.
"Jocasta " and "The Famished Cat," both translated
by Miss Agnes Farley, are the two works brought
together in the latest volume of the English edition of
the writings of M. Anatole France, published by the
John Lane Co.
We understand that the biography of Disraeli upon
which William Flavelle Monypenny was engaged at the
time of his death a few months ago is to be completed
by Mr. George Earle Buckle, formerly editor of the
London "Times."
A book on « Our Neighbors the Japanese," by Dr.
Joseph King Goodrich, will be published immediately
by Messrs. F. G. Browne & Co. as the first volume of
"Our Neighbors Series." Subsequent volumes now in
active preparation will deal with the Chinese, the
Filipinos, the Danes, and others.
Among forthcoming English novels not yet announced
for publication in this country are the following: "The
Regent," by Arnold Bennett; "The Open Window,"
by E. Temple Thurston; "Damaris Verity," by Lucas
Malet; "Happy House," by Baroness von Hutten;
"Fanny's First Novel," by Frankfort Moore; "Chance,"
by Joseph Conrad; and "Michael Ferrys," by Mrs.
Henry de la Pasture.
A study of "The Panama Canal Conflict between
Great Britain and the United States " will be published
this month by Messrs. Putnam in conjunction with the
Cambridge University Press. The author is Dr. L.
Oppenheim, M.A., LL.D., Whewell Professor of Inter-
national Law in the University of Cambridge, Honorary
Member of the Royal Academy of Jurisprudence at
Madrid, and Member of the Institute of International
Law.
In commemoration of the bi-centenary of the birth of
his ancestor Andrew Foulis (the youngest of those two
brothers whose work in printing and publishing won for
them the title of «the Scottish Elzevirs "), Mr. T. N.
Foulis of London and Edinburgh has issued a catalogue
raisonne of his own publications. It is a handsomely
printed volume of nearly a hundred pages, with twelve
fine plates in color inserted on handmade paper mounts.
We cordially commend it to the attention of booklovers
everywhere.
At a meeting of the trustees of The Century Co. on
March 3, Mr. William W. Ellsworth was elected presi-
dent, to succeed the late Frank Hall Scott, who died
November last, after having held that office for some
twenty years. Mr. Ira H. Brainerd was elected vice-
president; Mr. Douglas Z. Doty, secretary; and Mr.
Josiah J. Hazen, assistant treasurer. Mr. Donald Scott
continues treasurer of the company. Mr. George Inness,
Jr., was elected a trustee to serve with Mr. W. W. Ells-
worth and Mr. Ira H. Brainerd.
Following upon Goldwin Smith's "Reminiscences,"
which his literary executor, Mr. Arnold Haultain, pre-
pared for the press two years ago, Mr. Haultain has
now compiled a selection from "The Correspondence
of Goldwin Smith." Together with Goldwin Smith's
own letters, the volume will include communications
which he received from Peel, Gladstone, John Bright,
Lord Salisbury, Moncure Conway, Mr. Joseph Chamber-
lain, Lord Rosebery, Mr. Frederick Greenwood, and
several others. It will also contain a bibliography of
Goldwin Smith's writings.
Fiction writers everywhere will be greatly interested
in the announcement just made by the Reilly & Britton
Co., Chicago, of a prize of 810,000 to be awarded by
them for the best original manuscript of a novel received
before September 1 uext. The contest is open to every-
one. The excellence of the story alone will decide the
winner, as the names of the authors will not be known
to the committee of judges who will pass upon the
manuscripts. The award is to be made within sixty
days from the close of the contest, and the prize-winning
novel will be published in February of next year.
William Foster Apthorp, one of the best-known of
American musical critics, died in Switzerland on Feb-
ruary 25. He was born in 1848, studied abroad and
completed his education at Harvard. From 1872 to
1877 he had charge of the musical department of
the "Atlantic Monthly." Beginning in 1881, and
continuing for twenty years, he held the post of mu-
sical and dramatic critic of the Boston "Transcript."
His publications include: "Musicians and Music
Lovers "; "Jacques Damour and Other Stories" (trans-
lated from Zola); "By the Way"; and "The Opera,
Past and Present." He also edited the three-volume
"Cyclopedia of Music and Musicians" published by
the Scribners.
Harry Longford Wilson, Professor of Roman Arche-
ology and Epigraphy in the Johns Hopkins University
and president of the Archaeological Institute of America,
died suddenly, of pneumonia, late last month. He
was born at Wilton, Ontario, in 1867, and received his
education at Queen's University, Canada, and Johns
Hopkins University. In 1906-7 he served as professor
in the American School of Classical Studies in Rome.
In 1908 he was elected a foreign member of the im-
perial German Archaeological Institute. In December,
1912, he was elected president of the Archaeological
Institute of America. He was author of "The Metaphor
in the Epic Poems of P. Papinius Statius" (1898), editor
of "The Satires of Juvenal" (1903), and a frequent
contributor to various archaeological and philological
journals.


1913]
253
THE DIAL
Announcements of Spring Books.
Herewith we have pleasure in presenting our
Annual classified List of Books Announced for
Spring and Summer Publication. About twelve
hundred titles, representing the lists of more than
fifty American publishers, are entered here. With
the exception of a few technical and medical publi-
cations, this list is a fairly complete summary of
the Spring publishing season — although it is quite
probable that not a few important books will this
year, as in past seasons, appear without preliminary
heralding.
Biography and Reminiscences.
A Small Boy and Others, by Henry James, with pho-
togravure frontispiece, $2.50 net.—The Life and
Letters of John Paul Jones, by Anna de Koven, 2
vols., illus., $5. net.—Maximilian the Dreamer, Holy
Roman Emperor, 1495 to 1519, by Christopher Hare,
illus., $3. net.—Rose Bertin, creator of fashion at
the court of Marie Antoinette, by Emile Langlade,
adapted from the French by Dr. Angelo A. S. Rap-
poport, illus., $3. net.—Composers in Love and
Marriage, by J. Cuthbert Hadden, illus., $2.75 net.
(Charles Scribner's Sons.)
The Story of My Boyhood and Youth, by John Muir,
illus., $2. net.—Michelangelo, a record of his life as
told in his own letters and papers, edited by Robert
W. Carden, illus., $3. net.—Youth of Henry VIII.,
by Frank J. Mumby, illus., $3. net.—Guerilla Lead-
ers of the World, by Percy Cross Standing, illus.,
$1.75 net.—Mohammed the Great Arabian, by Mere-
dith Townsend, 75 cts. net. (Houghton Mifflin Co.)
The Romance of the Rothschilds, by Ignatius Balla,
illus. in color, etc., $3. net.—Ellen Key, her life
and her work, a critical study, by Louise Nystrom
Hamilton, trans, from the Swedish by Anna E. B.
Fries, with portrait, $1.50 net.—Rahel Varnhagen,
a portrait, by Ellen Key, with introduction by
Havelock Ellis, with portraits, $1.50 net.—The
Story of the Borgias, by John Fyvie, illus. in pho-
togravure, etc., $4.50 net.—My Autobiography, by
Madame Judith, edited by Paul G'Sell, trans, from
the French by Mrs. Arthur Bell, with frontispiece,
$3.50 net.—The American Immortals, by George
Cary Eggleston, illus., $2. net.—Silas Deane, a
Connecticut leader in the American Revolution, by
George L. Clark, with frontispiece, $1.50 net. (G. P.
Putnam's Sons.)
Retrospections of an Active Life, by John Bigelow,
Vols. IV. and V., per vol., $4. net, complete set of
five vols., $15. net.—Addison Broadhurst, Master
Merchant, by Edward Mott Woolley, $1.25 net.
(Doubleday, Page & Co.)
James Fenimore Cooper, by Mary E. Phillips, illus.,
$2.50 net.—The Life and Letters of William Cob-
bett in England and America, by Lewis Melville, 2
vols., illus. in photogravure, etc., $10. net.—The
Letter Bag of Lady Elizabeth Spencer Stanhope, by
A. M. W. Stirling, illus. in photogravure, etc., $10.
net.—Charles Conder, his life and work, by Frank
Gibson, illus. in color, etc., $0.50 net.—Philip.
Duke of Wharton, by Lewis Melville, illus., $6.50
net.—Memoirs of the Court of England in 1075. by
Marie Catherine Comtesse d'Aulnoy, trans, from
the French by Mrs. William Henry Arthur, edited
and revised, with annotations, by George David Gil-
bert, illus., $6. net.—The Story of Don .John of
Austria, by P. Luis Coloma, trans, by Lady More-
ton, illus.," $4.50 net.—From Studio to Stage, per-
sonal reminiscences, by Weedon Grossmith, illus. in
photogravure, etc., $4. net.—Memories, by Stephen
Coleridge, illus., $4. net.—The Scenes and Memories
of the Past, by Stephen Coleridge, illus., $4. net.—
Anthony Trollope, his work, associates, and orig-
inals, by T. H. S. Escott, $4. net.—Robert Fulton,
engineer and artist, his life and work, by H. W.
Dickinson, illus., $3. net.—The Life of Madame Tal-
lien. Notre Dame de Thermidor, from the last days
of the French Revolution until her death as Prin-
cess Chimnay in 1835, by L. Gastine, trans, from
the French by J. Lewis May, illus. in photogravure,
etc., $4. net.—The Empress Josephine, by Joseph
Turquan, illus., $3.50 net. (John Lane Co.)
The Windham Papers, being the Life and Correspon-
dence of William Windham, 1750 to 1810, a mem-
ber of Pitt's first cabinet, with Introduction by the
Earl of Rosebery, K. G., 2 vols., illus. in photo-
gravure, etc., $10. net.—King Edward in His True
Colours, by Edward Lcgge, illus.. $4. net.—Our
Book of Memories, by Mrs. Campbell Praed and
Justin McCarthy, illus., $4. net. (Small, Mavnard
& Co.)
All the Days of My Life, an autobiography, by Amelia
E. Barr,"illus., $3. net. (D. Appleton & Co.)
With Walt Whitman in Camden, by Horace Traubel,
Vol. III., $3. net.—Joseph Pulitzer, a character
study, by Alleyne Ireland, $1.25 net. (Mitchell
Kennerley.)
Modern Heroines Series, new vols.: Heroines of Mod-
ern Progress, by Elmer C. Adams and Warren Dun-
ham Foster; Heroines of Modern Religion, edited
by Warren Dunham Foster; each illus., $1.50 net.
—The Court Series of French Memoirs, trans, from
the French and edited by E. Jules Meras, new vol.:
Memoirs Relating to the Empress Josephine, by
Georgette Ducrest, illus., $1.50 net. (Sturgis &
Walton Co.)
The Prince Imperial, by Augustin Filon, illus., $4.
net.—The Romance of the Men of Devon, by Francis
Gribble, illus. in photogravure, etc., $1.75 net.—A
Sunny Life, the biography of Samuel June Bar-
rows, by Isabel C. Barrows, illus., $1.50 net. (Lit-
tle, Brown & Co.)
My Life, by August Bebel, $2. net.—Francesco Pet-
rarca and the Revolution of Cola di Rienzo, by
Mario E. Cozenza, $1.50 net.—The Life and Letters
of Lord Hardwicke, by M. Philip Chesney Yorke.
(University of Chicago Press.)
Mark Twain and the Happy Island, by Elizabeth
Wallace, illus., $1. net.—Royal Women, their his-
tory and romance, by Mary Ridpath-Mann, illus.,
$1.25 net. (A. C. McClurg'& Co.)
The Life and Times of Calvin, by L. Penning, trans,
from the Dutch by B. S. Berrington, illus.. $3.50
net.—Life in the Indian Police, by C. E. Goulds-
burv. illus., $2.50 net.—Essays in Biographv, by
ChaVles Whibley, $1.50 net. (E. P. Dutton 4 Co.)
Life of Miguel de Cervantes, by J. Fitzmaurice-Kelly.
—Medwin's Life of Shelley, second edition, edited,
with introduction and notes, by H. Buxton For-
man, C. B. (Oxford University Press.)
The Life of Thaddeus Stevens, by James Albert Wood-
burn. Ph.D.. with photogravure frontispiece, $2.50
net. (Bobbs-Merrill Co.)
Paul I. of Russia, son of Catherine II.. by K. Walis-
zcwski. with frontispiece. $4. net.—Sardou and the
Sardou Plays, by Jerome A. Hart, illus., $2.50 net.
(J. B. Lippincott Co.)
Louis XL, by Andrew C. P. Haggard. $4. net.—Wil-
liam Lloyd Garrison, by John Jay Chapman, $1.25
net.—Lives of the Plavers, bv William Winter, Vol.
I., Tyrone Power, $1.25 net." (Moffat. Yard & Co.)


254
[March 16,
THE DIAL
Frances Willard, her life and her work, by Ray
Strachey, with introduction by Lady Henry Somer-
set, illus., $1.50 net.—Nathan Sites, by Mrs. S.
Moore Sites, with introduction by William F. Mc-
Dowell, illus., $1.50 net.—Life of G. L. Wharton,
by Mrs. Emma Richardson Wharton, illus., $1.25
net.—A West Pointer in the Land of the Mikado,
illus., $1.25 net.—Epoch Makers of Modern Mis-
sions, by Archibald McLean, illus., $1. net.—Inter-
national Leaders' Library, new vol.: The Per-
sonal Life of David Livingstone, by W. Gardner
Blaikie, D.D., complete authorized edition, with por-
trait, 50 cts. net. (Fleming H. Revell Co.)
The World's Leading Conquerors, by W. L. Bevan,
illus., $1.75 net.—Nogi, a man against the back-
ground of a war, by Stanley Washburn, illus., $1.
net. (Henry Holt & Co.)
Life and Letters of Rev. James Macgregor, D.D., by
Lady Frances Balfour, illus., $4. net.—The Great
Acceptance, the life story of F. M. Charrington, by
Guy Thome, illus., $1. net. (George H. Doran Co.)
Memories of the Sea, by C. C. Penrose FitzGerald,
illus.—Sir Frederick Maurice, a record of his work
and opinions, edited by his son, F. Maurice, with
photogravure portrait. (Longmans, Green & Co.)
The Everyday Life of Abraham Lincoln, by Francis
F. Browne, revised edition, illus., $1.75 net. ( F. G.
Browne & Co.)
Theatrical and Musical Memoirs, by Rudolph Aron-
son, illus., $2.75'net. (McBride, Nast & Co.)
George Washington, by Woodrow Wilson, new edition,
illus., $2. net. (Harper & Brothers.)
History.
A Naval History of the'American Revolution, by
Gardner W. Allen, 2 vols., illus., $3. net.—With the
Victorious Bulgarians, by Hermenegild Wagner,
with Introduction by M. Gueshoff, illus., $3. net.—
The Fall of the Dutch Republic, by Hendrik Wil-
lem Van Loon, $3. net.—The Making of Modern
England, by Gilbert Slater, M.A., with maps, $2.50
net.—England in 1815, by Joseph Ballard, limited
edition, with frontispiece in colors, $4. net.—Eng-
lish People Overseas, new vol.: Australasia, by A.
Wyatt Tilby, $1.50 net.—A History of Lexington,
Massachusetts, by Charles Hudson, 2 vols., illus.,
$10. net.—History of Belfast, Maine, by Joseph
Williamson, Vol. II., illus., $5. net. (Houghton
Mifflin Co.)
The Story of the Civil War, by William Roscoe Liv-
ermore, Part III., 2 vols., with maps, each $2.50
net.—Symbol and Satire in the French Revolution,
Ernest F. Henderson, Ph.D., illus., $4. net.—A
tory of England, from the earliest times to the
present day, by various authors, edited by C. W. C.
Oman, Vol. III., England in the Later Middle Ages,
1272 to 1485, by Kenneth H. Vickers, M.A., with
maps, $3. net.—The Political Debates between Abra-
ham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas, with intro-
duction by George Haven Putnam, Litt.D., illus.,
in photogravure, $2.50 net.—New England and New
France, contrasts and parallels in colonial history,
by James Douglas, $2.50 net.—Mishnah, a digest of
the basic principles of the early Jewish jurispru-
dence, trans, and annotated by Hyman E. Goldin,
LL.B., $1.50 net.—The Irish Element in Medieval
Culture, by H. Zimmer, trans, by Jane Loring Ed-
mands, new edition, with frontispiece, $1.25 net.
(G. P. Putnam's Sons.)
A History of the People of the United States, from
the Revolution to the Civil War, by John Bach Mc-
Master, Vol. VIII., completing the work, $2.50 net.
—The Flowery Republic, a picture of the revolu-
tion in China, by Frederick McCormick, illus., $2.50
net. (D. Applet on & Co.)
The Cambridge Mediaeval History, planned by J. B.
Bury, M.A., edited by H. N. Gwatkin, M.A., and
J. P. Whitney, B.D., Vol. II., The Rise of the Sar-
acens and the Foundation of the Western Empire,
$5. net.—The Writings of John Quincy Adams,
edited by Worthington C. Ford, Vol. I., $3.50 net —
The Letters of Richard Henry Lee, collected, col-
lated, and edited by James Curtis Ballagh, Vol. II.,
$2.50 net.—Lectures on the American Civil War,
by James Ford Rhodes, with maps, $1.75 net.—A
History of the American Negro, by Benjamin Grif-
fith Brawley, A.M., $1.50 net.—The Sea Kings of
Crete, by James Baikie, new edition, illus., $2. net.
(Macmillan Co.)
English Historical Literature in the Fifteenth Cen-
tury, by C. L. Kingsford.—International Arbitra-
tion in Ancient Greece, by M. X. Tod.—Anglo-
Roman Relations, 1558 to 1565, bv C. G. Bayne,
C.S.I.—The King's Council in the Middle Ages, by
J. F. Baldwin—The Rise and Fall of the High
Commission, by R. G. Usher.—The English Fac-
tories in India, by W. Foster, Vol. VII., 1642 to
1645.—The Genesis of Lancaster, by Sir J. H. Ram-
say, being the two concluding volumes of the
"Scholar's History of England."—The History of
the Oxford University Archives, by R. L. Poole.—
Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066 to 1154,
by H. W. C. Davis, assisted bv R. J. Whitwell, Vol.
I., 1066 to 1100—The French Revolution of 1848
in its Economic Aspects, from the French of Louis
Blanc and E. Thomas, edited, with Introduction, by
J. A. R. Marriott.—Historical Geography of the
British Colonies, by Sir Charles Lucas, K.C.B., new
vols.: South Africa, historical. Part I., Before the
War; West Africa, third edition, revised by A. B.
Keith. (Oxford University Press.)
The History of English Patriotism, by Esm£ C. Wing-
field Stratford, 2 vols., with photogravure frontis-
piece, $7.50 net.—The English and French in the
Seventeenth Century, by Charles Bastide, illus.,
$3.50 net. (John Lane Co.)
Republican France, 1870 to 1912, her presidents,
statesmen, policy, vicissitudes, and social life, by
Ernest A. Viaetelly, illus. in photogravure, etc., $4.
net.—A Modern History of the English People, by
R. H. Gretton, Vol. I., *1880 to 1898, with map, $2.
net.—The Balkan War, adventures of war with
Cross and Crescent, bv Philip Gibbs and Bernard
Grant, illus., $1.20 net. (Small, Maynard & Co.)
The Evolution of Modern Germany, by Henri Lichten-
berger, trans, from the German by A. M. Ludovici,
$2.50 net.—Introduction to the Study of History,
by Langlois and Seignobos, trans, from the French
by G. G. Berry, $1.75 net. (Henry Holt & Co.)
All Red British Empire Series, new vols.: The Em-
pire of India, by Sir J. Bampfylde Fuller; The
Union of South Africa, with chapters on Rhodesia
and the Native Territories of the High Commission,
by W. Basil Worsfold; each illus., per volume, $3.
net. (Little, Brown & Co.)
The Framing of the Constitution of the United States,
by Max Farrand, $2. net. (Yale University Press.)
The War Drama of the Eagles, Napoleon's standard-
bearers on the battlefield in victory and defeat, by
Edward Fraser, $4. net. (E. P. Diitton & Co.)
Journals of Danker and Sluyter, 1679-80, edited by
B. B. James, Ph.D., illus., $3. net. (Charles Serib-
ner's Sons.)
The Golden State, a history of California from the
earliest days to the present, by Henry K. Norton,
$1.50 net. (A. C. McClurg & Co.)
The Mikado's Empire, by William Elliot Griffis,
twelfth edition, 2 vols., illus., $4. net. (Harper &
Brothers.)
by
His


1913]
255
THE DIAL,
Italy's War for a Desert, by Francis McCullagh, $2.75
net. (F. G. Browne & Co.)
The Balkan War Drama, by Cyril Campbell, illus.,
$2. net. (McBride, Nast & Co.)
Pickett and His Men, by Mrs. La Salle Corbell Pick-
ett, new edition, illus., $2.50 net. (J. B. Lippin-
cott Co.)
Progress of the Nations Series, edited by Kobert P.
Porter, new vols.: The Ten Republics; Chile;
Alberta. (Rand, McNally 4 Co.)
General Literature.'
The Drift of Romanticism, eighth series of Shelburne
Essays, by Paul Elmer More, $1.25 net.—The Eng-
lish Lyric, by Felix A. Schelling, $1.50 net.—Youth
and Life, by Randolph S. Bourne, $1.50 net.—Irish
Plays and Playwrights, by Cornelius Weygandt,
illus., $2. net.—Mere Literature, by Woodrow Wil-
son, Riverside Press limited edition, $5. net.—
Sappho and the Island of Lesbos, by Mary Mills
Patrick, illus., $1.25 net.—Goethe's Key to Faust,
by William Page Andrews, $1. net.—Strange Stories
from the Lodge of Leisure, trans, from the Chinese
by George Soulife, $1. net. (Houghton Mifflin Co.)
The Letters, Speeches, and Correspondence of Carl
Schurz, edited by Frederic Bancroft, 6 vols., $12.
net.—Along the Road, by A. C. Benson, $1.50 net.—
Court Masques of James I., their influence on
Shakespeare and the public theatres, by Mary Sul-
livan, Ph.D., illus., $3. net.—The Cambridge His-
tory of English Literature, edited by A. W. Ward,
Litt.D., and A. R. Waller, M.A., Vol. IX., From
Steele and Addison to Pope and Swift, $2.50 net.—
The English Scene in the Eighteenth Century, by
E. S. Roscoe, illus., $2.75 neT (G. P. Putnam's
Sons.)
Letters of General Meade, edited by George E. Meade,
with portrait, $7.50 net.—The Pathos of Distance, a
book of a thousand and one moments, by James
Huneker, $2. net.—Lore of Proserpine, by Maurice
Hewlett, $1.35 net.—Enjoyment of Poetry, by Max
Eastman, $1.25 net. (Charles Scribner's Sons.)
The Eighteen-Nineties, a review of art and life at the
close of the nineteenth century, by Holbrook Jack-
son, $4. net.—Walter Pater, a critical study, by
Edward Thomas, $2.50 net.—Voices of Tomorrow,
Edwin BjSrkman, $1.50 net.—The Censor and
Theatres, by John Palmer, $1.50 net.—Hiero-
glyphics, a note upon ecstasy in literature, by
Arthur Machen, $1.25 net.—The Note Books of
Samuel Butler, edited by Henry Festing Jones,
$2. net. (Mitchell Kennerley.)
Dante and the Mystics, by Edmund G. Gardner, $3.50
net.—The Influence of Baudelaire in France and
England, by G. Turquet-Milner, $2.50 net.—The
Philosophy of Ruskin, by Andre Chevrillon, trans,
from the French by Andrew Boyle, $1.50 net.—
Chaucer, by Emile Legouis, trans, from the French
by L Lailavoix, $1.50 net.—Channels of English
Literature, edited by Oliphant Smeaton, M.A., new
vols.: The English Novel, by George Saintsbury;
English Epic and Heroic Poetry, by Professor Wil-
liam Macneile Dixon; English Ljrric Poetry, by
Ernest Rhys; English Dramatic Poetry, by Felix
Schelling; English History and Schools of History,
by Richard Lodge, LL.D.; per volume, $1.50 net.—
Shakespeare's London, by T. Fairman Ordish, new
edition, $1.25 net.—Wisdom of the East Series, new
vol.: Yang Chu's Garden of Pleasure, trans, from
the Chinese by Anton Forke, with introduction by
H. Crammer-Bvng, 40 cts. net. (E. P. Dutton &
Co.)
The Foundation of a National Drama, by Henry
Arthur Jones, $2.50 net.—Among Famous Books,
by John Kelman, $1.50 net. (George H. Doran Co.)
The Regent Library, first vols.: Johnson, by Alice
Meynell, with introduction by G. K. Chesterton;
Leigh Hunt, by Edward Storer; Richardson, by
Sheila Kaye-Smith; Wordsworth, by E. Hallam
Moorhouse; Blaise de Monluc, by A: W. Evans;
Mrs. Gaskell, by E. A. Chadwick; Thomas Love
Peacock, by W. H. Helm; Cowper, by Edward
Storer; Mary Wollstonecraft, by Camilla Jebb;
Shelley, by Roger Ingpen; Jane Austen, by Lady
Margaret Sackville; Charles Dickens, by W. H.
Helm; George Eliot, by Viola Meynell; Oliver
Goldsmith, by Padraic Colum; Disraeli, by Wilfrid
Meynell; Newman, by Daniel O'Connor; Fanny
Burney, by Thomas Seccombe; Tobias Smollett, by
C. E. Lawrence; John Drydcn, by A. W. Evans;
Walter Savage Landor, by Valery Larbaud; John
Milton, by R. P. Cowl; Edgar Allan Poe, by
Thomas Seccombe and Stephen Langton; The
Brontes, by Mrs. Egerton Castle; each, cloth 90
cts. net, leather $1.25 net. (F. G. Browne & Co.)
Correspondence by Napoleon I., edited by Colonel
Picard, Chief of Staff of the French Armv, 3 vols.,
$15. net. (Duffleld & Co.)
The Invincible Alliance, and other essays, by Francis
Grierson, $1.50 net.—The Play of Today, studies in
play-structure for the student and the theatre-
goer, by Elizabeth R. Hunt, $1.50 net.—Knowledge
and Life, by William Arkwright, $1.25 net.—Siren-
ica, by W. Compton Leith, $1. net. (John Lane Co.)
Uncle and Nephew in the Old French Chansons de
Geste, by W. O. Farnsworth, Ph.D.—Chaucer and
the Roman de la Rose, by Dean S. Fansler, Ph.D.—
Gnomic Poetry in Anglo-Saxon, by Blanche Colton
Williams, Ph.D.—Vasavadatta, a Sanskrit romance
by Subandhu, trans., with introduction and notes,
by Louis H. Gray, Ph.D., $1.50 net. (Columbia
University Press.)
Studies in the Lyric Poems of Friedrich Hebbel, the
sensuous in Hebbel's lyric poetry, by Albert Gubel-
mann, $2.25 net.—Gawayne and the Green Knight,
by Charlton Miner Lewis, $1. net. (Yale Univer-
sity Press.)
European Dramatists, by Archibald Henderson, with
photogravure frontispiece, $1.50 net. (Stewart &
Kidd Co.)
English Literature, 1880 to 1905, Pater, Wilde, and
after, by J. M. Kennedy, $2.50 net. (Small, May-
nard & Co.)
England's Parnassus, edited by Charles Crawford.—
The Collected Papers of Henry Sweet, edited by
H. C. Wyld.—Companion to Classical Texts, by
F. W. Hall. (Oxford University Press.)
The Joys of Living, by Orison Swett Marden, $1.25
net.—The Free Life, by Woodrow Wilson, new edi-
tion printed in two colors, ooze leather, $1. net.—
Handbook of Norse Mythology, by Karl Mortensen,
authorized translation by A. Clinton Crowell, illus.,
75 cts. net. (Thomas Y. Crowell Co.)
The Spirit of American Literature, by John Albert
Macy, $1.50 net.—What Can Literature Do for
Me? by C. Alphonso Smith, $1. net.—Letters to
Unknown Friends, by Lyman Abbott, 60 cts. net.
(Doubleday, Page & Co.)
'Tis Sixty Years Since, an address, by Charles Francis
Adams.—Ancient Ideals, by Henry Osborn Taylor,
Litt.D., revised edition. (Macmillan Co.)
London in English Literature, by Percy H. Boynton.
(University of Chicago Press.)
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256 THE
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