-called graded schools, in
prejudice, and formality, be breached, so that abjuring all procrustean methods and in
some illumination may enter, and the rest will insisting upon a recognition of individuality
follow with almost certainty. Unless this is in school children. Teachers are exhorted to
done, the situation of China contains the ele acquaint themselves with the temperament
ments of her dismemberment and destruction, and environment of their pupils, with a view
at no very distant time.
to a more perfect adaptation of their methods.
SELIM H. PEABODY. The broad classification of schools is into city
and country schools. The proportion by
numbers is about seven-tenths country and
RECENT EDUCATIONAL BOOKS.* three-tenths city. The organization of country
schools and city schools is essentially different.
Antonio Rosmini Serbati, the contemporary
and this difference is almost inevitable by the
of Pestalozzi and of Froebel, is the most
nature of the case. In the city, individuality
important figure in modern Italian philoso-
must be largely ignored, for economical reasons;
phy. So says the “Encyclopædia Britan-
while in the country, classification and grada-
nica." He was a devoted priest of the
tion are extremely difficult to be maintained.
Catholic church, a philanthropist, a profound
The ideal school possibly avoids the defects
thinker and a voluminous writer upon meta-
and combines the excellences of both extremes,
physical subjects. He seems to have breathed
and is in a manner a combination of the
• ROSMININ METHOD IN EDUCATION. Translated from
two. Happily for the coming generations, the
the Italian by Mrs. William Grey. Boston: D. C. Heath two classes of schools are approaching each
& Co.
other in principles and methods, though both
Tuk PRINCIPLES OF EDUCATION PRACTICALLY APPLIED.
By J. M. Greenwood. New York. D. Appleton & Co.
will always, no doubt, be kept somewhat apart
The COLLEGE AND THE CHIRCH. From the Forum from the standard mean by the peculiarities of
Magazine. New York. D. Appleton & Co.
condition. The rigid system of classification
THE VENTILATION OF SCHOOL BUILDINGS. By Gilbert
and promotion which characterized so large a
B. Morrison. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
ON TRACUXG ENGLISH. By Alexander Bain. New
portion of our city schools when that sys.
York D. Appleton & (o.
tem was first inaugurated, is giving way to
TI ART OF READING LATIX. By W. G. Hale. Boston: more rational ideas ; and this little work, by
Ginn & Company.
the superintendent of the schools of a great
Tue NEW EDUCATION. By George Herbert Palmer.
Boston Little, Brown & Co.
| city, gives cheering evidence that the crisis in


96
[Sept.,
THE DIAL
the graded system has been passed. The publishers of “The Forum" for having, in the
country schools, on the other hand, are im first place, elicited these reminiscences from
proving somewhat, laying out courses of its contributors; and again, for making them
study, seeking to emerge from their old cha accessible in so attractive and convenient a
otic condition, and planning for something form as this volume. Its exceeding interest is
like a beginning, a middle, and an end of greatly enhanced by the collection of “Con-
things. Šuperintendent Greenwood's book fessions” by communicants of several import-
throws much light upon the subject on both ant religious sects, which constitute its latter
the city and country side, and will exert a half.
wholesome influence wherever its exceedingly The next book of our collection is a mono-
rational and common-sense ideas shall take graph on “The Ventilation of School Build-
root.
ings.” It is a book for architects and build-
The next book that we take up almost sends ing committees; though the average building-
to limbo our fine-spun theories. We are taken committeeman, it is to be apprehended,
into the confidence of some dozen or so of the would require to have the book read to them
eminent educators and literary men of the by an interpreter. It is well illustrated with
day, who tell the story of their education, diagrams and plentifully sprinkled with alge-
some forty or sixty years ago, before any of | braic formulæ, all of which serve to give it
the psychological ideas upon which all first the appearance of being thoroughly scientific,
rate teaching is now supposed to be done were -as doubtless it is. If the sanitary features
evolved. Most of these eminent scholars of ventilation-or, rather, want of ventila-
entertain but an indifferent opinion of the tion,- have not heretofore been fully por-
schools in which they received their early | trayed, it is attributable to the inadequacy of
training. None especially commend the the English language to deal with the subject;
methods under which they were trained, and but it has been reserved for Prof. Morrison
whatever commendation they give to their to call attention to its economical aspects. He
teachers is for the force of character, mag says: “If, then, we suppose ventilation possi.
netism, or natural aptitude to teach, which ble, the conclusion follows that in those school.
they displayed. Some seem to have passed rooms where ventilation is imperfect and the
through their entire school life, from infancy air impure six-sevenths of the money expended
up through college, without ever having come to educate a child is wasted." This is a view
under the influence of more than two or three | of the case that may appeal successfully to the
persons who stamped any valuable lesson or most sordid of school boards. At all events,
impression upon their minds, unless it were those who are to have anything to do with the
that of avoidance. It will be interesting, building of schoolhouses should procure this
at a period forty or sixty years hence, for book and give its suggestions careful consid-
those who are then alive to observe how eration.
much better men will come out of our present Alexander Bain, the accomplished Professor
philosophical methods of education under of Logic in the University of Aberdeen, has
normal trained teachers, than Hale or Higgin added another to his numerous works on the
son or Vincent or Harris or Dwight or Angell teaching of English and other kindred subjects.
or White. But these men have not only told It is a book of great value for all who are
us the story of their own schooling, but we teaching higher English in the form of rhet-
may say, ex his disce omnes. They represent oric and criticism of authors with a view to
the best schools and educational methods the cultivation of style. The first part con-
of their day, and all the great leaders of siders and criticises some of the irrational and
thought and the master minds of the passing vicious modes of studying style and authors
generation were trained no better than these that are quite prevalent, and which have their
who have so frankly told their story. We all source and motive in many of the annotated
know, who have ever taught a school, that texts so widely used. The use of the older
there are some intellects too dull and some authors for teaching style, in any of its feat-
natures too sluggish ever to be aroused to ures, is unsparingly condemned. Subject mat-
the accomplishment of anything fine by any ter should not be considered when a selection
amount of personal magnetism or by the most is studied for style. Modern authors, those of
cunningly and logically devised method. We the present century, are alone suitable for this
may also learn this further lesson from the use. While not a text-book for pupils, nor in
book before us, that some minds are too bright any sense a work to be followed closely, it is
and keen ever to have their lustre tarnished | full of thought, and must prove useful as a
or their edge turned by the most stupid of general guide in teaching this difficult subject.
instructors or the most irrational of methods. The classical teacher will find both delight-
The world need shed no tears of regret over ful and helpful the essay of Prof. Hale, of
the graves of “mute inglorious Miltons." | Cornell, on “ The Art of Reading Latin.” It
The public has occasion to be grateful to the seems to offer a solution of the problem which


1887.)
THE DIAL
97
- - - - - -
-
-- - - - -
so many teachers have tried in vain to solve, form. Messrs. Vizetelly and Co. of London
of how to feel the meaning of a Latin sen are giving us in “ The Mermaid Series "-com-
tence somewhat as we imagine a listener to memorative of that Olympian hostelrie, the
('icero did, or as we enter into and feel our Mermaid tavern—the first really popular
way through the complex sentences of our edition of the dramas of the fellow-workers
own language. As no rational reader re of Shakespeare; and, in view of the increased
arranges a sentence of Milton's into prosaic interest manifested in the literature of the era
order before trying to take in its meaning as of Elizabeth and James, the enterprise of the
a whole, so the Latin reader should be trained publishers is likely to meet with success. The
to take the words of his text as they come, in volumes are issued monthly, each containing,
order that when he has reached the last word on an average, five carefully selected plays,
he will have grasped the meaning, with all its which will in no case be expurgated, the
peculiarities of style and emphasis, as indi. editors rightly conceiving that a full apprecia-
cated by the verbal order. The end is cer tion of the vivid energy of style characteristic
tainly desirable for one who pretends to read of the authors can be best attained by thus
Latin at all, and it is undoubtedly attainable disregarding the finical requirements of modern
by the method of teaching here set forth. taste.
The elective system is discussed in an attract The Marlowe volume, first of the series, is,
ive little volume under the title of “The New considering its very moderate price, a good
Education," containing a reprint of three arti specimen of the handiwork of the British book-
cles first published in "The Andover Review." maker, and gives rise to the hope that the
The evolution of the system at Harvard is the prevalent Anglo-mania may eventually reach
particular phase of the subject treated. Cer. our American publishers. It contains, in addi-
tainly there has been a great movement in the tion to the five plays, a paper introductory to
direction of elective studies within the past the Mermaid edition, by Mr. J. A. Symonds,
few years, and the important institutions treating of the Elizabethan drama in general,
throughout the land seem to be adopting and followed by a notice of Marlowe by Mr. Hare-
extending it as fast as their means will per lock Ellis. The names of the writers are a
mit; for it must be confessed that the system sufficient guaranty of the excellence of their
is enormously expensive as compared with work. In the appendix is a sketch of a famous
that of the old rigid two-course plan. An actor of the fifteenth century, Edward Alleyn
illustration of this is given by comparison of | --whose portrait, etched from the painting at
Harvard's 1,586 men in 1878, with 146 instruct. Dulwich College, forms the frontispiece; the
ors, and Glasgow University, which had 2,018 ancient “ Ballad of Faustus" from the Rox.
students and but 42 instructors. It is evident burghe collection ; and a curious transcript
that if the elective system is to be the popu. from the Harleian MS. endorsed, “Copye of
lar policy of the future, only the great and Marloes blasphemyes as sent to her Highness,"
wealthy institutions will be able to meet the and described as “Contayninge the opinion of
requirements of the age. All poorly endowed one Christofer Marlye, concernynge his dam-
schools must be specialized or withdrawn from nable opinions and judgment of God's worde."
the field. How far the system will be ex The document is signed by Richard Bame,
tended in the future, it is difficult now to and affords some insight into the character of
predict. Harvard still retains a few pre the poet. This preliminary volume may pre-
scribed studies in the freshman year, but not sumably be taken as a type of the series.
one beyond. It is probable that prescription Christopher Marlowe was born in Canter-
will soon altogether cease. Some of our lead. bury in 1564, where his father, a shoemaker,
ing high schools now have at least one-half obtained admission for him into King's School.
the studies clective. Whether there is not He was afterward entered as a pensioner of
danger in the direction that things are now Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where he
tending, is a question that demands considera received his degree of Bachelor of Arts in
tion. Many wise teachers think there is. 1583, and of Master of Arts in 1587. Our
J. B. ROBERTS. knowledge of his life is meagre, but there is
sufficient ground for the inference that he was
“ an ill-regulated, dissolute, outrageously vehe-
CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE.*
ment and audacious spirit, but grand and
sombre with the genuine poetic frenzy." It is
An imperfect acquaintance with the works conjectured that, like other playwrights of his
of the Elizabethan dramatists will no longer time, he was an actor; and his familiar and
be defensible on the plea of inability to pro- accurate use of military terms-notably in
cure them in a sufficiently cheap and accessible « Tamburlaine II," Act iii, Scene 3,-renders
it probable that, like Jonson, he served against
CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE. Edited by Havelock Ellis.
the Spaniard in the Low Countries. Although
With Introduction by J. A. Symonds. Mermaid Series.)
London · Vizetelly & ('o.
there is no proof of it in his plays, he is said


98
[Sept.,
THE DIAL
to have held atheistical opinions, and, had it vigorous native material into something like
not been for his premature death, would un conformity to a fixed artistic type. This work
doubtedly have been prosecuted therefor, and was consummated by Christopher Marlowe-
possibly burnt like his fellow-collegian Kett. the creator of an epoch in our literature-the
The circumstances of his death were in keep predecessor of Shakespeare.
ing with his turbulent, ill-governed life. Hav Although blank verse had hitherto been
ing fled to the village of Deptford, in company essayed by English playwrights, Marlowe
with other authors and actors, to avoid the was the first to popularize it, and, applying it
plague which was then raging in London, he to the romantic as distinguished from the
became involved in a tavern brawl with a low classical type, turned the current of the Eliza-
fellow named “ffrancis Archer,” a “bawdy bethan drama into its final channel.
serving-man," over the favor of a drab, and To understand Marlowe's genius we must
while madly endeavoring to stab his rival, view him in the light of his own times. The
wounded himself mortally with his own dagger. | Renaissance and the Reformation had entered
But it is with Marlowe's genius and share | England hand in hand, so to speak, liberating
in the evolution of the drama that we are simultaneously reason and conscience. A
chiefly interested. In order to estimate his glimpse of the long forgotten and forbidden
services rightly it is necessary to understand treasures of the literature of pagan Greece
the stage of development to which dramatic and Rome caused men and women to turn in
art had been brought in England prior to the disgust from the pedantic disputations, puerile
new era inaugurated by the tragedy of “Tam quibbles, and dreary compilations of the school-
burlaine.” The native drama had advanced men, and, invigorated by an unwonted exer-
through the various phases of miracle play, cise of their reasoning powers, they shook off
morality, and interlude, and, conforming itself more easily the fetters of religious dogma.
to the advancing intellectual requirements of This newly acquired liberty rapidly degener-
the people, had finally taken the form of a ated into license. Religion became a dead
scenic representation of stirring narrative, letter — Catholicism having been overthrown,
whose sole purpose was to entertain. These and Protestantism not yet fully established
rudely rhymed and versified pieces, in which or understood. The brawny, semi-barbarous
tragedy and comedy went hand in hand, while race, feeling for the first time the full energy
they lacked the stately decorum and statuesque of its passions in their unforbidden gratifica-
beauty of the classical models, were yet replete tion, rushed into every excess. The gloom of
with a certain fire and vigor due partly to superstition, the death in life, and the religious
their spontaneous growth and partly to the contempt of the useful and beautiful arts that
unequalled force of the native English genius. marked the Middle Ages, disappeared, and,
The cultured coteries of the court, the Uni | instead, reigned the sensuous luxury of the
versity pedants,—all men, in fact, who had Renaissance. All this exuberant freedom of
freely imbibed the new learning of the Renais thought and action ran riot in the ill-regulated
sance,-looked with disfavor upon these native and rebellious yet grand and powerful soul of
productions, that set at naught the rules of Marlowe, and through his genius the popular
art developed by the masterpieces of the Latin mood found vent in words. The two parts of
and Italian theatre. They despised the “ Tamburlaine," written before the reflection
"Jigging veins of rhyming mother wits
and judgment of maturer years tempered his
And such conceits as clownage keeps in pay,"
style, display, in an exaggerated form, the
as heartily as did Marlowe himself, but, un-
intense energy which characterizes it. These
like him, they failed to acknowledge the latent
plays, while they abound in lofty and beauti-
energies of the undeveloped English drama.
ful passages, frequently rise to such a pitch of
In their pedantic dread of diverging from bombastic and furious declamation, such fren.
classical models, they demanded either “right
zied ravings and outrageously exaggerated
tragedy” or “right comedy,”-despising the incidents, that we wonder at the success that
method that, true to the complexity of actual
greeted their production on the stage. For
life, allowed the blending of the pathetic and
instance, the hero Tamburlaine, a monster of
the humorous. The people, on the other hand, cruelty and ambition, revelling in slaughter,
preferred the fire and actuality, the rapid
bellows:
change and realism of their native stage-plays;
and, fortunately, they were to be the arbiters
“For in a field whose superficies
Is covered with a liquid purple veil,
of the future of the English theatre. This, And sprinkled with the brains of slaughtered men,
however, was still undecided, when, soon after My royal chair of state shall be advanced;
the year 1580, a group of writers, among whom
And he who means to place himself therein,
Must armed wade up to the chin in blood."
were Greene, Peele, Lodge, and Nash, appre-
ciative of the beauties of the classical, yet
There is no shrinking, no sweetening of the
foreseeing the grand possibilities of the roman. | imagination here, or in the infuriate raving of
tic school, began to mould the rude though | Bajazeth, who prays:


1887.]
99
THE DIAL
Batter the shining palace or the sun,
** Then as I look down to the damned flends,
a receptacle of filth, the exhalations that arose
Plends look on me! and thou dread god of hell
With ebon sceptre strike this hateful earth
offended even the hardy noses of the patri.
An i make it swallow both of us at once!"
cians on the stage. When the stench became
The fury and excess, the blood-bespattered unbearable, a blazing pan of juniper was
scenes filled with riot and murder, and the brought in, the fumes of which dispelled the
shrieks and groans of the dying, which make less agreeable odors. As M. Taine says, “in
up the substance of these two tragedies, the Middle Age man lived on a dung-hill;"
shock our modern taste; but they were eagerly and these people of Marlowe's time were just
relished by the men of the sixteenth century. | emerging from that condition. The audiences
No food was too strong nor condiment too that applauded the extravagances of “Tam-
fiery for their robust appetites. A glance at burlaine” were not given to reflective criti.
Marlowe's audience and its surroundings will cism; what, to them, were the scholastic unity
afford us a partial explanation of the defects and decorum of the drama, the stately tread
of his earlier style.
of the tragic muse? They were men of im-
At the hour of one o'clock the hoisting of a pulse and passion, of unrestrained imagination,
flag upon the rude hexagonal tower that ſ prone to brutal and bloody sports, bear-bait-
served as a theatre signified to the public that ing, cudgel-play, and the like; to entertain
the play was to begin. The taste for the | them, a tragedy must have in it plenty of
drama was universal, and, at the opening of ferocious realism, of “sound and fury,"--and
the doors, a motley throng representing all they were satisfied in “Tamburlaine." We
classes poured into the building. The price of can imagine how the audience roared its appro-
admission was low, and the payment of an bation-how the orange wenches, forgetful of
extra sixpence commanded a seat upon the their wares, stared in admiration, when the
rush-strewn stage. Here the fashionable gal. “Scythian Shepherd ” “ split the ears of the
lant of the day-often a ruffianly cut-throat, groundlings" with such rantings as this:
a "minion of the moon," despite his finery, "Rise, cavalieros, bigher than the clouds,
seated himself upon a stool, or reclined full And with the cannon break the frame of Heaven;
length upon the rushes, ready to enjoy or
And shiver all the starry firmament!"
damn the play, as a prelude to his evening
pastime of brawling in the streets, insulting
Little space is required to sum up Marlowe's
and drawing his sword upon inoffensive
defects. To speak adequately of his merits,
passers-by, and assaulting the watch. Dis-
of the majestic music of his "mighty line,"
posing his person so as to display to advantage
exceeds the province of the ordinary review.
the exquisite out of his doublet and slops,
The tendency to exaggeration, which mars the
the fine block of his beaver, the rich fancy of
first and second parts of “Tamburlaine," is
his chains and scarfs, and the choice hatcbings
somewhat restrained in “The Jew of Malta,"
of his silver-hilted rapier and dagger," he
and, save for an occasional echo, disappears in
received his pipe and tobacco from the page
his masterpieces " Faustus" and " Edward II."
in waiting, and proceeded to puff a cloud of
In the “Mermaid Series " these five plays are
smoke into the faces of the actors. If it
*given, and, except the poems, are his only
suited his humor to be displeased, he railed in
works extant that will attract the general
good set terms at play and author; and when
reader. The “ Jew of Malta " is a powerful,
the rabble in the pit below, annoyed at his
somewhat repulsive drama, in which we detect
too audible comments, hurled at him a storm
the old half-superstitious hatred of the Jews
of abuse, occasionally emphasized by half.
that marked the Middle Ages. Barabas, fren-
eaten apples and other missiles, he returned
zied by the loss of his wealth and the apostacy
their compliments in kind, and magnificently
of his daughter, rages like a madman against
withdrew.
the Christians, and devotes himself to indis.
If these were the gentlemen of the day,
criminate slaughter. In his slave Ithamore
what must the lower classes have been? In
he finds a ready instrument, and thus admon-
*the great wooden O, the pit," exposed to the
ishes him:
inclemency of the leaden-hued London sky, sat
* First, be thou void of these affections,
Compassion, love, vain hope, and heartless fear;
the common people--the real critics, --swear-
Be moved at nothing, see thon pity none,
ing, drinking ale, smoking, eating, and often But to thyself smile when the Christians moun."
resorting to their fists. If the play specially | The visions of luxury, the * infinite riches in a
displeased them, “ they gave the poet a hiding, little room,” conjured up by the Jew, are
or tossed him in a blanket.” Carters, sailors,
echoed by Ben Jonson in “'T'he Alchemist."
brawling 'prentices, swaggering bravoes from
Barabas says:
* Alsatia" with their fierce moustachios and
patched faces, jostled one another and alter-
** The wealthy Moor that in the eastern rocks
Without control can pick his riches up,
nately cursed and applauded the actors. They And in his house heap pearls like pebble-stones,
were not over-clean; modesty was an unknown
Receive them free, and sell them by the welkuat.**
quantity; and the pit being little better than In “Faustus " we see revealed the sombre and


100
[Sept.,
THE DIAL
-
- -
Am not tormented by ten thousand Hells
In being deprived of everlasting bliss?
reflective side of Marlowe's mind. The little ambitiously perhaps—“Society in the
boundless ambition, the thirst for forbidden Elizabethan Age.” The scope of the work
knowledge, the struggles of awakening con may be gathered from the fact that there are
science culminating in the despair of the last ten chapters devoted respectively to the Land-
hour, are wonderfully drawn. In Marlowe's lord, the Steward, the Tenant, the Burgess,
poem our whole attention is concentrated upon the Merchant, the Host, the Courtier, the
the magician. There is no Margaret to divide Churchman, the Official, the Lawyer. These
our sympathies, no sentimental by-play; characters are not generalized, but each is
Faustus sins against himself alone; and the treated, so far as possible, in the person of
poet, retaining the original motif of the legend, some famous representative. A great deal
devotes himself to analyzing the agonies of a of light is here for the first time thrown
lost soul. The awful melancholy of Mephis | upon the private doings of several old Eng-
tophilis is in marked contrast to the skeptical | lish worthies whose reputations gain little
malignity of Goethe's fiend. In the philo by such illumination. For instance, the
sophical conception of Hell, as revealed in the Cburchman-Dr. Richard Cox, Bishop of
reply of Mephistophilis to Faustus' inquiry, | Ely,-is charged, in depositions taken against
Marlowe is far ahead of the ideas of his time: bim, with a series of offences that make those
" Why, this is Hell, nor am I out of it:
which caused the fall of his contemporary,
Think'st thou that I who saw the face of God,
the great Lord Bacon, seem trivial. Cox
And tasted the eternal joys of Heaven,
“was charged generally with engrossing the
revenues of his see at the expense of his suc-
O Faustus! leave these frivolous demands
cessors and of the episcopal dignity.". . . .
Which strike a terror to my fainting soul."
“He had rack-rented and oppressed his
In “ Edward II.” Marlowe touches the high tenants; cut their turf; reduced their fields;
water mark of his powers. Except the plays and summarily evicted them. He had enclosed
of Shakespeare, there is nothing in the English commons; impounded cattle; concealed leases;
drama that equals the music of its versifica | imprisoned debtors; imposed upon the poor
tion, the terror and pathos of its culminating and ignorant; and persecuted his opponents
scenes. The portrayal of the “reluctant pangs maliciously.” This man of God was almost
of abdicating royalty," and the agonized doubt literally obnoxious to the allegorical charge
of Edward in the presence of the appointed used by the prophet Nathan to arouse the
murderer, Lightboru, indicates the height to conscience of David. “On one occasion the
which Marlowe might have risen had he lived bishop had impounded the only steer of a
a longer and better governed life. He was a poor maid, and consumed it in his own house-
man of his time, living for the hour, seek | hold, the sufferer being dismissed unheard
ing forgetfulness in sensual enjoyment, and when she claimed redress."
regarding the future with a defiant skepticism. The volume is thickly bestrewn with inter-
The farewell of Mortimer, overthrown from esting passages tempting to the reviewer.
power, and condemned to the block, gives us The author does not conceal his contempt for
the keynote to Marlowe's creed, and tells us the English Reformation; and his unrelenting
that reflection sometimes stayed the headlong statistics and facts are to be especially com
torrent of his life:
mended to those who cherish illusions con-
“ Base Fortune, now I see that in thy wheel
cerning “merry England” in the time of
There is a point to which when men aspire,
“good Queen Bess." His central figure,
They tumble headlong down: that point I touch'd, “ Wild ” Darrell, is invested with a pathetic
And, seeing there was no place to mount up higher,
Why should I grievo at my declining fall?
interest through his unhappy love affair—the
Farewell, fair queen; weep not for Mortimer,
mournful details of which are here set forth,
That scorns the world, and, as a traveller,
-and through the misfortunes of his life and
Goes to discover countries yet unknown."
the unmerited odium that has pursued bis
Edward Gilpin Johnson.
name in legend and ballad to our own time.
Darrell was kinsman to some of the most
famous courtiers of the time as well as to the
SOCIETY IN THE ELIZABETIIAN AGE.* queen herself; and we get many interesting
From the tons of chaff in H. M. Public
glimpses of celebrities together with much
Record Office, the industry of Mr. Hubert
intricate genealogical information. The
Hall has sifted some grains of wheat, which
appendix contains inventories, washing-bills,
he presents to the public in a handsomely
rent-rolls, tables of household expenses,
abstracts of law-cases,-all that raw material
printed and illustrated volume entitled--a
of history presided over by the Carlylean
SOCIETY IN THE ELIZABETHAN AGE. With eight Dryasdust, Lord of Chaos. Then there is the
coloured and other plates. By Hubert Hall, of H. M. | Darrell correspondence, an ash-heap, if the
Public Record Office, Author of "A History of the
| reader pleases, but covering the smouldering
Custom Revenue in England," etc. Philadelphia: J. B.
Lippincott Co.
| embers of human passions strangely like those


1887.)
101
THE DIAL
of to-day. Note how the following sentence committee, is that the people, or a majority of
of Darrell's noble and unhappy mistress throbs them, possess the right, nay, that it is their
and palpitates beneath its antique vesture of
bounden duty, to hold perpetual vigil in all mat-
ters relating to their governance, to guard their laws
orthography:
with circumspection, and sleeplessly to watch their
"Luker & gaine makes meny dissembling and servants chosen to execute them. Yet more is
hollow hartes, and whar as you say you will kepe implied. Possessing this right, and acknowledging
ye burde in your breste saiffe and othe that you the obligation, it is their further right and duty,
have sworne never to revelle nor breake, one thinge whenever they see the laws which they have made
assur yourselfe off, cawes justly you shall have
trampled upon, distorted, or prostituted, to rise in
none to breke & in tim I shall well find & parseve
their sovereign privilege and remove such unfaith-
your furste menyng and constancy."
ful servants, lawfully if possible, arbitrarily if
This is almost as metrical as the stateliest i necessary. . . In a free republican form of
passages in Bunyan's Pilgrim, or the common
government every citizen contributes to the making
version of the Psalms.
of the laws, and is interested in seeing them exe-
The book is enriched with several plates,
cuted and obeyed. The good citizen, above all
others, insists that the law of the land shall be
some of them colored, among which the large
regarded. ... Law is the will of the com-
folded plate (colored), containing a bird's eye munity as a whole; it is therefore omnipotent.
view of the Elizabethan London, is perhaps When law is not omnipotent, it is nothing. This is
the most valuable. The author's' style, why, when law fails-that is to say, when a power
although vigorous, is sometimes incorrect and rises in society antagonistic at once to statutory
frequently obscure. Altogether, the book is
law and to the will of the people--the people must
full of novel interest to any intelligent
crush the enemy of their law or be crushed by it.
A true vigilance committee is this expression of
reader, while to the special student of that
power on the part of the people in the absence or
period it may be pronounced indispensable. impotence of law." (Vol. I, pp. 9-10.)
MELVILLE B. ANDERSON.
While Mr. Bancroft thus defends society's
right to self-protection, he does not uphold
THE VIGILANTS IN CALIFORNIA.*
the ordinary lynching mob. He says:
* Between the terms mob-violence or lynch-law
“ Popular Tribunals" is the title of the latest and vigilance committees there is this distinction:
volume of Mr. H. H. Bancroft's Pacific States they are often one in appearance, though never one
History series. The subject was at first in in principle. Often the same necessities that call
tended to be treated in two or three chapters forth one bring out the other; though in execution
of the volumes devoted to California ; but the
one is as the keen knife in the hands of a skillful
materials were found to be so abundant and so
surgeon, removing the putrefaction with the least
possible injury to the body politic, the other the
full of interest that two volumes were finally set
blunt instrument of dull wits, producing frequent
apart for them. The first of these is now pub.
defeat and disaster. The mobile spirit is displayed
lished. It deals with an era in the life of the no more in a respectable and well-organized com-
new world probably unparalleled in the annals mittee of vigilance than in a court of justice.
of the globe--the period from 1849 to 1856, ... Again, although vigilance and mobocracy
during which the vast gold fields of the Pacific
have little in principle in common, they are some-
side of North America were opened up and
times found assuming much the same attitude
toward law and toward society. The object of
many of the Pacific States and Territories were
their members in associating is that they may be
formed and organized. During this period
stronger than the officers of the law. . . .
the “popular tribunal” reached its fullest
Both tyrannize tyranny, rule their rulers, and
development ; what had been known as mob become a law unto themselves. Yet there are
law, lynch-law, and the like, assumed a higher these further differences between them: One aims
and more dignified position in society ; the old
to assist a weak entrammelled government, whose
names were cast off, and Judge Lynch and his
officers cannot or will not execute the law; the other
advocates began to hide their identity under
breaks the law usually for evil purpose. One is based
upon principle, the other upon passion. One will
the more pleasing titles of Regulators, ('om-
not act in the heat of excitement, the other throws
mittees of Safety, and committees of Vigi deliberation to the winds. One is an organization
lance.
officered by its most efficient members, aiming at
Mr. Bancroft, at the outset, defends the right public well-being, and acting under fixed rules of
of a crime-ridden community to take the its own making; the other is an unorganized rab-
administration of justice into its own hands,
ble, acting under momentary delirium, the tool it
whenever existing laws may be either inade.
may be, of political demagogues, the victim of its
| own intemperance. Underlying the actions of the
quate or carelessly and tardily enforced. In
one is justice; of the other revenge." (Vol. I, pp.
the opening chapters of his work, he says:
11-13.)
* The doctrine of Vigilance, if I may so call the !
idea or principle embodied in the term vigilance |
The main portion of the present volume is
devoted to the organization of the San Fran-
• PortLAR TRIDENALS VOL. I. By Hubert Howe Bancisco ('ommittee of Vigilance of 1831, 2
croft. Vol. XXXVI. of Bancroft's Works, San Francisco
The History ("otnpany.
| recital of the peculiarly aggravated crimes


102
[Sept.,
THE DIAL
that led up to it, and a history of its remark- exercise the reason; and the latter of a young German
able career. It is startling to recall that for
nobleman living just before the awakening of the
five years the execution of justice throughout
literary genius of his nation, and filled with dreams
California rested almost entirely in the hands
and desires to hasten its stir to life. He dies with
hopes unfulfilled, leaving to others the glory of
of this Committee, aided and directed by an
introducing the brilliant era of intellectual activity
“ Executive Committee," whose duty it was
which culminated in the achievements of Goethe.
" to see that every person brought before it,
accused of crime, should have a fair trial; that THE “Memorials of William E. Dodge," com-
none should be convicted upon less testimony, piled and edited by his son, D. Stuart Dodge, and
setting aside legal technicalities and court published by A. D. F. Randolph, records the life
clap-trap, than would suffice to convict in any
of one who will always deserve grateful remem-
brance in the hearts of his fellow men. Endowed
ordinary court of justice.” (Vol. I., p. 240.)
with the best qualities of a successful business
Everything connected with the Committee
man, he acquired a large fortune, which he used in
was done under a perfect system. It was
giving the most generous aid to every deserving
divided into companies and squads, each well cause brought to his notice. The amount which be
officered and having its own special duty. The each year gave away is not known, but is believed
closest scrutiny was kept up over every person to have exceeded $100,000. He once stated that
in the State, from the lowest and most aban-
he had educated one hundred and fifty men for the
doned criminal up to the governor himself;
ministry alone. His great wealth and boundless
charity made him the subject of incessant calls for
and woe to the offender who was brought
assistance from every direction. He was thankful
before the tribunal of the Vigilants. Their
for every opportunity to lessen misery or advance
marvellous power lay not so much in the the cause of education and morality, and no honest
harshness or cruelty of their measures, as in appeal was ever made to him in vain. The energy
the swift and unfailing certainty with which | he displayed in business and charity alike was char-
they punished any infringement of the law.
acteristic of his religious work. From the age of
Mr. Bancroft's strong defence of the Vigi-
seventeen he was a zealous evangelist. As he served
lants will doubtless be a surprise to readers in
humanity and the church, he also served his country.
To the day of his death he was active and untiring
older and more settled regions, who can with
in patriotic work. His memoir, prepared originally
difficulty conceive of such a state of society as
for private distribution, is an unpretentious, almost
is here portrayed. His work is written with business-like document, but displays refinement and
all the ardor of an old Californian, and is good taste.
doubtless to be taken as a fair and full exposi-
tion of Pacific coast sentiment on this subject.
The lady who published the estimable little his-
tory of “The Life and Times of Sir Philip Sidney,"
The volume is replete with accounts of the
nearly thirty years ago, modestly concealing her
operations of the Vigilants, which form in-
authorship under a series of initials, now reveals
tensely interesting reading. The extraordi her identity on the title-page of a book of travels
nary story of these “Popular Tribunals ” will styled “Norway Nights and Russian Days," and
be completed in the forthcoming volume of the signed by Mrs. S. M. Henry Davis. It is pleasant
series.
to greet again the author, who retains all her former
charm, with a manner more attractive than before
through the repression of its early exuberance. In
BRIEFS ON NEW Books.
the summer of 1886, Mrs. Davis, with two female
companions, made a tour to the North Cape to view
The four “Imaginary Portraits” which compose the midnight sun, and, passing through Sweden and
Mr. Walter Pater's latest book (Macmillan) are care Finland on her return, spent a considerable period
fully elaborated and finished productions. That among the novel scenes of St. Petersburg and Mos-
which brings before us the figure of Antony Watteau cow. Every circumstance favored the purposes of
as “The Prince of Court Painters" is exquisite in her journey,—fair weather, comfortable accommo-
every particular. It purports to be made up of dations, and courteous attendance; she therefore is
fragments from the diary of a girl whose young able to relate her experiences in the most amiable
life was closely united with that of Watteau, and spirits. An acquaintance with everything of prom-
who loved him, vainly and silently, to the end of inent interest in other parts of Europe prepared her
his life. The portrait is as delicate and graceful as for a proper estimate of whatever was striking and
one of his own paintings. The remaining portraits important in these northern countries. Her account
have a less living charm, addressing the intellect of them is entertaining and instructive, mingling
rather than the sympathies. “Denys L'Auxerrois”. facts and observations with the tact and discrimina-
recalls to mind Hawthorne's “Donatello" and little tion of a cultivated and thoughtful woman. The
“Pearl," although in no wise an imitation of either. volume is published by Fords, Howard & Hulbert.
It is a legend of the return of the spirit of the
golden age in a mediæval town in France. It is a A SERIES of talks delivered by Sir John Lubbock
pure creation of the fancy, but displays the author's before the Workingmen's College and other schools
fine descriptive art and powers of invention. “Se. of England, has been issued in book form by Messrs.
bastian Van Storck” and “Duke Carl of Rosen Macmillan, under the title of “The Pleasures of
mold” are studies in a similar vein; the former | Life." Among the subjects are "The Duty of Hap-
relating the career of a youth of an unimpassioned piness" and its converse “The Happiness of
temperament, busied solely with questions which | Duty," "Science," “Education," "The Pleas-


1887.)
103
THE DIAL
ures of Home," and "The Pleasures of Travel.” | almost infinite ingenuity and industry in the expo.
One of the most interesting is a talk about “The sition of its myriad points and bearings. Love and
Choice of Books," in which is given a list of al beauty are potent factors in the history of man-
hundred works most frequently approved by dis. · kind. What have been their character and influence
criminating readers. The addresses are largely com. | in different ages and among different races and
posed of quotations, which, although from the best nations; what tends to purify them and heighten
authors, produce a rather patchy effect. It is en-| their effect; the pertinent reflections of the wisest
couraging to read the defence of the nineteenth men and women relating to the matter; statistics
century, so much complained of as imposing ex drawn from many sources regarding the health and
cessive toil and anxiety in the struggle for existence. condition of both sexes; all this, and much more,
Hard work is not an evil, he declares, and to offset Mr. Finck includes in his survey, which has ranged
it there exists a degree of freedom and security never through the whole realm of literature and life.
before enjoyed. Never were books so abundant
and knowledge so accessible, and never were there It is nearly forty years since Susan Fennimore
such facilities for travel or for making our homes Cooper, the daughter of the great novelist, pub-
comfortable and pleasant.
lished a collection of notes on those little events in
the life of nature which to all but the loving
MR. W. Carew Hazlitt's “Gleanings in Old student of her intimate and varying moods pass
Garden Literature" appears in the pretty little unobserved. This book, named “Rural Hours,"
series “The Book-Lover's Library " (George J. appears in a revised edition (Houghton, Mifflin &
Coombs) in which the same author's "Old Cookery
Co.); and notwithstanding the multitude of works
Books" has already had place. It is not alone a of a similar kind which have been produced by
knowledge of gardens which we get from these skilled and vigilant naturalists since its original
"Gleanings," but a knowledge also of their issue, it has not been superseded, Miss Cooper's
owners; and some of the most eminent and inter observations, arranged in the form of a journal,
esting of men have delighted in the cultivation of
follow the procession of the seasons, and mark the
their grounds, big or little. It is pleasant to know changes in rural scenes throughout the year.
how Bacon, and Evelyn, and other worthies,
relaxed the tension of their faculties by light work
The collection of short papers by Louise Chandler
among their primroses and gilliflowers, their ber Moulton on ** Ourselves and Our Neighbors" (Rob-
ries and peaches, their turnips and pumpkins.
erts) cover a diversity of social topics--as, for
Neither is it time lost to read of the fruits and
example, “Rosebuds in Society," "The Gospel of
flowers and vegetables which in the great Eliza Good Gowns," "The Fashion in Poetry," * Motives
bethan era enriched the tables and decorated the for Marriage," " Courtesy at Home," "Caprices of
hornes of the upper classes and the common people, Fashion," etc. On all these themes Mrs. Moulton
and of the methods then used in gardening, so writes with her usual grace, uttering sound truths
much ruder than our own. It is a part of the
and relieving them of triteness by the sprightly
story of the world's progress, and therefore of and fluent way in which they are delivered. The
definite importance.
essays are rightly denominated “Chats” in their
general sub-title, being light and informal, well
The collection of short sketches by Victor Hugo, adapted to the exigencies of idle moments or hur.
expressively entitled “Things Seen” (Harper), ried readers.
cover a variety of subjects which came under the
notice of the great Frenchman between the years 1838
Miss HALE's "Little Flower-People" (Ginn & Co.)
and 1875. A striking example of their picturesque is a fairy-story for children in which flowers and
ness and dramatic power is afforded in the first brief grasses and ferns are the actors. The author has
article on Talleyrand, written two days after the
aimed to give the most important facts in the life of
diplomatist's death. Hugo ends the book with the
a plant in such a way as to interest the youngest
following: "I have had sometimes in my hands
child. Her plan is an ingenious one. Through her
the gloved and white palm of the upper class and
story the child may learn the different functions of
the heavy black hand of the lower class, and have
the roots and leaves and stems of a plant, together
recognized that both are but men. After all these with many of the distinguishing features of the dir-
have passed before me, I say that Humanity has a
ferent families and orders.
synonym-- Equality; and that under Heaven there
is but one being we ought to bow to-Genius; and
only one thing before which we ought to kneel
Goodness." There are over thirty sketches in the TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
book, giving portraitures of prominent persons, de-
SEPTEMBER, JAY.
scriptions of notable events, reports of interviews,
snatches of conversation, all dashed off with a few
rapid, brilliant strokes.
Am. Geograpbical Xameg. A.C. (tore Forum
Andolsun, John J. Popular Science
Bird song. Maurice Thompson. Scribner.
A VOLTYE of nearly six hundred closely printed Blaine, James G. No. American.
Books That Have Helped Me. A. Jessop. Forum.
pages on the subject of "Romantic Love and Per-
Botanical Bonanza, A. F. E. Boynton. Popular Science.
sonal Beauty" (Macmillan) presents a formidable Buccaneers of the Spanish Main, H. Pyle. Harper.
(alifornia, Getting of. H. H. Bancron. Mag. Am. History.
aspect. Only the young and sentimental could take
(amera (lub of Cincinnati. D. W. Huntington, Century.
it up without forebodings of weariness. Yet the Canada, Government of Forum.
China. Will there be a Xew Selim H. Peabody. Dial.
serious-minded, also, may find here matter not un.
('onstitution, Framers of the J. B. McMaster. Century.
worthy their attention. The author, Mr. Henry T. (ork. Good and Anderson. Por ular Science.
Finck, has not treated the theme from the lofty * (rater." The W. H. Powell and G. L. Kilmer. Century.
(ritics, Manners of Andrew lang Forum
level of Emerson or Thoreau, but he has displayed Democratic Party's Ontlook. H. Watterson. No. American.


104
THE DIAL
(Sept.,
-- -
- - - - -
Donnelly's (Ignatius) Comet. Alexander Winchell. Forum. | Ran Away from the Dutch; or, Borneo from South to
Economic Disturbances since '73. D. A. Wells. Pop. Sci. North. By M. T. H. Perelaer. Translated by M.
Education, Recent Books on. J. B. Roberts. Dial.
Blok and adapted by A. P. Mendes. 8vo, pp. 376.
English in Newspapers and Novels. A. S. Hill, Scribner.
Illustrated. Dodd, Mead & Co. $2.25.
Ethnological Sketches in Annam. Popular Science.
Windsor Castle. With a Description of the Park,
Food, Digestibility of. W. 0. Atwater. Century.
Town and Neighborhood. By W. J. Loftie. 12mo,
Fort Stedman. G. L. Kilmer. Century.
pp. 297. Macmillan & Co. $2.00.
Franklin in France. J. B. McMaster. Atlantic,
Freezing. Dr. von Nussbaum. Popular Science.
Philadelphia and Its Environs. 8vo, pp. 116. Paper,
Greek Revolution and the U.S. Mag. Am. History.
Illustrated. J. B. Lippincott Co. 50 cents.
Gulf, Along the Rebecca H. Davis. Harper'.
Appleton's Dictionary of New York and Its Vicinity.
· H. 11.'s" Grave. M. Virginia Donaghe. Century.
With maps. Paper. Edition for 1887. D. Appleton &
“ Heathen, Why I am Not a." Yan Phon Lee. No. Am.
Co. 30 cents.
High License. D. R. Locke. No. American.
Home Rule in Isle of Man, R. Wheatley. Harper.
ESSAYS-BELLES-LETTRES, ETC.
Hopkins, Mark, Century.
Human Instincts. Wm. James. Popular Science.
The Complete Works of Benjamin Franklin. Includ.
Industrial Training 200 Years Ago. Popular Science.
ing his Private as well as his Official and Scientific
Jefferson, Home of. J. G. Nicolay, F. R. Stockton. Century.
Correspondence, and numerous Letters and Docu.
Johns Hopkins, Society at. James Cummings. Lippincott.
ments now for the first time printed, with many oth.
Labor Question, The John Bascom Forum.
ers not included in any former collection; also the
Life's Object. E. D. Cope, Forum.
uninutilated and correct version of his Autobiogra.
Lincoln. Abraham. Hay and Nicolay. Century.
phy. Compiled and edited by John Bigelow. 8vo,
March to the Sea, The. $. II. M. Byers. No. American.
half leather. To be completed in 10 vols. Vols. I to 4
Marlowe, Christopher. E. G. Johnson. Dial.
now ready. (The edition is limited to 600 copies., num.
Mayas, The. Alice D, Le Plongeon. Mag. Am. History.
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Men. Miss Mulock. Forum.
Père Goriot Scenes from Parisian Life. From the
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Our Hundred Days in Europe. 0. W. Holmes. Atlantic.
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Revolutionary Thunder, Our. J. D. Butler. Mag. Am. Hist.
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Social Sustenance, H. J. Philpott. Popular Science.
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Valparaiso. W. E. Curtis, Harper.
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The Republic of the Future: or. Socialism a Realit
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=
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Lectures, Prayers and Letters of H. W. Beecher.
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$2.50.


1887.]
THE DIAL
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The Story of the Earth and Man By Sir J. W.
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Harper & Bros. $1.50.
The Graphical Statics of Mechanism. A Guide for
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1887.)
THE DIAL
107
CULTURE'S
GARLAND:
TOLSTOI'S WORKS:
AxxA KARENINA. 12mo, . . . . . .
CHILDHOOD, BOYHOOD AND YOUTH. 12mo, 1.50
Ivan ILLYITCH. 12mo, . . . . . . . 1.25
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WHAT TO Do. 12mo, . . . . . . . 1.25
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FIELD, of the “Chicago News." With Pre-
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108
[Sept., 1887.
THE DIAL
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110
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T. Y. CROWELL & CO.,


112
[Oct., 1887.
THE DIAL
OF
AMERICAN
BIOGRAPHY.
APPLETONS' CYCLOPÆDIA HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO.'S
NEW BOOKS.
Memoir of Ralph Waldo Emerson.
By JAMES ELLIOT CABOT. With a fine new steel
Portrait. 2 vols. 12mo, gilt top, $3.50; half
calf, $6.00.
Mr. Cabot, who is Mr. Emerson's literary executor, is
admirably equipped in every respect to write his biogra.
pby. He has incorporated in it many letters and copious
extracts from Mr. Emerson's journál, bringing out dis.
tinctly the nobility of Mr. Emerson's character, the depth
and purity of his thought, the admiring loyalty of his
friends, and the profound and gracious influence of his
writings and of his life.
EDITED BY
Our Hundred Days in Europe.
BY OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES, author of “The
JAMES GRANT WILSON and John FISKE. Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table, etc. 1 vol. 12mo,
gilt top, $1.50.
Dr. Holmes's account of his hundred memorable days
in England last year is full of interest, not only for the
“APPLETONS' CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN Biog- | graceful and impressive incidents it recalls, bút for its
RAPHY,” now in course of publication, will contain | abundant felicities of thought and expression.
a biographical sketch of every person eminent in The Gates Between.
American civil and military history, in law and
By ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS, author of "The
politics, in divinity, literature, and art, in science,
Gates Ajar," "Beyond the Gates," etc. 1 vol.
and in invention. Its plan includes distinguished
16mo, $1.25.
persons born abroad that are related to our national
Like the two other stories named here, this relates to
history, and embraces all the countries of North the Unseen. It is not a common "ghost" story, or a tale
and South America. While the biographies, in
of the supernatural told merely to excite interest; but
an exceedingly interesting narrative of the inevitable.
giving the possible experience and remedial discipline of
annals, include a record of events, the work affords a hard and selfish nature in the life after death.
in addition an account of what has been accom Patrick Henry.
plished in the walks of literature, science, art, and Vol. XVII. of American Statesmen. By MOSES
industry.
Cort TYLER, author of “A History of American
Numerous flattering testimonials have been
Literature," etc. 16mo, gilt top, $1.25.
received from distinguished gentlemen highly
A thoroughly engaging account of a man who contrib.
praising the first volume, a few of which we here uted to the American Revolution not only an eloquence
subjoin.
which has made him immortal, but political counsel of
a breadth and wisdom which entitle him to rank among
From the Hon. GEORGE BANCROFT.
American statesmen whom we do well to honor.
" The most complete volume that exists on the subject."
| Jack the Fisherman.
From the Hon. JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL.
"Surprisingly well done. ... To any interested in
By ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS. With illustrations
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pensable"
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From NOAH PORTER, D.D., LL.D., ex. President of
Miss Phelps' most powerful and pathetic stories, describ.
Yale College.
ing the life, labors, and temptations of a fisherman: the
love and constancy of woman; and the pitiful desolation
"It is with great pleasure that I certify to the excel.
Jence of the first volume of 'Appletons' Cyclopædia of
wrought by intemperance.
American Biography.'"
Works of Edward Fitzgerald,
From the Hon. M. R. WAITE, Chief-Justice of the United States. | The Translator of Omar Khayyam, with some Cor-
"I have looked it over with considerable care, and find
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rections derived from his own Annotated Copies.
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D. APPLETON & CO.


THE DIAL
VOL. VIII. OC'TOBER, 1887. No. 90. sionally upon the more salient points, -as his
resignation of office at the Second Church, his
connection with the New England Transcend.
entalism, his position with regard to the anti-
CONTENTS.
slavery conflict, his final desertion of the
pulpit for the lyceum, his visits to Europe,
and his relations with eminent contemporaries.
A MEMOIR OF EMERSON. Eduard Gitpin Johnson • 113
The narrative is interspersed with character-
istic anecdotes, bits of journal extract and
A JUBILEE CHRONICLE. J. J. Halsey ..... 116
correspondence, and many flashes of the true
Emersonian thought,-"news from the Em-
PATRICK HENRY. Joseph Kirkland ....... 119
pyrean," as Carlyle says.
THE SCIENCE OF THOIGHT. Paul Shorey. 121
Emerson's intense spirituality was largely
inherited. His forefathers were Calvinistic
THE CONFESSION OF COUNT TOLSTOI. Sara A. clergymen,-men who devoted themselves to
Hubbard ................. 125 the contemplation of a future life and the
intricate problems of their logic-born system
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS ........... 127 of theology with a zeal of which we of this
age can form only a feeble conception. To
Colvin's John Keats. -- Benjamin's Sex spray, or,
them this world was but a halting-place; its
Facts and Fancies of a Yachtsman. - Rossetti's affairs transitory-almost unworthy of atten-
tion; and in a calm certainty as to the future,
Danto and His (Circle Birrell's Obiter Dicta.
they passed through life scarce coming in
TOPICS IN OCTOBER PERIODICALS...... 128
contact with what we are wont to term its
realities. To his ancestors, as I have said,
BOOKS OF THE MONTIL ........... 129
Emerson owed his intense spirituality; his
remaining characteristic trait was certainly
not due to heredity. We reflect that these
spiritual-minded forefathers of his were pre-
A MEMOIR OF EMERSON.*
ëminently men of creed and dogma. To
them, the traditions of the church and the
The only fault that the reader is likely to writings of the fathers were indisputable.
find with these two handsomely bound and All their criteria of truth were of the past;
printed volumes is their brevity. Mr. Cabot in their eyes the black-letter tomes set.
disclaims, in the preface, any intention of ting forth the relentless deductions of
attempting an adequate summary of Emer. Athanasius and Calvin were oracles whose
son's life and doctrines, merely aiming, in his sanctity it was lawful to vindicate by stake
function of literary executor, to offer to the and faggot. What hidden forces, then, con-
public additional details and illustrations joined with them in producing Emerson as a
is that may fill out and define more closely the resultant-Emerson the arch heretic, to
image of him they already have." In view of whom the voices of the past were feebler
the fact that this image is to many of us than the faintest whisper of the present;
extremely vague, and in some cases distorted, whose religion was not of yesterday, but of
it is to be regretted that Mr. Cabot has not to-day? His early training, moreover, was
undertaken the more difficult and important strictly within the lines of orthodoxy;
task for which, as an occasional deviation although we are somewhat relieved to learn
from his path of simple narration shows, he is that the Puritan rigor of the household did
eminently qualified. However, we are indebted not exclude Addison, Shakespeare, Pope, and
to him for an exceptionally interesting book, other flesh and blood authors.
one that every American should procure and The bent of his mind at this period was
read without delay; and we trust that he may largely influenced by an aunt, Mary Moody
see fit to place us under increased obligation Emerson, an unbending Puritan in theory,
in the future.
with a lovable though sternly repressed
Starting with a review of Emerson's tendency to philanthropy, of whom Emerson
ancestry, the author follows him through the wrote, in words that suggest an odd flavor of
progressive stages of his life, dwelling occa. Charles Lamb: “She tramples on the common
humanities all day, and they rise as ghosts
• A MEMOIR OF RALPH WALDO EMERSOX. By James
and torment her at night.” To this aunt he
Elliot Cabot. In two volumes. Boston Houghton, Mir.
| undoubtedly owed a large share of the pro-


114
(Oct.,
THE DIAL
found respect he always accorded to estab. , defences on Noddle's Island. The whole school
lished religious observances, even when at went, but he confesses that he “cannot remem.
variance with his own views. A letter to her ber a stroke of work that I or my school-fellows
when he was about ten years old gives us an accomplished.” A school-mate-now Judge
idea of their household régime. He writes : 1 Loring of Washington-relates that Emerson
"In the morning I rose, as I commonly do, about
was a good scholar, but not eminent; and
five minutes before six, I then help Wm. in making
that while he was liked by his fellows for his
the fire, after which I set the table for Prayers. equable temper and fairness, his undemon-
I then call Mamma about quarter after six. We strativeness and distaste for athletic sports
spell as we did before you went away.... I prevented him from being notably popular.
then go to school, where I hope I can say I study He was known as an impressive declaimer,
more than I did a little while ago. I am in another
and particularly delighted in highly rhetorical
book called Virgil, and our class are even with
another which came to the Latin School one year !
passages. He once quoted for the delectation
before us. After attending this school I go to Mr.
of a school-fellow a passage from one of Mr.
Webb's private school, where I write and cipher.
X. L. Frothingham's sermons, representing
I go to this place at eleven and stay till one o'clock, i man as “coming into the world girt in the
After this, when I come home, I eat my dinner, and poison robes of hereditary depravity, and with
at two o'clock I resume my sudies at the Latin the curses of his Maker upon his head." It is
School, where I do the same except in studying |
scarce necessary to add that the Emerson of
grammar. After I come home I do mamma her lit-
later days would hardly have approved of either
tle errands if she has any; then I bring in my wood
the rhetoric or the sentiment of this sulphurous
to supply the breakfast room. I then have some
time to play and eat my supper. After that we say
blast of Calvinism.
our hymns or chapters, and then take our turns in
In 1817, having finished his course at the
reading Rollin, as we did before you went. We Latin School, he entered Harvard, and, upon
retire to bed at different times. I go at a little after Mr. Goulal's recommendation, was appointed
eight, and retire to my private devotions, and then
President's Freshman,-an office that entitled
close my eyes in sleep, and there ends the toil of
bim to free lodging in the President's house,
the day.'
and he afterwards obtained the position of
Evidently, this was a simple, practical, God. waiter at commons, which relieved him of the
fearing family, not without a tinge of Puritan cost of three-fourths of his board. He also
austerity.
received something from one of the scholarship
Emerson's mother seems to have been a funds.
serene, kindly spirit, undemonstrative, but During Emerson's stay at Harvard he began
with a depth of real feeling flashing out at to manifest the strong individuality, the deter-
times in marked relief to her usual tranquillity. mination to follow his own bent in matters
On one occasion, as he relates, when he and which lesser men are willing to leave to usage
his brother William had wandered off upon a or authority, which distinguished him through
holiday, and spent the day from home, they life, and is the key-note to his philosophy.
were surprised, on their return, at her exclaim. We are not surprised, then, to learn that he
ing: “My sons, I have been in an agony for ! delighted in out-of-the-war books, especially
you!" "I went to bed," he says, "in bliss at I poetry,- Ben. Jonson, Otway, Ma singer, and
the interest she showed." The means of the even Byron and Moore, somewhat to the det.
family were extremely narrow, and indeed it riment of his knowledge of Locke, Paley, and
was chiefly through the assistance of kind Stewart, and decidedly so of the "impossible
friends that they were enabled to maintain Analytical Geometry." In his own way, he
themselves suitably, and afford to the sons a was industrious, taking copious notes from his
school and college education. It is stated that : veneral reading, his note-books containing evi.
Ralph (as he was then called) and his brother'dence of a wide acquaintance with history.
Edward had but one great coat between them, poetry, memoirs, and the English reviews
and were taunted in consequence by vulgar With the more studious members of the class
minded school-fellows, who, with the ami. he was popular, and that he was not deficient
ability peculiar to the male animal of their in student spirit, the following anecdote shows.
time of life, delighted to inquire : “ Whoue in his sophomore year, owing to a hazing
turn is it to wear the coat to-dar."
scrape, some of his classmates were expelled.
In 1-13 Emerson entered the Boston Latin The remaining members, Emerson with them,
School, where he was prepared for college. thereupon indivnantly withdrew, and remained
The head master was Mr. Benjamin Ipthorp at home until the came to terms with the
Gould, * an excellent master, who losed a good authorities
scholar, and wahed his ambition." He was He graduatest in 1:1, and became hix
evidently not without patriotism, as Einer on brother Wiliam's existant in school for
records that, upon a rumored miasion of the soung ladies in Boston, romming three
British in 1-14, Mr. Goulai disminued his pupils Bears two as usintant, and one, in the alıvence
that they might 3usist in throwing up the , of his brother, as principal. I pass over the


1887.)
115
THE DIAL
-
-
--
-
-
-
-
-
---
interesting account of his school-keeping, his hymn and made the first prayer as an angel
preparation for the ministry, and his enforced might have read and prayed.” The congre-
trip to the South, to his installment as pastor gational dissensions arising from his unor-
of the Second Church in Boston.
thodox views finally came to a crisis, and he
Upon the resignation of Mr. Ware in the resigned his office, ostensibly on account of
spring of 1829, Emerson became sole incum a difference of opinion relating to the Com-
bent. In September of the same year he munion Service, although the real cause lay far
married Miss Ellen Louisa Tucker, daughter deeper. After much discussion, his resignation
of Beza Tucker, a merchant of Boston. At was accepted, although his salary was con-
this time, when life should have worn its tinued for a time.
brightest aspect, when his own future and I have dwelt somewhat at length upon this
that of those nearest him was assured, he period of Emerson's life, as it seems to me to be
seems to have been troubled with some vague y his real point of departure from the career for
forecast of evil. A letter to Miss Mary Emer which his early training and predilections had
son, although it sums up with assumed cheer destined him. He continued to preach occa-
fulness the improved prospects of the family, sionally, however, not devoting himself wholly
is overclouded with a tinge of despondency to the lyceum until some years afterwards.
foreign to his self-reliant nature. A careful One of the most interesting chapters in Mr.
analysis of his opinions, at this time, as shown Cabot's book is that headed “Transcendental-
through the medium of correspondence, and ism.” He describes the origin of the term, as
recorded conversations with intimate friends, connected with a series of informal meetings
leaves little doubt as to the cause of the tone of a number of Emerson's friends, among
of this letter. An appeal to that inward con them Mr. Alcott, Margaret Fuller, James
sciousness which was to him an unerring Freeman Clarke, and Thoreau ; and a subse-
monitor in questions of duty, revealed to quent chapter analyzes Emerson's transcend-
him, doubtingly at first, but more forcibly | entalism in a manner that divests one of the
each time he faced his congregation, that his idea, which is too often entertained, that the
position was a false one. Out of regard to views embodied in the term transcend com-
the prejudices of his hearers and the estab mon sense as well as common experience.
lished usages of the church, he felt that he The somewhat unpleasant impression of Em-
could not express his convictions with that erson conveyed by the portion of Mr. Whipple's
freedom that was to him as the breath of life. essay relating to his capacity for business, is
He was not free to speak and act the truth. happily dispelled by this book. A perusal of
He had outgrown the error of man's age of the essay gives one the idea that, although
faith that classes theology with the exact sci theoretically a man of lofty ideals, bidding us
ences. Forms and ceremonies, the symbolism “hitch our wagon to a star," Emerson was
of what Carlyle has quaintly termed the “re wont to descend from his lofty pedestal when
ligion of the rotatory calabash,” were to him fairly confronted with a question of dollars
trivial, if not odious. With a unique con- and cents, and transform himself into the
tempt for the virtue of consistency, he desired typical Yankee, keen at a bargain and an
to be free to contradict to-day what he had admirable judge of investments. Mr. Cabot,
preached yesterday. Naturally, this did not on the contrary, assures us that, although
suit the good people of the Second Church, careful in his expenditures, and having nothing
and was rank heresy in the sight of his col of the philosopher's contempt for money, “he
leagues in the ministry. They were willing had no skill to earn it." The only matters of
that he should tear away somewhat of the bargaining in which he showed any approach
trimming added to the garment of Christian to shrewdness were those in connection with
truth by Peter and Martin, but with the Carlyle's American booksellers. Lovers of
shoulder-knots and silver lace fancied by Emerson will not be displeased to learn
John he was not to interfere. His liberal that “in bargaining for himself he was easily
views were made manifest in his sermons, led to undervalue his own claims, and take
which shocked the orthodox, although they an exaggerated view of those of the other
charmed the younger and more advanced party.”
hearers. Indeed the earnest, unconventional In his enthusiasm for reform be at one time
tone of his discourse augmented his general thought of becoming a party to the Brook
popularity, and people from remote churches, Farm community, and did introduce certain
-among them Margaret Fuller,—were drawn ideal methods into his own household, inviting
by him to “the unfashionable precincts of the the servants to the family table, and working
•Old North.'” The peculiar charm of Emer manfully over the corn and potatoes in his
son's presence is thus described by Mr. garden. That his agricultural skill was lim-
Congdon: “One day there came into our ited is evident from his confession to Miss
pulpit the most gracious of mortals, with a Fuller that “this day-labor of mine has hith-
face all benignity, who gave out the first I erto a certain emblematic air, like the plough-


116
[Oct.,
THE DIAL
.
Let us be guilty of no such absurdity with
Emerson. In purity of life, and profundity
of thought he immeasurably surpassed the
majority of men. Carlyle-a man not given
to rhapsodizing,—thus described the impres-
sion left upon him by this New England
thinker, at the close of his first visit to their
house:
“That man came to see me, I don't know what
brought him, and we kept him one night, and then
he left us. I saw him go up the hill; I didn't go
with him to see him descend. I preferred to watch
him mount and vanish like an angel."
EDWARD GILPIN JOHNSON.
NURUT
ing of the Emperor of China,” and that “his
son Waldo begs him not to hoe his leg." He
took a rather conservative stand in the early
anti-slavery agitation, but when a settlement
of the question was seen to be inevitable, he
nobly sustained his character as a reformer,
and made ringing speeches against that blot
upon our civilization. Emerson's career as a
lecturer is dwelt upon at length, and the
vicissitudes of travelling in those early days
are graphically described.
Apart from its exceptional value as a means
of estimating Emerson's private worth and his
influence upon his contemporaries, the memoir
is likely to owe its chief popularity to the
gems of anecdote and characterization which
sparkle throughout its pages. Emerson's ten-
derness and sympathy with children are often
exemplified. One of his own children relates:
“He considered it our duty to look after all the
strangers that came to the school; at his desire we
had large tea-parties every year, to be sure to have
all the out-of-town boys and girls come to the house.
He used to ask me, when I told him of a new
scholar, 'Did you speak to her?' 'No, I hadn't
anything to say.' 'Speak, speak, if you havn't any-
thing to say. Ask her, don't you admire my shoe-
strings?'""
Of Carlyle he wrote:
“Carlyle and his wife live on beautiful terms.
Nothing can be more engaging than their ways,
and in her bookcase all his books are inscribed to
her, as they came, from year to year, each with
some significant lines.".
“His encers and scoffs are thrown in every direc-
tion. He breaks every sentence with a scoffing
laugh, wind-bag,' monkey,' donkey,' bladder;
and, let him doncribe whom he will, it is always
'poor fellow.' I waid: What a fine fellow are you
to benpatter the whole world with this oil of
vitrioll""
Of Jeffrey he said:
" Jeffrey is always very talkative, very disputa-
tious, vory Fronch; overy sentence interlarded with
French phrases; speaking a dialect of his own,
neither English nor Scotch, marked with a certain
petitesse, as one might way, and an affected
elegance."
When Mr. Frenoh, the sculptor, was com-
pleting Emerson's bust, the latter plaint-
ively observed, “The trouble is, the more it
resembles me, the worse it looks."
In this delightful book, the reviewer, in
regard to quotable matter, feels the embarrass-
ment of riches, and is in no way likely to com-
mit the sole fault charged to Mr. Cabot.
Emerson's writings are not easily under-
stood, and their influence has been largely
indirect. It is not unusual to hear men of
what is termed a “practical turn of mind"
allude to him as a dreamy mystic who wrote
a great deal of trash that he himself did not
understand. The common refuge of ignorance
is to ridicule that which it cannot comprehend.
A JUBILEE CHRONICLE. *
A contemporary attempt to estimate the
progress of a period must, in the nature of
things, fail of success. Looking back upon
an epoch from a distance, we recognize that
a large part of its progress must be measured
in its results for succeeding periods of time-
as it has laid the foundation for after-builders,
and furnished motive power for succeeding
agencies. No man can take the measure of an
age as it is closing; only the coming genera-
tions, which he can never know, may do this.
The silent forces which pervade a period of a
nation's history, yet come to the surface and
to notice only in events far in the future, are
the best portion of the chronicle which pos-
terity alone can write. A history of Progress
is handicapped by its very name. It is so
far committed to an optimistic and partial
view of the period under consideration. The
space of years that divides the terminus a quo
from that ad quem is in a fair way to become a
gulf—social, intellectual, and moral—spanned
only by the narrative of the writer. It is
thus easy to pass from a worst possible world
to a best possible one. Moreover, the histo-
rian is tempted, in dealing with his epoch, not
merely to be to its faults a little blind,” but
to ignore them altogether. Criticism is in
danger of becoming panegyric, and the excla-
mation-mark replaces the interrogation-mark.
Still further: if this period in a nation's his-
tory has for its unifying element—in truth, for
its raison d'être as a period—the public career
of a popular sovereign, and that a woman,
and its narration be written in an anniversary
year amid the enthusiasm of jubilee celebra-
tions and congratulations, then one will hardly
look for calm judgments and fearless criti-
cisms throughout its pages. So much the
critic must concede from the ideal of a critical
and permanent history to a jubilee chronicle
**THE REIGN OF QUEEN VICTORIA. A Survey of Fifty
Years of Progress. Edited by Thomas Humphrey Ward,
M.A, In Two Volumes. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co.


1887.]
117
THE DIAL
of progress through a personal era. But hav work. Mr. Arnold, while chronicling great
ing conceded so much, and because of the con progress in English schools, looks for reforms
cession, with the thought thus vividly put which are still much needed, and no man
before him of the purpose out of which such | living is better qualified to speak on the
a history was born, and of the enthusiasm theme. Mr. Fyffe puts the best spirit of
which must prompt its creation as a memorial, Cambridge liberal progress into his sketch
he may logically look to see that enthusiasm when he asks that every undergraduate of
express itself in something more than an opti- Oxford or Cambridge be required to pass the
mistic outlook. He will naturally look to see matriculation test of London University. Mr.
it clothe itself in a style penetrated by feeling, Huxley tends to a scientific forecast for the
quickened by imagination, and made to glow future rather than to a mere chronicle for the
with color. He will not be satisfied with an past, and occasionally assumes in his readers
expression as cold and colorless, as devoid too much ignorance of familiar principles of
of imagination and of the ideal, as a Parlia science. Yet his chapter is the most enter-
mentary Blue Book.
taining in the book, even although he falls into
It must be confessed, then, that “The Reign English 80 slovenly as this: “It must be
of Queen Victoria,” in spite of its valuable admitted that the men of the Renaissance,
contents, is not a satisfactory book. It is though standing on the shoulders of the old
edited by one of the most scholarly men in philosophers, were a long time before they
England; the larger portion of its chapters saw as much as their forerunners had done."
has been written by distinguished specialists; The chapter on Ireland, although somewhat
its facts have been gathered from sources of rose-colored in its views of Irish comfort to.
the highest authority. Yet, replete as is day, is on the whole an intelligent and sym-
nearly every chapter with valuable and inter pathetic presentation, by a landlord who
esting information, and accurate as are most would make the people the owners of the
of its statements taken absolutely, the narra soil and substitute government in Ireland for
tive as a whole is unfinished and misleading. a mere policing of the country.
The seamy side of life vanishes too completely Lord Justice Bowen traces, with a lawyer's
as most of the writers near their concluding insight, yet with an almost eager sympathy
words, and those chapters which deal respect with reform, the removal of abuses in the
ively with varied phases of English life need administration of justice, and pays a just and
the unifying touch of a single hand which authoritative tribute to the fidelity of Dick-
has felt the single pulse of the manifold ens's pictures of the circumlocution office in
England-industrial, political, religious, intel chancery. Mr. Mundella's chapter is a bald
lectual-beating through all its being. We account of the grand work that Industrial
feel the material world thrust too rudely upon Association has done and is doing to gain for
us, and ask in vain where is the register of the the breadwinners a right to do more than
spiritual forces of society, where is the voice merely exist : but the facts are eloquent in
of public opinion in moral and social ques themselves. One realizes the solid basis on
tions during all these chronicled years? We which the material prosperity of England
feel, even while we read the chapter on “Re rests, as he reads of her three great industries
ligion and the Churches," that the English as they have grown to giant size—her cotton
man as a social factor has disappeared under and iron manufactures and her shipping,-
the accumulated tokens of his visible pros although the last is treated in scant space in
perity.
the chapter on Locomotion. Strange to say,
This criticism is not a sweeping one. It the great statistician Giffen is the most exult-
recognizes the individual merits of individual ant of all the contributors, and revels in an
chapters. Mr. Matthew Arnold is too old a appalling accumulation of figures in his chap-
critic not to hold the mirror up to nature in ter on the Growth and Distribution of
his interesting account of the Schools; Mr. Wealth. But the uninitiated know well that
Fyffe writes on the Universities in a liberal there is nothing more deceptive than figures,
and scholarly spirit, and with a discerning and even in this chapter the tacit argument
pen; Sir Henry Sumner Maine, in his account that progress in population along with abso-
of India as well as in his forecast for her lute accumulation of wealth means general
future, sustains his reputation as one of the progress is in close proximity to the sugges-
profoundest and most philosophic minds of the | tion that decline in population in Ireland is
age; Mr. Huxley would not be himself if, in also a feature of progress. The procrustean
his chapter on Science, which he writes in a process is a strenuous one, but is hardly to be
most vivid and felicitous style, he were not viewed as a blessing even by perverters of the
continually critical as well as occasionally ideas of Malthus. The complacent view
polemic; Sir Rowland Blennerhassett, although taken of the increase of numbers along the
à landlord, suggests the true causes of Irish lines of skilled labor at the expense of the
discontent. These are the best chapters in the agricultural classes does not satisfy us so


118
[Oct.,
THE DIAL.
long as the question will obtrude itself: Is adopt the American baggage-checking sys-
the extreme division of labor on which this tem. Dr. Garnett's chapter on Literature is an
skill rests debasing the man while it perfects exceedingly valuable criticism on England's
the machine, and robbing him of his industrial Literature of the half-century, full of correct
individuality and social independence? The estimate and sympathetic appreciation. But it
possible effects of division, in dwarfing the suffers by comparison in style with the fasci-
man physically and mentally, degrading him nating pages of Stedman, and contains careless
morally and socially, and setting him in hos | English unworthy of a critic of style. Still
tility to the classes of mastery, should have there is a perception of the underlying cur-
some discussion in a history of the age in rents of thought of the epoch, and a sugges-
which this division has so large a place. tion of the trend of literature toward new
There is, however, profound wisdom in what channels which indicate a philosophic mind
Mr. Giffen says when, referring to the tre and a comprehensive vision. The estimates of
mendous recent growth of the United States, Macaulay, Browning, Matthew Arnold, Tenny.
industrially and commercially, he writes: son, George Eliot, are especially noticeable.
“ It is said English commercial predominance' The importance attached to the “naturaliza-
is threatened. But it may be pointed out that this
| tion” of Emerson, Hawthorne, and Longfellow,
is no real cloud. Predominance is not prosperity.
in England, is as just as it is unusual. Two
The growth of a country like the United States, so
| passages are worthy of especial note.
full of wealth and resources of every kind, should
"The transition from the earlier to the later pe-
in truth conduce to and not injure other countries.
riod of Queen Victoria's reign is accompanied by a
Why should it injure them? Its wealth makes it
modification of mental attitude and atmosphere.
naturally a better customer than before; however
Tennyson is no longer the truest representative of
Protectionist its leanings, it cannot sell abroad
the era, the spirit of which is more perfectly ex-
without buying."
pressed by the most serious and purposeful of
Mr. Ward himself has written half a dozen novelists, George Eliot. There is less faith, hope,
chapters of the book. His introductory chap and imagination; more earnestness, system, and
ter is too brief. It should have dwelt on top science. This may be partly ascribed to the disap-
ics not elsewhere treated; it should have bound
pointment of over-sanguine expectations from polit-
ical reforms, partly to the increasing perception of
together more successfully the independent
the magnitude of social evils, partly to the succes-
contributions of so'many writers. His chap-
sion of calamities—the Crimean war and the Indian
ters which follow, on Legislation and Foreign
mutiny, the death of the Prince Consort, and the
Policy, are as colorless as they are accurate in cotton dearth, which saddened while they exalted
the presentation of progress. One cannot the spirit of the nation-but chiefly to the growing
avoid recalling the brilliant way in which Jus preponderance of the scientific view of life.”
tin M'Carthy has dealt with this whole reign
Nor must the naturalization of American litera-
ture be left unnoticed. This will probably be one day
of Victoria, and especially how well he has
regarded as the most important of all incidents in
handled the legislation and the foreign policy
English literary history, taking its destinies out of
of the period. Green and Bryce, Motley and
the hands of domestic cliques and coteries, and
Parkman, have shown, and Stephens is show indefinitely expanding both the area of its influence
ing, that historical writing may combine criti- and the agencies by which it is to be moulded for
cism and imagination, accuracy of statement the future.”
and brilliancy of presentation. Mr. Ward's | One chapter alone in these volumes does
survey of Art embodies a genuine apprecia. not share in the prevailing optimism, but
tion of the ideal in English art as realized and might have been the produet of a mind chron-
fought for by the Pre-Raphaelites, and as true | ically asking, “Is life worth living?" Sir
an understanding as that of Fergusson of what William R. Anson writes on Constitutional
the true aim of modern Architecture should be; Development in a melancholy strain. If some
not reproductive and imitative, but freely cre. | of the admirable reserve which led Mr. Huxley
ative. His panegyric, in the chapter on Loco and Dr. Carter-remembering that “compari-
motion and Transport, of that bewildering last sons are odious"-to avoid the mention of
product of the nineteenth century, Bradshaw's names in their articles, had been maintained
Railway Guide, dwelling upon its bulk admir by Sir William, his chapter would have ap-
ingly, makes one wish he could see a model | 'peared less of a philippic and more of a plea
American guide-book. While joining heartily for the independent voter. The writer's dis.
with him in his view of the admirable system trust of democracy has made him vitiate
of crossings, approaches, and signals, which a fairly successful presentation of the rights
makes accidents so rare on English railways, of men as against parties, by a personal
an American can hardly endorse the state. | attack upon Mr. Gladstone as the leader and
ment that “the convenience of passengers has | minister of an ochlocracy. For it is a pity
been consulted," as he reflects upon the lack ! that one who sees so clearly the threatening
of dining and other necessary conveniences, dangers of the subordination of patriotism to
and wonders at the stupidity that refuses to partisanship, and of the degradation of party


1887.)
119
THE DIAL
before the machine," should be carried away and as such it is invaluable, with its treasures
from a scientific statement of fact and enun- of facts and figures, --but it does not write
ciation of principles by personal feeling. After the history of Queen Victoria's reign. That
this personal outburst, one is not surprised to has been better done by others. It will be
hear the writer say of the Queen that “the best done by our grandchildren.
powers given to her by the constitution have
J. J. HALSEY.
never been used to gratify a personal feeling."
('uriously enough, the one power that remains
to an English sovereign to-day, under the cus-
PATRICK HIEXRY.
tomary constitution--that of exercising some
choice when a minister hands in his resigna- | Nothing is more delightful than "harking
tion - was exercised by Queen Victoria so back” a hundred years. Let us link arms with
recently as 1986, to express her well-known dis. Professor Tyler and leave the present with its
like for Mr. Gladstone. All will remember roar and railroads, to dwell in the past with
how promptly the resignation was accepted, its quiet equestrianism, piety, and patriotism.
thus cutting off all opportunity for reconsid- Our author starts with a charming scene
cration at a time when the reluctance of the I drawn from an old manuscript in the pos.
other party to take office rendered a speedy session of the Byrds of Westover (Harrison's
reconsideration almost an absolute certainty. Landing, where our army encamped in 1862
How the refusal of a sovereign to accept after the "seven-days' fight.")
a hasty resignation has retained ministers | "On the evening of October 7, 1732, that merry
in office, the reign of the present Queen and i Old Virginian, Colonel William Byrd, of Westover,
even Sir William's chapter may testify. The having just finished a journey through King Will-
usual inability of English writers to under:
iam County for the inspection of his estates, was
stand the flexibility of our written consti. I conducted, for his night's lodging, to the house
tution is again illustrated in the opening
no i of a blooming widow, Mistress Sarah Syme, in the
& County of Hanover. This lady, at first supposing
pages of the chapter. The distinguished!
her guest to be some new suitor for her lately dis.
writer might read to advantage Prof. Wood | engaged affections, put on a gravity that becomes
row Wilson's admirable treatise on ('ongres- a Weed;' but so soon as she learned her mistake
sional Government. In the face of the writer's and the name of her distinguished visitor, she
apparent contention, that the expectation that brightend up with an unusual cheerfulness and
George IV. would veto the Catholic Relief
Serenity. She was a portly, handsome Dame, of
Bill indicates a survival to our own day of
the Family of Esau, and seem'd not to pine too
much for the Death of her Ilusband who was of the
the crown's veto power, constitutional lawyers
Family of the Saracens... This widow is a
so eminent as Taswell-Langmead teach us that
person of a lively and cheerful Conversation, with
the king's refusal to do so was the one positive much less Reserve than most of her Country.
step needed to complete the progress of more women. It becomes her very well, and sets off her
than a century toward the complete and irre. other agreeable Qualities to Advantage. We tost
coverable abandonment of that privilege. At
off a Bottle of honest Port which we relish't with
pages 132-33 is one of the clearest and simplest
a broil'd chicken. At Nine I retir'd to my Devo.
tions, And then slept so Sound that Fancy itsell
statements of the facts in the controversy
was Stupify'd, else I shou'd have dreamt of my
between Mr. Gladstone and the House of
most obliging Landlady.' The next day being
Lords over the Franchise Bill in 1884. The Sunday, 'the courteous Widow invited me to rest
writer brings out clearly, what so few seem to myself there that good day and go to Church with
comprehend, that the result was a triumph for Iler, but I excus'd myself by telling her she wou'd
the House of Lords, and not a compromise. certainly spoil my Devotion. Then she civilly
How that result may affect the future of the
entreated me to make her House my Home whenever
Lords is a distinct matter,
I visited my Plantations, which made me bow low
and thank her very kindly.'
The four comparative maps are suggestive
"Not very long after that notable visit, the
and valuable auxiliaries. But the book should sprightly widow gave her hand in marriage to a
have a chapter as well as a map on London, young Scotchman of good family, John llenry of
a chapter on Charities in relation to Crime Aberdeen, , • and, continuing to reside on
and to Well-Being, one on Public Opinion, 1 her estate of Studley, in the county of Hanover,
and one on Ideas versus Philistinism. The she became, on May 29, 1736, the mother of Patrick
fact that the book is the work of many hands
Henry."
is no excuse for its lack of discussion of im ! The youth hated books and industry, and
portant topics, for its lack of a true perspective loved shooting and fishing and a poor farmer's
in the view total. An editor in such a case daughter named Sarah Shelton whom he mar.
exists not merely to assign and combine, but ried when he was eighteen. Together they
to direct, to coordinate, to blend, to put the proceeded, with a few acres and fewer slaves,
dry bones together, and breathe through them i to produce a family and support it; succeed.
a single soul. This work is a cyclopedia, ".
PATRIK HENRY. By Moves (oit Tyler. (American
largely by optimists; a blue-book compilation; statesmen Series Boston Houghton, Mimin & Co.


120
[Oct.,
THE DIAL
ing admirably in the former task but not at Gloucester street, (Williamsburg) wearing buck-
all in the latter. Before he was twenty-three skin breeches, his saddlebags on his arm, leading a
he had been thrice a bankrupt,-once as a
lean horse, and chatting with Paul Carrington, who
planter and twice as a merchant. Then, in
walked by his side."
his own shiftless way he became a lawyer,
Another pleasant bit of 18th century color
getting his certificate rather by the favor of
is the account of his journey to the first Con-
his examiners than his success in passing his
tinental Congress.
examination. Previous accounts are conflict-
“Patrick Henry arrived on horseback at Mount
Vernon ... and having remained there that
ing as to his early success at the bar; but
Professor Tyler tries to set them all at rest by
day and night he set out for Philadelphia on the
following morning in the company of Washington
an amazing reference to a fee-book which has
and of Edmund Pendleton. From the jottings in
been placed in his hands by some of his hero's Washington's diary, we can so far trace the progress
descendants; from wbich he learns that within of this trio of illustrious horsemen as to ascertain
his first three-and-a-quarter years' practice at that on Sunday the 4th of September they break-
the little tribunal of his county he had taken
fasted at Christiana Ferry, dined at Chester, and
fees in 1185 cases.
reached Philadelphia for supper-thus arriving in
town barely in time to be present at the first meet-
The nineteenth century practitioner, on
ing of the Congress on the morning of the 5th."
reading this, is divided in sentiment between
a wish that, since he has “harked back” to
This seems a little like another world, or
the eighteenth century, he could stay there;
another age; and yet it is not so far away.
We have all seen men who were alive then-
and a suspicion that there must be some mis-
take. Most lawyers go through a whole pro-
some of us thousands of them. The Revolu-
fessional career without being individually
tionary pension lists are not closed even now,
retained in 1185 cases. If there be a mistake
though the last of the actual fighters has
it is probably of this kind. In the old prac-
departed.
tice, a certain small fee was prescribed for
It was in March, 1775, that Henry made his
each act done by an attorney-filing a præcipe,
famous speech in favor of war with England
6d.; notice of motion, 6d.; taking out a sub-
--the speech at which so many schoolboys
pæna, 4d.; serving it, 12d.; and so on for
have spouted since. Our author gives some
declaration, plea, demurrer, or what not-the
new descriptions of the scene and the orator's
whole to be taxed as costs of suit and to be
manner; but they weaken rather than
finally chargeable to the losing party. It is
strengthen the ideal: for instance where they
possible, though scarcely probable, that the
describe the hands raised in air at "give me
young stumbler along the rugged path of
liberty”-a pause_" or give me death!" the
practice may have entered up 1185 such items
hands lowered and the right brought down
during the first three or four years of his
and striking the heart as if holding a dagger.
progress.
We need not follow the subject through all
However this may be, it was in his fourth
Henry's public career. Wirt's life of Henry
year at the bar that Patrick Henry, by the help
gives one view of it-tbat inspired by Jeffer-
of a packed jury, succeeded in perpetrating a
son; Professor Tyler takes a more flattering
gross wrong against the poor parish ministers
view, supported by later and fuller testimony,
of his county suing for their rights; and so
and combats the old strictures with an
stepped at once into a large practice in such
appearance of much personal bias against
cases. His biographer apologizes for this as
Jefferson, who seems to be disfavored by him
well as he can.
as an authority, as a statesman, and as a man.
The next landmark in Henry's progress was
Henry was made Commander-in-chief of the
of a more creditable nature: an act which
Virginia forces in 1775, and, like many other
strikes the key note of his subsequent great-
civilians, looked at a military career as his
ness. Elected to the Virginia House of Bur.
appropriate sphere of action in the coming
gesses in 1765, he promptly took the lead in
contest. He really seems to have done some
opposition to the “Stamp Act"-took it away
good military service with his troops, con-
from the stout old leaders in that house, and
nected with the seizure of some powder by
carried it on with a vigor that stunned them
the British, which he compelled the Royal
all. Then it was he made his famous speech
Governor to ransom with £320 sterling. But
closing: “Caesar had his Brutus, Charles the
he soon found that his subordinate in com.
First his Cromwell, and George the Third ”
mand was given all the real fighting to do, so
[" Treason! Treason 5"| " George the Third
he resigned, in some dudgeon.
may profit by their example: If this be
"Xone doubted his courage or his alacrity to
treason, make the most of it."
hasten to the field; but it was plain that he did not
serm to be conscious of the importance of strict
“On the afternoon of that day, Patrick Henry, discipline in the army, but regarded his soldiers as
knowing that the session was practically ended, so many gentlemen who had met to defend their
and that his own work in it was done, started for country, and exacted from them little more than
his home. He was seen passing along Duke of l the courtesy that was proper among equals. To


1887.)
121
THE DIAL
have marched to the seaboard at that time with a **Slavery is detested: we feel its fatal effects
regiment of such men would have been to insure we deplore it with all the pity of humanity...
their destruction."
As we ought with gratitude to admire that decree
History repeats itself. We have met some
of Heaven which has numbered us among the free,
“ political generals” in our own day and
we ought to lament and deplore the necessity of
holding our fellow-men in bondage.'"
generation.
Patrick Henry was the first Governor of the Washington, who had been somewhat es.
State of Virginia, being elected in 1776 and
tranged by Henry's opposition to the Con.
serving till 1779. During this time in the
stitution, resumed his friendship; and in 1795
summer of 1778) he sent out the expedition
offered him a place in his cabinet, as Secretary
under Col. Clark which took Fort Chartres "in of State, and later the office of Chief Justice;
tbe Illinois country" (then part of Virginia),
but age and failing health compelled him to
and overawed the Indians so that the western
decline both. Professor Tyler says that in
frontier settlements were safe thenceforth.
1796 the Federal leaders were strongly inclined
Henry seems to have made a very good war
"to nominate Patrick Henry for the Vice-
governor, though at times a very discouraged
Presidency” for the term succeeding that of
one. An amusing story of the precipitate
Washington and Adams, but thought he would
flight of the legislature at the approach of | not accept. (Were nominations made for the
Tarleton and his men does not probably indi.
vice-presidency at that election ?) Concerning
cate anything really discreditable. A legis.
this, Jefferson said: “Most assiduous court is
lature can not fight a battalion of horse.
paid [by the Federalists to Patrick Henry.
But, as our author remarks, it was evident
He has been offered everything which they
that a vast majority of the people were quite
knew he would not accept.” Party bitterness
willing to have somebody else do their fight-
already!
ing for them. It was utterly impossible to fill
Professor Tyler's style is full of vivacity.
the state's quota under the calls of Congress;
Good-natured belligerency might be given as
and we are again and again surprised, first at
its distinguishing characteristic. One can
the rareness of patriotism and the prevalence of
hardly say that he naught extenuates, but he
its opposite in those times which we look upon
certainly does not set down aught in malice.
as so heroic and glorious, and second, that
He is sure his hero was a great statesman, and
any victory at all was ever won. Poor Henry
tries to think he was only prevented by injus-
says: “But tell me, do you remember any
tice from being a great soldier; all to combat
instance where tyranny was destroyed and
the idea that he was nothing but an orator.
freedom established on its ruins among a peo-
Yet he need not bave done so, for those were the
ple possessing so small a share of virtue and
days when oratory was still a power, and men
public spirit ?"
were moved by it to memorable deeds.
• Washington, our French allies, and the
Joseph KIRKLAND.
divisions in the councils of England, -these
are the only keys to account for the success
of the seeming vanquished and the failure of
THE SCIENCE OF THOUGHT.*
the seeming victors.
Patrick Henry opposed the Constitution as | A book by Max Müller, wbatever else it
originally framed (1788); but after the adop. may be, is always readable and suggestive.
tion (1791) of the ten amendments which were This praise can hardly be denied to his latest
promised to satisfy him and other State-rights work, “ The Science of Thought,” even by
men, he became its firm supporter; going so those specialists who regret his neglect of the
far as to say that a State had no more right austerer duty of editing Sanscrit texts, and
to question the validity of a Federal law than who hold, to parody Plato's stern verdict on
a County had to attack a State law. He was Socrates, that Müller is corrupting philosphy
an ardent free-trader. Said he:
and philology, two things each good in itself,
"Fetter not commerce. Let her be as free as air: | by attempting an impossible fusion between
she will range the whole creation and return on the them. And those who believe that the com-
wings of the four winds of heaven to bless the land i bined lights of linguistic and philosophic
with plenty."
research are needed to illumine the mysterious
As a means of civilizing the Indians, he pro- relations of language and thought, need make
posed money bounties to encourage their inter! no reservations in the favor with which they
marriage with the whites !
| welcome this attempt of the veteran philolo-
"He thought the introduction of a harmless bev. ' gist to coördinate with the fund of special
erage as a substitute for distilled spirits, would be knowledge acquired in his studious youth the
beneficial. ... To render the beverage (small
philosophic ideas he has been gathering in the
beer) fashionable and popular, he always had it on
his table while he was governor during his last term
discursive readings of his riper age. The
of office; and he continued its use, but drank noth-
* THE SCIENCE OF Turgut. By F. Max Moller. In
ing stronger, while he lived,"
two volumes. New York Charles scribner's sons.


122
[Oct.,
THE DIAL
-
- -
-
-
attempt is on the whole successful. “The the Kantian philosophy in Müller's conscious-
Science of Thought” is perhaps the most im | ness, even though we see no other ground of
portant contribution to English philosophic lit- connection between those widely-severed
erature since Mill's examination of the philos products of Aryan thought. Darwinians may
ophy of Sir William Hamilton.
or may not be impressed by the announcement
The serious effort of thought running that language is a “fortress untaken and un-
through the book, however, is obscured by a shaken," " which is not to be frightened into
defective method, by an almost total lack of submission by a few random shots;" but they
unity, and, in some measure, by the very qual- | will all be interested in reading how Darwin
ities that make the work so readable: the himself once pleasantly remarked to the
discursive, gossipy, anecdotal style, the wealth author that he was “a dangerous man.” Any
of well-chosen illustrations, the ever fresh and chill skepticism we may feel as to Müller's
somewhat youthful enthusiasm for the science competency to discuss special problems of
of Language as the key to all knowledge, and instinct and heredity is dissolved in our delight
the constant implication of this sound doctrine at learning that “Waldmann," the father of
with much piquant but not always well con Matthew Arnold's “Geist,” still flourishes in
sidered criticism of great thinkers too hastily a green old age. And Müller's clear vivacious
studied. These qualities and defects are suf- | accounts of the Kantian philosophy and of
ficiently explained and justified by the author's much recent progress in German philology
statement that the book is largely a working are none the less useful that his didactic style
over of materials from recent periodical pub still, in 1887, reveals traces of the assumption,
lications, and has been written for himself perhaps pardonable in 1861, that he is the sole
“and for a few friends with whom he has been or chief interpreter between the German and
travelling for many years on the same road.” English mind.
Superficially regarded, the two volumes before. It is the more necessary to dwell on the
us form a long causerie on Professor Max serious thought disguised in this frivolous
Müller, his achievements, and his honorable envelope, because of certain features in the
position in England and in the scientific world book that will repel the very readers whom
as the mediator between the English and Ger it would be most likely to benefit. The polemic
man mind; on the Vedas and the Kantian against exaggerated Darwinianism, the setting
Philosophy; on Mill's Logic, Darwinism, and up of language as an absolute barrier, the
Schopenhauer; on Panini's grammar and the unqualified acceptance of the Kantian Cate-
garden of Sanscrit roots; on the old thesis, gories and the criticism of Mill's Logic, will
once so hotly debated with Professor Whitney, lead many scientific men to regard the book
that language and thought are inseparable; as the production of a reactionary thinker still
in short, de omnibus rebus at quibusdam aliis. in the “metaphysical stage” and vainly
But the want of a definitely constructed frame endeavoring to stem the tide of positive
work, as Bacon was careful to point out when scientific progress. Taking the book as a
he chose to throw his own thoughts into the whole, there could be no greater mistake. On
form of aphorisms, is not always prejudicial to certain problems of origin Müller refuses to
the expression of the results of philosophic an dogmatize, but all definite scientific problems
alysis. Every system of philosophy, whatever discussed by him are treated in the positive
its pretensions to objective adequacy, is after scientific spirit. The ambiguities that clouded
all only the reflection of the universe in a single some of his early utterances have largely dis-
consciousness,-it is the man coördinating and appeared. Whether this is due to the fact
exalting the ideas and impressions won from that expression is freer in the Oxford of 1887
his pursuits, his feelings, his experiences, his for the man whose position is won, than it was
studies, his knowledge. The framework of to the beginner of 1861, or to the influence of
an artistic system may serve to disguise the Professor Noiré and to Müller's recent philo-
gaps left by the undue prominence the thinker sophical studies, it would be indiscreet to
must assign to those aspects of the universe inquire. Certain it is that he has been reading
that have preoccupied his attention; but, to some very good books-books that always
mix the metaphor, as surely as the nature of bring good fortune to the careful student,
man is finite, so surely is there a rift in every Locke, Berkeley,Hume, Mill, and Schopenhauer,
philosophic lute that attempts to catch and whom he has discussed with Professor Noiré,
render the music of the spheres.
one of the ablest of recent Schopenhauerians;
The naïveté with which this personal note and in attempting to reconcile or correct the
is allowed to manifest itself in Max Müller's various opinions of these authors with the aid
writing need not hinder our recognition of of the conclusions he has reached by his life-
any valuable thought he emphasizes, while it long study of language, he has brought into
does certainly add to our amusement as we prominence some truths inadequately recog-
read. We are pleased to learn the ideas sug. nized by psychologists wanting in linguistic
gested by a juxtaposition of the Vedas and training, and has made perhaps the only


1887.)
123
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useful criticism of the generally accepted 'cannot teach us the truth of things, but only
classifications of Mill's Logic.
the opinions of those who imposed the names
It is, of course, impossible to do justice in and who must have got their knowledge with-
a hasty notice to either the philosophic or the out names. But in another place, Mill is cited
philological side of so extensive a work; but as declaring that “to say that we think by
it may not be altogether unprofitable to means of concepts is only a circuitous and ob.
endeavor to set forth the leading thought of scure way of saying that we think by means
the book in barest outline. That thought of general and class names." On the other
may, for our purposes, be conveniently re- hand, Müller himself was once accused by
sumed in three propositions: 1. Language Whitney, in a now forgotten controversy, of
and thought are identical and inseparable. the opposite exaggeration of declaring that
.. The history of the human mind is, there language is the only possible symbol by which
fore, to be sought in the record of language, thought can be carried on. Against this
more completely continuous and incomparably misconception he now explicitly protests, and
older than any written historic record. 3. Å admits that any sign may serve as a cen-
complete history of all the words we use tre for the cluster of associations that form
would solve all problems of philosophy, or the concept. Such misunderstandings, where
rather analyze them out of existence, leaving the debaters are really at one, are very unprof.
no place for philosophy, as may be shown by itable. The fact is that the close inter-rela-
the successful solution by this method of cer- tions of language and thought, and the signfi.
tain typical metaphysical puzzles. The ambi. cance of language as the chief factor in human
guities and exaggerations naturally attaching evolution, have a stronger hold on Müller's
to the vivacious enunciation of propositions imagination than on the minds of the thinkers
like these are gradually cleared away as the whom he criticises, and much of his criticism
argument proceeds; and in the end, under the is an eloquent expostulation intended to stim.
guidance of Professor Noiré, Müller arrived ulate them to the proper appreciation of so
in logic at a clear-cut nominalism, which in important a matter.
some respects constitutes an advance even Two interesting chapters on “ The Philoso.
upon Mill, and in metaphysics at a form of phy of Kant" and on * Language, the Barrier
monism, with the l'nknowable for a back between Man and Beast," discuss the bearings
ground, not essentially different from that' of the principle of the identity of language
philosophy of which Schopenhauer has stated and thought on some of the burning philo.
the inner, Herbert Spencer the outer aspect. sophie questions of the day. There is no space
Let us follow him part way on this path. to follow Müller in his analysis of Kant. The
IIis discussion of the thesis of the identity, essential characteristic of the Kantian way of
of thought and language sets forth certain i thinking is to treat as implicitly contained in
essential truths with a large admixture of sensuous perceptions those explicit categories
polemic. The truths are that our mental fur- of thought which we cannot now escape in
niture consists solely of images and symbols any utterances we may make about them.
in various associations; that all thought is This way of thinking necessarily comes in
either the direct or symbolic association and conflict with the extreme association psychol.
disassociation of images; that the distinctive , ogy, which undertakes to build up all cate-
thought of man is of necessity mainly sym- 1 gories by the mere association of primitive
bolic; that while other signs may serve (and, ' sensations. Superficial thinkers, light-armed
notably, a fact ignored by Müller, images them.. dialecticians hovering on the outskirts of the
selves may be used as pure algebraic symbols two contending armies, will continue to shower
in processes of thought), the signs of language the argumentative darts of an idle contro-
are practically the only symbols much em- versy. Thinkers of weightier metal will per-
ployed; and language has therefore become haps perceive that we have here one of those
indissolubly associated with the complex, typical puzzles of an infinite series to which
grouping of images that mainly distinguish no satisfactory answer can be given. Which
the human from the brute mind. But in is first, the hen or the egg? Or, to take the
Muller's first two chapters on the “ ('onstituent problem much debated by contemporary biol.
Elements of Thought" and on "Thought and i ogists, shall we say with Lucretius that use
Language," these ideas are worked out with and function create and precede the organ, or
an irrelevant exuberance of polemic directed, with Plato, that the organ created in view of
against all thinkers, past or present, who deny the use preredes and creates the line? In an
this principle, fail to give it adequate recogni. infinite series of two alternating members, it
tion, or do not perceive its immense signiticance is really a matter of feeling to which mem.
for the problems of philosophy. Much of this ber we assign priority. But the feeling is one
polemic is purely verbal. Mill is accused of that has divided the world of thinkers into
paltering with the great truth, because, fol. two classes. Max Muller belongs to the class
lowing Plato's "Cratylus," he says that names of Kantians who assign priority to the hen.


124
(Oct.,
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But he concedes all that intelligent opponents ble of discourse of reason, must have been
would demand, when he says that even on the rationabilis if not rationalis. He cannot,
evolution hypothesis we may remain Kant therefore, have been developed from the mon-
ians, “as it would be even then the category key or from any other specific animal type
of causality that works in the mollusk and which subsequent development has shown to
makes it extend its tendrils toward the crumb be not even potentially rationale et orationale,
of bread which has touched it and has evoked but must have been developed from an inde-
in it a reflex action, a grasping after its prey." pendent stock, potentially endowed with the
No intelligent evolutionist, on the other hand, distinctively human faculty. And Müller
would refuse to admit that it is impossible for argues that this doctrine is not really incon-
the association psychology to construct space, sistent with Darwinianism, since Darwin him-
time, and causality, without the at least verbal self held that biological evolution started
contradiction of assuming the result at every from many centres rather than from one, and
step of the process. The difference, then, is many able Darwinians still believe in polyg.
mainly one of expression and feeling.
ony rather than in monogony.
Much the same may be said of Müller's atti. | There remains but scant space for Müller's
tude toward the doctrine more particularly account of the history of the human mind as
associated with the name of Darwin. Ruskin revealed in language. An analysis of the con-
says that it may be true that it requires the stituent elements of language brings him to the
same amount of heat to make a kettle boil as proposition he has so often enunciated: Lan-
to lift an eagle to his eyrie, but that the fact guage consists of a certain number of con-
of this underlying identity will always remain ceptual and demonstrative roots, which resist
less interesting to the artist than the undeni further analysis. The two hundred and fifty
able difference that the eagle has a beak and thousand words of the English dictionary can
the kettle a spout. On this question, also, be reduced to a few hundred roots, for the
thinkers are divided into two families, and most part expressive of the ideas of the sim-
Müller feels with those who think as artists. ple acts of a primitive society. What is the
He belongs to the minds that find more satis origin of these roots ? And since language
faction in the contemplation of form, order, and conceptual thought are identical, what is
measure, and definite type, than in that of the origin of abstraction and conceptual
change, transition, and imperceptible develop-
ment. His feelings lead him to protest in the Following Professor Noiré, Müller offers us
name of ordered and classified knowledge an exceedingly ingenious and suggestive
against the hasty and facile methods of enthu explanation of the origin of language, a theory
siastic evolutionists, who, having established which the wits of England, mindful of the
the fundamental principle that nothing in this fortune of the nicknames “bow-wow" and
world is single, but that all things, by a law “pooh-pooh," have saluted with the title of the
anything but divine, in one another's being “yo-heave-ho” theory. It is briefly this: It
mingle, proceed to abolish all the convenient is a physiological fact that physical labor is
lines of demarcation within which the actual often accompanied by the instinctive emission
work of science has mainly to be accomplished. of more or less articulate grunts and sounds,
Where Plato saw “ideas” and Schopenhauer which relieve the tension of the nerves or lend
fixed stages of the manifestation of the Eter an enlivening rhythm to motion. These sounds
nal Will, Müller sees in Nature certain (cap may even be supposed to have some faint
italized) Broad Lines, whose relations he does analogies with the character of the labor they
not like to have confused. He does not deny accompany, though this is perhaps fanciful.
that these Broad Lines may have been devel Suppose a group of primitive men engaged in
oped. But all heterogeneity must have been digging, for example. Among the sounds they
implicit in the homogeneity from which it has utter some one may gradually come to pre-
been evolved. The possession of language dominate, either the sound emitted by the
thought, the logos of the Greeks, the power leader or some compromise sound, uniting in
of originating notio and nomen in one, is a single phonetic type the cries of the major-
such a Broad Line, marking off man from the ity. In hundreds of cases this sound would
animals. It is true, language is a growth. be forgotten and come to naught. In the
Man has become “speakable of mute,” as is thousandth case it might take definite form
proved by the discovery of cave-dwellers and become distinctly associated in the minds
who lacked the mental or genial muscle that of the group with the remembrance
moves the tongue. But the germ of this sciousness of the accompanying act. Suppose
development must have always distinguished in a given instance the sound to be Khan, the
the animal that was to become man from Sanscrit root “to dig.” Suppose the sound to
animals that did not possess this power survive, to become definitely associated with
and potency. The “homo alalos" must have digging in the minds of the tribe, and to be
been potentially, though not actually, capa- I used by the leaders as an imperative summons
n-


1887.]
125
THE DIAL
to digging. We have at once the origin of movements, and conditions of early man, by
the widely ramified root Khan and of the the various combinations of which the entire
concept “digging." I have put the theory fabric of subsequent thought has been con-
thus baldly at once, in spite of the readiness structed, as the living organism is built up
with which all such hypotheses can be ridi- from cells, or as the infinite variety of the
culed, because this statement helps us over material world is based on the properties of a
what has always been a stumbling block to few primitive elements.
clear thinkers in Müller's utterances about The remainder of the second volume is de.
language, namely, the insistance that language voted to the elucidation of this process and
began in roots expressive of wide general con to the application of the results to certain
cepts. Scientific psychology, on the other problems of logical classification that have
hand, asserts the priority of the concrete and been forced upon Müller's attention by the
individual. But we have obviously to deal study of Mill's Logic. It is impossible to do
with another of those two-faced questions | justice to these subjects here. I will only add
relating to an infinite series or to an endless that there could hardly be a more useful dis-
chain. The first stage in the creation of the root cipline for a young student than the study of
Khan and concept “ dig” is merely the physi. these chapters in connection with the early
cal act of digging and the clamor concomitans. chapters of Mill's Logic. The discussions
But as soon as the sound has settled into a on abstract, general, and concrete terms, on
definite phonetic type and the association has the proper use of the terms connote and de-
become permanent, we have, in truth, a new note, etc., if not always justifiable as criticisms
creation of a root and concept. For the sound of Mill, are always suggestive of reservations
Khan, then, is not a name deliberately devised and qualifications required in the interpreta-
and imposed upon the definite image of a sin tion of the necessarily concise formulas of the
gle concrete material object; it is a naturally | Logic.
developed symbol of a generalized human act. In thus summarizing the philosophic thought
And that act is, even by primitive man, con of this valuable work, I have been compelled
ceived rather in the form of a general appeal to to omit much that will constitute its chief
certain activities in himself and of their effects | interest in the eyes of those who are only
on the outer world, than in the form of a languidly concerned in speculations on the
sensuous image of one particular scene of dig. origin of language and the relation of lan-
ging. Thus it is quite possible for scientific guage and thought. Philological specialists
psychology to accept in a sense the doctrine will determine the value of Müller's criticisms
to which the analysis of language leads us, and reservations with regard to recent tenden-
that the prime elements of thought and lan- cies in Germany. But the general reader may
guage are, speaking generally, roots associated be reminded that the band that wrote the
with generalized concepts of human activities. “ Lectures on the Science of Language" has
The chapter in which these results are lost none of its cunning. In the volumes
worked out is very rich. Müller discusses the before us the discussions on onomatopeia, on
antecedents of Noiré's philosophy in Locke, the ramification of meaning from simple root
Berkeley, Hume, and Schopenhauer, and with concepts, and on the classification of meta-
his usual wealth of apt illustration he makes phors conscious and unconscious, are marked
all needful concessions as to the part possibly by all the old felicity of statement and exu.
played by onomatopæia and mere animal emo berance of aptest illustration. There is,
tional interjections in the origin of a limited perhaps, a severe dignity in the austere labor
class of roots. Without these qualifications, of creative scholarship; but the production of
and without his elaborate illustration of the volumes like these is, to borrow a phrase from
way in which, from the few given elements, Plato, no unworthy pastime for the old age of
the entire structure of language can be built a philosopher-or of a philologist.
up, the theory naturally wears an air of arbi.
Paul SHOREY.
trariness that can easily be made to look
ridiculous. Especially significant are his ex-
planations of the derivation of special terms
for color from roots signifying originally “to
THE CONFESSION OF COUNT TOLSTOI.
smear." "to cover," "be warm," "bright," The inner history of any strong personal
"sharp," and the like.
experience is instructive; more deeply so when
The second volume opens with an elaborate it is that of a man of ardent feeling, of ear-
chapter on Sanscrit roots which will be caviar nest aspiration, and fine intellect. The life
to all but professed students of language. of Count Tolstoi, as it has been revealed in his
The upshot of it all is that after neglecting writings, has excited universal interest. His
superfluous synonyms we can reduce the con- i
cepts embodied in primitive Sanscrit roots to
MY CONFESSIOx, and Tux SPIRIT OF (HRIST'S TRACH.
ING. By (ount Lyof N. Tolstot. Translated from the
some hundred-and-twenty-one ideas of actions,
Russian, New York. Thomas Y. Crowell & ('o.


126
[Octs,
THE DIAL
genius was first made known through his ear- 1 piness was that I should become an adjutant, and
lier works of fiction; and immediately upon if possible, to the Emperor; the greatest happiness
the enthusiasm which this created there came
of all for me, she thought, would be that I should
intimations of curiously eccentric conduct in-
find a wealthy bride who would bring me as her
dowry an enormous number of slaves."
duced largely by intense and peculiar religious
convictions. The novelist's own account of
The Count arraigns the sins of his youth in
the singular tenets which have become the rule
unsparing terms.
of his life, cutting short, as it is judged, a
“I put men to death in war, I fought duels to
slay others, I lost at cards, wasted my substance
brilliant literary career, is given in the volume
wrung from the sweat of peasants, punished the lat-
entitled “My Religion.” A supplement to
ter cruelly, rioted with loose women, and deceived
this work—or, more properly speaking, the
men. Lying, robbery, adultery of all kinds, drunk-
prelude to it—now appears under the title of enness, violence, murder, all committed by me, not
* My Confession.” It was written in 1879, one crime omitted, and yet I was not the less con-
and in the right order of sequence should pre sidered by my equals a comparatively moral man.
cede the book which it follows as an appendix. Such was my life during ten years. During that
It is the simple avowal of a heart utterly
time I began to write, out of vanity, love of gain,
and pride. I followed as a writer the same path
intent on the service of truth and unmindful
which I had chosen as a man."
of the praise or censure of men.
Count Tolstoï was christened and educated,
Notwithstanding the career of dissipation
like the mass of the Russian nation, in the
thus unreservedly avowed, the better self
Orthodox Greek Church. Nothing disturbed
dominated at intervals, for it was while he
the passive character of his faith until his
was in the army that Tolstoï laid the firm
twelfth year (in 1838), when a boyish com-
foundation of his literary career. At twenty.
rade brought him word of the discovery, rife
six, when the war closed and he repaired to St.
among the pupils of a gymnasium, that there
Petersburg, he was welcomed by the guild of
was no God, and all that had been taught
authors there as one of the most gifted and
concerning him was merely the product of
promising of their fraternity. It was the
human invention. The young Lyof was cap-
conviction of this circle of thinkers and poets
tured by the novel idea, and thereupon began
that they were ordained by the endowment of
reading Voltaire. In his precocious wisdom
genius to be the instructors of mankind; and,
without any definite preparation or purpose,
he perceived the necessity of learning the
catechism and continuing attendance at church;
they spoke and wrote and printed unceasingly.
but his faith in the creed of his fathers grad.
Count Lyof adopted the flattering theory with
ually died out, until, at the age of sixteen, he
eagerness, and wrote and taught he “knew
not what," with similar impetuosity.
ceased to pray or pay heed to any of the
observances it prescribed. Nevertheless the
“For doing this,” he says, “I received large
instincts of a religious nature were not to be
sums of money; I kept a splendid table, had an
excellent lodging, associated with loose women, and
suppressed; and to satisfy these he strove
received my friends handsomely; moreover, I had
after perfection in mental and bodily attain-
fame."
ments, pushing his studies in every direction
The natural integrity of the man again
and inuring himself to severe physical exer-
prevailed, however, and he sickened of the
cises and the endurance of voluntary trials and
false pretenses of men whose immoralities
privations.
even exceeded those to which he had been
The pathetic tenor of this period in the his-
accustomed in his military career. He trav-
tory of the motherless boy is little more than
elled abroad, everywhere mingling with emi-
hinted at in the narrative, but between lines
nent foreigners and searching among them
like the following its entire significance may
for higher motives to sanctify the aims of
easily be read:
life. He returned unsatisfied; and, turn-
“I honestly desired to make myself a good and ing his. back upon the excitements and pur-
virtuous man; but I was young, I had passions, and
suits of the city and of a literary teacher, he
I stood alone, altogether alone, in my search after
virtue. Every time I tried to express the longings
settled in the country and busied himself
of my heart for a truly virtuous life, I was met with
with the organization of schools for the peas-
contempt and derisive laughter; but directly I gave antry. A year was spent in this employ-
way to the lowest of my passions, I was praised and ment, and again he went abroad, looking for
encouraged. . . . I gave way to these passions, more light on the great social problems he
and becoming like unto my elders, I felt that the
was struggling to work out. His return this
place which I filled in the world satisfied those
time was coincident with the emancipation of
around me. My kind-hearted aunt, a really good
the serfs ; and, accepting the office of a coun-
woman, used to say to me, that there was one thing
above all others which she wished for me-an in-
try magistrate, he resumed the work of edu-
trigue with a married woman: "Rien ne forme un
cation, teaching simultaneously in the schools
jeune homme, comme une liaison avec une femme and in the columns of a newspaper which he
comme il faut.' Another of her wishes for my hap- published. At the end of a twelvemonth his


1887.)
127
THE DIAL
health gave way and he was forced to seek, working classes, the life which fashions that of the
restoration in new scenes and occupations. He world, and gives it the meaning which the working
was soon after married, and for a term of fif. classes accept."
teen years was happily absorbed in the inter. i The faith of the people was that taught by
ests of his family and estate. Then arose the orthodox church, and to this Count Tol.
anew in his mind the restless inquiry into ' stoi went back after an absence of many
the true meaning of life; and, tormented by years. But in the very heat of his enthusiasm
the baffling query, he was brought to the verge | he was chilled by the assertion of dogmas
of suicide. He was obliged to hide a cord to his reason repelled. At his first communion,
avoid hanging himself by it, and to cease car- i be says, " when I drew near the altar, and the
rying a gun because it offered too easy a way, priest called upon me to repeat that I believed
of getting rid of the misery of existence.
that what I was about to swallow was the real
** Such was the condition I had come to," he
body and blood, I felt a sharp pain at the
says, "at a time when all the circumstances of my
heart.” The bitterness of doubt and perplex-
life were preeminently happy ones, and when I had ity was renewed, and no peace remained until
not reached my fiftieth year. I had a good, a loving, he gave up the attempt to reconcile the false
and a well-beloved wife, good children, a fine estate, and the true which were entangled inextrica-
which, without much trouble on my part, contin bly in the tenets of the church. Ile abandoned
ually increased my income; I was more than ever all communion with it, and taking the Scrip.
respected by my friends and acquaintances; I was
tures alone for his guide he found in them at
praised by strangers, and could lay claim to having
made my name famous without much self-deception.
last a full and perfect answer to the questions
Moreover, my mind was neither deranged nor weak.
which had so long and painfully agitated him.
ened; on the contrary, I enjoyed a mental and
Appended to this confession of Count Tol-
physical strength which I have seldom found in stoi is a short exposition of the gospel,
men of my class and pursuits: I could keep up an extract from a large manuscript work by
with a pensant in mowing, and could continue men him, the publication of which is prohibited in
tal labor for ten hours at a stretch, without any evil
Russia for obvious reasons. The commentary
consequences."
presents “ The Spirit of Christ's Teaching” as
He turned for an explanation of the ques. ihe author understands it. He does not
tions which destroyed his peace, to all the believe in the literal inspiration of the Scrip-
sources of knowledge open to him, to books tures, but regards them as the work of many
and to personal intercourse with learned men. human minds which has undergone endless
* I sought it,” he says, “as a perishing man alterations during the passage of centuries.
seeks safety, and I found nothing." At last He sees in them not an exclusively divine
he directed his study to the life of the com- revelation, not a mere historical phenomenon,
mon people, the simple, the unlearned, and but a teaching which gives the meaning of
the poor, and here he discovered a peace and life." Ilis ideas, as frankly stated in the
content founded upon genuine faith, which did preface to the work on the Gospels, commend
not exist elsewhere. He contrasted this life themselves by their liberality and moderation.
of sincerity and serenity with that of the They are those of a man of original mind, of
rich and the learned and the distinguished great learning, of honest purpose, of endless
with whom he had dwelt, and the latter
courage, and of intense earnestness.
**not only became repulsive, but lost all meaning
SARA A. HIBRARD.
whatever. All our actions, our reasoning, our
science and art, all appeared to me in a new light.
I understood that it was all child's play, that it was
useless to seek a meaning in it. The life of the
BRIEFS OX NEW BOOKS.
working classes, of the whole of mankind, of those THE * John Keats" of Professor Sidney (olvin
that create life, appeared to me in its true signifi-
(Harpers) does not fail to do credit to Mr. Morley's
cance. I understood that this was life itself, and
excellent series of biographies. It is quite what we
that the meaning given to this life was the true
should expect from the author of the ** Landor," a
one, and I accepted it."
volume of carefully compared and sifted biograph-
As ('ount Tolstoi interprets it, the meaning ical details and of appreciative and judicious criti.
of life is that man shall gain his living by cism. Biographically, it was out of the question
labor, and that he shall not only work for
that the work should be more than a compilation
himself but for all. And this creed of industry
or extract from the work of Forman, Lord Hough-
ton and others. Of Forman's work, the writer says
and humanity he proceeded to carry out
that it "might for the purpose of the student be
faithfully in his daily conduct.
tinal," and adds that he bas "been indebted to it
I renounced the life of my own class, for I had at every turn." What Professor Colvin has done,
come to confees that it was not a real life, only the then, has been to prepare an account of Keats'
semblance of one ; that its supertluous luxury life and writings les considerable in volume than
presented the possibility of understanding life; | Lord Houghton's memoir, embodiving also the ma-
and that in order to do so I must know, not an | terial brought to light in Forman's edition of the
exceptional parasitic life, but the simple life of the poet's works, Critically, the writer had no easy


128
[Oct.,
THE DIAL
task, when we consider who have been his prede- | its performance; and it is not the least among the
cessors in the same field,- Arnold, Swinburne, Pal- | many titles which Rossetti has to the grateful recol-
grave, and Watts. His views are thus summed up: lection of his adoptive countrymen. The prose intro-
* From the height to which the genius of Keats ductions to the two sections of the work are,
arose during the brief period between its first effer- although brief, of the greatest critical value, as is,
vescence and its exhaustion from the glowing in fact, every one of the few precious pages of
humanity of his own nature and the completeness | prose criticism which Rossetti has left us.
with which, by the testimony alike of his own
consciousness and his friends' experience, he was THE new volume of “Obiter Dicta" (Scribner)
accustomed to live in the lives of others—from the opens with the confession that one of the most
gleams of true greatness of mind which shine not charming essays in the earlier volume—that on Fal-
only in his poetry, but equally amid the gossip and staff-was the work of Mr. George Radford, and
pleasantry of his familiar letters—from all our evi not of Mr. Birrell. It was introduced, the author
dences, in a word, as to what he was as well as from suggests, to enable him to enjoy the pleasure of
what he did, I think it probable that by power, as | reading and re-reading the volume which contained
well as by temperament and aim, he was the most it. The new volume of essays has all the charm
Shakspearean spirit that has lived since Shakspeare; | and possibly a little more than the solidity of the
the true Marcellus, as his first biographer has called old. It includes eleven essays, two of which-on
him, of the realm of English song; and that in his Milton and Pope-are said to be printed for the first
premature death our literature has sustained its time; most of the others will be found already
greatest loss."
familiar by readers of the reviews of recent years.
That the essays are delightful reading goes with-
MR. S. G. W. BENJAMIN, yachtsman and art-
out saying. That felicitous delicacy of touch which
critic, poet and diplomat, has collected into a vol carries with it so much of serious purpose is pos-
ume a number of stray stories and sketches relating sessed by few living writers in the degree in which
to life on the ocean, and made a very readable book Mr. Birrell is fortunate enough to possess it. To
with the title “Sea-Spray, or, Facts and Fancies of begin one of his easy conversational papers is at
a Yachtsman" (Benjamin and Bell). The stories
least to read it uninterruptedly to the end, and prob-
are not of great interest, but the serious or semi ably to finish the volume at the same sitting, which
serious studies bring up the general average of in is done without the faintest suspicion on the reader's
terest to a high degree. "The Evolution of the part that he has been buttonholed all the time by
American Yacht,” « Steam Yachting in America" an incorrigible literary hobbyist.
and “Light-houses of Old” contain much curious
material, and are written with a very wide knowl-
edge of the subjects of which they treat. “The
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
Transatlantic Railway" is an account of the con-
struction of a railway across the Atlantic, something
OCTOBER, 1887.
which it seems may be reckoned as at least among the
America Europeanizing. J. C. Adams. Forum.
bare possibilities of the future, although it would be
Aristocracy and Humanity. T. Davidson Forum.
a future in which many of the fancies of Jules Verne Bayoux of the South. Rebecca H. Davis. Harper.
Bluebird, The. Olive Thorne Miller. Atlantic.
would have quite as good a chance of realization.
Books that Have Helped Me. Jeannette L, Gilder. Forum.
Perhaps the most interesting sketch of all is that Boyhood, Savagery of. John Johnson, Jr. Pop. Science.
called "A Cruise in a Pilot Boat." Every ocean
Caverns. N. S. Shaler. Scribner.
Christian Doctrine. A. H. Wilcox, Andover.
traveller must be more or less curious to know some-
Church and state in U.S. Philip Schaft. Mag. Am. Hist.
thing about the American pilot system, and this Clay, Henry. Atlantic.
Color.Blindness among R. R. Employés. Pop. Science.
spirited account of a two weeks' cruise in a pilot
Cooper. Fenimore, in Europe. Susan F. Cooper. Atlantic.
boat tells just what kind of a life is led upon those Costa Rica. W.E. Curtis, Harper.
little yachts whose sails with their big numbers are
Democratic Rule, Continuance of. J. G. Carlisle. Forum.
Dutch West India Company. Mag. Am. History.
so welcome a sight as the transatlantic passage Economic Disturbances since 73. D. A. Wells. Pop. Sci.
Education and Lawlessness. F. D. Huntington. Forum.
draws to a close.
Emerson E. G. Johnson. Dial.
Emerson. J. H. Ward. Andover.
A New and comparatively inexpensive edition of Emerson's Genius. Atlantic.
Rossetti's “Dante and his Circle" (Roberts Brothers) Emotions, Language of. M. Alfred Fouillée. Pop. Science.
Evolution. J. LeConte. Popular Science.
will place that invaluable series of translations
Evolution and Am. Zoölogists. E. S. Morse. Pop. Science.
within the reach of a large number of readers. It Fetich-Faith in Africa. H. Nipperdey. Popular Science.
French Sense and Sentiment. W. C. Brownell. Scribner.
is an exact reprint of the edition of 1874. It is, of
Goa, IndiaJF. Hurst. Harper.
course, one of those books which no one who cares Government and Public Works. L. M. Haupt. Lippincott.
in the least for literature can afford to do without.
Henry, Patrick, Joseph Kirkland. Dial.
Historical Grouping. James Schouler. Mag. Am. Hist.
The incomparable translation of the “ Vita Nuova," Howells, Wm. D. L. R. McCabe. Lippincott.
one of the best translations ever made of anything, Kentucky's Admission into the Union. Mag. Am. Hist.
Life, Object of. J. P. Lesley. Forum.
is the most valuable of its contents, although Medicines, Strange. Miss C. F.G. Camming. Pop. Science.
hardly exceeding in interest, and not at all exceed Millet. Jean Francois. Theodore Child Atlantic.
ing in perfection of workmanship, the translations
Municipal Government. G. Bradford. Scribner.
Our Hundred Days in Europe. O. W. Holmes. Atlantic,
of the minor poems of Dante, and of the poems of Paris School of Fine Arts. H. O. Avery. Scribner.
Guido Cavalcanti, Cino da Pistoja, Cecco Angio-
Poetry, Scientific Temper in Modern, Andover.
Practicality. J. H. Browne. Lippincott.
lieri, and the long list of sonnet and canzone
Prayer in Public Worship. G.1. Jackson, Andover.
writers antecedent to the great poet. Rossetti was Price, Gen. Sterling. W. A. Wood. Mag. Am. History.
Reade, Charles. E, H. House. Atlantic.
probably the only man who ever lived and wrote
Roman Church, Anathema of. E. J. V. Huiginn. Forum.
the English language who could have done this Sargent, John S. Henry James. Harper.
work; it affords a striking illustration of the rare
Scheele, Carl Wilhelm. Popular Science.
Shakespeare, Ousting. R. A. Proctor Forum.
conjunction of a difficult task and entire fitness for Social Sustenance. H. J. Philpott. Popular Science.


1887.]
129
THE DIAL
Thackeray Letters. Scribner.
Well-Worn Roads of Spain, Holland, and Italy. Trav.
Thought, Science of. Paul Shorey. Dial.
elled by a Painter in Search of the Picturesque. By
Tittlebats, Popular Science.
F. H. Smith. 16mo, pp. 121. Gilt top. Houghton,
Tolstoi, Confessions of. Sara A. Hubbard Dial.
Mimin & Co. $1.25.
Treasury Surplus. W. D Kelley. Forum.
A Vacation in a Buggy. By Maria L. Pool 18mo, pp.
Victoria's Reign. J. J. Halsey. Dial.
156. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 75 cents.
Victoria's Reign. Viscount Wolseley. Forum.
How I Found Livingstone. Travels, Adventures, and
Water, Curative Uses of. T. M. Coan. Harper.
Webster, Daniel. S. G. W. Benjamin. Mag. Am. History.
Discoveries in Central Africa. Including an Ac-
Williams College, Society at. j. R. McDonald. Lippincott.
count of Four Months' Residence with Dr. Living.
stone. By H. M. Stanley, With Maps and Illustrations.
Wood Engraver, Experiences as a. Lippincott.
Cheaper edition. 8vo, pp. 736. 0. Scribner's Sons. $3.50.
Sea-Spray; or, Facts and Fancies of a Yachtsman. By
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130
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Paulines of The Br. of M
By Mr WI.
Rain itu,
Pajut Peuinsular Publishing.
. Vore History of Sandford and Mertos. Being #
True ***nt : e *tura Mater luty
an
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t t tlou! . 11 Tatar Mr Barb..
3. Gilt tepi r er & Welfart 2
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Br Pawt Orat., :19h :
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1887.)
131
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132
[Oct., 1887.
THE DIAL
A FEW FACTS CONCERNING
Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
Standard in
Courts of
Justice.
Webster's Unabridged is recognized as standard authority in the Court over which I preside.- Hon. Mor-
rison R. Waite, Chief Justice of the U. 8., January, 1882.
OCTOBER 8, 1886.-We unhesitatingly pronounce it, in our opinion, the best in the English language.
We not only recognize it as standard authority, but deem it invaluable.-Signed by all the Judges of the
Supreme Court of Virginia.
ALBANY, N. Y., December, 1883.-Such uniformity in authority and definition as it is possible to attain is
extremely desirable, and the result can hardly be reached in a better way than by conceding to Webster's
Dictionary the rank and authority of a standard.-Signed by all the Judges of the Court of Appeals of N. Y.
Expressions similar to the above have been received from the Supreme Courts of many of the other
States, including Illinois, Minnesota, North Carolina, Georgia, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, etc.
lunciation and definition OFFICE, WASHINGTON, D:...: OCTOE. BENEDICT, Public Print the United States
Gov't Print-
ing Office.
Gov'T PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON, April 23, 1873.-Webster's Dictionary is the Standard Authority
for printing in this office, and has been for the last four years.-A. M. CLAPP. Congressional Printer.
WASHINGTON, D. C., April 20, 1882.-I shall continue Webster's Dictionary as the Standard in spelling,
pronunciation and definition in the Government Printing Office.-S. P. ROUNDS, Public Printer.
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON, D. C.. October 21. 1886.-Webster will continue to be the
Standard in the use of the English language in this Office.-T. E. BENEDICT, Public Printer.
WASHINGTON, D. C.. February 23, 1880. - When I accepted the position of Editor in the United States
Patent Office, I again had to come to a determination, so that the “ Omncial Gazette" of the office and its
printed Specifications should not only agree with each other, but should follow the best authority. The
question involved points of interest for the Bureau, the Department of the Interior, and the Government
Printing Office. My choice of “ Webster” was sustained. -- EDWARD H. KNIGHT, (Author of Knight's Me.
chanical Dictionary.)
NOTE.- WEBSTER'S UNABRIDGED is supplied by the Government to every pupil at West Point Military
Academy.
Standard with
Sup'ts of Edu-
cation.
Webster's Unabridged has been recommended by State Sup'ts of Public Schools of thirty-seven States,
nearly all of whom express the desire that a copy be placed in each of the public schools of their respective
States.
GEORGIA, August 6, 1881.-I consider it a work of the very highest merit, and would be glad to see a cops
in every school-room in Georgia. - GUSTAVUS J. ORR, state School Commissioner.
MASSACHUSETTS, August 17, 1881.-I deem it very desirable that every public school in the Commonwealth
shall be supplied with a copy of Webster's Unabridged, to be used as a book of reference both by teachers
and pupils.-J. W. DICKINSON, Sec'y State Board of Education.
Opinions similar to the above have been received from 35 other State Superintendents of Education.
Most of the County Superintendents of Schools also recommend Webster in the most unequivocal terms.
Standard with
College Pres-
idents.
Webster's Unabridged has been indorsed by nearly all the College Presidents, and by leading educators
and literary men of the U. S. and Canada.
BASTON. PA.. January 31. 1884.-Webster's Dictionary is an authoritative book : the authoritative book in
matters pertaining to the English language. It has attained this good degree for itself, not by favor but by
merit.-JAS. H. MASON KNOX, D.D., President Lafayette College.
WEBSTER'S UNABRIDGED will long continue to hold first place if in the future It shall be as judiciously
improved as It has been in the past.WM. F. WARREN, Pres't Boston University.
FREDERICTON, August 7, 1885.-For definition, orthography and pronunciation it deserves to become the
Standard Dictionary of the language.-W. BRYDONK JACK, MA
Expressions similar to the foregoing have come to us from all sections. Space is lacking for names, even.
Standard with
School Book
Publishers.
Nearly all the School Books published in this country are avowedly based on Webster. Four leading
Arms state that they publish annually 17,000,000 copies, and to this number may be added the publications of
nearly all the other School Book Publishers. It is well within bounds to say that 25,000,000 School Books.
based on Webster, are published annually. We may add to the above that so far as we can learn, over
nineteen-twentieths of the Newspapers of the U.S., that follow any Dictionary, follow Webster's.
Standard in
England and the
Colonies.
Specimens of many testimonials on file.
The best and most useful Dictionary of the English language ever published. - London Times.
KINGSTON, CANADA, November 7, 1885. -After trying others for years, I came to the conclusion that Web-
ster's was the best, and have used none other for a long time.-VERY REV. G. M. GRANT, President Queen's
University.
TRURO. NOVA SCOTIA, 1885.-It has been the standard of appeal in the Provincial Normal School since
the establishment of the institution, about thirty years ago.-PROF. JOHN B. CALKEN, Principal.
BRISBANE, QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA, Nov. 2, 1886.-Webster's Dictionary is believed to be a work of recog-
mized authority wherever the English language is spoken.-B. B. MORETON, Minister for Public Instruction.
Nork. We are told that the Prussian Government require Army staff officers to learn English and
French, and that in the study of English, Webster's Dictionary is prescribed.
It has 8,000 more words in its
vocabulary than are found in any
other American Dictionary, and
nearly three times the number of
Engravings.
1
In quantity of matter, it is be-
lieved to be the largest volume
published, being sufliclent to
make 76 12mo volumes that
usually sell for $1.26 each.
In purchasing the latest issue of this " monumental work," : The New Gazetteer contains
you secure
over 25,000 Titles, briefly describ-
ing the Countries, cities, Towns,
The Standard and Best Dictionary, and Natural Features of every
part of the Globe.
A Pronouncing Gazetteer of the World,
The Biographical Dictionary
A Pronouncing Biographical Dictionary, contains the names of nearly
10,000 Noted Persons, with Pro-
All in one Book.
nunciation, Dates of Birth and
Death, Nationality, etc.
Published by G. & C. MERRIAM & CO., Springfield, Mass., U. S. A.
JEFFERY PAINTING CO., 159 AND 161 DEARBORN ST., CHICAGO.


THE DIAL

A Monthly Journal of Current Literature.
PUBLISHED BY
A. C. MCCLURG & CO.
CHICAGO, NOVEMBER, 1887.
(VOL. VIII., No. 91.)
TERMS-61.50 PER YEAR.
A NEW WORK ON ORNITHOLOGY.
A MANUAL OF
North American Birds
CONTAINING CONCISE DESCRIPTIONS OF EVERY SPECIES
OF BIRD KNOWN IN NORTH AMERICA.
By ROBERT RIDGWAY,
Curator Department of Birds, United States National Museum.
Profusely Illustrated with 464 Outline Cuts of the
Generic Characters, and
A PORTRAIT OF THE LATE SPENCER F. BAIRD.
Library Edition, Royal 810, Extra
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Sportsman's Edition, Leather, Flexible, I 4
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There is not an unnecessary word in the volume. The book is beautifully as well as scientificalle
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appreciated only by experts, but the work once done is done permanently. New discoveries may add
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many years to come."— Boston Post.
"A work of extraordinary value to every student of natural history. It is a complete catalogue rai-
sonce of all the known birds of this country. Sportsmen, travellers and naturalists will all find the work
full of curious and correct information not obtainable elsewhere."- Philadelphia Erening Bulletin.
"The plates are admirable, giving the bills, claws, etc., of birds in life size."— Brooklyn Eagle.
“An extremely valuable work." - Baltimore Evening News.
If not obtainable at your bookxcllers', send direct to the publishers, who will forward the book, free of postage,
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134
(Nov.,
THE DIAL
THE CENTURY MAGAZINE.
ST. NICHOLAS
FOR YOUNG FOLKS.
With the November, 1887, issue THE CENTURY
commences its thirty-fifth volume with a regular Since its first issue, in 1873, this magazine has
circulation of almost 250,000. The War Papers maintained, with undisputed recognition, the posi-
and the Life of Lincoln increased its monthly edi tion it took at the beginning,--that of being the
tion by 100,000. The latter history having recounted most excellent juvenile periodical ever printed.
the events of Lincoln's early years, and given the The best known names in literature were on its list
necessary survey of the political condition of the of contributors from the start,- Bryant, Longfel.
country, reaches & new period, with which his sec- | low, Thomas Hughes, George MacDonald, Bret
retaries were most intimately acquainted. Under Harte, Bayard Taylor, Frances Hodgson Burnett,
the caption
James T. Fields, John G. Whittier; indeed the list
Lincoln in the War,
is so long that it would be casier to tell the few
authors of note who have not contributed to "the
the writers now enter on the more important part of
world's child magazine."
their narrative, viz. : the early years of the War and
President Lincoln's part therein.
The Editor, Mary Mapes Dodge,
Supplementary War Papers,
author of "Hans Brinker; or, The Silver Skates,"
following the “* battle series" by distinguished
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generals, will describe interesting features of army
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sands of homes on both sides of the water knowl.
Kennan on Siberia.
edge and delight.
Except the Life of Lincoln and the War Articles, | The Coming Year of St. Nicholas
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& year, 25 cents a number.
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By FRANK R. STOCKTOX. The new novel by the
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By a special offer the numbers for the past year. The Brownies:
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THE ABOVE MAY BE SECURED THROUGH ALL DEALERS
Published BY THE CENTURY CO., New York.


1887.]
135
THE DIAL
135
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Wild Animals in Captivity.
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neous; Vol. 2, Dante; Vol. 3, St. Anselm ; Vol. 4.
LL.D.
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with Notos, by George Birkbook Hill, D.C.L. 6 vols.,
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Macmillan & Co., 112 Fourth Ave., New York.


1887.]
137
THE DIAL
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A Girdle Round the Earth.
Their Stories, their Music, and their Composers.
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138
THE DIAL
(Nov.,
CHINA:
--- -
BUTTON'S INN.
Travels and Investigations in the “Middle King-
By ALBION W. TOURGEE, ' author of “A Fool's
dom." A Study of its Civilization and Possibilities.
Errand.” 16mo. Cloth. Price, $1.25.
Judge Tourgee has the happy faculty of writing a
With a Glance at Japan. By JAMES HARRISON readable and entertaining story, no matter who or what
WILSON, late Major-General of United States
the story is about.-Chicago Tribune.
Judge Tourgee's latest story is certainly a most en.
Volunteers, and Brevet Major-General United chaining one, in which the descriptive passages are often
startling in effect. ... It is a tale that is full of strik-
States Army. 12mo, cloth. Price, $1.75.
ing situations, without being sensational, and one that
“ These journeys were made by invitation of the
will increase the author's fame as a novelist.- Saturday
Evening Gazette.
Chinese authorities, and they involved an unusually
thorough inspection of the country, such as General
Lula's Library.
Wilson's engineering and military experience espe Volume II. A Collection of Stories. By LOUISA M. AL-
cially fitted him for. Like all travellers who have cort. Illustrated by Jessie McDermott. Uniform with
penetrated into the interior of China, and come Volume I, 16mo. Cloth. Price, $1.00.
personally into contact with its people, General In His Name.
Wilson formed a high opinion of their capacity,
A Story of the Waldenses, Seven Hundred Years Ago.
their thrift, their general intelligence, and their pos.
By EDWARD E. HALE. A New Holiday Edition, with
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HELEN JACKSON (H. H.”).
with trivial details of personal experience, which is
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Army and Navy Journal.
By GEORGE MEREDITH, author of “Richard Feverel,"
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war, and the captor of Jefferson Davis, has become, Price, $1.50.
twenty years later, the bold rider over the plains of
Some of Our Fellows.
China. : . . Apart from the value which his book
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A School Story. By the Rev. T. S. MILLINGTON. With 16
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$2.00.
tive of travel. It is not like the average book on
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ordinary tourist. The author gives us also a | ' tion edition, containing 21 illustrations, printed on
glimpse of Japan, to which country he paid two fine calendered paper. Square 12mo, cloth, gilt. Price,
visits.”—T'he Critic.
$2.00.
"General Wilson has written a book about China
A Short History of the City of Philadelphia.
which must be read by all who desire to obtain the
From the Foundation to the Present Time. By SUSAN
fullest and latest information as to the actual status COOLIDGE. 12mo, cloth. Price, $1.25.
of that little-known country. Above all, those
Madame de Stael.
who wish to know the probabilities as to Chinese
advance must follow General Wilson, for in relation
By BELLA DUFFY. (Famous Women Series.) 16mo,
to that important and interesting problem his work
cloth. Price, $1.00.
is unique; in fact, it is the only attempt made by a Helen Jackson's Complete Poems.
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and favored by free communication with their most Price, $1.75.
distinguished and enlightened men and officials, to
Midsummer-Night's Dream.
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A new edition. Silhouette, by PAUL KONEWKA. One
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important and most interesting and suggestive
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book."- New York Tribune.
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ENTIRELY NEW SELECTIONS.
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.
' | ROBERTS BROTHERS, Boston.


1887.]
THE DIAL
139
HARPER & BROTHERS' HOLIDAY BOOKS.
1887.
. 1.
VI.
ENGRAVINGS ON WOOD. Engrav ODERN ITALIAN POETS. Essays
ings on Wood by MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY OF
and Versions. By W. D. HOWELLS. With
AMERICAN WOOD-ENGRAVERS. With Descrip-
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poets themselves, and of their surroundings, with faith-
try have contributed to this work twenty-five engray.
ful and musical translations of some of their verse."
inge, which are, with one exception, from American
VII.
paintings, and the accompanying letter-press is written
by William Mackay Laftan. The work not only illus. 4N UNKNOWN COUNTRY. By the
trates in the most striking manner the marvellous
Author of " John Halifax, Gentleman."
progress which has been made in wood-engraving in
the United States, but it represents the highest excel.
Richly Illustrated by FREDERICK NOEL PA-
lence ever reached in that art, in which America is
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THE ANCIENT CITIES OF THE
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NEW WORLD. The Ancient Cities of the and anecdotes."--Literary World, London.
New World: being Voyages and Explorations
VIII.
in Mexico and Central America, from 1857 to THE BOY TRAVELLERS ON THE
1882. By DÉSIRÉ CHARNAY. Translated from
CONGO. Adventures of Two Youths in a Jour-
the French by J. GONINO and HELEN S. Co-
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NANT. Introduction by ALLEN THORNDYKE
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are numerous and good."-Spectator, London.
young."-N. Y. Journal of Commerce.
III.
IX.
THE WONDER CLOCK; or, Four and DRUM-BEAT OF THE NATION.
Twenty Marvellous Tales; being One for each The first period of the War of the Rebellion,
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" HARPER'S YOUNG PEOPLE”
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XI.
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ODERN SHIPS OF WAR. Modern
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M.P., late Chief Constructor of the British
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X.
V.


140
[Nov., 1887.
THE DIAL
Houghton, Mifflin & Co.'s New Books.
MEMOIR OF RALPH WALDO EMERSON.
By JAMES ELLIOT CABOT. With a fine new steel Portrait. 2 vols., 12mo, gilt top, $3.50; half calf, $6.00.
Mr. Cabot's Memoir is the literary event of the year in the field of biographies.—The Literary World (Boston).
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Works of Edward Fitzgerald.
Being Letters from COLERIDGE, WORDSWORTH and
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bis Sister, SOUTHEY, and SIR WALTER SCOTT, to
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THE D
VOL. VIII. NOVEMBER, 1887. No. 91,
CONTEXTS.
MR. WASHBURNE AND HIS WORK. Wm. Henry
Smith ....... ... ........ 141
MORLEY'S ENGLISH WRITERS. Melville B. Anderson 143
RECENT FICTIOX. William Morton Payne . . . . 145
AN OLD CIVILIZATION IN THE NEW WORLD.
George O Noyes .............. 148
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS........... 151
De Vogue's The Russian Writers.-Knox's Decisive
Battles since Waterloo.--Hutton's The Misrule of
Henry III.-- Ashley's Edward III. and His Wars,
-Tolstoi's What to Do ?-Memoirs of Wilhelmine,
Margravine of Baireuth. – Holmes's Our Hun.
dred Days in Europe. - Upton's The Standard
Cantatas. - Mrs. Bolton's Famous American Au.
thory. - Jordan's Science Sketches. – Holder's
Living Lights. -Mrs. Walworth's southern Sil.
houettes. - Drake's The Making of the Great
West.-Miss Cooper's Animal Life in the Sea and
on the Land.
TOPICS IN NOVEMBER PERIODICALS .... 166
BOOKS OF THE MONTH ........... 155
MR. WASHBURNE AND HIS WORK.*
Almost simultaneously with the publication
of the beautiful volumes containing Mr.
Washburne's " Recollections of a Minister to
France," the telegraph announced to the civ.
ilized world the death of their author.
Within a few hours thereafter the same mys-
terious agent brought to us the regrets of the
influential journals of Great Britain, France,
and Germany, at the loss of a distinguished
American statesman. There could be no bet.
ter illustration of the closeness of the tie that
binds together these great nations, or of the
wide recognition of the public services, emi.
nent abilities and high character of Mr.
Washburne.
It is just forty-seven years since, at the age
of twenty-four, Mr. Washburne made Illinois
his home. He brought to the West the lib-
eral political theories of the intelligent and
predominant class of New England, and as he
settled amongst the Yankees of Northern Illi-
nois, be quickly became one of them and a
leader of prominence in the State. As in the
case of Abraham Lincoln, his political speak-
ing ran parallel with his practice of the law,
and success in both only hastened the time
when public confidence called him to the
service of his country-a service conspicuous
for its length and honorable character. He
was a follower of Henry Clay in his reliance
on the people as well as in political principles.
Ambition did not move him to adopt question-
able methods, and if he had been a citizen of
the State of Martin Van Buren it is doubtful
if he would have been heard of in national
councils. As he proved faithful to the trust
reposed in him, he was continued in public
life, without undue solicitation, by an intelli-
gent constituency. He became the “Father
of the House," and as such swore in several
Speakers. Mr. Washburne was not a “brill-
iant orator," or a member who sought to
attract attention upon the floor of the House.
He was rather a quiet, industrious member,
engaged in committees, in the practical work
of shaping legislation, and trusting to strength
of character in securing a controlling support
on the floor. On such occasions, whether as
member or as head of a committee, his speeches
were generally brief, plain, and forcible. He
rendered conspicuous service to the country
during the war period-a period of such extra-
ordinary expenditures as to invite extrava-
gant appropriations--in preventing raids on
the Treasury. He was truly the “watch-
dog," the careful, honest, and conservative
legislator that the country needed at that
time.
Mr. Washburne's extreme views on the
slavery question did not lead him into the
camp of the troublesome factionists during
the Civil War. He had, when the effort was
being made to establish the slaveholder's right
to carry his slaves into the territories, defended
agitators, and in a speech tbat attracted wide
attention he had warned the Southerners of
the fate their course invited, in these words:
“You might as well ask the sea to stand still
as to ask the North to submit in silence to the
repeal of the Missouri Compromise." But
when the storm raged, he was a leader whose
calmness and dignified demeanor inspired
courage in others. He was faithful to Mr.
Lincoln, and was much trusted by that great
man in the darkest hours. And he did not
lack fire in ('ongress, when the occasion justi-
fied it. When, in January 1864, there was a
concerted movement in the House to embar-
rass the government, and Harris of Maryland
had declared that he was for peace “by the
recognition of the Confederacy," and invoked
divine interposition that the North might not
succeed, Mr. Washburne promptly moved his
expulsion.
ing
•RBOOLLECTIONS OF A MINISTER TO FRANCE-1929IN77.
By L. B Washburne, LLD. With Illustrations. In two
volumes. New York. Charles scribner's sons.


142
(Nov.,
THE DIAL
So conspicuous had been Mr. Washburne's continued ruffianism and disorder. I sat in the
services during these trying years, and so | Diplomatic Gallery for five hours and a half, and
stanch a friend had he proved to General | witnessed all that took place.”
Grant, that the whole country recognized the Two or three days passed before M. Jules
propriety of his appointment to the State | Ferry, the republican deputy, was permitted
Department. The reasons for that step, and to speak by the Bonapartists. Mr. Washburne
for his early resignation and appointment as tells us:
Minister to France, need not be considered
"Flis speech was one of remarkable power, and
here. That they were honorable to both the was received with continual applause from the
President and Mr. Washburne, we sincerely Left, mingled with protestations from the Right.
believe. We had occasion, some months ago,
The most striking and effective passage was when
to expose in these pages the falsehood of the
he turned to the ministers and said: You have
hurled the dissolution at us as a menace; we accept
charge made in a historical work of some pre-
it as a deliverance.'”
tensions, that while in the State Department
he demoralized the foreign service by making
In the death of M. Thiers, France lost her
many changes which it afterwards took years
greatest statesman. Mr. Washburne had
to correct. After a defence as foolish as the arranged to present him with a pair of car-
original offence, the author requested his pub-
riage blankets, manufactured in Minnesota,
lishers to withdraw the book from the trade.
and a present from General Washburne.
The same falsehood has been revived, since “On the morning of the day named the paper
Mr. Washburne's death, on the alleged au was brought in while I was taking my coffee, which
thority of Senator Wilson; and it will proba- announced that M. Thiers had died suddenly at
bly have a run in the daily and weekly press.
six o'clock the evening previons.
I
After this long and honorable service in his
had decided upon September 10th as the day for
leaving Paris with my family for home. As I had
own country, Mr. Washburne found a new
not been able to see Madame Thiers and her sister,
field of usefulness in France. He was ap-
Mademoiselle Dosne, after the death of M. Thiers,
pointed in the spring of 1869. In the intro I felt that I could not go away without making
ductory chapter to his “Recollections," he them a formal adieu. I therefore went to the late
says:
residence of M. Thiers in the Place St. Georges, on
"My terın of service as Minister of the l'nited
the day of the funeral, and before the hour
announced for it to take place.... While I
States to France was eight years and a half, which
was in the house I met Gambetta, and he seemed to
was a longer term than that of any diplomatic rep-
be utterly broken down with grief. He spoke of
resentative we ever had in that country. It com-
prised one of the most interesting epochs in history,
M. Thiers as the most wonderful man of modern
and embraced the Siege and Commune of Paris.
times, and said that France had met with an irre-
parable loss in his death. I may add here, that M.
I write from personal knowledge and personal
recollection, and narrate circumstances and events
Thiers died in the very height of the great election
canvass of 1877. His friends and supporters were
as they passed under my own observation."
appalled at the consequences which might follow
A book written under such exceptionally his sudden death. It may be retneinbered that M.
favorable circumstances must always have an
Thiers died almost instantly, as he sat at the dinner
important value to the historian as a contempo-
table. Mademoiselle Dosne spoke to me of the
raneous record; and to the present generation
last moments of his life, and said that the last
words that he uttered were in reference to my com-
it reproduces in striking colors the startling
ing to see him the next day."
events and scenes which were enacted only a
few years ago, and are now almost forgotten. It
I cannot close this imperfect sketch without
is gratifying to Americans to find that the
a reference to the estrangement between Gen-
French Republic, which was proclaimed at
eral Grant and Mr. Washburne, to which
such a crisis, has survived the storms of the
allusion has been made in the daily press. It
Commune and the intrigues of the monarch-
is no secret that the estrangement began while
ists for so many years. There is hope that
Mr. Washburne was yet minister, and that
the dream of La Fayette may yet be realized.
Mr. Secretary Fish had something to do with
Mr. Washburne closes his work with the
it. The personal feeling became more intense
overthrow of the cabinet of 1977, and the
on the part of General Grant, when Mr.
death of M. Thiers. He describes the “state Washburne yielded to the solicitations of
of war" in the (Chamber of Deputies when
friends throughout the whole country, to
Gambetta, the Mirabeau of modern France,
permit his name to be used for the Presidency
and M. Jules Ferry contended with the turbu. ¡ In
in 1--0). No act of his life was more patriotic,
lent elements. He says:
and it should be gratefully remembered by
the American people and by the friends of the
"I do not think that there had ever been such a
eminent citizen so deeply concerned, as it
turbulent sitting of a parliamentary bowly since the
saved the country from the mistake of a third
days of the First Revolution, por that the files of
the Moniteur would show, in all the wild pro,
term of the Presidency
ceedings of the National Convention, such long.
Ww. HENRY SMITH.


1887.]
143
THE DIAL
MORLEY'S ENGLISH WRITERS.*
The Introduction, which covers one hundred
The veteran author of this work was born
and twenty pages, gives a valuable general
in 1822 (the birth-year of Matthew Arnold,
survey of the whole course of English literary
history, indicating of course only the main
Professor Masson and James Parton), and is
trends of the stream. It is characterized by
sixteen years the senior of Mr. John Morley,
the distinguished editor of the series of biog-
wisdom as well as by learning, and many pas-
sages bear pleasing evidence that the author
raphies entitled “English Men of Letters."
is a wholesome teacher as well as a sound
Professor Henry Morley's “English Writers”
scholar. There is sincere piety but no prud-
has been favorably known to students for
ery. If there be, here and there, a shade of
more than twenty years, the first volume hav-
religious mysticism, the dulness of such pas-
ing been published in 1864. Three years later
sages is amply compensated by the general
a volume or part appeared, bringing the story
justice and the occasional vigor of the judg-
down to the invention of printing, and there
ments. One is particularly thankful for the
the work was dropped. The book before us
is a revision of a portion of this standard work,
manly and courageous assertion of the ethical
soundness as well as the literary excellence
printed in handier form than the original octa-
of Fielding. It is only a pity that the revision
vos, and designed as the first of a series of
of the Introduction should not have been
half yearly volumes to be issued so long as
extended to the style, which, though gener-
the author's life and health last. That his life
ally polished, bears here and there marks of
and health may outlast the publication of the
carelessness strange and unpardonable in a
projected twenty volumes, every reader of this
serious work republished after the lapse of a
first one will join Professor Morley's earlier
quarter of a century. At p. 41 there is a slap-
readers in warmly desiring. The preface
dash series of clauses in which we are in-
bears pathetic evidence that he himself per-
formed, among other things, that Lyly had
ceives Age with his stealing step dogging his
children and thought for himself, that he was
pathway. Like Browning's Grammarian, he
a little man with a wife and family and
has been so long loth to "draw his circle pre-
smoked tobacco, etc. At p. 19 we are gravely
mature,” that it has finally become unlikely
told that Laura, a young wife when Petrarch
that the small arc begun in the vigor of youth
first saw her, “had, in addition to her hus-
will ever sweep round the vast circumference
band, ten children” before Petrarch finished
of his subject. “Little is much to us when
his sonneteering. At p. 62, Boileau is spoken
young,” he remarks ; “time passes and pro-
of as “living on until his death.” It may be
portions change. But, however small the
unfair not to quote the complete sentences in
harvest, it must be garnered. Scanty pro-
which these bulls occur, but I am sure they
duce of the work of a whole life, it may yield
seem as absurd on Professor Morley's page as
grain to some one for a little of life's daily
they are represented here. They would not
bread.”
be singled out in this way did they not illus-
How lofty is Professor Morley's ideal of the
trate what I conceive to be Professor Morley's
true historian of literature may be read at the
chief deficiency as a literary historian,-
beginning of the Introduction, and the pas-
namely, a defective sense of humor. This is
sage is the more remarkable inasmuch as it is in
exhibited again in the solicitude with which
no wise the afterthought of the tired veteran,
he preserves a witticism that he has chanced
for it stood in the edition of 1867 (and prob-
upon. Thus he repeats here the epigrammatic
ably in that of 1864) substantially as it stands
sentence found at or near the beginning of his
here. I cite but a sentence or two to show
“First Sketch of English Literature": Once
the modesty of the author's tone and the excel.
Europe was peopled only here and there by
lence of his style:
men who beat at the doors of nature and upon
"In these volumes I desire to tell the History of
the heads of one another with sharp flints.”
English Literature as fully as I can, well knowing
These are trifles, but the deficiency referred to,
that the studies of one life are insufficient for the
if real, is no trifle.
setting forth even of the little that one man can
see. Each reader within the limit of his different
As in the early work the author gives what
range of sight must have observed much that will,
most scholars would think to be undue prom-
in his own mind, add fulness to my story, or serve
inence to the Celtic race, language, and litera-
to correct some of its errors, and he will also find in ture. The whole subject of the influence of
it some things that he himself has not before seen. Celt upon Saxon in England is a hopelessly
Give and Take keep the gates of knowledge, where
obscure one, nor does the third of a volume
none but the dwarfs pass through with unbowed
here devoted to it much elucidate the matter.
head."
In spite of the efforts of literary historians to
* ENGLISH WRITERS. An Attempt towards a History of make out a Saxon pedigree for our literary
English Literature. By Henry Morley, LL.D., Professor masterpieces, it is evident that the continuity
of English Literature at University College, London.
between Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman lit-
1. Introduction, Origins, old Celtic Literature, Beowulf.
| erature is one of language rather than of
New York: Cassell & Co.


144
[Nov.,
THE DIAL
thought. The much-abused critics of the think consecutively, and dwelt too moodily
English “age of reason" were, after all, right upon impressive or tragic details to be an
in thinking the “Canterbury Tales" to be the artistic narrator. The versification is abrupt,
first vital piece of English literature, and discontinuous, jagged; the verses seem to be
Chaucer's literary lineage is French, Italian, forged upon the anvil. The gloomy narrative
Latin,--anything but Saxon. What definite of battle and blood, brand and bale, hitches
relationship can be pointed out between any fitfully forward from one weird episode to
Anglo-Saxon author and Chaucer? But the another; verse succeeds verse like sword
relationship here is close, indeed, compared strokes in battle, and there is ever a dismal
with that which is pretended to exist between uncertainty where the next stroke may fall.
Celt and Saxon; so that when Professor Mor The mind of the narrator becomes as it were
ley's narrative passes from the old literature infatuated with a personage or an event,
of the Celts to the old literature of the Saxons, which is dwelt upon in a series of powerful
the difference of subject is as strongly. felt as lines; finally it becomes necessary to proceed
when we pass in an encyclopædia from one to something else, but the reader has hardly
article to another. All that we learn here of settled his attention on the new object of
Celtic literature is highly acceptable and thought when all becomes confused and he
interesting, and one readily admits the proba. | finds, upon analysis, that the narrative has
bility of certain imperceptible relationships; doubled back upon itself and is again occupied
but the question remains, is the author justi. with the subject which he had dismissed from
fiable in his attempt to make it appear that his mind. This want of flexibility of intelli-
the literature of Gael and ('ymry is a part of gence makes the composers of Beowulf seem
English literature? Having taken a quarter but as children in comparison with the
of a century to consider the matter, Professor authors (or author) of the Iliad and the Odys.
Morley may be supposed to know what he is sey. The Greek epics are, indeed, in most
doing, and ample allowance must be made for respects incomparably superior to Beowulf;
the enthusiasm of the accomplished Celtic they are superior in sure rapidity of movement,
scholar who is sure he sees ramifications and in balance of parts, in range of thought and ver-
relations the existence of which nobody can satility of power. In all that goes under the
absolutely deny.
name of beauty, too, they are as superior as a
At p. 240, the author fairly enters upon day of sunshine to a day of fog. But fog and
his long narrative. After a brief chapter on mist, gloom and despair have also their
the “Old Literature of The Teutons," and impressiveness, and for the supreme literary
another, entitled “Scandinavia," dealing expression of this we must look not to llomer
chietly with the Icelanders and their Eddas, but to the rude Old English war epic.
the remainder of the volume is devoted to Professor Morley devotes to this noble and
Beowulf and the Fight at Finnesburg. After an venerable "human document" more space than
interesting summary of the poem of Beowulf, any preceding literary historian bas thought fit
he takes up the interpretations and theories of to give. To the argument of the tale alone he
the editors and commentators from Thorkelin devotes more than forty pages, some of the
to Skeat and Earle. Mullenhoff's analysis of more impressive passages being carefully
the epic into its constituent parts is set forth translated in metre. It must be said that
and rather trenchantly criticised. Professor these metrical renderings are much too
Morley has modified this portion of his work smoothly wrought to give any adequate idea
much more than the preceding chapters, but of the characteristic features of the style. But
he still seems somewhat prepossessed in favor those who, like the present writer, owe their
of the views he set forth in the original edi. | first knowledge of the poem to Professor
tion. Thus he gives greater prominence than Morley's painstaking paraphrase, will hardly
would now be given by specialists to the the. be disposed to find fault. Though decidedly
ory of Haigh, that the scene of Beowulf is laid | inferior, critically, to Professor ten Brink's
upon English soil. In short, the effect of this treatment of Beowulf in his history of Early
critical portion is decidedly confusing; it is i English Literature, our author's handling of
inconclusive, probably because the author him. I the subject is probably better suited to the
self had not sufficiently mastered the subject to purpose of attracting readers to this oldest
arrive at a definite conclusion. He therefore monument of Teutonic poetry. And unless
pursued the only course open to him,-that of Professor ten Brink proves unexpectedly fer-
setting forth the theories of leading scholars, tile and gives us several successors to his
and of leaving the reader to sink or swim unrivalled tirst volume, the present work, if
amongst them.
I carried as far as the author reasonably hopes
Very strange is the epic verse of our Anglo. to carry it, bids fair to possess the field as the
Saxon forefathers. The poem of Beowulf is best history of English literature hitherto
a psychological revelation of a stage in mental produced.
development when the poet felt too keenly to i
MELVILLE B. AXDERSON.


1887.)
145
THỂ DIAL
RECENT FICTION.*
The new translations from Tolstoï are per-
haps the most interesting works of fiction
recently published. It is a pity that the
translations from that author should have
been made by so many different hands, and
brought out by so many different publishers.
A collection of these translations can only be
had in volumes most heterogeneous in size and
shape, and in workmanship, for the most part,
of all degrees of inferiority. Four volumes
are now before us, as unlike in appearance as
volumes well can be, bearing the names of
three different translators and the imprint of
three different publishing houses. The most
important of them is a slightly revised edition
of Mr. Eugene Schuyler's translation of “The
Cossacks,” first published ten years ago, and
the first work of Tolstoï to be put into En-
glish. Taken directly from the original by a
competent scholar, it is perhaps the best that
we have; as the work itself, although far
slighter than “Anna Karenina” or “War and
Peace,” is perhaps the closest approach of the
author to the production of an artistic master-
piece. At least Tourguénieff thought it to
be a masterpiece, and told Mr. Schuyler that
he considered it “ the most perfect product of
Russian literature.” That, however, was
twenty years ago, and before the two more
* THE COSSACKS. A Tale of the Caucasus in 1852. By
Count Leo Tolstoy. Translated from the Russian by
Eugene Schuyler. Revised Edition. New York: William
S. Gottsberger.
SEBASTOPOL. By Count Leo Tolstoi. Translated from
the French by Frank D. Millet. New York: Harper &
Brothers.
THE INVADERS, AND OTHER STORIES. By Count Lyof
N. Tolstoi. Translated from the Russian by Nathan Has.
kell Dole. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co.
Ivan ILYITCH, AND OTHER STORIES. By Count Lyof N.
Tolstoi. Translated from the Russian by Nathan Hask
Dole. New York. Thomas Y. Crowell & Co.
THE ROMANCE OF THE CANONESS. A Life History.
From the German of Paul Heyse. New York: D. Apple.
ton & Co.
THE HUNDREDTH MAN. By Frank R. Stockton. New
York: The Century Co.
A PRINCESS OF JAVA. A Tale of the Far East. By S.
J. Higginson. Boston: Houghton, MiMin & Co.
THE CERULEANS. By H, S. Cunningham. London:
Macmillan & Co.
THEKLA: A Story of Viennese Musical Life. By
William Arinstrong. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co.
MR. INCOUL'S MISADVENTURE. By Edgar Saltus. New
York: Benjamin & Bell.
TALES BEFORE SUPPER. From Théophile Gautier and
Prosper Merimée. Told in English by Myndart Verelst.
New York: Brentanos.
TAE COUNT OF THE SAXON SHORE: or, the Villa in Vec.
tis. By the Rev. Alfred J. Church, M.A. New York: G.
P. Putnam's Sons.
WITH THE KING AT OXFORD. A Tale of the Great
Rebellion. By the Rev. Alfred J. Church, M.A. New
York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
THE CRUSADE OF THE EXCELSIOR. By Bret Harte,
Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
ALLAN QUATERMAIN. By H. Rider Haggard. New
York: Harper & Brothers.
KNITTERS IN THE SUN. By Octave Thanet. Boston:
Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
extended romances had been written. Mr.
Schuyler frankly says: “My translation did
not satisfy Tourguénieff, who wrote to Tol-
stoï that it was faithful, but dry and matter-
of-fact." However this may be, as translations
of Tolstoï go, “The Cossacks” is one of the best
that we have, and we are inclined to think
that Tourguénieff's judgment of the work
itself is not so far astray even when we com-
pare it with « Anna Karenina” and “War
and Peace.” It seems to produce a far more
artistic effect; it is far less chaotic and
uneven. It is interesting also to note, even in
this early work, indications of the author's
revolt against the modern social organization,
Olenin, the principal figure of the story, is a
character of the same essential type as Levin
and Peter Bezukhof.
“Sebastopol” hardly belongs to the domain
of fiction, although characters presumably
fictitious appear in its pages. What the siege
of Şebastopol was, as viewed from the Anglo-
French standpoint, has been made clear enough
in the extensive English and French literature
of the subject; but the Russian view has not,
so far as we are aware, been before presented
in our language—it certainly cannot have been
so vividly presented or with such life-like col-
oring. Indeed, Tolstoi has almost a literary
monopoly of the subject of warfare as it
appears to the individual participant. We
find here the same absolute truthfulness of
description which the author was to put after-
wards into so many scenes of “War and
Peace,” scenes which impress themselves
ineffaceably upon the mind. In this book there
is no pretence of artistic arrangement, and
the author's method of publishing his note-
book material in undigested shape-a method
the employment of which is his chief fault as
a formal novelist-is here entirely appropri-
ate. The translation of this volume is made
through the medium of the French version. .
The two remaining volumes include short
stories and sketches, in a translation by Mr.
Nathan Haskell Dole, who professes to have
made it directly from the original. Whatever
it is taken from, the style is slipshod, and the
attempts to match American against Russian
vulgarisms are anything but successful. The
stories comprised in “The Invaders" are six
in number, and reveal the author's observant
powers and his artistic shortcomings in per-
haps a more marked degree than the longer
novels do. When we read them, we think of
“ Assja” and “Faust,” and “A Lear of the
Steppe,” and we realize the immensity of the
distance between a mere observer, however
thoughtful, and a writer who is not only that,
but a master of style and form as well. Tour-
guénieff's short stories are of the unforget-
table kind; those of Tolstoï hardly make a
temporary impression upon the mind.


146
[Nov.,
THE DIAL
An exception to this statement should per Stull and his aristocratic restaurant, there runs
haps be made in favor of “ The Death of a thread of romance, which is supplied by the
Ivan Ilyitch." This story, which is one of story of Miss Armatt and her lovers. This
the latest compositions of the author, is a Miss Armatt seems to be a Bryn Mawr sort of
powerful psychological study of the last days girl, and her lovers are three in number. The
of a man stricken with a fatal disease. The first has the foolish idea that when he has
remaining sketches which the volume con married her she will forsake all the higher
tains are little more than popular tracts, obvi interests of her life in order to look after the
ously didactic in their purpose. They are housekeeping, take care of the chickens, and
also among the most recent of Tolstoi's writ make him comfortable generally. The second
ings. Some of them are not unlike Grimm's is a gentleman who appreciates the fine intel-
“ Märchen," and, altogether, they are very lectual qualities of the girl, and who is clear-
curious when considered as compositions by headed enough to see that she will be misera-
the band that wrote “War and Peace.” They ble if she marries the first. He succeeds in
will be found interesting by those who take making her realize this, but, being possessed
Tolstoi seriously in his role of socialist re- | by a Quixotic notion that he has acted only
former, but they have hardly any claim to be for her interests, and that it would be base for
considered as literature.
him to seek for a transfer of her affections to
A translation of Paul Heyse's “ Der Roman himself. he stands aloof when his work is
der Stiftsdame" is, perhaps, next in importance accomplished, and represses the impulse to tell
to these works of Tolstoi. “The Romance of her of his love. Wherefore she pines away,
the Canoness" is the title given it by Mr. J. and is at the point of death when number
M. Percival, the translator. It is one of the three opportunely appears upon the scene and
later works of the author, and is, we believe, asks her to marry him. She promptly recovers,
with the exception of “Im Paradiese" and and all ends happily. It is impossible to treat
“ Kinder der Welt," his most considerable one of Mr. Stockton's stories in an entirely
piece of fiction. The story is a beautiful one, serious manner, but “The Hundredth Man"
and we cannot recommend it too strongly to really has a vein of serious character-study
the novel-reader's attention. It is a story of running through it, and the author is success-
provincial life, but there is nothing provincial ful enough to be encouraged to work more in
in its treatment. The conception of the that direction.
“ canoness" is one of the loveliest in German In “A Princess of Java," Mrs. Higginson
romance, and it is all the more surprising takes us to that little-known island, and finds
when her character is contrasted with the in the native life there romantic material in
types of Heyse's two earlier masterpieces. abundance. And yet the story is not wholly
That the author's sympathies are comprehen one of native life, for several Europeans take
sive enough to embrace the “canoness," with an active part in it, and if it be considered as
her fervent faith, and the gentle Balder, with a study of anything in particular, it should be
his fervent unbelief and his resolute rejection described as a study of the contact between
of all the so-called consolations of religion, is the Javanese and the European civilizations,
evidence of a far profounder insight into The heroine is Mattah-Djarri, who is betrothed
human life than often falls to the share of by her father to a gentleman who rejoices in
the writer of fiction. Heyse's work is never the appellation of “the old Tumung'gung."
designedly didactic, but there is implicit within She objects to the alliance, having a certain
it the lesson that character is to belief as the weakness for a young Englishman, and takes
essential is to the accidental; the lesson that flight from the paternal roof. Having been
may be read in all enduring literature which discovered in her place of concealment, near
deals with human life and thought. The the famous upas valley, she seeks death d
reader of every-day fiction cannot fail to rise r'.Ifricaine, but, more fortunate than that
from the perusal of this work with a widened heroine, she is rescued by her lover and carried
horizon and a heightened sense of the saintly off in triumph. The book gives what seems
possibilities of existence.
to be a faithful picture of Javanese life.
The ('entury magazine has yielded up Mr. “The (@ruleans" is a novel which exhibits
Stockton's story of “The Hundredth Man," an easy way of saying things and a lamentable
and the publishers have produced it in what lack of things worth saying. The man of
is easily the handsomest volume to be found winning ways and feeble character, who wins
among the novels of the season. While the love of a pure high-minded girl only to
exhibiting the humorous aspect of Mr. Stock betray it, has posed no often in fiction that
ton's quaint and curious talent, it has a touch most readers prefer to hear about somebody
of seriousness which is something new to his else. He has about outlived his usefulness
readers, and which makes the book much bis even as a stock character. Mr. ('unningbamis
most substantial performance. Parallel with book deals with life in India for the most
the humorous chronicle of the fortunes of Mr. part, and is full of attractive quotations and


1887.)
147
THE DIAL
allusions, although even these are of the more Dr. Alfred A. Church, whose " Stories from
hackneyed kind. But such devices cannot Homer" have endeared him to the youthful
lend to so threadbare a theme sufficient in. heart, has written, with the collaboration of
terest to make the reader feel repaid for his Miss Ruth Putnam, a historical romance enti-
pains.
tled “The Count of the Saxon Shore, or the
Mr. William Armstrong is the author of a Villa in Vectis." It is a story of Britain during
slight but well-related story of musical life in the last years of the Roman occupation, when
Vienna. «Thekla, a Story of Viennese Mu. Honorius was playing the emperor at Raven-
sical Life," tells the tale of a country maiden na, and the British legions were making and
with an exquisite voice, who, after receiving unmaking emperors of their own. Count of
the necessary training, takes the Viennese the Saxon Shore was the title of the Roman
public by storm, and ends by marrying a officer whose duty it was to protect the coast
wealthy scion of the nobility. The theme is of Britain and Gaul from the Saxon pirates.
about as hackneyed as a theme can be, but the The story has enough movement to sustain
writer's treatment gives to it a renewed the interest of the reader to the end, and the
charm. There are humorous touches in the meagre historical knowledge which we possess
book which remind one of the experiences of of the subject is presented attractively. The
the Familie Buchholz ; there is a very delicate view is advanced that when the Roman
and just feeling for music; and there is an legions set out under Constantine, to conquer
acquaintance with Germanic ways and speech Gaul about 408 A.D., they left Britain for
which croes so far as to impress itself upon the good, although not formally withdrawn by
writer's very style, and makes his book read Honorius for two years from that date.
like a translation.
Still another historical romance from the
“Mr. Incoul's Misadventure" is an unpleasant same pen is before us. It is a story of the
sort of book, in spite of its literary flavor and Great Rebellion, being entitled “With the
its suggestions of good writers and remote King at Oxford." It is a narrative in the first
interesting localities. Mr. Saltus's readings in person, supposed to have been written by a
pessimism reveal their influence here very | young Oxford student, called from his books
plainly, and his pessimism is rather of the to bear arms at Naseby in defence of the
morbid than the robust, healthy sort. The King. The story is exceedingly simple, and
reader can take no sort of satisfaction in Mr. deals with the familiar subject of the closing
Incoul's successful murder of his wife, or in years of the war and the trial and execution
the trick which he played upon her lover, of Charles Stuart, “ tyrant, traitor, murderer,
although the moral weakness which drove the and public enemy." It is written, of course,
latter to suicide prevents us from taking him from the standpoint of sympathy with the
over warmly to our sympathies. The real royalist cause. More interesting than the
difficulty is that Mr. Incoul is not the kind of treatment of these episodes, perhaps, is the
man to act in that way. His conduct at the reconstruction of student life at Oxford,
end takes the reader by surprise; it is with which, although meagre in detail, is faithful
out adequate motivation. The writer's style is as far as it goes. The chapters on the Bod-
good, although a little affected here and there. leian and the parliamentary visitation are par-
The “ Tales before Supper," for which Mr. ticularly interesting. The style throughout
Saltus seems also responsible, includes trans- is quaint, and modelled upon that which was
lations of two stories, from Gautier and Méri. then in vogue among writers.
mée, “Avatar” and “ The Venus of Ille.” “The Crusade of the Excelsior" is a long
They are both stories of the impossible, and 1 story for Mr. Bret IIarte to write the longest,
the first of them is of the kind in which the with the exception of “ Gabriel Conroy," that
esoteric (or is it bysteric?) Buddhist chiefly de- | he has written. It is also one of the best;
lights; but their literary art is of the finest which amounts to saying that it is as good as
kind, and is largely retained in the translation. anything done by any of our living story.
The introduction by Mr. Saltus, while a little tellers. As a story, in fact, it is even better;
affected and strained in its expression, is for the most important of recent works by
almost as readable as the stories themselves. other hands-such as “ The Princess ('asamas.
It sketches the two Frenchmen whose stories sima" and "Saracinesca"-are serious studies
are translated, and gives a very fair idea of besides being stories, while “ The Crusade of
their characteristics, both personal and liter- | the Excelsior” cannot be called a study of
ary, and of their place in French literature.. anything in particular, unless it be of the
Mr. Saltus greatly admires both of them, and ways of Spanish-American filibusters. The
his admiration for the former goes so far as to 1 idea of the mission of Todos Santos, with
leave him nothing but praise to say even of its fog-guarded sea-coast and its desert.
“ Mademoiselle de Maupin." Praise of that 'protected boundary by land, is both original
book, although much may be justly given, and striking; and the accidental landing of
should be at least discriminating.
the “Excelsior" passengers in the midst of


148
[Nov.,
THE DIAL
these unsophisticated Spaniards gives the season. “Knitters in the Sun” is the title-
autbor an excellent occasion for the exercise Shakespeare's
both of his descriptive and his humorous “The spinsters and the knitters in the gun "-
faculties. The interpretation which the and the stories are taken mostly, if not alto-
inhabitants of the mission put upon the rela-
gether, from the “ Atlantic Monthly.” They
tions of the visitors to each other and to their are of quite uneven excellence; “The Ogre
government is one of the best pieces of humor of Ha Ha Bay” is the best, and “Schopen-
that we have recently met with. The author's hauer on Lake Pepin” very decidedly the
sense of humor sometimes carries him well
worst, being successful neither as fiction nor
towards the improbable, but even the senti as philosophy. Most of the stories are por-
mental liaison between the filibuster revo traitures of American life in out-of-the-way
lutionist, Leonidas Boli