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A MODERN JACOB.
HESTER STUART. 12mo, $1.00,
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this bright story of city and country life, showing the
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chapter,
At the bookstores, or sent, post-paid, on receipt of price.
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and fellow.laborer in letters, Dr. T. M. Coan."-Harper's
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Opinions on MSS. given. DR. TITUS MUNSON COAN,
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D. LOTHROP COMPANY, Publishers,
BOSTON, MASS.


52
[June, 1888.
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54
THE DIAL
[July, 1888.
The King of Folly Island,
- - ------ -
D. APPLETON & CO. HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO.'S
HAVE JUBT PUBLISHED:
NEW BOOKS.
EVE.
A Novel. By S. BARING-GOULD, author of “Red
Martin Van Buren.
Spider,” “ Little Tu'penny,” etc. Forming Num Vol. 19 of American Statesmen. By EDWARD M.
ber Two of “APPLETONS' Town AND COUNTRY SHEPARD. 16mo, gilt top, $1.25.
LIBRARY.” 12mo, paper cover. Price, 50 cents. Mr. Shepard states with admirable clearness and force
the many important political questions discussed and
“Books that have Helped Me."
decided in Van Buren's time, describes the many dra.
matic incidents in which Van Buren took part, and has
By EDWARD E. HALE, Prof. WILLIAM T. HARRIS,
made this book one of the most interesting in the excel.
Pres. JOHN Bascom, ANDREW LANG, Prof. A. P.
lent series to which it belongs.
PEABODY, EDWARD EGGLESTON, A. JESSOPP,
JEANNETTE L. GILDER, BRANDER MATTHEWS,
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popularity, is now brought out in a new and more
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borough Series." 12ino, paper cover. Price, | AND OTHER PEOPLE. By SARAH ORNE JEWETT,
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author of “A White Heron,” “A Marsh Island,”
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THE DIAL
-
.---
--
- - -
- -
-
VOL. IX. JULY, 1888. No. 99. a sufficient number and variety of examples
will be given “to form a collection that
shall be to our literature what a National
CONTENTS.
Gallery is to national art.”
It is plain that the editors have taken upon
themselves a great and laborious undertak-
A LIBRARY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. Hor.
ing, for whose successful accomplishment not
atio N. Powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
merely patient industry and wide reading are
BOOKS ON EVOLUTION AND LIFE. John Bascom - 59
required, but rare literary experience, a fine
MANASSEH CUTLER. W. H. Ray ....... sense of fitness and proportion, and a keen and
THE ENEMIES OF BOOKS. W. F. Poole ..... 64
sure scent for that which best illustrates the
whole field of American literature. That the
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne ...
enterprise has fallen into skilled and competent
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS - - ......... 69 hands, the three volumes now before the pub-
Harcourt's Edition of Evelyn's Life of Mrs. Go. lic are abundant proof. Mr. Stedman, with
dolpbin,-Memoirs of an Arabian Princess.-Mrs. his poetic genius, unerring literary judgment
Dall's Life of Dr. Anandibai Joshee. - Sterne's
and erudition, and Miss Hutchinson, of ripe
Constitutional History and Political Development
journalistic experience and disciplined taste,
of the United States.-Levi's History of British
Commerce.-Bigelow's France and the Confeder.
are happily fitted as collaborators in the im-
ate Navy.-Barrows': The United States of Yester portant task which they have accepted, and,
day and of To-Morrow.-Adelaide Ristori's Auto so far, most admirably accomplished. At
biography.-Eaton's The Heart of the Creeds.-
present, only the first two volumes will come
Brooks's The Story of New York.-Kennedy's The
under our review. These are exceedingly at-
Early Days of Mormonism.-Long's Slips of
Tongue and Pen.
tractive, not from their literary merits, but
from the charm and significance of their mat-
TOPICS IN JULY PERIODICALS ....... 72
ter. Their great value and lasting interest
BOOKS OF THE MONTH ........... 73 lie in narratives of the scenes and events that
attend the colonization of an untamed wil-
derness — strange adventure, perils and es-
A LIBRARY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE.* capes, and achievements; curious information
[First Notice.]
concerning savage life- its pursuits, customs,
The scheme of this work, which comprises
superstitions; portraitures of the hardships,
ten octavo volumes of some 500 pages each,
providences, religious observances, fashions,
is so specific and comprehensive that if suc-
industries, enterprises, afflictions and tri-
cessfully carried out it will verify its title as
umphs of the early settlers, and the gradual
“A Library of American Literature.” It is
development of their civilization to a higher
intended for popular use, as well as for the
and more settled stage. The material for the
scholar and the man of affairs. Briefly, there
life-like pictures that illuminate these volumes
was gathered from all available sources, and
will be presented without note or comment,
in chronological order as far as possible,
involved a wide survey and immense toil.
Libraries have been ransacked, all sorts of
select and characteristic examples of such
written records of the age scrutinized, letters,
writings as best represent the successive
journals, official reports, speeches, sermons,
periods and different classes of literary pro-
ductions since the first settlement of the
poems, studied and sorted, and the cream of
country. All these will be in English,
all that is descriptive of the spirit and charac-
and no translations will be included. The
teristics of the times selected and arranged.
first volume will embrace the Early Colonial
Of course, in such a performance a vast
Literature, 1607-1675; the second, the Later
amount of drudgery has been performed ; but
Colonial, 1676-1764; the third, the Revolu-
the taste and skill displayed in the handling
tionary, 1765-1787; the fourth, the Literature
of the matter are very admirable. There is a
of the Republic, 1788-1820; and the remain-
coherence in the arrangement that amounts
almost to a continuous narrative of the most
ing five volumes, the Modern, the last fifty
years of this century. It is not intended
expressive features of the life of the colonial
| period. One derives from these expressive
that every author shall be represented, but
and often curious selections a more various,
*A LIBRARY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. From the vivid, and satisfactory impression of the think-
Earliest Settlement to the Present Time. Compiled and ing, the feeling and the performances of the
edited by Edmund Clarence Stedman and Ellen Mackay
period covered than any history reveals to
Hutchinson. In ten volumes. New York: Charles L.
Webster and Company.
us. While we find among these productions


56
[July,
THE DIAL
HH
HII
very much that betrays the infelicities and represented by Hooker, Hooke, and others, of
crudeness of unskilled literary workman whose sermons are given characteristic ex-
ship, they are so replete with quaint and amples. Copious extracts are made from
pithy sayings, amusing and singular descrip “The Bay Psalm Book”-a curious work with
tion, independent criticism, and revelations which, in our day, few are familiar. Thomas
of remarkable phases of life and experience, Welde does not mince matters in his savage
that they have together the fascination of a ) arraignment of the heresies of Anne Hutchin-
romance. But it must not be inferred that son and her followers. After some merciless
these pages are destitute of able writing. language, he says:
Names of men like Hooker, Winthrop, the “The opinions of some were such as these: I
Mathers, Bishop Berkeley, and Jonathan Ed say, some of them, to give but a taste, for after-
wards, are the warrant for a style of solid and wards you shall see a litter of fourscore and eleven
dignified composition.
of their brats hung up against the sun, besides
The first volume naturally opens with the
many new ones of Mistress Hutchinson's; all of
story of the Virginia Colony, in which the
which they hatched and dandled."
thrilling adventures of Captain John Smith
He then goes on to lay open the matter in
and the romance of Pocahontas are given with
the same edifying strain. Roger Williams, in
sufficient fulness. The colonists are struck
his “Bloody Tenent,” pictures Truth as pro-
with the strong and often contradictory char testing against persecution.
acteristics of the aborigines, high qualities “For me, though censured, threatened, perse-
frequently blending with a good deal that was cuted, I must protest, while heaven and earth lasts,
hateful. Alexander Whitaker (1611) testifies:
that no one Tenent that either London, England, or
the world doth harbor, is so heretical, blasphemous,
“Let us not think that these men are so simple
seditous, and dangerous to the corporeal, to the
as some have supposed them. For they are of
spiritual, to the present, to the eternal good of
body lusty and strong and very nimble: they are
all men, as the bloody tenent (however washed and
a very understanding generation, quick of appre-
whited) I say, as is the bloody tenent of persecution
hension, sudden in their despatches, subtle in their
for the cause of conscience."
dealings, exquisite in their inventions, and indus-
trious in their labor. .... There is a civil govern-
John Cotton makes it appear, in a long
ment amongst them which they strictly observe, and serious argument, that psalm-singing, by
and show thereby that the law of nature dwelleth whomsoever practiced, is a "godly ordinance,"
in them, wherein they both honor and obey their -doubtless a liberal doctrine for those days.
kings, parents, and governors, both greater and The deliverance of Nathaniel Ward about
less. They observe the limits of their own posses-
Ireland snacks of a certain style of modern
sions and encroach not upon their neighbors dwell-
journalism, and is a sweet morsel for her de-
ings. Murder is a capital crime scarcely heard
tractors.
among them; adultery is most severely punished,
so are other offences."
“ These Irish, anciently called Anthropophagi,
man-eaters, have a tradition among them
Among the thrilling episodes of the Viginia
that,
when the Devil showed our Saviour all the king-
Settlement, “A Fight for Life and the Rescue
doms of the earth and their glory, he would not
of Colonel Norwood” is one of the most ex-
show him Ireland, but reserved it for himself; it is
citing; and “How the English Settled in Mary-
probably true, for he hath kept it ever since as his
land” has almost the charm of an idyl.
own peculiar: the old Fox foresaw that it would
The second part of this volume opens with eclipse the glory of all the rest. . . . . They
an account of the Pilgrims in Holland; then are the very offal of men, dregs of mankind, re.
come “ Bradford's and Winslow's Journal,”
proach of Christendom, the Bobs that crawl on the
Beast's tail; I wonder Rome itself is not ashamed
with vivid descriptions of “An Excursion up
of them.”
Cape Cod,” “The Story of the First Encoun.
ter,” and “The Landing and Settlement of the
Ward does not spare the servitors of
Pilgrims at Plymouth.” Further on is a great
Fashion, and his opinions are still suggestive.
deal of fascinating matter from the pens of
“In a word, whatever Christianity or civility
will allow, I can afford with London measure; but,
Edward Winslow, Francis Higginson, Thomas
when I hear a nugi perous gentledame enquire what
Morton, and William Ward, amongst which
dress the Queen is in this week; what the nudius-
are “Massasoit's Illness and Cure,” “The
tertian fashion of the Court; with the egg to be in
Commodities and Discommodities of New it in all haste whatever it be, I look at her as the
England,” “Expedition of Miles Standish,”
very gizzard of a trifle, the product of a quarter
“Aboriginal Cookery,” “Woodland Adven of a cypher, the epitome of Nothing, fitter to be
tures,” and “The Meek Wives of the New kicked, if she were of a kickable substance, than
World.” In a recountal of “Special Provi.
either honored or humored. To speak moderately,
dences,” Maj. John Mason gives some aston-
I truly confess it is beyond the ken of my under-
standing to conceive how these women should have
ishing instances which are of course invariably
any true grace or valuable virtue, that have so little
coupled with devout thanksgiving. The long
wit as to disfigure themselves with such exotic
line of zealous ministers whose influence was
garbs, as not only dismantles their native, lovely
so powerful in the New England colonies, is lustre, but transclouts them into ganter-geese, ill


1888.]
57
THE DIAL
shapen shotter shell-fish, Egyptian hieroglyphics, or, For, verily, the Lord will strip off all your cover-
at the best, into French flurts of the pastery, which a ings, for you are not covered with the Spirit of the
ishwoman should scorn with her heels. Lord, therefore, the woe is gone out against you;
It is no marvel they wear drailes on the hinder part for your place of defence is a refuge of lies, and
of their heads, having nothing, it seems, in their under falsehoods you have bid yourselves.”
fore part, but a few squirrels' brains to help them
frisk from one fashion to another. .. I can
The first printed account, in the English
make myself sick, at any time, with comparing the
language, of the city and state of New York,
dazzling splendor wherewith our gentlewomen were is by Daniel Denton, one of the original set-
embellished in some former habits, with the gut tlers of Jamaica, L. I. (1656), where he resided
foundered goosedom wherewith they are now sur. for many years. It is enough to make a
ciogled and debauched."
“summer visitor's” mouth water to read some
The reader will be amused at the anecdotes of his glowing descriptions of the delectable
that enliven the serious matter of Gov. Win productions of Long Island.
throp's History of New Eogland (1630–1649).
"The fruits natural to the Island are mulberries,
Discoursing on the docility of the aborigines
persimmons, grapes great and small, huckleberries,
to instruction both human and divine, he re-
cranberries, plums of several sorts, rasberries and
lates that,
strawberries, of which last is such abundance in
“An Indian once meeting an honest plain English June that the fields and woods are dyed red; which
man would needs know of him what were the the country people perceiving, instantly arm them-
beginnings (which we call principles) of a common selves with a bottle of wine, cream and sugar; and,
wealth. The Englishman being far short in the instead of a coat of Male, every one takes a Female
knowledge of such matters, yet ashamed that an upon his horse behind him, and so rushing violently
Indian should find an Englishman ignorant of any. into the fields, never leave till they have disrobed
thing, bethought himself what answer to give him, them of their red colors and turned them into the
at last resolved upon this, viz. : that the first prin old habit."
ciple of a commonwealth was salt, for (saith he) by | It was a sportsman's paradise.
means of salt we can keep our flesh and fish to have
ready when we need it, whereas you lose much for
“Wild beasts there are deer, bear, wolves, foxes,
want of it, and are sometimes ready to starve. A
racoons, otters, mushsquashes, and skunks. Wild
second principle is iron, for thereby we fell trees,
fowl there is a great store of, as turkeys, heath-
build houses, till our land, etc. A third is ships,
hens, quails, partridges, pigeons, cranes, geese of
by which we carry forth such commodities as we several sort, brants, ducks, widgeon, teal, and
have to spare, and fetch in such as we need, as divers others."
cloth, wine, etc. Alas (saith the Indian) then I fear Daniel Gookin of Cambridge (1674) in a
we shall never be a commonwealth, for we can
scriptural argument, reaches the pious con-
neither make salt, nor iron, nor ships."
clusion that all the Indians inhabiting the
The writings of Capt. Edward Norton on
Western Continent are descendants of the Ten
“The Courage of the Mothers in Israel," "The Tribes of Israel. He describes the intellectual
Escape of Shepard and Norton," "The First | brightness of the educated Indians, laments
Promotion of Learning in New England,”
their tendency to pulmonary consumption,
“ The Wages of Discontent," and a dolorous
dwells upon the “Praying Savages of Natick,”
poem, "A Cry unto the Lord to stay his Hand,"
and tells with gusto how certain natives of
abound in curious and pictorial passages. The Martha's Vineyard scornfully rejected the in-
naïveté with which John Eliot describes his
structions of the Quakers who tried to induct
work among the Indians is charming. Edward
them into their religion. We can imagine the
Holyoke's dialogue between Solomon and Tir-
merriment of a modern naturalist in reading
zana, which is aimed at the heretics of New
“A Report of Wonders" by John Josselyo,
England, reveals the spirit with which Puri.
who delivers with the utmost confidence more
tanism excused its outrages against the liberty absurdities about the animal kingdom in two
of conscience for which so much veneration
pages than can be found elsewhere in a whole
was commonly expressed. Enough is quoted day's search. With interesting extracts from
in this volume from James Cudworth and the Capt. Thomas Wheeler and Roger Clap, this
letters of prominent Quakers to show with
| volume ends.
what vindictiveness and bitterness they were
One of the attractive features of this volume
persecuted, and the outrages they endured,
is the poetry with which its pages is inter-
and with what noble constancy and patience
they bore their wrongs. The Quakers do not
spersed. It opens with Michael Drayton's
ode, “To the Virginian Voyage” (1606); and
fail in plain speaking. Mary Traske and
we have “ A Ballad of Virginia ” by R. Rich
Margaret Smith write:
(1660), “A Recommendation of New England”
"You have cut off the righteous from amongst
(1625), by William Morrell; “In Praise of
you, and are still taking counsel against the Lord, to
Master Stone,” by John Cotton; three pieces
proceed against more of his people, but this know,
the Lord our God will confound your counsel and
by Anne Bradstreet-one of them “A Love
lay your glory in the dust. Unto whom will ye flee
Letter to her Husband;" “A Cry unto the
for help, and whither will ye go to hide yourselves? Lord to stay his Hand," and verses by John


58
THE DIAL
July,
--- -------- --- -
Josselyn and by Peter Folger, who writes | in this volume is Gabriel Thomas's account of
“A Homely Plea for Toleration.”
Pennsylvania. His scientific attainments are
The second volume (1676-1764) opens with disclosed in such observations as this:
seventeen pages of Michael Wiggleworth's “There are among other frogs, the Bull Frog,
poetry, sufficient to fully illustrate the quali which makes a roaring noise, hardly to be distin.
ties of that author and, certainly, as much as | guished from that well known beast from which
a modern man would care to read. Benjamin it takes its name. There is another sort of frog
Tompson, born in Braintree, Mass. (1642), our
that crawls up to the tops of trees, there seeming
to imitate the notes of several birds, with many
first native poet, is represented by three char-
strange and various creatures, which would take up
acteristic examples,—On the Women fortify.
too much room here to mention.”
ing Boston Neck,” “The alarming Progress of We must pass over the abundance of good
Luxury in New England,” and “In Praise of
things in the happy extracts from John
the Renowned Cotton Mather.” In the pleas-
Wise, John Williams, Robert Beverly, Thos.
ant Journal of Charles Wolley, chaplain of
Symmes, Benjamin Coleman, William Byrd,
Fort James, New York, on “Knickerbocker
and others, simply noting that the quality of the
Customs,” we have an amusing account of
literature improves with the advancing civili-
the way he reconciled the Lutheran and Cal zation. The four pieces by Bishop Berkeley,
vinistic ministers of New York (1701) who whose famous poem adorns the first page of
were at variance and “who had not spoken to
the book, are good reading. The story of Pis-
each other with any respect for six years."
karet, “the Chief Captain of the Adirondicks
With a shrewd and humorous intent he in-
(1676),” shows us one of the wiliest, bravest,
vited them both with their vrows to a supper most merciless creatures in the whole race of
unknown to each other, “with an obligation
natives, north and south. There seems to be
that they should not speak one word in Dutch
nothing known of the satirist, Ebenezer Cook,
under the penalty of a bottle of Madeira, al-
but that he had merits of his own is plain
leging that he could not manage a sociable
from the following extract from his “ Of meet-
discourse in that language.” The parsons
ing a Godly Knave in Maryland.”
met at the entertainment in mutual astonish-
" While riding near a sandy bay.
ment, but the talk in Latin and the mellow
I met a Quaker“Yea" and "Nay,”-
wine seemed to have utterly disarmed them,
A pious, conscientious rogue
As e'er wore bonnet or a brogue,
and the host was delighted with the success
Who neither swore nor kept his word,
of his friendly trick. The long story of the
And when his debts he would not pay,
captivity, sufferings and restoration of Mary
By light within he ran away."
Rowlandson, which has a peculiarly pathetic
Predominant in both these volumes is the
interest, is told with an affecting vividness
religious spirit. All along, during the estab-
and simplicity. “A Death Grapple” and the
lishment of the New England colonies, the
“Death of King Philip” are powerfully im-
Calvinistic theology was rigorously taught,
pressive. Large space is given to the Mathers,
but it reached its climax in the terribly real-
Increase and Cotton, whose names are indis-
istic expositions of Jonathan Edwards. What
solubly identified with the witchcraft craze in
branch of the Protestant church to-day would
Massachusetts. All that one needs to know
tolerate such preaching as this, though by a
of the woeful scenes and sufferings of this
master of pulpit oratory?
horrible delusion will be found in these writ-
“When you have worn out the age of the sun,
ings and a few others represented on these
moon, and stars in your dolorous groans and lamen-
pages. Every reader will be interested in
tations, without any rest day or night, or one
learning how Judge Sewell courted Madam minute's ease, yet you shall have no hope of ever
Winthrop. He certainly was a candid, pro being delivered; when you have worn out a thou-
vident, and persistent wooer, but with all his
sand more such ages, yet you shall have no hope,
appliances of religious books, and sermons, and
but shall know that you are not one whit nearer
comfits, to facilitate his advances, he was un-
to the end of your torments; but that still there are
the same groans, the same shrieks, the same doleful
fortunate. John Miller gives an unvarnished
cries incessantly to be made by you, and that the
account of “The Evils and Inconveniences of
smoke of your torment shall still ascend up forever
New York,” and what he says of the religious and forever; and that your souls which shall have
laxity of its inhabitants is not without a been agitated by the wrath of God all this while,
present bearing.
yet will still exist to bear more wrath; your bodies
“Their eternal interests are their least concern,
which shall have been burning and wasting all the
while in these glowing flames, yet shall not have
and, as if Salvation were not a matter of moment
been consumed, but will remain to roast through
when they have opportunities for serving God, they
an eternity yet, which will not have been at all
care not for making use thereof; or, if they go to
church, 'tis but, too often, out of curiosity and
| shortened by what shall have been past. .
God glorifies himself in the eternal damnation of
to find out faults in him that preacheth, rather
ungodly men. When they [the saints shall see
than to hear their own.'
the smoke of their torment and the raging of the
. One of the very entertaining bits of writing | flames of their burning, and hear their dolorous
But cheated in the fear of God,


1888.]
59
THE DIAL
shrieks and cries, and consider that they, in the | While accepting this solution as one which
meantime, are in the most blissful state and shall
is being approached in many ways on many
surely be in it to all eternity: how will they re-
sides by those who attach equal value to the
joice."
physical and spiritual terms of our lives, we
But we have already far overpassed our
should still, at times, dissent from the precise
limits, and must stop, though the pages are
statements and methods by which it is reached.
delightfully inviting to the very end. These
This is an attitude which must long remain,
two volumes are illustrated by steel plates of
even between those who are most nearly con-
Captain John Smith, John Winthrop, Cotton
current in thought, in wandering over a field
Mather, and Jonathan Edwards, and wood-
cuts of twenty-one other distinguished charac-
so large, so inadequately mapped and imper-
ters of the colonial period.
fectly defined in language, as this of cosmic
construction. It is impossible as yet fully to
Horatio N. POWERS.
identify our several conceptions of the terms
we are handling. Our fencing over them is
in the twilight of our own thinking, rather
BOOKS ON EVOLUTION AND LIFE.* than in the daylight of common and sufficient
The first book on our list, that by Prof.
knowledge. The style of Prof. Le Conte is
Le Conte, contains some earnest work on
clear and interposes no unnecessary difficulty
in the consideration of the subject.
the problem of problems, the reconciliation
of the physical and spiritual facts of the
We think that he emphasizes more strongly
world—the facts of science and of faith. It
the causal, as contrasted with the rational,
is free from dogmatism, either scientific or
element in evolution, than is wise. The tend-
religious, and does not, while itself involving
ency is natural when one approaches the prob-
lem
a theory of the universe, deny the scope of
from inquiries directed chiefly to its
our faculties to be sufficient for a profitable
physical terms. His definition of evolution is
discussion of the subject. The work is can-
very explicit: “Evolution is continuous pro-
did and able, and there is nothing in it to
gressive change, according to certain laws,
weary or exasperate the earnest mind. While.
and by means of resident forces.” [p. 8.) Ali
the main purpose of the work is to give the
the criticism we have to make on it, touches
grounds of reconciliation between scientific
its third term, “resident forces.” We think
and religious thought in the acceptance of
he pushes this statement beyond what the
evolution, the earlier and larger part of the
proofs of evolution call for, and beyond what
volume is occupied with a re-statement of the
is admissible under the ultimate harmony
which he proposes. God immanent in the
proofs of evolution. An opportunity is thus
world means for us immanent under the laws
given of presenting these proofs somewhat
of reason, but not immanent under unchange-
at length, and this portion of the book hasi
its value quite aside from the opinions that
able quantitative and qualitative terms of
force and energy which cover and exhaust at
are to rest on it.
In the general drift of the work, we heartily
every stage the problem of creation. In the
concur. We give its leading conclusion:
progressive and ripening use of these terms,
"Such reconciliation we have already seen is the
we should look for the vitality of thought and
true test of a rational philosophy. It is the belief
freedom of action which we associate with
in a God not far away beyond our reach, who once
personality. The book lacks that decisive
long ago enacted laws and created forces which
distinction between a movement of reason and
continue of themselves to run the machine we call one of causation which seems to us essential
Nature, but a God immanent, a God resident in for the complete support of the conclusions
Nature at all times and in all places directing every reached by the author. It is a book which we
event and determining every phenomenon-a God
can cordially commend.
in whom, in the most literal sense, not only we but
The work of Dr. McCosh covers essentially
all things have their being, in whom all things con-
sist, through whom all things exist, and without
the same field, though the discussion is much
whom there would be and could be nothing."
briefer and more popular. The conclusions
[p. 282.]
reached in the two books are quite similar.
Dr. McCosh holds, however, to evolution with
* EVOLUTION AND ITS RELATION TO RELIGIOUS
small increments securing the continuity of
THOUGHT. By Joseph Le Conte. New York: D. Apple.
ton & Co.
nature. If God remains a personal presence
THE RELIGIOUS ASPECT OF EVOLUTION. By James in his works, these increments offer no rational
McCosh. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
difficulty. They are also wholly consistent with
THE STORY OF CREATION: A PLAIN ACCOUNT OF Evo.
LUTION. By Edward Clodd, New York: Longmans,
the facts of evolution as known to us. Dr.
Green & Co.
McCosh has rendered much assistance to re-
REINCARNATION: A STUDY OF FORGOTTEN TRUTH. By ligious thought by preparing it to understand
E. D. Walker. Boston: Houghton, Millin & Co.
and receive the truths of science. He has
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF MORALITY: OR ETHICAL
always been quick to offer provisional grounds
Robinson. Boston: Silver, Rogers & Co.
of harmony in connection with which the pro-
PRINCIPLES, DISCUSSED AND APPLIED. By Ezekiel Gilman


60
[July,
THE DIAL
cess of reconstruction can proceed without dis relations of human life to this sequence of
turbance and without delay. His works are physical events. Reincarnation is metem-
much to be commended in their manifestation psychosis confined to the return of human
of this true spirit of inquiry.
spirits to human bodies. Our cherished con-
The work by Edward Člodd aims to pre ceptions on this subject are so much more
sent in “ a brief and handy compass” the definite, and, to us at least, so much more
“Story of Creation "—the history of evolu cheering, that we find but little power or in-
tion. Its standpoint is the extreme-extreme clination to give even transient entertainment
as contrasted with the spiritual renderings of to this idea of reincarnation. It seems to us
the same story—scientific one. Physical like a wandering of spirits in dry places, seek-
events are traced on their physical side. There ing rest and finding none.
is but brief reference to moral and social de The book is made up of brief discussions of
velopment, and this development takes place the topic, and a full and extended presentation
under the deep shadow of previous events. of its literature. It is especially successful
Conscience is the “ tribal conscience," and the in the last respect. One is greatly impressed
indvidual is merged in the environment which with the frequency with which the human
is assigned him by the eternal flow of events. mind in its most vigorous activity has re-
The presentation is clear and concise, meets its curred, distinctly or obscurely, to this idea of
purpose, and is valuable from its own position, reincarnation. Patient human spirit, that
indeed, from any position. We would espe gathers inspiration out of defeat! How often
cially desire to commend the effort to distin it returns to the one problem of being, the
guish carefully between force and energy; one secret of life, determined once more to
also the kindred discriminations associated make trial of a lock which no man opens ! No
with it. We can hardly have clear thought on man opens ? Nay, every faithful spirit in turn
this wide topic, when we cover such very opens it for its own forecast and consolation.
different things by one word, force.
The door that divides us from the future is
“Motion throughout the universe is produced not a bolted one, but one chained. We can-
or destroyed, quickened or retarded, increased or not swing it wide, but light streams through
lessened, by two indestructible powers of opposite its crevices. We see something; we see nothing
nature to each other-(a) Force, and (b) Energy.
sufficiently. Our author brings us once more
(a) Force is that which produces or quickens mo-
to one narrow outlook which thousands on
tions binding together two or more particles of
thousands of the human race have taken be-
ponderable matter, and which retards or resists mo-
tions tending to separate such particles. (b) Energy
fore us.
is that which produces or quickens motions separat-
“Principles and Practice of Morality,” by
ing, and which resists or retards motions binding President Robinson, is offered to the public
together, two or more particles of matter or of the as a college text-book, and is to be judged,
ethereal medium." [p. 12.]
therefore, in this relation. It will no doubt
When we speak of the force of gravitation, readily pass muster among books of this order,
of heat-force and chemical force, of life-force and yet we cannot heartily commend it. It
and thought-force, as if the underlying con seems to us to lack that keen insight on the
ceptions were one and the same, we shall not theoretical side, and that enthusiasm of con-
reach any profitable conclusion. We might viction on the practical side, which are so
as well—nay, much better-regard commercial much to be desired in a work on ethics, de-
force, poetic force, the force of eloquence, as signed for collegiate instruction. We quite
phases of one and the same thing. Exact dissent from the theory of the book, but our
thought demands nothing more earnestly than criticism of it does not rest on this fact nearly
a refusal to pass over and obscure primary dif so much as on the fact that it falls short of a
ferences.
clear, incisive presentation of the complicated
Our fourth book, “Reincarnation," is an in discussion on morals. The impression it is
teresting one, though it brings to us very little fitted to make of the basis of ethical law will
conviction. It reimpresses on the mind the not be forceful and adequate in any direction;
impenetrable mystery of the events to which nor the inspiration of obedience to that law be
we are awakened in human life. We are awakened in new directions and deepened in
brought once more at a new point-new to old ones.
our time to the shore of that river whose It is a fact strikingly in disparagement of
breadth is so great, whose flow is so rapid, our powers in meeting the problem of life that
whose sources are hidden in so remote a past, 80 great a variety of opinion exists as to the
whose waters are pressing into that immeasur- source of moral law. This work not only
able future which they command and unfold. adds another theory, it fails to adequately in.
Here is a palpable eternity, no matter what dicate the two prevailing tendencies which
part we have taken, are taking, or are to take | rule in this discussion, their relation to each
in it. The work before us touches a very other and their practical force. According to
extended and recurrent conjecture as to the President Robinson, the final reason of moral


1888.]
61
THE DIAL
obligation is found in the inevitable moral sachusetts. His pastorate of this church
nature of a supreme personal Being. The continued till his death—a period of fifty-two
sense of wrong-doing arises from the want of years. Not only was Dr. Cutler a lawyer
harmony between the nature of God and our and theologian, but he added to these profes-
nature. If we share the rational moral nature sions a knowledge of the science and art of
of God, that nature should carry with it its medicine. The payment of his salary in de-
own law in us as in God. Our moral convic preciated Continental currency, and the diffi-
tion can hardly be derived from God otherwise culty in obtaining even that meagre stipend,
than as we hold within ourselves its eternal made some other means of livelihood almost
terms. The character of that in which the a necessity. His love for scientific pursuits
correspondence lies, not the correspondence naturally inclined him toward the study of
itself, is the fact of primary significance. medicine. His rare intellectual powers made
The first one hundred and eighty pages of the mastery of what was then known in that
the book are occupied with the theory of department of science a comparatively easy
morals, leaving but seventy-two for practical matter. His practice as physician became so
morals. Duties to the state are condensed extensive that at one time in the year 1779 Dr.
into eight pages. What a magnificent prepa Cutler had forty small-pox patients under his
ration for American citizenship!
care. Whatever might be thought to-day of
John Bascom. his attainments in natural science, they cer-
tainly were not meanly considered in the year
of grace 1785, or thereabouts. Dr. Cutler's
MANASSEH CUTLER.*
enthusiasm and learning brought him cor-
respondence with scientific men at home and
Manasseh Cutler died in 1823, at the age of
abroad, and secured his election to the Ameri-
eighty-one; and thirty-nine years ago the Rev.
can Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Amer-
Edwin M. Stone, Librarian of the Rhode
ican Philosophical Society at Philadelphia, and
Island Historical Society, with a view to the
several other institutions of a like character.
speedy preparation of a biography, asked and
The journal of the years 1780 to 1785 is a
received from the family the papers of Dr.
curious study. It opens with the statement
Cutler. For some reason, never satisfactorily
of the completion for the printer of a “Mete-
explained, this gentleman failed to complete,
orological Journal,” and contains frequent
hardly even to begin, his work; and only since
allusions to studies in botany, astronomy,
his death, about four years ago, have the papers
chemistry, and physics. If a day proved
of Dr. Cutler returned to the possession of his
stormy, the pastor of the church shut himself
descendants.
up in his study to pore over Dr. Hale's “Vegeta-
Surely he was an unusual man whose jour-
ble Statics" or Dr. Hill's “Natural History,” the
nals and correspondence, published sixty-five
last of which he seems to have obtained from
years after his death, can awaken anything
the Harvard Library by special permission of
like a general interest. Manasseh Cutler was
the Corporation. Observation of the wind and
a noteworthy character in two respects.
weather, clouds, sun-spots, moons of Jupiter,
Among a generation of New England clergy-
rings of Saturn, new plants gathered from all
men remarkable for their learning and piety,
the region round, were daily recorded in his
he was unique in the vast amount and great
“place book.” During one year he made a
range of his knowledge, and in his spirituality.
series of forty observations in order to settle
As virtual dictator of the terms of the Ordi-
the latitude of his house. The same year he
nance of 1787, as a leader in the settlement
was an active member of a party of scientists
of Ohio by the “ Ohio Company,” and as a
who observed the sun's eclipse, and within a
Federalist member of Congress from Mas-
month's time he made reports to the American
sachusetts during four years, he stamped his
Academy on this eclipse, on meteorology, and
vigorous personality upon the character of his
on certain prevalent forms of disease. One of
own and succeeding generations.
Dr. Cutler was born in Killingly, Connecti-
these reports was published under the title,
“An Account of some of the Vegetable Pro-
cut, May 28, 1742, and was graduated from
ductions Naturally Growing in this Part of
Yale College in 1765. He studied law and
America, Botanically Arranged,” and is still
was admitted to the bar. Believing, however,
of great interest both because it is the earliest
that he had a call to the ministry of the Gos-
contribution to the science of botany to come
pel, he studied theology, and in 1771 was
from an American pen, and because it proved
ordained and installed pastor of the Congre-
to be the basis of much further discovery in
gational church in the place then known as
that field. The “Life” is at fault in dismiss-
Ipswich Hamlet, since called Hamilton, Mas-
ing it with a mere foot-note, at the bottom
* JOURNALS AND CORRESPONDENCE OF MANASSEH CUT. | of page 116, Vol. I. Whenever there was a
fast day-and they had one every quarter-
| Dr. Cutler preached a sermon. He preached
HO
LER, LL.D. By His Grandchildren, Wm. Parker Cutler
and Julia Perkins Cutler. In two volumes. Cincinnati:
Robert Clark & Co,


62
[July,
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-
-
-
at ordinations, funerals, and inaugurations, setts in 1785, and by Connecticut in the fol-
and twice every week in his own pulpit. With lowing year. Connecticut, however, did not
all this, in 1782 he established a school make her cession complete until the last year
where boys were prepared for college. To of the century. Thus was put under federal
the school he seems to have devoted a con control a territory estimated to contain nearly
siderable portion of time and thought for 266,000 square miles.
several years. Here were trained boys bear Soon after the cession by Massachusetts
ing the names of Cabot, Lowell, Grafton, Gen. Washington presented to Congress a
Peele, Poole, Phelps, and Low. The princi petition signed by Brigadier-General Putnam
pal of the academy also gave instruction in and two hundred and eighty-seven other
navigation to seamen and in theology to pros- officers, urging the apportionment of the
pective clergymen.
public domain among officers and soldiers in
If there was any aristocracy in the midst of accordance with the promises contained in the
New England democracy the clergymen made two acts referred to above. Washington's
it, and the minister of Ipswich Hamlet was influence and the just demands of the patriotic
constantly in demand to dine at Cambridge servants of the nation were at the time
with the college, in Boston with the Bowdoins, unavailing. In 1784, Congress passed an
in Newburyport with Col. Wigglesworth, ordinance for the government of the territory
or in the homes of his own parish,-a northwest of the Ohio river. This had been
parish which counted at various times among | drawn by Thomas Jefferson, and became law
its people the families of three governors, in its original form with one important ex-
Dudley, Bellingham, and Bradstreet. Surely ception: A clause prohibiting slavery from
this was a busy life even in the slow-mov the territory after the year 1800 was defeated
ing days of the last century. But if by a close vote. This ordinance was practi-
Manasseh Cutler had done nothing beyond his cally inoperative ; but it is of interest because
preaching, and dining, and study of flowers it marks Jefferson's position on the slavery
according to the Linnæan system, or his de-:l question - a theoretical position which he
termination of the latitude and longitude of maintained to his death.
his residence with an old-fashioned sextant, The friends of western settlement were
these ponderous volumes would hardly have tired of waiting for activity under the terms
been published. A brief reference to history of Jefferson's ordinance, and finally, on
is necessary to a full comprehension of Cutler's | January 10, 1786, Rufus Putnam and Benja-
work on the Ordinance of 1787.
min Tupper, both officers of high rank, called
At the close of the Revolutionary War the a meeting of officers, soldiers, and “also all
need for an army ceased. For months, and other good citizens who wish to become ad-
in some cases years, officers and men had | venturers in that delightful region” (the Ohio
served the cause of independence without pay. country) for the purpose of forming an asso-
To muster out the troops before making any ciation to hasten the settlement of that portion
provision for their payment seemed impos- of the public domain. In pursuance of this
sible; to pay them in depreciated Continental notice, delegates from several counties in Mas-
currency was evidently unfair. Not only was | sachusetts met in the Bunch-of-Grapes Tavern,
there the obligation to pay a stipulated sum in Boston, March 1, 1786. Among these was
for actual service, but by act of Congress, Manasseh Cutler, who had been chaplain of a
September 16, 1776, the government was Massachusetts regiment.
pledged to give as bounty for enlistment, to Two days later, a committee, of which Dr. Cut-
officers according to rank, amounts of land ler was one, proposed “ articles of agreement”
varving from one hundred and fifty to five which were unanimously adopted. These
hundred acres, and to privates, one hundred | articles called for the subscription of an amount
acres. By a later act the amount to be given of money not to exceed one million dollars,
to brigadier-generals was increased to eleven which should be divided into one thousand
hundred acres.
shares, each share consisting of one thousand
At the time of the passage of the first act dollars in Continental certificates and ten dol-
the United States possessed nòt one acre of lars in gold or silver coin. The funds thus
public land. West of the Alleghanies was a raised were to be applied to the purchase of
vast country, of great fertility, reaching to public lands northwest of the Ohio river. The
the Mississippi, but practically without white association was called “The Ohio Company,"
inhabitants. This territory was claimed as and its management was afterward vested in
the rightful possession of Virginia, Connec a Board of three directors. Within twelve
ticut, and New York. Influenced by the months two hundred and fifty shares were
patriotic earnestness of Maryland, New York, taken, and this under the agreement that there
on February 19, 1780, ceded her vacant lands should be at least one settler to each three
to the general government. New York was hundred acres of land. March 8, 1787,
followed by Virginia in 1783, by Massachu- 1 “It was unanimously Resolved that three Directors


1888.]
63
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should be appointed for the Company, and that it morality,—these were demanded and obtained.
should be their duty, immediately, to make appli | The ordinance—“that matchless piece of legis-
cation to the Honorable Congress for a private pur-
lation,” that “pillar of cloud by day and of
chase of Lands, and under such descriptions as they
may deem adequate to the purposes of the Com-
fire by night in the settlement and government
pany. General Samuel H. Parsons, General Rufus
of the Northwestern States," was passed.
Putnam, and the Rev. Manasseh Cutler were
It embodied the sentiments of those whom
unanimously chosen.” [Vol. I., p. 192.]
Cutler represented ; and under its provisions,
Under Jefferson's ordinance of 1784 no
and only because of its provisions, Cutler pro-
settlement in the Northwest had taken place.
ceeded with his business and closed the bargain
This failure can be explained in but one way.
for five and a half million acres of public
Eastern men would not emigrate to a new
domain.
country in which the institution of slavery had This is not the place to enter upon the
already taken root, and from which, by a controversy as to the real authorship of the
majority vote, Congress had refused to ex- | Ordinance. It has been carried on by men
clude å system utterly at variance with the eminently fitted for the task, notable among
principles of the Declaration of Independence whom are Dr. William F. Poole, in an article
and the strong convictions of the New Eng. / entitled “The Ordinance of 1787, and Dr.
land people.
Manasseh Cutler as an Agent in its Forma-
Prompted by an offer for the purchase of tion,” published in the “North American Re-
lands made by Gen. Parsons, Congress, in view” for April, 1876, and Shosuke Sato, in
April and May, 1787, discussed and carried to the “History of the Land Question in the
its third reading another ordinance, the full United States ” (Fourth Series of the Johns
text of which is given by Dr. W. F. Poole in | Hopkins University Studies in Historical and
the “North American Review” for April, 1876. | Political Science). It is, however, proper to
This was not acceptable to the “Ohio Com- call attention to the inexcusable conduct of the
pany.” It lacked utterly an affirmation of the compilers of this Life of Dr. Cutler, in studi-
great principles of civil and religious liberty. | ously avoiding any mention of Dr. Poole's
Such affirmation was to the minds of Putnam | name and services, while at the same time
and Cutler and their associates an absolute making, in Chapter VIII. particularly, very
necessity. The proposed law lacked in fact free use of the “North American" article. Dr.
almost every element which gave the “Ordi- : Poole was the first to discover and publicly
nance of 1787" its vital force.
show that the introduction and passage of the
After due deliberation, Dr. Cutler was dele. ; Ordinance of 1787 was chiefly due to the efforts
gated to go on to New York and use his influ of Dr. Cutler. (See in “ New England Histori-
ence to secure the passage of an ordinance cal and Genealogical Register,” Vol. 27, p. 161,
under which the Company would be willing to a paper read by Dr. Poole before the Cincinnati
negotiate for the purchase of a large amount Literary Club, Dec., 1872; also the article in
of land. Armed with more than forty letters the “North American Review” for April, 1876,
of introduction to influential men in and out above referred to.) Andrew D. White, Presi-
of Congress, the New England clergymandent of the American Historical Society, Pres-
arrived in New York on July 5. The “fisher ident Adams of Cornell, Dr. H. B. Adams,
for souls ” assumed a new rôle—that of the and Dr. Sato, have all made generous ac-
modern lobbyist. Well he played his part.
| knowledgment of Dr. Poole's service in the
Easy and graceful manners, a well-founded development of this fact; but for some reason,
reputation for scientific knowledge which pre best known to themselves, the editors of the
ceded him, and the introductions above men volumes under discussion have omitted to
tioned, gave him instant entrance to the society
give honorable mention to that work which
of the capital city. Believing that most of the has done more than that of anyone else to
Northern votes would be in favor of his pro give to a life of Dr. Cutler general public
posed measures, Dr. Cutler assiduously culti interest.
vated the acquaintance of Carrington, Lee, This article has already far exceeded the in-
Grayson, St. Clair, Milliken, and others from tended limits, but much more might be said of
the South. Dr. Cutler's position was peculiarly the career of a man who in his day stood per-
favorable to the success of his project. He haps second only to Franklin as an American
wanted to buy a large amount of public land scientist, who was a guiding spirit in the set-
with a currency that the government was vainly tlement of the great State of Ohio, and who
endeavoring to float. One who was prepared was the principal agent in the preparation of
to invest a million or more of dollars in wild a document which takes its rightful place by
land, and so aid government credit, was in a the side of the Declaration of Independence
position to dictate terms even to Congress. and the Constitution as an imperishable mon-
The terms were ethical rather than economi- | ument to the success of democratic govern-
cal: freedom, education, stability of law, ment. These volumes take us back to the


64
(July,
THE DIAL
helpful contemplation of the self-sacrificing utable mainly, if not wholly, to heat; for the
patriotism, the zeal, the spirituality, the in- same results occur in the galleries of libraries
defatigable labors, and withal the intense where no gas is burned, but where the heat
humanity, of a man who represents the best | is excessive. Cases for fine books should
of those elements of character which gave us therefore not be more than six feet high; as
a grand government and have made this nation the temperature in the higher strata of air is
pre-eminent in the earth.
injurious to the bindings. Gas-burning, by
In this day of educational advance, the de. increasing the heat, contributes to the injury;
scription of the physical laboratory of Yale but it is a question not yet decided whether
College makes suggestive reading (Vol. I., p. the residuum of gas-combustion, in rooms as
220); and in this campaign year, Dr. Cutler's | ordinarily ventilated, is an injury to book-
abhorrence of Jeffersonian principles and of bindings. We are inclined to class “ Dust
the more deplorable Jeffersonian practices and Neglect ” among the friends and presery-
(Vol. II., pp. 43–195 passim) might furnishers, rather than among the enemies of books.
some aspiring orator material for a thrilling Dust is no injury to the body or paper of a
stump speech.
book; and if it be dry, and not filled with
Dr. Cutler's Journal and Letters is a note- such soot as we have in Chicago and other
worthy and valuable contribution to histor- | Western cities, it is not injurious to the bind-
ical literature. Every student of Western ings of books. It at least keeps them from
civil history will take great pleasure in such being handled. That we have so many fine
pages as those describing 23,000 acres of the copies of the “incunabula” or “cradle-books”
survey made by George Washington, in the of the fifteenth century, clean and immaculate
account of the settlement of Marietta, and in as when they came from the presses of Guten-
some of the letters which fill up a large appen berg, Wynkin de Worde, and Caxton, must be
dix. To the student familiar with the emigra credited to dust and neglect. With the dust
tion to Ohio it would seem that the editors 1 of centuries upon them, they have been neg-
had done better to permit the journal and lected and lost sight of in old monkish libra-
letters to speak unaided ; and the writer be ries. Nearly all the fine copies of early books
lieves the reader who seeks to gain a clear printed in America which so excite the rivalry
idea of the events in which Dr. Cutler was an of collectors and lighten their bank accounts,
efficient actor, will not be so greatly aided as come from Europe, where for two centuries
he had the right to expect by the editorial they have been neglected and forgotten.
additions to Dr. Cutler's own work.
Copies found in this country are worn and
W. H. Ray. usually imperfect.
Why Mr. Blades should have classed “col-
lectors” among the enemies of books is not
apparent. As a class they are in this country
THE ENEMIES OF BOOKS.*
men of rare intelligence, cultivated taste, and
of the highest personal integrity. Their mis-
Mr. Blades has written of the “Enemies of sion is to preserve what is most worth pre-
Books” in a chatty and entertaining way, with serving — the best historical and literary
out contributing much that is new or instruct records of the past. To collectors we are
ive. The enemies referred to, which stand as largely indebted for the noble art of bibli-
headings for ten chapters, are: Fire; Water; ography, and for bringing together, often at
Gas and Heat; Dust and Neglect; Ignorance an immense expense, rare and choice copies
and Bigotry; Collectors; Servants and Chil of books from which the art can be studied.
dren. But how about book-thieves, and their It is probable that in England a colloquial
near relations, book-borrowers, who develop | meaning is attached to the word “collector"
into book-keepers; book-mutilators, who ab which it does not have in this country-some-
stract maps, plates, and whole pages (which | thing like bibliomaniac, biblioclast, a two-
they are too indolent to copy), from books | legged depredator. The dictionaries, however,
in public collections, and for whom the gal | do not recognize such a meaning, and we think
lows would be a mild punishment; book-clean Mr. Blades has made a mistake in his use of
ers, who scrub books as they would paint; and | the term.
a damp locality, perhaps a basement, from The book-binders come in for some healthy
which books come out “foxed,” discolored chastisement; and they deserve it. The (en-
and mouldy? His catalogue of enemies of tomological) book-worm gets more blame than
books could be largely extended. The inju he deserves. He is a rara avis with us, and
ries to the binding of books which the writer there is not much to be laid to his charge in
attributes to gas and heat, and which are not any country where books are properly cared
overstated, experience has proved to be attrib for. He silently bores a small hole through a
* THE ENEMIES OF BOOKS. By William Blades. New
volume which is seldom or never used, avoid
York: A. C. Armstrong & Son.
| ing the printed text when he can, as printers


1888.]
THE DIAL
65
:-
ink is not to his taste,-and there his mission
RECENT FICTION.*
ends. Another kind of book-worm, that Mr.
Few writers can bear the test of sudden
Blades makes no mention of, is of the genus
popularity. It is almost impossible to avoid
homo, and a positive and perpetual nuisance.
an over-estimate of the applause which one's
He is always found with unclean hands and
own work calls forth. The writer of a suc-
face in the reading-room of libraries, filling the
cessful book, especially if that writer be a
air around him with a strange odor, devouring
books simply for the pleasure of devouring
young person, is impelled by its very success
to a course almost certainly destructive of the
them, and never making use of what he reads.
talents which the book may exhibit. Such a
Dr. Holmes has pelted him with wit; some
person, at such a time, is rarely brought to
custodians have called in the police, others
realize that he is, after all, only a beginner,
have used sticks, and a few have tried clubs;
and that if he will deserve the applause
but the book-worm is a persistent habitué in
which has greeted him he must gird himself
every public reading-room. The tramp moves
up to still more strenuous exertions. It is so
on to pester other communities; the book-
much easier to accept praise without asking
worm never.
whether it be judicious or sincere, than to
With regard to the cleaning of books, Mr.
view it with mistrust, and, uninfluenced by it
Blades says: “Each book should be cleansed
in thought or action, to follow steadfastly
and wiped separately, and gently rubbed with
one's own ideals. The few writers whose
a soft cloth.” How cleansed ? With soap,
names have been remembered by another gen-
Bristol-brick and scrubbing-brush ? Perhaps
eration than their own have pursued the lat-
there is no domestic service so badly done as
ter course ; but countless are those who have
the cleaning of books in private libraries.
chosen the former course and been forgotten.
The work is usually given over to ignorant
Two or three years ago there appeared in the
servants, who do more damage to fine books
“Atlantic Monthly " magazine an unacknowl-
than their miserable services for five years are
edged story called “A Brother to Dragons.”
worth. Such books often come to sale; and
Its singular title and the antique style in
it is obvious on a moment's inspection that
which it was written attracted attention, and
they have been in a private library, and that
its perusal was rewarded by an interest and
their bindings have been well-nigh ruined by
a grace beyond what is commonly found in
ignorant seryants in cleaning. The leather is
discolored, and the remnant of gilt on the
A BROTHER TO DRAGONS, and Other Old. Time Tales.
By Amélie Rives. New York: Harper & Brothers.
tops and backs is dulled and broken. They
THE DEEMSTER. By Hall Caine. New York: D. Apple-
have been treated with cloths—sometimes wet ton & Co.
-with brushes and feather dusters.
BEFORE THE DAWN. A Story of Paris and the Jacque.
rie. By George Dulac. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
The proper way to clean books is to take
His BROKEN SWORD. By Winnie Louise Taylor. Chi.
two of about the same size and strike their
cago: A. C. McClurg & Co.
sides smartly together several times until all JOHN WARD, PREACHER. By Margaret Deland. Bos.
the dust is expelled ; and not apply cloth,
ton: Houghton, Mimin & Co.
MARAHUNA. A Romance. By H. B. Marriott Watson.
brush, or duster, under any circumstances, to
London: Longmans, Green & Co.
the gilt or leather. If treated in this way, THE DUSANTES. By Frank R. Stuckton, New York:
books will retain their original freshness for
The Century Co.
A TEACHER OF THE VIOLIN, and Other Tales. By J, H.
years. Books in cases without glass fronts
Shorthouse. New York: Macmillan & Co.
retain their freshness longer than when put BONAVENTURE. A Prose Pastoral of Acadian Louisiana.
in closed cases. More dust will collect upon
By George W. Cable. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
THE ARGONAUTS OF NORTH LIBERTY. By Bret Harte.
books exposed; but it is a dust which comes
Boston: Houghton, Millin & Co.
off readily. When put behind glass doors, or THE BLACK ARROW. A Tale of the Two Roses. By Robt.
in cupboards, less dust settles upon them, but Louis Stevenson. New York: Chas. Scribner's Son.
in localities where soft coal is used, it is a fine
THE ORDEAL OF RICHARD FEVEREL. By George Mer.
edith. Popular Edition. Boston: Roberts Brothers.
sooty dust, which, when treated with a cloth,
THE GOLDEN BUTTERFLY. By Walter Besant and
brush or duster, acts like a black oily paint, James Rice. Library Edition. New York: Dodd, Mead
discolors the leather and dulls the gilt. On
& Co.
The STORY OF JEWAD. A Romance. By Ali Aziz
books which are openly exposed, this sooty
Efendi, the Cretan. Translated from the Turkish by
dust mixes with an innoxious and coarser dust E. J. W. Gibb, M.R.A.S. New York: William S. Gotts.
and it all comes off together. These facts
berger & Co.
FOR THE RIGHT. By Karl Emil Franzos. Given in
explain what seems at first paradoxical—that
English by Julie Sutter' New York: Harper & Brothers.
the more we try to keep books away from THE STORY OF COLETTE. From the French. New
dust, and the more we clean them, the dirtier York: D. Appleton & Co.
MAXIMINA. By Don Arinando Palacio Valdés. Trans.
they become.
lated from the Spanish by Nathan Haskell Dole. New
W. F. POOLE.
York: T. Y. Crowell & Co.


66
[July,
THE DIAL
anonymous magazine stories. A closer exam death, but to the life of an outcast from his
ination, however, revealed many defects in fellow men, interdicting him from all commu-
the workmanship. The antique language of nication with his kind. Such a sentence has
the story was found to conform to no histor little of the nineteenth century about it, but
ical model, but to result from the play of an in Man people live in great part under the
unrestrained imagination among the shreds of conditions of an earlier age, and the nineteenth
reminiscences remaining from a wide range century has little meaning for them. The last
of miscellaneous reading. The characteriza part of the book, which tells of the murderer's
tion was found to be sentimental rather than years of solitary repentance, is in many re-
thoughtful, and the manner affected rather spects the finest. It is told mostly in the
than sincere. Most obvious fault of all, and outcast's own words, and with a simple ele-
written in the largest characters over every vation of manner which suggests Bunyan at
page of the narrative, was the lack of knowl. times. At last, the sweating-sickness breaks
edge, of discipline, of a regulated fancy. out among the islanders, and the solitary once
Still, the story was remarkable, taking into more seeks the haunts of men, to do noble
account the evident youthfulness of its writer. work in fighting the plague and ministering
But it was remarkable for its promise rather to those whom it has stricken. In this benef-
than for what it represented as an achieve icent toil he finds peace of soul, and, overcome
ment. Unfortunately for the writer, this view by his labors, dies tranquil in the assurance
of its merits was not the one which was pre that atonement has been made for his crime.
sented to her most forcibly. Misled by inju “Before the Dawn,” by George Dulac, is a
dicious friends and by a certain sort of news romance of French' history which looks inter-
paper reputation which she quickly acquired, esting and turns out to be dull. Its dulness
she was encouraged to throw off the restraint arises from its employment of the hackneyed
that should accompany all literary production, and conventional language of old-fashioned
and to publish, in rapid succession, a long historical romance, without any display of the
series of pieces in prose and verse in which genius which makes that language seem de-
the crudities, the mannerisms, and the undis lightful when used by a master workman.
ciplined fancy of her first effort were accentu The scene of the story is France and the time
ated. Hitherto, her work has only appeared that of the peasant revolts of the fourteenth
in the magazines, but a volume is now pub century. The writer's work is done upon the
lished containing three of her earlier stories, level which scene-painting represents in pic-
including the first of all, upon which we have torial art. His treatment of the subject is
commented above. While this volume con painfully artificial and unreal. And yet the
tains the writer's best work, and while it gives work has cost the writer considerable effort,
evidence of a striking although rudimentary and is historically faithful to its conditions of
talent for literature, its most obvious lesson is time and place.
that which we have outlined, and which the Conscientious workmanship and wholesome
writer will do well to heed, if she hopes for a | morality, combined with an amount of interest
literary career of anything more than ephem at least sufficient to hold the attention unin-
eral brilliancy.
terruptedly, are the attributes of Miss Taylor's
The Isle of Man, with its rugged scenery story of “His Broken Sword.” The plot is of
and its feudal survivals, forms the back the simplest. A high-minded gentleman re-
ground of Mr. Hall Caine's new novel, “The sents an insult to the woman he is to marry
Deemster,” and a sombre tale of crime and by knocking down the slanderer. The blow
expiation forms the substance of the work. unexpectedly proves fatal, and the one who
It takes its name from the official title of the dealt it has unintentionally become a murderer.
chief magistrates of the island. Mr. Caine Actuated by a sense of honor which some will
seems to be upon intimate terms with Manx | deem Quixotic, he refuses to take advantage
life, especially in its ruder aspects, and to be | of the legal technicalities which might be in-
thoroughly conversant with its political and voked to influence the court in his favor,
social conditions. The story is told with pleads guilty to manslaughter, and stoically
much power. Ewan and Dan Mylrea are the accepts the sentence passed upon him of ten
sons, respectively, of the Deemster and his years imprisonment. His betrothed shows
brother the bishop. In a fit of passion Dan a heroism equal to his own in the constancy
kills his cousin Ewan, and then, seized upon of her affection, and, on the eve of his depart-
by remorse, gives himself up to justice. It so ure for the penitentiary, is wedded to him in
happens, owing to the temporal authority with his prison cell. The story of the ten years
which a bishop of Man is invested, that it that follow reveal to us the underlying motive
becomes the duty of the murderer's own father of the author in writing the book. It is really
to pronounce judgment upon him. The study an argument for prison reform, and one made
of the bishop's conduct in this situation is all the more convincing to judicious minds by
really very fine. He sentences his son, not to 1 its rejection of all the methods of sensational-


1888.]
67
THE DIAL
ism. In a word, the writer's presentation of that he talks about “animalculæ,” that he sup-
her case is akin to that of Tourguénieff's “An poses the antarctic circle to be defined by
nals of a Sportsman," rather than to that of the parallel of 80°, and that, having reached
Reade's “It is Never too Late to Mend.” The this latitude, he continues to speak in the
plea is silently and unobtrusively enforced. usual fashion of night and day, of sunrise and
As for the hero, his expiation is as ample as sunset. Having been driven by the tempest
the most exacting conscience could demand. through a passage fortunately provided at the
And these years of confinement are made critical moment in the antarctic ice barrier,
bearable by the thought that, in his helpful our explorers are enabled to visit the south
influence upon such of his fellow prisoners as pole, where they find a volcanic continent
are brought into contact with him, he is able surrounded by a sea of fire. A beautiful
to add an active element of atonement to the maiden comes through the fire in an open
passive element provided by his seclusion from boat, is taken on board the ship, and carried
the world.
off to England. This young woman is repre-
The motive of “John Ward, Preacher,” may sented as devoid of the ordinary human emo-
fairly be designated as obtrusive to an un- tions, and as retaining a strong liking for fire,
pleasant degree. Theological discussion is which seems to be her natural element. After
arid enough in any shape, and it may be ques- causing a great deal of mischief in the civilized
tioned whether it ought to have any place at world which she for a time inhabits, she dis-
all in fiction. The general question of the appears quite as dramatically as she appears,
value and authority of religious belief is pos- ' finding a congenial climate in the glowing
sibly momentous enough to be embodied in crater of one of the Sandwich Island volcanoes.
imaginative literature, but certainly this can This synopsis is much better worth reading
not be said of the petty sectarian questions | than the book itself, and requires far less time.
that separate the village clergyman and his The sequel to the story which propounded
wife in Mrs. Deland's novel. It is difficult the problem of “The Lady and the Tiger”
for anyone who lives in the world of ideas to was doubtless voted unsatisfactory by its
believe the situation here described to be a readers, but the sequel to “The Casting Away
possible one. It is hard to imagine and still of Mrs. Lecks and Mrs. Aleshine” is an un-
harder to find any sympathy for the narrow questionable success, as those who have al-
ness of view and the fanaticism which are ready made its acquaintance in the pages of
ascribed to John Ward. That such men lived the Century magazine will testify. Mr. Stock-
in New England a hundred years ago we re ton has done all that could be reasonably ex-
luctantly accept as a historical fact, but that pected of him in satisfying his readers upon
they should still be found, now at the close of the subject of “The Dusantes," and has in-
the nineteenth century, even in the remotest | vented a series of new complications quite as
corners of the land, seems incredible. But amusing as those which made the original
Mrs. Deland's novel compels us to admit the story of the castaways so irresistibly en-
seemingly incredible. It is but too evident that ' gaging. The little volume is published in
the character of “ John Ward, Preacher,” is uniform style with that to which it is the
not a product of the imagination alone. It is sequel, which is equivalent to saying that it
described far too minutely, it is far too real makes a very pretty book.
and detailed, to be pure invention. The writer The stories in Mr. Shorthouse's volume are
is, moreover, without sharing the belief of the already familiar to magazine readers. “A
principal character of her work, evidently to Teacher of the Violin” is the longest; “The
à certain extent in sympathy with him, and Marquis Jeanne Hyacinthe de St. Palaye”
she strives very hard to enlist the reader's seems to be the best. It is a “little classic"
sympathies with her. In this effort it is not in a high sense of the term. These short
humanly possible that she should succeed, stories, no less than the author's longer works,
except with such occasional minds as have | exhibit a literary art which is rare even
actually come in contact with zealots like | among our careful writers; in them we find
John Ward, or with those who, like him, erect also the spiritual touch that marks “John
into a great vital interest the belief or disbe- Inglesant” as one of the noblest of English
lief in this or that petty creed.
novels. Most readers, we fancy, will not
The wildest flights of Mr. Haggard's im greatly care to read them. They are too far
agination are equalled, if not surpassed, in the removed from the plane of everyday life and
romance of “Marahuna," by Mr. H. B. Marriott thought to become popular.
Watson. This story begins very attractively Mr. Cable's “Bonaventure” is a series of
with a graphic account of a tempest in the sketches rather than a novel of symmetrical
South Pacific. The hero is a young English construction, although its different parts are
scientist connected with an exploring expedi | linked together by the character whose name
tion. The sort of science with which he is gives a title to the work. In this book, the
supplied is sufficiently illustrated by saying author acquaints us very intimately with the


68
(July,
THE DIAL
life of Acadian Louisiana, with its primitive
ways and its ignorance of the great world
without, a world whose echoes only come now
and then to disturb its peaceful seclusion.
Mr. Cable still commands the qualities of
faithful delineation, of pathos, and occasion-
ally of humor, familiar to his readers. He
still delights also in the reproduction of
strange dialects, and in the grotesque imita-
tions of English speech which a too lively
fancy prompts him to attribute to his charac.
ters from time to time.
It is the unexpected, and even the improb-
able, that happens in the stories of Mr. Bret
Harte, but that genial story-teller so gauges
· the degree of unexpectedness and improbabil-
ity that an experienced reader of his tales
need find little difficulty in seeing his way
clearly before him. The shock of surprise
will be tempered for him in most cases by a
definite foreboding of what the novelist has in
store. So when « The Argonauts of North
Liberty” opens in a Connecticut village, we
know well enough that the author's dissolving-
view mechanism will soon substitute California
for that uninteresting locality. We know
likewise in good season that the mysterious
love of Dick Demorest will prove to be the
wife of the friend whom he takes into bis con-
fidence. As for the pretended death of the
betrayed husband, we do not for a moment
take that seriously. A few genuine surprises
of the minor sort do await any reader with imag-
ination less alert than that of the novelist, but
the main denouements of the story are all fore-
shadowed in ample time. The story is a good
one, not so good, perhaps, as “ The Crusade
of the Excelsior," but still a better one prob-
ably than any other American novelist is
capable of writing.
Mr. Stevenson makes good use of his ma-
terial. The story now published as “ The
Black Arrow" has already done twofold duty
as a serial: first in an English magazine, and
then in a number of American newspapers.
The changed title under which it now appears
should not be allowed to deceive anyone. We
trust that the author has no share in this dis-
creditable device.
The new popular edition of the novels of
Mr. George Meredith will place the work of
that master of fiction within reach of a wide
circle of American readers. “Richard Feverel"
is the volume chosen to introduce this edition,
and it will provide a new revelation of power
and beauty for the many who make their first
acquaintance with Meredith by its means.
Without in any way concurring in a recently
expressed opinion to the effect that it is “the
greatest novel in the English language,” we
can still pay emphatic tribute to the qualities
which make it an example of high literary
art. The novels of Messrs. Walter Besant
and James Rice are also in search of a new
American constituency of readers. They
have been among the most popular English
works of fiction of the past decade, and it is
quite time that they should have the honors
of a library edition in this country. “The
Golden Butterfly” inaugurates this new edi-
tion, and it is embellished with an etching of
Mr. Besant. It is a curious coincidence that
the initial volumes of the two series just re-
ferred to, appealing, as they do, to classes of
readers so entirely unlike, should both be
studies of the effects of peculiar educational
systems.
Translations of all descriptions are the order
of the day in fiction, the great interest aroused
in Russian literature reflecting itself to a
certain extent upon the literatures of other
countries. Still, a translation from the Turk-
ish is something of a novelty, and that is what
we have in “ The Story of Jewad.” The au-
thor is one Ali Aziz Efendi, known as “The
Cretan.” Mr. E. J. W. Gibb, the translator,
tells us that Ali Aziz completed the work from
which the present translation is made in the
year 1211 of the Hijra, and that he died two
years later while on a diplomatic mission in
Prussia. Perhaps the date of the story may
be best remembered as about that of the birth
of the first Emperor of Germany. We are
further told that “he was eminent in mysticism,
philosophy, and all the sciences, that he com-
piled several treatises on these, containing
likewise the convincing solutions he afforded
to the difficult questions propounded by Euro-
pean savants, but that his heirs, ignorant of
the value of his writings, destroyed all save a
few which fell into the hands of certain of his
friends who could appreciate their worth, and
who in consequence gave them to the world.”
One of these manuscripts was entitled
“Mukkhayyalat-i-Ledun-i-Ilahi,” which means
“ Phantasms from the Divine Presence.”
Upon the back of this manuscript was found
the information just given respecting the
author, and from its contents the present
translation has been made. The “Story of
Jewad” is best described by the statement
that it reads like a new chapter from the
Arabian Nights. It is possible that its inci-
dents have been taken from some similar col-
lection, but the translator has not found for
them any such origin, and they are certain to
be new to western readers.
Franzos is not a new author to English
readers, but he is, on the other hand, not a
very familiar one. His “Jews of Barnow,”
translated several years ago, gave to those
who read it some idea of his peculiar power,
and this idea is immensely strengthened by
the work now published in English dress and
entitled “For the Right.” Franzos is a native
of Galicia, and it is in further Galicia, on the


1888.]
69
THE DIAL
eastern side of the Carpathians, almost on the vellous psychological study, and is alone suffi-
borders of Bessarabia, that the scene of this cient to place Franzos among the great writers
work is laid. The wild, imperfectly civilized of romance. The work suggests the “Rob-
tribes that dwell in those mountains suggest, bers” of Schiller, but suggests only to em-
as they are here described for us, the Europe phasize the contrast between its own noble
of medieval history rather than the modern ideal and the crude sentimental schoolboy
Europe which we think we know so well. In ideal of that once potent tragedy. When
tegrally a part of the Austrian empire, that we read of this peasant hero taking his stand
distant region is represented (in 1839, the date upon the firm foundations of justice, and.
of the action) as preserving the modes of life alone, declaring war upon the empire and
bequeathed it by feudalism, and reducing the defying the world, we forget that he is an
operation of imperial law to a minimum of ignorant, unschooled villager, and think of
effectiveness. In that savage, half-oriental him only as the incarnation of that spirit of
country there sprang up, half a century ago, indignant revolt against oppression which has
(for the romance is not without a certain his brightened so many of the darkest periods of
torical basis) a man of singular nobility of history, and of which Sophocles caught the in-
character. Unlettered in the conventional spiration when he placed upon the lips of his
sense, he had those qualities of mind and Antigone that memorable plea for the invio-
heart which it is the essential aim of educa lable sanctity of “the unwritten laws of God."
tion to develop, and notably that quality “La Neuvaine de Colette” is the title of a
which Mr. John Morley defines, in his enumer. story published anonymously in the Revue des
ation of the ends of education, as “a passion Deux Mondes and recently republished in New
for justice.” Risen to a position of influence York. The story, although trifling, has had
among his fellow-villagers, this peasant made a great and not undeserved popular success,
himself the champion of the people in their re its merit being the rare quality of originality
sistance to the unjust exactions of their lord. which it exhibits. A translation of this
But, strange and indeed incomprehensible “Story of Colette” is now published, fairly
fact to those whose rights he defended, he re faithful, although we have noticed a few un-
fused ever to resort to violence, trusting, with pardonable slips. Colette is a young French
childlike faith, in that justice which the deepest girl living in a deserted chateau with a crabbed
conviction of his soul told him must be the old aunt who keeps her from any intercourse
basis of the world, and of which the law was with the world. The child resolves, in despair,
the visible embodiment. That it should ever | to plead to St. Joseph for some Prince Charm-
be possible for the wrong to triumph over the ing to come and rescue her. Her “neuvaine,"
right was to him an idea so monstrous that he or nine days of prayer, having no seeming
would not for a moment accept it, until it con effect upon the saint, she throws his image out
fronted him as a grim fact in the shape of a of the window, and thereby wounds a young
legal decision against the villagers, the matter | man who is passing below. This young man
being one in which the justice of their cause is taken into the chateau, cared for by the
was as clear as heaven to his eyes. For a heroine and presently falls in love with her.
while he was prostrated by the moral shock of St. Joseph, it is needless to relate, is at once
this decision; then, gathering his energies to restored to the confidence of the young lady.
gether, he made a final appeal to the emperor One other translation calls for a word of
himself, only to be again disappointed. mention. It is the “Maximina” of Valdés,
Clearly, then, this was no world for a man which Mr. Nathan Haskell Dole has trans-
like him to live in; he would altogether re lated from the Spanish Lovers of realism in
nounce an order of things whose foundation fiction may find their account in this story,
was injustice Leaving his village he sought although its realism is without art, refinement,
the mountains, and there, joined by a band or taste. Then, too, there is something inter-
of more or less faithful followers, he led the esting in the Spanish life of to-day as the
life of an outlaw, taking justice into his own new Spanish novelists depict it for us, and this
hands, and righting wrong wherever he heard fact will probably attract some readers to a
of its existence. Like all men who seek to re story which is singularly devoid of any other
construct the world at once, his career was soon than such adventitious attractions.
ended_shall we say in failure? One of his
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
own acts proved to be an act of injustice, and,
stricken with remorse, he gave himself up to
the authorities to suffer the extreme penalty of
the law, which he himself invoked as a retri-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
bution for the life that he had unjustly taken.
How Mr. E. W. Harcourt has contrived to link
Such is the man whose figure, or rather | his name with John Evelyn's "Life of Mrs.
whose soul, dominates this extraordinary work. | Godolphin ” is a wonder to see. In his so-called
The portrayal of this heroic character is a mar- | “new edition" of this excellent work, published


70
(July,
THE DIAL
-
- - -
--- ---- - -- -- -
by A. D. F. Randolph & Co., he gives us a brief Princess” (Appleton) is an autobiography by one
preface, in which he tells us his own pedigree, and of the numerous daughters of a former Sultan of
little besides that is not better told in the introduc Zanzibar, who, born and reared as a royal princess
tion by the original editor, Samuel Wilberforce. in a summer palace of Zanzibar, is spending her
Mr. Harcourt says, “the additions I have made to later days as a Christian matron under the colder
Mr. Holmes's notes are but slight." Slight they skies of Germany. Her narrative of her life and of
must be; for the “inverted brackets,” by which the court-life of her father's court is fresh and
he says these additions are distinguished, can attractive in its novelty, and is told in a naive and
nowhere be found. It is observable, however, that artless way which wins one's sympathy. While a
several of the expressions in brackets relate to European mind will not consent to her opinions as
members of the Harcourt family. Since Mr. Har to eastern marriages, the education of children,
court holds the manuscript, we are left in the dark and slavery, her views are suggestive as voicing
as to how much is meant by the following state the opinions of millions of people who have no
ment: "The small alterations which I have access to the ear of our Indo-European civilization.
adventured have been simply in the direction of a Her idyllic pictures of high life in Zanzibar in her
stricter adherence to the text." After all, we are girlhood days transport us out of our artificial life
grateful for a new edition of this book. From back to the youth of the world, as no accounts of
tbat time of rioting and wantonness, that time of travellers to the Orient, not “to the manner born,"
"inexpressible luxury and prophaneness," that can do. In the “Life of Dr. Anandibai Joshee"
time of “gaming and all dissoluteness, and as it (Roberts), by Mrs. Caroline H. Dall, a Mahratta
were total forgetfulness of God," which is known lady of Rajah descent is allowed in her own letters
as the Restoration of the Stuarts, has come down to set before us a mental photograph of a singu-
to us this manuscript of Evelyn, describing the all larly endowed and beautiful soul. Possessed with
too brief life of as pure and sweet and devout a the desire to ameliorate the physical condition of
woman as any of that choice company who now her country women, at the age of eighteen she came
combine to place upon England's head the crown to America-violating all the instincts of a Hindoo
of virtue. Not being published in Evelyn's life and even the prejudices of her religion in crossing
time, this book was handed down the line in man “the black water"—that she might obtain an ade-
uscript unto the third and fourth generation; and quate medical education and fit herself for a life-
after more than a century and a half in hiding, work among her people. Retaining the faith of
first saw the light in 1847. If anyone wishes to her fathers until her death, she impressed all by her
take leave for an hour of the toiling, hurrying beauty of character and her spiritual conception of
present, and be refreshed by the calm of the tran her responsibility as an educated woman. But our
quil olden time, let him look into this book, and fierce climate caressed the frail Asiatic flower too
allow his mind to float with the shallow and ram harshly, and at twenty-one she returned to her na-
bling but harmonious current of Evelyn's prose. In tive land-not to give her heroic life for her en-
those days people had time for loose sentences and slaved countrywomen, but to die, last year, on the
all sorts of expatiating; and were not vexed by a very threshold of her realized desires. The nar-
long account of what I said, what she said, and rative revealed by the interwoven letters is a most
what he said. Then, too, people had time to be touching one, and impresses once more the thought
pious. The bright young ladies of to-day find that humanity at its best is god-like under all skies
small leisure for books of devotion and the “little and all creeds.
Oratorye." But there is hardly a book where our
girls can better learn how a busy life in the midst
STUDENTS of American history have long needed
of society can be saturated with devotion, yet not
a Constitutional Manual which should combine a
soured, nay, rather sweetened by it. Margaret
popular commentary upon the Constitution with a
Blagge (Mrs. Godolphin), born in 1652, became a
statement of the details of governmental organiza-
communicant at eleven years of age; entered
tion which have been developed by legislation
society at fourteen; was, first, Maid of Honor to
under it, as well as indicate the departures from
the Duchess of York, and then to Queen Cath-
its letter, not only by amendment but by broad
arine; married at twenty-three; accompanied the
interpretation. “Sheppard's Constitutional Text-
embassy of Lord Berkeley to Paris, as the friend
book" was a good manual in its day, but it is now
of Lady Berkeley; and died in London, at twenty-
more than thirty years behind the facts, and yet
six, shortly after the birth of a son. Her years of
until recently it had the field. Sterne's “Constitu-
wedded life were not only few, but abbreviated by
tional History and Political Development of the
absence. Evelyn, her trusted friend, and almost
United States" (Putnam) was originally published
her second father, ascribes to her all the charms of
in 1881, and now has been brought down to the
beauty, all the brilliancy of wit, and all the graces
present year, in a fourth edition. It is a much
of piety.
needed and admirable little treatise, containing in
several hundred pages what must elsewhere be
Man is so largely the creature of his environment gathered from much reading of many books. It is
that he is inclined to identify that environment well adapted to the use of teachers as a text-book
with the world--to gauge all sentiments and insti in Constitutional history. A discussion of the
tutions and habits by his own. A good corrective Constitution in its provisions for the several de-
to such a mental and moral color-blindness is to partments of government is followed by a brief his-
familiarize ourselves with societies and civilizations tory of the application of its principles during the
as widely as possible separated from our own. last hundred years. A chapter on * Current Ques-
Two recent contributions to biographical literature tions” presents suggestive thoughts on the tend-
place us, the one in an Asiatic and Brahminical ency to paternal government, the spoils system,
atmosphere, the other under an African sky in a the tariff, the question of aliens, the currency,
Mohammedan society. The "Memoirs of an Arabian cabinet responsibility, legislative procedure. After


1888.]
THE DIAL
71
-- --
-- ---- -
- -
a closing chapter on the changes and development muzzled press spoke out for France against a policy
in State constitutions are placed addenda covering so dangerous to her international standing; and
all important constitutional legislation of the last the emperor was compelled to repudiate his crafty
few years—the Presidential Succession bill, the purposes. Although one of the powerful ironclads,
Count of the Presidential Vote, Chinese and Con the “Stonewall," did get to sea, the temporizing
tract-Labor Immigration, Alien Landholding, In- policy which Mr. Bigelow's activity forced upon
terstate Commerce, and all crucial decisions of the the French government deferred its departure for
Supreme Court. The tendencies of public opinion American waters until the Confederacy was
of to-day, in regard to various social questions virtually dead. Mr. Bigelow lets the facts speak
which may express themselves in speedy legisla largely for themselves, in full quotations from the
tion, are touched upon in brief notes. The book letters of Slidell and Benjamin, the official letters
contains multum in parvo, and is sure to find a large of the French ministers, and the statements by
demand. We suggest that the establishment of the Bullock as to events under his direct cognizance.
Independent Treasury, of the Court of Claims, and It is a pity that he has not refrained from becoming
of the Circuit Judges, should have a reference, with exasperated at violent expressions in Slidell's
dates, in another edition.
letters and Bullock's pages, which have led him
into disparaging personal comments, especially
The well-known author of "A History of British
upon the former.
Commerce,” Leone Levi, has contributed to the
International Science Series, as Volume 60, a most DR. BARRows's “ The United States of Yesterday
useful compendium of “International Law " and of To-Morrow" (Roberts) is another of those
(Appleton). It is just such a book as such a series sanguine books, now so rife, congratulating us-
calls for-a popular treatise for the reading public. complacent Americans that we are- upon our vast
After a few words of introduction upon the nature territory, rapid growth, and great development of
of International law-in which it is well desig material resources. No doubt it is pleasant for us
nated as “the creation of moralists, moulded by to be reminded that if we “Suppose Texas to be a
the acumen of jurists and the wisdom of states circular lake and France a circular island, the
men"—the author briefly traces the progress of in- island could be anchored centrally in the lake out
ternational relations to the present day. Then fol- of sight of land twenty-two miles from the en-
lows a very helpful chapter on the present political circling shore;” but what does it prove? Only
condition and treaty relations of forty-four states. that the Reverend Doctor has been looking up his
Here is much most valuable matter, which, while it geography. Has he no better message for us than
strictly forms no part of a treatise on international this? Four hundred pages of his book are full of
law, provides an excellent basis of necessary pre such pleasant figures, facts, and fancies. Only in
liminary information for the further presentation the last half-dozen pages are there perhaps as many
of the proper subject.' This introductory portion sentences which hint at certain dangers to be met,
of the book we value the most as a compend of certain problems to be solved. “This book," the
knowledge hitherto with difficulty attainable by | author informs us, “has been written to answer
the ordinary reader. The remaining chapters dis- questions;" but except as regards “Pioneering in
cuss the customary topics treated under this sub-| Education,' questions relating to the highest and
ject; but the author is right in saying that “espe only lasting glories of any nation-questions relat-
cially useful will be found the copious statements of ing to spiritual, intellectual, and ästhetical de-
the treaties concluded between different states on velopment, - will be put to it in vain. Dr. Barrows
the various subjects treated in the work," which says, “ As the author in earlier days ... had
are placed at the close of chapters. As a book of devoted much labor to public addresses and
reference, its value, as well as its place in this well lectures on our new country, it was quite natural
known series, will commend it to every library. It that a miscellaneous information should be solicited
is, however, not a scientific treatise, despite its from him concerning the territory between the
place in a science series. It is simply a historical Alleghanies and the Pacific." With the exception
manual, and a most excellent one, of facts which of the chapter on “Ancient Chicago," which
all should know.
originally appeared in the “Magazine of American
History" for April, 1885, it seems—though the
MR. BIGELOW, our consul in Paris during nearly author does not say so—that the book consists of
the whole course of our Civil War, and our minister
these old lectures revamped; and, as he intimates,
at the Court of Napoleon during the year 1865, has miscellaneous information is all that can be expected
given us in his “France and the Confederate Navy" from him. There is an index.
(Harpers) a most valuable account of a portion of
the diplomatic struggle for the Union. The book We have before us“Adelaide Ristori," the
has been called forth, apparently, by certain state eighteenth volume issued by Roberts Brothers
ments in Bullock's “Secret Service of the Confed under the head of “Famous Women." It differs
erate States," and is partly controversial. But as from former members of this series in being a
Mr. Bigelow gives us for the first time a detailed translation and “An Autobiography," and in
account of events of which he claims justly that he dealing with the life of a woman now living. The
is “in some respects the most complete surviving translation is, it seems, the same one that recently
witness," and which were of the utmost impor appeared in London, and is by no means flawless.
tance to the defeat of the Rebellion, his work is an The work itself, though largely made up of
important one historically. It fell to him to defeat autobiographical reminiscences, is not a connected
the French emperor's purpose to give secret aid to and complete autobiography. More than half of
the Confederacy by fitting out Confederate cruisers, the volume consists of analyses of Madame Ristori's
ostensibly for far different purposes. The scheme acting in six favorite plays; and in the portion
was exposed by the indefatigable consul; even a devoted to her recollections, omitting much that is


72
[July,
THE DIAL
of merely personal and private interest, she aims to satisfaction that justice is done that somewhat
give us solely what is connected with her artistic erratic but true patriot, Seisler. Dewitt Clinton,
career. But Madame Ristori's artistic career covers too, receives his due praise, as one of New York's
nearly her whole life, from the early age of three most public-spirited sons; and so does that sleek
months, when she was first carried upon the stage, and plausible henchman, Martin Van Buren, This
up to the time when she sought retirement to write is a book, despite its politics and its serious
this book. Early rising to prominence in her historical basis, which will win the interest of
native Italy, she perhaps might have desired no every boy who has any taste for narrative reading.
other audience than one composed of her own
countrymen, had it not been for the restrictions MR. J. H. KENNEDY, in his “Early Days of Mor-
imposed upon the stage by the censorship which, monism" (Scribner), has apparently made an honest
about the year 1855, tyrannized over Austria and attempt to give an unbiased account of the rise and
the Papal States. She then took a leading part in progress of that strange delusion up to the time of
establishing the Italian Theatre at Paris. Having the Mormon migration to Utah. It would seem,
once tasted the life of a "star," she could not leave however, that any thorough and candid investiga-
it, and her engagements have since carried her into tion of the facts must inevitably point to but one
the most widely separated lands; she has thrice conclusion: that, whatever the ultimate success of
visited the United States, the last time in 1885; the fraud, Mormonism was a fraud from the begin-
and has been around the world." The impression ning. The words of Joseph Smith himself are
she gives us of her travels shows an actor's hasty enough to prove this, and we have abundance of
and superficial glance; the account of her acting, trustworthy testimony besides. Mr. Kennedy has
that she relied more upon her womanly instinct done a good piece of work. He has collected and
than upon any intelligent theory of her art; and
sifted with care a great mass of heterogeneous ma-
her book as a whole, that she can make little pre-
terial and personal testimony, and has given us a
tension to literary skill.
succinct and well-written account of the startling
vicissitudes and adventures of this remarkable sect.
THE REV. ARTHUR WENTWORTH EATON, author
of “ The Heart of the Creeds, Historical Religion A LITTLE volume by Mr. J. H. Long, called
in the Light of Modern Thought” (Putnam), bas « Slips of Tongue and Pen” (Appleton), is offered
written his work chiefly, as he states, for the large
| as an addition to the number of similar books
class of young thinkers among the laity who are pointing out and correcting common errors in
often sorely puzzled by the contradictions and speaking and writing English. It is one of the
misled by the mistakes of popular theology, and to best of the books of its class; and the class is a
whom early Christian thought is little known.
useful one. The mistakes set forth are those made
The subjects discussed are God, Man, Christ, The
by writers who ought to and do know better, but
Creeds, The Bible, The Church, The Sacraments, are betrayed into petty errors by carelessness or
The Liturgy, and The Future Life. Mr. Eaton
haste. The contents are divided into eight chap-
freely acknowledges his indebtedness to the best
ters, under the headings: “Common Errors,”
modern scholarship, but he shows a conspicuous
“General Suggestions Upon Composition,” “Words
merit of his own in his discriminating use of
Often Confused,” “Objectionable Words and
materials, in the compression and lucidity that mark Phrases,” etc.; and there is an index of all the
his pages, in the spiritual penetration that keeps
words referred to.
him close to the pith of his subject, and in his
grasp on the essential verities which he portrays
with a direct and engaging simplicity and sincerity.
The little book is well calculated to fill a place TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
in theological literature that at present scems oc-
JULY, 1888.
cupied by none other of equal compass, and will
doubtless be found of lasting service to the class of
Agriculture. M. Miles. Popular Science.
serious and thoughtful persons who are often con Alaska. W. L. Howard. Popular Science.
American Judaism. A. S. Isaacs. Andover.
fused and bewildered by religious dogma, whom
American Literature, Library of. H. N. Powers. Dial.
the author had in mind in its production.
Astronomical Expedition, An. C. A. Young. Scribner.
Authors, Popular. R. L. Stevenson. Scribner.
Babylonian Views of Life after Death. C. Adler. Andover.
No publishing, enterprises have done more to
Bert, Paul. Popular Science.
popularize knowledge than the many series-his Books, Enemies of. W. F. Poole. Dial.
Boston Painters. W. H. Downes. Atlantic.
torical, biographical, economical -- which have ap-
Botany, Teaching of.B. D. Halsted. Popular Science.
peared within the last few years. The D. Lothrop Cicero. Harriet W. Preston. Allantic.
Cutler, Manasseh. W. H. Ray. Dial.
Company make a good beginning of another series,
Darwinism and Christianity. Popular Science.
“ The Story of the States," in "The Story of New Evolution, Books on. John Bascom. Dial.
York,” by Elbridge S. Brooks. This volume is
Factory Life. Lillie B. O. Wyman. Atlantic.
Fiction, Recent. W. M. Payne. Dial.
intended for the younger readers, and so very suc-
Gourds and Bottles. Grant Allen. Popular Science.
cessfully threads a narrative of nine or ten gener-
Great American Desert F. H. Spearman. Harper.
Greece, Moderu. T. D. Seymor, Scribner.
ations of imaginary Tennis Jansens through the
House. Drainage. W. E. Hoyt. Popular Science.
events of more than two centuries. The personal Human Existence, The Cycle of, Heloise Hersey. Indover.
Human Limitations of Christ. C. Van Norden. Andover.
story is a mere vehicle for the history, which is
Inter Collegiate Contrasts. Egbert C. Smyth. Andover.
presented in outline sketch, yet with a good power Kwakiool, The. G. M. Dawson. Popular Science,
of discrimination between the essential and the Manual Training. G. Von Taube, Popular Science,
Muslim's Faith, The Thomas P. Hughes. Andover.
unimportant. The “good old colony times " are
Psycbology, Teaching of. Popular Science.
reproduced very vividly, while the more prosaic Railway Engineering John Bogart. Scribner.
Schopenbauer as a Critic of Religion. Andover.
period since the days of Irving is well narrated
Springfield, Ill. C. D. Warner. Harper.
down to the present generation. We note with stock Companies as Distributors of Wealth. Andover.


1888.)
73
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Telephone Cases, The H, C. Merwin. Atlantic.
Richard Wagner's Poem, The Ring of the Nibelung.
Territorial System of the U.S. Joseph Ward. Andover.
Explained and in Part Translated by George T.
Thebes, Temples of. W. M. F. Petrie. Harper.
Dippold, Ph.D. 12mo, pp. 240. H. Holt & Co. $1.50.
Trades-Unions. J. B. Mann. Popular Science.
Early Poems. By Alfred, Lord Tennyson. Portrait.
U.S. Naval Academy. J. D. J. Kelley. Harper.
West Indies in Midsummer. L. Hearn. Harper.
Völ. I. 12mo, pp. 313. Macmillan & Co. $1.50.
Ballads of Books. Edited by Andrew Lang. 16mo, pp.
157. Longmans, Green & Co. $2.00,
Iona. A Lay of Ancient Greece. By Payne Erskine.
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8vo, pp. 186. Cupples & Hurd. $1.75.
Star-Dust. By Fannie I. Sherrick. 16mo, pp. 176. Bel.
[The following List contains all New Books, American and For
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A Book of Poems. By John W. Chadwick. 16mo, pp. 280.
Roberts Bros. $1.25.
A. C. MOCLURG & Co., Chicago.)
A New Variorum Edition of Shakespeare. Edited
by H, H. Furness, Ph.D., etc. Vol. VII. The Merchant
BIOGRAPHY-HISTORY.
of Venice. 8vo, pr. 479. Gilt top. J. B. Lippincott
Henry Hobson Richardson and His Works, By Mrs.
Co. $4.00.
Schuyler Van Rensselaer. With a Portrait and Illus. The Works of William Shakespeare, Edited by Henry
trations of the Architect's Designs. Edition limited
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top. Houghton, Miffin & Co. Net, $20.00.
Shakespearian Scholars, and numerous Illustrations
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404. "American Statesmen." Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Scribner & Welford. $3.00.
$1.25.
Missouri. A Bone of Contention, By Lucien Carr.
ART.
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L'Illustration Salon, 1888. Quarto. Paper Paris.
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Solomon Maimon; An Autobiography. Translated
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[Aug., 1888.
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At the bookstores, or sent, post-paid, by the publishers, on receipt of price.
D. LOTHROP COMPANY, Publishers, Boston, Mass.


THE DIAL
--- -------
--
---- ----
Vol. IX. AUGUST, 1888. No. 100.
comparatively easy matter to collate facts, to
ransack libraries, and heap up incidents in
promiscuous profusion. But to arrange is the
historian's task,—so to arrange that facts
CONTENTS.
stand not for themselves, but that there may
be evident connection and philosophic rela-
THE OLD NORTHWEST. A. O. McIaughlin ...79
tion. The pages of this work fairly bristle
with dates, and almost every sentence is a
A JOURNEY IN MANCHURIA. George C. Noyes .. 81
statement of fact; but one feels that there is
no isolation, rather that each statement is a con-
necting link in a chain of events that shows the
BOOKS ON EDUCATION. Junius B. Roberts .... 83
history and progress of the subject so ably
discussed. And the result is that the work,
MADAME DE SÉVIGNÉ. Octave Thanet...... 85
though dealing largely with details, is one of
great interest to the reader and of value to
BRIEFS OS NEW BOOKS ........... 87
the student of history. One can no longer be
Black's The Story of Obio.--Books That Have
excused for not knowing the history of the
Northwest from the time of the earlier explor-
Helped Me.-Baumbach's Suminer Legends.--Car-
ations to the admission of the territories as
ter's A Summer Cruise on the coast of New
states, now that all is given with so much
England. --Social Life and Literature Fifty Years care and that real or fancied obscurities are
Ago.-Dippold's Wagner's Ring of the Nibelung.
cleared away.
The geography of North America is the
-Verestschugin's At Home and in War, 1853-1881.
subject of the first chapter, interesting not
-Olive Thorne Miller's In Nesting. Time.
alone in itself, but as introductory to several
of the following chapters, which might by an-
TOPICS IN AUGUST PERIODICALS ..... 89 alogy be called the Making of the Northwest.
The study of American history will furnish
BOOKS OF THE MONTH ........... 89 many examples of the influence which the
physical formation of a country has on the
industrial and social progress of its inhabit-
THE OLD NORTHWEST.*
ants. The geograpby of North America must
be understood if its history is to be appreci-
When we open Professor Hinsdale's book, fiated; and this is especially true of the history
it is with no expectation of finding a collec of the exploration and development of the
tion of new facts relating to the history of the Northwest. The basin of the Great Lakes
Northwest, but with the hope of meeting an and the St. Lawrence was the early home of
orderly array of the many interesting facts the French settler,-if we can speak of the
that have long had their places in our general ! home of him who does not abide, or call him
histories, amplified by the material now of. a settler who does not rest. The English,
fered so copiously in the publications of State taking possession of the Atlantic basin, ex-
historians and historical associations. If this tended their settlements along the coast, and
work of orderly compilation has been accom along the banks of the great rivers that formed
plished, it is certainly a boon to be appreci natural highways to the sea. Hemmed in by
ated by bim who has endeavored to reconcile the mountains, they confined their attention to
conflicting statements and obtain an adequate trade and agriculture, while the French were
idea of the controversies over the title to the trapping beaver in Michigan or establishing
Northwest lands, of the methods of the ces. a colony for bartering with the Indians of III-
sions by the claimant States, and of the final inois; and there was very little danger of the
organization of the territory. This hope is, threatening contest, that has been termed
to say the least, fully realized. Order and “inevitable,” until the English, by natural de-
skilful arrangement are the obvious merits of velopment, felt the real need of extending their
the book. Facts are handled in a masterly settlements into the Ohio Valley. When that
way, indicating that the author has control of time came the English settlers were a strong
the situation, thoroughly understands bis task, body of people, living under organized gov-
and sees the end from the beginning. It is a ernment adapted to their needs, bending their
energies to obtain or to hold political and
constitutional privileges, developing in the
Colonies as Constituted by the Royal Charters. By B. A.
method natural to the Englishman, who seems
• THE OLD NORTHWEST. With a View of the Thirteen
Hinsdale, Ph.D. New York: Townsend MacCoun.


80
[Aug.,
THE DIAL
ready to organize a state before he has a place tance of the French and Indian War—a war of
to lay his head. And when the pioneer began geography, but a war also between two con-
to push his way over the mountains, where he Hicting and opposing systems, between two
was to come into contact and opposition with civilizations, between progressive English
the French, he went in accordance with nat liberty and middle-age Gallican subservience
ural development, and not in obedience to ar to authority, between priest and dissenter,-a
tificial demands of state policy, supporting an war that was to determine whether the North-
imaginary occupancy. The exploring French west was to be developed along lines of
must give way to the colonizing English, the freedom and political growth or of political
coureur des bois must give way to the farmer. stagnation, to determine whether French
The advancing pioneer is an Englishman, with America with its “two heads”-to use Park.
English traits and prejudices,-but he takes man's words-"one among the snows of
possession of the Ohio Valley for himself and Canada and one among the canebrakes of
not for his king; that the rich soil may raise Louisiana”-could live with an attenuated
maize and wheat, and not that it may bear body of military posts and trading villages.
crosses dedicated to saints, or pillars with a We recall the sentences of Fiske: “The town-
rich fruitage of Latin inscriptions to His Most meeting pitted against the bureaucracy was
Christian Majesty.
like a Titan overthrowing a cripple. The
And yet the work done by the wandering historic lesson owes its value to the fact that
French was of great value, and the record of this ruin of the French scheme of colonial
their explorations will always be the fairy empire was due to no accidental circum-
tale of American history. Though the author 1 stances but was involved in the very nature
claims no originality for this part of his work, of the French political system. ... The
and has been obliged to reduce the interesting triumph of Wolfe marks the greatest turning
account to little more than an outline, his point as yet discernible in modern history.”
facility of arrangement has given to the com For a complete understanding of the con-
pressed narrative life and vigor, and one reads ficting claims to the Northwest Territory, a
to carry away a distinct impression of the study of the early charters of the colonies is
steps of exploration and discovery by the necessary. Writers in the various Eastern
daring voyageurs who have left their names States have been so influenced by local pride
for stream and hamlet through the Northwest. and prejudice that this subject has been
The reader sees how the French explored and covered with a veil of obscurity that does not
took possession of the country as geography | belong to it. There is and must be conflict.
dictated-priest, soldier, and trader, “the What is the line that was to run “west and
triple alliance," as Professor Ilinsdale calls northwest,” according to the Virginia charter
them, chose sites for trading post and fort of 1609, cannot be definitely determined.
with wisdom,-“but the sites to-day are as im: The claim of New York, though called by
portant as when they chose them. The Sault Hildreth the “ vaguest and most shadowy of
canal, the Mackinaw shipping, and the cities all,” which estimate Professor Hinsdale seems
of Chicago, St. Louis, and Detroit, show us willing to accept, has practically the same
how geography conditions history, as well as basis as England's claim to all the West and
that the savage and the civilized man have Northwest: namely, treaties with the Six
much in common.” With all the advantages Nations. Massachusetts and Connecticut,
of early occupancy, and choice of situation though claiming by more definite charter
for fort and village, the habitant, not caring titles, were not able to establish their claims
to make distinctions between political rights beyond doubt. It seems puerility, rather
and political wrongs, was not so aided by con- than historical enthusiasm, to labor at length
ditioning geography that he was able to to prove that to one State and not to another
develop settlements that could long hold the belongs the honor of ceding the Northwest
Northwest against the vigorous and political Territory to Congress for the common benefit
English settler, who carried with him into the of the States. The author has not attempted
wilderness ideas of independence and of con to give a clear title to any one State, or to
stitutional liberty that made each settlement, free the subject from the confusion that we
when planted, a force in and of itself, an must expect to find. But the confusion itself
organism with capacity for growth, a centre is clear after the treatment given it, and
of influence.
though before this work appeared one might
One lingers over these analogies and differ solve the riddle for himself by investigation
ences, but the work we are examining devotes and study, this is a valuable contribution to
but comparatively small space to them, and the literature on the subject.
the more valuable portions of the book are The Ordinance of 1787 scarcely need be
still to be mentioned. The chapter on the eulogized in these days, when we realize that
“ Wresting of the Northwest from France" is to it was due the exclusion of slavery from
an interesting one, bringing out the impor- | the Northwest, and that it was the immediate


1888.]
81
THE DIAL
for these convolutions forms largely the history
of Northern Ohio. The maps are a feature of
the book that must be noticed. They are
plentiful, finely printed, and greatly aid the
narrative. The author has proved by the
coherence of the whole, and by logical
arrangement, that the Northwest has its indi-
viduality, and that its history merits separate
and peculiar treatment. He has made an
important addition to the works on American
history.
A. C. McLargulin.
forerunner of our present Constitution, which
to all appearances was influenced in its forma-
tion by the statements of constitutional prin-
ciples contained in the Ordinance. It is one
of the ironical turns of history that until the
last few years the authorship of this remark
able document was unknown, Claim for the
honor was made by Webster on behalf of Dane
of Massachusetts, the chairman of the com-
mittee that reported the Ordinance to Con-
gress. Indeed, Mr. Dane made the same claim
for himself. The South has insisted on cast-
ing the laurels before Jefferson, though there
is apparently no reason for giving him the
credit, except Southern persistency and that
he was chairman of a committee which in
1784 reported an ordinance for the govern-
ment of the territory, the fifth clause of which
prohibited slavery, after 1800, in any of the
States. Rufus King, William Grayson, and
Richard IIenry Lee have all been suggested
as deserving the honor. Mr. W. F. Poole, in
an article written for the “North American
Review” in 1876, cleared up the difficulty,
showing us plainly that credit for the Ordi-
nance of '87 is at least largely due to Dr. Man-
nasseh Cutler, of Ipswich, Massachusetts. But
we have had to wait till the present year for
the publication of the life of this man, whose
practical statesmanship has had such a wide
influence and such lasting effect. Dr. Cutler
came to New York as the agent of the Ohio
Company, to purchase lands of Congress for
the company's purposes. His address and
wisdom had their influence. He was success-
ful as a lobbyist, but more successful as a
statesman. “An act of legislation that had
been before Congress for more than three
years was consummated within a week from
the time that Dr. Cutler, who had been twelve
days on the way, drove up his gig to the
· Plough and Harrow,' in the Bowery." Prac-
tical measures, under his influence, took the
place of theoretical surmises and suggestions;
and if no claim is made, by those who have so
carefully written his life and published his
journal and correspondence, that he was the
sole author of the Ordinance, it is evident
that the spirit of the land agent guided the
Congress of the Confederation in the most
important work of its existence.
It is impossible even to glance at the con-
tents of the other chapters this work contains.
The history of the Western Reserve is of
value and interest, particularly as the author
has had access to new sources of information.
A skilful use of new and old material has
given us a view of the history of the Reserve
that is nowhere else obtainable, and will be of
lasting value. It is interesting to watch the
convolutions of such a winding measure as
the one by which the Western Reserve titles
were quieted,—and the history of the reasons
A JOURNEY IN MANCHURIA.*
The first thing to be said about this book is
the infelicity of its chief title: its sub-title
alone gives a hint of its contents. “The
Long White Mountain" is neither so long nor
so white as to make it the most distinctive or
interesting feature of the country. Its high-
est peak is but little more than seven thousand
feet high, and its whiteness is due, not to
snow, but to the presence on its sides of large
patches of wet, disintegrated pumice-stone.
It is chiefly remarkable for its cascades, its
hot springs, its underground streams which
the traveller ascending it hears roaring be.
neath his feet, the variety and beauty of the
fora adorning its slopes, and for the lake at
the summit, six or seven miles in circumfer-
ence, contained in a crater three hundred and
fifty feet deep, and whose waters are as
“darkly, deeply, beautifully blue” as Mr.
Southey's sky in Madoc. The White Mount-
ains of New Hampshire, which in the writer's
mind are associated with pride of birth, are
longer, and for five-sixths of the year whiter,
and for the whole of the year more interest-
ing, than the author makes the Long White
Mountain of Manchuria to be.
But of Manchuria itself, its physical fea-
tures and resources, its people, their history,
government, manners and religion, he gives
an account both instructive and interesting.
The country is one of the five chief depend-
encies of the Chinese Empire, is about one-
third larger territorially than the State of
Texas, and contains, according to Mr. James,
from twenty to twenty-three millions of peo-
ple, while the “Statesman's Year Book” puts
the number at only twelve millions. The last
few years have witnessed a large immigration
of Chinese into the country. To the geogra-
phers of Lindley Murray's day, Manchuria was
known as Tartary. It lies between China and
Corea on the south, Siberia on the north, and
* THE LONG WHITE MOUNTAIN, OR, A JOURNEY IN MAN.
CHURIA, With some Account of the History, People, Ad.
inistration, and Religion of that Country. By II. E.M.
James. of Her Majesty's Bombay (ivil Service. With
Illustrations and a Map. New York. Longmans. Green
& Co.


82
[Aug.,
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Mongolia on the west. Bordering tbus both richest to the poorest, live in houses which are
Russia and Corea, it is quite probable that alike in four particulars: they all face the south,
within the next few years public attention that being the quarter from which good influ-
may be largely directed to this country, so ences come; they are all one-storied; they all
that this book may prove to be a very timely have fronts filled with movable window-frames,
production. The continual aggressions and with lattice panes of paper, not glass; and
conquests of Russia in Asia, the coming forth they all have built up against the wall, run-
of Corea from its hermitage into the family ning the whole length of the interior, and com-
of nations, and the extensive immigration of municating with every room, what is called a
Chinese now going on into this country, will “k'ang,” which is a brick platform two and a
very likely lead ere long to important changes half feet high and five feet broad, the inside
in this part of the map of Asia.
of which is filled with a fue carried four or
Manchuria possesses a great variety and five times up and down the whole length of
wealth of natural resources. It is diversified the “k’ang." At one end of this is a boiler
with mountains and rivers and extensive where the family cooking is done, and outside
forests of valuable timber. Its soil is fertile in the yard is a chimney ten or twelve feet
and its climate temperate. The greatest high. This arrangement passes all the smoke
drawback to its material prosperity is found and heat of the kitchen fire backwards and
in the fact of its wretched roads, and the difti- forwards repeatedly through the “k'ang,"
culty of transport. Money transactions are warming it like a stove, until they pass out
made cumbrous and troublesome because of through the chimney. The top of the “k’ang”
the absence of a silver currency, the only coin is covered with matting. During the day it
issued by the government being a copper alloy | is used as a place to sit and talk or gamble.
“cash," twenty-five or thirty of which are re- At meal times, it is the dining room around
quired to make a penny.
which the members of the family squat. In
The people of Manchuria, or Manchus, be the evening the beds are unrolled on it, and it
came by their conquests a distinct and power is used as the general sleeping place, the
ful empire early in the seventeenth century. apartment for women being partitioned off at
They were originally a tribe of the Tungusians one end. In cold weather this makes a warm
who, according to Prichard (Natural History bed. But the most marvellous part of the
of Man, I. 215), have been a distinct race from story is that which tells how little fuel is
very early times. From the time when Genghis needed for this cooking and warming and gen-
Khan swept over Asia, destroying, it is said, eral utility apparatus. Mr. James avers that
five millions of human beings, they were called a little wisp of straw which is consumed al-
Tatars, a name to the first syllable of which most as soon as it is thrust into the hole at the
the devout Christians added the letter r, be foot of the k'ang will in about half an hour
cause they connected them with the legions of cause a gentle glow to pervade the top of the
Tartarus. The Manchus conquered China in k'ang, and keep it delightfully warm all the
the seventeenth century, and placed their lead- night long. It might be worth while to in-
er's son upon the throne of the empire. He troduce the kʼang into this country as a means
established a dynasty which is still, more than of bringing the coal barons to terms. Here
two hundred years after the conquest, the rul also, as there, this heating apparatus might
ing one in the Celestial Kingdom, though Man largely reduce the expenses incurred for fur.
churia itself is an outside dependency of that niture, since it can be made to serve so many
kingdom, and the old conquering race have functions.
been nearly all absorbed by the Chinese whom The most touching token of filial affection
they conquered. It is the ancient story re which a dutiful son can show his father is to
peated, “Græcia capta ferum victorem cepit.” present him, so soon as he attains the age of
The Manchus have adopted the manners and sixty, with a good substantial coffin. The cus-
customs of the Chinese. The position of tom of burning the dead, which once prevailed,
women among them, as in China, is very infe is now little practiced. Great respect and rev-
rior, as why should it not be, since Confucius, | erence and sometimes worship is paid to the
the great teacher of both races, put away his dead. Old settlers in a community have
own wife without a cause? They marry very their separate family burying grounds, neatly
early. Though gambling is prohibited, yet walled in, and kept with great care. Crime,
they are great gamblers, and will sit, some except in the form of brigandage, is not rife
times, for thirty-six hours continuously at among the people; but the punishment meted
cards. Slavery prevails, though it has one out to criminals is inhuman, and often horri-
mitigating feature which American slavery ble. When confined in jail they run the risk
never had, in that families cannot be sepa of being starved, or in winter of being frozen
rated, and a master or owner who would sell | to death. But worse than their severity is the
one slave in a family must sell all to the same uncertainty of punishments; for here, as in
purchaser. The people of all classes, from the 1 more enlightened lands, it is sometimes true


1888.)
83
THE DIAL
that “offence's gilded hand shoves by justice,” | Mr. James writes appreciatively and in
or other influences are brought to bear to de- strongly commendatory terms of the work
feat its ends. Extortion by officials in the of Christian missions in Manchuria. “Un-
form of illegal taxation is not common, for the questionably,” he says, “the work is of the
great source of taxation—enough so to delight | highest possible value.” A considerable force
the heart of Henry George—is the land, of both of Roman Catholic and Protestant mis-
which none but the temple land is exempt. | sionaries, the latter chiefly Scotch Presbyteri.
Distilling, which has been known in Europe ans, are laboring in the country.
for only seven or eight centuries, has been From the foregoing brief sketch the reader
practiced in Manchuria and China since the may judge fairly as to the contents of this vol-
days of Confucius. Distilleries pay a tax of ume. Both in matter and style it is, espe-
from $375 to $600 per annum, without regard cially for those who travel only at home, while
to the strength of the liquor produced. On they are ever longing for “fresh fields and
the retail sale of spirits there is no tax what pastures new," an entertaining and instructive
ever—which would just suit our prohibition work. Though the volume is a bulky octavo
friends-wbile the quantity of spirits drunk is of five hundred pages, the interest of the
enormous, and drunkenness is very prevalent. reader is well maintained to the end. Illus-
The use of opium is common, but cases of its trations, a map, and a good index, in addition
excessive use are said to be comparatively to a full table of contents, add to the value of
few. Mr. James defends the moderate use as the work.
being as harmless as the use of a good. cigar.
GEORGE C. NoYES.
He emphatically denies that the people are
being destroyed by this drug. “Look at
----
home,” he says. “Half a dozen streets in Lon-
don contain far more blear-eyed, sodden cum-
BOOKS ON EDUCATION.*
berers of the earth, men made originally in Every contribution to that topic of grow-
God's image, than the streets of all the towns ing, if not already of universal, interest, Man-
in Manchuria. Yet would anyone say that ual Training in the public schools, is heartily
the English race is being destroyed by drink ?” welcomed. Professor Woodward speaks with
The Manchus are more pious than good. authority because he speaks from large expe-
Their greatest virtue is their extraordinary rience, and his word upon the subject is not
industry; their greatest vice, gambling. Three only hearty and inspiring, but it is definite
prevailing religious cults are found among and full of instruction. Centennial Year and
them-Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism. the Russian Exbibit first roused in this coun-
But these by no means exhanst their capacity try a widespread interest in Manual Training,
for devotion. They have certain local and and it seemed at one time as though there
tutelary deities which they worship at road would be an epidemic of industrial instruc-
side shrines. They worship also ancestors, tion. The country was not prepared for it,
apimals, and disease. Small-pox has many however. Ideas upon the subject were too
devout votaries. Other diseases worshipped crude to bear much fruit. Teachers were not
are known by names which proceed from the .to be had. We had to wait until the few ex-
special to the general, as, “ His Excellency the isting technical schools should prepare those
Asthma,” “Mr. Muscle-and-bone-pain," and who could be leaders in the movement. Inter-
“Mr. Imperfect-in-every-part-of-his-body.” est declined, and many said the experiment
The latter is represented by an idol most re was too costly, and in other ways was visionary
pulsive in appearance, having sore eyes, a
hare lip, here an ulcer, and there a diseased *THE MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOL. By C. Woodward,
bone. They are strong believers in geoman-
Ph.D., of the Washington University Manual Training
lic influences. That is, they think that all
INDUSTRIAL INSTRUCTION A PEDAGOGIC AND A SOCIAL
genial influences come from the south, while NECESSITY. By Robert Seidel. Boston: D. C. Heath & Co.
those of an evil blighting character come THE SENSES AND THE WILL. By W. Preyer, Professor
from the north. These influences they regard
of Physiology in Jena. (International Education Series.)
New York: D. Appleton & Co.
as proceeding in a straight line. Accordingly, SHAKESPEARE AND CHAUCER EXAMINATIONS. Edited
if high buildings are raised, or church towers, by William Taylor Thom, M.A. Boston: Ginn & Com.
or even telegraph poles, they turn the good
pany.
LESSONS IN ENGLISH. Adapted to the Study of Ameri.
spirits aside from their course, bring injury to
can Classics. By Sara E. Husted Lockwood. Boston:
parties immediately north of them, and throw
everything into confusion. It does not seem
CHHIPS FROM A TEACHER'S WORKSHOP. By L, R. Klemm,
Ph.D. Boston: Lee & Shepard.
to occur to them to inquire whether the same
MONOGRAPHS ON EDUCATION. I., English in the Schools.
obstructions which turn aside good influences II., English in the Preparatory Schools. Boston: D. C.
proceeding north, may not also operate as a Heath & Co.
defence against bad influences moving south.
HELPS TO THE INTELLIGENT STUDY OF COLLEGE PRE.
PARATORY LATIN. By Karl P. Harrington, M.A. Bos.
“ It is an ill wind that blows nobody good.” ton: Ginn & Company.
School, St. Louis. Boston: D. C. Heath & Co.
Ginn & Company


84
[Aug.,
THE DIAL
and impracticable. Within the past three or of protoplasm, to be watched and manipulated
four years, however, interest has revived, and in the interests of science. No doubt his
the practicability and value of Manual Train observations are all thoroughly humane and
ing as a part of regular school work is no longer sympathetic, but their character is so circum-
doubtful. The technical schools and some stantial, so fine, so penetrating, that at first
State institutions were the first to lead off in they seem a little repellent and altogether too
the matter. Now the shop and the bench are a cool. “I was strengthened,” he remarks,“ in
part of the equipment of the high school in my view after the first experiment (on the
many of our large and some of our smaller cities. fourteenth day of my child's life), for, upon
Professor Woodward's book will be helpful in touching the left temple of the sleeping child,
a double way. It contains the considerations he started, and directed the left hand toward
and arguments which will have weight with the place that was touched.... In the
the public, and especially with the immediate same way, in the fourteenth week, when I
authorities who may have the subject under touched the right eye on the inner corner
discussion; and it is in itself a very good man with the finger-nail, the right hand went
ual of instruction to teachers who may be directly to the spot and rubbed it,” etc., etc.
called to take charge of an industrial class After such descriptions, one reads with some
without opportunities for a thorough techni. surprise, if not incredulity, the statement: “I
cal course. Well-prepared instructors, how have not liked to experiment in regard to this,
ever, are not so difficult now to be procured; as I do not wake children without urgent rea-
and certainly none others should be put in sons.” Soberly speaking, Professor Preyer
charge of this work in any school.
has in this volume given us a painstaking,
How differently this subject has to be treated thorough, and most remarkable contribution to
under other skies and other social and economic our knowledge of the evolution of the human
conditions, appears in Robert Seidel's little animal. I say “human animal ” advisedly,
book, an earnest and almost passionate plea for Part I. of his book only takes us through
for the introduction of industrial instruction the development of the Senses and of the
in the schools of Switzerland. His refuta Will. The development of the Intellect is to
tions of objections reveal most pathetically form the subject of a volume yet to appear.
the abject and wretched condition of the arti Professor Preyer is a thoroughly scientific
san classes in Europe. The fear of competi observer and a conscientious recorder. He
tion, over-production, and other economic starts with no assumptions and arrives at few
disturbances, is the spectre which haunts the conclusions. If others, with scientific train-
dreams of the working class in the old country. ing and opportunities for observation, will
Shall we train up children in the public schools follow somewhat his method and put on
to become skilful workmen, that they may take record what they discover, a broad basis of
even the crust of poverty from our mouths ? facts will be ready for some future metaphy-
If children were all to be taught trades, to be sician who may wish through induction to
producers, the dread possibility is conceded. reach the high conclusions of speculative phil-
But such is not the aim of industrial training osophy.
in the schools. Hand-work is to be purely A few years ago the New Shakspere Society
elementary in its scope and pedagogic in its of England offered annual prizes to schools
purpose. It is to elevate and ennoble the for good work on Shakespeare in them. This
nature, and not to make mere handicraftsmen. coming to the knowledge of Professor Thom,
Hence the artisan need not fear.
of Hollins Institute, Virginia, he induced some
One follows the pen of Professor Preyer of his pupils to compete for these prizes.
with much the same feeling as he would the These pupils were quite successful in win-
scalpel of a vivisectionist. Mothers, and all ning the prizes; and that they well earned
lovers of children, watch their movements them will be conceded by anyone who takes
and the unfoldings of their nature, physical, | the trouble to glance over the pages of this
mental, moral, with intense eagerness; but it novel book. It consists chiefly of the ques-
has not occurred to many to note and put on tions, furnished for the most part by Mr. Fur-
record the number of minutes after birth ness of Philadelphia, together with the answers
when a new-born infant rolls up the white of written by the young ladies who competed for
its right eye, when it rolls up the white of its the prizes. A suggestive and valuable paper
left eye, and when of both together; nor to on methods of teaching Shakespeare and meth-
tickle its feet with a feather, to see whether it ods of club work is contributed by Professor
will spread its toes as a result; nor to puncture Thom. The examination papers upon several
its skin with pins, to discover when the sense | Shakespearean plays and upon portions of
of feeling begins to develop. It would prob Chaucer evince thorough and effective study
ably be doing Professor Preyer gross injustice and drill,--more minute in character, possibly,
to say that he regards a babe much as a mass | than would repay most readers or even stu-


1888.]
85
THE DIAL
dents of these great poets in a world where
MADAME DE SÉVIGNÉ.*
time is so short and art so long.
Probably no person with a spark of origi-
| No series of literary studies has awakened
nality in his make-up ever taught English of
| more general and vivid interest than the
any grade without a desire to make a text-
studies of Great French Writers, which the
book on the subject,—at least, for his own use;
American public will owe in the first place to
and with the hektograph and other modern
the French house of Hachette, who thus
appliances for manifold writing, most bright
supplement their remarkable edition of the
and enterprising teachers prepare their own
Great French Authors; and more directly to
work for class use. Miss Lockwood (if she
Messrs. A. C. McClurg & Co., who undertake
be a Miss) seems to be a lady with a hekto-
their translation and publication in America.
graph; and as a result this new text-book has
The initial volume in the French series was
grown up out of the school-room. It is well
Cousin; but the American series opens wisely
adapted to modern appliances, cheap texts,
with that most amiable of writers, Madame de
etc., for teaching literature; and while without
Sévigné; and she, as it were, holds the door
remarkable features, it will undoubtedly win
for the others, with her charming smile.
a place for itself among its numerous compet-
M. Boissier, at the beginning, disarms
itors.
criticism by modestly disclaiming any “at-
A collection of disjointed fragments, with
tempt at novelty.” “ After having read
some pieces of sound timber and a good deal
again Madame de Sévigné's letters," he says,
that is shivered and brash, is presented by
“I shall simply give the impression they leave
Mr. Klemm in his *Chips from a Teacher's
upon my mind, without considering whether I
Workshop.” The matter might serve well
am not repeating what others have said be-
enough for a school journal, better for the ed-
fore.” The personal note thus struck is con-
ucational column of a country paper, and best
tinued through the essay, and with so much
of all fresh from the lips of the speaker before
animation and good taste that it gives a zest
an institute or any professional gathering of
to our interest, almost contemporaneous. So
teachers. The tone is condescending, patron-
accurate a scholar as M. Boissier (even in a
izing, and often rather affectedly facetious.
new field) was likely to have his period at his
The book contains solid matter enough to fill
finger tips; indeed, for all his disclaimer of
about one-fourth its pages, if the print were
novelty, he gives us some new pictures and
not too fine; but then chips make a light heap,
details; and he paints to the life, in the easiest,
and lie loosely, as we know.
airiest style, that society which, beginning
The object and scope of the series of “Mon-
with having no duties, ended by having no
ographs on Education ” may best be set forth
pleasures. They were nearly all ruined.
# Nobody has a cent left," said Madame de
in the language of the publishers, who say,
very truthfully: “Many contributions to the
Sévigné; “ there is no money to be borrowed.”
theory and practice of teaching are embodied
But the gay whirl seems to have gone on just
in articles which are too long, or too profound,
the same. “ They have never a cent," she
or too limited as to number of interested read-
says, “and yet proceed with all their travels,
ers, for popular magazine articles, and yet
all their campaigns, attend all the balls, all the
not sufficient in volume for books. Yet these
racing rings, all the lotteries, and go on for-
essays, prepared by specialists, choice in
ever though utterly undone.” The sole re-
matter, practical in treatment, are of un-
source of this horde of magnificent beggars
questioned value to teachers.” The two
“ was the bounty of the King. “Without it,
papers on “ English in the Schools” and
all the nobles, having nothing left, would have
« English in the Preparatory Schools” are
been reduced to eat bread made of leaves and
ferns.?” To win the King's favor, the
good examples of the monographs, which the
courtiers lied, flattered, truckled, betrayed
publishers propose to furnish, in paper covers,
each other, sold themselves.
at low prices, so long as teachers buy them
freely enough to justify their continued publi-
Perforce such a society was corrupt. A
cation.
hundred scandals peep out of M. Boissier's
Mr. Harrington's “Helps to the Intelligent
pages. And the Maxims of La Rochefoucauld
Study of College Preparatory Latin” has a
are the bitter flower that springs naturally out
title that might be misleading. The book is
of this glittering slime. We get a good many
simply a catalogue or list of authorities, to be
glimpses of Madame de Sévigné's friends, La
consulted by the student of Cæsar, Cicero, and
Rochefoucauld and Madame de Lafayette,
Virgil; a great convenience to one who wishes
“gloomily growing old together” in the
to teach or study thoroughly these classic
garden of the Faubourg St. Germain, that
writers, particularly if he has access to a
* MADAME DE SÉVIGNÉ. By Gaston Boissier. Trans.
library of sufficient range and fulness.
lated by Melville B. Anderson. (The Great French
JUNIUS B. ROBERTS. I Writers.) Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co.


86
[Aug.,
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curious light pair the Coulanges, the disap person as well as her mind and heart M.
pointed De Retz and the snarling Bussy Boissier does not quite find warrant in her
Rabutin. Charles de Sévigné, of course, ap pictures :
pears, and Madame de Grignan. M. Boissier "It is a good face, broad, animated, smiling,
judges the latter less severely than is common. | reflecting good nature and intelligence; but it is
She united, he says, “two defects which seem not a pretty face."
opposed but which are often found together, He falls back on her friends' description:
pride and timidity;" and he quotes Madame “Give her what no one, not even her cousin
de Grignan's own description, that she was Bussy denies her,-blonde tresses thick and flowing,
“of an uncommunicative temperament.” She eyes full of fire, an admirable complexion of a lus-
was embarrassed by a violent affection which tre and a freshness beheld only in a sunrise or in
she may have returned but to which she did the finest roses of spring;'adorn her especially with
not know how to respond; and she often
those charming hues of intelligence and goodness
that illuminate her features, let her soul be read
seemed haughty and cold when she was only
upon her face - and we shall understand why,
very ill at ease. But her mother says,
although not wholly beautiful, she should have
“When you will you are adorable.” To be attracted more attention than many women of irre-
sure, the most meagre expressions of tender proachable beauty."
ness of a cold nature are valued out of propor Irreproachable her face was not, since
tion; but it surely, as M. Boissier says, argues
“Her eyes were too small and different in color,
something for the daughter's love that she the eyelids mottled, and the nose a little flattened
never during twenty-five years missed a post, at the end.' But these defects did not long offend.
in writing to her mother, unless prevented by As one was by this time closer to her, one could
illness. « These letters must have been much
hear her talk, and this was another charm not to be
more tender and affectionate than we suppose,
resisted. “Those who listen to you,' said Madame
since they satisfied the exacting love of
de Lafayette, 'no longer perceive that anything is
wanting to the regularity of your features; they
Madame de Sévigné.” He inclines to believe
concede you the most consummate beauty in the
“that we should have a higher opinion of
world.”
Madame de Grignan if we could read her Left a widow at twenty-five, Madame de
letters; the destruction of them was a wrong Sévigné was surrounded by admirers. Some
to her. Perhaps in reality she was less selfish, of them meant honestly enough, and some of
less indifferent than she is judged to be; the
them did not; for it was undoubtedly a wicked
indifferent do not suffer, and she seems to have 1. world. Yet to both classes of adorers she
suffered much.”
turned not a deaf ear (she was far too ami-
As to Madame de Sévigné herself, M. Bois ably polite for that; besides, there are indica.
sier echoes the universal admiration:
tions that she enjoyed admiration), but an ear
“Few people have had as many friends as Madame
that never carried the ardent phrases to her
de Sévigné. In all the crises of her life her corre-
heart. Bussy Rabutin, who had his own
spondence shows her to be surrounded by devoted grudge against her as a lover, says that she
persons eager to be agreeable or useful to her. She had “a cold temperament.” And even while
herself wonders at this general good nature. I M. Boissier abuses him for the explanation, he
receive a thousand marks of friendship,' she says. | accepts it as the key to her fair fame. She
I am quite ashamed of it. I know not what pos-
herself said that her love for her children pro-
sesses people to esteem me so much.'. The expla-
tected her; she loved them too much to love
nation was, however, very near at hand,--she was
beloved because she loved others. Whatever may
others at the same time. “I perceive every
be said, this is still the surest way to win hearts; day,” she writes, “that the big fish devour the
people only returned what she gave. One of those small fry." But M. Boissier will have none
who knew her best, La Rochefoucauld, was in the l of this explanation, any more than he will “at-
habit of saying that she satisfied his idea of friend-1 tribute her virtue to her piety." The only
ship in all its conditions and consequences.'"
reasons he gives are that she was “not at that
But Madame de Sévigné was not one of time especially devout,” and “she did not dis-
those facile natures who love many because like very free talk;" and, granted her devo-
they love lightly; she was capable of a warmth tion, neither her love for her children nor her
and a loyalty of feeling sometimes supposed religion need have stood in the way of a sec-
to be the property only of the lovers of few. ond marriage. Yet Madame Sévigné's warm
And it is to her enduring credit that mis- heart appears in every letter. Her coldness
fortune was the most surely honored claim was displayed only to her lovers; and even
upon her heart. When her friends were un the vindictive and vain Bussy tells her that
fortunate and forsaken, her affection clung all she converts all her lovers into friends. It is
the closer. Truly, as M. Boissier says, “she to be considered that Marie de Sévigné's mar-
had a sort of natural taste for all that is great, 1. ried life was signally unfortunate. She val-
daring, heroic.” Besides friends, she had a l ued liberty more than most women, and she
legion of lovers, for whose raptures over her loved her children passionately; to have risked


1888.]
THE DIAL
87
--
----- -
for them and for herself all the complications loyal men on a “Union” ticket. In those days
involved in a second marriage, she must have
patriotism meant more than party. This is not the
only instance in which Mr. Black's references to
been tempted by a great passion-and the
Ohio's share in the War of the Rebellion falls far
great passion never came.
short of being history. The “One Hundred Days"
M. Boissier says that Madame de Sévigné
call, drawn up by Brough and accepted by Lincoln,
was not a devotee; but he does full justice to which in twenty-four hours put a force of 40,000
a strain of spiritual exaltation that certainly men from Ohio alone at the disposition of Grant,-
was in her temperament. When she was the most brilliant achievement of the State Gov-
young, her friends the Jansenists formed her ernment during the war,-is not mentioned. Nor
does the able McPherson, companion of Grant and
conscience; and though, like her good uncle
Sherman, whose death was a national calamity,
the Abbé, she often reproached herself for
find a place in Mr. Black's pages. A similar disre-
lack of piety, she, in truth, better than most
gard of striking historical facts is shown at an
people, kept the two commandments which
earlier stage, no mention being made of the saving
are the law and the gospel. But her piety of the financial credit of the State at a most crit-
was, like her nature, very tolerant. “You ical period, when the same John Brough was
will have great trouble,” she said, “in fixing Auditor of State, in the forties. Mr. Black dwells
the notion of eternal punishment in my head,
on the honor conferred on the State by her literary
unless the King and Holy Scripture command
men and artists, but finds no room for the names
of many journalists of national reputation, or for
it.” She was seventy years old when she died;
that of John Frankenstein, whose modelling in clay
but “ her heart had remained without a is the admiration of those familiar with his work.
wrinkle;” and few women have been more Halstead, Howells, Reid, and Locke, deserve the
deeply mourned.
praise they receive; but others who are unmen-
One cannot leave M. Boissier's delightful tioned have accomplished as much or even more for
book without a word regarding its form. The
journalism. So well-known and brilliant a writer
French, it is said, worship form. So much
| as Henry Reed, for example, should surely be
the better for their readers.
spoken of in any account of Ohio journalism or
M. Boissier's
literature. And even more unpardonable is it to
style is a continual delight; and the American
omit Charles Hammond, who won distinction as an
translator has happily transferred its charm editor, while contesting the leadership of the Amer-
to his pages. In reading them we feel con | ican bar with Pinkney and Webster and Sargeant.
tinually that he has rendered the French soul
of pbrasing as well as of sentiment. Neither
THE interesting series of confessions concerning
to do this has he stooped to those tricks of lit-
formative books, entitled “Books that Have
Helped Me,” which the Messrs. Appleton offer
eral translation which give a pompous air of
us in the form of a cheap reprint from “ The Fo-
fidelity at very small cost.
rum,” is a book that can hardly fail to help anyone
OCTAVE THANET.
who reads it. There are single pages in it worth
a volume of ordinary advice about reading. The
virtue of these papers lies in their evident autobio-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
graphical sincerity; not the book that some worthy
man thinks will help us, but the book that has
It is no doubt possible to tell the story of a com really helped the man to be worthy, is the book we
monwealth, in a single volume, with such literary want to hear about. The writers of these intellect-
skill and faithfulness to details as to give the reader ual autobiographies have no common programme.
an accurate and intelligent idea of its beginning, Thus, Mr. Xale dwells largely upon the books that
the establishment of social order, the character of enormously feed the mind in the spontaneous and
its people, its laws, its system of education, its in receptive stages of childhood and youth; Mr. Eg-
ternal improvements, and its development in wealth gleston and Dr. Peabody and Moncure Conway
and power. But Mr. Alexander Black has not speak lovingly of the books that come to shape,
succeeded in doing this in his “Story of Ohio," to awaken, to electrify in early manhood; while
the second volume of the new series of Stories of Dr. Bascom and others deal more especially with
the States" (Lothrop). The story of Ohio has been the books that bear men up upon the wings of
better told by Hildreth, Parkman, William Henry eagles during the long and weary march of middle
Smith, Butterfield, Whittlesey, and others, who life. “Books that have helped me may not help
mined truth from original sources. Mr. Black's you,” says Mr. Eggleston, in his straightforward
book is full of inaccuracies, which more careful way, at the outset of his spirited paper; and all
research would have enabled him to avoid. Thus, these papers might be regarded as illustrations of
he informs us that “As early as 1815 slaves began this text. Six of the writers are men of a dis-
to escape across the Ohio." The first fugitive-slave tinctively theological training and bias; three are
case of record, in Ohio, occurred as early as 1807. metaphysicians; while literature proper is but in-
On page 283 we are told that President Tyler was adequately represented by Miss Gilder, Brander
inaugurated in 1849. It will be news to historians Matthews, and Andrew Lang. Notwithstanding
that Tyler was ever inaugurated as President, and the fact that nine of these twelve writers represent
that it was in 1849. John Brough, who was elected the deeps and shallows of one and the same current
Governor of Ohio in 1863, is spoken of as “the Re of thought on the deepest subjects,-though at
publican candidate." The Republicans had no different stages of its course, -yet the books that
candidate distinctively their own in 1863. Brough have stimulated these liberal thinkers are amusingly
was a War Democrat, and was voted for by all diverse. In fact, the experiences of these thought-


88
[Aug.,
THE DIAL
ful men might be made to check each other in such, not appear in permanent form until long after the
a way as to furnish excellent succinct statements cruise was taken. Indeed, the author apologizes
of the worth or worthlessness of many a celebrated in his preface to the first edition (1864) for its pub-
book to a given mind under given conditions. For lication “at this late day." But what would he
instance, Carlyle, Emerson, Shelley, Locke, Miss say, were he now alive, to its republication in 1888 ?
Edgeworth, are severally referred to in very diverse The author received “assurances from high scien-
terms and tones. Of all the articles, Mr. Eggle tific authority" before he brought the book out in
stone's is perhaps to be selected as likely to be the permanent form, “that its sketches of the fishes of
most helpful to an intelligent youth; and Dr. Bas our Northern seas, of their habits and resorts, and
com's is, if not the soundest, at least the most of the methods of taking them, are not without
pregnant and most thoroughly digested. Prof. value as contributions to Natural History." What-
Harris is well worth following as he goes “ voyag ever may be the scientific value of his descriptions,
ing on strange seas of thought alone;" and Dr. scattered as they are through a book without an in-
Thomas Hill also, although his course of reading is dex, and wholly unsystematic and untechnical, his
even more dreadfully serious. Of the awakening book has about it a freshness of local color, an in-
and emancipating books much is said by Dr. Har terest in the creatures of the sea, an intelligent
ris, Moncure Conway, Judge Pitman, and others. accuracy of observation, a concreteness and concise-
On the other hand, Prof. Peabody and Dr. Hill ness of statement, à buoyancy of humor, a hearty
seem never to have experienced any marked awak gusto, that are of perennial tonic value. It is
ening, while Edward Everett Hale and Andrew rightly called a “breezy" book, With the author
Lang never needed any.
and his companions, whose individuality is well
brought out, we enjoy in imagination all the de-
It is now or never for the book of short stories, lights of the sea. We feel on our cheeks the breeze
to be read in a hammock under the trees. Several and the spray, and are exposed to the sun and the
such books we have before us, and among them a storm. We watch and catch the innumerable curi-
translation from the German of Robert Baumbach, ous creatures of the deep. Our mouths water for
a poet whose very name suggests the tree and the a taste of the old Pilot's chowder, or of the Assyri-
brook, and in whose pages the trees have tongues an's lemonade, “not contraband to Maine law "
and the running brooks speak volumes. These when called by that name. In our idle moments
simple little stories in prose are sometimes senti we have to converse with us a self-educated man
mental, it is true, but are oftener a travesty of false possessing culture without pedantry, and as famil-
sentiment. The sentiment found here is that of iar with poetry as with fishes.
German love and truth, and there are certain quiet
flashes of humor, certain gleams of stingless satire, TRERE are in Dakota water-courses ploughing
shiping at intervals through the thin veil of the vast furrows in the treeless plain and wonderfully
allegory, which persuade us that the sophisticated verdant with waving grass and sedge. The thirsty
are wrong, and the unsophisticated right, after traveller descends into a channel deep and wide
all. Here we have the story of the school-master enough to contain the waters of Thames or
whose gray glasses made all the world look gray
Hudson, and finds no water. It is a “ dry run."
and dull. He gathered and pressed the pretty Such a dry run is the beautiful specimen of book-
plants; "then he laid the flower mummies on making entitled “Social Life and Literature Fifty
gray blotting-paper, wrote a Latin name beneath: Years Ago" (Cupples & Hurd). In exquisite
and this was his only pleasure, if pleasure it could decorative typography, the scantiest runlet of
be called.” But the spell is broken by the charm. thought struggles along between handsome covers
ing maid of the mill, the gray glasses drop off and and broad margins, with frequent shingly bars of
are dashed to pieces, while the school-master once blank pages. The whole, which is hardly too
more beholds the world in all its beauty, by the light bulky for a single DIAL article, is a smart defence
of love. Anon, we have the comical story of the of old days, old books, and old Salem, against the
double transformation of the ass and the goose, at attacks of Mr. Henry James and Mr. G. P. Lathrop,
their watering-place in the mountains. Everywhere with frequent sarcastic intimation of the opinion
we find miracles, whose meaning is transparent on that " we had a few authors then” equal to some
reflection; everywhere are “kobolds, nixies, and of the present day who might be (and are) men-
beasts that talk." They are good stories for “Young | tioned. The booklet has, withal, its interesting
America” to read, if “Young America" is not too and pathetic side, being evidently a spontaneous
wise to heed these simple lessons of nature's homely overflow from the heart of an elderly person who
wisdom. Miss Dole's rendering of these “Summer has seen brighter and stronger days. The
Legends" is generally smooth and intelligible, anonymous author was long ago a member of the
though the English is occasionally rather quaint and circle which Felton, Hillard, Sumner, and Long-
smacks of the German idiom. The publishers (Crow fellow adorned in their glorious youth, and he
ell & Co.) have done their part well, for the appear gives us of one or two of them interesting reminis-
ance of the book is very neat and attractive. cences. Had he given us more of these, and
troubled himself less about vindicating the literary
NEARLY a quarter of a century ago, Robert Car-| reputations of Irving and Ticknor by quotations
ter published the book called “A Summer Cruise from Dickens, Scott, George Ripley, and from
on the Coast of New England," of which we now review articles, the book would, of course, have
have given us a second edition (Cupples & Hurd). been much more interesting. Irving's blessed
It is a readable account of an actual cruise taken fame is too well founded to be affected much by
by the author in company with three gentlemen, criticism, pro or con. But taken as it is, the pretty
dubbed respectively the Professor, the Assyrian, book is one to be thankful for, as it will be sure to
and the Artist. It seems that this narrative, origi send its readers back to Hillard's Life of Ticknor
nally contributed to the New York “Tribune," did and to the sunny page of Irving.


1888.]
89
THE DIAL
An abstract of the poem which serves as text for birds to study their dead bodies, or to stuff and
the Nibelungen tetralogy of Richard Wagner has mount their skins; nor is she one of those who keep
been prepared by Dr. George Theodore Dippold God's free creatures in confinement for their own
and published by Holt & Co. The work consists selfish gratification; but is, in her own way, a great
of a synopsis of the poem, together with extensive liberator, frequently buying birds from the bird-
excerpts (printed in German and English), and some fanciers, keeping them until a favorable time, tak-
introductory chapters upon Teutonic mythology and ing them to a favorable place, and setting them
the Nibelungen legends. It is merely a compila- free. She has pointed out an interesting field of
tion, but will be found a useful handbook by per observation for those who have the leisure and the
sons desirous of understanding the masterpiece of opportunity to enter it; and has given to all the
modern dramatic music more fully than is possible benefit of her own experiences, in an attractive
from witnessing the performances alone. Dr. Dip form.
pold is one of those misguided Wagnerians who
claim a great literary value for the texts prepared
by the composer for his music-dramas. This claim
the master himself would probably have been the
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
last to admit. The fact is that, immensely superior
AUGUST, 1888.
as they are to all other operatic texts, their inde-
pendent value is slight. They are perfectly ade Ainu Houses. J. K. Goodrich. Popular Science.
quate to the artistic scheme of the works to which
Artesian Belt of San Joaquin Valley, Overland.
Atheism. B. P. Bowne. Andover.
they belong, but not for that reason necessarily Auk, The Great F. 1, Lucas. Popular Science.
great works when considered apart from that Baird, Spencer F. Popular Science.
Boston Painters. W. H. Downes. Atlantic.
scheme. The conditions under which such works
Botticelli, Sandro. Theo. Child. Harper.
are presented preclude the full enjoyment of the British Am. Missions. C. C. Starbuck. Andover.
words as mere poetry. If they were possessed of a
Catskill, The Southern. John Burrouglis. Oentury.
Cattle. Holstein Friesian. S. Hoxie, Harper.
greater poetical value, they would probably be less Chiswick, England. M. 1). Conway. Harper.
effective as a basis for the music to which they be-
Cincinnati. Č. D. Warner. Harper.
City Life, Influences of. W. B. Platt. Popular Science.
long and in conjunction with which they must be
Coal Measures of the Pacific Coast. Overland.
estimated.
Criminal, Study of the. Andover.
Drift-Sands. Popular Science,
Education, Books on. J. B. Roberts. Dial.
Miss HAPGOOD has done readers of Russian lit-
Kant. Ethics of. Herbert Spencer. Popular Science.
erature still another service in her translation of Kennan, George, Anna L, Dawes. Century.
La Trappe Abbey, Ky. J. L. Allen, Century.
Alexander Verestschagin's reminiscences. The au-
Lincoln, Abraham. Hay and Nicolay. Century.
thor of this deeply interesting work is a brother of Lincoln Cathedral. Mrs. S. Van Rensselaer. Century.
the artist, whose paintings of military and oriental
Locomotives and Cars. M. N. Ferrey. Scribner.
Manchuria. Geo. C. Noyes. Dial.
scenes have been exhibited in the principal capitols
Mexican Outlaws of Alameda County. Overland.
of Europe, "At Home and in War, 1853-1881" Misquotations. E.A. Meredith. Andover.
Montagnais. The. C, H. Farnham, Harper.
(Crowell), is the title of the present translation.
Moscow. Edmund Noble. Atlantic.
The work is a very fragmentary autobiography, Mosses. G. Haberlandt Popular Science.
written with little art except that of the photo-
Negro's Future, The. Popular Science.
Northwest, History of the. A. C. McLaughlin. Dial.
graphic sort, but strikingly vivid in its descriptions. Octroi at Issoire, The. D. S. Jordan. Popular Science.
It derives its main interest from its pictures of the
Parlor-Game Cure. Thos. Hill. Popular Science.
Presidential Elections, Our Andover.
Russo-Turkish war of 1877 and of the great Russian
Prometheus of Eschylus, W.C. Lawton. Atlantic.
Protection. Abbott Kinney. Overland.
Pulpit for To-day. Lyman Abbott. Century.
famous general was needed to supplement the more
Rivers and Valleys. N. S. Sbaler. Scribner.
formal descriptions that have been prepared for School Programmes. C. W. Eliot Atlantic."
English readers. The description of Plevna is one
Scliools, Public, Literature in. Horace Scudder. Atlantic.
Schools, Public, Physiology in. Popular Science.
of the most graphic battle-pictures to be found in
Science, Modern, and Pain. Century.
military literature. The concluding section of the Science, Unity of. M. J. Moleschott. Popular Science.
Sévigné, Madame de. Octave Thanet. Dial.
book describes the operations of 1879-80 in Turke-
Siberian Political Exiles. George Kennan. Century.
stan and the siege of Geok-Tepe. In such works as Sidonius Apollinaris. Atlantic
Snakes. C. T. Buckland. Popular Science.
the present one and Tolstoï's “War and Peace,"
Socialism and "Trusts." Century.
history and fiction may be said to meet upon the " Trusts." M. D, Swift, Andover.
same ground. In both classes of books the com-
West Indies, The. L. Hearn. Harper.
mon realism so overshadows the distinctive features
of the two species of composition that both seem
to belong to the same literary class.
BOOKS OF THE MONTH.
[The following list contains all New Books, American and For.
cign, received during the month of July by MESSRS.
A. C. MCCLURG & Co., Chicago.]
OLIVE THORNE MILLER'S “In Nesting Time" |
(Houghton), is the work of a close and enthusiastic
observer of bird-life. Its aim is not to present facts
“new to science,” but “real, live, individuals in
feathers, honestly brothers of ours.'” The study
of the babits and manners of birds, both in and
out of confinement, is a charming one, and is here
charmingly portrayed in a series of bright and
chatty sketches. Perhaps the book is sometimes a
little too colloquial, and a little too ambitious to be
witty; but we can pardon these things for the sake
of the author's enthusiasm and affection for her
winged pets. She is not friendly to those who kill
HISTORY-BIOGRAPHY.
The Old Northwest. With a View of the Thirteen Colo.
nies as Constituted by the Royal Charters. By B. A.
Hinsdale, Ph.D. 12mo, pp. 440. T. MacCoun. $2.50.
Thirteenth Regiment of New Hampshire Volunteer
Infantry in the War of the Rebellion, 1861-1865. A
Diary Covering Three Years and a Day. By S. Millett
Thompson. Ilustrated. Svo, pp. 717. Houghton, Mif.
fin & Co. Net, $4.50.
Richard Chenevia Trench, Archbishop. Letters and
Memorials. Edited by the Author of "Charles Low.
der." Portrait. 2 vols., 8vo. London. $6.00.


90
[Aug.,
THE DIAL
The Story of Turkey. By Stanley Lane-Poole, Assisted | Political Essays. By James Russell Lowell, 12mo, pp.
by E. J.W. Gibb and Arthur Gilman. Illustrated. 12o.
326. Gilt top. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.50.
pp. 373. "The story of the Nations." G. P. Putnam's sons. An Appeal to the American People as a Jury. Speeches
on the Tarifl in the l'. S. House of Representatives
The Story of Ohio. By Alexander Black, IUustrated. in the Great Debate, April 17-May 19. 1888. Specially
evo, pp. sus.“ The story of the States." D. Lothrop Co. Selected from Both Sides. Compiled by W. G. Ter.
rell. 12mo, pp. 395. Paper. Belford, Clarke & Co. 50
Footprints of the Pioneers of the Ohio Valley. A Cen.
cents.
tennial Sketch. By W. H. Venable, LL.D. MUustrated. The Tariff on Imports Into the United States and the
12mo, pp. 123. B. Clarke & Co. $1.00.
Free List, as Contained in Act of March 3, 1883; also
the Hawaiian Reciprocity Treaty, and Extracts
TRAVEL-SPORT.
from the Navigation and Oleomagarine Acts. Indered.
The Capitals of Spanish America. By William E. 16mo, pp. 113. Paper. Belford, Clarke & Co. 25 cents.
Curtis. Illustrated. 8vo. pr. 715. Harper & Bros. $3.50.
Russia. Its People, Its Palaces, Its Politics. A Narra.
THE HOME-THE FARM.
tive of Travel in the Ozar's Dominions. By W. E. Housekeeping Made Easy. By Christian T. Herrick.
Curtis, Illustrated. 12mo, pp. 323. Belford, Clarke &
16mo, pp. 313. Harper & Bros. $1.00.
Co, Paper, 50 cents; cloth, $1.00.
Quince Culture. An Illustrated Hand. Book for the
Names and Portraits of Bird, which Interest Gun-
Propagation and Cultivation of the Quince, with De-
nere. With Descriptions in Language Understanded
scriptions of its Varieties, Insect Enemies, Diseases
of the People. By Gurdon Trumbull. 12mo, pp. 221. and their Remedies. 12mo, pp. 143. 0, Judd & Co.
Gilt Top. Harper & Bros. $2.50.
$1.00.
The Game of Cricket. By Frederick Gale. Portrait.
FICTION
12mo, pp. 270. Boards. London. Net, 75 cents.
Robert Elsmere. By Mrs. Humphrey Ward. 12.no, pp.
How to Catch Trout. By Three Anglers. Second Edi.
604. Macmillan & Co. $1.50.
tion, 18mo, pp. 83. Boards. Edinburgh. Net, 40 cents.
The strange Adrentures of a House Boat. By Will.
ESSAYS-BELLES LETTRES, ETC.
iam Black. Illustrated. 12mo, pp. 402. Harper & Bros.
$1.25.
Euterpe. Being the Second Book of the Famous History
Virginia of Virginia. By Amélia Rives. Illustrated.
of Herodotus. Englished by B. R., 1584. Edited by
12mo, pp. 222. Harper & Bros. $1.00.
Andrew Lang. Etched Frontispiece. Edition Lim.
Mairca's Revenge: or. The War of the Little Hand. By
ited to 500 copies. 12mo, pp. 174. Vellum Paper Cov.
H. Rider Haggard. 12mo, pp. 216. Longmans, Green
ery, London.Net, $3.00,
& Co. Paper, 25 cents; cloth, 75 cents,
The Gallery of a Random Collector. By Clinton Ross.
Mr. Meeson's Wil. By II, Rider Haggard. 12mo, pp.
16rno, pp. 310. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.25.
270. Boards. Harper & Bros. 75 cents.
Translations from Horace. With Notes by Sir Stephen
A Winter Pionic. The Story of a Four Montbs' Outing
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in Nassau. Told in the Letters. Journals, and Talks of
pp. 172. Thos, Whittaker. 40 cents.
Four Picnicers. By J. & E. E. Dickinson and S. E.
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One of His Own Dramatic Heroes. By Robert Waters.
Pictures of Hellas. Five Tales of Ancient Greece. By
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Peder Mariager. Translated from the Danish by
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Mary J. Safford. 12mo, pp. 318. W. S. Gotisberger.
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16mo. pp. 63. A. B. Gehman & Co. Paper, 25 cents.
In Hot Fiaste. By Mary E. Hullah. 12mo, pp. 296. H.
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The Rise of Silas Lapham. By W. D. Howells. 12ino,
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ART.


1888.]
91
THE DIAL
SUMMER READING
INSURE IN
THE TRAVELERS
MRS. WISTER'S LATEST TRANSLATION.
Picked Up in the Streets.
OF HARTFORD, COUN.
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94
[Sept., 1888.
THE DIAL
THE CHANDOS CLASSICS of Standard Literature.
THE NEW VOLUME (No. 129) IS
SELECTED ESSAYS FROM THE TATLER (Addison & Steele).
Carefully and fully edited and annotated, with an introductory essay by Alex. C. Ewald,
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NOTE.- Wherever necessary, the various poets, etc., are prefixed by brief memoirs, and have copious notes and glossary.
1. SHAKSPEARE (COMPLETE WORKS OF).
57. A CENTURY OF ANECDOTE.
3. BYRON.
4. SCOTT.
58. WALTON & COTTON'S ANGLER.
5. ARABIAN NIGHTS (THE) ENTERTAINMENTS.
59. HERBERT'S (GEORGE POETICAL WORKS.
6. ELIZA COOK'S POEMS.
60. HEBER'S (BISHOP) WORKS.
7. LEGENDARY BALLADS OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND. 61-64. HALF-FOURS WITH TAE BEST AUTHORS. 4 vols.
8. BURNS.
bored.
9. JOHNSON'S LIVES OF ENGLISH POETS.
65. BUNYAN'S PILGRIM'S PROGRESS.
10. DANTE (THE VISION OF).
66. FUGITIVE POETRY OF THE LAST THREE CENTURIES
13. MOORE'S POETICAL WORKS.
67. PEPYS'S DIARY.
12. DR. SYNTAX'S THREE TOURS.
68. EVELYN'S DIARY.
13. BUTLER'S HUDIBRAS.
69-70. TOWNSENDS MODERN LITERATURE.
14. 0OWPER'S POETICAL WORKS.
71. MONTGOMERY (JAMES) (POEMS OF).
15. MILTON'S POETICAL WORKS.
72. SPENSER'S FAERY QUEEN. (Modernized.)
16. WORDS WORTH'S POETIOAL WORKS.
73. WHITE'S NATURAL HISTORY OF SELBORNE.
18. HALLAM'S CONSTITUTIONAL ENGLAND.
74. KEBLE'S CHRISTIAN YEAR.
19. HISTORY OF THE SARACENS.
75. LAMB'S (CHARLES) POEMS AND ESSAYS.
20. LOCKHART'S SPANISH BALLADS, AND SOUTHEY'S 76. ROSCOE'S ITALIAN NOVELISTS.
CHRONICLE OF THE CID.
77. ROSCOE'S GERMAN NOVELISTS.
21. ROBINSON ORUSOE.
78. ROSCOE'S SPANISH NOVELISTS.
22. SWISS FAMILY ROBINSON.
79. GIBBON'S LIFE AND LETTERS.
23. MRS. HEMAN'S POETICAL WORKS.
80. GRAY, BEATTIE, AND COLLINS' POEMS.
24. GRIMM'S FAIRY TALES.
81. PEROY'S RELIQUES OF ANCIENT POETRY.
25. ANDERSEN'S (HANS) FAIRY TALES.
82. GEMS OF NATIONAL POETRY.
26. SCOTT'S LIVES OF EMINENT NOVELISTS.
83. LAMB'S TALES FROM SHAKSPEARE.
. SOOTT'S ESSAYS ON CHIVALRY.
84. LOOKHARTS LIFE OF SIR WALTER SCOTT.
28. SHELLEY.
29. CAMPBELL.
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30. KEATS.
31. COLERIDGE.
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93-99. D'ISRAELI'S CURIOSITIES OF LITERATURE,
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vols.LITERARY CHARAOTER OF MEN OF
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38. ITALY
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101-106. HUME'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 6 vols.
39. SPAIN.
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108. SOUTHEY'S LIFE OF NELSON.
40. INDIA.
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H. BOOK OF AUTHORS (SCOTT RUSSELL'S).
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45. POPE'S POETICAL WORKS.
122. SHAH NAMEH (Épic of Kings.) (Firdausi.)
17. GOLDSMITH'S POEMS AND VICAR OF WAKEFIELD.
123-126. THE PERCY ANECDOTES. Introduction by John
. THE KORAN-THE ALKORAN OF MOHAMMED.
Timos. (4 vols. bored.)
50. GIL BLAS (THE ADVENTURES OF).
127. SCHILLER'S POEMS AND BALLADS. By Bulwer
52. VIRGIL (DRYDEN'S) THE WORKS OF.
Lytton. (With Life.)
53. BUNYAN'S HOLY WAR.
128. SELECTIONS FROM THE “SPECTATOR." Edited by
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(DO.


THE DIAL
Vol. IX. SEPTEMBER, 1888. No. 101.
losopher, they show the foresight of the
practical, helpful thinker, the present insight
---- --
of a politician who can see a great opportunity
before it begins to dwindle down the per-
CONTENTS.
spective of the past. Mr. Lowell's position
among political foreseers is a proud one, for
POET AND POLITICIAN. Melville B. Anderson .. 95
seldom, if ever, since Burke's time has a pub-
"A FRIEND OF THE PEOPLE.” Edward Gilpin
licist been able to read so many of his vati-
cinations in the light of their fulfilment. It
Johnson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
may be doubted whether any American poli-
MARTIN VAN BUREN. J. J. Halsey ...... 100 tician who has been prominent during the past
quarter-century could so triumphantly claim
GEORGE SAND. Ortare Thanet . . . . . . . . .
the supreme satisfaction of exclaiming, on so
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS ........... 103 many important occasions,—“I told you so.”
Bancroft's California Pastoral.-Bancroft's Cali.
With these essays,-in order to complete
our impression of Mr. Lowell's penetration as
fornia Inter-Pocula.-Carr's Missouri.--Daudet's
a political observer and of his sagacity and
Thirty Years of Paris.-Cutts's Colchester.-Law. grasp as a political generalizer,—should be
rence's Life of Amos A. Lawrence.-Lane-Poole's read, or re-read, the famous essay on Abraham
Lincoln (1864), and the Birmingham Address
Story of Turkey.-Irving's Indian Sketches.
on Democracy (1884).
DR. CUTLER AND THE ORDINANCE OF 1787:
One is impressed anew with the unexpected
LETTER FROM W. P. CUTLER . . . . . . 106 character of all that Mr. Lowell writes; he
has constant surprises in store for the reader,
TOPICS IN SEPTEMBER PERIODICALS...107
and this with none of the limberness of incon-
BOOKS OF THE MONTH ........... sistency and without any noticeable effort to
shine in many róles. Mr. Lowell is, indeed,
- -- - -
---- -- --
the most versatile of Americans, but it is not
POET AND POLITICIAN.*
his mere versatility that is so extraordinary.
No reader of the Biglow papers will find the
In Mr. Lowell's latest volume are a dozen acuteness, wit, and level-headedness of the po-
alert essays showing what our brightest litical criticism in this volume very surprising;
American thought, in 1858, of the Tract So and, since the Address on Democracy, Ameri-
ciety's paltering, canvassing the election pros cans whose opinions are not forestalled by
pects in 1860, suggesting a policy in 1861 | partisanship have grown used to looking upon
before Buchanan or even Lincoln had found this poet as a wise political thinker. His sur-
one, dissecting McClellan's report in 1864 | prises are the surprises of genius,—that in-
and laying bare the moral anatomy of that calculable and incommunicable faculty which
masterly candidate for defeat, philosophizing beightens all the rest, transforming astuteness
in the same year upon the causes and conse into wisdom, journalism into literature, verse
quences of the Rebellion, weighing in the into poetry, and politics into statesmanship.
balances McClellan and Lincoln as rival can This marvellous writer has but to be himself
didates for the presidency, proposing in 1865 to have all the freshness and variety of
a policy of Reconstruction, wittily describing Nature.
and sternly rebuking the performances of But the greatest surprise of all is when we
Seward and Johnson in 1866. Then a tremen sum up our impressions and try to get a
dous hiatus of twenty-two years,-a Rip Van bird's-eye view of Mr. Lowell's achievements
Winkle slumber, so far as this volume tells in their total magnitude. That the most
the story,—and the book is worthily closed versatile American should touch the high-
with the memorable address on “The Place of water mark at so many points is the unex-
the Independent in Politics.” That this par ampled thing. Matthew Arnold singles out
ticular Independent had conquered a place in General Grant as an admirable illustration of
politics, there was no need of this address to the American genius for seeing straight and
prove,—the war papers alone give him a place seeing clear, and he would have admitted
in the front rank of political seers. These | Franklin to be a still more signal example.
essays exhibit far rarer qualities than the hind Now the really remarkable thing about Mr.
sight of the historian and the political phi Lowell's “Political Essays” is that these
* POLITICAL ESSAYS. By James Russell Lowell. Boston:
essays make patent to all what a few have
Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
long suspected or known,-namely: That this


96
[Sept.,
THE DIAL
-
-
--
distinguished scholar, this charming poet, this be obsolete for Americans, however out of
spirited satirist, this acute critic, is at the date certain methods of dealing with them
same time our soundest publicist, our most may easily become. But although the vast-
sagacious politican. This when we compare ness of the interests dealt with certainly adds
him with living men; is it too much to say to the dignity and impressiveness of these
that, in some of the most valuable qualities of essays, the book has plenty of other attrac-
the political thinker, it is not Webster but tions,—its wit and wisdom would make it
Lowell who, among Americans, most nearly readable and useful even were these rare
approaches Burke? These qualities are the qualities displayed in the discussion of merely
very ones so well described by Mr. Arnold as parochial issues.
the faculties of seeing straight and of seeing of the scores of topics and suggestions that
clear, and they place this poet upon a footing make this volume a godsend to the expatiating
of equality with Grant and with Franklin. It reviewer, I must content myself with but one:
should be added, to make the contrast just, the development of Mr. Lowell's conception
that the poet has the eloquence that Grant of the character of Lincoln. As Mr. Lowell
lacked, the fervor that Franklin lacked, and is the only contemporary poet who has shown
the bigh courage that Webster lacked, in the himself capable of rising to the height of
expression of what he sees.
this great argument, and as it seems likely
It is much to be permitted to review the that the Commemoration Ode is to live with
second heroic period of our history in the the eternity of Lincoln's fame, the growth
penetrating light of these contemporary obser of the poet's comprehension of his future hero
vations. A better “philosophy of history” has a peculiar interest, at least to students of
to accompany the ordinary narratives and letters, for all time to come. As late as Sep-
documents touching that period, the present tember, 1864, in the article “McClellan or
generation need not ask for. I say “philoso Lincoln ? ” we find him,-after praising Lin-
phy of history" advisedly, knowing that Mr. coln as a wise and sagacious practical states-
Lowell himself would deprecate the phrase. man, “a long-headed and long-purposed
In the essay on “The Rebellion: its Causes man,”—making this remarkable reservation:
and Consequences" there is some delightful “We will not call him a great man, for over-
satire on this so-called philosophy. “The hasty praise is too apt to sour at last into
annalist still survives, a kind of literary dodo, satire, and greatness may be trusted safely to
in the 'standard' historian, respectable, im history and the future; . . . .” In that
mitigable,—with his philosophy of history, same autumn appeared the remarkable essay
and his stereotyped phrase, his one Amurath on Abraham Lincoln, wherein are no longer
succeeding another, so very dead, so unlike any scruples about over-hasty praise. Here
anything but historical characters, that we can Lincoln is already the representative Ameri-
scarcely believe they ever lived,—and only can, — his proportions incapable of being
differing from his ancient congener of the dwarfed by comparison with Henry of Na-
monastery by his skill in making ten words do varre, or with whatever else is greatest in
the duty of one. His are the fatal books kingcraft. Then, but a few months later, the
without which no gentleman's library can be Commemoration Ode (July, 1865), wherein
complete; his the storied pages which ingenu the ideal Lincoln is once for all divined, and
ous youth is invited to turn, and is apt to turn enshrined in immortal verse as “the first
four or five together.” It would be a great American.” From the critical reserve of the
mistake to impute to Mr. Lowell the solemn friendly essayist in September to the rapture
formalism and the lumbering logic of this of love and faith of the inspired poet in July,
philosophy of history. But there is a philos the transition seems startling. But it must
ophy which consists in reading from the dial be borne in mind that those were months
of time the lessons of the hour,-lessons that whose actinic influences in the ripening of
usually become plain to most men only after character and the maturing of conviction were
the hour for action has struck; and there is a wondrously swift,-months teeming with the
philosophy which informs open and receptive results of decades of labor, and prayer and
minds with the moral bearings of those conflict.
prodigious blunders wherein history never The supreme excellence of this book, as of
“ repeats itself” with impunity. Such lessons any book, is its stimulating and bracing qual-
as these are what I chiefly refer to in ascribing ity. Looking forward to the War, looking
to the historical essays in this collection a | back upon it, unravelling the skein of Recon-
high value as a commentary upon some of our struction, preaching across the sea in smutty
most stirring and heroic annals.
Birmingham the beauty of Democracy, heart-
Taken for all in all, these essays are none ening a new generation to its peculiar tasks
of them obsolete, despite their far-away poli and its renewed conquests, our poet-moralist's
tics, and some are positively timely to-day. brightness, hopefulness, breadth of outlook,
Of course the events here treated can never ' and charity of judgment, are unfailing. It is


1888.]
97
THE DIAL
11
good to have a new book from him, and to versed after his death. The lapse of time
return to his former ones, when our light is subdues enmities engendered during lifetime;
low, for his affluence and his cheer are peren- subsequent events may excuse or even vindi-
nial. If he is not, like Matthew Arnold, a cate à policy once seemingly indefensible;
liberator of the intelligence, he is at least impartial research may show the general aim
equal to that eminent writer in the power to and quality of a life to have been at variance
tone and feed the mind. And while we are with certain overt acts; and, above all, the
quickened by his wit and fortified by his wis- | mute appeal from the lips of the dead for
dom, we become aware not only of his sagac final equity demands that a man be judged-
ity but of his sympathy, and we perceive that not by his errors in this or that particular crisis
this formidable acuteness of insight is but the —but by his life-work as a whole. The reader
instrument of genuine nobleness of heart. who faithfully follows Mr. Reid's circum-
MELVILLE B. ANDERSON. stantial recital will admit that the obloquy
with which Forster was assailed, not only by
political opponents but by a class of his own
“ A FRIEND OF THE PEOPLE."* constituents, was chiefly due to his unflinching
obedience to the dictates of conscience, re-
On the 10th of April, 1886, in the little hill.
gardless of the theories and prejudices of
side burial ground of Burley in Yorkshire,
others. “He was a man,” said Mr. Gladstone,
were laid to rest the remains of one who “upon whom there could be no doubt that
during his lifetime suffered more, perhaps,
Nature had laid her hand for the purpose of
than any other public man of our day from
forming a thoroughly genuine and independent
the misconception of his acts and motives by
character.”
both friend and foe. “No such demonstration | In his opening chapters, Mr. Reid gives us
of public grief,” says his biographer, referring an interesting sketch of Forster's early life.
to the ceremony at Burley, “had ever before
His father, William Forster, was a man whose
been witnessed in the valley; and those who
remarkable career has gained for him a high
mingled with that throng of mourners quickly
place in the annals of the Society of Friends.
learned that it was not the politician, but the
Taking no thought of the worldly advantages
man, who filled the thoughts of all.” The
which his personal talents might easily have
spot where this “friend of the people” lies
secured, this primitive Christian, inspired by
waiting is a sacred one to the dwellers in the
theological tenets not inconsistent with natural
beautiful valley of the Wharfe. “Half the
morality, devoted his life to the task of bet-
people in the village want to die, that they
tering the condition of his fellows. No knight
may be buried there," were the words spoken
of old ever sallied forth more devotedly into
by a humble follower of the funeral cortege.
the world to do battle for the oppressed than
On the day preceding the simple Quaker burial,
this Quaker preacher. Not content with rais-
a statelier ceremony had been held in West-
ing his voice in behalf of the down-trodden
minster, a ceremony to honor as a statesman in a land where his personal safety was as-
bim whom the people of Burley lamented as a
sured, he sought more arduous fields. The
friend. “The chiefs of both political parties
anti-slavery conflict was raging in America,
met in the Abbey to mourn the loss of one
and thither went William Forster to risk life
who had not merely written his name in the
and fortune by assailing the iniquity in its
history of his country but secured a place in
stronghold. Wherever the fight against un-
the hearts of his contemporaries.”
righteousness was hottest, the broad-brim of
That these high honors should have been this good Quaker-like an humble helmet of
paid to the memory of the once execrated
Navarre—was seen in the front rank of battle.
Wm. E. Forster, the Irish Secretary stigma In 1816 he had married Anna Buxton, a
tized by the people of Ireland as “ Buckshot” | lady who became almost as famous as her
Forster, may well surprise those readers whose husband for ministrations among the Friends.
knowledge of his political career is confined | Mr. Reid records an anecdote of W. E.
to the brief period during which it was his Forster's childhood that throws a light upon
misfortune to bear the odium attaching to the the lives of this pious couple.
representative of English misrule in Ireland.
“He was travelling in a coach, in charge of his
Mr. Wemyss Reid, Mr. Forster's biographer, nurse, when a benevolent old gentleman began to
does not present himself as an apologist; he is talk to him. Where is your papa, my dear?'
merely the faithful narrator of Mr. Forster's said his fellow-passenger. Papa is preaching in
eventful career, and his work is a model of its America,' was the reply. 'And where is your
kind. The general verdict upon the character
mamma ?' continued the gentleman, “Mamma is
of a living statesman is not infrequently re-
preaching in Ireland,' was the answer which the
astonished stranger received."
* THE LIFE OF THE RIGHT HON. W. E. FORSTER. By T.
After his marriage, William Forster bad
Wemyss Reid. In Two Volumes. With Portraits and
other Illustrations. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co. | settled with his wife in the village of Bradpole.


98
[Sept.,
THE DIAL
*
-
- -
-
Dorset. Here they spent twenty years of immediate demand on the part of the electors
their wedded life, and here their son, William | that Forster should become his successor.
E. Forster, was born. A quaint pencil sketch After some opposition by the more moderate
-evidently the work of a friend or relative, members of the party, he was selected as the
of an artistic turn-suggests the pastoral sim representative of the liberals; and the Tories,
plicity of these early days in the Dorsetshire despairing of success against so strong a can-
home: A low stone cottage (after the heart of didate, having withdrawn, he was elected
Southey) embowered in shrubbery, and, it without opposition. The Civil War in Amer-
must be confessed, rather impossible-looking ica had begun, and Mr. Forster's first effort
trees, a neat lawn and gravelled walk, with a in the House was an ardent advocacy of the
spacious front garden. In this garden the | cause of the North, a cause which he con-
elder Forsters, in the most Quakerish of cos tinued to support until the close of the strug-
tumes, are represented as feeding the poultry; gle. The London “Spectator,” commenting
the grave preacher gallantly carrying the upon this phase of his career, remarks:
basket for his lady, while the future Irish "We doubt whether any other statesman, except
Secretery, an aged-looking child in huge Mr. Bright, had as great an influence in preventing
broad-brim and frock coat, brings up the rear this country from inflicting on the great American
solemnly displaying a strange botanical speci-
republic during their great civil war, injuries,
which, had they been actually inflicted, it would
men—a figment, undoubtedly, of the artist's
not even now have forgotten or forgiven, or
imagination.
whether any other statesman, except Mr. Glad-
To furnish anything like an adequate out-
stone, could have done as much as Mr. Forster did
line of Wm. E. Forster's eventful life exceeds to effect the happy reconciliation the fruits of
the limits of this review. Those who would which we still enjoy."
understand and appreciate his sincere and
Upon more than one occasion, Mr. Forster
thoroughly independent character as a politi stood the firm friend of the North in the face
cian, and his admirable qualities in private life,
of the most determined opposition. It was
must be referred to Mr. Reid's work, which
largely owing to his personal exertions that
will repay perusal. Apart from its biograph-
the “ Alabama Claims" were finally adjusted
ical interest, it will be found an aid to those
by an appeal to arbitration rather than to the
who seek an insight into the political issues
sword.
with which Mr. Forster's name is identified.
The great work of Mr. Forster's life was the
In 1842, with Mr. William Fison as part-
| Act which gave to the people of England a
ner, Mr. Forster embarked in the woollen national system of education; yet, strange to
manufacture in the thriving Yorkshire town
say, the course which he took in formulating
of Bradford. This connection proved to be
and carrying this beneficent measure es-
a most fortunate one, and was only dissolved
tranged him from the majority of his party,
by Forster's death in 1886. The people of
and embittered the remainder of his public
Bradford soon realized that a man of rare | life. The system which was proposed by the
force and ability had come among them.
liberal league of Birmingham, and to which
While giving the strictest attention to his
Forster's constituents expected him, as Minis-
business affairs, the young manufacturer ter of Education, to adhere, was calculated
threw himself eagerly into political and so-
not only to furnish to English children com-
cial work, manifesting especial interest in the
plete educational facilities, but to displace an
“ condition of England ” question, and show-
existing system largely controlled by the es-
ing by word and deed his desire to follow in
tablished church. It was, in fact, a measure
the footsteps of his uncle, Sir Thomas Fowell directly leading to disestablishment. Mr.
Buxton, in the field of social reform. His Forster's plan, on the contrary, as embodied
advanced views upon social and political | in his memorandum to the Cabinet, was a con-
questions at once threw him into the ranks of servative one, intended to retain and foster
the liberals, while his power as a speaker and what was good in the old system, and to sup-
evident sincerity soon made him the idol of ply its deficiencies. It is now admitted that
the working classes. A sympathizer with the so radical a measure as that proposed by the
Chartist movement, a believer in the widest league could not have been carried and that
extension of suffrage, a religious non-con-
Mr. Forster was largely influenced by motives
formist, the liberal electors of Bradford soon of expediency in refusing to support it. In
became convinced that in Forster they could the light, however, of his subsequent utter-
find a parliamentary representative who would ances, notably in his address to his Bradford
not shrink from carrying into effect their
constituents in 1878, we must conclude that
most radical theories of reform.
the insuperable obstacle in the way of his ao-
In 1861 Mr. Forster's life-long desire to ob- ceptance of the Birmingham plan was its
tain a seat in the House of Commons was tendency to subvert the influence of the church
gratified. Mr. Titus Salt, the sitting member in the schools. It should have been mentioned
for Bradford, having retired, there was an ' before, as bearing upon this question, that


1888.]
99
THE DIAL
after Forster's marriage in 1850 to Jane Ar eveniug, was shot dead by someone who thrust the
nold, daughter of Dr. Arnold of Rugby, and
muzzle of his gun through the window and deliber-
sister to the poet, he shocked his non-conform.
ately took aim at his victim. Moloney's crime was
that he had paid his rent.
ist friends by joining the established church.
“In the same county, two days later, Thomas
Undoubtedly the exuberant liberalism of his
McMahon, a farmer, was found in the cowhouse of
early days was often found wanting in the a neighbor, lying dead, with a bullet in his brain.
important crisises of his political career; a McMahon had been put to death at a secret meet-
stickler for governmental supremacy, and a ing of moonlighters,' because he had refused to
detester of the laissez-faire doctrine, he be join in an outrage on the estate in which he lived.
came an ardent supporter of the state religion.
"In County Cork, a farmer's son named Patrick
In a word, Mr. Forster, in the matter of the
Leary, was shot dead by a party of men who were
going round among the tenants on a certain estate,
Education Bill, found himself in the not un-
cautioning them against paying their rents. . . .
common political dilemma of having to choose “These are typical instances of the murders
between his party and his conscience. He which were reported to Forster from different parts
unhesitatingly chose the latter, at a great per of the country.'"
sonal sacrifice. Whether he erred in not forc Upon his arrival in Dublin, the new Chief
ing his personal convictions into the mould of | Secretary was deluged with letters from law-
party opinion is a point of casuistry that must abiding Irishmen imploring protection from
be left to the decision of the reader.
the outrages of these miscreants. Clearly, it
In 1880 Mr. Forster accepted, at the hands was his first duty as a magistrate to afford
of Mr. Gladstone, the office of Chief Secre this protection. But, owing to a fiendish
tary for Ireland. The spectacle of a people system of terrorism, the arrest and conviction
struggling for national independence against of offenders, under the ordinary legal processes,
a powerful oppressor is one that appeals was impossible. The common law had become
strongly to the imagination. The Athenians a dead letter. Unless extraordinary powers
at Marathon, the Spartans at Thermopylæ, were granted him, the chief magistrate of
the Hollanders foot to foot with the pikemen Ireland was a mere nullity; "a paralytic
of Alva and Farnese, have furnished themes cripple with a sword which he could not lift.”
to transform poets into historians, historians To repeat a very serviceable phrase, it was a
into poets. United Ireland in arms against
| condition that confronted Mr. Forster, not a
the power of England would command the theory. We must remember that it was not
sympathies of the civilized world. The mode
in his power to alter the relation of Ireland to
of warfare, however, adopted in Mr. Forster's the British crown; that he was in no way re-
time by a certain class of the Irish under the sponsible for the centuries of misrule that
fancied sanction of Mr. Parnell, was not of a were at the root of all this misery. He was a
character to command respect. Under a hyp mere magistrate, bound, at all hazards, to pro-
ocritical guise of patriotism bands of ruffians tect life and property. Finding the existing
scoured the country, committing the most law powerless to check outrage and to prevent
dastardly atrocities against their law-abiding murder, he, with the concurrence of the Glad-
countrymen. Maiming of cattle, “moon stone ministry, resorted to a special measure,
lighting," rick-burning, the sending of threat the Protection Act. Inexcusable as we may
ening letters, assassination, were the weapons deem Forster's subsequent attempt to coerce
with wbich these “patriots" disgraced the the Irish nation, deeply as we may sympathize
cause of Ireland. Wretched indeed was the with the efforts of Irishmen to attain local
condition of the man who ventured to obey self-government, we cannot in justice condemn
the law of the land and to respect the rights a magistrate for resorting to extreme measures
of property.
to quell a saturnalia of mob-law-ordinary
“In the dead of night unseen hands would dig means having proved of no avail. Mr.
a grave in the very garden-walk in front of the Forster's struggle with Parnell is one thing;
boycotted man's door; in broad daylight masked
his struggle with the “moonlighter" is another.
villains would show themselves behind the hedges
Our belief in the ultimate justice of the claims
which lined the road by which he or his wife or
of the Land League is not incompatible with
children travelled; and morning by morning the
postman brought the threatening letters, orna-
our hearty detestation of the methods of the
mented with rude sketches of coffins, skeletons, assassin and the boycotter.
and daggers, which served to keep the victim's An adequate idea of the thorough “read-
nerves ever upon the rack. His cattle, too, would ableness” of Mr. Reid's work will be best
be found dead from hideous injuries inflicted by conveyed by quotation. His early letters make
men who must have had the heart of fiends, in the
frequent mention of the Carlyles. In a letter
fields or the stalls, and his stacks would be de-
to Mrs. C. Fox he writes:
stroyed by fire.”
“I find my company not only informing but most
Murder had become a common occurrence.
pleasant and easy. Mrs. C. like a girl in her
“ Michael Moloney, a farmer in County Clare, delight at new scenes and situations, and the master
when sitting in his bedroom at seven o'clock in the l uncommonly good humored and accommodating,


100
[Sept.,
THE DIAL
glad to find anyone to relieve him of the trouble of “The prayer was by the Bishop of the Methodist
travelling, his general tone a good natured humor. African Episcopal church from Baltimore, a full-
ous sarcasm, but every now and then a burst of blooded negro; a company of negro volunteers in
furious indignation, or a flash of fiery eloquence. zouave uniform in a place of honor; and I must
“Last evening I deluded them into a Methody say the negro prayer and the negro clothes ex-
meeting-house, for which I did catch it afterwards. celled in taste, on the whole, . . . Grant's
It was a sad failure, a local preacher full of fluent speech, though read, was poor, incoherent and un-
cant, or rather a pair of them praying at one another meaning, but I think his bad speaking one of his
with all sorts of disgusting contortions. I was good points, and no wonder in this much be-lec-
sorry to be with him at such a burlesque of prayer. tured country.”
He was furious afterwards, declaring that their
Mr. Forster, despite his brusque manner and
belief, if any, was in a heaven of lubber-land,' a
paradise of Burton ale and greasy cakes,' and
somewhat rough exterior, was a man of keen
declared that a little more would have roused him
sensibility and sympathetic nature. That his
to protest, that it would be well if they would
life was embittered by the hostility of former
forthwith cast off this rotten blanket, and step / political friends, and by the absurd tales of
forth in their naked skin'-said rotten blanket the cruelty of his administration in Ireland,
being the Methody garment of the religious idea." there is now no doubt; yet no complaint of in-
Of Carlyle he says:
justice seems to have escaped bis lips. Strange
" What a fearful, fiend-like creature he would be that the man whose life was chiefly spent in
in his dark moods, when the devil of dyspepsia is relieving distress and enlightening ignorance,
upon him, without this merciful safety-valve of whose batred of bloodshed amounted to a
humor!”
passion, whose humanity had even forbade
A talk between Monckton Milnes and Carlyle | him to engage in field sports, should live to
reminds him of-
be denounced as the “ Irish Robespierre,” as
“A naughty boy rubbing a fierce cat's tail back the man who recommended the police to load
wards, and getting on between furious growls and with buckshot when they were called upon to
fiery sparks, but managing to avoid the threatened
disperse a mob. Mr. James Payn tells a story
scratches."
of Forster that has a pathetic as well as a
In the autumn of 1874 Mr. Forster visited the
humorous side to those who really knew the
United States. He writes from New York:
man. He was an enthusiastic whist player,
“ Tell it not to the profane, but I must confess to and Mr. Payn relates that,--
a frequent instinctive surprise that our kinsmen re-
"One afternoon he had won a good many rubbers
ply to us in English. They are so strange-looking,
of me, and it is quite possible that I may have
and yet so like as well as unlike us. The exceed-
looked resentful at him for the partiality with
ing quickness of thought and the promptness of
which Fortune was treating him. If it would be
action contrast curiously with the deliberate slow-
any satisfaction to you, my dear fellow,' he said,
ness of speech. At the little station at Garrisons,
with his humorous smile, and a relief to your
to my great delight, the station-master had his
feelings to call me Buckshot, do it.'”.
legs on the table, and no questions from me could
EDWARD GILPIN JOHNSON.
get them off.”
Having arrived in Chicago, he
= =-
" took a carriage and pair—'livery' they call it-
and drove to their ugly, sandy park, and saw the
MARTIN VAN BUREN.*
farthest limits of the fire. We called, I am glad to
The “American Statesmen” series, with its
say, on the Rev. Robert Collyer, who, you know,
came to see us; he is one of their best and most
eighteen published biographies, has become a
famous preachers, was son of a Blubberhouse black very valuable personal history of American
smith, worked at a Blubberhouse mill, full of politics; doubly valuable because, in the main
Wharfedale reminiscences, and delighted to see me. judiciously selected and ably treated, it is the
. A man in the hotel took pity on me as only narrative work which covers any large
I was wandering about the corridors, and in show-
portion of the first century of the Republic.
ing me the way said, “What are you doin' here?
Until some one writes for us a history such as
Fixin' the clocks, I suppose.'”
Schouler and McMaster have projected, our
The Western people were sadly puzzled over
young Americans must get their history from
the title of his travelling companion, Sir this series.
Thomas Fowell Buxton:
No number of the series has been more wel-
“Buxton's 'Sir' is a grievous stumbling block. come than the latest_“Martin Van Buren,"
I believe it is considered a name. He is generally
by Edward M. Shepard. Van Buren belongs
called Mr. Buxton. Gen. Sherman puzzled over
his card, and said, “Sir! What is it? Rev. Fowell
to a class of American politicians who, while
Buxton!' The papers have him “Secretary T.
familiar to their contemporaries, leave little
Fowler Buxton; and after I had carefully spelt
more than a name for those who come after.
out our names, the hotel clerk here wrote out a pass
The great master-builders, such as Washing-
card for the arsenal, “Sir Forrester and T. Buxton.”” ton, Hamilton, and Jefferson, and the great
A letter from Rock Island describes the un-
*MARTIN VAN BUREN. By Edward M. Shopard. (Ameri.
veiling of the Lincoln statue at Springfield: I can Statesmen.) Boston: Houghton, Mimin & Co.


1888.
THE DIAL
101
time.
--
orators, such as Clay, Calhoun, and Webster, sanctity of the mails over to the irresponsible
have stamped their individuality and their tyranny of. postmasters is as convicting of
record indelibly upon the memory of the cowardly defection from the right as a simple
people. But there is another class of men, statement of the facts would have been. The
men of the second rank—whose work, while no truth cannot be set aside that Van Buren in
less important than building and haranguing, manifold instances followed where he should
is of a more subtle nature, and lying more have led, and Mr. Shepard, with all his brilliant
beneath the surface of affairs, escapes the writing in a most fascinating biography, can-
transient notice. Wherever government of not regenerate the man.
the people is carried on, the persuasive man is Great statesmen, as Mr. Creighton well says
a force in politics who counts for more in the in his recent sketch of Wolsey, are great by
shaping of affairs than even the men of genius, reason of “what they choose to do.” Mr. Van
for he can follow as well as lead, and bide his Buren, in the ordinary tenor of his career, was
only a successful politician. Once only did
Martin Van Buren, like Roscoe Conkling he “choose to do” and rise thereby into the
and James G. Blaine, was a born parliament rank of the true statesman. Let all due credit
arian. A faithful sketch of his life could not be given here, and most cordial appreciation
but throw exceeding light upon the politi goes with Mr. Shepard in his chapter on “the
cal history of this country for the first half of Crisis of 1837.” The soundest and truest con-
the present century. Mr. Shepard, however, victions of Van Buren were economical, and
has undertaken a difficult task. He has written he had the courage of his convictions when,
the life of a man upon whose reputation has amid the great panic of 1837, he withstood
rested a cloudy glory, whose name has | equally the distressed cries of the public, the
suggested to most minds the thought of bullying of the banking fraternity, and the
manipulation, wire-pulling, log-rolling, and solicitations of his friends; and refusing to
with which are intimately associated the pervert the functions of government, let the
adjectives, sleek, crafty, insinuating. With disease work out of the body social to a natural
such a subject Mr. Shepard's work has been cure. No sounder financial policy than that
partly that of an apologist, partly that of a which sought to hold our monetary system to
reconstructor. He has succeeded better in a specie basis, and which initiated the “Inde-
the latter than in the former capacity. He pendent Sub-Treasury," has been known in
has clearly shown, what no one in his senses this country, and the present sketch most ad-
ever questioned, that in all his personal life mirably vindicates the judgment and courage
Van Buren was not only pure and clean, but of Van Buren in these matters. So, too, it was
amiable and attractive. It is all summed up a brave act, for which he gets full credit in
in Clay's forcible antithesis—“An acquaint these pages, when the old man, true for once
ance with him of more than twenty years' to his moral convictions, burned his ships be-
duration has inspired me with a respect for hind him, and in 1848 stood forth as the
the man, although I regret to be compelled to | presidential candidate of the Free Soil party.
say, I detest the magistrate.” History has True it is that he merely abandoned a party
accepted the latter portion of Clay's judgment which had already relegated himself to "hon-
while forgetting the preceding tribute. orable retirement,” so that his courage ranks
Was Clay's "detestation” warranted ? Mr. with that of Agathocles and Cortez, not with
Shepard would have us believe not. He that of Regulus. Yet nothing is more con-
claims for Van Buren, prior to 1850, a con | vincing that the verdict which has not set
sistent course of patriotic conduct as the Van Buren high in the ranks of moral wor-
greatest leader of the Democratic party after | thies was soundly made up than the claim for
Jefferson. He asserts that in such shortcom- | him by the present biographer of a transcend-
ings as are conceded Van Buren was either ent glory for thus making his conduct square
simply no better and no worse than nearly all for once with his life-long convictions as to
the respectable men of his time, or that the | slavery.
trammels of official neutrality made his utter | We follow Mr. Shepard heartily in his
ances seem paltering and contemptible. But strictures on the distinguished historian, Von
not thus can he absolve the offender. The Holst, for the contemptuous tone which he uses
second greatest in the lead of a great party in dealing with Van Buren's conduct in 1844.
cannot hide himself behind his official mantle All who have profited by that great writer's
to truckle with infamous wrong-doing, as did work on our constitutional history must have
President Van Buren when forced to an ex regretted the manner in which, with a some-
pression on the “gag-resolutions” in Congress, what cynical regard to virtue in American
which if successful would have banished free politics, he makes the reputations of our
dom of speech from legislative halls. So, too, statesmen the playthings of a wordy rhetoric
the weak attempt to palliate the vote as Vice- and buries them under piled-up adjectives.
President for a bill which delivered the
J. J. HALSEY.


102
THE DIAL
[Sept.,
--
GEORGE SAND.*
“ The one thing needful to this soul, so strong, so
rich in enthusiasm, is a humble moral quality that
M. Caro is always interesting, and he is
she disdains, and when she has occasion to speak of
already an authority on George Sand. He it, even slanders-namely, resignation. This is
does not attempt a biography but a psycho not, as she seems to think, the sluggish virtue of
logical sketch of his subject. He has clearly base souls who in their superstitious servitude to
defined notions, and he makes in consequence force, hasten to crouch beneath every yoke. That
a most impressive portrait. For one thing he
is a false and degrading resignation; genuine
resignation grows out of the conception of the
deserves his readers' gratitude: he has passed
universal order, weighed against which individual
very lightly over a period of George Sand's
sufferings, without ceasing to be a ground of merit,
artistic development which makes painful
cease to constitute a right of revolt. . . . .
reading. We have little of Alfred de Musset Resignation, in the true, the philosophical, the
hysterics, and Chopin is allowed to die in Christian sense, is a manly acceptance of moral law
peace--without our attendance. At the same and also of the laws essential to the social order;
time M. Caro recognises the tragical influence
it is a free adherence to order, a sacrifice approved
which George Sand's theories of marriage and
by reason, of a part of one's private good and of
one's personal freedom, not to might nor to the
the feeling between the sexes had upon her
tyranny of a human caprice, but to the exigencies
life and her work. It is not an easy subject
of the common weal, which subsists only by the con-
to discuss; the more credit to M. Caro, who cord of individual liberty with obedient passions."
discusses it with good taste as well as principle.
But this lofty type of resignation requires a
The Anglo-Saxon quarrel with George
sense of proportion; and a sense of proportion,
Sand's ethics is not only that she believes in
George Sand, with all her great gifts, never
love without marriage, but that she believes
had. When she was a young girl at the con-
in love without fidelity. Whatever our prac.
vent of the English nuns she was a religious
tice, our ideal is a steadfast loyalty in the enthusiast. Here is M. Caro's picture of the
affections,—
young Aurore Dupin:
For fair and false and fickle is the South,
“Devotion takes possession of her. She knows
And dark and true and tender is the North.
the burning tears of piety, the exaltations of faith, -
But George Sand would have love to be a
and she feels, at times also, its faintings and its
divine miracle with which society and morality languor."
have no right to interfere and which shall en Later (for “the religious fever soon abated'),
dure as long as God pleases. She puts into came a season of "tumultuous and enormous
Jacque's mouth the avowal of her own faith: reading."
“Curse not these two lovers, they are not
"She abandoned “The Imitation of Jesus Christ'
guilty, they love. Where there is sincere and the doctrine of humility for "The Genius of
love there is no crime. . . . No human Christianity' which initiated her rather in the
being can govern love and none is guilty for poetry of the Romantic School than in a new form
feeling it or for losing it." This is the whole of religious truth. Soon she passed on to philoso-
doctrine of the author of “Lucrezia Floriani” phy; each new book made a kind of era within her."
in a nutshell. M. Caro disposes of it as seri As a woman, she was possessed by frantic
ously as the Anglo-Saxon conscience could de- , schemes for the regeneration of humanity.
mand, though with a Gallic lightness of touch. Always, her soul was in a ferment. “In
“ This theory is far-reaching. I fear the souls
Madame Sand,” says M. Caro, “three sources
who should be unfortunate enough to take it seri. of inspiration seem inexhaustible-love, the
ously would stagnate in a kind of Oriental fatalism. humanitarian passion, the sentiment of
It is faith in freedom that makes us free. . . . Nature.” Of them all, the only one that
This is a dogma of the purest philosophy; it is
never played her false was the last.
also a religious dogma, for religion tells us that
It need not be said that George Sand was
grace is refused to no one who by effort deserves it.
I do not contend that man should be faultless, nor
no realist. She had neither the realist's im-
that opinion should arm itself with absurd severity
passive temperament nor his inquisitive imagi-
to punish his weaknesses. What I wish is to put nation. M. Caro gives her own word for her
responsibility back where it belongs, and to pre theory:
vent the aggravation of weaknesses that are only "The novel is not so much a work of poetry as
too real by the doctrinal concessions of those eager of analysis. It demands true situations, and char-
to absolve them. There is a certain moral grandeur acters not only true but real, grouped about a type
in recognizing one's self to be the author even of a
intended to epitomize the sentiment or the main
fault, instead of seeking a miserable excuse for it in conception of the book. This type generally repre-
a fatality which, by believing, we ourselves create." sents the passion of love. . i . According to
M. Caro, admitting “the flaw in the moral na this theory (and it is here that it begins) the writer
ture of George Sand,” has his own explanation:
must idealize this life-and consequently this
type-and must not fear to attribute to it all the
* GEORGE SAND. By E. Caro. Translated by Melville powers to which he inwardly aspires or all the
B. Anderson. (The Great French Writers.) Chicago: A. sorrows whose pangs he has observed or felt. This
C. McClurg & Co.
type must in no wise, however, be degraded by the


1888.]
103
THE DIAL
vicissitude of events; it must either die or triumph; and the way the paradoxes are marshalled un-
and the writer should not fear to give it an im til the reader's mind reels with bewilderment.
portance exceptional in real life, powers transcend-
Quite the contrary is M. Caro's method.
ing the vulgar, charms or sufferings quite out of the
George Sand has the complex modern nature.
routine of human affairs, and even in some degree
the likelihood admitted by the majority of intelli-
What can be more opposed than the good,
gences.”
rather dull, bourgeoise who lives so şimple,
M. Caro does full justice to the endearing
regular, and innocent a life, and the “fantastic
Amazon of a chimerical ideal who has driven
qualities of George Sand. Nor are they few.
a coach and four over so many broken hearts;"
She had an inexhaustible goodness of heart.
yet M. Caro not only enables us to perceive
Deceived a hundred times, her sympathy and
their identity, he convinces us of the necessity
help were still ready for the hundred-and-first
that the one should become the other. He re-
comer. She told M. Caro that she had earned
veals to us the springs of that rich and won-
by her labor “a good million” of francs. She
derful and confused soul. It will be long
had given it all away “save twenty thousand
before a study so broad, exhaustive, merci-
francs, which," she said, “I have invested in
ful, will be written again.
order that should I fall sick, my herb tea
OCTAVE THANET.
may not cost my children too much.” It
was not only money that she gave; it was her
time, her sympathy, in a word, herself. Her
correspondence was enormous, yet she never
BRIEFS ON NEW Books.
left an appeal from anyone unanswered, with-
That inexhaustible storehouse of information
out pain.
relating to the Pacific Coast of America, the works
One of the pleasantest chapters in the book
of H. H. Bancroft, has now advanced as far as
describes George Sand at home, in Nohant, Volume XXXV. Mr. Bancroft has thus accom-
with her children and grandchildren. She plished successfully, and in a surprisingly short
was a devoted mother and the most delight period, three-fourths of his stupendous literary
ful of grandmothers. She was, too, a good
task-the most stupendous, probably, that ever was
housekeeper who could do marvellous things
undertaken and carried forward by unaided private
enterprise. The completion of the whole series of
with her needle. M. Caro felicitously calls
works in the near future is thus reasonably assured ;
her “a plain soul with a Byronic imagina-
since no ordinary hindrances, such as ill-health or
tion.” Certainly she had none of the exac-
fires, seem to have any deterrent effect upon the
tions or irritabilities of genius. In her energies and resources of Mr. Bancroft. The latest
domestic life, she was methodical, industrious, two volumes have the somewhat novel titles
and the most amiable person in the world.
“California Pastoral" and "California Inter
“In fact, she was kindness itself, but without
Pocula." Though written in a rather florid style,
and hardly to be commended as examples of severe
the usual commonplaces.” There never was
historical composition, they are thoroughly read-
anything petty about George Sand.
able, even fascinating. That fulness of information
"She had a kind of modesty peculiar to herself. and infinite variety of incident and illustration
. She valued herself upon the gift of pro that mark the series as a whole are perhaps
ducing, rather than upon such and such a book. nowhere so strongly shown as here. The volume
. . Never of her own motion did she recall the on “ California Pastoral” covers the period from
name of one of her novels."
the Spanish occupation in 1769 to the conquest by
George Sand never had the French gift of
the United States in 1846, closing with the gold-
discoveries of 1848, which changed the country
brilliant talk. She was quiet, even dull in
from Mexican to Anglo-American occupation.
manner; and she realized her own limitations,
Thus is treated “The Golden Age of California”-
Very interesting and a little touching is the
the period preceding the discovery of gold-the
story which M. Caro tells of her reception of age of pastoral simplicity and repose. It is a most
Gautier. The great “ Theo" made her a inviting themc—an account of a civilization, now
visit at Nohant. He had been urged to come, vanished, whose people were as charming and
with enthusiasm, but was received calmly,
romantic as the scenery amidst which they passed
their lives. We are brought face to face with
though kindly; at which lack of effusion he
these people—with their flocks and herds, their
took umbrage, and was for returning to Paris
pastures and fields, their domestic life, their
at once. A friend hurried to George Sand
amusements, occupations, and industries, their
with the news. Her consternation was ex laws, their systems of government and religion.
treme. “So great a disappointment overcomes A chapter on “The Bibliography of Pastoral Cali-
her, and throws her into despair. And you fornia" is a striking example of the vast resources at
did not tell him,' she cries ingenuously, 'that
the command of Mr. Bancroft and his immense ac-
I am a stupid creature ?'” Gautier, however,
cumulation of original material-nine-tenths of his
information on Pastoral California never having
was appeased by her prostration, and re-
appeared in print, or even in the English language,
mained.
before. The volume called "California Inter
Pocula" describes “ California in her cups,"
century will recall the elaborate “ characters” | drunken with the prosperity of the “flush times"


104
[Sept.,
THE DIAL
that followed the discovery of gold-1848 to 1856. is in the line of a criticism which would condemn
It gives “simple sketches and plain descriptions" all great reformers who have felt the impulse of
of this interesting period, -the "oddities and cru Christ's denunciation of wrong-doing, from Martin
dities and strange developments consequent upon Luther to William Lloyd Garrison. The most cour-
unprecedented combinations of nationalities, char ageous and truest criticism of the book is where
acters, and conditions." California is thoroughly, it discusses the severe measures taken with the
though somewhat gorgeously, described in the State after the war-a portion of those unrighteous
opening chapters; the story of the early gold dis carpet-bag dealings which followed like a brutal
coveries is told with many romantic incidents, and spasm the heroic efforts of four years for the salva-
also the ensuing rush from “ the States” to Cali tion of the Union. Applied to a State which had
fornia—the overland journey, or voyages by the stood by the Union, which was one of the fiercest
Isthmus or around the Southern Horn; the life of battle-fields for the Union, and which gave to the
the gold-seekers is graphically portrayed, with Union cause 109,000 soldiers against 30,000 to the
views of society and business, and profuse illustra Confederacy, such measures as were adopted justly
tions of life and character, society in the mining meet with the severest denunciation. The narra-
camps and in the towns, drinking, gambling, duel tive closes with the year 1872, which saw the re-
ling, Indian and Chinese episodes, and many thrill generated State again in the hands of the majority
ing “Tales of the Times” vividly and spiritedly of her sons.
told. All this, while not history after any classic
models, is extremely interesting and valuable, and DAUDET'S “ Thirty Years of Paris ” (Routledge)
forms the storehouse from which all future his is a series of inconsecutive but altogether charm-
torians in these fields must draw their supplies, – ing reminiscences and pictures of life in Provence
“the materials for the Iliad that is yet to be sung." | and life at Paris, of artists' play-days on the river,
at the sea-side, tenting in Algiers, or roaming on
It is significant of the amelioration of public the health-hunt over the wind-swept plain of the
opinion in the North that a Boston publishing Rhone. The book is full, as Daudet himself might
house issues such a book as Mr. Lucien Carr's on say, of the murmurs of fair Provence, of its songs,
Missouri in the "American Commonwealths" se its ringing laughter, its fairy-like legends, its
ries (Houghton). For Mr. Carr's political opinions vibrating sunlight, the perfume of its sunscorched
are such as it was not pleasant to hold in New En hillsides. Again, it is pervaded by the atmosphere
gland or in Chicago twenty-five years ago. Aside of Paris,-or of that part of Paris which is called
from any former feeling in the matter, it is curious Bohemia, and which, like Shakespeare's Bohemia,
to find opinions maintained at the present time to is laid down on no map. Murger wrote the comedy
which the Civil War is commonly supposed to have of Bohemia; in some of these pensive recollections
given the death-blow, and that, not in a contro we may read its tragedy. Now we listen to the
versial work or in a memoir, but in one of a series story of the hare-brained author who lived and
of ostensibly impartial histories for the rising gen died as the fool lives and dies; again, to that of
eration. The author has an easy and attractive Philoxène Boyer, who, after spending his inherit-
style, and tells his story in a skilfully constructed ance of twenty thousand dollars in six months, “ as
narrative which does not once allow the reader's in- | they are spent in the pages of Balzac,” marries and
terest to flag. No one of the preceding writers for becomes the victim of a mania for Shakespeare.
this series has succeeded in writing a more at: Here are reminiscences of Villemessant, the some-
tractive book. Mr. Carr's literary taste is of the times selfish, sometimes generous, always despotic
highest; his work is as deserving of praise for its ogre who founded “Figaro"; of the caustic, the
artistic construction as for its accuracy in statement intrepid, the terrible Rochefort; of Henri Monnier,
of facts. But taste and accuracy are not sufficient, a kind of French Artemus Ward, who drew his
if one's political judgment is at fault, and if the mirth-provoking portrait of the pompous bourgeois,
historian be a quarter of a century behind his age. M, Prud'homme, from his own looking-glass; of
Mr. Carr's political philosophy is that of Calhoun Tourgenieff, the inscrutable Slav, who caressed and
and Jefferson Davis. To him, apparently, the Fed flattered Daudet during life only to lacerate him
eral Government is still the mere creature of the most cruelly “from the other side of the grave."
sovereign States, slavery a mere matter of personal Here too are the more intimate and valuable con-
property, and not a matter of morals. With him, fessions of Daudet,—who has been called the
Northern legislators get scant credit for any but the French Dickens, -as to his profoundly conscien-
lowest utilitarian motives in their fight against the tious social studies and observations in preparation
extension of slavery, whilst those from the South for his books, in which, he tells us, hardly anything
ern States are prompted by the generous impulses is invented. He gives us, for instance, the pathetic
of naive and unsophisticated souls. With him, the story of poor Raoul D., the original of his “ Jack,"
Dred Scott decision was not a scandalous prostitu the child of some wild amour, flung out upon the
tion of justice, but a final decision from which there world by his abandoned mother, whom he con-
can be as little moral as legal appeal. A large part tinued to love to the last. Daudet's autobiographi-
of his history is vitiated, as a criticism, by two tre. cal pages descriptive of his methods of composition,
mendous personal deficiencies, one political, the and of the times and places where his several books
other moral: his failure to recognize that in 1789 have been written, surpass in interest those of
our fathers founded a nation which was sovereign, Trollope as much as his genius surpasses Trollope's
and his failure to feel the moral iniquity of slavery. in creative power and spontaneity. It is easy for a
His admiration for the Missouri volunteers in the mechanical writer to tell us how he does it, but
Mexican War, and for “the thoroughness with which how rarely is a man of genius gifted with the
they did their work" in the conquest of New Mex- faculty of analyzing and describing the workings
ico, blinds him utterly to the nefariousness of the of his own mind! Mention should be made of the
whole transaction. His condemnation of Lovejoy | delightful illustrations and life-like portraits which,


1888.]
105
THE DIAL
-
-
-
as head-pieces and tail-pieces and vignettes, thickly sity there. He was the main-stay of “ The New
bestrew the text and aid the imagination to realize England Emigrant Aid Company” which finally
the scenes and personages described. Nor should made of Kansas a free state, and was prominent in
the sympathetic translator, Laura Ensor, be for founding the town of Lawrence and in establishing
gotten. She has made a very readable, flowing, the Kansas State University at that place. He was
hit-or-miss version, which is generally faithful to interested in the building of Memorial Hall at
the spirit and color of the original. There are too | Cambridge, and in the establishment of an Episco-
many slips and errors of detail, but none of these pal Theological School there; and, in countless
are seriously misleading.
ways, extended his broad sympathy and liberal
charity to every worthy cause and to many persons
PREVIOUS writers for the “Historic Towns" less favored than he in worldly goods.
series (Longmans) have dealt with towns of na-
tional importance, which have each furnished MR. STANLEY LANE-POOLE's “Story of Turkey,”
materials for a volume of historical value. London, | in the “Story of the Nations " series (Putnam),
Exeter, Bristol, Oxford, each has played a large should have been entitled “The Story of the Otto-
part in the history of the English nation. In his man Dynasty." The narrative deals almost solely
account of Colchester, in the latest volume of the with the deeds of Othman and of his descendants,
series, Mr, Cutts has for his subject a place which who have been so long seated at the “Sublime Porte."
has had no national importance since the days of | We looked to hear something of the people over
the Romans. Even the famous defence against the whom they have ruled and by means of whom they
Long Parliament was nothing more than a desper- conquered some of the fairest portions of the
ate attempt by a few daring soldiers of fortune to globe and have held in subjection races of a far
retard the acceptance of a foregone conclusion. superior civilization. We deprecate this manner of
Necessarily, in writing of Colchester, whose prin writing history for young people, which tends to
cipal interest is as a British oppidum and a Roman make them believe with Carlyle that one man did
colony, the author has become provincial rather all the deeds of a whole generation of men. There
than national, an antiquarian rather than a histo was room for a narrative which should not merely
rian. For those who are of the archeological mind state in a few brief sentences, but should in half
the chapters on “The Oppidum of the Trinobantes," of its pages show that the supremacy which had
“The Royal Town of Cunobelin," " The Colonia been won by the virtues and enthusiasm of a race
of Claudius," and the identification with “ The of swordsmen moulded by military discipline,
Saxon Burgh,” will furnish matter of deep in driven by a love of glory, and led by great generals,
terest, illustrated by several good maps. The has slowly passed away as the lust for gold became
“Picture of the Town A. D. 1300” is vivid, but is supreme and rulers and ruled alike adopted the
not peculiar to Colchester. The same may be said once despised vices of the conquered races. The
of the chapters on “The Jewry of Colchester" and social life of all but court circles, the economic
“The Trades of the Town." There is a lack of condition of the country, the whole of Turkish
individuality about the middle age sketches. Es life outside of court and camp, we hear nothing of
pecially in the chapter on “Municipal Government” in these pages. Egyptologists tell us more of the
was there a call for more specific statement; one people of Egypt 1500 years before our era than Mr.
gets no very clear idea of how the borough was Lane-Poole here tells us of a contemporary nation.
governed or by whom. If the author had shown Not from this book can we learn how “the sick
as keen a perception for medieval institutions as he man" became such. The seeker for knowledge as
has for Roman remains, whilst his subject does not to the Ottoman Turk must still go to Creasy and
admit of a brilliant sketch of important national Freeman.
events he might have illuminated for the mind
We are informed by John Treat Irving, the
of the public the local institutions of a typical
author of “Indian Sketches” (Putnam), that his
English town.
work was written more than fifty years ago, and
THE best thing about the “Life of Amos A. that parts of it first appeared in one of the New
Lawrence” (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.), by his son York newspapers. As one would infer, the book is
William Lawrence, is that it brings us face to face not a connected work but a series of newspaper
with a real man of flesh and blood like ourselves. articles. These articles relate to a long forgotten
We feel in it the "touch of nature." There is a expedition sent out by the United States govern-
proper sense of perspective shown, only things of ment to make a treaty with the Pawnees, and are in-
real interest are mentioned, and nothing is dwelt tended “to give an idea of the habits and customs
upon at too great length. The subject grows in of the Indian tribes whom the author visited,
interest and in attractiveness for us as we proceed, and who, at that time, lived in their pristine sim-
until he gains a sure hold upon our respect and our plicity, uncontaminated by the vices of the lawless
esteem. The personality of the author is kept en white men, who usually drift in advance of civiliza-
tirely in the background and the other members of tion, but who had not as yet reached the tribes in-
the family are only mentioned as they have some habiting the borders of the Platte River." As will
direct bearing upon the subject. Although the be seen by the above quotation, the author is not
work of a son, the book is not adulatory in its tone, the master of an elegant literary style. Occasionally
but simple, candid, and direct; and the letters and he trips in grammar, as when he says: “Each of
journals of the father are oftenest left to tell their us took a quarter upon our backs." One marked
own story. We see clearly in this book how Amos peculiarity of the book is that, on many pages, each
A. Lawrence went to the old-fashioned school of sentence is set off in a paragraph by itself. Per-
Master Putnam at Andover, and afterward to Har haps this is part of the sketchy" form of the
vard College. He early engaged in business. He work due as the author intimates to the appearance
took a leading part in building up the town of Ap of some parts of it in a New York paper. But, as
pleton, Wisconsin, and founded Lawrence Univer- l the subject matter is not of much more value than


106
[Sept.,
THE DIAL
the form, if neither could be improved, it would family have felt under obligations to all parties
seem better to leave these sketches buried among ! named, and especially to Dr. Poole for his able
the dusty newspaper files of fifty years ago.
and instructive article published in " The North
American Review,” and have not withheld their
acknowledgments from him personally. But in
MANASSEH CUTLER AND THE ORDINANCE the preparation of Chapter VIII. of the “Life of
OF 1787.
Dr. Cutler” the editors consulted the original
papers, with such other sources of information as
To the Editor of THE Dial:
were at hand. In doing this they confined them-
Sir:--Noticing the strictures of your reviewer of selves principally to a source that was clearly their
" The Life and Correspondence of Dr. Manasseh own property and always had been. If there has
Cutler,” upon the editors of that work, in The been any failure in acknowledging the value of the
DIAL for July, I ask the privilege of making an
service rendered by Dr. Poole, or by any others
explanation.
who have used the original source of information,
In the year 1839, Dr. Cutler's oldest daughter, 1 it is a matter of regret to the editors, and has
the wife of Dr. Joseph Torrey of Salem, Mass.,
arisen from inadvertence and not from design.
made a visit to her brother, Ephraim Cutler, then Without controverting the claim of your reviewer
living near Marietta, Ohio. She brought with her as to the superiority of Dr. Poole's productions, the
the original manuscript of Dr. Cutler's Journal of editors must insist that, whether they have done it
his visit to New York and Philadelphia in 1787. well or ill, they have honestly used their own
It was copied hurriedly—and with some omissions property.
W. P. CUTLER.
not deemed important during Mrs. Torrey's visit. Marietta, O., August, 1888.
This copy has since been used as follows:
1st. Caleb Emerson, Esq., of Marietta, borrowed THE DIAL's review of " The Life and Corre-
it from the fainily and used it in preparing an spondence of Dr. Manasseh Cutler" did not charge
article published in “The North American Re that the editors of the work had made other
view," October, 1841.
than “honest use of their own property.” The
2d. It was loaned to Mr. C. M. Walker, and reviewer called attention to what he regarded as
used by him in the preparation of his “History of “the inexcusable conduct" of the editors in failing
Athens County, Ohio," published in 1869.
to make public recognition of the services of Dr.
3d. It was also loaned to Dr. J. F. Tuttle, Presi Poole, who was the first to make known the great
dent of Wabash College, who prepared articles services of Dr. Cutler in the formation of the
published in “Hours at Home" for September, Ordinance of 1787. No one questions that the
1868, and in “The Historical Magazine” in June manuscript Journal was the property of the Cutler
and September, 1873.
family. It was in their possession for thirty-three
4th. It was loaned to Dr. W. F. Poole [in Sep years before it gave up its secret-a secret of great
tember, 1872), and used by him in preparing a historical interest and then to a person not of their
paper read before the Cincinnati Literary Club family. During this period of more than a quarter
Dec. 12] 1872, (and printed in the “New England of a century, the existence of the Journal was well
Historical and Genealogical Register" for April, known. Caleb Emerson, Mr. Walker, Dr. Hildreth,
1873), and also an article for the North American President Andrews-students of Western history-
Review” for April, 1876.
and the Rev. E. M. Stone, librarian of the Rhode
5th. It fell into the hands of Dr. S. P. Hildreth, Island Historical Society, all had free access to the
of Marietta, Ohio, who copied it and placed the manuscript; yet none of these men perceived its
copy in the Marietta College Library.
full historical value, or published the fact of Dr.
oth. Dr. I. W. Andrews used it in the prepara Cutler's agency in framing and securing the passage
tion of his “History of Washington County, Ohio," of the Ordinance. It was not until 1872, when the
published in 1876.
manuscript came into the hands of Dr. Poole, who
7th. It was also used in the preparation of the collated its facts and interpreted them in the light
“History of Washington County, Ohio," published of other documents which were not the property of
by Williams & Co. in 1881.
the Cutler family, that the real service of Dr. Cutler
In the mean time the original manuscript written was made known. Other writers have made gener-
by Dr. Cutler had passed into the hands of the Rev. ous recognition of Dr. Poole's work. President
E. M. Stone, of Providence, R, I., and remained Andrew D. White; President Adams of Cornell;
there until his death. Subsequent to that event all Senator Hoar of Massachussetts, in his recent oration
the papers of Dr. Cutler were purchased by a mem at Marietta, the home of Dr. Cutler and of the editors
ber of the family of Ephraim Cutler. At the of the Journal; Prof. H. B. Adams of Johns Hopkins
united request of the family, the editors of the University; Hon. Wm. Henry Smith, in his ** St.
“Life, Journals and Correspondence of Rev. Clair Papers;" and President Hinsdale, in his lately
Manasseh Cutler, LL.D.,” undertook the prepara published work on “ The Old Northwest,” have
tion of the papers for publication, as they are made--as did the editors of the Journal-free use
presented to the public by Robert Clarke & Co., of of Dr. Poole's “ North American " article, and
Cincinnati. From this statement it will appear generously made full acknowledgment-as the
that the Journal of Dr, Cutler's visit to New York editors failed to do--of the historical value of Dr.
and Philadelphia has been at all times the exclusive Poole's investigations. It is certainly surprising
property of the family of Ephraim Cutler. This that the editors of the “Life and Correspondence
Journal has afforded the groundwork of informa should, in Chapter VIII., Volume I., particularly
tion in regard to the Ordinance of 1787. It has on page 350 and following, have employed the
been used in all the cases as above stated, by the order and method, and nearly the language, of the
consent and courtesy of that family. Any claim to article in “ The North American Review," and yet
discovery must be based on these facts. The l have failed to make any acknowledgment thereof.


1888.]
107
THE DIAL
If neither ethical codes nor literary courtesy can | Thirty Years of Paris and Of My Liter
Alphonse Daudet. Translated by Laura Ensor. Illus.
insure the giving of credit to the work of an
trated. 12mo, pp. 348. Gilt top. G. Routledge & Sons.
in vestigator, one would think a sufficient motive Half leather, $2,25; paper, $1.50.
would be found in a writer's regard for his own
TRAVEL-SPORT.
reputation and its protection against charges of
Mexico, Picturesque, Political, Progressive. By Mary
appropriation or plagiarism.-REVIEWER.]
E. Blake and Margaret F. Sullivan. 12mo, pp. 228.
Lee & Shepard. $1.25.
Cricket. By A. G. Steel and the Hon. R. H. Lyttelton.
With contributions by A, Lang. W. G. Grace, R. A. H.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
Mitchell, and F. Gale. Illustrated. 12mo, pp. 429.
“ The Badminton Library." Little, Brown, & Co. $3.50.
SEPTEMBER, 1888.
Yachts and Yachting. With over one hundred and
thirty-five Illustrations by Fred. S. Cozzens and oth-
Animal and Plant Lore. Mrs. Bergen. Popular Science.
ers. New Edition. Square 8vo, pp. 200. Cassell & Co. $2.
Antagonism. Sir Wm. R. Grove. Popular science.
Highuays and Horses. By Athol Maudslay. Illustrated,
Arnold, Matthew, Poetry of. Miss V. D. Scudder. Andover. 8vo, pp. 471. London. $5.50.
Art, American School of. J. Durand. Princeton.
Australia a Fossil Continent. Popular Science.
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