395 A? THE DIAL oA Semi-Montbly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information. VOLUME XIV. January l to June 16, 1893. CHICAGO: THE DIAL COMPANY, PUBLISHERS. 1893. INDEX TO VOLUME XIV. Alcott, Bronson, A Memoir ok 356 America, Prehistoric Annals of Frederick Starr 178 American Admiral, The Great Horatio L. Wait 49 American Commonwealth, The Andrew C. McLaug/Uin .... 310 American History, Some Recent Pages of . . . John J. Halsey 336 American Speech, The Future of 233 American Types of Animal Life Henry L. Osbom 362 American Verse, Recent William Morton Payne 50 Arctic Seas, In 10 Art Books, Four Notable Lucy Monroe 77 Atlantic Telegraph, The Story of the 175 Authorship, The Organization of 201 Biography, An Overgrown C. A. L. Richards 140 Cavalry Regiment, The Story of a William E. Furness 311 Cleveland, John, The Life and Poetry of . . . Clinton Scollard 268 Colonial Doorways, Through 303 Cowper, William Anna B. McMahan 82 Critic and His Task, The 97 Currency and Taxation, Recent Literature on . Edward A Is worth Ross 17 Dahn, Felix, The Reminiscences of James Toft Hatfield 273 Democracy and Education 351 Economic Thought, The Progress of Arthur B. Woodford 313 Evolution, The Ethics of William H. Hudson 249 Evolution, The Experimental Investigation of . George Baur 278 Exhibition, The Opening of the Great 297 Faith and Reason, Some Reconciliations of . . John Bascom 246 Faith, Interpretations of John Bascom 363 Fiction, Recent Books of William Morton Payne 20, 112, 216, 339 France in North America Edward G. Mason 45 Frederick the Great, The Youth of Charles H. Cooper 47 French Lecturer, Notes of a 241 Heroines of the Army Charles King 80 Ibsen's "Comedy of Love" Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen .... 132 Ibsen's New Drama, "Bygmester Solness "... William Morton Payne .... 68 "In the Key of Blue" W. Irving Way 180 Irrepressible Conflict, The D. E. Spencer 280 Jefferies, Richard 104 Jefferson, Thomas, Writings of William Henry Smith 110 Larcom, Lucy James L. Onderdonk 267 Learning in a Democracy, Of the Justification of F. I. Carpenter 299 Literary Year in Retrospect, The 5 Literature and the Drama Edgar Fawcett 38 Literature at the Columbian Exposition 67 Literature, The Cult in 129 Literature, The Teaching of 65 Lodge Tales of the Blackkoot Indians . . . . E. L. Huggins 182 Mashonaland, The Ruined Cities ok 137 iv. INDEX. Massachusetts History, Episodes of George Batchelor 15 Memoirs ok a "Sporting Parson" 42 Moltke, Memorials of 74 Music at the World's Fair 329 New Glimpses of a Famous Old Diary .... Anna B. McMafian 143 Newspaper, An Endowed 35 Notable Women, A Trio of 207 Plato and Platonism Paul Skorey 211 Poe and the Brownings James L. Onderdonk 353 Poetry, Mr. Stedman on Alpkomo G. Newcomer 107 Poetry, Recent Books of William Morton Payne . . . 145, 281 Real, The Heresy of the John G. Dow 203 Realism and Other Isms Joseph Kirlcland 99 Realism, Some Further Aspects of Edward E. Hale, Jr 169 Republicanism in Switzerland James 0. Pierce 85 Russian Evangelist, A 333 Scottish Literature Anna B. McMahan 361 Sea Power, The Influence of Fletcher S. Bassett 109 Shelley, The Centenary Edition of Melville B. Anderson 244 Southern Empire, The Rise and Fall of the . . William Dudley Foulke .... 214 Symonds, John Addington 265 Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe 165 Taine, Notes sur 223 Unwholesome Psychology Joseph Jastrow 359 Voodoo Tales of Southern Negroes Fletcher S. Bassett 338 Wagnerism, Triumphant William Morton Payne 306 Walton's Angler, and Its Bibliography .... James L. High 236 Waterloo, An Inside View of Joseph Kirkland 275 Whitman's and Tennyson's Relation to Scdhnce . John Burroughs 168 COMMUNICATIONS. Professor Wright and the Geological Survey. T. C. Chamberlin 7 Questionable Methods in Book Publishing. J. E. Woodhead 9 University Extension and a Step Beyond. James E. Foreman 40 "The Ice Age in North America." G. Frederick Wright 40 A Literary Phase of the Immigration Question. Heury W. Thurston 41 Tennyson's Place in Poetry. Hiram M. Stanley 72 Mr. Stopford Brooke's Theory of the Unity of English Literature. F. I. Carpenter ... 72 Autograph Collectors, "Autograph Fiends," and "Autograph Confidence-Men." A. H. N. . 73 Tennyson's Place in Poetry. Edward E. Hale, Jr. 101 A Word with Tennyson Dissenters. Paul Shorey 102 The "Transcendentalist Dial" in 1843. Samuel Willard 103 The Teaching of Literature at the Universities. C. 134 Children's Literature in the Schools. S. W. E. . 135 Tennyson as a Creator. John J. Halsey . . . 135 A Closiug Word on Tennyson. Hiram M. Stanley 136 "Autograph Confidence-Men" Outconfidenced. W. W. A 136 Experiments in the Teaching of Readiug. Mary E. Burt 172 Realism and the Real. William Siward Edmonds 173 Some Uses of "Like." George Hempl . . . 174 Emerson's Relation to Science. Newton Marshall Hall 205 Literature at Columbia College. Brander Mat- thews 206 A Plea for the Ideal. Walter Taylor Field . . 206 The Passion for Realism, and What Is to Come of It. Hiram M. Stanley 238 The Future of American Speech. Oliver Farrar Emerson 270 The Teaching of Our Mother Tongue. Frederic Ives Carpenter -271 English Literature at a State University. Daniel Kilham Dodge 271 Literature at Indiana University. George E. Fel- lows 272 A Question of Propriety. E. G. J 272 Another Version of the Belgian Campaign. F. P.Stearns 300 Wanted — A Newspaper. Hiram M. Stanley . 302 Some New " American" Words. A. H. N. . . 302 The Shelley Memorial Fund: Closiug Acknowl- edgement 302 "Wanted — A Newspaper." H. W. S. Cleveland 331 Mr. Stanley's Proposed Newspaper. W. H. Johnson 332 "Gettysburg Thirty Years After."—A Correc- tion. John J. Halsey 332 The Attempted Assassination of Booth. P. . . 355 Date of Issue of the First Newspaper. Robert Clarke 355 INDEX. v. Chronicle and Comment 6, 37, 71, 98, 131, 167, 204, 235, 267, 299, 331, 353 Briefs on New Books 23, 53, 87, 115, 149, 183, 219, 252, 285, 316, 342, 366 Briefer Mention 25, 56, 88, 118, 151, 187, 222, 256, 287, 319, 344, 368 Literary Notes and News 27, 57, 89, 119, 152, 188, 222, 256, 288, 320, 344, 369 Topics in Leading Periodicals 27, 58, 90, 120, 153, 192, 224, 257, 289, 321, 345, 369 Lists of New Books 28, 58, 90, 120, 154, 192, 225,. 257, 290, 321, 346, 370 Announcements of Spring Books 189 AUTHORS AND TITLES OF BOOKS REVIEWED. A. K. H. B. Twenty-five Years of St. Andrews 89 Adams, C. F. Three Episodes in Massachusetts History 15 Adams, Myron. The Creation of the Bible . . 116 Adams, W. H. Davenport. Warriors of the Cres- cent 344 Addis, W. E. Documents of the Hexateuch . . 56 Alden, Edmund K. The World's Representative Assemblies 187 Aldrich, Anne R. Songs about Life, Love, and Death 52 Aldrich, Auretta R. Children 56 Alexander, William. Primary Convictions . . 365 Appletons' Canadian Guide, Part II 25 Arnold, Sir Edwin. Adzuma 368 Atkinson, Edward. Taxation and Work ... 19 Baldwin, James. The Famous Allegories . . 318 Balfour, Henry. The Evolution of Decorative Art 318 Ball, B. W. The Merrimac River 50 Ballou, M. M. The Story of Malta .... 367 Bangs, John Kendriek. Coffee and Repartee . 256 Barry, Alfred. Some Lights of Science on the Faith 249 Beeching, H. C. A Paradise of English Poetry 284 Bent, J. T. The Ruined Cities of Mashonaland 137 Bierce, I., and G. A. Danziger. The Monk and the Hangman's Daughter 22 Black, William. Wolfeuberg 216 Blades, William. Books in Chains 23 Bolles, Frank. At the North of Bearcamp Water 255 Bonsai, Stephen, Jr. Morocco as It Is ... 254 Bookworm, The 89 Botume, Elizabeth H. First Days Amongst the Contrabands 150 Bourget, Paul. Cosmopolis 218 Boyesen, lljalmar H. Social Strugglers . . . 339 Braun, H. A. John Hughes 117 Brett, Reginald Baliol. Footprints of Statesmen 187 Bridge, Horatio. Personal Recollections of Na- thaniel Hawthorne 342 Brooke, S. A. History of Early English Literature 54 Brown, Horatio M. Venice 367 Brownell, W. C. French Art 149 Bryant, William M. Goethe 366 Bryce, James. The American Commonwealth, Vol 1 310 Buckley, J. M. Faith-Healing, Christian Science 88 Bunner, H. C. Rowen 51 Burney, Fanny. Evelina 317 Burt, B. C. History of Modern Philosophy . . 316 Butler, Arthur J. The Memoirs of Baron de Marbot 344 Bynner, Edwin L. Zachary Phips 114 Caine, R. H. Love Songs of English Poets . . 148 Chambers's New Encyclopaedia 221 Champueys, A. C. The History of English . . 255 Chapman's Iliad of Homer, Knickerbocker edition 288 Cheney, Ednah D. Christian Daniel Rauch . . 151 Church, Alfred J. Stories from the Greek Com- edians 185 Clare'tie, Jules. L'Ame'ricaiiie 218 Clarke, H. Butler. Spanish Literature . . . 368 Columbian Lunar Annual 222 Compayre', Gabriel. Abelard 366 Couperus, Louis. Footsteps of Fate .... 20 Crawford, F. Marion. Don Orsino 113 Dahn, Felix, Erinnerungen von 273 Dakyn, H. G. Works of Xenophou .... 88 Dana, William Starr. How to Know the Wild Flowers 368 Darwin, Francis. Charles Darwin 256 Davidson, Charles. The English Mystery Plays 285 Da vies, W. The Letters of James Smetham . 219 De Normandie, James. In Spirit and in Truth . 319 De Varigny, Henry. Experimental Evolution 278 Dodge, Grace H. Thoughts of Busy Girls . . 25 Doyle, A. Conan. The Great Shadow .... 21 Dryden's Complete Poems 287 Duff, Sir M. E. G. Ernest Renan 342 Duncan, Andrew. The Practical Surveyor's Guide 151 Egan, Maurice F. Songs and Sonnets .... 147 Eliot, George. Strauss's Life of Jesus . . . 221 Elliott, O. L. Tariff Controversy in the United States 19 Engel, Frederick. Socialism, Utopian and Scien- tific 314 Equitable Taxation 18 Everett, Charles C. The Gospel of Paul . . . 364 Fairbain, A. M. The Place of Christ in Modern Theology 365 Field, Eugene. Second Book of Verse . . . 282 Field, Eugene. With Trumpet aud Drum . . 283 Field, Henry M. The Story of the Atlantic Tel- egraph 175 Field, R. M. In Sunflower Land 114 Finck, Henry T. Wagner and His Works . . 306 Fishguard Invasion in 1797, The 217 Fletcher, Margaret. Life and Character in Hungary 255 Fletcher, W. I. American Library Association Index 118 vi. INDEX. Fletcher, W. I. Second Supplement to Poole's Index 319 Foote, Mary H. The Chosen Valley .... 114 Ford, Clarence. The Life and Letters of Ma- dame de Krudener 333 Ford, Isaac N. Tropical America 286 Ford, Paul L. The Writings of Thomas Jefferson 110 Ford, W. C. The Itinerary of Gen. Washington 55 Fowler, J. K. Echoes of Old Country-Life . . 222 Fowler, W. W. The City-State of the Greeks and Romans 318 Frederic, Harold. The New Exodus .... 187 Frederic, Harold. The Return of the O'Mahony 21 Freeman, Edward, A. The Story of Sicily . . 186 French-Sheldon, Mrs. M. Sultan to Sultan . . 319 Fuller, H. B. The Chatelaine of La Trinite". . 22 Gale, Norman R. A Country Muse .... 283 Garland, Hamlin. A Spoil of Office .... 114 Gaye, Seliua. The Great World's Farm ... 88 George, A. J. Select Speeches of Daniel Webster 222 Giffen, Robert. The Case Against Bimetalism . 17 Gomme, George L. The Gentleman's Magazine Library 187 Gore, J. Ellard. The Visible Universe . . . 152 Gosse, Edmmid. Gossip in a Library .... 152 Gosse, Edmund. The Secret of Narcisse . . 217 Gould, E. R. S. The Social Condition of Labor 315 Goumy, Edouard. Les Latins 366 Gratry, A. Guide to the Knowledge of God . 249 Greenwood, Alice D. Empire and Papacy in the Middle Ages 151 Grinnell, George Bird. Blackfoot Lodge Tales . 182 Growoll, A. The Profession of Book-Selling . 320 Hamerton, Philip G. Drawing and Engraving . 78 Hamerton, Philip G. Man iu Art 77 Harbottle, T. B. Baron de Baye's Industrial Arts of the Anglo-Saxons 287 Harland, Marion. The Story of Mary Washington 56 Harris, Joel Chandler. Uncle Remus and His Friends 186 Harrison, Mrs. Burton. Belhaven Tales . . . 115 Harte, Bret. Sally Dows 341 Harte, Bret. Susy 112 Hathaway, Benjamin. The Finished Creation . 283 Heinemann, Karl. Goethe's Mutter .... 186 Henderson, E. F. Historical Documents of the Middle Ages 118 Henty, G. A. Beric the Briton 222 Henns, Mary. Memorials of Moltke .... 75 Herndon, W. H., and Jesse W. Weik. Abraham Lincoln 187 Higgins, C. A. To California and Back . . . 344 Howells, W. D. The World of Chance ... 339 Hudson, Thomas Jay. The Law of Psychic Phe- nomena • 359 Hueffer, H. Ford. The Shifting of the Fire . . 217 Hutchinson, H. N. Extiuct Monsters .... 187 Hyde, W. T. C. How Do You Spell It? . . 152 Ingle, Edward. The Negro in the District of Columbia 368 Ironquill of Kansas, Some Rhymes of ... . 53 Jacobs, Joseph. The Art of Worldly Wisdom 226 James, Henry. The Real Thing 341 Jefferies, Richard. The Toilers of the Field . 104 Johnson, E. G. Walton's Angler 25 Johnson, R. U. The Winter Hour 51 Keely, R. J., Jr., and G. G. Davis. In Arctic Seas 10 Kellner, Leon. Historical Outlines of English Syntax 287 Kellogg, S. H. The Genesis and Growth of Re- ligion 247 Kerr, Alexauder, and H. C. Tolmau The Gos- pel of Matthew in Greek 368 Kirkup, Thomas. A History of Socialism . . 314 Kufferath, Maurice. Wagner's Parsifal . . . 254 Landor, W. S. Poems, Dialogues in Verse, etc. 149 Lane, Lydia S. I Married a Soldier .... 80 Lavissc, E. The Youth of Frederick the Great 47 Lea, A. S. The Chemical Basis of the Animal Body 119 Lea, H. C. Superstition and Force 151 Lecky, W. E. H. The Political Value of History 336 Liddon, Canon. Essays and Addresses . . . 186 Lindau, Paul. Hanging Moss 218 Lippincott's Pronouncing Gazeteer of the World 317 Lodge, Henry Cabot. Historical and Political Essays 221 London, A. M. From Australia and Japan . . 23 Loring, Caleb W. Nullification and Secession . 337 Lowell, E.J. The Eve of the French Revolution 55 Lowell, Jaines R. The Old English Dramatists 117 Lubbock, John. Beauties of Nature .... 88 Lysaght, Sidney R. The Marplot 340 Lytton, Bulwer. The Caxtons 256 Maartens, Maarten. God's Fool 20 Macdonald, Marshal, The Recollections of . . 317 Mahan, A. T. Life of Admiral Farragut... 49 Mahan, A. T. The Influence of Sea Power upon History 109 Malleson, G. B. Re-Founding of the German Empire 23 Mariette, M. Auguste. Outlines of Ancient Egyptian History 319 Matheson, George. Distinctive Messages of the Old Religions 248 Matsoii, H. References for Literary Workers . 24 McCarthy, Justin. Charing Cross to St. Paul's . 87 McCrackan, W. D. The Rise of the Swiss Re- public 85 McGaffey, Ernest. Poems with Gun and Rod . 52 McGlassou, Eva W. An Earthly Paragon . . 114 McGucken, William G. Whist Nuggets ... 344 McLaughlin, E. T. Literary Criticism for Stu- dents 253 McMahan, Anna B. The Best Letters of Will- iam Cowper 344 Memories of Dean Hole 42 Merwin, H. C. Road, Track, and Stable ... 319 Mexican and South American Poems .... 148 Mines, John F. A Tour Around New York . . 116 Mitchell, S. Weir. Francis Drake 146 Mitchell, S. Weir. The Mother 146 Mivart, St. George. American Types of Animal Life 362 Money, Cheap 18 Moore, Charles Leonard. A Book of Day-Dreams 146 Morrison, J. Russia under Alexander III. . . 222 Morton, Oliver T. The Southern Empire . . 214 Moseley, H. N. The Voyage of the Challenger 151 Moulton, Louise C. The Collected Poems of Philip Bourke Marston 149 Moulton, R. G. Shakespeare as a Dramatic Artist 252 Murray, David C. Time's Revenges .... 340 Ness, Thomas Van. The Coming Religion . . 246 INDEX. Ouida. The Tower of Taddeo 21 Owen, Mary A. Voodoo Tales 338 Paley, F. A. Fragments of the Greek Comic Poets 220 Palgrave, F. T. Amenophis 146 Pancoast, Henry S. Representative English Lit- erature 184 Parkman, Francis. A Half-Century of Conflict 45 Pater, Walter. Plato and Platonism .... 211 Peet, Stephen D. The Mound-Builders ... 255 Perkins, J. B. France under the Regency . 55 Pollock, Walter Herries. King Zub .... 217 Prime, W. C. Along New England Roads . . 118 Quevedo-Villegas. Pablo de Segovia .... 79 Quilter, Harry. Preferences in Art, Life, and Literature 78 Ralph, Julian. On Canada's Frontiers ... 57 Raymond, G. L. Genesis of Art-Form . . . 285 Re'gamey, Felix. Japan in Art and Industry . 185 Repplier, Agnes. A Book of Famous Verse . 284 Rhodes, James Ford. History of the United States 280 Richardson, Abby Sage. Familiar Talks on En- glish Literature 188 Riis, Jacob A. The Children of the Poor . . 151 Riley, James W. Green Fields and Running Brooks 282 Roberts, C. G. D. Ave 147 Romanes, G. J. Darwin and After Darwin . . 55 Ropes, John C. The Campaign of Waterloo . 275 Roseboro', Viola. Old Ways and New . . . 115 Ross, Janet. Three Generations of English Women 207 Ross-of-Bladensburg, Major. The Marquess of Hastings 256 Rowbotham, John F. Private Life of the Great Composers 255 Saint-Amand, Imbert de. The Duchess of Berry 288 Sanborn, F. B., and W. T. Harris. A. Brouson Alcott 356 Santley, Charles. Student and Singer .... 88 Sarcey, Francisque. Recollections of Middle Life 241 Saunders, F. The Story of the Discovery of the New World 319 Schoenhof, J. Economy of High Wages . . . 315 Scollard, Clinton. Songs of Sunrise Lands . . 51 Scott, W. F. The Story of a Cavalry Regiment 311 Scudder, Vida D. Shelley's Prometheus Un- bound 150 Selden, John. Table-Talk 24 Shadwell, C. L. The Purgatory of Dante . . 183 Shakespeare, "Ariel" edition 25 Sheppard, Elizabeth. Charles Auchester . 288 Sherman, L. A. Analytics of Literature . . . 342 Sienkiewicz, Henryk. Without Dogma . . . 341 Sloane, William M. The French War and the Revolution 336 Sprague, F. M. Socialism from Genesis to Rev- elation 314 Stearns, F. P. The Real and the Ideal in Liter- ature 184 Steams, Lewis French. Present-Day Theology . 364 Stedman, E. C. Nature and Elements of Poetry 107 Stephen, Sir James F. Horse Sabbaticee . . . 116 Stevenson, Francis S. Historic Personality . . 367 Stevenson, Robert L. Island Nights' Entertain- ments 340 Stimson, F. J. In the Three Zones .... 218 Stoddard, R. H. Under the Evening Lamp . . 24 Storrs, Richard S. Bernard of Clairvaux. . . 140 Strange, Daniel. The Farmer's Tariff Manual . 19 Stryker, M. W. Dies Ir» 284 Swan, H. Colloquial French and Italian ... 26 Sweet, Henry. Short Historical English Gram- mar 287 Sykes, Arthur. The Inspector-General . . . 222 Symonds, John A. In the Key of Blue . . . 180 Thanet, Octave. Stories of a Western Town . 340 Thayer, William R. The Dawn of Italian Inde- pendence 286 Theodoli, Marchesa. Under Pressure .... 22 Thomas, Edith M. Fair Shadow Land ... 281 Thompson, Annie. A Moral Dilemma . . . 217 Thompson, H. M. The Theory of Wages . . 315 Thomson, James. The City of Dreadful Night 284 Thwaites, R. G. Our Cycling Tour in England 117 Tolstoi, Alexis. Prince Serebryani 20 Trumbull, M. M. Free Trade Struggle in En- gland 19 Tucker, W. J. The New Movement in Humanity 316 Turnbull, Mrs. Lawrence. Val-Maria .... 340 Underwood, F. H. Quabbin 87 Universal Atlas, The 89 Valera, Juan. Commander Mendoza .... 218 Van Dyke, John C. Art for Art's Sake ... 286 Van Ornum, W. H. Why Government at All? 315 Walford, Mrs. L. B. Twelve English Author- esses 187 Walker, Hugh. Three Centuries of Scottish Lit- erature . 361 Ward, J. A. The Addresses of Bishop Phillips Brooks 319 Ward, W. C. Diary and Letters of Madame D'Arblay 143 Waterloo, Stanley. Au Odd Situation . . . 217 Watson, William. Excursions in Criticism . . 343 Watson, William. Lachrymse Musarum . . . 147 Watson, William. Lyric Love 148 Watts, Theodore. Borrow's Lavengro . . . 343 Waugh, Arthur. Alfred, Lord Tennyson ... 53 Welldon, J. E. C. The Nichomachean Ethics of Aristotle 187 West, A. F. Alcuiu and the Rise of Christian Schools 25 Westcott, Brooke F. The Gospel of Life . . 248 Wharton, Anne H. Through Colonial Doorways 303 Wheatley, Henry B. Literary Blunders . . . 289 Wheaton, Mabel F. Don Quixote 288 White, Horatio S. Deutsche Volkslieder . . 149 Williams, C. M. The Systems of Ethics founded on Evolution 249 Williams, Montague. Round London .... 150 Wilson, Sir Daniel. The Lost Atlantis ... 178 Wilson, Woodrow. Division and Reunion . . 337 Winter, William. Shadows of the Stage, Second Series 344 Wood, Charles J. Survivals in Christianity . . 365 Wood, J. S. A Daughter of Venice .... 113 Woodberry, George E. Complete Poetical Works of Shelley '244 Wright, Thomas. Life of William Cowper . . 82 Young, Arthur. A Tour in Ireland .... 152 THE DIAL Illustrations and Frontis- piece by W. T. Smedlky. THE ROMANCE IN THE LIFE OF HEFTY BURKE. A Story. By Richard Harding Davis. With 2 Illustrations by C. D. Gibson. TENNYSON. By Mrs. James T. Fields. With 2 Illustrations by F. V. Dc Mond. THE OLD WAY TO DIXIE. By Julian Ralph. 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MACMILLAN & CO., Publishers, New York City. 1893.] 3 THE DIAL The Atlantic Monthly Begins a New Volume with the January number, which con- tains, beside other articles, papers by MAR Y HARTWELL CATHERWOOD, OLD KASKASK1A. First Part of a Serial Historical Story of Illinois. By JOHN FLSKE, EDWARD AUGUSTUS FREEMAN, The eminent English Historian. By SHERMAN S. ROGERS, GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS AND CIVIL SERVICE REFORM. By FRANCIS PARKMAN, THE FEUDAL CHIEFS OF JlCADIA.-l. By EDWIN LASSETTER BYNNER, DIARY OF A NERVOUS INVALID. By FRANK BOLLES, IN A WINTRY WILDERNESS. By KATE DOUGLAS WIGGIN, PENELOPE'S ENGLISH EXPERIENCES.-1. By HARRIET W. PRESTON and LOUISE DODGE, COLA DI %IENZO. Four Dollars a Year. Thirty-five Cents a Number. Postal Notes and Honey at risk of sender. Remit by Money-Order, Draft, or Registered Letter, to HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., Boston. LIBRARIANS W'bo are making up their periodical lists for 1893 cannot do better than include THE DIAL. • The Foresters " and "The Death of iEnone," the two volumes that complete the life work of the greatest of Victorian poets. Compared with such books, all the others appear insignificant. The one volume consecrates the forest of Sherwood as the glades of Arden were consecrated by Shakespeare; the other hymns the hopes of mankind with a pro- phetic vision no less clear than that of Shelley. The two greatest English poets among those still living 6 [Jan. lt THE DIAL are also represented in the year's work. Mr. Swin- burne's "The Sisters," although not wholly worthy of its author's fame, is still a beautiful example of dramatic verse. Mr. William Morris has given us his "Poems by the Way," and lias told for us " The Story of the Glittering Plain" in simple and noble prose that is almost poetry. "At Sundown," Whit- tier's posthumous volume, is entirely worthy of the beautiful life whose poetical achievement it so fit- tingly crowns. We should also mention Mrs. Nesbit's "Lays and Legends," Mrs. Moulton's "Swallow Flights," Mr. Kipling's " Ballads," Mr. Henley's "The Song of the Sword," Miss Fabbri's "Lyrics," Mr. Perkins's " Eleusis," and Miss Mon- roe's " Valeria" and " Commemoration Ode." The novel of the year is unquestionably Mrs. Ward's "David Grieve," which more ctaarly than its famous predecessor shows that the mantle of George Eliot has fallen upon the author's shoulders. Similarity of intellectual interest makes us couple with Mrs. Ward's story the anonymous "Cal- mire," although that remarkable book has obvious literary shortcomings. Mr. Hardy's "Tess of the D'Urbervilles" is also one of the most important novels of the past twelvemonth. "Esther Van- homrigh," by Mrs. Margaret L. Woods, is a his- torical novel of admirable and distinctive quality. "The Quality of Mercy," by Mr. Howells, is the best story that the author has given us for several years past. Mr. Stevenson's "The Wrecker " and Mr. Crawford's "Don Orsino" must also be men- tioned. Notable among short stories are Mr. Harte's two volumes, " Colonel Starbottle's Client" and "A First Family of Tasajara," Mr. F. Hop- kinson Smith's "A Day at Laguerre's," Mr. James's The Lesson of the Master," and Vernon Lee's •' Vanitas." The most important translations of foreign fiction are those of Emile Zola's "La De- bacle," the Baroness von Suttner's "Die Waffen Nieder!" BjiSrnson's " Det Flager i Byen og paa Havnen," Couperus's "Eline Vere" and "Nood- lot," and Alexis Tolstoi's " Prince Serebryani." In literary criticism and history Lowell's lectures on the English dramatists and Mr. Stedman's vol- ume on "The Nature and Elements of Poetry" share the first honors, the latter volume almost re- conciling us to the loss of him who wrote the for- mer, so clearly does Mr. Stedman now take rank as the most accomplished of living American critics. A certain interest also attaches to the publication of Carlyle's " Lectures on the History of Litera- ture," although they are imperfectly reproduced, and add little to the reputation of their author. The volumes of essays, mostly literary, by Mr. Augustine Bin-ell, Mr. H. H. Boyesen, and Mr. Edward Caird are also of more than casual import- ance. Among books devoted to single writers, Mr. Waugh's study of Tennyson probably deserves the first mention, and we should add Mr. Nichol's life of Carlyle, Mr. Trent's life of Simms, Mr. Wright's life of Cowper, and Mr. Clarke's sympathetic study of Whitman. In the history of our literature, the two latest volumes of Mr. Henry Morley's "En- glish Writers" are noteworthy, as well as Mr. Brooke's "History of Early English Literature." Art has been enriched during the year by Mr. Cole's incomparable engravings from the "Old Italian Masters " and Mr. Hamerton's sumptuous "Man in Art." The most important among books of travel is Mr. Whymper's "Travels amongst the Great Andes of the Equator." Mr. Warburton Pike's " The Barren Ground of Northern Canada" and Mr. Henry Norman's "The Real Japan " are also not to be omitted, nor the concluding volume of Dr. Junker's African travels and the record of Lieutenant Peary's explorations in Greenland. In history we have had Mr. Fiske's fascinating •' Dis- covery of America," Mr. Payne's substantial treat- ment of the same theme, a new installment of Mr. Freeman's History of Sicily," and Mr. Besant's "London." In science and philosophy the highest place must be given to Mr. Herbert Spencer's "Principles of Ethics." Mr. Hurley's "Essays on Controverted Questions " and Mr. Tyndall's "New Fragments" naturally call for mention in this place. "The Spirit of Modern Philosophy," by Mr. Josiali Royce, is a work of unusual attractiveness, although hardly an important contribution to thought. New editions hardly call for mention in such a retrospect as this, but a word must be given to the exquisite editions of Landor, Peacock, and Jane Austen, pub- lished by Mr. J. M. Dent (what publisher ever be- fore had three so happy thoughts in a single year?), and Mr. Woodberry's centennial edition of Shelley, with its thoughtful memoir. Among translations, too, we must mention the definitive edition of Mr. Jowett's Plato, and the finished prose of Mr. Nor- ton's Dante. Finally, our survey would be sadly incomplete did it fail to include Sig. Lanciani"s "Pagan and Christian Rome," Mrs. Van Rens- selaer's "English Cathedrals," Mr. Symonds's "Mich- ael Angelo," Mr. Conway's life of Paine, Mr. Camp- bell's history of the Puritans in England, Holland, and America, Mr. Praeger's " Wagner as I Knew Him," Miss North's •' Recollections of a Happy Life," Mr. Parkman's "A Half-Century of Con- flict," Colonel Dodge's "Csesar," the life and letters of Washington Allston," Moltke, His Life and Char- acter," and the "Autobiographical Notes" of W. B. Scott. It is very hard to determine just where to stop in such an enumeration as this, and we call a halt at this point feeling that but inadequate justice has been done to the literary year now ended. CHRONICLE AND COMMENT. The "Autobiographical Notes of the Life of William Bell Scott," reviewed in the last number of The Dial, has elicited from Mr. Swinburne a protest as memorable in its way as Mr. Browning's protest against the allusion to Mrs. Browning that the editor of Fitz Gerald's letters indiscreetly allowed to appear in print. Mr. Swinburne's outburst is called "The New Terror," and is published in "The Fortnightly 1893.] THE DIAL Review." It has been said many times that the biog- raphers have added a new terror to death; Mr. Swin- burne supplements the saying by observing that " auto- biographers have added a new terror to life." The list of Mr. Swinburne's literary recantations was some time since made to include the cases of Byron and Whit- man; the new recantation is still more violent and com- plete. For it will be remembered that Mr. Swinburne has paid many poetical compliments to the late Mr. Scott, and that, only ten years ago, he greeted him in a son- net as "Dear old fast friend, whose honors grow not old." But the autobiography has changed all that, for it contains several anecdotes not at all to Mr. Swin- burne's taste, and the "poet and painter and friend" has now become "a poetaster and a dauber," a man "born for a sign-painter in Cambo or in Thrums," one "whose name would never have been heard, whose verse would never have been read, whose daubs would never have been seen, outside some (esthetic Lilliput of the North, but for his casual and parasitical association with the Trevelyans, the Rossettis, and myself." The Swinburnian anecdotes in the autobiography are not, it seems, accurate as to fact, and so their author must have fallen into "a state of spiritual disease in which false- hood is to the sufferer what alcohol is to a dipsomaniac, and truth what water is to a patient afflicted with hydrophobia." Whoever opens the book, moreover, must exclaim with Catallus, " 0 ventum horribilem atque pestiltntem" such " virulent senility " do its pages reveal. The January "Cosmopolitan " signalizes the be- ginning of its fifth year under the present management by an edition of 150,000 copies, and au elaborate article descriptive of the various processes, editorial and me- chanical, that go to the making of an illustrated monthly. Not the least interesting feature of this article is its account of the editorial mill through which contribu- tions are made to pass, and which sifts for final accept- ance some two or three per cent of the whole number offered. A curious commentary upon the sifting pro- cess described is suggested by one of the articles that fol- low, an article entitled " Confessions of an Autograph Hunter," in which the author, with frank and unblushing self-gratulation, describes the disreputable trickery by which he has made his collection. No sort of lie, it seems, was mean enough to be unworthy his use, if by its employment he might hope to gain a coveted auto- graph. A "great magazine" should be in better busi- ness than that of countenancing such persons or such forms of petty knavery. An editorial note expresses the opinion that the writer of the article " is likely to make his mark in the years to come." We should say he had made it already, and a pretty black one at that. We are not surprised that Mr. Howells was unwilling to lend his editorial sanction to such articles. "No one «ver resigns when he finds himself in a fitting nook in a magazine office," remarks the editor of the " Cosmopol- itan"; Mr. Howells evidently did not fit the nook that was prepared for him. One of the latest announcements of the Univer- sity of Chicago falls noticeably within the line of our recent suggestion that the university should be brought into close relations with the elementary and secondary education of the vicinity. An extensive series of classes has been arranged for the benefit of teachers and others whose occupations do not permit of their attendance upon the regular courses. These classes will be held evenings and Saturdays, in various parts of the city, will be under strict university regulations, and, since the university plan allows a certain proportion of de- gree work to be done in absentia, those who enter them will have the advantage of knowing that their work will be counted as so much done towards a degree. The work of these classes will be both academic and collegiate, and some of the ablest men in the university will have it in charge. To Professor Hale, the head of the Latin department, the elaboration of this new en- terprise is largely due, and Professor Hale himself otters a training course for teachers of Latin that ought to result in materially raising the standard of prepara- tory work in the public high schools. It is reasonable that the university should look to the public schools of Chicago for a large proportion of its future supply of students, and it is eminently wise that it should under- take to influence the shaping of these students during the preparatory period of their work. COMMUNICA TIONS. PROFESSOR WRIGHT AND THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. (To the Editor of Thk Dial.) Some statements in Professor Wright's reply to my review of his work make imperative an additional word on my part. I will endeavor to render it as brief as is consistent with adequacy. The public have a right to expect accuracy and candor of the reviewer as well as of the author. No one is courteous to the public, what- ever the form of his language, who does not seek to convey to it a correct and just impression of that of which he writes. Professor Wright urges that justice was scarcely done to the extent of his work in connection with the United States Geological Survey. He claims credit for three seasons' work. The accounts of the Survey, based on Professor Wright's own reports of service rendered, show just 137 days service, including work of all kinds,— field work, writing, revision, proof read- ing, etc., of which, as accurately as I can place them, 22 days stand for my "month of July," 20 days for my "later in the season," 46 days for my "part of the following season," and the rest for office work, and that "incidental to the completion of his report." All told, this is less than one half of a year's work, reckoned ac- cording to the standards of working geologists and working people generally. His report consists of 72 octavo pages (pp. 39 to 110 inclusive, Bulletin 58, U. S. Geo. Surv.). If Professor Wright prefers this exact and determinative method of stating the extent of his work, he is certainly entitled to the substitution. If the public care to estimate the relative candor and accuracy of author and critic, they can compare these definite facts with the statements made by each. Professor Wright seems to feel that I should have taken cognizance of the "eight years previous to 1884," during which time he "had been engaged in field-work in tracing the boundary of the glaciated area, beginning at the Atlantic Ocean and working westward," of which he says the Survey took advantage. I need much further enlightenment if I am to give account of "eight years " such work, only a part of which, in any case, was included in his report. I know that Professor H. Carvill Lewis, in the introduction to his report on the terminal moraine of Pennsylvania (see Report Z, to 8 [Jan. 1T THE DIAL which Professor Wright refers), acknowledges his in- debtedness to "Professor George Frederick Wright, of Oberlin, Ohio, who for six weeks, about one-third of the time employed in field work during 1881, gave me valuable assistance" (p. li.). I know, also, from Pro- fessor Lesley's introduction to the same report (p. vi.), that Professor Wright spent seven days in preliminary work in 1880. This makes full seven weeks' work officially reported in Pennsylvania. I know that Pro- fessor Wright gave parts of two field seasons (vaca- tions, chiefly, I understand) to work west of Pennsyl- vania, and I presume that he interpolated some other work with his duties as professor of theology, and he certainly did some considerable literary work in so fre- quent publication of his results; but as to the rest of the "eight years " spent in "tracing the boundary of the glaciated area," I am in deep and dark ignorance. I am puzzled, also, to see how any considerable amount of " eight years " work could have gotten into a report of 7*2 pages, in addition to the work of "two further seasons " and "a third season," the report being chiefly local descriptive matter. To soften the effect of the finding of drift by Profes- sor Salisbury and others a score or more of miles south of the line mapped and so often described by Professor Wright as the boundary of the glaciated area in the critical and much discussed region of the Delaware, Professor Wright explains in the November number of the "American Journal of Science " that " this part of our work was done by Professor Lewis and myself at the outset of our attempts to trace the glacial boundary" (p. 364). The Pennsylvania report quoted above shows this to have been undertaken in December, 1880, and followed up in the summer of 1881. Professor Wright says, on page 84 of the work I reviewed, that Professor Lewis and himself made the survey of that state in 1880. It bothers my limited arithmetical ability to figure in "eight years" between 1880 and 1884. Or, if all this were wrong, it would puzzle my understanding to see where the eight years were spent, since Messrs. Cook and Smock traced the boundary from the Atlantic to the Delaware, and two seasons were enough to cover what Professor Wright did. Perhaps a ground for reconciliation may be found if Professor Wright's "seasons " and "years " be under- stood to be those fragments of time not required by bis duties as professor of theology, while my reckonings be understood to be made after the maimer of geologists and the world generally; and if it be understood that Professor Wright worked vicariously for some years previous to his tangible field work on the glacial bound- ary by means of the publication of a letter from a well known geologist, and in similar ways (see almost any of his earlier papers on the subject). Those geologists who have read the 2(i pages of in- troduction, which I felt called upon to write to Professor Wright's 72 pages of report, will perhaps pardon me for not making much of the Survey's inheritance from his previous work. To fully understand the matter of the Survey title, it should be known that Professor Wright made his appli- cation for appointment on the Survey to me as head of the Glacial Division, secured it on my recommendation (I am sorry to say) and received his official instructions from me, that it was my duty, under the rules uf the Survey, to determine the advisibility or inadvisibility of publishing all matter pertaining to the Glacial Division, and that I was held officially responsible for it. Professor Wright's sentence, "During this interval my volume upon ' The Ice Age in North America' was published, but not without the express and written permission of the Director of the United States Survey," carries, therefore, the implication that the Director transgressed his own regulations and passed upon a question for which he held me responsible. Ho did not do so. Professor Wright simply asked permission to use in his volume some matter and illustrations collected by him and contained in his report which had been passed upon by me and sent to the Director's office. This request the Director granted in a simple note signed by the chief clerk, a certified copy of which is now in my possession, and I am informed by the Director that there is no other ground for Professor Wright's claim. If this stood alone, Professor Wright might be thought entitled to some latitude of interpre- tation, though not to so strong an expression as he uses; but in answer to a similar request made to me, I as- sented to the use of the material, as did the Director, but I also discussed at some length the advisability of the publication and its relations to the Survey, as it was my official duty to do. My letter is too long for full quotation, but the following extract contains the more vital parts. This may have some independent value as illustrating the attitude which I think many scientists take toward hasty popular publication. This letter was transmitted through the hands of the Director, and had hi* approval. Madison, Wis., January 24th, 18H0. Professor G. Frederick Wright, Oberlin, Ohio. My Dear Sir:— ... My delay in answering the for- mer letter was partly due to the interruption of vacation and partly to a doubt as to what I should say and an extreme re- luctance to say it. The doubt did not at all attach to your specific request for the use of the material of your report to the U. S. Geological Survey. That having been committed to the printer is essentially given to the public, and I can see no objection to your use of it even if your book should api>ear earlier than it. The presentation to the public of a book which purports to instruct the general unscientific reader concerning the ice-age and the antiquity of man, carries with it presumptions quite diverse from those upon which the work of the Geological Survey is based. This work finds its justification in the fact that leading and important truths relating to the glacial form- ations are not yet known but on the contrary are subjects re- quiring investigation. Under these conditions, to propagate conclusions is presumptively to erect barriers in the way of the reception of the truth when it shall be ascertained. . . . I can therefore, to speak frankly, only look upon such a pub- lication as you propose as being, in the present state of inves- tigation, premature and unfortunate both for science and for the public. It seems to me proper enough for an investigator in connection with the presentation of his results to indicate his views of their general relations as that forms a part of the growth of the science, and as such results are usually ad- dressed to discriminating professional readers; but it seems quite another thing to seek the miscellaneous public as an in- structor upon such broad and general themes as the ice-age of a continent, or the antiquity of man, for this inevitably car- ries with it the assumption of the fundamental pre-reqiiisite of instruction; namely, determinate knowledge. . . . Concerning the antiquity of man, there cannot even be a critical and specific statement of the problem until the chrono- logical relations of the various drift sheets and the non-glacial deposits of the West are determined. How much less, then, any conclusions which the public ought to accept. We are, it is tme, rapidly approaching a time when some- thing may wisely be written on the general glacial history of the United States, and on a limited phase of the antiquity of man, because we are tracing out step by step the elements of that history by the use of modern critical geology, whose THE 9 conclusions when fully reached will unquestionably stand, but it seems on this account only the more unwise to hasten before the public with that which is of uncertain value, or is at least largely intermixed with that which must at length be elim- inated. I could not obviously write so frankly were it not for our official relations, but so long as you remain a member of the Survey it is necessarily implicated in any publication you may give forth, and therefore I in some measure partake of the responsibility for your publication. This responsibility I am not willing to assume, and as the relationship has ceased to be active ... 1 think it will free us both from embarass- ment and give you perfect freedom to follow your own judg- ment if the relationship shall cease. If the book is to appear, as I assume it will, I am quite willing to do what I can to make it as valuable as practicable and to save you expense. I will therefore request that the electrotypes of the cuts you name be made and sent as you request. . . . Very truly yours, i Signed i T. C. Chambeblin. To this, the following reply was received from the Director's office: Washington, I). C, Jan. 29, 1889. Prof. T. C. Chambeklin, Madison, Wis. Dear Sir:— Your letter of the 24th inst. and enclosure in relation to Professor Wright and his work on the Ice Age, etc., is received, and the views expressed and suggestions made touching the subject meet with the Director's concur- rence. The letter to Professor Wright has been forwarded, and he has been given an estimate of the cost of the electrotypes al- luded to. By Order of the Director. Very respectfully, (Signed i James C. Pilling, Chief Clerk. To properly understand the attitude of Professor Wright toward the work of Professor Salisbury, the fact to which allusion has already been made should be borne in mind,—-namely, that several geologists, but especially Professor Salisbury, have found that drift extends to a considerable distance south of the limit assigned by Professor Wright, and have urged that this required a different interpretation of the glacial history of the region from that which he has so industriously propagated. I was not at the Rochester meeting.at the time of the discussion to which Professor Wright re- fers, but I was there on the day following and I gained the impression from the remarks of the several geologists whom I heard mention the subject that the "abundant evidence " which he thinks would have so impressed me came out of the discussion in a rather badly wrecked condition. At any rate, when I wrote the review I knew what the supposed evidence was, and from per- sonal knowledge of the region, as well as from my con- fidence in Professor Salisbury and others, I regarded the "abundant evidence " as some degrees worse than worthless, because I was convinced that it was not only valueless, but that it reflected upon the competency of its author. The alleged facts are directly at variance with the observations of half a dozen good observers. Drift that Professor Wright says does not occur at cer- tain points, does occur there, according to the concur- rent observations of several good geological observers, and I have now at command some of their collections which verify their observations. Quite independently of this, I pointed out in the review a radical self-con- tradiction involved in the interpretation of Professor Wright which any discriminating geologist can see for himself, without regard to personal confidence in any- one; and to this it is no answer to animadvert on "the broad distinction between ascertained facts and strongly cherished opinions." If I read Professor Shaler aright, his account does not meet the critical demands involved in my state- ment, and his competency is not called in question. The reply of Professor Wright is, perhaps, not alto- gether to be regretted, as it affords an independent means of judgment of that peculiar combination of plausibility and inaccuracy which characterizes-his book. T. C. Chamberlin. University of Chicago, Dec. 26, 1892. QUESTIONABLE METHODS IN BOOK PUBLISHING. (To the Editor of The Dial. ) Rudyard Kipling, in one of his racy sketches, won- ders how it is that an artist can be allowed to practice the questionable art of duplicating his pictures, simply because he finds it easy and profitable to do so, while such things as betting on a certainty, or playing with nicked cards, are tabooed in clubs, and if persisted in secure expulsion. Are the standards of ethics, it may be asked, higher among betting and sporting men than in art and literary circles? A few years ago book-collectors were much pleased with the samples shown them of a beautiful edition of a famous French author, and l>emg assured that the edition was limited, they promptly subscribed for it at a round price; but they afterwards felt that they had been the victims of a questionable hocus-pocut, when the same publishers sold the plates to another firm and the latter proceeded to issue from them a very unlim- ited edition of the work. It seems superfluous to say that when a buyer gives a large price for a copy of a lim- ited edition, the limited feature is an essential part of the contract, which he naturally regards as evaded, if not openly violated, when the same work is issued in a slight- ly different but unlimited edition from the same plates. A similar case is that of a firm who recently an- nounced the issue of an edition of a thousand copies of a very sumptuous book, which proved so tempting to collectors that before any of the copies were ready for delivery the price of those unsold was advanced from ten. to fifteen dollars, and the remainder of the edition was closed out at the latter figure, purcliasers evidently believing that even at this price the book would be a good investment. But their views were somewhat changed at finding, within a month, that substantially the same book was offered as a premium to subscribers to a magazine published by the same firm, who justify their action by claiming that the premium edition is not the same as the other, but a cheaper edition from the same plates. Yet the magazine's agents are assuring the public that the book they are offering is identical in all respects with the one sold for fifteen dollars, with the exception of the inscription on the cover, "This edition consists of 1,000 copies, of which this is number" Even if such representations by agents are unauthorized and unwarranted by their principals, would it not be better for them in such cases to "avoid the appearance of evil," and thus spare the purchasers of " limited edi- tions" from very natural disappointment and irritation? Of course the whole difficulty is obviated by simply announcing at the outset the various editions in which a work is to appear, and then making the editions ob- viously and unmistakably dissimilar. J. E. WDHEAD. Chicago, Dec. SO, 1392. 10 THE DIAL [Jan. 1, In Arctic Seas.* The interesting and important book entitled "In Arctic Seas " may be said to be, in a way, built in compartments like a ship, its contents embracing two main divisions, distinct yet closely related, together with various supple- mentary chapters and addenda. Part I., " The Voyage of the 'Kite,'" is the narrative of the expedition sent in 1891 to convey Lieut. Peary to the northwestern shore of Greenland, where he proposed to winter until opportunity offered to begin his projected overland journey to the northeast coast; Part II., "The Peary Relief Expedition," is a record of a second voyage of the same vessel in 1892, when she was sent to bring the Peary party home again. This sec- ond trip was, as we shall hereafter explain, an afterthought, and was not a part of the orig- inal plan. Added to the accounts of the two voyages is a transcript of the log-book of Cap- tain Pike of the " Kite," a number of facts re- lating to young Verhoeff, the missing man, to- gether with some pages on the life of the ex- plorers in their winter quarters, and on Lieut. Peary's journey over the inland ice. The sub- stance of the Lieutenant's report to the Acad- emy of Natural Sciences is given in an Ap- pendix, the volume thus forming a complete and authentic record of one of the few fairly successful expeditions to the frozen North. Briefly stated, Lieut. Peary's theory was that the true way to solve the geographical prob- lems of Greenland, and at the same time to reach the most northern point humanly attain- able, was to journey overland over Greenland's frozen surface, instead of attempting to work one's way northward around the shore-line. His chief aim was to reach the most northern point yet touched by man, which is 83 degrees and 24 minutes, made by Lockwood and Brain- ard in 1882. While the Peary expedition fell short by a hundred miles of attaining this specific aim, it certainly made a record of which the participants may be proud, the geograph- ical, ethnological, geological, and other sci- entific results obtained being of high import- ance. As to the present volume, the au- thors of it are to be credited with a modest, straightforward, and thoroughly readable nar- rative, which the publishers have put in very * In Arctic Seas: A Narrative of the Voyage of the "Kite " with the Peary Expedition to North Greenland. By Robert N. Keely, Jr., M.D., and G. G. Davis, A.M. Pro- fusely illustrated. Philadelphia: Rufus C. Hartranft. attractive shape. The numerous illustrations, the fruit of pencil and camera, are of great interest. The plates well exemplify the gain to books of this class of photographic illustra- tion, the unerring solar pencil bringing home to us, with a vividness beyond the scope of verbal description, the scenes and incidents of Arctic life. The Peary expedition was unaided by gov- ernment. It was sent out under the auspices of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sci- ences, receiving substantial support from this body and from the American Geographical Society of New York, as well as from the pri- vate means of Lieut. Peary and some of his companions. It was further determined by the Academy of Natural Sciences to send out an independent expedition, which was to charter a vessel, carry the Peary party to their winter quarters and point of departure, and there leave them. On the return voyage the Academy party proposed to make investigations of the land and its natural history, and it is chiefly to the fortunes of this special expedition that the first part of Dr. Keely's narrative is devoted. The supplies for Peary's proposed inland jour- ney and his means of returning to civilization were to be furnished by the Lieutenant himself. Thus, when the "Kite " left New York on her perilous trip, she virtually carried two expedi- tions: that headed by Peary, and that of the Academy, headed by Prof. Angelo Heilprin. The former comprised Lieut. Peary and his wife, Mrs. Joseph Diebitsch Peary, Lieut. Gib- son, Eward Astrup (a Norwegian), John M. Verhoeff of Louisville, Dr. F. A. Cook, and Matthew Henson (an intelligent young col- ored man of Philadelphia). Sentiment and added eclat apart, the object of Mrs. Peary's accompanying the explorers is not apparent to the present reviewer; and it should be stated, in justice to Lieut. Peary, that his plan was to leave his wife in comparative safety and com- fort at the winter quarters during his arduous journey into the frozen interior. Under Prof. Heilprin went Prof. Benj. Sharp, Prof. J. F. Holt, Dr. W. E. Hughes, Levi W. Mengel, Dr. Wm. H. Burk, Mr. Kenealy, Mr. Ash- urst, and Dr. Keely, all comparatively young men and used to travel. Of Dr. Keely's full and interesting recital we can, of course, furnish but a meagre epit- ome. The expedition left Brooklyn on June 6, 1891, on the staunch little " Kite," Richard Pike as master, — a St. John's, N. B., steam- whaler of 280 tons. After coaling at Sydney, 1898.] THE DIAL 11 the northern journey was fairly begun, and toward the evening of June 23 Greenland was sighted, the rugged peaks back of Cape Deso- lation looming on the horizon. The " Kite" was now fairly among the icebergs, a long pro- cession of these mighty fragments continuing all night, until Cape Desolation was passed, when, says the author, "we had beautiful, warm, sunshiny weather, allowing us to be on deck all the time. . . . The days were very agreeable, and having now crossed the Arctic Circle we were favored with continuous day- light." The island of Disko was sighted on June 25, and shortly afterwards the "Kite" dropped anchor in the pretty, land-locked har- bor of Godhavn, the principal settlement of northern Danish Greenland. The visitors were received most hospitably by the Danish authori- ties, and here enjoyed their first sight of the Eskimos —■ which, admits the author, " is dis- appointing." "It is true that they are squat in figure and swarthy, but those that we saw at Disko were not so remarkable in face or form as to have attracted attention in any port where foreign sailors abound, except for their skin costumes. Even these costumes would not have been particularly noticeable had it not been for their filthi- ness." The Eskimo, be it said, knows nothing of water except that it is good to drink and good to float his kajak. He cannot swim, regarding the element with a cat-like dread; and it is noted that a native interpreter, subsequently engaged, in running over his qualifications proudly dwelt upon the singular fact that he "much wash." At Disko the native dwellings were turf-built huts, about fifteen feet square, each with a single window with a sash of glass of several panes: "They were entered by a tunnel about ten feet in length and two or three feet in height, running out from its side. Before entering, it is quite essential to call some of the inmates, who then knock out two or three of the ugly-looking dogs which congregate in and about the openings of all the huts. After this precau- tion one goes down on hands and knees and crawls through the tunnel, a small door giving admission to the hut. The interior consists of but one room, half of which has a floor of wood, raised a couple of feet above the ground. On this the inmates spend most of their time, eating, sleeping, and working. The rest of the room is given up to cooking, curing of skins, and storage of hunt- ing and other implements. The raised floor is necessary to utilize the heat and warmth of the room, which is greater nearer the roof. The height inside the hut is hardly seven feet, it being impossible for any except the smaller inmates to stand upright when on the plat- form. . . . The floor itself was always strewn with fragments of skin, pieces of dirty blankets, and other offensive matter, which amply accounted for the vile odors encountered on entering." We may state here that these Godhavn huts were rather palatial when compared with those of the more remote natives of Whale Sound and Cape York. The Eskimo children were generally bright and pretty, and the author saw no slovenly-looking women — who, but for an abominable odor of grease and rank fish-oil about them, "might have been quite attract- ive." The camera, however, which kindly omits the odors, scarcely bears our author out herer we think. The men were neither so thrifty looking nor so well dressed as their wives, be- ing mostly habited in the cast-off garments of sailors. Dr. Keely attended a native ball at Disko, and kindly eked out the " orchestra "— two ancient but accomplished Eskimos with fiddles — with his guitar, much to the general joy. The appetite of the natives is prodigious, and their favorite resort on the " Kite" was the cook's galley. Here they eagerly sought out any remains of food or refuse this envied functionary was pleased to give them. Among the Godhavn Eskimos was one notable veteran whose gastronomic fame was "founded on a rock." Tradition said of this anaconda that once, having killed a seal at some distance from the settlement, he did then and there so stuff and engorge himself on raw seal-flesh as to be unable for two days to get under way again, much to the alarm of anxious friends at home. Doubting this saga, the " Kite's " crew resolved to test its hero. He was accordingly invited into the cabin, faced toward a table loaded with remnants, and given his head. Salt "junk," bread, potatoes, coffee, vegetables, ever}Tthing remotely edible, disappeared down his throat with awful celerity. "He ate, and ate, and ate," and, like Oliver, polished his plate and asked for more; until his hosts, humbled and convinced, and alarmed for the ship's stores, hoisted him on deck again. When last seen he was headed in the direction of the galley. The "Kite" left hospitable Godhavn on June 29, and continued northward, touching at Up- ernavik, and arriving without much let or hin- drance, a few days later, at the dreaded Mel- ville Bay, where their troubles shortly began. A heavy floe of ice was encountered, and after much steaming ahead and backing and "but- ting," the argonauts found themselves fairly locked in the Melville Bay pack in latitude about 75°. Several hundred miles still re- mained to be traversed before reaching the Lieutenant's objective point in the north, and the prospect was far from encouraging. On 12 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL the evening of July 11a distressing accident happened to Lieut. Peary: "He was standing near the rudder-chains, in the stern of the ship, when a large block of ice struck the rudder with great force, throwing the tiller violently to one side, and tearing the wheel out of the hands of the helmsman. The right leg of the lieutenant was caught between the rudder-chains and the wheel-house, fractur- ing the bones of the lower third." The plucky Lieutenant, though completely dis- abled, would listen to no advice as to abandon- ing his attempt for the year, and there was nothing to do but to proceed. We must pass over the graphic account of the " Kite's " long battle with the Melville pack, which was finally won, thanks largely to the skill and patience of Capt. Pike and his crew. On July 15 the weather cleared and land was sighted, and on the 20th the fog rolled away sufficiently to dis- close Cape York, N. lat. 76 degrees and 2 minutes, seven miles away. On July 23 an unlooked-for breaking up of the ice-pack oc- curred, and Cape Parry, marking the entrance to Whale Sound, which serves as an entrance to Inglefield Gulf, where Lieut. Peary proposed to land, was made in the evening. The "Kite" had now virtually reached her northern desti- nation. After entering the sound the ship was put under an easy head of steam with the ol>- ject of finding an Eskimo village known to be in the vicinity. Three or four tents were finally descried on the beach, and the whale- boat was lowered. The " village " consisted of only three rude skin tents supported on nar- whal horns, but a number of more permanent structures of earth and stones were seen near by. The entire population at this time numbered twelve — four men, three women, and five children. These remote and pitifully squalid savages were the so-called "Arctic Highlanders" of Capt. Ross, and an interest- ing chapter is devoted to them. They had evi- dently rarely, if ever, seen white men, knew nothing of tobacco, and regarded a sailor who was smoking his pipe at the time with the ut- most astonishment. Except a few iron tips to their harpoons, a small piece of sheet lead, the iron end of a boathook, and a sewing-thimble, which a woman produced in great triumph, nothing was seen indicating contact with civil- ized man. "Their food consisted of the flesh and blubber of the narwhal, walrus, and seal, and we saw lying in the neighborhood of their tents, on the bare ground, the partially-consumed carcasses of many of these animals, the walrus predominating. ... At irregular inter- vals, according as their hunger moved them, they would cut from a carcass, with an old knife, a long strip of flesh or blubber so large that it would barely go into their mouths. This strip was held in the teeth, while, with a sawing movement, a morsel was cut off so close to the mouth that their noses appeared to be in immi- nent peril. Thus, without cooking or other prepara- tion, they ate the dirty mass of fat and flesh with great relish. . . . The men were well-formed and slightly below the medium height. Their complexions were swarthy, and one or two had small beards or moustaches. The women were short and squatty, with faces broad and good-natured looking in spite of the small and slanting eyes and wide mouths. . . . All of the peo- ple were indescribably filthy, and had evidently never had a bath in their lives." This isolated tribe, however, showed skill and intelligence in the construction of their huts, kajaks, sledges, etc., and even readily understood and appreciated the advantages of the improved mechanism of fire-arms which were shown them. Leaving this point the "Kite" was once more headed up Whale Sound, and after some further search a suit- able spot was at length pitched upon for Lieut. Peary's winter quarters, on the northeast side of McCormick Bay, lat. 77 degrees and 43 minutes. A good beach was found, running up to a bluff which, again, sloped gently to the rampart of cliffs that marked the edge of the great inland plateau. "The surface from the beach back to the cliffs was covered with a luxuriant growth of flowers. Yellow pop- pies nodded like daisies in the bright sunlight, purple heaths and other flowers abounded, and once in a while a butterfly wpuld lazily float along in the balmy air. It was difficult to realize that we were less than seven hun- dred and fifty miles from the Pole, and within a short distance of the spot where the Kane expedition had spent two miserable winters frozen in the ice." Six days were spent at McCormick Bay by the Academy expedition, and at 5:30 on the morning of the 7th they were called to bid good-by to the Peary party. "As their boat rowed off," says the author, "they gave three cheers, but not with the hearty ring that I had heard from the same throats before." Three blasts of the whistle and a volley of small arms signalled the "Kite's " departure. "The signal-bell in the engine-room rang full speed ahead, and in a few minutes we departed from the most northern white settlement on the globe, leaving our companions to face their chosen duty in that almost merciless Arctic climate." We shall here take leave of this portion of Dr. Keely's recital, to which we have necessar- ily done scant justice, merely adding that the return voyage was rich in incident and in scien- tific results, and that the "Kite" reached St. John's safely August 22, 1891. Shortly after the return of the Academy Ex- pedition a general feeling of uneasiness was 1893.] THE DIAL 13 manifest as to the ultimate fate of the Pearys and especially touching their proposed retreat in open boats from McCormick Bay to Uper- navik, a distance of over 600 miles. The out- come was that another expedition, headed by Prof. Heilprin, was sent out by the Academy of Natural Sciences, styled the Peary Relief Expedition. The "Kite" was again chartered, and the party left St. John's July 5, 1892, reaching McCormick Bay July 23. As the "Kite" neared the lonely spot where the Pearys had been left to their fate, as it seemed, the year before, the excitement of those on board naturally rose to fever heat. Even sturdy Capt. Pike lost his composure, and kept the air filled with the booming of the little cannon and the shrill shrieks of the steam whistle. Certainly there was room for the gravest anxiety. After moving cautiously shoreward for a time, the man in the crow's-nest reported that he saw a moving speck on the water at the entrance of the bay. The speck was seen, small and black, against the huge white wall of a towering ice- berg, but nothing could be made of it except that it was moving toward the vessel. "Slowly — oh I how slowly to the anxious minds of those on board — the object grew larger and finally took the form of a boat, in which were a number of persons. Then Mr. Dumphy, still in his post at the top of the foremast, sent a spasm of terror into the breasts of the party by shouting in an excited tone: 'By God, sir, they're all huskies (Eskimo men) in that whale boat! They've killed the Peary party!' But he almost instantly set all right by crying joyfully, 'No, they're not, sir; they're waving their arms; they're all right!'" By this time those on the "Kite's" deck could see for themselves that there were several per- sons in the boat, and these were soon recog- nized as a portion of the Peary party who were being rowed by Eskimos. "The scene on board the 'Kite' was almost beyond description. Sailors not on duty in the rigging yelling, the second mate still in the crow's nest shouted himself hoarse, while the members of the expedition were cheer- ing, shaking hands, and altogether behaving like men bereft of their senses. But the supreme moment came when the boat arrived alongside and Dr. Cook, Mr. Gibson, and Mr. Verhoeff climbed up the side of the ves- sel aud sprang on deck. . . . The three men appeared in splendid condition, muscular-looking, deeply tanned by exposure, and, except Mr. Verhoeff, were dressed in full Eskimo costumes — reindeer coat and trousers and seal-skin boots that reached almost to their knees." It was soon learned that Lieut. Peary and young Astrup, still absent on their inland jour- ney, were expected back daily, and that Mrs. Peary and Mr. Henson were in camp at the head of the bay. On the afternoon of August 5, Prof. Heilprin started upon a well-timed reconnoissance of the inland ice, and at nine o'clock in the evening Lieut. Peary and his companion were found, within easy distance of the camp, evidently strong, healthy, and not in the least travel-worn. "It was an awe-inspiring sight, these two men com- ing out of the great mysterious North, over that frozen terror, whose snows had never been trodden by human foot, alive from that fearful solitude on whose broad expanse life had never before drawn breath. Such was the feeling inspired that the cheering died away, and the silence that followed was oppressive, until Lieut. Peary, coming close, himself broke the spell by ex- claiming, 'Well, well, this is Prof. Heilprin. I am glad yours is the first hand I take. So this is the re- lief party. Well, gentlemen, nothing could have given me greater pleasure.' Then after shaking each heart- ily by the hand, he continued, < I have travelled 1300 miles and made a record, and neither of us has had an ache or pain since we left the Red Cliff House." * The interval between the arrival in camp of Lieut. Peary and the afternoon of Aug. 23, when the " Kite " started homeward, was spent in further exploration, and later in the search for young Verhoeff. To the latter distressing incident we shall return. With the triumphant arrival of the " Kite" in Philadelphia and with Lieut. Peary's hand- some reception, already chronicled in the press, the reader is probably familiar. One dra- matic incident, however, may be cited: "Among the first to approach Lieut. Peary when the 'Kite' had landed at her wharf was Miss Mattie Ver- hoeff, the sister of John M. Verhoeff, the missing miner- alogist of the North Greenland Expedition. When Lieut. Peary saw her approaching, he took off his hat aud bowed. In a moment Miss Verhoeff had made her way to where the Lieutenant stood, and said, 'Lieut. Peary, I want to ask you what has become of my brother?' 'I am sorry to say,' replied the Lieu- tenant, ' that he is not on board the vessel. He did not return with us.' 'But where is he?' asked the young lady. . . . The Lieutenant gravely expressed his sor- row at the young man's absence. 'Is that all you can say to me?' inquired Miss Verhoeff, her voice quiver- ing. At this point her relatives spoke to her, assuring her that everything that could be had been done for her brother's safety, and suggested that a private in- terview might be much more satisfactory to her." At a subsequent interview, Lieut. Peary suc- ceeded in satisfying Miss Verhoeff and her un- cle, the Rev. A. W. Keigwin, that everything in his power had been done to find the missing man. Both relatives, however, persist in their belief that Verhoeff is still alive, and regard * The scientific results of this tremendous journey so hap- pily accomplished, and the conclusions deduced from Lieut. Peary's data and observations, are given in the Appendix to the present volume; and it is due to the plucky American ex- plorer to add that his success would seem to have opened a new era of polar enterprises. No less than three Arctic ex- peditions are already projected for next year. 14 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL the evidence of his death as inconclusive. This opinion seems to be held by some members of the exploring party also. We may now give a brief summary of the facts in this interesting case. Some three months before the departure of the "Kite" on her first voyage to the North, and while the early preparations were yet going forward, Lieut. Peary received a letter dated at San Francisco and signed by John M. Ver- hoeff, in which the writer, a young man of twenty-five, proposed joining the party. Touch- ing his qualifications, he gave about the fol- lowing statement: "Can go several days without nourishment, and can endure as severe cold as an average man. As an in- stance, Dec. 1,1890, at Portland, Ore., I swam across the Willamette River and back in sixteen and a half min- utes, the temperature of the water being 70 degrees C. or 44 1-2 F. . . . Spent several years at an east- ern university, and think I could be of material assist- ance to you in your trigonometrical calculations and de- termination of minerals by blowpipe analysis. Can walk forty miles per day on an average road, and have walked sixty; find no trouble in sleeping out of doors." The writer also offered to pay part of the general expenses, and stated that he had thought of getting to the North on a whaler, if no other means offered. Verhoeff's account of himself has since been fully verified, and several in- stances of his singular intrepidity, endurance, and determination, are cited. After some further correspondence Verhoeff's offer was ac- cepted, and when the " Kite " sailed he accom- panied the expedition as its accredited Miner- alogist and Meteorologist. When Lieut. Peary started with Astrup on his inland journey Ver- hoeff was left behind with Mrs. Peary and the rest, chiefly, as the Lieutenant says, because he was the only one who was capable of mak- ing meteorological observations at Red Cliff House (the winter camp) in a scientific man- ner. As stated, it was in the interval between Lieut. Peary's return from the interior and the final homeward voyage of the " Kite" that Verhoeff disappeared. Shortly before the date set for sailing Lieut. Peary had started with Mrs. Peary, Mr. Verhoeff, and some Eskimos, on a trip to the head of Inglefield Gulf, and while there Verhoeff obtained permission to go to the Five Glacier Valley for minerals, saying that he would require but two days for the work. He carried with him three pounds of pemmican, a revolver with fifty cartridges, and his geological hatchet and a bag. A few hours later he met Mr. Gibson, who was hunting in the valley, and told him that he was going to collect minerals, and would be gone two days. Six hours after this meeting he returned unex- pectedly, and this time told Mr. Gibson that as his absence would probably be four days in- stead of two, "not to wait for him, but to re- turn to camp, and at the expiration of that time to send him a kajak and he would come home in that." This is the last that is posi- tively known of John M. Verhoeff. A detailed account is given by our author of the search for him prosecuted fruitlessly for several days. On the sixth day of the search, after Five Glacier Valley had been thoroughly scoured, it was resolved to explore the great glacier at the head of Robertson Bay, Lieut. Peary's party taking the south side and Prof. Heil- prin's the north side. This was at 10.30. "About three hours later the two parties met in the middle of the great glacier, and Lieut. Peary's sad face presaged unwelcome news. In a few words he related that traces had been found by Mr. Gibson of Mr. Verhoeff, which indicated that unfortunate man's almost certain death. The first signs were footprints, undoubtably Mr. Verhoeff's, and, according to the unan- imous opinion of the Eskimos who followed them up, they had been made on or about the same day he had been last seen by Mr. Gibson. These footprints led along the south shore of Robertson Bay, and were some- times imprinted in mud and sometimes on the foot ice." In the vicinity were found, neatly piled upon a rock, a number of minerals showing marks of the hammer, and here and there the blue from a pemmican can, scraps of paper, a bit of string, etc., while just above a neighboring slope whose surface bore marks of recent dis- turbance, Verhoeff's footsteps were again iden- tified and traced up the side of the south lat- eral moraine towards an awful crevasse, and here all traces of him were lost. As Lieut. Peary says in his report: "He was traced by his footsteps to the edge of a cleft in a tower- ing glacier. Then he was given up, after care- ful search in every direction made further ef- fort futile." A word as to these crevasses. They are ice-chasms of unknown depth, tremendous gla- cier-fractures yawning a hundred feet or more below the surface, and the more treacherous from the snow-bridges that span them. These bridges, of the color of the abutting ice, cover the top of the crevasse, hiding it, and tempt- ing the wayfarer to certain destruction. For whether the snow-bridges be a foot thick, or six, they are equally perilous; and sooner or later the unfortunate who tempts them must plunge into the abyss l>elow. Such, it is surmised, was the fate of Ver- hoeff. Lieut. Peary thinks there is one chance in a thousand that he is still alive; and to meet 1893.] 15 THE DIAL this chance a year's provisions were "cached" for him at Cape Rohertson. Some hold that for Verhoeff the Peary Expedition was but a shift for getting to Greenland — as the whaler would have been—and that he is now pursuing his researches independently, according to an original plan. Certainly there were points in his character and conduct, carefully detailed in the present volume, to foster the hope that John M. Verhoeff may yet turn up at Uper- navik with tidings that shall make him the hero of Arctic voyagers. E G j_ Episodes of Massachusetts History.* Mr. Charles Francis Adams's three essays on "Three Episodes of Massachusetts His- tory " ought to interest every American citi- zen. Although they are records of local his- tory and tradition, they show the beginnings of the institutions which have done most for the things in American life of which Americans are proud. The first Episode shows how Bos- ton was settled. The second is a picture of one of the most exciting controversies in the early history of New England. The third is a masterly description of the growth and life of a New England town. In the " Settlement of Boston Bay " we see already begun the little colonies of which the centres are Plymouth and Salem. Between them lay the open harbor—overlooked by acci- dent—which, because of its natural advantages, was in the course of two centuries to absorb the commerce of New England. At Salem were the Puritans. At Plymouth were the Pilgrims. And lying between was Boston Harbor, from which were going and coming "the old planters"; adventurers, religious and profane; soldiers of fortune of various nation- alities; pirates; privateers ; would-be settlers; men seeking for gold ; "churchmen" with royal grants and the Book of Common Prayer. Some of those men made attempts at permanent set- tlement. Their history may be traced in royal grants, in records of commercial companies, in personal correspondence; but many of them were mere soldiers of fortune who left only vague memories and traditions. Mr. Adams has followed the trail of those early settlers of Boston who left a "scent," with almost uner- * Three Episodes of Massachusetts History: The Set- tlement of Boston Bay, The Antimonian Controversy, A Study of Church and Town Government. By Charles Francis Adams. In two volumes. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Company. ring patience and sagacity. Miles Standish ap- pears upon the scene, a doughty little warrior, described by rivals on Cape Ann as "a little pot soon hot." We see something of John Endicott of Salem, the man whom Winthrop superseded and eclipsed. Winthrop was the greater man in breadth of thought and culture, with royal favor to back him. Endicott sub- mitted to the inevitable, but he never removed his hand from the shoulder of Winthrop. Winthrop governed more or less, but Endicott guided. Had it not been for his stalwart, hon- est bigotry, Winthrop would never have es- caped the perils of the second Episode, the "Antimonian Controversy." Among these men we see the graceful forms of Sir Harry Vane, the bright young diplomat and states- man; and Lady Arabella Stewart, a gleam of romance in striking contrast to the rigid stand- ards of Puritanism. The traditions of Bos- ton give us the names of Maverick, who kept open house on Noddle's Island; Blackstone, the scholar and recluse, who brought his books and studious habits, to live the life of a hermit; Thomas Morton, the hero and the victim of the jollity of " Merry Mount"; Saltonstall, the founder of a line of scholars unbroken to this day; and many others, small and great, digni- fied and grotesque, who will remain for all time types of the founders. Mr. Adams shows us these people as they lived, and connects their fortunes in such a way as to give us with more accurate detail, in smaller space, a clearer out- line than we have had before of things as they were. Sir Ferdinando Gorges, his son Robert, his cousin Thomas, and his nephew William, are here for the first time presented with due regard to the authority with which they came, the parts they played, the obstacles they placed in the way of Pilgrim and Puritan, and their downfall and exit from the history of New En- gland. At Salem, Roger Conant had been suc- ceeded by John Endicott, who was now set aside by Winthrop. He, coining over with seventeen ships and a colony of a thousand or more men, women, and children, found the little colony at Salem reduced to despair. More than eighty had died in the winter before by some epidemic disease. Those who remained were too weak to thrive upon coarse food, and they had no other. There was nothing here to tempt the gentlemen and ladies who accompanied Win- throp, and they pushed along to Boston, trans- ferred the seat of government to Charlestown, and took possession in the name of the king. The second Episode is one of the two in it; [Jan. 1, THE DIAL which, as Mr. Adams says, New England lost her head. It is quite impossible for anyone now to draw accurately the picture of Bos- ton at that time. Whatever view we take, we find facts which are inconsistent with it. Human nature, as we know it under the forms of modern culture, gives us no standard by which to measure the thoughts, emotions, and actions of men and women in the early days in Boston. Here were about two thou- sand ladies, gentlemen, freemen, and servants, with the proper proportion of magistrates, and more than the necessary proportion of minis- ters of high education and ability. In this lit- tle community such strange things happened, that, after all has been said, we feel sure that we have not yet come to any clear knowledge of the modes of thought and feeling which to these men and women seemed reasonable and right. Mr. Adams has set the stage for us with rare skill and with a most praiseworthy determination to state the facts as they are. In another place he says: "In our early New England scenes the real facts are good enough, strong enough, and picturesque enough, for anyone, be he historian, poet, or painter. They certainly have not yet been, nor are they likely soon to be, improved upon." They can be improved upon only by following the lead of Mr. Adams and attaining to a more full knowledge of the facts and some new power of interpreting strange manifestations of human nature. Mr. Adams does not wholly succeed in clearing up the mystery, but he does write a story which excites the imagination of the reader like one of Shakespeare's dramas. Ann Hutch- inson was either one of the greatest women that America has ever produced, or else, fall- ing much short, she exerted an influence such as no woman of small intellectual power ever exerted before. She, alone, a stranger and a woman, came into this town of Boston when it contained two thousand people, and in a short time held all except a few of the ministers, John Winthrop and a few of the laymen, as in the hollow of her hand. She shook the gov- ernment of the Colony, and nearly overturned it. She interfered with the course of the Pe- quot war. She sat up one minister and pulled down another. She led Sir Harry Vane a cap- tive to her liberal ideas of religion, and when Winthrop became governor in the place of Vane she stripped him of his guard of halber- diers, and was the acknowledged leader in the civil, religious, and social affairs of the Colony. Had not John Endicott, that grim old Puritan, been watching affairs from his home in Salem, and had he not brought his iron will to bear, Puritanism would have died out of Boston at the beginning. For this Ann Hutchinson, as Mr. Adams clearly shows, was "the prototype of the modern transcendentalist." The move- ment started by her did not stop until it put the principles of religious toleration into the constitutions of Massachusetts and Rhode Is- land, aud sowed the seeds of Unitarianism and modern Transcendentalism. Even the modern theory of Woman's Rights had its first illus- tration in her career. Gradually Puritanism, braced for its work by John Endicott, recov- ered its nerve, resumed the place of power, brought Ann Hutchinson to trial, treated her with exceeding harshness, banished her from the Colony, and sent her out into the wilder- ness, where at the hands of the Indians she died. The hatred, the harshness, the cruelty of these men are incredible. Mary Dyer, the companion of Mrs. Hutchinson, they hung, and her dust makes now some unknown part of Boston Common. Mr. Adams dislikes the Puritan magistrates and ministers exceedingly, and yet he dislikes Mrs. Hutchinson even more, and therefore he underrates her intellectual power and moral force. He is not quite con- sistent with himself, for he gives us his own verdict, which is always against his heroine, and at the same time so honestly tells the story that he excites our sympathy and admiration for her. According to him she was a feminine enthusiast who used her feminine ingenuity to make herself disagreeable to her opponents. She craved excitement. She was ambitious, "a female enthusiast, politician, and tease." The cause of disturbance was a "quarrel in a vestry," of which the occasion was the fact "that Mrs. Hutchinson, like many other women before and since, did not fancy her minister." Taking the other side of the case, we find that she was popular, first because of her " spirit aud skill as a nurse and adviser" to her sex, by nature gentle and sympathetic, having in a large degree that gift called "magnetism"; that she was able to match the best men of the Colony in debate, quick-tongued, and of a won- derful endurance; that she was the leading spirit in the social life of the Colony, " in fact, a born social leader "; that even the ministers resorted to her for advice, and governors yielded to the power of her thought. To explain the awful hatred of her enemies it is necessary to estimate fairly the power she wielded. Pos- sibly to some of our readers it will not be taken 1893.] THE DIAL 17 for disparagement of Mrs. Hutchinson to say that" she might perhaps not inaptly be termed the great prototype of that misty school," the transeendentalists of New England. Evidently in the mind of Mr. Adams this fact tells against her; but Ann Hutchinson, small or great, clearly belonged to the school, and was in many respects the equal, of Margaret Fuller and Ralph Waldo Emerson. From that point of view a new chapter will some day be written. The third Episode needs no praise and calls for no adverse criticism. Entitled "A Study of Church and Town Government," it is sim- ply a model of historic research and composi- tion. It is a story of a small town in New En- gland, described during its life of two hundred and fifty years, in which it passed from the con- dition of a small parish, in which the minister was the first landholder, to the state of a modern city. But it is not the story of a town alone. It is also the history of an institution. For those who are making history in the West and South, this third episode may properly become a hand- book of history. In part because he is deal- ing with the history of his own family, the Quincys and the Hoars, he gives us some of the elements of goodness and greatness in the founders of New England, which are somewhat obscured in the other stories. Calm, strong, and temperate throughout, he leads us with wonderful skill to the right point of view. Some of the facts cited in regard to the mor- ality of New England may serve to modify our belief as to its grimness. Where so much New England rum was consumed, there must have been some merriment. John Adams found the social life of Quincy intolerably dull, hence the erroneous conclusion that all life there was dull. But John Adams had other interests and plans too large for the little town. He who has had personal experience of rural life, with a liking for it, will not believe that it could have been necessarily so dull in a coun- try town near the sea, with forests full of game and streams filled with fish, with a beautiful landscape, and enough to do in carving out a fortune or gaining a living from a not unfruit- ful soil. It has been inevitable that all historians should have concerned themselves mostly with the "sacred history" of New England. Mr. Adams has not wholly freed himself from the tradition. The profane history of New En- gland is yet to be written. These two thou- sand people in Boston, and their descendants, had adventures not recorded, resources not al- ways revealed to the ministers, and qualities which, because they were simply human, do not figure in any ecclesiastical episode. Among the children of the godly founders was the usual proportion of the unregenerate. Their doings ought, if possible, to have a long chapter in some future history. The materials are not wanting, and when gathered and assorted they will relieve the "sacred history" of New En- gland somewhat by gleams of pathos, heroism, comedy, and humor, which will show these peo- ple after all to have been human. George Batchelok. Recent Literati/he on Currency and Taxation.* Mr. Robert Giffen, author of "The Case against Bimetallism," is probably the ablest debater that has attacked the bimetallic ad- missions of the Report of the British Gold and Silver Commission. He represents the great capitalist and financial interests, and stands for economic optimism and laissez-faire. His book is full of close reasoning and is not marred by dreary statistical tables, though sometimes one wishes the author had backed his sweeping statements with figures. Mr. Giffen affects the "administrative nihilism" of Mr. Spencer, and denies that governments have the right to undertake bimetallism. The task of the state is to certify coins. Anything beyond that is stigmatized as "meddling with the coinage." He rejects the doctrine that it is a function of the state to keep the money- standard stable. In view of the Spencerian conception of government as the organ of jus- tice among men, this extreme position seems a little inconsistent. The author appears wholly to disregard the colossal injustice wrought I against the debtor class by the present appre- ciation of the standard. He nowhere makes a direct allusion to it. Mr. Giffen contrasts an "automatic" with * The Case against Bimetallism. By Robert Giffen. London: George Bell ifc Son9. Cheap Money. New York: The Century Co. Equitable Taxation. New York: T. Y. Crowell & Co. The Free Trade Stbuqole in England. New revised edition. Chicago: The Open Court Publishing Co. The Tariff Controversy in the United States, 1789- 1833. Palo Alto, Cal.: The Leland Stanford Junior Univer- sity Press. Taxation and Work. By Edward Atkinson. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. The Farmer's Tariff Manual. By Daniel Strange. (" Question of the Day.") New York : G. P. Putnam's Sons. 18 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL a " managed " currency, and declares the latter a departure from the Free-trade principle — a form of Protection, in fact. The incompe- tency of Parliaments is contrasted with the trustworthiness of Nature, and the conclusion is reached that geology, not government, had bet- ter regulate the circulating medium. He sees no difference between an attempt to fix the price of gold and silver and the many unsuc- cessful attempts to fix the price of other com- modities, and of labor. The obvious retort is that government affects the market price, not by fixing a mint price merely, but by using its money demand to support that price. Gov- ernment as controlling the demand for money has far more power over it than over commod- ities. It is interesting to note how the wild state- ments of American writers are often met by the admissions of their English fellow-mon- ometallists. The demonetization of 1871-73 is often belauded. Mr. Giffen deems it, in Germany's case at least, a mistake. The ap- preciation of the gold standard has been re- peatedly denied. Our author grants that it has risen twenty-five per cent in fifteen years. Bimetallism is to many a bugaboo of cheap money. He doubts if bimetallism would check the fall in prices sufficiently to be worthwhile. Let the " flood-of-silver " men read: "The per- manent tendency must be for prices to fall, and whether there is one metal in use or two metals in use can have no effect whatsoever on this permanent tendency." Mr. Giffen's prophecy that "the attempt to force bimetallism on the mercantile and banking world of this country would produce an instant revolt" is very sig- nificant. The book may be counted on to brace the gold advocate and to toughen the fibre of the dissenting bimetallist. Of a different stamp is the little volume con- taining the "Century" magazine articles on "Cheap Money." These articles have been handled so leniently on account of their good intentions that a word as to their quality may not be out of place. The "Century" econo- mist gravely lays down the principle of social- ism, t. e., that cost confers value. In view of the well-known power of monopolies to fix the exchange values of goods simply by manipulat- ing supply, this statement seems surprising. We are next told that cheap money means high prices, and then we are assured that with cheap money the wage-worker "still receives the same number of dollars as wages, but each dollar buys less than it did before." It would be in- teresting to know why cheap money should not inflate the price of labor as well as the prices of other things. The fact is, a laboring man receiving and spending his dollars on the same market has but little concern with the question of cheap money. The farmer, we are told, would suffer in the same fashion as the laborer. Of course prices of farm produce would not rise with cheap money. In fact, it appears from this genteel clap-trap that the high prices attending cheap money affect only those things which the readers of the "Century " buy, and never the commodities they sell. "In the end the farmer would find that . . . his every effort to gain relief through legislation which promised to make 'money plenty ' had the same result, — namely, to put him more helplessly in the power of men whose chief business it is to speculate in money." Strange that these speculators should fight with tooth and nail every plan tending to arrest the steady appreciation of the dollar! The fol- lowing need no comment: "Rich men do not lend money; they borrow it." "The true 'people's money' is the best money; that is the money which will buy the most of what every man needs." "All authorities agree that the silver of the world would be dumped almost in a body upon us" —with free coinage. It is strange that a great magazine should al- low such quackery to creep into it. Be that as it may, it is time that experts should show up such attempts of cant to masquerade as economics. Clap-trap wherever found deserves no mercy. "Equitable Taxation " entitles a slender vol- ume containing the best six essays submitted for a prize offered by " Public Opinion" for the best essays on the changes necessary to secure an equitable distribution of the burden of tax- ation in the United States. The essays are by young men, and are brief (under 3000 words), condensed and pointed. Wisely, they fight shy of federal taxation, and address themselves mainly to state and local taxation. The writ- ers seem to concur in condemning our inquisi- torial hunt for personal property and our effort to equalize local real-estate assessments. They agree that what the county, township, town, or city requires after getting such licenses, rents, and franchise taxes as may be practicable, should be raised by real-estate taxes. The state, on the other hand, should not tax real estate, but should reach personal property by means of corporation taxes, inheritance duties, income taxes, rents, etc. In this substantial agreement lies the significance of the book. While drawing liberally from the writings of 1893.] 19 THE DIAL Ely, Seligman, and other students of local tax- ation, and attempting no original scientific dis- cussion, the book will do good work in shak- ing up some of the cherished dogmas of the average man. Few books can one commend more heartily than Mr. M. M. Trumbull's on "The Free Trade Struggle in England." Though written by an ardent thorough-going free-trader, it will interest and fascinate free-traders, tariff re- formers, and protectionists alike. It is not strange that it has reached a second edition, for few books touching economics draw one on with such attraction. It is difficult to put the volume down until it is finished. The rise and triumph of the free-trade movement in En- gland is dramatized with a playwright's skill. The crisp, nervous chapter titles —" At the Zenith," " Nearing the End," " At Last, Fam- ine "— reveal the merit of the author's style. The narrative has a life and a "go" that is rare, coupled with a finish that reminds one of McCarthy's "History of Our Own Times." The purpose of the book is not hidden, and every phase of the English struggle yields its moral to our own tariff controversy. The bril- liant epigrams are too many to overlook. "Had the English arguments for Protection been preserved in Mr. Edison's phonograph, the unwinding of the machine would not have more faithfully repro- duced them than they have been reproduced by the American protectionists in the debates in Congress." Of postponement, he says: "Perhaps the most insidious enemy to every reform is that valueless concession which agrees to the princi- ple of it, and regrets that the present' is not the time.'" Economic absolutism is rarely better put than in these words: "But the laws of political economy cannot be bent to suit the differences of latitude and longitude." In view of its " home labor " argument, he rep- resents " Blackwood's" as maintaining that "Sinbad the sailor moved about more freely and comfortably than he otherwise could because lie carried on his broad shoulders the old man of the sea." Again: "In vain aud tiresome gyrations the Protectionists of old whirled round and round, trying to give special aid to some callings without injuring others." The sweeping philosophy of laissez-faire is con- densed into an epigram: "Government can create nothing; and if it pours a cupful of prosperity upon this trade or that one, it must dip it up from the common fund of prosperity erected by the labor of all the rest of the people." Of a debate: "With that speculative wonder which moves us as we roam through the great national museums of Europe and gaze on the mummies of old Egypt, we wander through the mazes of this debate and look upon the mummified theories of ' Protection'." "It is often said that our much-vaunted American system of Protection is an emigrant from England, but that is a mild and gentle way to describe it. Literally, it is a convict ex- pelled from England by sentence of transportation for life." Henry George will enjoy this tidbit: "As a rule the English landlord has no higher claims than a cut-worm to be called an agriculturist." Retaliatory duties are " The long-eared wisdom of biting off your nose to spite your face." The government " had become tired dry-nurs- ing all the wheezy ' interests' that claimed its legislative charity." Inter folia fructus! The young university on the Pacific Slope has already borne literary fruit, and this time it is found between the leaves of Prof. Orrin Leslie Elliott's "Tariff Controversy in the United States, 1789-1833." This is a piece of patient, painstaking, schol- arly work, that has long needed doing. Broad- minded men on both sides will welcome this new aid in extinguishing the tariff liar. It needs some continence to become a colorless medium for other men's thoughts—to report the battle without taking sides; but Prof. Elliott has kept throughout the objective point of view. The book merits and will no doubt enjoy a wide reading. Mr. Atkinson's book on "Taxation and Work" might be characterized as " Atkinson- iana." It is a series of loosely-articulated es- says containing the amateurish dogmatism and the charming exposition with which we are all so familiar. Mr. Atkinson seeks to put Tar- iff Reform on a new track. He would divert the movement from the "high priori" road to the via media. He would enlist the sympathy of Republicans by setting up Protection proper against McKinleyism. In view of a coming surplus, Mr. Atkinson would put raw materials and partly manufactured articles on the free list. This would unfetter our manufactures and swell our volume of exports. Ultimately the tariff wall around our manufactures should be taken down and free trade declared with all the world. A strange farmer is Farmer Strange, author of "The Farmers' Tariff Manual." If the av- erage farmer displayed equal intelligence and acumen, there would be no agricultural depres- sion. The book is a slashing indictment of protection, in popular style and abounding in facts and figures. It examines the "Theories of Protection," "History of Protection," and 20 [Jan. 1, THE "Practical Results of Protection." The argu- ment is thrown into the form of lively comment on tariff texts culled from the utterances of protectionist statesmen. The manual is a mag- azine of ammunition for the controversialist. Edward Alsworth Ross. Cornell University. Fiction ix Foreign Parts.* A Russian novelist heretofore little familiar to English readers is introduced to the public by Mr. Jeremiah Curtin's admirable transla- tion of "Prince Serebryani." Count Alexis Tolstoi', the author, was bom in 1817 and died in 1875. His life was mainly spent in the oc- cupancy of various military, diplomatic, and court positions. He wrote both prose and po- etry, and is best known by the historical novel here translated, and by a dramatic trilogy en- titled "Boris Goduuoff." This trilogy has also been translated by Mr. Curtin, who prom- ises to publish it if the present volume be favor- ably received. We sincerely trust that its publication may not be long delayed, for the work has great intrinsic value, and Mr. Cur- tin's workmanship as a translator is far above the ordinary level. It will be remembered that to him we are indebted for our English version of the magnificent historical novels of Sien- kiewicz. "Prince Serebryani" is a tale of Ivan the Terrible and his times. This mon- arch, and the nobleman of the title, are the chief figures in the work, and the generous manly character of the one is finely contrasted with the gloomy fanaticism and bloodthirsty * Prince Serebryani: An Historical Novel of the Times of Ivan the Terrible and of the Conquest of Siberia. By Count Alexis Tolstoi. Translated from the Russian by Jeremiah Curtin. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. Footsteps of Fate. By Louis Couperus. Translated by Clara Bell. New York: D. Appleton & Co. God's Fool: A Koopstad Story. By Maarten Maartens. New York : D. Appleton & Co. The Return of the O'Mahony. By Harold Frederic. New York: Robert Bonner's Sons. The Great Shadow. By A. Conan Doyle. New York: Harper & Brothers. The Tower of Taddeo. By Ouida. New York: Hov- endon Co. Under Pressure. By the Marchesa Theodoli. New York: Macmillan «& Co. The Chatelaine of La Trinitk. By Henry B. Fuller. New York: The Century Co. The Monk and the Hangman's Dauuhter. By Am- brose Bierce and Gustav Adolph Danziger. Chicago: F. J. Schulte A Co. From Australia and Japan. By A. M. London : Wal- ter Scott. tyranny of the other. Yet Ivan is not solely depicted as the monster of popular tradition, and human traits may be discerned by a care- ful study of his sanguinary career. The book offers a faithfully minute picture of old Mus- covy in one of the most stirring periods of its history. It shows us the popular customs and beliefs, and the semi-civilized ways, of a race in the birth throes of national consciousness. It deals with horrors because the age dealt with them, and its characters are no carpet-knights of sentimental romance. The language is racy and idiomatic, sometimes too literally repro- duced to be wholly intelligible, but always vig- orous and productive of dramatic effect. Mr. Curtin's historical introduction is a little con- fused, but helps us to understand many things that the story alone would not make suffi- ciently clear to an English reader. The "Noodlot" of Heer Louis Marie Anne Couperus, translated "Footsteps of Fate" by Mrs. Bell, is a very different sort of work from the author's "Eline Vere," which we reviewed some months ago. The latter is a bright chronicle of modern life in the Dutch capital, realistic in method and abounding in vivid if trivial sketches of society. An element of morbidity is indeed furnished by the heroine, and the story grows more and more tragic- towards the end. In "Footsteps of Fate," the feeling is morbid throughout, and all three of the chief characters are of neurotic type. So the hero first murders his friend, and then both heroine and hero take poison and die in one another's arms. It cannot l>e denied that the author sounds with considerable art the depths of a mind diseased, but his story is as essen- tially untrue to the facts of life as it is un- wholesome in its treatment. The writer who calls himself "Maarten Maartens" has disappointed us in his latest novel, "God's Fool." The book has all the admirable qualities of its predecessors in the matters of style, minute description, and epi- grammatic humor. In these respects, indeed, the author's talent verges closely upon genius, and there is no page of his volume that does, not repay careful perusal. But the perform- ance as a whole is unsatisfactory because it deals with an "impossible" subject. The "reine Thor "' needs to be surrounded by an at- mosphere of mysticism to be impressive: he is in his place in such a work as " Parsifal." or in an Oriental tale, or in a mediaeval chronicle, but he does not fit in with the commercial sur- roundings of a modern Dutch town, and does not 1893.] THE DIAL 21 lend himself to the methods of modern realism, even when the realism is as genuine and wholly admirable in its way as is that of the present author. Viewed in the cold clear light of fact he is simply an idiot, and, as such, commands pity to the exclusion of the nobler forms of sym- pathy. The hero of " God's Fool " receives, when a boy, a blow upon the head which de- prives him of sight and hearing, and so de- ranges his mental faculties that he remains a child all his life. The author tries to make of this unfortunate accident a blessing by per- suading us that in being thus shut out from the external world the child is free to develop a spiritual character of the greatest moral beauty. But psychology is against the author's plan, and all the tender care which he lavishes upon his monstrous creation does not reconcile us to its acceptance. Aside from the por- trayal of this character, the book is such a study of men and manners as few living writ- ers are capable of making. The story, too, is told with admirable constructive art up to the final tragic episode, but that, we confess, we have not been able to understand at all. If the author intends us to believe that Hendrik was killed by his brother Hubert, he is guilty of an unpardonable piece of mystification. And if he intends anything else, we are un- able to state what it is. In a group of four little apologues, prefixed to the volume as texts, we are obscurely given to understand some- thing of the author's philosophy. The apo- logue of the naturalist seems to be that we must take man as he is; of the logician, that too much zeal for shaping things as we would have them may result in failure as well as injury to ourselves; of the poet, that it is our own fault if, in pursuit of an ideal, we are blind to the possibilities of actual existence. The fable of the satirist is so characteristic of the author that we leave it to speak for itself: "There was a man once — a satirist. In the natural course of time his friends slew him, and he died. And the people came and stood about his corpse. 'He treated the whole round world as his football,' they said, indignantly, ' and he kicked it.' The dead man opened one eye. 1 But always toward the goal,' he said." Mr. Harold Frederic has been favorably known for several years as the author of novels dealing with American life, and remarkable for their careful workmanship and faithful study of certain types of character. But Mr. Frederic's previous performance has not pre- pared us for "The Return of the O'Mahony," a novel so different from the others both in subject and treatment that we find it difficult to admit its production by the same hand. It has a complicated and original plot, and is rapid in action, while Mr. Frederic's other stories are inclined to be both simple and conven- tional in treatment; its exciting succession of episodes is also in striking contrast to the se- date and somewhat philosophical movement of its predecessors. The contrast in theme is also marked, for it is mainly a story of Irish life and character, depicted with an insight with which we find it difficult to credit an American writer. We almost seem to be read- ing a novel by Charles Lever, although a novel without the element of rollicking humor that is never wholly absent from the Irishman's pages. The O'Mahony, it should be stated, is a bogus one; an American soldier who learns of an Irish estate of which the ownership is about to lapse, and who boldly takes posses- sion under the family name. This Arthur Or- ton of fiction is more successful than the fa- mous Claimant, for his imposture is not dis- covered, and he enjoys his stolen possessions to the end. The story is one of surprisingly varied interest, and never allows the attention to stray. It is not often that so welcome a novel is found among the host of paper-cov- ered fictions that issue weekly from the press. We can recommend it with a good conscience. Dr. Doyle's story of " The Great Shadow" is hardly more than a novelette in size, but it deals with one of the greatest of historical events, with the final overthrow of Napoleon and the end of the great European war. The author even takes us to Waterloo, which is a rash venture for any novelist after Hugo and Stendhal. The "great shadow" of the title is, of course, the shadow that Napoleon cast over Europe. The chief character of the story is the French refugee—one of Napoleon's offi- cers—who finds shelter on a Scotch farm dur- ing the Elba period, and who takes with him, on departure, the heroine of the tale. The story is spirited and interesting, and often sug- gests the manner of Mr. Blackmore's "Spring- haven." As every confirmed novel-reader knows, there are two distinct Ouidas. One of them is a writer of highly-seasoned tales of English and continental society, tales for which no extrava- gance is too unbounded, no sensational feature too morbid or meretricious. The other Ouida is the writer of prose idyls so exquisite in senti- ment, so tender in feeling, and so graceful in 22 THE DIAL [Jan- 1, style, that they almost deserve the name of classics. The first of these writers was respons- ible for "Strathmore " and "Chandos "; the second has given us " Signia " and " A Leaf in the Storm." Sometimes, as in "Wanda" and "Under Two Flags," the composition shows marks of both hands, but as a rule they are kept fairly distinct. "The Tower of Taddeo," Ouida's latest novel, is a book that illustrates the higher and more poetic aspect of the au- thor's singular literary gift. It is a graceful story of the Florence that she loves so well, and has many an incidental note of scorn for the modern inheritors of that fair city's fame, who scruple not to defile and to destroy the beauty bequeathed by the centuries, but held by no means now as a sacred trust. There are many suggestions of " Romola" in this story, for its interest centres about a great scholar and antiquarian, living, like the creation of George Eliot's genius, with a beautiful and devoted daughter. The story is almost too pathetic at times, for it pictures the triumph of mean selfishness over generosity and devo- tion to ideal ends. One need not be a pro- fessed bibliophile to shed a tear over the fate of the Dante codex, or be held unduly senti- mental because sharing the grief of the schol- ar's daughter at the demolition of the beloved tower in which her tranquil life had been spent. "Under Pressure" is a story of modern Eome, and is very fittingly dedicated to Mr. Marion Crawford, who has done his best work in the portrayal of just such scenes and char- acters as the present writer has chosen for her canvas. Of a task similar to that so success- fully performed in the "Saracinesca" series of novels, the Marchesa Theodoli has not un- successfully acquitted herself, although her work is stiff-jointed when compared with the easy flexibility of Mr. Crawford's, and some- what lacking in color and richness. But the patrician type of character that she presents in the persons of Prince and Princess Astalli is essentially that of the Saracinesca, and is evidently described from something more than hearsay. The contrast between the old and the new generation is distinctly brought out, and the obvious lesson of the lx»ok is that tra- dition and custom, however held as sacred, must give way to the influences of a changed environment. The two daughters of the As- talli have been trained with all care in the good old ways of patrician Rome, yet they are es- sentially of the new age, and it needs but the slightest external impulse to arouse them to self-expression and self-assertion. The parents are possibly represented as a trifle too heart- less to be strictly human, and they seem to consent more readily than consistency would require to an alliance with a liberal family, however wealthy and noble; but, admitting these slight defects, the plot is skilful in con- struction, and sufficiently provided with human interest. There are many indications that the writer is a literary beginner, and, for such, her work gives much promise. One must not expect to find much of a story in "The Chatelaine of La Trinite." This book, like Mr. Fuller's previous production, depends almost entirely for interest upon its style, its allusiveness, and its suggestive way of touching, with the faintest possible tinge of satire, upon scenes and objects dear to the art- ist and the traveller. One who has never set foot in Lucerne, or Salzburg, or Verona, will find little charm in the chapters devoted to those charmed spots, for it is the writer's con- stant care to shun the explicit, and to provide only the faint side-lights of fancy as an illumi- nant. As for the presumably human figures that flit from scene to scene in his pages, they have only the suggestion of flesh and blood; they are little more than personified abstrac- tions, and, without frequent reference to the titles that so aptly designate them, the reader would find it difficult to keep them distinct. Mr. Fuller's style is a carefully elaborated product, refined almost to preciosity, and a trifle monot- onous, yet often admirable in its quiet grace. With the right kind of mental and moral prep- aration, one may extract considerable subdued satisfaction from this highly-finished piece of literature, but it appeals at best to an artificial taste, and to the very limited circle in which such taste is likely to have been developed. Mr. Fuller's manner is essentially his own, although Mr. Henry James probably had some- thing to do with its fashioning. The story of "The Monk and the Hang- man's Daughter," which is told by the col- laboration of Mr. Ambrose Bierce and Mr. Gustav Adolph Danziger, is stated to be based upon a manuscript legend found in the monas- tery of Berchtesgaden. It is a picturesque and romantic tale of the seventeenth century, with the theme of "Ekkehard," but a different outcome, for the monk of Berchtesgaden does not, like his prototype in Scheffel's immortal pages, resist the allurements of the flesh. The religious mysticism of the story appears a little 1893.] 23 DIAL forced, and the sensuous note, accented by the accompanying illustrations, makes the composi- tion a trifle unwholesome. The best thing about it is the description of the Konigssee and the surrounding mountains as seen with the eyes of the monk, to whom their wild magnificence appeals as symbolical of the wrath and power of the Creator. The stories comprised in the collection styled "From Australia to Japan" have abundant action of a highly interesting sort. In point of style they leave much to be desired, being written — descriptions no less than conversa- tions—in the sort of educated slang peculiar to globe-trotting Englishmen, a language which mingles the gutter vocabulary with uncouth for- eign words of local significance, and, again, with familiar allusions to the classics. Mr. Rud- yard Kipling gave vogue to this mode of speech, and the present writer appears to be one of his many imitators. His stories are given a cer- tain distinctiveness by their tinge of social- ism, which appears in the most unexpected places, and about which the writer seems to be in earnest. The book displays a lively imag- ination, and has no slight degree of humorous interest. William Morton Payne. Briefs on New Books. „, , ... The series of volumes entitled Political ami mill- "" tarn history of the •• Events of Our Own Time" (Scrib- Geri/um Empire. * , , ■ , r ner) has received an important ac- cession in Colonel G. B. Malleson's " The Refound- ing of the German Empire, 1848-1871." Colonel Malleson's work, as a military and diplomatic his- torian, is always clear, forcible, and almost bril- liant, and the subject of his new volume could hardly have fallen into better hands. He begins by sum- marizing the thousand years' history of the empire founded by Karl the Great, and enters upon his subject proper with the momentous year of 1848. The Danish war, the Austro-Prussian war, and the Franco-German war are the chief episodes in his work, both their political significance and their military conduct being very clearly discussed. The title of the work involves, to our mind, a miscon- ception, for the German Empire of 1871 was in no real sense a revival of the Holy Roman Empire, and the analogy is at bust superficial. But this presupposition does not seriously affect the value of the history. The author's characterizations of the great men of the epoch are singularly incisive, espe- cially in the cases of Bismarck, William I., and Louis Napoleon. Of the former he says, voicing the reflections that may now well occupy the mind of the deposed statesman: "Was it for this, he seems to mutter, that I forced on the war which gave Prussia Schleswig and Holstein in 1864; that I compelled unwilling Austria to declare war in 1866; that, by the freest circulation of exaggerated statements, I roused a bitter feeling in Germany against France, and excited the statesmen, and, above all, the mob of Paris in 1870? — for this, that, the work accomplished, an empire given to the Hohenzollern8, I might be cast aside like a squeezed-out orange? Well might these be his thoughts, for it was he who made possible the task of German unity, though in a manner which will commend itself only to those who argue that the end justifies the means." He who runs may read the moral of Bismarck's career, and of his final crime committed in the spoliation of France after the capitulation. Colonel Malleson is not given to moralizing, but he cannot refrain from pointing out the fact that the stability of the new German Em- pire was made very uncertain by that initial act of greed which marked its organization. As for Louis Napoleon, these pages reveal him very clearly for the trickster that he was, and the moral is no less obvious in his case than in that of the apostle of "Blut und Eisen." In accounting for the result of the Franco-German war, the author lays less stress than do most writers upon the inefficiency of the French armies, and more upon the blunders of their leaders. He quotes the German officer who said of Worth: We were within an ace of losing the battle, but the French did not know it." And he says of Bazaine that, had he been other than he was, "had a genius and a patriot commanded the army in Metz, the issue of the war would, thanks to the universal patriotism of the French nation, have been far different" from what it was. Colonel Malleson appears to us wholly just in his distribu- tion of responsibility for the disastrous result. »»^.,wuw» Mk- Henry B. Wheatley has "Book* hi chains," and other Mbiio- added the late Mr. William Blades 8 graphical papers. fugitive e8says to ..The Book-Lovers' Library" (A. C. Armstrong & Son). Only one of Mr. Blades's ''Bibliographical Miscellanies" saw the light before his death, the others appearing post- humously in several magazines. All are now brought together under the title "Books in Chains, and Other Bibliographical Papers." To these Mr. Wheatley adds a brief biographical sketch, by way of introduction, and a very full topical index. Mr. Blades's essays are all so useful to the book-lover and the bibliographer that one cannot help wishing his editor had included in the present collection the three letters in the " Athenaeum " of March 16 and 30 and May 18, 1889, on the subject of "Water- marks," instead of giving a mere synopsis thereof. In these letters Mr. Blades laid stress on the im- portance of watermarks in fixing the size notation of books, but he considered them fallacious evidence as to the place and date of books. To a few readers the most useful paper in the present collection is, perhaps, the one entitled "The Use and Develop- 24 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL ment of Signatures in Books," but the essays on "Books in Chains" will interest the general reader. In the town of Wimborne, which still possesses its library of books in chains, "a copy of Foxe's 'Book of Martyrs' was, in bygone days, chained to a desk in the dissenting chapel." A chamber over the sacristy of Wimborne Minster was formerly the treasure-house where the sacramental plate and other valuables were preserved, among them being "two pieces of the real cross, the thigh of St. Agatha, a portion of the crib used by our Saviour when an infant, some hairs from His head, a piece of the alabaster box of Mary Magdalene, a tooth of St. Philip, a bone of Melchizedek, and a thorn from our Saviour's crown." Originally the large collection of books in the church of St. Wallberg at Zutphen, in Holland, were unchained, but being of a relig- ious tendency, they excited the animosity of his Satanic Majesty, who, on several occasions, gained admittance and stole the best of them. There was no doubt about this, for the marks of his cloven feet were found plainly imprinted upon the flag- stones, so the books were put in chains sprinkled with holy water. In England, Mr. Blades tells us, not a single chained book is now to be seen in any of the universities, but collections still remain at Hereford, in the Cathedral and "All Saints' Church," in Wimborne Minster, Balton School, Grantham, and Turton. John Selden's books, which were sent to the University Library, Oxford, in 1659, were chained, but the chains were all removed in 1757. A few years ago America just missed ac- quiring the entire collection of books in chains at All Saints' Church, Hereford. Mr. Stibbs, the Lon- don bookseller, purchased the lot for £100 and had them removed to London, chains and all, but the Dean of Windsor refused to sanction the trade and the books were returned, although Mr. Stibbs had completed arrangements for the transfer of the entire lot to an enterprising American bookseller. a volume of "Under the Evening Lamp" (Scrib- pieasani and ner) is the inviting title of a collec- in/orming essays. ^ Qf e8a&y^ by Mr R jj dard on various poets,— Hogg, Motherwell, Blake, Hartley Coleridge, etc. The key-note to the volume is sounded in the preface: "I have been more in- terested," says the author, "in their lives than in their writings, my object being biographical rather than critical, and if I have succeeded in interesting the reader in these outlines of biography, I have done what I tried to do." The most captious reader will acquit Mr. Stoddard of dulness, and the essays, interspersed with bits of delicate comment and appreciation, are rather more than he claims for them. There is a tinge of melancholy notice- able throughout, not always inherent in the theme; and Mr. Stoddard hints in the preface that, "for reasons which do not concern the reader," he leans rather toward the poets who have endured fortune's slings and arrows, than toward those who have borne their laurel gaily. Three or four of the names treated had certainly no reason to bewail their lot —notably joyous Monckton Milnes, a man who, as Landor aptly said, "warmed both hands before the fire of life." Mr. Stoddard's essays are pleas- ant reading; and the volume furnishes in compact form facts not easily accessible elsewhere. The literature of controverted questions. Mr. Henry Matson's " References for Literary Workers" (McClurg) is a book not very aptly described by its title. If it were called a " Manual for De- bating Societies" or the "Literature of Contro- verted Questions," one would get a much better no- tion of its contents. For what Mr. Matson has done has been to select several hundred subjects for debate, to classify them roughly, and to provide each of them with a synopsis of the chief points to be considered, and an extensive list of books and periodicals which may be referred to in the prepar- ation of an argument. In most cases the references given are so varied and so representative of differ ent views that the work must prove of considerable value to many classes of students. One need not. for example, be engaged upon a debate so unprofit- able as "Is Browning a greater poet than Tenny- son?" to find the Browning and the Tennyson references an exceedingly helpful adjunct to the study of those writers. It was a little absurd to throw all the subjects included into the form of questions for debate, but the essential usefulness of the work is not seriously impaired by this method. The writer'8 introductions to the subjects discussed are largely made up of labored platitudes, but the bibliographical feature of his work—the only thing of real importance about it—appears to be the prod- uct of much conscientious industry. We notice numerous references to The Dial among those made to periodical literature, which shows that Mr. Matson has not been neglectful of the best author- ities. _. ,. , . In a beautiful volume just issued by The celebrated _ • _ . * '■'Table-Talk" 0/ the Clarendon Press, of Oxford, we JohnSetden. haye ftn opp0rtunitv to judge for ourselves of the quality of the greatly celebrated "Table-Talk "of John Selden, as uttered three hun- dred years ago. Coleridge is on record as having pronounced the work one with " more weighty bul- lion sense" in it than he ever found " in the same number of pages of any uninspired writer." "Oh!" he cries, "to have been with Selden over his glass of wine, making every accident an outlet and a ve- hicle of wisdom!" Dr. Johnson said that it was better than all the ana of the Continent. The "Table-Talk" belongs to the last twenty years of Selden's life, covering the years 1634-1654. The present editor, Mr. Samuel Harvey Reynolds, A.M., contributes a useful introduction of eighteen pages, and numerous notes. The subjects are arranged alphabetically, under one hundred and fifty-four headings. Naturally, so miscellaneous a collection varies much in interest. Some of it has to do with 1893.] 25 matters of mere research; some with matters of grave consequence at the time, but of little or none now; some have passed into current coin of the realm, as when Selden says of marriage, " Of all actions of a man's life, his marriage does least con- cern other people; yet of all actions of our life, 't is most meddled with by other people." , , ,, One might think a new edition of -In acceptable new ° edition of "The "The Complete Angler something (ompicte Angler. Q£ ft superfluity, in view of the Pro- tean variety of shapes already given that first of piscatorial classics, but a glance at the edition now added to a lengthy list shows us clearly that there was room for one more. The editor who has this time taken the work in hand is Mr. Edward Gilpin Johnson, whose name has been signed to so many Dial articles that he needs no introduction to our readers. Mr. Johnson has given the text of Walton intact, but has spared us Cotton's supplement, as well as the technical notes and explanations super- added upon Walton by his successors. And Mr. Johnson has given us, besides an accurate text pro- vided with a note or two where strictly necessary, an introductory essay which is a very charming piece of critical biography. Mr. Johnson has more than once shown himself, in dealing with seven- teenth and eighteenth century worthies, to com- mand a touch whose delicacy might be envied him by most writers upon similar subjects, a touch more suggestive of Mr. Dobson than of anyone else, but still distinctly individual. He treats Walton as be- longing to the "section of mankind paradoxically styled ' philosophical' because of a natural inability and distaste to philosophize at all," and these words supply the keynote of the editor's disquisition. The publishers (McClurg) of this latest of "Anglers" have made of it a very pretty book, not the least attractive of its features being the side-stamp, which shows us four fishes, with various expressions of expectancy or suspicion, about to dispute for pos- session of the solitary and friendless worm that has fallen into their midst. a ute/ui ami In "Appleton's Canadian Guide," readable handbook Part II., we have an accurate and to western Canada. rea(jaDie handbook to Western Can- ada. Part I. treated of what may be called Old Canada, stretching from Niagara eastward. Part II. has immeasurably the greater area to cover: but this New Canada, if we except the rich and densely peopled peninsular region of Ontario, is as yet more a land of promise than of fulfilment. What it lacks in legendary and historical associa- tions, however, it more than makes up in the sub- limity and strangeness of its landscapes and in the spirit of sanguine enthusiasm that pervades it. In- evitably, such a work as this is a continuous trib- ute to that great and wisely patriotic railway, the Canadian Pacific, which may be regarded as the maker of Western Canada. The writer of this work, Mr. Ernest Ingersoll, has brought to his task an unusually complete equipment, having been nat- uralist to the Hayden Survey in the West. He is not only a man-of-letters, but a trained observer and a practical traveller. Not the general tourist only, but the sportsman as well, will find this book an invaluable companion. It is pleasantly illus- trated, and supplied with excellent maps; but like its predecessor, Part I., it would be much improved by adequate indexing. ... ... Thikd on the list of the " Great Ed- Alcuxn and h\* , place in the ucators series (Scribner) comes 'history of education. „ Alcuin ftnd the Rise of ,he Chris. tian Schools," by Professor Andrew F. West. Al- cuin's place in the history of education is not that of one who has made new contributions to the sum of learning, either by invention or by recovery of what had been lost. Yet he is to be highly esteemed for the invaluable service he rendered as a trans- mitter and conserver of the learning that was in danger of perishing, and as the restorer and prop- agator of this learning in a great empire, after it had been extinct for generations. His treatises are not to be judged apart from the environment of his times. That some one should at some time teach the rudiments of learning to barbarous western Eu- rope, and that Alcuin did this and recognized the limitations under which learning would be received, is not so much a proof of mediocrity as of his sa- gacity. He was not a writer of genius, nor of orig- inality, nor of vast learning, but he was a man of great practical sense, and his educational work holds an important place in the world's history. BRIEFER MENTION. The inline of Grace 11. Dodge is a familiar one in connection with the Working Girls' Societies of New York City. Her name now appears as editor of a col- lection of papers, written by members of one of these cliibs, called "Thoughts of Busy Girls" (Cassell). It would be unfair to apply the usual literary standards to such a book, but it will probably have an interest for those m whom it is dedicated,—namely, '* the many girls who are co-laborers in factory, shop, office, and home." The "Ariel " Shakespeare (Putnam) is the latest of miniature editions of the great poet. Each play has a volume to itself, with an eclectic text, Howard's outline illustrations, leather covers, and a box. The plays are to appear in groups, and the first of these groups com- prises seven o£ the comedies. The typography is clear and pretty, and there are no notes to confuse the reader. "COLUMBUS and His Discovery of America " is the latest addition to the " Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science." It comprises ora- tions by Professor H. B. Adams and Professor Henry Wood; a paper on "The First Jew in America," by Prof. M. Kayserling; an account of "Columbus in Ori- ental Literature," by Dr. Cyrus Adler; a bibliography of the subject, and a list of public Columbian memorials in Europe and America. Ok the new "Drybnrgli" edition of Scott's novels (Macmillan), we have received " Waverley," illustrated 26 by Mr. Cbarles Green, and "Guy Mannering," illus- trated by Mr. Gordon Browne. These volumes will appear monthly until the series is complete, and each volume will have its own special illustrator, with but few repetitions. The same publishers have added the "Christmas Books" to their new popular edition of the best novels of Charles Dickens. The introductions to these volumes, by Mr. Charles Dickens the younger, provide them with a feature of great interest. The two series of Brooklyn Ethical Association lec- tures, on the subjects of " Evolution " and " Sociology" respectively, are now published in companion volumes by Charles H. Kerr & Co. The same publishers send us, under separate covers, one of the lectures in the former volume, " Proofs of Evolution," by Mr. Nelson C. Parshall. "Hygienic Measures in Relation to Infectious Dis- eases" (Putnam) is a small book of household hygiene by Dr. George H. F. Nuttall. Dr. Charles W. Dalles is the author of a thin volume of allied interest, on the subject of "Accidents and Emergencies" (Blakiston). Both these books ought to be found useful in the family. Volume XLIV. of " The Century," just issued in bound form, is noticeable for the concluding papers on "Italian Old Masters," Senor Castelar's biography of Columbus, Mr. Stedman's Turnbull lectures on poetry, the "Century Series of Pictures by American Artists," Mr. Fuller's "La Chatelaine of La TriniteV' and Mr. Van Brunt's papers on " Architecture at the Columbian Exposition." "Colloquial French for Travellers " and "Collo- quial Italian for Travellers" (Breutauo), by Mr. H. Swan, are two thin volumes, one-half of whose pages contain French or Italian words and phrases with their English equivalents, while upon the others we And such specimens of an unknown tongue as the following: "Awe voo —- dae laettr — poorr m wa?" They are in- tended for people who fondly fancy that the pronuncia- tion of a language may be learned from a book. Volume III. of "Scriptures Hebrew and Christian" (Putnam), edited by Dr. E. T. Bartlett and Dr. John P. Peters, completes that useful work. The greater part of the New Testament is given in this volume, with a text rearranged for purposes of consecutive and con- nected reading. The following volumes of verse must be dismissed with few words of comment. Miss Lucy Larcom's "At the Beautiful Gate " (Houghton) is a dainty volume of religious lyrics free from any taint of sectarianism. Mr. Frank Dempster Sherman's " Little-Folk Lyrics" (Houghton) fairly rivals the similar volume of Mr. R. L. Stevenson. The "Rings and Love-Knots" (Stokes) of Mr. Samuel Minturn Peck are trifles of graceful and delicate workmanship. Mr. Espy Williams, who writes "The Dream of Art and Other Poems" (Putnam), is mechanical in his versification, and not deeply inspired in his song. "Prayers from the Poets" (Revell) is a compilation from many sources. In the "Cameo" series (Cassell), we have a selection from the "Love- Songs of Robert Burns," made by Sir George Douglas; and a group of "Irish Love-Songs," selected by Miss Katharine Tynan. The fourth series of " The Best Reading " (Putnam), edited by Mr. Lynds E. Jones, offers a priced and clas- sified list of the most important books published dur- ing the last five years in the United States and En- gland. "What I Know about Books and How to Use Them" (Boston: Earle), by Mr. George C. Lorimer, is a thin volume of suggestions, duly flavored with piety, on the subject of good reading. The latest additions to the "Unknown Library" (Cassell) are " Green Tea," a love story by V. Schallen- berger; "A Splendid Cousin," by Mrs. Andrew Dean; and "A New England Cactus and Other Tales," by- Frank Pope Humphrey. Recent issues of foreign fiction in English include, "Beyond Atonement" (Worthington), from the Ger- man of Frau von Ebner-Eschenbach by Miss Mary A. Robinson; "Nimrod & Co." (Cassell), from the French of M. Georges Ohnet by Mrs. Mary J. Serrano; and "The Naiad," from the French of George Sand by Miss Katherine Berry d'Ze're'ga (Jenkins). An attractive library edition of Dr. Edward Eggles- ton's famous novel, "The Hoosier Schoolmaster," is published by the Orange Judd Company. The author supplies an interesting new preface and some notes on the dialect spoken by the characters. Another new edi- tion is Mr. William Black's " MacLeod of Dare " (Har- per) in the popular issue of that writer's novels. Literary Notes and News. Mr. R. D. Blackmore has just finished a novel en- titled "The Pearly Cross." Mr. Swinburne ha.s written an ode to lte sung at the opening of the Royal College of Music next summer. "The Private Life of the Romans," by Mrs. Harriet Waters Preston and Miss Louise Dodge, is to be pub- lished by Messrs. Lead), Shewell & Sanlioru. "The Magazine of Art" for January has the opening paper of the series by Mr. Theodore Watts, devoted to the portraits of Tennyson. The article is of very great interest and value. On the 27th of last month, M. Louis Pasteur cele- brated his seventieth birthday. Few men in the history of the world have done so much for their fellows as the great French scientist. "The American Atheiuemn " is the title of a new monthly paper, published by Mitchell's, and devoted to literary interests. The contents are varied, and reviews of books play but a small part. The Clucago Kindergarten College is now carrying on its sixth annual literary "school," the subject lieiug Shakespeare, and the speakers including Prof. R. G. Moulton and Mr. Hamilton W. Mabie. The best drama on the life and career of Oliver Crom- well sent to the Boston "Commonwealth " during the present year, will be awarded a prize of five hundred dollars, the gift of an anonymous enthusiast. There are in Asia no less than a score of public libraries, each containing 20,000 or more volumes. The library of Bombay, with 80,000 volumes, and the TiHis library, witli 35,000, stand at the head of the list. "American Young People," a new monthly for children, is announced to appear the present month. It will " have for its prime object the education of the youth of the na- tion in the principles of patriotism and true citizenship." Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons make the following an- nouncements: "Short Stalks," by Edward North Bux- ton; "Studies by a Recluse in Cloister, Town, and Vil- lage," by Dr. Augustus Jessopp; and " Studies of Travel in Greece and Italy," by the late Professor Freeman. ■ 1893.] THE DIAL 27 Signor Giulio Canestrelli, tinder-librarian of the Vic- tor Emanuel Library in Rome, has published an accur- ate bibliography of Mazzini's writings, which comprises 558 numbers, Italian and foreign. Only 120 copies of this work have been printed. M. Charles Wagner's "La Jeunesse" will be pub- lished soon, in translation, by Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co. The book is said to be the exponent of the re- action which has sprung up against the materialism and the realism which have pervaded and degraded French life and literature. M. Wagner addresses him- self to youth because in them he finds most clearly re- flected the disease of the times, and in them the great hope for the future. During the winter quarter of the University of Chi- cago, Professor Knapp will give public lectures on the Basque, Irish, Welsh, Russian, Polish, Bohemian, and Servian languages. Professor Knapp has in prepara- tion the following works: A critical edition of the poem of "The Cid," a "Life of George Borrow," a "His- tory of the Spanish Reformation in the Sixteenth Cen- tury," a " History of Spain from the Earliest Period to the Present," and a "Dictionary of the Spanish Lan- guage." The melancholy news has been received from En- gland that Mr. William Watson has become insane. Mr. Watson was one of the most promising of the younger English poets. He has been overpraised of late by injudicious critics, some of whom have made the preposterous suggestion that he be appointed Tenny- son's successor as Laureate. Such wild talk as this does distinct harm to the reputation of a man who has shown himself possessed of real talent, and it is unfor- tunate that Mr. Watson should have been made the vic- tim of this sort of friendly unfriendliness. The University of Chicago's new "Journal of Polit- ical Economy," which will be published quarterly, has just made its initial appearance, under the editor- ship of Professor Laughlin. It takes rank at once with the similar quarterlies issued under the auspices of Harvard and Columbia. A conspectus of courses in economics offered at the various universities of the country shows Chicago to almost head the list with nearly a thousand hours of lecture and recitation work. The University of Pennsylvania offers a few more hours, while Harvard, Columbia, and Ann" Arbor give about three-fourths of the number. The department of Eco- nomics is undoubtedly one of the strongest in the new university, and probably the most thoroughly organ- ized. The first University Convocation is set for Jan- uary 2, and Professor Hermann von Hoist will make the address of the evening. The American publishers of "Joost Avelingh" and "God's Fool" send us the following note personal to the author: "Maarteu Maartens is a Dutch country gentleman living in an old chateau in the wilds of Hol- land. His neighbors know nothing of his English lit- erary career. To them he is merely one of themselves, only a little more indolent and indifferent to local top- ics. Thev cannot understand what he does with his time all day (as he does not shoot), and occasionally, at some social function, a young lady will ask him whether he reads English. He has traveled a good deal, and has lived in France and Germany. It was mere dogged resolve which forced his books into print in English. He chose to write in English so as to have an audience. He sent 'Joost Avelingh' to England from Holland, and all the big houses it was sent to re- fused it. Then he published it at his own expense." Onida's "The Tower of Taddeo" (reviewed else- where in this issue) was not published on the Continent by Baron Tauchnitz, for the reason that the author had sold her rights to Messrs. Heineman & Balestier, who have au "English Library" of their own for Conti- nental circulation. The Leipzig publisher having com- plained at being thus ignored, the author printed a state- ment in the London "Times," concluding with these words: "If the general rule of de mortuis, etc., prevents the full expression of my views concerning the deceased person whom Mr. Henry James has seen fit to mourn as a Marcellus, I must, in justice to myself and to the little Florentine tale of au old tower, say herein that in the arrangements for its production I was completely overreached by a singularly sharp Yankee." The con- tract which Mr. Balestier persuaded the author to sign disposes, in a perfectly clear and straightforward way, of all the rights above disputed, and it is difficult to see how Ouida has anyone but herself to blame. Whittier's eighty-fifth birthday was celebrated, on the 17th of last month, in Brooklyn and Amesbury. At the Brooklyn celebration, a poem was read by the Rev. John W. Chadwick, and an oration delivered by- Mr. William Lloyd Garrison. At Amesbury there were addresses by Dr. H. G. Leslie and Mr. James W. Pat- terson, and original poems by Mrs. Harriet Prescott Spofford, Mrs. Louise Chandler Moulton and Miss Lucy Larcom. Mrs. Spofford's verses were as follows: "On heavenly ramparts, loud and clear, Shrill, shrill, and sweet, and earthward bounding, Glad salutations to their Peer To-day the trumpets should be sounding. "In many a wide and winding chord Such music once before they blew him, When he, the trumpet of the Lord, Answered, the Lord's breath blowing through him. "To-day, through interspace of night, Undying dawn and vernal forces. Mailed in a whiteness more than light, He sings, he springs to song's far sources. "Oh, mighty as the battle-blast, And soft as wings in summer stealing, A great voice on the outer vast, What wondrous strains he now is pealing." Topic s in Leading Periodicals. January, 189S. Anthropology, Problems of. Rudolph Virchow. Pop. Sci. Castine, Maine, Story of. E.I.Stevenson. Mag. Am. History. Christmas on the Pacific. Illus. Phil. Weaver, Jr. Overland. City Vigilance League, Our. Dr. Parkhurst. No. Am. Rev. Cola di Rienzo. Harriet Preston and Louise Dodge. Atlantic. Columbian Celebration of 1792. E. F. deLancey. M. A. Hist Count Diodati. F. D. Thompson. Magazine Am. History. Currency and Taxation, Recent Books on. E.A.Ross. Dial. Curtis, G. W., and Civil Service Reform. S.S.Rogers. Allan. Education, Higher, in the U. S. Seth Low. Educational Rev. Elizabeth, Age of. G. G. Hepburn. Magazine Am. History. English Literary and Municipal Problems. F. Harrison. For. Extirpation of Tumors, Early. J. W. S. Gonley. Pop. Sci. Evolution, Organic. Frank Cramer. Popular Science. Feudal Chiefs of Acadia. Francis Parkman. Atlantic. Fiction in Foreign Parts. W. M. Payne. Dial. Fiction, Recent American. Anne Wharton, hippincott. Foils and Fencing. Illus. E. Van Schaick. Lippincott. France, Universal Suffrage in. Senator Maee\ No. Am. lief. 28 THE DIAL [-Tan. 1, Freeman, Edward A. John Fiske. Atlantic. French Political Stability and Economic Unrest. Forum. Genius and Suicide. C. W. Pilgrim. Popular Science. German Socialism and Literary Sterility. F. II. Geffcken. For. Gould, Jay, and Socialism. A. T. Hadley. Forum. High Schools in New England, Status of. Educational Rev. Immigration. George F. Parker and S. G. Fisher. Forum. Immigration, Suspension of. W. E. Chandler. No. Am.Rev. Industrial Cooperation. David D. Field. No. Am. Review. Insomnia and Recent Hypnotics. Dr. Hammond. N. A. Rev. Kindergarten Christmas, A. Illus. Nora A. Smith. Overland. Labor Organizations in Law. Oren B. Taft. No. Am. Bev. Lincoln, Recollections of. Marquis de Chambrun. Scribner. Man, Study of. Alexander Macalister. Popular Science. Marriage among the Ancient Israelites. Popular Science. Massachusetts History. Episodes of. George Batchelor. Dial. New York City School System. J. M, Rice. Forum. Paris, Proletarian. Illus. Theodore Child. Harper. Peary Expedition, The. E. (?. J. Dial. 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TUBLISHERS' ADVERTISING From January 1 to November 1892, OQ /.TV Agate linen of publishers' advertising printed in The New O 7,OUD York Evening Port from January fto November 1, A 2 Oa /^ lines more than appeared in any other paper in the qC per "T ? tO 1 O United States, nearly double, or, in exact figures. '? cent. *y 2 AA. X nnes more than appeared in all the other New York evening ^ 7 'papers together, equivalent to one-third more. 0(\ ^ieBmore*^iever^f°reaPPeare*'m The Eves- per ^U,7^0 iso Post during the same period, or an increase of cent. For Sample Copies, Adrntixinfj Hates, and other information, address THE EVENING POST, New York City. 20G-210 Broadway Telephoue, Cortlamlt OFFICIAL. It is our desire to impress upon the minds of the public the superiority of the service offered by the Wisconsin Central Lines to Milwaukee, Chicago, and all points East and South. 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All communications should be addressed to THE DIAL, A'». 24 Adams Street, Chicago. No. 158. JANUARY 16, 1893. Vol. XIV. Contents. PAGE AN ENDOWED NEWSPAPER: A Hint to Philan- thropists 35 CHRONICLE AND COMMENT 37 Professor von Hoist's Address at the first quarterly Convocation of the University of Chicago.— Ibsen's New Play and its amusing Private Performance in London.— The Question of Secondary Education.— Prof. Norton's Call for Funds for a Proposed Keats Memorial.— Denison University's new Quarterly. LITERATURE AND THE DRAMA. Edgar Fawcett 3* COMMUNICATIONS 40 University Extension and a Step Beyond. James E. Foreman. "The Ice Age in North America."—A Closing Word with the Reviewer. G. Frederick Wright. A Literary Phase of the Immigration Question. Henry W. Thurston. THE MEMOIRS OF A "SPORTING PARSON." E.G.J. 42 FRANCE IN NORTH AMERICA. Edward G. Mason 45 THE YOUTH OF FREDERICK THE GREAT. Charles H. Cooper 47 THE GREAT AMERICAN ADMIRAL. Horatio L. Wait 49 RECENT AMERICAN VERSE. William Morton Payne 30 Ball's The Merrimac River.— Bunner's Rowen.— Johnson's The Winter Hour.— Scollard's Songs of Sunrise Land.— McGaffey's Poems of Gun and Rod. — Miss Aldrich's Songs about Life, Love, and Death. — Some Rhymes of Ironquill of Kansas. BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 53 The Best Study yet made of Tennyson's Work.— A Popular History of Early English Literature.— The Views of Darwin in the Light of Latest Re- searches.— Nine Years of the Daily Life of General Washington. — A New and Valuable History of France from 1661 to 1723.— The Causes and Condi- tions of the French Revolution.— Sketches and Pic- tures of Canadian Travels.— The Mother of George Washington. BRIEFER MENTION 56 LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS 57 TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 58 LIST OF NEW BOOKS 58 AN ENDOWED NEWSPAPER—A HINT TO PHILANTHROPISTS. In the retrospect of the year recently ended there is no feature more significant than that offered by the benefactions of the philanthropically-minded wealthy. The immense sums of money devoted, whether by bequests or by gifts inter vivos, to char- itable and educational purposes, give pause to cyn- icism and blunt the weapons of the socialist. There is some good in human nature, after all. and great fortunes are not an unmitigated social evil. The wealth thus diverted to beneficent ends may not al- ways have been well-gotten, but its application, at least, is praiseworthy, and the act of its bestowal is a positive boon to society. We do not say that this atones for any possible dishonesty of acquisition; we do say that such bestowal may legitimately be considered as an isolated fact, and judged upon its own merits. Existing wealth, however acquired, is a positive power for good or evil; even if unfairly gained by its present owner, it is there, and must be reckoned with as a social factor. There are few cases in which an attempt to undo the injustice of the past, as far as injured individuals are concerned, would not be entirely futile. Had the late Mr. Gould devised his estate to public purposes, it would have been ethical casuistry to frown upon the gift. If we may make this somewhat preposterous sup- position, it cannot be denied that mankind would have been better off in consequence; nor can it be denied, on the other hand, that mankind would have been still better off had no such person lived. The benefaction and the personal account of the man who makes it present two distinct questions, which ought not to be, as they so often are, confused. It does not detract from the positive value of the one that the other leans heavily to the debit side of the balance. This excursus has led us away from the original intention of our article, which was simply that of indicating a new outlet for the wealth of the phil- anthropist. We imagine that many a millionaire, disposed to liberality, has been deterred by lack of the imagination needed in the selection of a suitable object. To endow a church, or a hospital, or a col- lege, must seem a hackneyed procedure, worthy a-s such institutions intrinsically are. To the million- aire of philanthropic velleity, in search of some comparatively novel method of benefitting his fel- low-men, we would suggest the endowment of a news- paper. We can hardly conceive of a more civiliz- ing influence than might be exerted, over a city and country, by a daily newspaper of ideal standards and aims, a newspaper dependent for support upon 36 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL no political organization, no special group of com- mercial and industrial interests, no popular favor of any kind. It may be taken for granted, in the present state of civilization, that no such daily newspaper could pay its own expenses. It is an admitted fact that the best intellectual or artistic activity needs to be supported. There are few exceptions to the rule that the best education, the best literature, the best scientific work, the best painting, sculpture, music, and dramatic art, cannot reward their producers as they should be rewarded. Architecture alone, among the higher works of the intellect, makes suf- ficient appeal to the practical instincts of men to be reasonably fruitful, and even the very best archi- tecture must be done for glory rather than for pe- cuniary return. Still, in all these cases (dramatic art excepted ), fame continues to supply the motive for good work, perhaps the best work that might in any case be hoped for. But the desire for fame alone, and the consciousness of doing work as it should be done, without thought of material profit, does not seem as yet to have been a motive sufficient for the production of anything like an ideal newspaper. At best, when the production is controlled by a sin- gle mind of sound instincts, the motive is mixed with more or less of commercialism; at worst, when the management is by a corporation, the money- getting motive is unleavened by anything better, and a newspaper is produced which has for its one object the enlargement of circulation by any means that do not overstep the limits imposed by the crim- inal law. That journalism has its ethics, that its exercise is a trust no less than the exercise of the legal, or medical, or teaching profession, or of the functions of public life, is a fact almost lost sight of in our modern scramble for wealth. How hope- lessly blunted must be the moral sense of a man who can assume the office of a public teacher, in the wide sense permitted by journalism, with the deliberate intention of making it bring the largest possible returns, and who can unblushingly defend his course (as lias so often been done) by pleading that the production of a newspaper is a business en- terprise like any other. The prevalence of this unethical spirit has pro- duced the American newspaper of to-day. for which every intelligent American must blush. That cer- tain features of excellence, mainly in the direction of prompt and comprehensive news-gathering, have been developed, is to be attributed rather to acci- dent than to meritorious impulse. The American newspaper publisher has discovered that he can get rich by catering to the tastes of the vulgar, and vicious, and unlettered, and so snaps his fingers at the clergymen, and teachers, and " literary fellows" generally. Granting the immoral postulate from which he sets out, his course follows logically enough. The chief of our cities illustrates the two extremes of modern journalism, and the argument is com- mercially convincing. The best newspaper in the United States is published there, and also the worst: the former has the smallest and the latter the larg- est circulation. For this state of things public taste, considering only the verdict of numbers, is of course respon- sible, and offers a certain excuse for the policy of not setting too high a standard at once. What it does not excuse is the policy of arousing in human- ity the dormant vulgarities and brutalities that civ- ilization is slowly endeavoring to put to their final sleep, but that are still restless and wakeful. Many of our newspapers are engaged in this work of pos- itive degradation, and for their diabolical activity no condemnation can be too emphatic. To the others, more or less self-convicted of time-serving, but still standing upon a mental plane slightly above that of the homme sensual 7not/en, there is some faint praise to be given, at least of the sort that we give to the man who finds a pocket-book that he might keep undetected, and who restores it to the owner. It is, of course, only the barest decency to refrain from employing the worst methods of our worst journalism, but it is something to save even that relative form of virtue from the general wreck of worthy ideals. It is because of these considerations; because many of our newspapers, in the words of the San Francisco •' Argonaut," are "coarse, boastful, nar- row, unfair, mendacious, dirty, mercenary, stupid"; because most of them slight the real interests of civilized society for the sake of partisanship, vul- gar personalities, and subjects that no healthy mind needs or cares to know very much about; because, in the words of the late Mr. Lowell, the press of the day "is controlled more than ever before by its interests as a business rather than by its sense of duty as a teacher, and must purvey news instead of intelligence": because, to sum it all up. the influence of such a press upon the national char- acter must be incalculably bad, that we have made our serious suggestion to the ambitious millionaire. As an object-lesson in journalism, the existence in a community like ours of a paper devoted to the real interests of the city and nation of its origin, uncontrolled by counting-room influences, able to keep its readers in touch with the best thought of the world, giving to art and science and literature their due prominence in its columns, unflinchingly standing for honest government and the purity of private morals,—the very existence of such a paper would mean much, although its readers should be outnumbered ten to one by those of lewd sheets of the baser sort. It could not fail in time to react upon the journalism of the country at large, and would offer a standing protest against the methods now current. It would steadily find its way into the family, and prove a potent influence in shaping the men and women of the future. Indeed, the most serious aspect of the present problem is that offered by the influence of newspapers upon the young. Upon this aspect the New York " Evening Post" 1893.] 37 THE DIAL puts no undue emphasis when it says: "The rising curiosity, which is in young people the most import- ant instrument of mental growth, is not only turned wholly away from the serious and healthy side of American life, from sound politics, from whole- some literature, from art, science, industry, but is concentrated with hideous eagerness on the national sewers and pesthouses and dungheaps, until the whole of life becomes a filthy jest." The endow- ment of a great newspaper, with suitable provision for its management by a body of highly educated, cultivated, and conscientious men, would prove a work of wider-reaching beneficence than the endow- ment of a great university. CHRONICLE AND COMMENT. The first quarterly Convocation of the Univer- sity of Chicago was held on the evening of January '2, amid the alien surroundings of a public hall. The fact that the University has no building of its own suitable for such a gathering, and has no immediate prospect of 8iicli a building, although not alluded to by President Harper in his interesting summary of the possessions and needs of the institution, must have been impressed upon the minds of many among the audience. The feature of the evening was the address of Professor von Hoist upon "The Need of Universities in the United States." Upon this occasion the eminent Ger- man historian made his first public appearance in the country of his recent adoption, and spoke in no uncer- tain tone upon one of the greatest of themes. His ad- dress was characterized by an eloquence of almost rug- ged simplicity, and embodied the soundest of doctrine in the clearest form of statement. As a contrast to what has passed for eloquence with many a Chicago audience, the address was highly instructive. It took a serious view of the grave problems of American civilization, did not seek to provide them with easy solutions, looked a trifle askance at the optimistic views of Profes- sor Bryce, and emphasized the importance of the "remnant" according to Arnold. To strengthen this "remnant," and to correspondingly weaken the power for evil of the "unsound majority," was held to be the aim of all worthy endeavor for national advancement, and to this end the university, more than any other in- fluence, must contribute. The speaker did not hesitate to assert that no university, in the European sense, exists as yet in the United States. Strictly, this is true, and yet three or four of our so-called universities are not far from the European standard. We have a number of fairly well organized philosophical faculties, and the proportional strengthening of the other facul- ties associated with them is probably a question of the next few years. Still, it is better to err in the direc- tion of grudging recognition than in that of self-lauda- tion. Professor von Hoist fully recognized the excel- lence of the work done by our present colleges and universities, although his plea was essentially for a higher development of our educational ideals. Herr Ibsen's new play is in three acts, and is en- titled "Bygmester Solness" (Baumeister or Architect Solness). 1'he English translation will soon be pub- lished. In the meanwhile, to secure English copyright for stage purposes, the book has been printed and the play performed (both in the original), in London. The performance is said to have been very amusing. It was difficult to find enough actors, professional or amateur, able to read Norwegian. A newspaper correspondent makes the following note upon this private perform- ance: "A journalist was pressed into the service on the strength of having made a tourist jaunt through Nor- way last year, and having learned some score of ele- mentary hotel words. One of the male parts was given him to read m this odd performance, and he did so without getting the gleam of an idea of what it was all about. After the task was performed he inquired, and was informed to his chagrin that he had been acting the role of lover to the prettiest girl on the stage with a lot of highly acceptable demonstrative business." The English law of copyright appears to have its ab- surdities, no less than our own. We are glad to see that the universities are tak- ing up the question of secondary education in a practi- cal way. A decided impetus to this movement was given by the Harvard Committee on Composition and Rhetoric, whose report upon the sort of English written by candidates for admission to the University has opened many eyes. In the January issue of " The Har- vard Graduates' Magazine " the essential parts of this report are printed, as well as a trenchant article on the subject by Mr. Charles Francis Adams. The remedy for the shocking state of things disclosed by the report is a simple one in statement, although its effective ap- plication will call for a change of heart in many second- ary teachers. Correct English must be firmly and per- sistently required of high school and academy students in all their exercises, written and oral. The absurdity of relegating instruction in the English language to a weekly or monthly exercise ought to be apparent enough, and yet it will not be easy to persuade teachers of mathematics and natural science that their duty com- prises quite, as much attention to the form of expression as to the accuracy of the facts stated. Even teachers of the foreign languages are apt to be neglectful of this aspect of their work, and to allow slipshod renderings to pass unchallenged. Much good may also be expected to result from the conferences upon secondary educa- tion held in a number of cities during the recent holi- days. The reports of these conferences have not yet been made public, but the questions set for discussion were of the most practical nature, and were deliberated upon by men of high educational standing. Something like a scientifically-planned course of instruction for secondary schools may reasonably be expected to result from the conferences, and such a course, thus authorita- tively promulgated, will be likely to make its way in time, although it will have to contend with dense ig- norance on the part of school boards, and the opposition of badly-educated teachers. Professor Charles Eliot Norton heads the list of signatures to a circular calling for funds with which to provide a Keats memorial; the nature of the memorial contemplated is thus described: "Since Keats left En- gland to die, there has never been upon her soil the slightest memorial to his character or genius. Now, however, admirable wall-space has been secured in the parish church of Hampstead, London, N. W., through the kindness of the present Vicar, the Kev. Mr. Burn- aby; and here it is proposed that the sympathetic por- trait bust of Miss Anne Whitney, supported by a bracket designed by Will H. Low, Esq., be erected solely by 38 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL Americans. This church is a most fitting place for such a memento, since it was in Hampstead that Keats made bis last English home, from the spring of 1817, with slight interruptions, until his departure for Italy, in the autumn of 1820; here it was that George Keats left his two brothers, in 1818, to sail for America; and here at the end of the same year the younger of them died; here the poet 'domesticated' with his ever-devoted friend, Charles Amitage Brown; here he met and loved Fanny Brawne; and here, too, under the still-spreading branches of his friend's garden, was written the im- perishable 'Ode to the Nightingale.'" It is always a graceful thing for Americans to give such "testi- mony of thanksgiving for our inherited literature" as is called for in this circular, and the very moderate sum of three hundred dollars is all that is needed to com- plete the required amount. Contributions may be sent to Professor Norton at Shady Hill, Cambridge, Massa- chusetts. '• Denison Quarterly," a neatly printed review of about a hundred pages, edited by members of the faculty of Denison University, has just made its initial appearance. The contents of this number include half a dozen papers of considerable interest, two of them by instructors in the University of Chicago. We think, however, that these articles would have exerted a wider influence if contributed to the special journals already in existence. Here are essays on psychology, history, romance philology, education, archaeology, and political science, having no common interest, and without even the slight unity that might be given them by a common origin. The small university should not attempt to have publications of its own, and even the large uni- versity should beware of undertaking other than publi- cations in special fields. The fact that the " Denison Quarterly " is not an official organ of the institution from which it issues does not weaken our contention that it represents a misdirection of energy. LITERATURE AND THE DRAMA. Intelligent people always listen respectfully to any proposed plan for the "regeneration" of the drama. It is quite natural that they should so lis- ten, for the state of the drama is such that in this country and in England (not now to speak of any other countries at all) it might safely draw upon large funds of improvement. And yet could it not safely have done the same three hundred years ago? Certainly, all through the eighteenth century it was sneered at by unnumbered satirists. Very justly, too, since one need only turn over certain bookfuls of •' old plays" from authors long forgot- ten, to realize the untold riff-raff by which our an- cestors were once martyrized. But perhaps these dead ladies and gentlemen were willing martyrs, and went to the boards of the play-house not feel- ing quite as hostile toward them as if they had been the boards of a scaffold. Trash was often liked on the stage then, just as it is often liked now. But there is a difference between the kinds of trash liked yesterday and to-day. Long and silly speeches were tolerated then, where now they would be almost hissed. The stage-settings were pitiably meagre, the illusion was in most cases for- lorn and mean. We are apt to forget that certain old comedies have survived simply through the saliency of their merits. Myriads of others have perished, and for the most cogent of reasons. An attempt to wed literature and drama is of necessity perilous. Literature means the delinea- tion of life through many methods; drama means its delineation through only one. Literature is thought, feeling, analysis, pathos, verbal dignity and daintiness, meditation, poetic suggestion, grace- ful or startling epigram, lights and shades of pas- sion,— everything, in short, which may be needed to make up a complete portraiture of the human soul. Drama may mean all this, and undoubtedly does mean it, at its fullest and best. But drama has only a single medium of expression, and this is action. All qualities that are good in a play are good because they are acted, not because they are talked about, or described, or hinted at, or artistic- ally liked. To wise theatrical managers this kind of formulation is the merest commonplace; but for many thousands of people who either seek theatres or abstain from them, a surprising ignorance exists of any such restrictive formulas. This large mul- titude never asks itself why it goes to the theatre or why it stays away. When it goes it does not want literature ( and this is a matter solemnly to be noted and believed) unless literature appears deftly disguised in the garb of rapid and striking dramatic treatment. No less an authority than that brilliant actor, Mr. Joseph Jefferson, once said that the audience at a play really heard no more than half the dialogue of the play itself. This, I think, is an admirable judgment from two points of view. First: the pantomimic part of the play (that large portion of it which would "go by itself even if gestures instead of words were used) absorbs in great de- gree the popular attention. And, second: the per- sons who attend a play do so with far more con- cern for what happens than for what is actually spoken. Especially, I should say, is this true of our modern audiences. Here in New York (and "yonder" in London, for that matter) we have done with the cares of the day when any thought of "going to the theatre " occurs to us. We have loitered a lit- tle over our cigars, if we are men, over our grapes and almonds if we are women. We are not neces- sarily languid, in an intellectual sense, but are touched by that vague yet distinct kind of mental inertia which can only be stirred by some acute emotional incentive. Hence comedy, of a poignantly mirthful sort, is most agreeable to us, and perhaps the most wholesome. But we do not object to "agony " if it wakes us, rouses us, thrills us. What we will not then endure — what, as English speak- ing theatre-goers, we have never patiently endured — is that species of diversion which resembles the printed page or the lecture-hall discourse. 1893.] THE DIAL 39 There are five great arts—Poetry, Painting. Mu- sic, Sculpture, and Drama. Between Drama and the remaining four I should be inclined to doubt that by any means an equal bond was existent. I should rather affirm that Drama and Sculpture were more closely akin than either of their noble associates. Drama must achieve her effects inside severe and rigid limits; with Sculpture it is the same. Drama must ignore backgrounds and concern herself with decisive and uncompromising outlines; Sculpture recognizes the same prescribed province of exploit. Drama is at her best in concentrated and isolated groupings; of Sculpture the same truth may be af- firmed. One might even state that the wedding of dramatic and literary elements in a play resembles a union between science and religion. There can reign no equal interchange of rights; literature must be the wife, not the husband, and therefore in a certain sense subordinate. "But all good plays," argues the dissenter, "are perforce literary." This is entirely true. Still, few good acting plays are so literary that letters can be detected in them except as a secondary trait, a subservient condition. All successful dramatists will tell you, if you ask them, that they had their "story," their argument, the number of their acts, the personalities of their characters, even many of their "exits" and "entrances," arranged clearly in their minds before the work itself was written. To "write" it is not an easy affair, but easier, far easier, than to construct it. Vulgar and tasteless writing will not pass with an average audience in a well-constructed play, but a great deal of inferior writing will pass. The late Tom Taylor even made much inferior blank-verse pass in this way. It is nearly always not poetic blank-verse at all, and yet it serves the occasion, it is acceptable to its hear- ers, because the action which it envelopes is adroitly and tellingly planned. We often hear it deplored that so much trash should " succeed " on the stage. But commentators are apt to forget that it is trash of a kind by which very sensible people are amused—people who would not read it if it were procurable between the covers of a book, but which the interpretation of talented artists and the glamour of good scenery and good stage-management make entertaining and enjoya- ble. How frequently do we hear of a play, " Oh, it's dreadful stuff, but it's worth seeing." And how- much more frequently do we hear, " Oh, it's dread- ful stuff, but So-and-So is splendid in it, and by all means go and see him." One of the greatest mistakes known is to imag- ine that the crowds who will sometimes flock to see a bad play are ignorant that it is bad. On the contrary, if you ask members of them their opinion at the final fall of the curtain you will be surprised to find how many hold this bad play in just con- tempt. And yet they leave the theatre and tell their friends next day that they laughed themselves almost to death, or cried themselves nearly blind, and their friends, longing for a similar sensation, besiege the fortunate box-office. Literature, certainly, has no concern with these queer self-contradictory verdicts. Literature and popularity, indeed, are on the stage incessant antag- onists. It is all very well to inform the poor man- ager that if he brought out plays of a "higher grade" he would be doing a great service to art. But the manager, if he has a fat salary-list with which to concern himself every week, knows per- fectly well that even the grandest masterpieces of Shakespeare will stand one chance in five hundred of giving him houses respectably filled. He is only too anxious to do " Romeo and Juliet " if he can get an Adelaide Neilson to enact "Juliet." or "The Taming of the Shrew " if he can get an Ada Rehan to shine as " Katherine." But without artists of transcendent merits he has long ago assured him- self that even such precarious literature as that of Sheridan Knowles will hardly fill half his stalls, not to speak of an empty gallery. Most managers, as my experience tells me, are exceedingly anxious to pro- duce plays of high literary worth. Nothing pleases them more than to read in newspapers that their author of the hour, Mr. Smith or Mr. Jones, has "won recognition by a work of high artistic merit." But when this work has failed to "draw," the un- happy manager must of necessity feel his self-grat- ulation clouded by the stern fact of meagre receipts. And it so often happens that the very persons who " approve" and "thoroughly endorse " a dra- matic production, quit it without a shadow of the contagious enthusiasm which is needed to swell pecuniary returns. A play, whether it be " Macbeth " or " The Brass Monkey," must make people buy tickets to see it or it is not worth bringing out. A book can ap- pear, sell a few hundred copies, and yet not be a failure. A play, if it is a failure, must cease to exist; there is no alternative; the dislike or apathy of the public settles its fate. Thousands are ex- pended upon a play, only a few hundreds on a book. The publisher can keep his book in the mar- ket long after it has ceased to attract; the man- ager must take a play off the stage of his theatre as soon as it fails to attract, and each new night that he persists in retaining it there means to him dreary loss. These practical considerations may strike the lover of higher dramatic things as flimsily outside the whole subject of elevating and improving the stage. But the satiric and absurd part taken by this lover of higher dramatic things can be des- cribed in very few words: he reviles the theatre as it exists, goes there about six times a year, gen- erally sneers at the acting even when the play is a classic, and never condescends to tell a single soul among his acquaintances that his evening has been one either of boredom or pleasure. Those who pro- fess to love literature in the drama are generally persons who prefer to read literature in the drama 40 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL rather than to see it performed with such aids as vocalism, footlights, and scenery. They may assert very emphatically that this is not true; but such idealists, I have repeatedly observed, are quite as apt to condemn a play when it "drags" as if they were the most assiduous and regular "first-nighters." These detractors of the English and American drama are constantly pointing to the superior mod- els and accomplishments of France. In this they are partly right, and partly wrong. They forget, however, that a very great deal of trash is produced at the Parisian theatres. If trash is not produced at such a theatre as the Comedie Fran^aise, it is not produced there because the government of the country guarantees that charming place of enter- tainment against pecuniary loss. I have sat many times in my fanteuU d'orchestre at the Franrais and thrilled under the delicious spells woven by Mounet-Sully. by Bartet, by Worms, by Coquelin, and other superb artists, and yet asked myself, as I glanced-upward and downward through the bare- floored, inhospitable, yet adorable temple of art, if it were really a •• paying house." I doubt if it often is. It is paying in the sense that the government pays for it. If our government or if the English government would pay for such a place as the Franrais, then lovers of allied literature and drama might reasonably rejoice. They could go on rejoic- ing, and yet patronize the performance hardly more than six times a year, which I suspect that a vast number of well-educated Frenchmen persist in doing. The ThiCitre Franrais in Paris is to many cultured Parisians like the gardens of Versailles or the galler- ies of the Louvre. They are proud of such institu- tions, but they rarely go to them. They prefer strolls or drives through the Bois de Boulogne on the one hand, or the rubbish of the Variites and the Folies Dramatiques on the other. When our own " Uncle Sam " subsidizes a New York theatre for us, we, too, can doubtless enjoy all the marriages of drama and literature at which we may choose to appear as wedding-guests. That triumphant day seems remote enough at the present writing; but until it dawns, the big public must work its will among our play-houses, and the big public (however crude and unlettered) is a tyrant no aesthetic rebellion can de- throne- Edoab Fawcett. New York City, Jan. .5, 1803. COMMUNICA TIONS. UNIVERSITY EXTENSION AND A STEP BEYOND. iTo the Editor of Thk Dial.) As the educational systems of the present are, in the nature of things, unfitted to perform any large share of the educational work of the future, it follows that there must be changes in methods — or, rather, that there must be material additions to present methods—to keep pace with changes in the intellectual life of the people. The evolution of educational methods may be strik- ingly illustrated from the history of the great European universities. A number of learned men, teaching in the same city, and drawn into association by their com- mon pursuits and interests, found a corporation, and establish a system of rules and regulations for the gov- ernment of that body of masters and pupils. The cor- poration is originally without university buildings, and has little if any other corporate property; and it is likely at any time to split apart into two or more fac- tious and establish rival universities in the same city or in neighboring cities. In the course of several centu- ries these institutions have grown and developed, little by little, to great strength and influence in the world of thought. They are still progressing, and striving to meet the demands made upon them by the intellectual activ- ities of the time. University Extension is the latest and most striking example of this progressive tendency. But University Extension, active as the movement is, may be but a preparation for the still broader and more general educational movement that is likely to follow — a movement that may take shape and growth in some such fashion as this: A group of earnest and enthusiastic young men and women, unable, from various causes, to attend a Uni- versity Extension course of lectures,— or, possibly, hav- ing attended one and thinking the instruction too infre- quent or too desultory,—-might conclude to form a local organization and employ a lecturer as a church em- ploys a minister. This would be the " entering wedge." While the society was young the labors of the instructor would necessarily cover a broad field; but as the mem- bership increased, assistant lecturers and specialists would be employed whose instruction would be thorough and comprehensive. Such an institution, once definitely and successfully established, would arouse a spirit of local pride; wealthy citizens would be ready to endow it, and to provide buildings, library, and laboratory appli- ances. The success of one such organization would cause the establishment of others in neighboring towns and villages. After a time a number of these lecturers in contiguous territory would naturally form an organ- ization to discuss methods and to assist one another in meeting the demands of these growing schools; aud this organization might have a supervisory relationship to the local societies. At times the lecturers would ex- change appointments, as ministers do, and this might lead to periodical changes of instructors, under the di- rection of the supervisory organization ; and, finally, there might grow up from these germs great central or- ganizations for the education of the masses, and con- trolled by them, as the present great universities grew up from the association of teachers in the Middle Ages. Thus, substantial and enduring "mutual education" societies, for the people and by the people, may be the "step beyond " the work of the in many respects admir- able, but very likely transitory. University Exteusion movement. James E. Foreman. Chicago. Jan. 6, 1S9S. "THE ICE AGE IN NORTH AMERICA." - A CLOSING WORD WITH THE REVIEWER. (To the Editor of The Dial.) Much light is shed upon the relations between Pro- fessor Chamberlin and myself by the closing paragraph of his letter to me, which, on account of its length, he omitted to publish in full in your issue for the 1st inst. The paragraph reads as follows: "What I have written I have written with very great re- 1893] THE DIAL « luctance, but 1 am impelled to be consistent with my concep- tion of scientific and educational ethics and with the canons of practice which have withheld me from a popular utiliza- tion of work whose extent would probably justify me, if any- one, in attempting to secure popular returns." .The following is Major Powell's permission to make use of facts which I had collected in connection with the Survey pending the publication of my report: Washington, I). C, Dec. '-'7, 1S8N. Mr. G. F. Wkioht, Oberlin, Ohio. Dear Sir: — Your request of the 24th inst. to be allowed to use in a forthcoming work on " The Ice Age in North Amer- ica " some of the facts and illustrations collected by you while in the service of the Geological Survey, due credit to be given for such material, meets with the Director's approval. By Order of the Director. Very Respectfully, James C. Pilling, Chief Clerk. Whether Professor Chamberlin was better fitted and had a better claim than myself to write of the facts treated in my "Ice Age of North America " is a ques- tion upon which there was a right to difference of opinion. For myself I did not feel that his invitation to me to do a limited amount of work in a limited field for the Survey justified him in attempting to frustrate my literary plans, and to shut me off from the use of the great body of facts collected at my own expense. Professor Chamberlin even yet scarcely does justice to the extent of those preparations, and draws unwar- ranted inferences from facts of which he is not fully cognizant. It is true I have been tilling the duties of a theological professorship; but for several years past I have had five months of vacation annually, so that probably I have had as much leisure to prosecute inves- tigations as Professor Chamberlin has had while meet- ing his manifold responsibilities as president of a great State university. One of the omitted passages in the letter quoted by Professor Chamberlin excuses long de- lay in replying to two letters by citing the burdens of his university duties. Neither in Pennsylvania nor far- ther west does the bare official statement of the days' work for which I received compensation tell the whole story. It may be remarked, also, that it is not safe to judge the extent of one's work over a problem by the length of his report upon it. Very likely the briefness of the report may indicate fulness of knowledge. In the pres- ent case, one report was sent back to me because it went too much into particulars, and I was requested to digest the facts further, and write it over again. As to the facts under discussion between myself and Professor Salisbury in New Jersey, I need say nothing in this connection, but calmly wait the full publication of the report of my field work. I confess I fail to see any just occasion for the dis- turbance which has been created in Professor Cham- berlin's mind; for I have not made him responsible for my views, but have squarely and honestly stated my differences with him on points of theory, and have en- deavored carefully to draw the line between facts and theories, and have left the way open for him to reach the public in any manner he chooses. It should be observed, also, that Professor Cham- berlin himself has not neglected to reach the public by means of publication, but has been an ardent advocate of the theory that there has been more than one dis- tinct glacial epoch — his first monograph, upon entering upon his duties in connection with the Survey, being entitled "The Terminal Moraine of the Second Gla- cial Epoch." Since the publication of this monograph, however, other moraines have been found in Ohio, the earliest of which comes close down to my extreme boundary line. In the interests of truth it has there- fore been especially fortunate that I have kept the other interpretation of the facts before the public. And, in the long run, if Professor Chamberlin is right in his views, he will have more scope for literary work than there would have been if I had not prepared the way for him- G. Frederick Wright. Oberlin, O., Jan. 3, 1S9S. [The Dial is always willing to allow authors of books reviewed in its pages reasonable space for explanation or correction as to any matters of fact wherein they believe themselves to have been mis- understood or misrepresented; and the privilege of rejoinder as obviously belongs to the reviewer. Such discussions, however, in the nature of things cannot be allowed to become protracted: and in the present case, the author having had two com- munications and the reviewer one, it seems best to close the discussion at this point. In doing so, it is due the reviewer to say that the review was re- quested by us, and that the above statement should be judged in the light of the preceding ones.—- Edrk.] A LITERARY PHASE OF THE IMMIGRATION QUESTION. (To the Editor of The Dial.) In reading the census statistics of the native and for- eign-born population in the several States in 1890, the contention of a writer in "The Forum" of January, 1893, came to mind. This writer believes that the lit- erary decay of New England has been largely due to the great influx of foreigners in recent years. Further- more, that no considerable literary product of the high- est excellence can possibly be obtained from a polyglot people. If these opinions be sound, the following facts are of literary significance: Considering the resident negroes as natives, the for- eign-bom population of the South Central and South Atlantic States in 1890 was less than 3 1-4 per cent of the native-born, and had been decreasing since 1870; while in the North Central and North Atlantic States the foreign-bom population formed 22 and 24 per cent, respectively, of the native-born, and had been increasing since 1870. On the same basis the far-Western States showed 34 per cent of foreign-born in 1890, and even this ratio was less than in 1870. Keeping in mind the negro element in the South, does this comparative homogeneity of the Southern peo- ple and the growing stability of their social life suffi- ciently account for the recent activity of the South in the literary field? Again, under existing conditions concerning immigration, may this literary activity, rel- ative to that of the North, be expected to increase in the immediate future? Finally, should all immigration to this country, except from Teutonic or possibly from English-speaking peoples, be entirely prohibited for a period of years, would there be an unmistakable liter- ary gain to the United States? Henry W. Thurston. La Grange, III., Jan. ~>, 18'.)S. 42 THE DIAL [Jan. 16, e termed, we hope without irreverence, clerical " shop." Address- ing the general public, the Dean has, figura- tively speaking, laid aside his decanal cocked hat and gaiters for the occasion; and he show- ers upon us puns, bonmots, stories of authors, painters, cricketers, hunters, gamblers even, in a way that may perhaps smack of levity to his austerer brethren. Someone has observed, with unusual penetration, that gravity is oftener linked with stupidity than with wisdom, and that the owl is, despite his reputation to the contrary, the dullest of birds. It might, per- haps, have been added that the bray of a don- key is of all earthly sounds the most persist- ently solemn and mirthless. Tacitly recogniz- ing these general truths, and seeing no reason why the cakes and ale should all go to the laity, Dean Hole has given us a book that is— like his life — both merry and wise. His stories are mostly capital, his puns not always criminal, and his general comments on men and things are often shrewd and penetrating. The book is sweetened throughout with the kindliest humor and tolerance, and the writer's reminiscences of those with whom he has been most intimate, of genial John Leech for in- stance, are lit with sympathy which animates his style, and are not without the finer touches and shadings of verbal portraiture. Inferring from premises furnished by him- self, we judge Dean Hole to have been (in a mild and blameless way) what his countrymen style a " sporting parson "—a plant indigenous, we think, to English soil, and seldom thriving or coming to maturity elsewhere. A "sport- ing parson " would scarcely flourish in New En- gland, for instance; and it is a question if the engrafting of the English shoot on the less genial varieties of that nipping clime might not prove in some sort beneficial — say in the way of sweetening the fruit. There is, too, in * The Memories ok Dean Hole. With portrait. New York: Macmillan & Co. all congregations a class of sinners to whom a hunting parson, a shooting, riding, cricketing, whist-playing, and generally jovial and athletic- parson, will prove more cogent than a shepherd of mortified mien and habit. Profound spir- itual changes have l>een wrought through the summary thrashing of a stubborn parishioner by a muscular pastor; and an obduracy proof against the corrosives of a John Knox may pos- sibly melt in the sunshine of a Parson Adams. The fact that the "sporting parson" is by no means a rara avis in England may be read- ily accounted for. Briefly, it is because a con- siderable portion of the established clergy take orders primarily with the view of securing a settlement in life, a berth socially advantageous and offering a reasonable chance of preferment. The proportion of those in the Church of En- gland who assume the sacred office because they feel themselves spiritually " called " to it, is confessedly less than in the dissenting bodies. The three establishments, the Church, the Army, and the Navy, afford, so to speak, a system of relief for the younger sons of good families; and the new-fledged Oxonian or Can- tab is often hastily "pitchforked" into one or the other vocation without the faintest inquisi- tion into his personal likes or endowments. A vague paternal desire of seeing a son " wag his pow in a pupit," or a maternal leaning in the direction of a scarlet coat with green facings, may turn the scale. Hence, there often arises a curious phenomenon. The brawny graduate, whose university career lias been largely a tale of foot-ball and cricket-matches, boat-races, "wines," and rows with the townspeople, sub- sides into a curacy; while the mild-mannered youth whose most tempestuous moods have found vent in tea and croquet, is sent by his country to face the embattled shillalehs in Ireland. But the Ethiopian does not entirely change his skin, nor the curate his spots; and we need scarcely add that from the youth of sporting procliv- ities who finds himself landed, nolens volcns, in a curacy, is evolved the "sporting parson." The general excellence and efficiency of the national bodies, thus (in many cases) so oddly recruited, is a striking example of the way in which things naturally disparate often finally settle and adapt themselves. The author has arranged his topics in alpha- betical order. Beginning with his memories of Archers, he runs the gamut, through Ar- tists, Authors, Cricketers, Ecclesiastics, Gam- blers, Gardeners, Hunters, Shooters, Oxonians, Preachers, and Working-Men. In the divis- 1893.] ion on Artists a good deal of space is given to John Leech, who seems to have heen, of all his friends, truly his dulce decus. "As to his appearance, it might be said of him, as Sterne said of Uncle Toby, that 'Nature had written Gentleman, with so fair a hand, on every line of his counteuauce,' and that, as Lord Peterborough snid of Fduelon, he was < cast in a particular mould, never used for anybody else.' . . . lie was tall, but slight in fig- ure, with a high broad forehead, large blue-grey Irish eyes, and a face full of expression. . . . Pie was mod- est in his demeanor, and silent as a rule, as one who, though he was not working, was constrained to think about his work — but when Leech spoke, bespoke well, and when he was with those whom he loved, no one was merrier than he. He dressed tastefully but quietly, like a gentleman, and was one of those who believe that cleanliness is next to godliness." Apropos of Leech's cleanliness, the author relates that some years ago, while he was writ- ing letters in the morning-room of a great house where he was visiting, he overheard one of two fine ladies inquire of the other, "Do you care, dear, for artists, and authors, and that sort of people?" "No, dear, I can't say I do," was the answer, "they're so dirty." The Dean ventured to suggest the names of individuals, distinguished in art and literature, who were evidently as fond of ablutions as the haute noblesse; but his statements were met with po- lite, though unshaken, incredulity. Speaking of Leech's art, the author observes, not perhaps unjustly: "No one knows what John Leech could do, no one lias seen the supreme perfection of his art, who has not been privileged to admire his drawings when they were finished on the wood for the engraver. There was an exquisite delicacy of touch, which, even by such accom- plished artificers as Mr. Swain, could never be repro- duced in their integrity." Leech sometimes took a gloomy view of his situation, affirming that he was wasting his time and talents on unworthy subjects, playing in some sort the buffoon when nature had fitted him for a letter part; and he quoted gloomily the opinion that prevailed in the time of Pliny, "Hulla gloria artificum est, nisi eorum qui tabulas pinxcre" (none but the painter of a great picture can be a great artist). It was necessary on these occasions, says our author, to deal with him very firmly; and to the in- dignant expostulations of other friends was joined the generous assurance of Mr. Millais that bis work gave more pleasure to his fellow- men than all the pictures which were hung up in galleries and in rich' men's homes, and were therefore comparatively unseen. In many points John Leech was a right de- scendant of Hogarth; but in his hands the scorpion lash became a rod of roses, and the biting satire of the elder moralist was sweet- ened into humor. Hogarth painted vice hideous, and he is therefore vastly the more effective preacher of virtue. A heart of gnarled and knotted English oak, the broader sentiment, "pardon's the word to all," finds no echo in his work. His arrow, feathered with relent- less purpose, flies to the centre. His eyes were fixed steadily upon the ugliness of vice — not upon its pathos; and he seems to have felt the bitter truth that to teach the lesson of forbear- ance, to throw the mantle of charity, the glamor of sentiment, over the evil-doer, often verges dangerously upon palliating the fault. May we not, without irreverence, say that the Scriptural story of the fallen woman, beautiful and effectual as it is in its larger import, is tinged with a poetry that perilously obscures the hard, useful moral pointed in that "o'er true tale," "The Harlot's Progress"? John Leech would seem to have had a gen- ius for friendships. It was the stimulus of his kindly presence that revived for a moment the flagging wit of dying Tom Hood — the Gar- rick among authors, touching with equal power the source of laughter or of tears. Leech had been summoned to the poet's bedside shortly before his death, and found him weak and ema- ciated in body, but with the embers of the old spirit still glowing within. "Ah, Leech," he sighed, pointing to some plasters which the doctor had put on his chest, " so much mus- tard and so very little beef!" Thackeray, when asked by one of his daughters " which of his friends he loved best," replied after brief con- sideration, "John Leech"; and so when our author met the novelist, at a dinner at Leech's house, "he arrived in high good humor, and with a bright smile on his face." "I was introduced by our host, and for his sake he gave me a cordial greeting. 'We must be about the same height' he said; 'we'll measure.' And when, as we stood dos-a-dos, and the bystanders gave their verdict, 'a dead heat' (the length was six feet three inches), and I had meekly suggested 'that though there might be no difference in the size of the cases, his contained a Stradivarius, and mine a dancing-master's kit,' we pro- ceeded to talk of giants. He told me of a visit which he paid with Mr. Higgins, 'Jacob Omnium,' who was four or five inches the taller of the two, to see a Brob- dignagian on show, and how the man at the door had inquired 'whether they were in the business, because if so, no charge would be made.' ... As we were con- versing, Leech's boy entered the room, and was imme- diately welcomed by Thackeray with, ' Come here, my young friend. You're my godson. Come here, and be tipped.'" Thackeray, unlike Leech, was a ready and 44 THE DIAL [Jan. 16, a willing talker, a master of verbal fence with whom it was perilous to measure swords, and whose motto was " Nemo me impune lacessit." Sometimes there was a combination to chaff him, but the plotters seem to have been usu- ally "hoist with their own petard." There was, however, one member of the Garrick (perhaps invulnerable because insensible) the shafts of whose easy raillery seemed to irritate Thackeray, and who, conscious of his power, buzzed about his victim with a sort of gadfly persistency. "One night in the smoke-room, Thackeray was in the middle of a most interesting story, when his enemy sud- denly entered. To everyone's surprise, Thackeray hesi- tated and stopped, on which his persecutor, assuming an air of the most gracious patronage, blandly encouraged him with, < Proceed, sweet warbler; thy story interests me.'" At the close of his interesting chapter on Dickens, Dean Hole (forgetting that the dead lion is the prescriptive target of a certain order of hoofs) waxes finely satirical over the great man's detractors, and, for once, narrowly misses losing his temper. "A critical autocrat recently informed me that 'Charles Dickens was going out of fashion'; whereupon I in- quired, as one profoundly impressed, and gasping for more information, whether he thought Shakespeare would be a la mode this season, and what he considered the newest and sweetest thing in the monde of intellect ?'" That the product of genius, in itself unique and incomparable, and hors concours for very much the same reason that you cannot hit a nominative case with a stick, should go "out of fashion" (like a bonnet) was plainly a thesis beyond the reach of the decanal intellect; and wo confess that our own is not up to it. Of the several authors of note whom it was his privilege to know, there is none of whom the Dean speaks with more affectionate regard than Dr. John Brown, who wrote that most pa- thetic of tributes to canine worth, "Rab and his Friends.'' Touching the Doctor's religious views — and, specifically, his opinion of the soporific quality of the doctrinal sermon — our author observes: "Not that he faltered in his faith, because he knew that the best of Christians may be overcome by an ex- position of sleep, when lulled by a monotonous drawl, nuuiled by a frigid dullness, dazed by insoluble prob- lems, or exhausted by vain repetitions." John Brown, like Dickens, is associated with Chatham. He was there in the cholera time of 1832, and used to tell a dramatic story which illustrates what a serious thing it is sometimes to be a doctor, and how terribly in earnest people are when they want one. "One morning a sailor came to say he must go three miles down the river to a village where the disease had broken out with great fury. They rowed in silence down the dark stream, passing the huge hulks, which were then on the Medway, and hearing the restless con- victs turning in their beds and their chains. The men rowed with all their might in silence; they had too many dying or dead at home to have any heart for con- versation. As they neared the place, the young sur- geon saw a crowd of men and women on the landing. They were all shouting for him — the shrill cries of the women and the deep voices of the men coming to him over the water. As the boat drew near the shore, an elderly but powerful man forced his way through the crowd, plunged into the sea, seized John Brown, and carried him ashore. Then grasping him with his left hand, and thrusting aside with his right fist all that opposed his progress, he hurried him with an irresist- ible force to a cottage near. It was 'Big Joe' in his fierce determination that the doctor's first patient should be his grandson, 'Little Joe,' convulsed with cholera. The boy got better, but 'Big Joe' died that night. The disease was on him when he carried the doctor from the boat, and when his wonderful love for the child, supreme over all else, had fulfilled its purpose, he collapsed and died." The several chapters under the head of "Ec- clesiastics" are rich in stories, mostly illustra- tive of the humors of clerical life. Bishop Jackson, so much esteemed for his sermons when rector of St. James's, Piccadilly, told a characteristic one of the " Iron Duke." He (the Bishop) was much perplexed one morn- ing, when preaching in the Chapel Royal of St. James's, by the conduct of a verger, who, opening the door of the pulpit, just at the close of the sermon, suddenly shut it again with all his force, and with a bang that resounded through the building. "I looked at him for an explanation," said the Bishop, "and he in- formed me in a whisper that his Grace the Duke of Wellington was asleep, and that, not liking to touch him, they always adopted this method of rousing him from his sluml>ers." The Duke, adds Dean Hole, left liehincl him some memorable sentences which "we eccles- iastics should quote continually to those who revere his memory and confide in his common sense." He said to oue who pushed aside a poor man who was going up before him to the altar, bidding him "make way for his Grace the Duke of Wellington," "Not so — we are all equal here." And a young clergyman who was speaking in disparagement of foreign mis- sions was promptly met by the soldierly re- buke, "Sir, you forget your inarching orders, 1 Go ye into all the world, and preach the gos- pel to every creature.'" Several of Dean Hole's "good things" are drawn from America, and one of these, a de- 1893.] 45 THE DIAL lightful story of Indian sagacity which we do not remeinl>er to have seen before, is well worth citing. A pious fraud, hoping to revive those halcyon days when skins, lands, and other valuables might be had for a pocket-mirror or a handful of beads, was trying to impress a tribe of Indians with the fact that he had led such an umblemished life that he should not even know how to cheat. "The winds of sixty winters," he pathetically said, "have passed over my head and left this snow upon it, but never from my childhood have I done a dis- honest deed." Then, after a pause, the chief arose and answered, "The winds of sixty win- ters have likewise turned the little hair I have to gray, but they have not blown out my frraitts." The Sunday School has been from time im- memorial a fruitful source of quaint Joe Mil- lerisms, and the author has drawn upon it pretty freely. All his stories under this head, however, pale their ineffectual fires before the one of the too eager boy who, when asked by the Dean what proof we had of St. Peter's re- pentance, promptly staggered his questioner by replying, " Please, sir, he crowed three times." Passing from the school to the parish, the author relates a curious instance of the rough way in which rough men sometimes show their gratitude. A clerical friend, located in Lan- cashire among the miners, received one night a visit from one of his subterranean flock, who, after peering cautiously round to see that there were no listeners, whispered with an air of grave, mysterious importance: "Mestur Whit- worth, you've been very kind to my ould girl, when she wor sick so long abed, and I want to do yer a good turn, and I can do yer a good turn. There's going to be the gradliest dog- fight in this place to-morrow, and I can get yer inter th' inner ring.'" The offer was meant in good part, and had "Mestur Whitworth" at- tended the canine debate in full canonicals, it would have seemed perfectly proper and con- ventional to the "ould girl's " proprietor. An- other singular expression of gratitude was told the author by an Oxford friend who had a living in Worcestershire. He was visiting his parishioners when one of them, an old woman, informed him that since they met " she'd gone through a sight of trouble. Her sister was dead, and there wor a worse job than that; the pig died all of a sudden, but it pleased the Lord to tak' 'im, and they mun bow, they mun bow." Then the poor old lady bright- ened up and said, "But there's one thing, Mestur Allen, as I can say, and ought to say: the Lord's been pratty well on my side this winter for greens!" "Some may be sur- prised," adds the Dean, "to hear that this woman meant to be, and was, sincerely reli- gious." We shall finish our poachings from Dean Hole's well-stocked preserves with the follow- ing specimen of demagogic oratory overheard by his son in the park: "My brothers, the trumpet of war is sounding through the land. Heven the village 'Ampton is hup in harms, and the worm which 'as been writhing for centuries un- der the 'eel of the landlord is shouting for the battle. Listen, my friends, and I'll tell you what poor 'Odge is adoing to deliver himself from the oppressor. One Sunday he ventured to take a walk in my lord's park, a-thinking that as it contained twenty thousand acres it might, perhaps, be big enough for both, and hup comes the noble-hearted peer, a-blustering and a-blow- ing, and he bellows out at poor 'Odge, ' Now, feller, what are you adoing, a-trespassing on my land ?' and 'Odge answers, 'Who guv you this land?' and my lord, be says, 'My faythur guv me the land.' And 'Odge he says, 'And who guv your faythur the land?' And my lord he says,' My graridfaythur guv my faythur the land!' 'And who guv it your grandfaythur?' says 'Odge. 'You hiinpudent snob,'says the 'orty peer, 'it has been hours ever since the Conquest. We fought for it and the King guv it to us.' 'Ho,' says 'Odge, 'you fought for it, did you ? — and we mean to light for, and we mean to have it'; and then he walks up to his lordship and snaps his fingers close to his noble nose, and finishes with,' We don't care that for Kings!' And this is what we must do, my brothers. We must fight for the land," etc. Just how society at large was to be benefited by the eviction of the " 'orty peer" in favor of " 'Odge" does not seem to have been ex- plained by the speaker. Before taking leave of this cheery book a word of praise must be added for its externals — not forgetting to include the author's por- trait, which smiles a cordial invitation from the frontispiece. E G j France in North America.* Forty-five years ago Francis Parkin an began to collect material for his series of historical narratives entitled "France and England in North America," lately completed by the pub- lication of "A Half Century of Conflict." The seventy folios of manuscript thus gathered by him, now in the library of the Massachu- setts Historical Society, sufficiently attest the magnitude of his undertaking. The difficul- * A Half Ckntury ok Conflict. By Francis Parkinan. Part VI. of " France and England in North America." Bos- ton: Little, Brown & Co. DIAL [Jan. 16, ties of its accomplishment have been greatly increased by Mr. Parkman's long continued ill-health, and by a condition of eyesight that for years prevented him from either reading or writing. When we consider the obstacles over- come, the labor performed, and the exceeding merit of the work produced, we must rank the authorship of this magnificent series of histo- ries among the great literary achievements of our century. 1 In 1865 appeared the first volume, which portrayed " The Pioneers of France in the New World," and vividly recalled the days of Jacques Cartier and Samuel de Champlain. It was followed at intervals during the next twelve years by "The Jesuits in North Amer- ica," whose noble deeds were nobly told; "The Discovery of the Great West," wherein La Salle was the hero; "The Old Regime in Can- ada," a masterly explanation of the failure of French colonization; and by "Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV.," which repro- duced to the life the romantic and thrilling times of which it was the story. These brought the general narrative to the beginning of the period covered by the work now published. But here failing health led the author to de- part from the chronological order and to devote himself to his closing volume, which issued from the press in 1884, under the names of the famous commanders, "Montcalm and Wolfe," and magnificently summed up the long conflict which ended with them. For a time it seemed th.it the gap in the series would never be closed, and that 11 The unfinished window in Aladdin's tower Unfinished most remain." But, very fortunately for history and its lov- ers, this great writer's health and strength have In'en spared to give to the world the pres- ent book, which fills the interval between "Count Frontenac" and "Montcalm and Wolfe," and completes a continuous history 'of the efforts of France to occupy and control this continent. It relates events occurring in the New World during the first part of the eighteenth century, down to the peace of Aix la Chapelle in 1748. It is well entitled " A Half Century of Con- flict," since the fifty years which are its theme were those of almost constant warfare among the French, the English, and the natives. Its field is a wide one, extending from Cape Bre- ton Island to the Big-horn peaks of the Rocky Mountains, and from the mouth of the Missis- sippi to the forks of the River Saskatchewan. Its scenes shift rapidly from the Western wilds to the shores of the Atlantic, and display in quick succession explorations, discoveries, the founding of towns, the building of posts, bor- der combats, Indian raids, sea fights, and sieges of fortresses. But these all serve the purpose of the book, which is to illustrate "the singu- larly contrasted characters and methods of the rival claimants to North America." The ex- ecution of this purpose affords an analysis of the causes and effects of the events of this stormy half-century which makes its history very clear. We realize that" the influence of that gorgeous monarch Louis XIV. still shapes the life of nations," and that momentous consequences to America as well as to Europe resulted from his actions. We see the bold planning of the French and Canadian officials to conquer all of North America, their seizure of the gate- ways of the Northwest, and the establishment of their chain of posts from the St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico. We follow the story of Queen Anne's War as it affected the infant settlements of New England, and witness the stealthy march of the war parties of French and Indians through the forests, their bloody surprises of Deerfield and Haverhill, and the hapless captives on their weary winter journey to Canada. The occupation by France of the Lower Mississippi is well described, with its influence upon the future of French America, as well as the bold explorations which from this base of supplies were carried far to the North and Wrest and give such romance and interest to our early annals. In one of these, the brothers Mallet, following the Platte River and crossing the plains, reached Santa Fe in 1740; and in another the brothers Verendrye discovered the Rocky Mountains, more than sixty years before they were seen by Lewis and Clark. Toward the end of the half-century we learn of the preparations of the New England colon- ists to retaliate upon their tormenting foes, and of their almost miraculous success in capturing the massive ramparts of Louisburg. Their lack of military skill and of siege equipments seems to have been compensated for in part by their religious fervor, which led them to believe that they were doing the work of God: and, our author says, "The descendant of the Puritans was never so well pleased as when teaching their duty to other people, whether by pen, voice, or bombshells." But never since the walls of Jericho fell did such a triumph result from such seemingly inadequate means. Well 1893.] 47 might Parson Moody, the chaplain of the ex- pedition, at the dinner given to celebrate this famous victory, omit his usually lengthy grace, and only say, " Good Lord! we have so much to thank Thee for that time will be too short, and we must leave it for eternity. Bless our food and fellowship upon this joyful occasion, for the sake of Christ our Lord, Amen!" These were mostly years of Indian warfare; and of such combats one was especially memor- able. "Lovewell's fight," as Dr. Palfrey ob- serves, was long as famous in New England as Chevy Chase on the Scottish border. The ob- stinate and deadly bush-fight between thirty- four whites and twice their number of red men, which lasted all night on the shore of what is now known as Lovewell's Pond, from which only nine of the sturdy Massachusetts yeomen, who had gone into the wilderness " to kill and destroy their enemy Indians," came out unhurt, thrilled the colonial heart. It did not fail of commemoration in song, and one of the ballads to which it gave rise shows that even the chaplain of the settlers' party was a mighty man of battle, as one verse runs as fol- lows: "Our worthy Captain Lovewell among them there did die; They killed Lieutenant Robbing, and wounded good young Fry, Who wag our English Chaplain; he many Indians slew, And gome of them he scalped when bullets round him flew." Another phase of the subject is the struggle of the French with "the firebrands of the West," the Outagamies, or Fox Indians. They were at feud with the Illinois tribes; and the contests between the two at "Starved Rock," and the expeditions sent to exterminate the Foxes from the Illinois forts and the Chicago Portage, give a lurid interest to the annals of the Illinois country in that early day. Very noticeable also is the too brief account of the establishment of the French within the limits of the present state of Illinois, the founding of the ancient towns of Cahokia and Kaskaskia, and the building and re-building of Fort Char- tres, "one of the chief links in the chain of military communication between Canada and Louisiana." An early allusion to Chicago comes to light in a curious way. The occupa- tion of Detroit by the French aroused the jeal- ousy of the Five Nations, with whose claims of sovereignty and control of the fur trade it in- terfered. They were persuaded by the En- glish authorities at Albany to convey the dis- puted territory to the King of England, the better to protect their rights; and accordingly the Iroquois sachems, on July 19, 1701, af- fixed their totems to a deed "unto our souver- aigne Lord King William the Third" of the whole country from Lake Ontario northward to Lake Superior and westward as far as " a place called Quadoge," which the atlases of the last century locate at the head of Lake Michigan and make one of the names of Chi- cago. These are but a few of the salient points in this remarkable sketch of a period of fifty years. The research necessary to ascertain the facts is equalled only by the skill with which they are set forth. Incidental to the story are many descriptions in the style of which Mr. Park man is such a master and which adds such a charm to his narrative. We come upon them, sometimes unexpectedly, in the midst of tales of blood and sorrow; as when he pauses in the prelude to Lovewell's fight to speak of "the River Saco, which springs out of the heart of the White Mountains, fed by the bright cascades that leap from the crags of Mount Webster, brawling among rocks and boulders down the great defile of the Crawford Notch, winding through the forests and inter- vales of Conway, then circling northward by the village of Fryeburg, in devious wanderings by meadows, woods, and mountains, and at last turning eastward and southward to join the sea." There are many such gems in the set- ting of the picture, and the picture is the work of a master. No one else could so clearly de- pict and so profoundly interpret the meaning of the subject he has chosen. It is sufficient to say of this work that it is worthy of those from the same hand which have preceded it. Edward G. Mason. Tiik Youth of Frederick tiik Great.* In the fascinating book entitled " The Youth of Frederick the Great," we have set before us, by one who is a recognized master of both his- tory and the art of presenting it, the making of one of the most influential makers of modern history. Only last year the publication of his "General View of the Political History of Europe " gave to readers of English an oppor- tunity to admire the skill and philosophic in- sight of Professor Lavisse, shown in treating that great subject within one hundred and seventy-two small pages. We see here equal •The Youth of Frederick the Great. By Ernest Ijiviss*', Professor at the Sorbonne, Paris. Translated from the French, by Mary Bushnell Coleman. Chicago: S. C. Griggs & Co. 48 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL skill and insight shown in the story of the life and training of a young man during the period of his minority, for the book closes with Fred- erick's marriage at the age of twenty-one. Yet this story of family life in its minutest details is far more than this. So absolutely was the government but the will or the caprice of the King, that this family life was the centre, almost the whole, of the public life of the Prus- sian nation. Far as Frederick William was from being a Louis XIV., his fundamental idea of government was modelled after that of the great French monarch who left the stage as he entered upon it. The present Emperor said what he knew to be false, when he wrote his sentiment a short time ago, "The King's will is the supreme law." lie may wish it were so, but in his heart he knows that the last hundred years have made this but an empty phrase. But a century and a half ago, it was a stern truth, and no one was so bold as to question it. This is graphically shown by the book before us. Never was France under a Louis, or Russia under a Peter, more absolutely in the hands of one man than Prussia was dur- ing the eighteenth century. But it was not a bad thing for Prussia that her king's will was the controlling force when she had such kings as Frederick William and his great son. The father was a military mono- maniac; yet he had such sound practical sense, such administrative ability, he laid the burden with such skill and developed such strength in the poor little country to bear it, that he speed- ily became a power of whom intriguing mon- archs had to take account in their plans. But this was not enough to create modern Prussia. Had Frederick William been followed by only an ordinary man, or by another such man as himself, the opportunity could not have been seized, and Prussia would have remained in her insignificance. It needed the genius and the utter absence of morality that characterized Frederick the Great to change promise into potency. Yet, without the foundation work of the father, the son would have lacked the per- fect instrument that enabled him to raise Prus- sia to her position of power and influence, and thus furnish a centre about which Germany could crystallize. The merit of Professor Lavisse's work is that it gives us most vivid portraits of the father and the son, and of the Queen and the daughter Wilhehnina. These four stand out with perfect distinctness. Their very hearts are revealed. He has not given us the product of imagination, except as it has fused the vast mass of material that the historian's research has accumulated. It is not imagination of the poet or the historical novelist, but that too rare faculty indispensable to the best historical work, that differentiates this from the dry, confused materials for history that so often go under its name. There are six chapters in the present work, treating respectively of Childhood, the Father, the Conflict between Father and Son, the At- tempt at Escape and the Punishment, the Sec- ond Education of the Crown Prince, and his Marriage. With this last he is emancipated from his father's tyranny, and retires to wait , impatiently for his father's death and his own opportunity. More utter lack of sympathy, greater involuntary antipathy, than that l>e- tween this father and son, could hardly be. "They were conscious only of their dissimilarities. Except in rare moments when they caught a glimpse of the justice they owed each to the other, they hated and despised each other. The son desired the death of his father; the father promised a munificent reward to the messenger who would bring him news of the death of his son. Neither knew the value of the other, nor that they worked, each in his own way, the one as necessary as the other, to 'decide,' as Frederick would say, the uncertainty of the birth of Prussia." While Professor Lavisse cannot help show- ing the antipathy of the Frenchman to the coarse vulgarity of the Prussian Court, and while national and race feeling may color some descriptions and give a slightly sharper sting to his satire, one cannot resist the conviction that the narrative is candid and that the char- acters are truly drawn. There is no hero-wor- ship like that of Carlyle, to blind him to the faults of these great rulers. Yet he has writ- ten sympathetically, and brings out the good qualities of his subjects. Rarely has a well-meaning man been able to make his home life more of a hell on earth than the coarse-grained tyrant who was the father of Frederick and Wilhelmina. It is not difficult to account in a measure for the heartlessness and duplicity and lack of mo- rality of the great Frederick, by the suffer- ing inflicted upon the delicate, sensitive youth through the father's endeavor to make the son like himself. The poetry and music and beauty that charmed the son enraged the father, not only in itself, but because it was the sign to him of an utter unfitness to carry on the work that the father had begun. If only the father had known that the son was under all this an- other and far greater Frederick William, able 1893.] 49 THE DIAL to carry on that work to a success that the father never dreamed of, what misery of son and daughter and wife, and of the King him- self, would have been spared! What a train- ing in duplicity and hard-heartedness would have been avoided! "The resemblance to his father that he concealed and denied, appears when he becomes master. Frederick William is represented in Frederick II., but Frederick II. has the genius which was lacking in the father, and we have perceived the first rapid, short flashes of it. He has intelligence and a taste for letters and the prob- lems of philosophy. The 'Muses ' charm aud console him, and make him think and speak of life like an an- cient sage; they contribute to the strength of his mind. We have found in this young man a combination of epi- curean and stoic which will again be discovered in the King, and this, together with his genius, his virtues as a prince, his defects and vices, his contempt for all law, the cynicism of his perfidy, the sensibility of a human- itarian and yet the inhumanity indispensable to leaders of men, all coming from the head, not the heart, will unite to form the Great Frederick." We welcome the author's promise of an early continuation of this valuable work. Charles H. Cooper. The Great American Aumihal.* Captain Mahau's Life of Admiral Farragut is a valuable addition to the biography of the men whose careers are of historical importance. It is written by a naval officer who is a sea- man of large experience, who served in Farra- gut's squadron during the war, and therefore is enabled to present the most appreciative ac- count of that remarkable man that has yet been given to the public. This book differs from the former biography of the Great Admiral, written by his son, in being much smaller and more brief; yet it gives a more vivid impression of the man, brings out more clearly the causes of his suc- cess, and shows plainly that what he accom- plished was the legitimate result of a life of careful preparation rather than of accident or a favorable combination of conditions. The story is told in a plain, sailor-like way, without any attempt at fine writing, and is entirely free from the superlatives so common in biography and in nautical fiction. The book is well adapted to popular use, as it is of moderate size and price. Yet it will be valued also by the most critical reader, as its own text dem- * The Like of Admiral Fakraout. By Captain A. T. Mahan, of the United States Navy j President of the United States Naval War College. (" Great Commanders" series.) New York: D. Appleton & Co. onstrates that it was written by a master of the subject of which it treats, and it tells the story of a nautical hero as only a sailor can tell it. To the officers of the Navy especially this will be a most welcome book, as it gives with professional conciseness and force the story of the life of the purest and best commander that ever served his country afloat. In the former biography of Farragut, his correspondence was given at great length; in Captain Mahan's book, only the material por- tions of letters are used, or a few significant sentences are quoted where they illustrate the idea the author is presenting. The story be- gins with the early life of Farragut, and we see him, while yet a mere lad, serving as midship- man under the elder Porter in the cruise in the Pacific* He shows how much above the ordinary routine naval officer Farragut was. Many do their duties faithfully,— stand their watch, and slip through life as easily as they can; but Farragut was ever on the alert,—ab- sorbing everything that might by any chance contribute to his,future efficiency. This be- came so much a matter of habit, that even dur- ing his last cruise to the European Squadron, after the war, whenever he entered a new port his first thoughts were concerning its capacity for defense and offense. His spare hours were devoted to profitable reading, always having in view the main object of preparing himself for any emergency the future might have in store for him. Thus, when the Rebellion oc- curred those who knew him at once recognized in Farragut the officer who was best fitted to undertake the delicate and difficult tasks that he was then ordered to perform. Captain Ma- han brings out effectively the clear perception that Farragut had as to the essential principles of naval warfare, and his rare faculty for dis- cerning the right course to follow amid a con- fusion of counsel and the perplexities of adverse conditions. Especial emphasis is given to the unusual power that the Admiral had, during a naval movement, of discerning the vital points of the situation, of knowing whether the proper mo- ment for action had arrived, and of moving with celerity in the most effective formation when * In the account of Farragut's first experience in battle, while on the Essex, under Porter, when that ship was cap- tured by the British ships " Phujbe " and " Cherub," under the command of Hillyer, at Valparaiso, the author brings out with greater clearness than was ever before shown the honor- able forbearance which prevented Porter from capturing the "Phujbe " when she was in his power, and the nnchivalrons advantage which Hillyer took to enable him to capture the "Essex." THE [Jan. 16, DIAL the time of action came. Some of Farragut's phrases in his conversation and in his orders were so characteristic that they deserve to be perpetuated; for example, "The best protec- tion against the enemy's fire is a well-directed fire from our own guns." Referring to his in- credulous and calm way of receiving alarming reports of the doings and preparations of the Confederates, the Admiral's saying is quoted, "I mean to whip my enemy, or to be whipped, and not to be scared to death." In the incidental comments on the unpre- pared condition of the Federal Government, at the outbreak of the Rebellion, the author writes: "Hesitation to risk their ships, and to take decisive action when seasonable opportun- ity offers, is the penalty paid by nations which practice undue economy in their preparation for war." This comment, which is the out- growth of bitter experience, is as applicable to this nation now as it was in 1861. Horatio L. Wait. Recent Amkhican Verse.* Mr. Benjamin W. Ball is a better jwet than one would imagine from reading the rather foolish introduction contributed to his vol- ume by Mr. Frederick F. Ayer. The lat- ter tells us that Mr. Ball's poems "supply a much felt want for a i>oet in full step with the majestic inarch of modern thought in the pro- gress of the sciences, and the development of a higher philosophy." We had always sup- posed this want to be fairly supplied by Lord Tennyson and others. Mr. Ball, who was born in 1823, published a small volume of poems as early as 1851, but they attracted slight attention, although Emerson is said to have lteen pleased with them. That he has l>een an industrious versifier during the subse- quent forty years, this thick volume attests. Nearly half of Mr. Ball's poems are collected * The Mkrrimac River, Hellenics, and Other Poems. By Benjamin W. Ball. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. Rowen: "Second Crop" Songs. By H. C. Bunner. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. The Winter Hour, and Other Poems. By Robert Un- derwood Johnson. New York: The Century Co. Songs of Sunrise Lands. By Clinton Scollard. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Poems ok Gun and Rod. By Ernest MeGaffey. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Sonob about Like, Love, and Death. By Anne Reeve Aldrich. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Some Rhymes ok Ibonquill ok Kansas. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. under the title "Hellenics," which is an un- fortunate name, because it at once suggests the "Hellenics " of Landor, and comparison with their great English author must neces- sarily be unfavorable to any new-comer. These Greek poems include some translations, and more original compositions. They are written in a spirit of fine enthusiasm, and their execution, although rarely striking, rarely of- fends by falling far into commonplace. A few stanzas from the opening poem, "Hellas," may be given in illustration: "Far up the vistas of the past she stands. The glorious Hellas, mid her vine-clad isles. The sword and epic lyre are in her hands, Wherewith the tribes of men she still beguiles. "Behind her, long-drawn Berried columns gleam Uplifting strength and beauty richly wrought, While marble altars waft a fragrant steam Of Orient myrrh from lands of morning brought. u The volumed vapors roll in light away O'er isle-sown sea and temple-crested shore, While oread-haunted in her summer's ray, Her thymy mountains tower forevermore." How good Mr. Ball is as a translator is shown by his versions of Schiller, from which we take a stanza of " Die Glitter Griechenlands ": "To old Deucalion's race descending Enamored deities still came; For mortal maid, his Hocks while tending, Apollo felt a lover's flame; Alike round heroes, gods, and men Love did his rosy bondage twine — Mortals and gods and heroes then All knelt at Ainathusia's shrine." Mr. Ball's miscellaneous pieces are very varied in theme. They include groups of translations from Horace and Heine, poems of New Eng- land landscape and foreign journeyings, poems about persons and about poets. They reflect the intense intellectual life of New England a generation ago, and abound in echoes of the Iwoks that were l>eing read and the subjects that were under discussion. The lines to Spi- noza are an excellent example of the author's manner: "O pure as Christ, as deeply souled, Whose life, an alder-shaded stream, Hid from the broad day's garish beam. In hush of thought unmurmuring rolled: "Thou outcast of an outcast race! From loyalty to truth no lure Thy steps could turn,— its path obscure Content with even tread to pace. "With surer foot who could have scaled The vulgar heights? Conformist — thee With loud acclaim and jubilee Rabbles and rabbins would have hailed! 14 With tardy recognition now Memorial honors thee await— There, where on earth thine humble fate Thou didst accept with placid brow." THE Enough has been given of Mr. Ball's verse to show that it is more than respectable, that it gives even and sustained expression to many moods of the intellectual life, and that it was well worth collecting in this permanent form. Mr. Bunner's second book of verse is hardly as good as his first, although there is no lack of tenderness or of humor. Who but Mr. Bunner could have united those qualities as we find them united in these lines ? — "My love she leans from the window Af*r in a rosy land; An. I red as a rose are her blushes, And white as a rose her hand. "And the roses cluster around her, And mimic her tender grace; And nothing but roses can blossom Wherever she shows her face. *' I dwell in a land of winter, From my love a world apart — But the snow blooms over with roses At the thought of her in my heart. "This German style of poem Is uncommonly popular now; For the worst of us poets can do it — Since Heine showed us how." Of the verse in which humor is predominant, the rhymed epistle to Mr. Brander Matthews, apropos of the latter's volume of " Pen and Ink Sketches," is an excellent example, and yields us these lines for quotation: "Give me the old-time ink, black, flowing, free, And give, oh, give the old goose-quill to me — The goose-quill, whispering of humility. It whispers to the bard: 'Fly not too high! You flap your wings — remember, so could I. I cackled in my life-time, it is true; But yet again remember, so do You. And there were some things possible to me That possible to you will never be. I stood for hours on one columnar leg. And, if my sex were such, could lay an egg. Oh, well for you, if you could thus beget Material for your morning omelette; Or, if things came to such a desperate pass. Ton could in calm contentment nibble grass! Conceited bard! and can you sink to rest Upon the feather-pillow of your breast?"' Mr. Bunner's serious work includes some fine tributes to Grant and Sherman, as well as to the author's friends among men of letters. There is a mellow ripeness al>out the poems of Mr. Robert Underwood Johnson that re- veals both the cultured mind of the scholar and the trained sympathies of the man of active life. The demands of the heart and of the in- tellect are met, with nice adjustment, by these fine lyrics, sonnets, and occasional verses. In contemplative mood, the ]>oet sits by his fire- side in "The Winter Hour," and muses upon the beauties of art, literature, and landscape, con juring up such memories as these: "Now we traverse holy ground Where three miracles are found: One of beauty — when with dyes Of her own sunset Venice vies. One of beauty and of power — Kome, the crumbled Babel-Tower Of centuries piled on centuries — Scant refuge from oblivion's seas That swept about her. And the third? O heart, fly homeward like a bird. And look, from Bellosguardo's goal, Upon a city with a soul! Who that has climbed that heavenly height When all the west was gold with light, And nightingales adown the slope To listening Love were lending hope, Till they by vesper Wis were drowned. As though by censers filled with sound — Who — who would wish a worthier end To every journey? or not blend With those who reverently count This their Transfiguration Mount?" And then follows this exquisite song of " Love in Italy"": "They halted at the terrace wall; Below, the towered city lay; The valley in the moonlight's thrall Was silent in a swoon of May. As hand to hand spoke one soft word Beneath the friendly ilex-tree. They knew not, of the flame that stirred, What part was Love, what Italy. "Tliey knew what makes the moon more bright Where Beatrice and Juliet are,— The sweeter perfume in the night, The lovelier starlight in the star j And more that glowing hour did prove, Beneath the sheltering ilex-tree,— That Italy transfigures Love, As Love transfigures Italy." These extracts illustrate Mr. Johnson's work from its subjective side. But his outlook is no less clear than his inward vision, although it finds less frequent expression. It appears distinctly in "A Wish for New France," with which we close this brief exposition of the vol- ume's contents: "For her no backward look Into the bloody book Of kings. Thrice-rescued land! Her haunted graves bespeak A nobler fate: to seek In service of the world again the world's command. "She, in whose skies of peace Arise new auguries To strengthen, cheer, and guide — When nations in a horde Draw the unhallowed sword, 0 Memory, walk a warning spectre at her side!" Mr. Scollard's "Songs of Sunrise Lands" are the fruit of a recent sojourn in Greece, Egypt, and Palestine, and are distinctly su- perior to the author's earlier work. His po- etical instinct has grown deeper and surer, 52 [Jan. 16, THE and its grasp of a theme more firm. Musing in the Holy Land, he exclaims: "Oh, is it strange I should forget The world of turmoil and of fret; For one sweet hour should play no part. But be a Syrian to the heart! Clasp idleness unto my breast. And drain the very dregs of rest; Know all the joy that Haroun knew, And feel the power of Timur too!" That he has merged himself into the scenes and subjects that form the substance of his poems, is a claim that the volume amply sus- tains. For, although it is styled a volume of songs, the objective element is more marked than the subjective, and a pictorial or narra- tive talent, rather than a lyrical one, is that chiefly displayed. The book is full of such pictures as this: "Lo! in the sunset's heart one patriarch palm, A silhouette upon the evening calm, Catches the wandering eye that fain would rest Upon the changing wonders of the west; And while a bird uplifts a twilight psalm Above his mate in her leaf-hidden nest. We watch the black-edged frondage of the palm." The fine opening poem of the desert wind, "Khamsin," is a minor masterpiece : the group of fourteen Egyptian sonnets—"A Sonnet of Sonnets "— offers workmanship of a very high character; while the Greek pieces sing of the .lEgean, and the Acropolis, and the Salaminian Gulf, with a deep feeling for the glorious mem- ories forever there enshrined, and with a quick sympathy that does not fail to arouse respon- sive echoes. Mr. Ernest McGaffey's "Poems with Gun and Rod" is a book that will appeal to all lovers of out-door life. "The out-door man, after all, is the one with heart, For it cramps the body and soul to live in-doors; In out-door land the spirit high as an eagle soars," may be taken as the text of Mr. McGaffey's volume. The author is a careful observer of nature, and has embodied many of her wilder aspects in his song. Nothing is too minute to Ikj unworthy of record. "Nay, then, for trifles rude as these Shall Orpheus sweep the vibrant strings: A squirrel's brush, a sumach bough, A partridge, and a jay-bird's wings?" Why not? we may well ask, when the strings are swept by so skilful a hand. The fidelity of Mr. McGaffey's observation, and the deli- cacy of his touch, are well illustrated by such a stanza as the following: "Thick coverts in the island bogs, With here and there dark shallew pools, Where wriggling tadpoles swim in schools Around the black, half-sunken logs; And with its limbs like gaunt-hewn hands A sycamore's huge, knotted trunk, As some old, shorn, and wrinkled monk, Solemnly in the silence stands." Some of the poems give us more than close observation, blending with it a fine imaginative vision. Such verses as these upon the "Su- mach" are equally admirable as poetry and as natural history: "Coarse-grained and harsh the slender stalks Of wayside sumach stand. And each lithe branch uplifted seems As some cup-bearer, tanned. Who holds to Autumn's lips divine A goblet of sun-tinted wine With mute, adoring hand. "And deeply to the very lees The russet goddess drains Those jewelled cups that erst were filled From Summer's glowing veins — Hed draughts that hold the subtle sense Of pungent sylvan frankincense And misty later rains." Almost every phase of the sportsman's expe- rience in American woods and waters finds expression in these poems, and both sentiment and knowledge are alike adequate to convey the agrestic message. Many illustrations add to the charm of this acceptable volume. The late Miss Aldrich, whose " Songs about Life, Love, and Death " are now published in a very pretty volume, was a poet of no little promise. This, as well as her earlier volume, gives evidence of an unusual talent for the carving of what we may call lyric cameos. Her lyre has two strings, rather than three, for its melodies of life are inextricably woven with those of death, and its chords and progres- sions are all in minor key. The following verses are called "The Meaning ": "I lost my life in losing love. This blurred my Spring and killed its dove. Along my j>ath the dying roses Fell, and disclosed the thorns thereof. "1 found my life in finding God, In ecstasy I kiss the rod; For who that wins the goal but lightly Thinks of the thorns whereon he trod?" This is strongly suggestive of Emily Dickin- son, and the suggestion often recurs in turn- ing Miss Aldrich's pages. The verses called "Criticism " may be taken as a sort of answer to certain undeservedly harsh comments made upon the poet's earlier work. "She sang a song of death and battle. Through which one heard the cannon roll. They said, 4 0 wondrous gift of fancy, The glorious dower of poet-soul!' "She sang a song of love and jwtsion — Ixjve's land, she sang, was very fair. They said no more of wondrous fancy, They said, 'She lays her own heart bare.'" 1893.] THE DIAL 58 Many of Miss Aldrich's lyrics are songs of passion, but of a passion so spiritualized as to offer no mark for the jeers of the vulgar. Her talent was not unlike that of Miss Cora Fab- bri, and each of these writers suggests the other in the untimeliness of her recent death. "Some Rhymes of Ironquill of Kansas" are certainly nothing more than rhymes, and they are not always that. The author sometimes at- tempts blank verse, and the product is like this: "Into a frontier town of Kansas came An aborigine, with moccasins and war paint; And he bore the look — wan look — of the Untutored savage. And there also came A proud Caucasian, in boots and spurs and pistols Clad — a rover, full of strange oaths, and Bearded like his pard. He had a classic Brow. In youth, at Yale, a stroke-oar he Had been, and deemed a youth of power and culture Hare. They, each to each a stranger, Sought this Kansas village in pursuit Of ardent spirits." The following is a specimen of IronquQl's M rhymes": "We have made the State of Kansas, And to-day she stands complete — First in Freedom, first in wheat; And her future years will meet Ripened hopes and richer stanzas.'1 "Richer" in one sense her stanzas are not likely to become. Neither Poet Peacock nor Poet Campbell has produced any more amusing doggerel than this. Ironquill is sometimes play- ful, and his effusions, when in this mood, are of the sort here illustrated: "Once a Kansas zephyr strayed Where a brass-eyed bird-pup played; And that foolish canine bayed At that zephyr, in a gay Semi-idiotic way. Then that zephyr, in about Half a jiffy, took that pup. Tipped him over, wrong side up; Then it turned him wrong side out. "And it calmly journeyed thence With a barn and string of fence." There is abundant "richness," too, in "The Washerwoman's Song": 4' In a very humble cot, In a rather quiet spot, In the suds and in the soap. Worked a woman full of hop«; Working, singing, all alone, In a sort of undertone: 'With the Savior for a friend. He will keep me to the end.1 "1 have seen her rub and scrub, On the washboard in the tub. While the baby, sopped in suds, Rolled and tumbled in the duds; Or was paddling in the pools, With old scissors stuck in spools; She still humming of her friend Who would keep her to the end." This inane bathos occupies the place of honor in IronquiU's volume. There are things in the book not quite so absurdly bad as those we have quoted, but nothing that was really worth writing. How such stuff ever found its way into a book is the darkest of mysteries. But perhaps it is some kind of a joke. "Shall humanity to me. Like my Kansas prairies, be Echoless?" asks Ironquill. Not, at least, as far as we are concerned. Verse is sometimes so preposter- ous as to be diverting, and IronquiU's verse seems well fitted to supply our serious article with a saving element of humor. William Morton Payne. Briefs on New Books. tu best study AKTHUR Waugh's "Alfred, yet made of Lord Tennyson: A Study of His Tennyton'. vorL L;f(J Work ( TJnited S^teS Book Co.) is a better book than we should have thought it possible for anyone not having access to the biographical material in possession of Lord Ten- nyson's family to write. The final and authorita- tive life of the late Laureate, to be prepared by the present Lord Tennyson, will, of course, supersede all other works of the sort, but it is not likely to be given to the world for some time, and in the mean- while we may be very well content with Mr. Waugh's admirable biography. It should be men- tioned at once that Mr. Waugh's book is no hasty compilation, called into existence by the death of the poet, but the product of two years' careful work, just at the point of completion when its subject was taken from among the living. It is based mainly upon facts previously given to the public, but scat- tered among so many books, periodicals, and news- papers, that no little industry was requisite for bringing thein together. We find in its pages hardly anything that is absolutely new, but many things upon which we should have found it difficult to place our hands. One anecdote, indeed, is en- tirely unfamiliar to us, and we give it in Mr. Waugh's own words: •' About the time that' The Princess' was engaging the attention of London, Tennyson left the city for a visit to the country. One morning, Mr. Coventry Patmore, then occu- pied at the British Museum, received a letter froin Ids friend, saying that he had left, in the drawer of liia lodging-house dressing-table, the entire and only manuscript of 'In Memoriam,' begging Patmore. moreover, to rescue it for him. Patmore hurried to the lodgings, to find the room in the possession of a new tenant, and the landlady very unwilling to have cupboards and drawers ransacked. It was not without much persuasion that Patmore was ad- mitted to the room, where he found the manuscript 54 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL still untouched." Upon the biographical side of Mr. Waugh's book, we regret only that he should have repeated certain anecdotes of doubtful origin, reflecting upon the poet's courtesy in personal in- tercourse, and of the kind that may safely be left to newspapers of the ghoulish type, if indeed they did not there have their origin. The recent popu- lar currency of such stories relating to Tennyson, and the similar (and perhaps more baseless) fabri- cations respecting the late Mr. Arnold, should sol- emnly warn a serious writer against offering the slightest encouragement to this manifestation of the journalistic spirit. "See what a little heart!" is a cry too frequently echoed by the newspapers when discussing the autopsy of a great man of let- ters. We do not quite like the author's remarks about the Eyre matter. We know that Tennyson, with Carlyle, Kingsley, and Raskin, was a sub- scriber to the Eyre defence fund, but those who took the other view of that controversy are hardly to be described as "a religious and extremely ill- advised body of persons." or as collectively "pon- derous and narrow-minded." Passion ran high upon that occasion, but there were two sides to the question. We cannot agree with the author in de- scribing Mill, Spencer, Huxley, Goldwin Smith, and John Bright (who were all on the Jamaica Com- mittee ) as having been wholly ill-advised or actu- ated by religious narrow-mindedness. And Mr. Waugh is certainly unhappy, to say the least, when he quotes from a letter of Tennyson, dated 1891, apropos of the Jewish persecution in Russia, saying of the Czar: "I can hardly believe that he is fully aware of the barbarities perpetrated with his appar- ent sanction," and adds: •• The spirit that was stirred into lire by the Eyre rebellion was still smouldering at Tennyson's heart." As a work of criticism, Mr. Waugh's book is so modest that its real excellence requires a little emphasis on the part of the reviewer. It is probably the most judicious and discriminating study of Tennyson's whole work that has yet been made, and it does, among other things, nearly adequate justice to the dramatic works. Finally, we must say that the book is dig- nified in its mechanical execution, as well as abund- antly and beautifully illustrated. . ~ , i-, Mb. Stopford A. Brooke's "His- A popular history , o//;.ir/y English tory of Early English Literature" A'""'"n- (Macmillan) embodies the fullest treatment that has yet been given this subject in any work of popular character. It covers only the period ending with the accession of Alfred the Great, when "literature, both Latin and English, had perished, after a career of two hundred years." The literature of this first period "begins in the older England over the sea," and, except for the Latin writings of Bceda and a few others, is wholly a literature of poetry, and mainly a Northumbrian literature. This vernacular literature is comprised within the Exeter and Vercelli books, the epic of "Beowulf," the Caedmonian poems, and the two fragments. " Waldhere " and " The Fight at Finns- burg." In the two centuries covered by Mr. Brooke's work, "our forefathers produced exam- ples, and good examples for the time, of religious, narrative, elegiac, descriptive, and even, in some sort, of epic poetry. This is a fact of singular in- terest. There is nothing like it — at this early period — elsewhere in Europe." The author's method of treatment is to devote special chapters to the several monuments of Anglo-Saxon poetry, and other special chapters to such subjects as " The Conquest and Literature," "Christianity and Lit- erature," "The Sea," and " Literature in Northum- brian' By this double method, we are given both general and special views of the earliest age of En- glish poetry. Many translations illustrate the his- torical and descriptive text, and their preparation has been a matter of much study. After some ex- periments in various measures, the author finally adopted an essentially trochaic movement, capable of considerable variety, in divided lines, preserving the alliteration as far as possible. Here is a char- acteristic specimen from the " Andreas ": "Snow did bind the earth With the whirling winter flakes; and the weathers grew Cold with savage scours of hail; while the sleet and frost— Gangers gray of wax were they— locked the granges up Of the heroes, and folk-hamlets.' Frozen hard were lands With the chilly icicles; Shrunk the courage of the water, O'er the running rivers ice upraised a bridge; And the Sea-road shone." The author presents his method of translation with quite unnecessary diffidence; it is, in its results, the most satisfactory with which we are acquainted. In fact, no other book exists in English from which a reader unacquainted with Anglo-Saxon may gain so vivid a sense of the literary quality of our earliest poetry. In other respects, also, the book is clearly superior to its predecessors in the same field. As no other such history, it keeps constantly before the mind the essential unity of all English literature. "Here, then, in the two hundred years between 670 and 870, the roots of English poetry, the roots of that vast over-shadowing tree, were set; and here its first branches clothed themselves with leaves. Here, like the oaks of Dodona, it be- gan to discourse its music; and there is not a mur- mur now of song in all its immemorial boughs which does not echo from time to time with the themes and the passion of its first melodies." Mr. Brooke is the first writer who has realized this fact and given it adequate expression and illustration. His broad culture, moreover, and his wide acquaint- ance with the best things in other literatures than the English, have enabled him to illuminate his his- tory with those side-lights of comparison and quo- tation which bring a special period into relations with the universal literary spirit. If he be spared to carry out his expressed intention of writing a history of the entire course of English poetry, we may confidently predict that the completed work will far surpass anything of the sort now existing, or likely to be produced by any other living writer. 1893.] 55 THE DIAL _, . , n ■ Under the title of "Darwin and The vieurs of Darwin , in ike Ugkt of the After Darwin (Open Court Pub. iairti researches. /~i \ n t» . Co.) Dr. Romanes proposes to give, in three volumes, a full account of the theories of Evo- lution in life, and of the discussions and discoveries which have followed the publication of the "Origin of Species.'' The first volume of this series has now appeared under the title of •• The Darwinian The- ory." The book is an admirable presentation of the views of Darwin in the light of the latest dis- coveries and inductions. The influence of Natural Selection in all its relations is freely discussed in a simple, lucid, and non-technical manner. The the- ories and conclusions of Darwin form the basis of the argument, while the illustrations are largely new. The volume has therefore a freshness unusual in elementary treatises of the kind. As an intro- duction to the study of Evolution, and as an expo- sition of the views of Darwin and his followers, this book can be commended as the best yet pub- lished. The volume gives also a pleasant relief from the discussions of the Neo-Darwinians and the Neo-Lamarckians. Mr. Romanes avoids, on the one hand, the extreme views of those writers who find in the Darwinian principle of Natural Selec- tion almost the sole element in the formation of species, and, on the other hand, he is not one of those who assign to Natural Selection a secondary place or ignore it altogether. Many recent authors seem to forget that the Natural Selection of favor- able variations is really the only wide-reaching ele- ment in organic Evolution, the existence of which admits of no question. We have no logical right to belittle it in the interest of supposed factors, the value or the existence of which is yet to be shown. As the smoke of this conflict blows away, it is evi- dent that with the enormous increase of knowledge in many special lines, the situation in general re- mains unchanged. What we know of the process of Evolution is still in accord with what Darwin has taught us. So far as the scientific method is fol- lowed, we are still kept very close to the lines laid down by the master. The Evolution of the future will not be very far diverse from Darwinism. ... Mr. Worth ingtox C. Ford is iust .\ine years oj . J. the daily life of completing for us his superb edition Genera Wash ngton.^ ^ypjjjjjgg 0f Washington. Wor- thy to take a place on the shelves beside that mon- umental work is a single volume recently published by the Lippincott Co.— Mr. William S. Baker's "Itinerary of General Washington from June 15, 1775, to December 23. 1783." Mr. Baker origin- ally published the substance of this book in the •' Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biogra- phy," and now republishes in a more accessible form, with large additions for the first three years. One may here follow the movements of the General of the Continental Army, almost day by day, for nearly nine years. The record is made up from Washington's letters, dispatches, and orderly book, from other contemporary letters and diaries, from •• Thacher's Military Journal," extracts from cur- rent newspapers, and from the Journal of Congress. The events, thus made into one continuous record, are very wisely allowed to speak for themselves, with only the minimum of occasional explanation needed to give the bearing of an excerpt. The work is ad- mirably done by both editor and publishers, and the book is a necessity to all students of the War of the Revolution. As a frontispiece is given Charles Willson Peale's fine portrait of 1780. We cannot do better than quote a closing sentence from the editor's brief introductory note: "As day by day we follow Washington through the pages of the Itinerary, we become more and more impressed with the earnestness, steadfastness, and truthfulness of his character, and feel assured that to his high sense of duty, and almost sleepless vigilance, we are mainly indebted for the successful issue of the bat- tle for freedom." .... A valuable book for the general A new and valuable ® History of France reader is " r ranee Under the Regen- from feel to 1723. cy„ by James fi perkins (Hough- ton). More than half the volume is a preliminary "Review of the Administration of Louis XIV.," so that the narrative really covers the years from 1661 to 1723. There is no sketch in English that does the work so well for this period as the book under consideration. Mr. Perkins has consulted the docu- mentary evidences, and has written an original piece of work. The most valuable portions of the book are the chapters on Colbert, The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and The Mississippi Com- pany. Mr. Perkins attempts the whitewashing pro- cess for both Louis XIV. and the Regent Orleans, — and this seems to be the purpose of his book,— but as, happily, the historian precedes the advocate, and presents the facts which condemn the men whom he desires to reintroduce to good society, there is no danger that anyone will be misled by his most interesting pages. The account of Col- bert's taxing scheme has the merit of showing that the great administrator was neither the father of Protection for France nor of her manufactures. Rather was he the McKinley of a country old in protective practices as well as in manufacturing in- dustries. The narrative of Law's scheme and the consequent Mississippi Bubble is admirable in its comprehensive clearness, and sets forth fully that sanguine yet suspicious French temperament which recent exposures in France indicate to be a peren- nial quality. .A companion volume to the preced- The causes and , ...... conditions of the ing, and of equal merit in its faith- French Revolution. {uJ portrayalj ig Mr. E. J. LoWell'g "Eve of the French Revolution" (Houghton). These two volumes make a graphic introduction to Morse Stephens's great History of the Revolution, of which two volumes are issued. Historians are beginning to explain the French Revolution and not merely to write essays upon it, and the ex- planation consists in giving full and accurate de- 56 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL tails, both of the event and of the years that pre- ceded it. Mr. Lowell's sketches of the various classes which made up the French people bring out the respective privileges and privations which made life intolerable to the great mass of Frenchmen in the eighteenth century. Then follows an account of French taxation and finance under the last Bour- bons, and the remaining portion of the book is given to the expression of criticism, revolt, and pro- test in the writings of philosophers, literary men, pamphleteers, and finally in the cahiers presented to the States General. With the three works in one's hands — Perkins, Lowell, and Stephens — it is now possible for the English reader to read un- derstandingly that masterpiece of genius—Carlyle's "French Revolution." Sketches and picture* of Canadian travels. "On Canada's Frontiers," which comes to us with all the advantages of Harper's most substantial and handsome book-making, consists of a series of ar- ticles prepared originally for " Harper's Magazine." In reading Mr. Ralph's pleasant pages one is apt to think with Horace, Omne tulit punctum qui miscuit utile dulci. Mr. Ralph has the nice art of convey- ing quantities of information, detail, statistics even, without ever forgetting that his office is to enter- tain. In the chapters entitled " A Skin for a Skin" and "Talking Musquash" will be found a very vivid and rememberable sketch of the great Hud- son Bay Company's career. The chapter on "Big Fishing" will fill many an angler's heart with long- ing for the marvellous runs and eddies of the Nep- igon. And from the enthusiastic but careful study called " Canada's Eldorado" the world may learn, what Canadians themselves are still far from real- izing,— the boundless possibilities of the Mountain Province, British Columbia, an area "as extensive as the combination of New England, the Middle States, and Maryland, the Virginias, the Carolinas, and Georgia, leaving Delaware out. Mr. Ralph writes in a broad and appreciative spirit. The illustrations by Frederic Remington are full of vitality and freshness. More than a hundred years have lel^'wattnato,,?***** since Mary, the mother of George Washington, passed from this life, "upheld by unfaltering faith in the prom- ises of the Bible, and by full belief in the commun- ion of the saints." It seems somewhat strange that she should have waited so long for a biographer, not only because that with her rested nearly all the responsibility and care of the education and training of her illustrious son, but because of her own strik- ing personality. Lafayette said of her in 1784, "I have seen the oidy Roman matron living at this day." The adopted son of the first President wrote of her thirty-seven years after her death, "Had she been of the olden time, statues would have been erected to her memory at the Capitol, and she would have been called the Mother of Romans." All that we now read of her in the recently-issued "Story of Mary Washington" (Houghton), as told by Marion Harland, tends to confirm these high opin- ions. The book is a valuable contribution to the history of the environment which helped to make Washington; its illustrations serve to assist the mind in realizing the conditions of life in Virginia at the most interesting period of its history. BRIEFER MENTION. A complete edition, iu a single volume, of the "Poems" of Mrs. Julia C. R. Dorr is published by the Scribners, with the kindly and placid features of the author as a portrait frontispiece. Mrs. Dorr's verse has a secure place in many hearts, and this tasteful volume is well assured of readers. We also have, beautifully printed and illustrated, "Poems by Helen Jackson" (Roberts), being a complete collection of Mrs. Jackson's poetical writings. Nearly as numerous as the hooks for children are the books about children. To the latter class belongs a small volume called "Children : Their Models and Critics" (Harper), by Auretta Roys Aldrich. It is a book designed for the practical guidance of mothers during the early years of the life of their children and at the period most vital for consistent and successful character-building. Mr. W. £. Addis has undertaken a new English trans- lation of the Hexateuch, and has furthermore attempted to separate the various narratives, arranging them in chronological order. His work, entitled "The Documents of the Hexateuch " (Putnam) is to occupy two volumes, of which the first is now at hand. It has for a special title "The Oldest Book of Hebrew History," and includes the Jahvist and Elohist narratives, which Mr. Addis be- lieves " were combined iu one book before they were united with the other documents of the Hexateuch." The two are not distinguished except in cases where the ev- idence is particularly good. Mr. Addis claims to be the first to undertake this work in English for the en- tire Hexateuch, it having previously been done for Gen- esis alone. The latest edition of Lamb's " Essays of Elia" (Lit- tle, Brown & Co.) is iu two volumes, and distinguished by a thoughtful introduction, the work of Mr. George E. Woodberry. For the rest, it is an edition dignified in form and typography, well worthy of a place upon the shelf of standard classics. It is a book that "no gentleman's library should be without," although not in the sense in which its author used the phrase. A few belated Holiday books must have a word of mention. "My Little Friends" (Lee & Shepard) is a volume of authentic baby portraits, selected, and pro- vided with verse quotations, by Mr. E. Heinrichs. "Baby McKee " appears as a frontispiece. Sheridan's "The School for Scaudal " (Dodd) appears in a beautiful vol- ume, with illustrations (several being aquarelles) by- Mr. Frank M. Gregory. "Christmas Every Day and Other Stories" (Harper), by Mr. W. D. Howells, is a book for children, as are also the "Stories" of Mr. Ascott R. Hope (Macinillan), and Miss Eftie W. Merri- man's "The Conways" (Lee & Shepard). Those who are fond of literary trifles may find their account in five recent volumes. Mr. Barry Pain's "Playthings and Parodies " (Cassell) contains some ex- 1893.] 57 THE DIAL cellent fooling in the way of imitations anil humorous essays. Semi-humorous at least, and far from unread- able, is Mr. J. M. Barrie's " A Holiday in Bed and Other Sketches " (N. Y. Publishing Co.), which includes a sketch and portrait of their author. There can be no doubt about the humor of " Model Music-Hall Songs and Dramas" (U. S. Book Co.), for they are the work of Mr. Guthrie (F. Anstey), and reproduced from "Punch." We also note the appearance of a second series of Mr. Guthrie's " Voces Populi" (Longmans). The last of our volumes, " Flying Visits" (U. S. Book Co.), by Mr. Harry Furniss, has humor both verbal and pictorial. The author's impressions of his travels " are in no way colored," he informs us, for the obvious rea- son that the articles containing them were first published in " Black and White." Recently published school text-hooks include " The Foundations of Rhetoric" (Harper), by the veteran Prof. A. S. Hill; " A Primary French Translation Book" (Heath), by Messrs. W. S. Lyon andG. de H. Larpent; "How to Teach Writing" (American Book Co.), a manual of penmanship by Mr. Lyman D. Smith; "En- glish Classics for Schools" (American Book Co.), in- cluding Scott's "I vanhoe," Shakespeare's "Julius Cesar" and "Twelfth Night," Macanlay's second "Earl of Chatham " essay, the "Roger de Coverley " papers, and selections from Irving's " Sketch Book"; "Nature Stories for Young Readers" (Heath), by Miss M. Florence Bass; "Important Events in the World's History" (Cincinnati: The Author), compiled by Miss Phcebc Elizabeth Thorns; "The Story of the Iliad" (Macinil- lan), told in simple prose by the Rev. Alfred J. Church; "Select Orations and Letters of Cicero" (Allyn & Bacon), edited by Prof. F. \V. Kelsey; "The Laud We Live In" (Lee & Shepard), being the fourth of Mr. Charles F. King's series of " Picturesque Geographical Readers"; "Old-English Phonology " (Heath), by Dr. George Hempl; and "A Short History of English Literature for Young People" (McClurg), by Miss E. S. Kirkland. We have only space to name the following collections of short stories, although their authors arc of the best who cater in this kind. "David Alden's Daughter, and Other Stories of Colonial Times" (Houghton), is a vol- ume by Mrs. Jane G. Austin, who has given us so many vivid historical sketches of life in old Massachusetts. "Mr. Billy Downs and His Likes" (Webster), by Colonel Richard Malcolm Johnston, once more gives a faithful reproduction of Georgian character and speech. "The Last Touches and Other Stories" (Macmillan) is a volume by Mrs. W. K. Clifford, who works best upon a narrow canvas. Mr. Julian Stnrgis has collected, in "After Twenty Years and Other Stories" (Longmans), a number of his contributions to the English maga- zines. Still other new volumes of short stories are "King Billy of Ballarat and Other Stories" (Rand, McNally & Co.), by Mr. Morley Roberts; " Arniais and Others" (Schulte), by Mrs. Lindon W. Bates; "A Dead Level and Other Episodes" (Moulton), by Miss Fanny Purdy Palmer; and "Holiday Stories" (Price- McGill Co.), by Mr. Stephen Fiske. The following new novels are by American writers: "An American Nobleman" (Schulte), by Mr. William Armstrong; "The Devil's Gold " (Morrill, Higgins & Co.), a story of ancient Mexico, by Mr. Oscar F. G. Day; "Witch Winnie's Studio" (Dodd), a story of art life, by Miss Elizabeth W. Champnay; "An Artist in Crime" (Putnam), by Mr. Rodrigues Ottolengni; "My Flirtations" (Lippincott), by Miss Margaret Wynman; "Winterborough" (Houghton), a tale of New England village life, by Miss Eliza Orne White; "Barbara Dering " (Lippincott), a sequel to " The Quick and the Dead," by Mrs. Anie'lie Rives Chanler; "Jane Field" (Harper), by Miss Mary E. Wilkins; "From Dusk to Dawn " (Appleton), by Miss Katharine Pearson Woods; and "Characteristics" (Centurv Co.), by Dr. S. Weir Mitchell. Mrs. Emma Marshall's " In the Service of Rachel Lady Russell " (Macmillan) is a semi-historical novel of religious character, based upon facts gathered from Bur- net, Tillotson, and other seventeenth century authori- ties. "The Siege of Norwich Castle" (Macmillan) by Mr. M. M. Blake, takes us still farther back in English history, for it is, like Kingsley's " Hereward," a story of the final phase of Saxon resistance to the Conqueror. The following new English novels are of more modern interest: "The Princess of Peele " (Lovell, Gestefeld & Co.), by Mr. William Westall; "Adrift in a Great City" (Macmillan), by Mr. M. E. Winchester; "An Excellent Knave (National Book Co.), by Mr. J. Fitzgerald Molloy; and "The Cuckoo in the Nest" (U. S. Book Co.), by the veteran Mrs. Oliphaut. IjITEUAKY Xotks and Xews, Prof. J. K. Hosmer is engaged in preparing a biog- raphy of Governor Hutchinson of Massachusetts. Messrs. D. C. Heath & Company announce Pierre Loti's " Pecheur d'lslande," annotated for use as a school text. The original manuscript of "Poems by Two Broth- ers," recently sold at auction in London, brought nearly £500. "Studies of Religious History," a posthumous volume of fragments by Renan, has jnst been published in London. The first part of an illustrated history of Norwegian literature, by Henrik Jaeger, has just been published in Christiania. A " School Review," devoted to secondary education, and edited by President Sclmrman of Cornell, will make its appearance this month. The Vatican has just refused to receive as Minister from Spain Seiior Juan Valera, on the ground of the heretical opinions expressed in his novels. A blank verse dramatization of Kingsley's "Hypa- tia" has just been produced at the Hayniarket in Lon- don, under the direction of Mr. Beerbohm Tree. The late Miss Edwards founded a chair of Egypt- ology at University College, Oxford, and Mr. W. M. Flinders Petrie has been selected as its first occupant. J. H. Hooyer, a Dutch critic of considerable repu- tation, died a few weeks ago. For the last quarter of a centurv he has l>een a constant contributor to "De Gids."" "Poetry in Italy" is the subject of an interesting article in "The Nation" for December 22. It deals mainly with the two Bolognese poets, Stecchetti and Car- ducci. Mrs. Oliphant's forthcoming " Victorian Age of En- glish Literature" will contain a number of hitherto un- published letters from distinguished authors, discussing their own works. [Jan. 16, The Toronto " Week " has changed its form, the pages being reduced in size and increased in number. It is far more handy in its present shape than formerly, and deserves more readers than ever. "The Statesmanship of William H. Seward, as Seen in His Public Career prior to 1801," u pamphlet by Mr. Andrew Estreni, contains a thesis presented to Cor- nell University with the author's application for a de- gree. In the January "Forum," Dr. J. M. Rice continues his exposure of the faults of our public school system. In this number he deals with the schools of New York, and reveals a state of things that must be described as shocking. The name "Alan St. Aubyn," appearing upon the title- page of some pretty stories of English university life, is, it seems, the pseudonym of Miss Frances Marshall, of Cambridge, England. Two new novels from her pen are announced by Messrs. Rand, McNally & Co. The January "Book Buyer" prints, in autograph facsimile, the literary preferences of Messrs. Brander Matthews, Joel Chandler Harris, T. R. Sullivan, and Miss Agnes Repplier, expressed after the fashion of the "Mental Photograph Album " of a past generation. Mrs. Frances Hodgson Burnett's account of " The Drury Lane Boy's Club" is published as a booklet by the Scribners. It is copyrighted by Master Vivian Burnett, who set up the type in his own printing estab- lishment in the basement of the family residence at Washington. The Twentieth Century Club of Chicago has from the very start made addresses by representatives of the dramatic art a distinctive feature of its programme. In past seasons the club has been addressed by Signor Salvini, Mr. Charles Wyndham, Mr. Joseph Jefferson, and the late Mr. Florence. On the 12th of this month Mr. Edward S. Willard was the guest of the club, and spoke seriously, as well as entertainingly, upon "Plays, Players, and Playgoers." Four of the novels of Mr. F. Marion Crawford were published by Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Company. The Macmillans have now obtained possession of these copyrights, and will add the novels in question to their uniform edition, thus making the set complete. Mr. Crawford's forthcoming novel, "The Children of the King," is a story of Calabria. The novelist will give "A Talk about Calabria," with some extracts from this novel, before the Twentieth Century Club of Chicago, the evening of February 3. Topics in Leading Periodicals. January, 1893 i Second List). Alamo, The. lllus. R. H. Titherington. Munsey's Magazine. Alaska and the Reindeer. Illus. J. C. Cantwell. Californian. Alcohol Question in Switzerland. Annals Am. Academy. American Verse, Recent. W.M.Payne. Dial The New. H. Miinsterberg. Harv. Grad. Mag. Renan. M. D. Conway. Monist. Romans, Did they Degenerate? Mary E. Case. Jour, of Eth. Seligman's Taxation. E. A. Ross. Annals Am. Academy. Social Progress, Ethics of. F. H. Giddings. Jour, of Ethics. Spoken Literature. Charles Barnard. Chautauquan. St. Paul's Church, Narragansett. Alice Earle. New Eng. Mag. Surgery, Advance of. P. F. Chambers. Munsey's Mag. Tennyson. Illus. Arthur K. Woodbury. Californian. University Extension in America. Illus. Rev. of Reviews. Wall of China, The. Illus. Romyn Hitchcock. Century. Whittier. Illus. Elizabeth Stuart Phelps. Century. Wilson, John. Illus. Henry A. Beers. Century. Woman'sC.T.U. Illus. D.J.Spencer. Californian. Woman's Cruelty and Pity. Guillaume Ferrero. Monist. Women in Greek History. Emily F. Wheeler. Chautauquan. List of New Books. [The following list, embracing 5:i titles, includes all books received by The Dial since last issue.] ART. Drawing and Kngravtngr: A Brief Exposition of Technical Principles and Practice. By Philip Gilbert Haraerton, author of " Etching and Etchers." Illus.. small 4to, pp. 172, gilt top, uncut edges. Maemillan & Co. 87.00. BIOGRAPHY. Sir Henry Maine: A Brief Memoir of his Life. By the Rt. Hon. Sir M. E. Grant Duff. G.C.S.I. With some of his Indian speeches and minutes, selected and edited by Whitney Stokes, D. C. L. With portrait, 8vo, pp. 4.r>l, uncut. Henry Holt & Co. Sii.oO. LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE. Familar Talks on English Literature. From the English Conquest of Britain, 44i>, to the Death of Walter Scott, 1832. By Abby Sage Richardson. New and revised edition, 8vo, pp. 4.'«. A. C. McClurg