been
improved by omissions as well as additions. The
first edition contains a paragraph beginning
thus: "' What shall we do with our ex-Presi-
dents?' is a question often put in America but
never yet answered." The present volume
quietly and sensibly drops the paragraph out.
The grave discussion of the question was an in-
* The American Commonwealth. By James Bryce.
Third edition, revised and rewritten. Volume I. New York:
Macruillan & Co.
dication that even Mr. Bryce might nod. For
we all know that with all our queries the one
that troubles us least is what to do with Mr.
Harrison. The American to the manner born
wonders why we should do anything with him.
By a few changes and omissions of this kind
Mr. Bryce has slightly improved his book. It
was capable of only slight improvement. Es-
pecially can he not be charged with lack of ap-
preciation of American sentiment and impulses.
If the book were crowded with inaccuracies in
fact and figure, it would stand as a marvelous
proof of the man's sympathetic and sensitive
nature which has enabled him to feel the very
pulse-beat, to breathe the very spirit, of a great
nation — and that, too, a curiously composite
one.
Some of the errors of the earlier editions
have not been corrected. Many have been,
and the book stands to-day almost faultless.
So many beneficial changes have been made
that one is led to regret that the impossible was
not realized and the work turned out free from
the slightest mistakes. It seems necessary here
to point out one or two statements that may be
corrected in some future edition.
On page 268 it is stated that the case of
"Marbury vs. Madison " was decided in 1801,
whereas it was not in reality until 1808 that
the decision was rendered. On the same page
we find the statement that in 1806 the Supreme
Court for the first time declared a state statute
void. What case that was we are not told.
The fact is that the first case was that of
"Fletcher vs. Peck," decided in 1810.
On page 384 it is said that when Marshall
became Chief Justice only two cases on consti-
tutional law had beeu pronounced by the court
and between that time and his death fifty-one
were given. This is a curiously striking blun-
der to appear in three editions of a book which
has been examined and criticised by specialists
on constitutional law on both sides of the At-
lantic. There were at least six cases decided
by the beginning of this century, and while
Marshall presided over the court there were
sixty-one decisions given on constitutional
points. Twice Mr. Bryce refers to the case of
»Kilbourn vs. Thompson" (103 U. S. 168)
and each time evidently mistakes the conclu-
sions of the court. It was not decided in
that case that "inasmuch as the constitu-
tion could not be shown to have conferred on
either House of Congress any power to punish
for contempt, that power did not exist." The
court did not dare to make such an extreme


1893.]
311
DIAL
statement, but contented itself with declaring,
as a general proposition: "We are sure no
person can be punished for contumacy as a
witness before either House, unless his testi-
mony is required in a matter into which that
House has jurisdiction to enquire."
One alteration has been made which cor-
rects a mistake of the first edition, but which
now conveys a wrong impression. The first
edition had these words: "Although it cannot
initiate appropriation bills, the Senate has long
ago made good its claim to amend them." The
present edition reads: "Although it cannot
initiate revenue-raising bills, the Senate long
ago made good its claim to amend appropria-
tion bills." The impression left by the first
sentence is that no appropriation bills can orig-
inate in the Senate; whereas the truth is, of
course, that it is a mere usage which gave to
the House the right to introduce the general
appropriation bills. But the statement as now
corrected leaves the impression that revenue-
raising bills cannot be amended in the Upper
House,— an assertion as far from the truth as
the former.
These are but trivial faults to find with this
magnificent monument of scholarly insight and
sagacious judgment. The work is too great
to need laudation. The particular volume be-
fore me is one of the forty-sixth thousand.
Could there be better proof of the greatness of
the book than this evidence of popular appre-
ciation? Such figures certainly prove that
not only yellow-covered tales of blood-curdling
horror appeal to the reading public.
It is certainly amusing to see the good hu-
mor and glee with which the American peo-
ple have taken Mr. Bryce's severe strictures
upon their political institutions. For there is
no denying that our cumbersome machine has
received some severe criticism. But the whole
book has about it such an air of candor and
hearty good-will that one is led to take an ob-
jective stand and quite to sympathize with the
critic. Yet the careful student of politics
must have stopped at times to wonder whether
the denunciation of congressional government,
which has been indulged in from the time that
Bagehot first wrote, is altogether merited.
Bryce is more gentle than Bagehot, but in
many respects their criticisms and conclusions
agree. But parliamentary and congressional
government are on trial, and only time can
make the proper test. The day may not be
far distant when England will wish that her
government, which is now a machine of such
delicacy, so quickly responsive to public will,
were provided with an effective second cham-
ber and an independent executive. Congres-
sional government with all its wastefulness
and its cumbersomeness, with its diffusion of
power and its friction of complicated mechan-
ism, may prove ultimately the better form for
a popular state with universal suffrage. It
may be perfectly true that a government like
that of England "that yields and must yield
to the slightest wish of the House of Commons,
is only possible so long as that House is the
organ of an ' educated minority.'"
Andrew C. McLaughlin.
Univertity of Michigan.
The Stohy of a Cavalry Regiment.*
Lieutenant Scott's recent " Story of a Cav-
alry Regiment" is the history of the Fourth
Iowa Veteran Regiment from the time of its
enlistment in 1861, until its final discharge in
1865. The author, however, has made of his
book much more than a record of the single
organization, which it modestly assumes to be,
and has told, in a very interesting way, the
history of a great part of the War of the Re-
bellion in the states of Missouri, Arkansas,
Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama, where
the Fourth Iowa served; and has written the
military biography of one of the most brilliant
cavalry officers whom the Volunteer Army of
the Union produced.
Colonel and Brevet Brigadier-General Ed-
ward F. Winslow began his career as a soldier
with the rank of captain, which he obtained
by the votes of the company he had raised in
the Fourth Iowa, and rose by sheer merit to
the command of the regiment, on July 4,
1863. He was a commander of whom the
whole country may well be proud; his courage
was undoubted, his coolness in danger mani-
fest on many occasions, and his fertility of re-
source, when carrying out his orders, such as
to make him a favorite officer with General
Sherman and other corps commanders under
whom he served, while his influence and devo-
tion to duty created of his regiment a body
of veterans which became well-nigh invinci-
ble, before the close of the Rebellion, unless
•The Story of a Cavalry Regiment: The Career of
the Fourth Iowa Volunteers.'from Kansas to Georgia, 18G1-5.
By William Forse Scott, late Adjutant. New York: G. P.
Putnam's Sons.


312
[May 16,
THE
DIAL
greatly outnumbered by the force opposed to it.
The first campaign in which the Fourth Iowa
took part was in the spring of 1862, when the
command was ordered to join the Army of the
South-West, which under General Curtis had
just won the victory of Pea-Ridge. On the
14th of April the Regiment broke camp at
Springfield, Missouri, marching south on the
Ozark Road, and on the 16th entered upon ac-
tive service, which was, however, confined to
scouting in detachments in front and on the
flanks of the Army, as it moved Eastward
from Pea-Ridge to West Plains, Arkansas,
and then by way of Batesville to Helena, where
the campaign ended.
The service was very fatiguing, and many
of the men suffered from sickness, so that
Lieutenant Scott records that the mounted col-
umn of the regiment was diminished in num-
ber almost as if a plague had struck it. The
marching had been nearly continuous, much of
the time iu excessive rain and heat, and the
new soldiers reached their camp at Helena
thoroughly discouraged and worn out. From
July 15,1862, until April, 1863, the regiment
remained on duty in or near Helena, Arkansas,
and during these months was reorganized un-
der general orders of the War Department, to
its great advantage; the companies were kept
busy with the duties of the soldier, improving
in drill and esprit de corps, under the stimulus
of various small expeditions, which prepared
the command for the more dangerous service
to come. Lieutenant Scott tells the story of
this long tour of duty briefly but well, in the
third chapter of his book, and the reader can
readily understand how the regiment, both offi-
cers and men, was gaining experience which
could not fail to make it the splendid organ-
ization which it was destined to become.
On the 29th of April, 1863, the Fourth
Iowa embarked at Helena, and on the 30th
landed at Millikin's Bend, becoming part of
the army which, under General Grant, was
operating against Vicksburg. The General
was just beginning his move upon the Rebel
stronghold from the South, and on Sunday,
May 10, the regiment joined the main army
at Cayuga, where it was assigned to General
Sherman's corps, the Fifteenth, and at once
placed in the advance. Until the middle of
June, the Fourth was the only cavalry regi-
ment in Grant's army, and the service de-
manded of it was therefore correspondingly
great; it was literally incessant labor, per-
formed in very hot weather, with poor horses
and steady decrease in numbers capable of
duty, caused by disease.
The command first met the enemy at Four-
teen Mile Creek, where Major, afterwards Col-
onel, Winslow distinguished himself, and by
great good fortune under the very eyes of Gen-
eral Sherman, who seems ever afterwards to
have held him in high regard for his ability
and gallantry. This was on May 12, and on
the 14th the Army occupied Jackson, Missis-
sippi. The battle of Champion's Hill followed,
and is well described by our author, though
his regiment was not engaged, its next impor-
tant duty being the capture of Haines Bluff
on the 18th. From that time until the sur-
render of Pemberton the skirmishing was fre-
quent, and in one engagement on Jones's plan-
tation June 22 the Fourth lost sixty men in
killed, wounded, and prisoners. The surren-
der at Vicksburg, and the victory at Gettys-
burg assured the final outcome of the Rebel-
lion, although the most brilliant service of
the Fourth Iowa was still to be performed;
four distinct campaigns followed in which the
regiment was to play its part, each one of
which brought added reputation to the vet-
erans.
About this time, Major Edward F. Win-
slow became colonel and Captain John H.
Peters lieut.-colonel of the regiment, a change
which was most fortunate, being quickly fol-
lowed by increased efficiency in every way.
The Fourth Iowa was brigaded with the Third
Iowa, Second Wisconsin, and Fifth Illinois,
and moved on July 5, as part of Sherman's
command, against General Johnston. After
considerable fighting the city of Jackson was
captured for the second time, and on August
10 Colonel Winslow with some eight hundred
men from the Third and Fourth Iowa and
Fifth Illinois made a most successful raid on
Grenada, where his force was increased to
three thousand by junction with cavalry from
Tennessee, and thence marched to Memphis,
reporting to General Grant.
In the campaign of Meridian which imme-
diately followed, the Colonel of the Fourth
Iowa, commanding the cavalry brigade and re-
porting direct to General Sherman, demon-
strated his ability as a cavalry officer by occu-
pying the city of Jackson for a third time in
most brilliant fashion, cutting off the enemy's
cavalry from any immediate service, and after
continuous and generally successful skirmish-
ing, assisting in the capture of Meridian and
the return march to Vicksburg, where the com-


1893.]
313
THE
DIAL
mand obtained its veteran furlough and went
home for thirty days.
Upon returning to the front, the Fourth
Iowa was attached to the cavalry division under
General Grierson, and Colonel Winslow was
assigned to the command of the second brigade,
of which his regiment formed part. In June,
1864, the division took part in the ill-managed
expedition from Memphis under the command
of General Sturgis, which culminated in the
disastrous defeat at Brice's Cross-Roads known
also as the Battle of Tishomingo Creek. The
chapter which gives an account of this unfor-
tunate campaign is by far the most interesting
in the whole of Lieutenant Scott's work, and
gives the student of the Civil War valuable in-
formation, which can be relied on and which is
not readily to be obtained elsewhere, if indeed it
can be obtained at all. The conduct of the
cavalry brigade engaged was in all respects
most creditable, and with the exception of a
small portion of the brigade of colored troops
these brigades it seems to have beenthe only part
of the army which did not become disorganized,
although with such a commander as General
Sturgis it is not surprising that there was fail-
ure and panic-stricken rout.
The Fourth Iowa was next sent to Missouri,
where Pleasanton had been ordered to make
head against Sterling Price, and here the reg-
iment and its gallant colonel, who was severely
wounded during the campaign, won new hon-
ors. The operations of the campaign were al-
most entirely those of cavalry; and in a series
of engagements the enemy was driven down
into the western part of Arkansas and so thor-
oughly disorganized and broken up that he was
never again able to take the field. There are
few cavalry fights more exciting than those of
the Big Blue and Osage River, and the story
of them is eloquently told in this record of one
of the regiments, whose part was no mean one
and whose performance of that part sheds lus-
tre on the American Volunteer which will al-
ways remain bright. Finally the regiment,
with the rest of the brigade under the command
of Colonel Winslow, was attached to the great
Cavalry Corps of Major-General Wilson, in the
Division of General Upton, and participated
in the raid which resulted in the capture of the
fortified cities of Selma, Columbus, and Ma-
con, ending only because of the collapse of the
Rebellion, which found the Fourth Iowa at the
last named city; from which place it was in
1865 sent North and mustered out.
The style of the "Story of a Cavalry Regi-
ment " is excellent, the interest never flags, and
the book will be read with profit by the general
reader,—which is much more than can be said
of most regimental histories. The author is
fortunate in his publishers, who have made a
book which is attractive in appearance and ex-
ceptionally free from typographical errors.
William Eliot Furness.
The Progress of Economic Thought.*
Social economics has to do with the material
welfare of human society. It is the science
which considers the ways and means of "get-
ting a living," the social institutions which re-
sult from man's industrial activity, and the in-
fluences and conditions which determine the
well-being of man in society. The only excuse,
therefore, for the study of economic facts is to
be found in the rules of right social living which
result. It is not enough to know a fact; the
economist must also show its practical signifi-
cance and importance. Only by so doing can
he aid in the substitution of scientific for em-
pirical ways of living. By studying past ex-
periences we are able to transmute life into
thought and to intelligently regulate the indus-
trial life alike of the individual and of the com-
munity.
But a half-truth may be a source of calam-
ity, rather than a benefit. Here lies the dan-
ger of socialism. It has shown the logical ab-
surdity of the earlier English economics, and
emphasized the most important characteristics
of the capitalistic system of production ; it has
thus rendered immense benefit in the develop-
ment of economic thought. But it has not ex-
* A History of Socialism. By Thomas Kirkup. Lon-
don: Adam & Charles Black.
Socialism from Genesis to Revelation. By Rev. F.
M. Sprague. Boston: Lee & Shepard.
Socialism Utopian and Scientific. By Frederick En-
gels ; translated by Edward Aveling. "Social Science Series."
Imported by Charles Scribner's Sons.
The Economy of Hiob Waoes. By J. Schoenhof; with
introduction by Thomas F. Bayard. "Q uestions of the Day.''
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
The Social Condition of Labor. By E. R. L. Gould.
Johns Hopkins University Studies. Baltimore: Johns Hop-
kins Press.
The Theory of Waoes, and Its Application to the Eight
Hours Qnestion and Other Labor Problems. By Herbert M.
Thompson. New York: Macmillan & Co.
Why Government at All? By William Van Ornnm.
Chicago: C. H. Kerr & Co.
The New Movement in Humanity: From Liberty to
Unity. By William Jewett Tucker. Boston: Houghton,
Mifflin & Co.


314
[May 16,
THE DIAL
plained existing economic conditions, nor has
it provided mankind with a rational basis for
state activity; it has given no body of rules for
the conscious direction of the industrial forces
in society, save as it suggests the exact oppo-
site of the doctrine of laissez faire. It has
presented pretty, fancy sketches of a possible
industrial life, which captivate by their con-
trast with conditions prevailing at present: but
it ignores those essential elements of human
nature which militate against such a state, and
the actual processes of social development in
the past.
Mr. Thomas Kirkup's "History of Social-
ism" is a well-written historic narrative, out-
lining the growth of socialistic thought and ac-
tion. The author discusses the early French
socialism of St. Simon and of Fourier; the writ-
ings of Louis Blanc, Proudhon, and the En-
glish economists; the work and influence of
Robert Owen, of Charles Kingsley, and Fred-
eric Dennison Maurice ; the scientific treatises
of Lassalle, Rodbertus, and Karl Marx,— the
latter with the enthusiasm of an ardent disciple.
The last chapter is written in the spirit of
prophecy; but, unfortunately for the prophet,
the theory of surplus value is by no means as
scientific, nor the wage system of industry so
vicious, as Mr. Kirkup imagines. Otherwise
an industrial millenium might come in the
manner suggested by socialists. In truth a
higher civilization, the historic development
of industry, lie straight ahead, and must be
reached by more progress of the same kind
as that which has raised a savage barbarian to
the level of a social being. The path of hu-
man progress lies along the line of the slow
and steady working out of an ever higher be-
cause more complex standard of living, think-
ing, and acting.
Mr. F. M. Sprague, in his " Socialism from
Genesis to Revelation," is earnestly struggling
after this path, but he appears to entirely mis-
apprehend the trend of industrial development.
His book is written in the belief that the in-
equality and injustice which now prevail must
give way to the principles of brotherhood as
set forth by Christ. It is the work of a devout
Christian minister, who is filled with zeal for
social reform and conceives that the road passes
through scientific socialism by way of Christian
ethics. The author seems to take everything
said against the present industrial system as
valid testimony affording conclusive reason for
its overthrow. One cannot help querying what
the Savior really would say if he were here in
the body. It is at least doubtful whether he
would entirely agree with the Congregational
clergyman. Nor is it clear that Mr. Sprague's
book is any nearer the wants of the laboring
class to whom it is dedicated than it is to the
gospel and the social philosophy of Jesus. The
postulates are wrong, and no amount of good,
intentions can redeem the conclusion.
Mr. Frederick Engels's "Socialism, Utopian
and Scientific," is a brief presentation of the
philosophy of socialism. Mr. Engels was the
comrade and close personal friend, in war and
in exile, of Karl Marx, and is therefore of aU
men the best fitted to give us the doctrine of so-
cialism ex cathedra. This he has done in a very
concise manner without being offensively dog-
matic. He maintains that socialism became a
science with Marx's discovery of the secret of
capitalistic production, in the creation of sur-
plus value; that it is no longer an accidental
idea from this or that ingenious brain, but the
result of the struggle between the two histor-
ically developed classes, the proletariat and the
bourgeoisie; and that the socialistic state, in
which the community is to own all the agents
of production, is the inevitable outcome of so-
cial progress. Mr. Engels's book has the merit
of greatly simplifying his master's statement
of the case for socialism, but it takes for granted
the very point in dispute between scientific eco-
nomics and socialism. The so-called discovery
of Marx, that surplus value is robbery of the
laborer, is the fallacy of modern socialism.
Unless that is justified, and neither sound logic
nor accurate induction can justify it, the whole
argument fails.
Perhaps equally dangerous as a guide in the
formation of a national policy is the half-truth
which is now being so widely urged by free-
traders, that high wages give a low cost of pro-
duction. There is just enough error in the
statement to make it mischievous. A low cost
of production is often found to accompany high
wages; but it does not follow that one is the
cause of the other. It is assumed in this con-
clusion that the productive power of the la-
borer increases directly as his intelligence, and
that wages depend directly on the amount he
produces. It happens that neither of these
assumptions are correct. The economy of
highly paid laborers is due in a very slight de-
gree to the skill of the workers, as is evidenced
by the fact that the large majority of skilled
mechanics in this country are foreigners. Nor
does the laborer need to produce more in order
to get higher wages; there is no economic se-


1893.]
315
THE
DIAL
curity that he will get higher wages in case the
product is increased as the direct result of his
efforts. It is rather the capitalist who must
"save " labor, by using more capital, and cre-
ate a surplus on which the laborer can draw
more pay through organized effort.
Because high wages, greater skill, and a low
cost of production are found together, Mr. J.
Schoenhof, in his " Economy of High Wages,"
is able to choose as the cause of the others that
one of the three which best serves his definite
purpose,— that of proving that the country in
which the highest wages are paid is the one
which least needs a protective tariff. Unfor-
tunately for the argument presented in this
book, the price of labor, like the price of every-
thing else, depends in the long run on the
cost. Wages, a special name given to the
price paid for service, are determined by the
cost of living of the most expensive laborers in
any class, a rise of real wages being always due
to an increase in the habitual wants of the
class. The rising standard of living involves
a larger consumption of wealth, implies higher
intelligence, and results in more complex social
relations. These new conditions give both the
incentive to, and the justification of, improved ,
methods of production, which increase the pro-
duct, reduce the cost, and lower the price.
High wages are the social cause and low prices
the ultimate economic effect. Mr. Schoenhof
has made an extended study of comparative
wage conditions, but his book is of chief value
not because of the conclusions reached, but be-
cause the author recognizes the fact which capi-
talists have so perversely and persistently ig-
nored,— that high wages and short hours do
not produce a high cost of production, but are
themselves the result of those social conditions
which alone make wealth cheap and civilization
abundant.
E. E. L. Gould's " The Social Condition of
Labor" is a more elaborately scientific study
of wages statistics, being the result of several
years' special investigation in the Department
of Labor. Mr. Gould has analyzed and tab-
ulated a vast body of facts regarding the in-
come and expenditure of laborers' families and
the cost of production of staple articles. He
seeks to give scientific precision to the term
"standard of living" and to show its economic
significance; to analyze the actual life of thou-
sands of families in this country and in Eu-
rope, and to study that kind of ministering to
present wants which is most prolific in beget-
ting new ones. He compares the family budget
by industry and by nationality,— the amount
contributed by each member of the family;
the expenditure for rent, food, clothing, books
and newspapers, alcoholic drinks, tobacco, and
all other items; the change produced by the
migration of European laborers to this coun-
try. His chief aim is to see " how an ambi-
tious, intelligent, well-living laboring class fares
in economic competition." This question, the
author continues, is "a crucial one, for if a high
standard of life begets superior force, intelli-
gence, and skill, these latter can be depended
upon to perpetuate themselves, and their exer-
cise to react alike to the benefit of employer
and employed." Mr. Gould's conclusion is
that ere long the world's industrial supremacy
will pass to those who earn the most and live
the best.
In contrast with this inductive study, an En-
glish writer, Mr. H. M. Thompson, in "The
Theory of Wages," offers a deductive theory of
wages. He discards the Wage-Fund theory as
insufficient and Francis A. Walker's " residual
claimant" theory as inconsistent with itself.
He shows that rent and interest cannot be
treated as essentially different in their quali-
ties, and urges that labor, like the other agents
in production, receives its reward in the pro-
duct as a varying proportion of that varying
product. This is but a restatement of the oft-
repeated law of supply and demand, which says
that the industrial quotient at any particular
moment of time depends on the dividend and
the divisor, but does not explain the tendencies
in industrial movements. In his last chapter,
Mr. Thompson figures out with mathematical
accuracy the probable effect of certain changes
in the problem of wages which are suggested
by the prominence of the Eight Hours Move-
ment and the growing importance of Trade
Unions as an economic force. The advantages
of these detailed calculations do not appear,
however. No rule of right social living seems
to result.
But Mr. William H. Van Ornum supplies
the deficiency very completely. In a rather
entertaining book of 350 pages entitled "Why
Government at All?" he maintains that no ra-
tional answer can be given to the question, and
counsels the complete abolition of all law and of
every form of political organization. The pro-
cess is simple. All mankind should at once
begin the work of convincing itself that govern-
ment is unnecessary, and should quietly sup-
press the institution by refusing to vote supplies.
Until recently the author had believed in the


316
[May 16,
THE
DIAL
magic power of the single tax as a cure for all
social ills, and was surprised at the great va-
riety of schemes for improving humanity which
have each their quota of devoted followers.
Anarchists want this law, but socialists do not;
socialists want that law, but single-taxers do
not; single-taxers want still a third law, but
the farmers do not; the farmers want another
law, but bankers, merchants, and capitalists
generally do not; manufacturers want one pol-
icy, but trade unionists another. He felt a
common standing ground must be found for
all social reformers, unless there is unsound-
ness in the principle of reform itself. Mr.
Van Ornum finds this in the abolition of all
law, and begins the new crusade with this ad-
dress to his fellow reformers. The absurdity
of the logic and of the proposition itself almost
preclude comment. If all men were intelli-
gent, honest, upright, virtuous, just, life would
be a delightfully simple thing,—painfully sim-
ple, perhaps. But they are not, and socialism
has not yet explained how they are quickly and
surely to become so.
An antidote for this kind of literature, where
any is needed, is offered by Prof. W.J. Tucker,
of Andover Seminary, in a broad and philo-
sophic analysis of the present tendencies in so-
ciety, entitled "The New Movement in Hu-
manity." He characterizes the activity of the
present generation as a conscious movement
from liberty to unity. This is preeminently
an intellectual movement, the enthusiasm of the
earlier generations having spent itself in secur-
ing liberty in the western world. The intellec-
tual life of man is returning from its searchings
after God and its wanderings in the outer uni-
verse; humanity is becoming the object of its
thought. As a direct result of the great advance
in physical science made in the last fifty years,
we have to-day a conscious movement in church,
in state, in industry, toward an ever-increasing
social unity. In economics, in politics, in re-
ligion, forgetting the things which are behind,
man is pressing on toward the common destiny
of the race. Labor organizations and trusts,
international arbitration, church consolidation,
each in its way is doing its share of the work.
"The spirit of unity is abroad, everywhere
supporting, guiding, cheering the belated spirit
of liberty," and working out its own salvation
in the spirit of common interest and common
inheritances. The movement is social, but not
socialistic.
Arthur Burnham Woodford.
School of Social Economics, New York City.
Briefs ox New Books.
. . . Mb. B. C. Burt's " Historv of Mod-
A condensed sum- _ • .
nm 0/ Modern ern Philosophy ^McClurg) is a re-
Ph osophy. spectable compilation which it would
be unreasonable to censure with harshness. At the
same time, it is the duty of the critic to warn the
reader that books of this kind will not teach him
anything. A new history of philosophy has no ex-
cuse for being unless it either offers a more exact
and erudite presentation of the external facts than
Ueberweg-Heinze or Erdmann, or develops in in-
telligible and readable fashion some definite concep-
tion of the course of philosophic thought and the
inner relations of the divers systems to each other
and to the best psychology of to-day,— such as we
find, for example, in Mr. Alfred Benn's admirable
work on the Greek philosophers. Mr. Burt does
neither of these things. His facts are compiled
somewhat mechanically from Zeller, Noack, Erd-
mann, and the "Encyclopaedia Britannica." Some
observations are added from his own reading, and
in a few instances (Locke, Kant, Spencer, Hart-
man) he presents a risumS made by himself of the
chief work of an author or of selections therefrom.
But in no single instance does he appear to have
thought himself into a system so as to be able to
give a free generalizing critical exposition. This
reserve is perhaps intended, and is sufficiently ex-
plained by the design of the work, which is to pre-
sent a clear definite outline of the main facts for
students and the general reader. But whether in-
tended or not, it is a mistake. The thoughts of the
great philosophers can not be scheduled in short
technical sentences, like the facts of their lives and
the bibliography of their works. Such summaries
give us only the scaffolding and framework of a sys-
tem; they do not exhibit to us the organic thought
and purpose of the author; they inevitably misrep-
resent the true relations and proportions of things;
they are absolutely unreadable, and very nearly un-
intelligible, owing to the inherent ambiguity of the
vague abstractions in which they are couched.
What light will come to the undergraduate student
or the general reader from pages of such formulas
as the following: "The limitation of the inorganic
in its highest power, or potency, gives, as product,
the organic. The stages of the organic are sensi-
bility, irritability, reproduction. As regards the re-
lation of the inorganic and the organic, it appears
that, phenomenally speaking, the former is second
potency, may take its origin from simple factors,
appears to have existed from all eternity, and ar-
rives at indifference," etc., etc. The only readers
whom such galimatias as this will not baffle or mis-
lead are perfectly capable of finding it for them-
selves in Schelling when they want it. The space
allotted to the various systems is by no means pro-
portioned to their significance. In the first volume,
Wolff receives twice as many pages as Berkeley.
The first half of the second volume is occupied by
a number of third-rate half-forgotten German tran-


1893.]
317
THE
DIAL
scendalists and "nature" philosophers who should
have been dismissed in a chapter. Six pages only-
are given to Schopenhauer, whose influence on liv-
ing contemporary thought (Paulsen, Riehl, Brune-
tiere, Renan, etc.) is greater than that of any other
German philosopher; sixteen to Rosmini, a belated
Italian scholastic who does not count with serious
thinkers; twenty-five to Lotze ; twenty to an original
resumi of the English translation of Hartmann's
colossal mystification, the "Philosophy of the Un-
conscious"; fifty to a barren epitome of Collin's
epitome of the "Synthetic Philosophy" of Herbert
Spencer. Positive errors are not frequent. The
most amusing that has come under our notice is the
version given of Thomasius's golden rule: "Do to
yourself what you would have others do to you"
(Vol. I., p. 219), apparently a hasty translation of
Zeller's " Uns selbst das zu thun, wovon wir wlln-
schen, doss andere es sich selbst thun!" There
are also a few misprints in Latin and Italian titles.
,, The Messrs. Scribner issue a new
1 ne recollec- ..... _
tionto/Marshal and revised edition of the "Recol-
lections of Marshal Macdonald," a
book which, aside from its autobiographical interest,
is naturally of considerable value as a historical
document. Macdonald was a rarely, and often an
injudiciously, outspoken man; and his Memoir, es-
sentially the unglossed retrospect of a blunt soldier,
penned for the eye of an only son, bears unmis-
takably the impress of truth. For most readers
the Marshal's reminiscences of Napoleon, and his
account, as an eye witness, of the Emperor's words
and bearing at certain momentous junctures, will
prove the most interesting part of the story. A
curious display of the visionary element in Napo-
leon's character occurred just before the battle of
Leipsic. Says the Marshal: "While I was attack-
ing the heights of Bischofswerda, the Emperor
came up to this artillery; he sent for me, and I
found him helping to place it in position, and push-
ing with all his might to help the gunners. 'What
are you going to fire at, Sire?' I asked him. • At
that line of cavalry down there in front of us.'
'But it is out of range, your Majesty! I saw it as
I came back! They are only scouts; and there is
but one line of them!' 'Never mind,' he replied,
and gave the word to fire. We could not see where
the shot fell, and the cavalry remained motionless;
I could not understand his object. At the seven-
teenth shot he ordered this useless fire to cease, re-
marking: 'It is costing us too much.' The enemy
were driven back from the heights, and we followed
them. The Emperor called me aside, and said:
'You were surprised at my firing?' 'Yes,' I an-
swered, 1 because that handful of cavalry was not
worth powder and shot, besides being out of range.'
It had, moreover, just retreated. 'You see,' con-
tinued the Emperor, 'that with every volley one
hits something; it may be a man of mark. Look
at Moreau ! —he was killed by a spent shot at Dres-
den. Look at Duroc or Bessieres'.'" One can
scarcely fancy soldiers of the type of Moltke, Wel-
lington, or Grant indulging in such vagaries of
genius. The volume is carefully edited by Camille
Rousset (Member of the French Academy), and
the translation, by Stephen Louis Simon, is smooth
and accurate. There is a fine portrait of the Mar-
shal, after David's spirited painting.
The new iko- Mk. J. M. Dent, the London pub-
MuT/i^ep'. lisher' has DU8t i88ued a two-volume
"Evelina." edition of Miss Burney's " Evelina,"
uniform in style with his exquisite edition of Jane
Austen. Evelina" is a novel of manners. The
judicious kindly Mrs. Mirvan, the gentle, unsophis-
ticated Evelina, the paragon of gentility, Lord
Orville, the superficially elegant Sir Clement Wil-
loughby, the foppish, snobbish Lovel, the boisterous
Captain Mirvan, the irascible Madame Duval, the
common pretentious Mr. Smith, the rampantly rude
Branghtons,— all these reveal their individuality
and character by their behavior at such social events
as parties, balls, and entertainments. This method of
characterization is carried out with no more serious-
ness and profundity than we ought reasonably to
expect from a very bright but rather inexperienced
young lady scarce out of her teens, as was Miss
Burney when this novel was written. "Evelina"
is truly feminine in touch, and sometimes weakly so
in an inclination toward crude sentimentalism and
toward overdrawing characters and overdoing situ-
ations. The McCartney episodes, for instance, show
the unrestrained romanticism of a Quixotic young
lady's fancy. In "Evelina" we find neither the
penetrative wit nor the consummate art of "Mans-
field Park," but we are attracted by the peculiar
ingenuousness, delicacy, and grace of the style. The
chief excellences are freshness, vivacity, humor, and
a wholesome realism. Miss Burney well under-
stands how to bring together the most incongruous
people in the most diverting situations, and as a
humorous medley of high and low life " Evelina"
is quite unsurpassed. Nowhere is the bourgeoise
spirit and manner shown in a more amusing light,
and in delineating vulgarity Fanny Burney excels
Thackeray, and that without his cynicism. The
Branghtons will always remain as perfect types of
ridiculous and sublime effrontery. While "Eve-
lina" is not one of the very greatest novels, and,
indeed, is hardly a novel at all in the accepted sense
of the term to-day, yet as a very clever story of
adventures among the beaux and belles of the greater
and lesser London a century ago, it will still please
the reader who loves the unconscious humor of sit-
uation and character set forth with gusto, though
with perfect delicacy and taste.
, "Lippincott's Pronouncing Gazet-
A new edition of . a
LippincoWt stand- teer of the World is one of those
"' "'"' books that enjoy so secure a place
that any praise would be a work of supererogation.
It is the foremost work of the sort in the English
language, and one of the eight or ten reference


318
books that are indispensable in every school and
household. A new edition of this work has just ap-
peared, with corrections based upon the latest cen-
sus returns, and a series of new statistical tables of
the highest usefulness. These tables, which fill 400
of the 3,000 pages contained within this bulky vol-
ume, are thus described in the preface: "Arranged
seriatim, these tables exhibit, first, the area and pop-
ulation and population per square mile of the sev-
eral continents, and their grand divisions and sub-
divisions, with mention of the governments to which
the dependent divisions belong; second, the popula-
tion of the principal cities of the world at different
recent dates, thus illustrating their growth or decline
during the period intervening between the dates
therein mentioned; third, the gradual growth of
the several states of the American Union, as shown
by their respective populations and populations per
square mile at each of the census enumerations from
1790 to 1890; fourth, the counties of the United
States, with their location in their respective States,
their areas, and their gradual growth in population
as given in the census returns of 1880 and 1890, and
their population per square mile at the latter date;
and fifth and sixth, a comparison of the population
at different dates of the cities, towns, villages, and
other minor divisions of the United States, based
upon the census returns of 1880 and 1890, thus fur-
nishing ready facilities for noting the growing im-
portance or decline of all places named in these re-
ports." We also call attention to the articles on the
new States of the Union, to the carefully rewritten
descriptions of our chief cities, and to the embodi-
ment in the work of the latest results of exploration
in Asia and Africa.
The origin and
evolution of
Decorative Art.
Mb. Henby Balfour's "The Evo-
lution of Decorative Art" (Macmil-
lan) is a little book, but a most sug-
gestive one. It could only grow out of a museum,
for only in a museum's cases can the material for
such a study be found. Mr. Balfour, who is cura-
tor of the Ethnographical Department of the Mu-
seum at Oxford, states as a preliminary proposition
that Prehistoric Archaeology alone is quite insuffi-
cient to give an idea of the origin of decoration;
we must study also the art work of savage and bar-
barous people now living. Nature seems to have
delighted in leaving some old-fashioned animal or
plant living here and there, to help the geologist to
understand the life of past ages; in the same way
she has left in many an out-of-the-way place little
races and tribes of men, who have somehow or other
fallen out of the world's line of progress, and still
preserve in their daily life, customs, arts, and
thoughts, primitive conditions. Among the works
of such people we may trace the history of the
world's progress. Mr. Balfour sums up his treat-
ment on page 76 of his book, in a statement that
there are three great stages in the evolution of dec-
orative art,— the Adaptive, the Creative, the Vari-
ative. Man sees some curious and pleasing effect
occurring naturally in his material, or arising from
accident in manufacture. He seizes upon it and
increases it. This is simply adaptive. Later, he
creates such effects when they are not present nat-
urally. Lastly, designs thus copied vary, either un-
intentionally or purposely, and new designs result.
The three stages are carefully traced in the dis-
cussion and clearly illustrated. After this general
study, Mr. Balfour takes up sculpture and delinea-
tion separately, discusses each, and applies the prin-
ciples already reached, in detail. The book is
pleasantly written, deals directly with its subject, is
sufficiently illustrated: in other words, it is a good
book.
... It is true, as Mr. W. Warde Fowler
A popular book on . ,. . r™ t
the Greek and So- says in his preface to " The City-
man» City-State," rf the QTeeka and Romans »
(Mactnillan), that the book contains "absolutely
nothing new " in the way of material. But the book
is, nevertheless, one that may be read with profit
even by those most familiar with its subject, while
for others, seeking to understand the ancient city,
and not wholly satisfied with the treatment given it
by Fustel de Coulanges, Mr. Fowler's book will be
found simply invaluable. Its merits are those that
come from thorough mastery of a subject, from phil-
osophical treatment, and from lucid style. The au-
thor describes the development of the ancient city
out of the primitive forms of society that it replaced,
its passage through the phases of monarchical, aris-
tocratic, antidemocratic government, the internal and
external causes of its decay, and its final absorption
into the structure of imperial Rome. Athens and
Rome are, of course, the city-states with whose his-
tory the work is mainly concerned, but many an apt
illustration or side-light is afforded by the annals of
other cities, especially those of Greece. The author
keeps well within the limits set by modern criticism to
our knowledge of ancient Greece and Italy, although
his subject is one that tempts the fancy and lends
itself to the theorist We are not acquainted with
another as admirable popular treatment of this
vastly interesting chapter of history.
a students' Educatoks having begun to show a
boot of famous disposition towards a new and more
English Allegories. enlightened meth0d in the Study of
English literature,— namely, by direct study of its
masterpieces rather than by second-hand comments
about them,— a demand has arisen for cheap re-
prints in convenient form for the student's use.
With the design of meeting this demand, a series of
"Select English Classics" (Silver, Burdett & Co.)
are now issuing in volumes classified according to
the several forms of literary expression. The sec-
ond of this series is before us, prepared by Prof.
James Baldwin, and is called "The Famous Alle-
gories." It includes selections from twenty-one of
the most famous allegories in English and Scottish
literature, the most space being given, very prop-
erly, to Spenser's "Faerie Queene." An admira-
ble introduction of ten pages deals with the general


1893.]
319
THE
DIAL
subject of allegory in the world's literature, showing
the nature of imagination and fancy and their prev-
alence among all early races, the origin of allegory
with notable examples from the Hebrew, Greek,
and Anglo-Saxon, the taste which prevailed for this
form of composition from the twelfth to the fif-
teenth centuries,— a taste so universal that for a
time it modified the whole texture of European lit-
erature.
Thtfatcmatiag Mks- M" French-Sheldon's "Sultan
record o/a ujoman't to Sultan" (Arena Publishing Co.).
achievement. .g an interesting account of an un-
precedented achievement. No woman, to our knowl-
edge, ever before undertook and carried to success
such an expedition as that which this work describes.
At the head of her own caravan, the author started
from Zanzibar, penetrated East Africa and the
Masai country as far as the Kilimanjaro region,
and returned to the coast, bringing with her some
additions to geographical knowledge, many careful
observations upon native men and manners, and
enough experience to last most women for a life-
time. Judged by the common oui bono test, Mrs.
Sheldon's expedition does not seem to have had a
value proportioned to cost, but it certainly offers a
splendid example of energy, perseverance, and good
management, and examples of these qualities are
not so common (especially in women) that it is be-
coming to sneer at them, as some of the author's
critics have done. Mrs. Sheldon's book has nu-
merous literary shortcomings, but is, nevertheless,
the fascinating record of a very noteworthy under-
taking.
. „ ,. Somewhat of the personal magnet-
on altracttve . . - T
volume ofaddrttKi ism of the man is absent from
by Phittip, Brook,. ..^ Addre8ge8 of Bighop phUlipS
Brooks," lately issued by Messrs. C. E. Brown &
Co., of Boston. Yet here is a directness and a
simplicity of language in these discourses that show
the great preacher not simply in that capacity, but
as a" master of the oratory of the heart," to use the
words of his editor, the Rev. Julius H. Ward. The
wonderful force of his appeal to humanity lay, per-
haps, as much in his example as in his presentations
of the truth. Strength and tenderness were rarely
blended in the man, and his influence extended
alike over the rich and the poor, the strong and the
weak. Mr. W. H. Bicknell's etched portrait, which
serves as the frontispiece, is a distinct ornament to
the volume, and one would not willingly do without
it. The book is of portable size, and it is safe to
say that many a copy will be worn out in the pock-
ets of the author's numerous admirers.
BRIEFER MENTION.
Among the many books about Columbus that have
recently seen the light, a word of commendation should
be given the unpretentious but interesting sketch by Mr.
Frederick Saunders, entitled " The Story of the Discov-
ery of the New World by Columbus" (Whittaker).
Mr. Saunders tells the story of the discoverer's life in
rather elementary fashion, relying largely upon extracts
from the accepted authorities, and giving a brief pref-
atory chapter to the real or mythical predecessors of
Columbus. The book has a number of illustrations.
The " Outlines of Ancient Egyptian History " (Scrib-
ner), translated from the French of M. Auguste Mari-
ette by Mrs. Brodrick, is an excellent synopsis of an
important subject. The book was based upon lectures
given by the author in the Egyptian schools at Cairo,
and the translator lias taken a few liberties in her re-
production of the work. She has also added a few notes
for the purpose of bringing the work up to date. Dr.
Winslow says of the book: "It affords not only a sum-
mary of the great epochs and a clear account of the suc-
cessive dynasties, but a definite conception of the turn-
ing-points of Egypt's advancement or decline and a vivid
idea of the value of her most important records by the
chisel and pen."
Mr. H. C. Merwin's chapters on "Road, Track, and
Stable" (Houghton) are already familiar, for the most
part, to readers of "The Atlantic Monthly," and the
fact of their publication in that fastidious magazine guar-
antees a literary excellence almost unknown to books
about horses. We should add that the matter of Mr.
Merwin's discussion is as excellent as the manner. No
one having charge of horses (or a horse, for that mat-
ter) should neglect to obtain and diligently peruse Mr.
Merwin's instructive and fascinating work.
The second supplement to " Poole's Index to Period-
ical Literature " (Houghton) covers the five-year period
from 1887 to 1891, inclusive. Mr. W. I. Fletcher's
name appears alone on the title-page, and we are in-
formed in a preface that Dr. Poole has been so taken
up with other labors that he has withdrawn, for the time
being, from active work upon the " Index." This sup-
plement indexes 1087 volumes, a few of them being old
sets not before brought within the scope of the work.
Sixty-three librarians have collaborated in the produc-
tion of this volume, which contains nearly five hundred
large double-columned pages. Upon its usefulness it
would be superfluous to comment.
The praiseworthy work of reprinting the good old
novels goes merrily on. We have just received a very
charming reprint of Trollope's " Can You Forgive Her?"
(Dodd), in three volumes, each having a photogravure
frontispiece. We hope that this may prove the pre-
cursor of a series of Trollope reprints. To the highly
satisfactory "Dryburgh Waverly" (Macmillan) "The
Heart of Midlothian," with illustrations by Mr. Wil-
liam Hole, has just been added. We also note the ap-
pearance of Mr. Black's "Shandon Bells" (Harper) in
the popular reprint of that writer's novels.
The Phillips Brooks memorial service, held in New
York on the sixteenth of last February, was remarkable
from the fact that representatives of all forms of faith,
Christian and Hebrew, Catholic and Protestant, united
in honoring the memory of the late Bishop of Massa-
chusetts. The addresses made upon this occasion are
now printed ( Whittaker) in an attractive pamphlet, with
portrait frontispiece. Among the speakers were Father
Ducey, Rabbi Gottheil, Dr. Lyman Abbott, and Mr.
Joseph H. Choate.
"In Spirit and in Truth " (Ellis) is a collection of re-
ligious essays by seven "younger ministers of the Uni-
tarian Church," editorially introduced to the public by the
Rev. James De Normandie, of Boston. A preface tells us


320
[May 16,
THE DIAL
that "the writers of this little book have aimed to speak
out of their lives rather than out of their libraries."
Among the essays are "The Philosophy of Religion,"
by the Rev. George C. Cressey; "The Bible as Litera-
ture and as Revelation," by the Rev. W. W. Fenn; and
"The Use of a Liturgy in Worship," by the Rev. John
Tunis.
Mr. A. Growoll's treatise on "The Profession of
Bookselling" (Publisher's Weekly) ought to be found
very useful by the class of merchants for whom it is
written. It is based upon the uot unreasonable notion
that a bookseller should know something about the
books that he sells — of their contents as well as their
cost. The chapters on bibliography and supplementary
reading are to be highly commended, although we notice
that The Dial is described as a monthly and credited
to its former publishers. A second part of this work is
promised by the author.
Literary Notes and News.
The new edition of Appleton's United States "Gen-
eral Guide" will contain an illustrated description of
the Columbian Exposition.
The writings of Professor Max Miiller number nearly
eighty volumes, beginning with his German translation
of the " Hitopadesa " in 1844, and ending with his newly
published lectures on "Theosophy or Practical Reli-
gion," in which work the complete catalogue is given.
Rockford College offers Ave prizes of one hundred
dollars each to the five students presenting themselves
for entrance next September who can show the best re-
cords in their preparatory work. Further particulars
may be had from the Principal, Rockford, Illinois.
The forty-second congress of German Philologen und
Schulmanner will assemble next month at Vienna, from
the 24th to the 27th inclusive. Foreign philologists
have always been welcome at these congresses, and this
time the philologists of non-German nationality residing
in Austria-Hungary have been specially invited to at-
tend.
It is instructive to learn that all the writings of the
late Mr. Symonds — twenty-five volumes or more —
were the work of twenty years' labor. His first book,
an " Introduction to the Study of Dante," was published
when the author was thirty-two years of age, and the
breakdown of his health marked the beginning of his
literary activity.
Mr. George Meredith has just been giving some sit-
tings to Mr. G. F. Watts, R.A. He is now busily en-
gaged upon a serial story entitled "Lord Ormont and
His Aminta," which will be published in "The Pall
Mall Magazine." Mr. Meredith has also undertaken to
write a serial story which will bear the title "The
Amazing Marriage," for " Scribner's."
The tenth and last volume of Mr. Spencer's " Syn-
thetic Philosophy " will be issued soon. It is the second
volume of "The Principles of Ethics," in which, along
with Justice previously published there are included two
new parts on Negative and Positive Beneficence. Mr.
Spencer has not finished, however; for there still re-
mains to be filled up the gap left in " The Principles of
Sociology."
Still another promise of good things from Mr. J. M.
Dent, the London publisher of tasteful reprints. We
may now expect a new edition of Fielding's novels,
edited with introductions by Mr. George Saintebury,
and illustrated with photogravure reproductions from
drawings by Mr. E. J. Wheeler, as well as with por-
traits and interesting topographical pictures. The set
will occupy twelve volumes, aud a complete book will
be issued each month.
The following plan to protect the author from the
dishonest publisher has been proposed by the Associa-
tion of American Authors: "That the present copy-
right law be so amended as to provide that instead of
the usual printed form — copyright 18 , by Richard
Doe, etc it shall be the duty of the author of every
book seeking copyright to provide a stamp bearing the
above words with his autograph. That instead of the
printed page the publisher shall affix one of said stamps
to the book under pain of the usual penalties. In his
contract the author to stipulate that the stamps should
be used as a basis for making returns of books sold,
or given away." This seems to be the most sensible
variation of the " stamp plan " yet offered for consider-
ation.
"The Author " prints the following account of the new
home of the London Authors' Club: "The club has at last
removed into its own premises. These contain a suite
of eight or ten rooms at No. 3 Whitehall-court. There
are reading and writing rooms, dining and luncheon
rooms, a billiard room, and everything required for a
first-class and most comfortable club. The subscrip-
tion is very moderate—only four guineas a year. The
situation is exactly central; it is impossible to desire a
more convenient situation, and the club is intended to
be run as cheaply as is consistent with reasonable com-
fort. Thus it is proposed to have a shilling luncheon,
consisting of joint or chop with vegetables and cheese.
A small reference library is forming, and in three quiet
writing rooms members may do their work undisturbed.
The position, besides being perfectly central, is ex-
tremely quiet. There will be a club dinner once a
month, and a house dinner once a week. Ladies will
be admitted to tea on Wednesday afternoons."
"The Saturday Review" thus closes its appreciative
article on the late Mr. Symonds: "The activity of Mr.
Symonds was almost exclusively employed in increasing
knowledge and in widening sympathy. Others, per-
haps, have loved literature more wisely—that is to say,
more calmly, more discreetly — than he, but no one has
loved it better. In a time when there are a thousand
temptations to a clever man to divagate to something
which is popular and telling but is not literature, Mr.
Symonds remained the lover of poetry, and history, and
romance. He beat his leaf so thin that it came to look
like tinsel here and there, but that was an error of
judgment—the metal itself was pure gold. If he could
have concentrated his talents a little more, if he could
have resisted a slightly hysterical habit of contemplat-
ing moral phenomena; if, in short, he had not been the
physical invalid he always was, he might have performed
even better things than he has left. But, as it is, his
generous, glowing, picturesque volumes make no poor
memorial to his pleasing and admirable talent."
The exhibit of the Century Company at the World's
Fair, opened May 13, is of much interest. One of the
largest cases is devoted to an exhibit of "how a dic-
tionary is made." Beginning with a copy of the very
earliest English dictionary, Bullokar's " English Expos-
itor," printed in London in 1610, a half-dozen of the
important dictionaries of the past are shown, up to
Bailey's, Johnson's, and the Imperial, the latter of which


1893.]
321
THE
DIAL
was the basis of the Century Dictionary. The exhibit
includes a copy of the edition of Bailey's which was the
first to include cuts, or " engraven schemes," as they are
called on the title-page. There are also included in
the exhibit a great number of interesting original man-
uscripts and drawings for important illustrations in
"The Century " and " St. Nicholas." Manuscript poems
by Tennyson, Longfellow, Whittier, and Bryant appear
in the " St. Nicholas " exhibit, with the manuscript of
the first chapter of " Little Lord Fauntleroy," by Mrs.
Burnett, and original stories by other well-known writers.
The originals of famous letters and documents quoted
in Messrs. Nicolay and Hay's "Life of Lincoln " are
shown. The Century Company also show how an illus-
tration is prepared for the magazine, from the artist's
drawing to the printed page, by wood-engraving, and by
various photo-engraving processes, and how the "Cen-
tury Dictionary" was made.
The following extract from Mr. Symonds's posthum-
ous study of Walt Whitman has both critical and auto-
biographical interest:
"After all, the great thing is, if posrible, to induce people
to study Whitman for themselves. I am convinced that, es-
pecially for young men, his spirit, if intelligently understood
and sympathized with, must be productive of incalculable
good. This, I venture to emphasize by relating what he did
for me. I had received the ordinary English gentleman's
edncation at Harrow and Oxford. Being physically below
the average in health and strength, my development pro-
ceeded more upon the intellectual than the athletic side. In
a word, I was decidedly academical, and in danger of becom-
ing a prig. What was more, my constitution in 1865 seemed
to have broken down, and no career in life lay open to me.
In the autumn of that year my friend, Frederic Myers, read
me aloud a poem from ' Leaves of Grass.' . . . My academ-
ical prejudices, the literary instincts trained by two decades
of Greek and Latin studies, the refinements of culture, and
the exclusiveness of aristocratic breeding, revolted againt the
unoouthness, roughness, irregularity, coarseness, of the poet
and his style. But, in course of a short time, Whitman deliv-
ered my soul of these debilities. As I have elsewhere said in
print, he taught me to comprehend the harmony between the
democratic spirit, science, and that larger religion to which
the modern world is being led by the conception of human
brotherhood, and by the spirituality inherent in any really
scientific view of the universe. He gave body, concrete vi-
tality, to the religious creed which I had been already form-
ing for myself upon the study of Goethe, Greek and Roman
Stoics, Giordano Bruno, and the founders of the evolutionary
doctrine. He inspired me with faith, and made me feel that
optimism was not unreasonable. This gave me great cheer
in those evil years of enforced idleness and intellectual torpor
which my health imposed upon me. Morever, he helped to
free me from many conceits and pettinesses to which academ-
ical culture is liable. He opened my eyes to the beauty, good-
ness, and greatness which may be found in all worthy human
beings, the humblest and the highest. He made me respect
personality more than attainments or position in the world.
Through him, I stripped my soul of social prejudices. Through
him, I have been able to fraternise in comradeship with men
of all classes and several races, irrespective of their caste,
creed, occupation, and special training. To him I owe some
of the best friends I now can claim — sons of the soil, hard-
workers, 'natural and non-chalant,' 'powerful uneducated'
persons."
The testimony here given to Whitman's power is strik-
ingly like that of Mr. R. L. Stevenson, who tells us that
his early reading of Whitman "tumbled the world up-
side down for me, blew into space a thousand cobwebs
of genteel and ethical illusion, and, having thus shaken
my tabernacle of lies, set me back again upon a strong
foundation of all the original and manly virtues."
Topics in Leading Periodicals.
May, 1893 (Second List).
Am. Commonwealth, The. A. C. McLaughlin. Dial (May lti).
Ann Arbor Strike, The. F. P.Sargent. North American.
Aristophanes according to Browning. Helen Reed. Poet-Lore.
Beauty in Keats and Browning. Alice Groff. Poet-Lore.
Behring Sea Question. B. F. Tracy. North American.
Birds, Individuality in. Frank Boiles. Atlantic.
Browning's Mastery of Rhyme. W. J. Rolfe. Poet-Lore.
Browning the Man. W. G. Kingsland. Poet-Lore.
Canada at the World's Fair. North American.
Cavalry Regiment, Story of a. W. E. Furness. Dial (May 101.
Chicago Sixty Years Ago. John D. Caton. Atlantic.
Christianty, Evolution of. Orello Cone. Arena;
Columbian Exposition. Henry Van Brunt. Atlantic.
Demand and Supply. J. R. Commons, Geo. Gunton. Soc. Econ.
Drink Traffic, The. W. S. Rainsford. No. American.
Dutch Industrial Schools. Myra A. Dooley. Arena.
Economio Thought. A. B. Woodford. Dial (May 16).
Eight Hours in England. John Rae. Social Economist.
English Question, The. James J. Greenough. Atlantic.
Etching, British. Illus. Frederick Wedmore. Mag. of Art.
European Peasants as Immigrants. N. S. Shaler. Atlantic.
Exhibition, Opening of the Great. Dial (May 16).
Hasemann, Home of. Illus. Mary E. Bowles. Mag. of Art.
Hawaiian Situation, The. T. H. Davies. No. American.
Hawthorne at North Adams. Bliss Perry. Atlantic.
Kantian Bibliography. Erich Adickes. Philos. Review.
Kemble, Frances Anne. Henry Lee. Atlantic.
Khuenaten, The Art of. Illus. F. Petrie. Mag, of Art.
Learning in a Democracy. F. I. Carpenter. Dial (May 16).
Mascagni, Pietro. Illus. A. R. Willard. New Eng. Mag.
Mental Measurement. J. McK. Cattell. Philos. Review.
Milton as an Educator. Phillips Brook. New Eng. Mag.
Minneapolis Public Schools. J. M. Rice. Forum.
Naval Academy, The. W. G. Richardson. New Eng. Mag.
Neo-Cantism, EpUtemology of. Andrew Seth. Philos. Review.
New England Art at the World's Fair. Illus. New Eng. Mag.
Pension System, Our Private. T. F. Dennis. Forum.
Persia at the World's Fair. North American.
Pope in Washington, The. J. H. Vincent. Forum.
Railway Party in Politics. H. P. Robinson. No. American.
Railway Tariffs. James L. Cowles. Arena.
Rome and America. James F. Loughlin. Forum.
Russian Extradition Treaty, The. George Kennan. Forum.
Sanitation in Cities. John S. Billings. Forum.
Saumarez, Admiral. A. T. Mahan. Atlantic.
Sculpture, Am. School of. Wm. O. Partridge. Arena.
Seattle. Illus. J. W. Pratt. New England Magazine.
Selous, Frederick. Illus. Wm. Stead. Rev. of Reviews.
Smile, The Japanese. Lafcadio Hearn. Atlantic.
Socialism in the Western Slates. F.B.Tracy. Forum.
Strikes and Boycotts. George Gunton. Social Economist.
Suicides and Modern Civilization. F. L. Hoffman. Arena.
Theology, Decadence of. John Burroughs. No. American.
Theosophy, Practical. Kate B. Davis. Arena.
Wagnerism, Triumphant. W.M.Payne. Dial (May 16).
Women at the World's Fair Congresses. Illus. Rev. of Rev.
Women at the World's Fair. Illus. Rev. of Reviews.
Women Wage-Earners. Helen Campbell. Arena.
List of New Books.
[The following list, embracing SO titles, includes all books
received by The Dial since last issue.J
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
Joan of Arc. By Lord Ronald Gower, F.S.A. With seven
etchings and three photo-etchings, 8vo, gilt top, pp. 335.
Charles Scribner's Sons. $7.50.
The Life and Work of John Ruskin. By W. G. Calling-
wood, M.A., editor of "The Poems of John Ruskin.'
In two vols., illus., 8vo, gilt tops. Houghton, Mifflin &
Co. $5.00.


322
[May 16,
THE
DIAL
Wagner and His Works: The Story of His Life, with
Critical Comments. By Henry T. Finek. In 2 vols.,
with portraits, 8vo, pp. 460, gilt top. Charles Scribner's
Sons. $4.00.
Memoirs and Letters of Charles Sumner. By Edward
L. Pierce. Vols. III. and IV., 1845-74. Bins., 8vo.
Roberts Bros. $6.00.
The Life and Letters of Madame De Krudener. By
Clarence Ford. Illns., 8vo, uncut, pp. 322. Macmillan
& Co. $4.50.
Abraham Lincoln. By John T. Morse, Jr. In 2 vols.,
with portrait, ltimo, gilt tops. "American Statesmen."
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $2.50.
Memoirs of Baron de Marbot, Late Lieut.-General in the
French Army. Trans, by Arthur John Butler. Fourth
edition, with Portrait, 12mo, pp. 096. Longmans, Green
& Co. $2.50.
Ernest Renan: In Memoriam. By the Right Hon. Sir
Mountstuart E. Grant Duff, G.C.S.I. 12mo, uncut, pp.
320. Macmillan & Co. $1.75.
Napoleon : Warrior and Ruler, and the Military Supremacy
of Revolutionary France. By William O'Connor Morris.
Blus., 12mo, pp. 433. Putnam's "Heroes of the Na-
tions." $1.50.
Greeley on Lincoln, with Mr. Greeley's Letters to Chas. A.
Dana and a Lady Friend. Edited by Joel Benton. With
portrait, ltimo, pp. 271. Baker & Taylor Co. $1.25.
The Poet and the Man : Recollections and Appreciations
of James Russell Lowell. By Francis H. Underwood,
LL.D., author of " Quabbin." With portrait, 16mo, pp.
138. Lee & Shepard. $1.00.
Peter Stuyvesant, Director-General for the West India
Company in New Netherland. By Bayard Tnckerman,
author of "General Lafayette." Bins., 16mo, pp. 193.
Dodd's " Makers of America." $1.00.
HISTORY.
The Church in the Roman Empire, before A. D. 170. By
W. M. Ramsay, M.A.. author of "The Historical Geo-
graphy of Asia Minor." Blus., 8vo, pp. 494. G. P. Put-
nam's Sons. $3.00.
The Story of Poland. Bv W. R. Morfill, M.A., author of
"The Story of Russia." Illus., 12mo, pp. 389. Put-
nam's "Story of the Nations." $1.50.
A Pathfinder in American History. By W. F. Gordy
and W. I. Twitchell. 12mo, pp. 261. Lee & Shepard.
$1.20.
LITERARY STUDIES.
An Introduction to the Study of Dante. By John Ad-
dington Symonds. With portrait, 12mo, uncut, pp. 288.
Macmillan & Co. $2.50.
Book-Plates. By W. J. Hardy, F.S.A. Illus., 12mo, un-
cut, pp. 175. Chas. Scribner's Sons. $2.50.
The Great Book-Collectors. By Charles I. Elton and Mary
A. Elton. Bins., 12mo, uncut, pp. 228. Chas. Scribner's
Sons. $2.50.
Historic Personality. By Francis Seymour Stevenson, M.
P. 12mo, pp. 140. Macmillan & Co. $1.25.
Spanish Literature: An Elementary Handbook, with In-
dices, etc. By H. Butler Clarke, M.A. 12mo, pp. 288.
Macmillan & Co. $1.60.
Goethe as a Representative of the Modern Art Spirit. By
William M. Bryant. 12mo, pp. 31. St. Louis: River-
side Publishing Co.
The Legend of the Holy Grail. By George McLean Har-
per. 8vo, pp. 66. Baltimore: The Modern Language
Association.
POETRY.
Horatian Echoes : Translations of the Odes of Horace. By
John Osborne Sargent. With Introduction by 0. W.
Holmes. 12mo, gilt top, pp. 240. Houghton, Mifflin &
Co. $1.50.
Greek Poets in English Verse, by Various Translators.
Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by William Hyde
Appleton. 12mo, gilt top, pp. 360. Houghton, Mifflin
& Co. $1.50.
El Nuevo Mundo : A Poem. Bv Louis James Block, au-
thor of " Dramatic Sketches and Poems." 12mo, gilt top,
pp. 95. Chas. H. Kerr & Co. $1.00.
Napoleon: A Drama. By Richmond Sheffield Dement.
Reading edition, with appendix. With portrait, 16mo,
pp. 183. Chicago: Knight, Leonard & Co. $1.25.
Dream of the Ages: A Poem of Columbia. By Kate
Brownlee Sherwood, author of " Campfire and Memorial
Day." Blus., 8vo, pp. 85. Washington: The National
Tribune. $2.50.
Fleeting Thoughts. By Caroline Edwards Prentiss. lGmo,
gilt edges, pp. 128. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.00.
Seaward: An Elegy on the Death of Thomas William Par-
sons. By Richard Hovey. With portrait, 8vo. D.
Lothrop Co. In a box. $1.50.
The Plutocrat: A Drama in Five Acts. By Otto Frederick
Schupphans. 16mo, pp. 103. A. Lovell & Co. $1.00.
The 8od House in Heaven, and Other Poems. By Harry
E. Mills. 16rao, pp. 109. Topeka, Kas.: Geo. W. Crane
& Co. $1.00.
Christ: A Dramatic Poem in Three Acts. By C. Sadakichi
Hartmann. lGmo, pp. SI. Boston: Published for the Au-
thor. 50 cts.
FICTION.
Sally Dows, and Other Stories. By Bret Harte, author of
"Susy." 16mo, pp. 299. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25.
Social Strugglers: A Novel. By Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen.
12mo, pp. 300. Chas. Scribner's Sons. $1.25.
Donald Marcy. By Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, author of
"Gates Ajar." 16mo, pp. 242. Houghton, Mifflin &
Co. $1.25.
Dr. Latimer: A Story of Casco Bay. By Clara Louise Burn-
ham, author of " Next Door." 16rao, pp. 384. Hough-
ton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25.
Little Miss Muffet. By Rosa Nouchette Carey, author of
"Esther." Blus., 16mo, pp.328. J. B. Lippincott Co.
$1.25.
A Riddle of Luck. By Mary E. Stone, author of " The Doc-
tor'B ProtegeV' 12mo, pp. 316. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.25.
John Paget. By Sarah Barnwell Elliott, author of " Jerry."
12mo, pp. 407. Henry Holt & Co. $1.25.
The Loves of Paul Fenley. By Anna M. Fiteh. 12mo,
gilt top, pp. 119. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.00.
Prom Out the Past: The Story of a Meeting in Touraine.
By Emily Rowland Hoppin. 12mo, gilt top, pp. 358.
Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.00.
A Cathedral Courtship, and Penelope's English Experi-
ences. By Kate Douglas Wiggin. Blus., ltimo, pp. 164.
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.00.
Can You Forgive Her? By Anthony Trollope. Li three
vols. Blus., gilt top, 16mo. Dodd, Mead & Co. $3.75.
NEW VOM'MK.S IN THE PAPER LIBRARIES.
Harper's Franklin Square Library: In a Promised Land,
by M. A. Bengongh. 12mo, pp. 318. 50 cts.
Appletons' Town and Country Library: The Voice of a
Flower, by E. Gerard; Mona Maclean, by Graham Trav-
ers. Each, 16mo, 50 cts.
Price-McGill Golden Library. Monsieur Nasson and
Others, by Grace Howard Pierce, ltimo, pp. 267. 50 cts.
Arena Library 8eries: Salome Shepard, Reformer, by
Helen M. Winslow. 12mo, pp. 256. 50 cts.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
Out of Doors In Tsar land: A Record of the Seeings and
Doings of a Wanderer in Russia. By Fred. J. Whishaw.
Blus., 16mo, pp. 380. Longmans, Green & Co. $2.00.
The Memoirs and Travels of Mauritius Augustus,
Count de Benyowsky, in Siberia, Kamchatka, Japan, etc.
Edited by Captain Pasfield Oliver. Bins., 12mo, pp. 399.
Macmillan's Adventure Series." $1.50.
Strange 8ights Abroad; or, A Voyage in European Wa-
ters. By Oliver Optic, author of "A Young Knight-
Errant.' Blus., ltimo, pp. 305. Lee & Shepard's " All
Over the World Series.'' $1.25.
Abroad and at Home: Practical Hints for Tourists. By
Morris Phillips. Illus., 16mo, pp. 365. Brentano's. $1.00.
RELIGION AND THEOLOGY.
The Gospel of the Kingdom: A Popular Exposition of the
Gospel According to Matthew. By C. H. Spurgeon.
12mo, pp. 512. Baker & Taylor Co. $1.50.
Verbum Del: The Yale Lectures on Preaching, 1893. By
Robert F. Horton, M.A., author of " Revelation and the
Bible." Kimo, pp. 300. Macmillan & Co. $1.50.


1893.]
323
THE DIAL
The Divinity of Jesus Christ: An Exposition of the Origin
and Reasonableness of the Belief of the Christian Church.
By the authors of " Progressive Orthodoxy." Kirao, pp.
233. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.00.
In Spirit and in Truth: Essays by Younger Ministers of
the Unitarian Church. With introduction by Rev. James
de Normandie. 12mo, pp. 1G3. Geo. H. Ellis. $1.00.
REFERENCE.
Poole's Index to Periodical Literature, Second Supple-
ment, 1887-1892. By Wm. I. Fletcher, A.M. Large
8vo, pp. 476. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $8.00.
SCIENCE.
The Year-Book of Science. Edited for 1892 by Prof. T.
Q. Bonney, D.Sc. 12mo, pp. 519. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.75.
SOCIAL STUDIES.
Philanthropy and Social Progress: Seven Essays by Jane
Addams, Robt. A. Woods, and Others. With Introduc-
tion by Prof. Henry C. Adams. 12mo, pp. 268. T. Y.
Crowell & Co. $1.50.
The Pursuit of Happiness: A Book of Studies and (grow-
ings. By Daniel G. Brinton, A.M., author of "Races
and Peoples." 12mo, gilt top, pp. 292. Philadelphia:
David McKay. $1.00.
The Bight Hours Question. By John M. Robertson, au-
thor of "Modem Humanists." Himo, pp. 150. Chas.
Scribner's Sons. $1.00.
The Confessions of a Convict. Edited by Julian Haw-
thorne. Blus., 12mo, pp. 288. Philadelphia: Rufus C.
Hartranft. $1.00.
TECHNICAL ARTS.
Drawing in the Public Schools : A Manual for Teachers.
By Anson K. Cross, author of " Free-Hand Drawing."
16mo, pp. 46. Boston: A. K. Cross. $1.00.
Elementary Woodwork: A Series of Sixteen Lessons in
Carpentry and Joinery. By George B. Kilborn, author
of Knife Work in the School-room." Illus., 12mo, pp.
99. Lee & Shepard. 75 cts.
Amateur Photography: A Practical Guide for the Begin-
ner. By W. I. Lincoln Adams. Illus., 16mo, pp. 90.
Baker & Taylor Co. 50 cts.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Homes in City and Country. By John W. Root, Donald
G. Mitchell, and Others. Illus., 8vo, pp. 214. Chas.
Scribner'sSons. $2.00.
Art Out-of-Doors: Hints on Good Taste in Gardening.
By Mrs. Schuyler Van Rensselaer. 12mo, pp. 399. Chas.
Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
Youth. By Chas. Wagner. Trans, from the French by
Ernest Redwood. 12mo, pp. 291. Dodd, Mead, & Co.
$1.25.
Patriotism and Science: Some Studies in Historic Psy-
chology. By William Morton Fullerton, author of "In
Cairo." 16mo. pp. 164. Roberts Bros. $1.00.
Ethianism ; or, The Wise Men Reviewed. By F. J. Rip-
filey. 12mo, pp. 219. Atlanta, Ga.: Constitution Pub"
ishing Co. $1.00.
Un-Authorized History of Columbus. By Walt. Mc-
Dougall. Illus., 16mo, pp. 163. Newark, N. J.: Mc-
Dougall Publishing Co. 25 eta.
EDUCATIONAL ANNOUNCEMENTS.
COLLEOE OP PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS, Chicago, III.
Winter term begins September 25, 1893. Course of study
covers four years; for Bachelors of Arts and Sciences, three
years. Preliminary examination required in English, Physics,
Mathematics, and Latin. Fees, $100 a year. Laboratory
equipment for students unequaled.
For Announcement and further information address
Dr. Bayard Holmes, Sec'y,
Venetian Building, Chicago, Bl.
OIRLS' COLLEGIATE SCHOOL, Chicago, III.
Nos. 479-481 Dearborn Ave. Seventeenth year. Prepares
for College, and gives special courses of study. For Young
Ladies and Children. Miss R. S. Rice, A.M., )D . . ,
Miss M. E. Bebdy, A.M., ( r™"»P»**-
ROCK FORD COLLEOE FOR WOMEN, Rocklord, III.
Forty-fifth year begins Sept. 13,1893. College course and
excellent preparatory school. Specially organized departments
of Music and Art. Four well-equipped laboratories. Good
growing library, fine gymnasium, resident physician. Memo-
rial Hall enables students to much reduce expenses. For cat-
alogue address Sarah F. Anderson, Principal (Lock box 52).
MISS CLAOETT'S HOME AND DAY SCHOOL FOR OIRLS.
Boston, Mass., 252 Marlboro' St. Reopens October 3.
Specialists in each Department. References: Rev. Dr. Don-
ald, Trinity Church; Mrs. Louis Aoassiz, Cambridge;
Pres. Walker, Institute of Technology.
NEW ENOLAND CONSERVATORY OF MUSIC, Boston, Mass.
Founded by Carl Faeltbn,
Dr. Eben Touroee. Director.
TUB LEADING CONSERVATORY OF AMERICA.
In addition to its unequaled musical advantages, excep-
tional opportunities are also provided for the study of Elocu-
tion, the Fine Arts, and Modern Languages. The admirably
equipped Home affords a safe and inviting residence for lady
students. Calendar free.
Frank W. Hale, General Manager.
Franklin Square, Boston, Mass.
BINGHAM SCHOOL (FOR BOYS), Ashevllle, N. C.
1793.—Established in 1793.—1893.
201st Session begins Sept. 1, 1893. Maj. R. Bingham, Supt.
FREEHOLD INSTITUTE, Freehold, N. J.
Boys aged 8 to 16 received into family; fitted for any col-
lege. Business College Course, with Typewriting, Stenog-
raphy. A. A. Chambers, A.M., Principal.
YOlMi LADIES' SEMINARY, Freehold, N. J.
Prepares pupils for College. Broader Seminary Course.
Room for twenty-five boarders. Individual care of pupils.
Pleasant family life. Fall term opens Sept. 13, 1893.
Miss Eunice D. Sewall, Principal.
CORNELL UNIVERSITY, Ithaca, N. Y.
Summer Courses for Teachers and Advanced Students.
July 6 to Aug. 16. Greek. Latin, German, French, English,
Elocution, Philosophy, Experimental Psychology, Pedagogy,
History, Political and Social Science, Mathematics, Physics,
Chemistry, Botany, Freehand and Mechanical Drawing, Phys-
ical Training.
Summer courses are also offered in the SCHOOL OF LAW.
For circulars apply to
The Registrar, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
MISS GIBBONS' SCHOOL FOR OIRLS. New York City.
No. 5."> West 47th st. Mrs. Sarah H. Emerson, Principal.
Will reopen Oct. 4. A few boarding pupils taken.
Established 1880. Widely Known and Patronized.
E. MIRIAM COYRIERE'S TEACHER'S AOENCY, New York.
Room 14,150 Fikth Ave.
Eligible teachers promptly provided for Universities, Col-
leges, Schools, and Families. Teachers supplied with posi-
tions. Circulars of good schools sent to parents. School
property rented and sold. Best of references furnished.
MUSICAL DEPARTMENT.
Church Choirs, Festivals, Entertainments, Oratorios, and
Musicales provided with accomplished Singers and Musicians
in every department. Musical Departments of U7iiversities,
Colleges, and Schools supplied with best talent from Europe
and this country. Private teachers of well-known talent and
reputation supplied to families. Elocutionists, Readers, Real-
istic Impersonators. Panorama of Travel, Lectures, well-known
Concert Pianists, Vocalists, etc. Programmes arranged for
Musicales and Church Entertainments by one well known for
her talent in this respect.


324
[May 16, 1893.
THE DIAL
THE DIAL
21 £enu=JHonrhln Journal of Ettctarg {Criticism, Ihsscusaion, anb Information.
In criticlam, tbe event of the
year 1892 has been the en-
largement of THE DIAL and its
transformation from a monthly
to a semi-monthly magazine.—
CHICAGO TRIBUNE.
THE DIAL is the foremost
critical journal in the country,
and fully and worthily repre-
sents the profession of letters
and the interest of cultivated
readers. —CHICAGO EVENING
JOURNAL.
I do Indeed value THE DIAL
very highly. It is in my opin-
ion the best critical Journal in
this country. — HJALMAR H.
BOYE8EN, New York.
The look and bearing of THE
DIAL is refinement itself. . . .
Seriousness, fearless care, and
a right instinct in letters help
to make THE DIAL the best
review we have. —THE INDE-
PENDENT, New York.
THE DIAL
Has been established twelve
years (since May, 1880), as a
monthly journal devoted to
Literary Criticism only ; but
lately (September 1, 1892),
by its change to semi-monthly
publication, and by enlarge-
ment of its scope so as to
include the broader interests of Literature, of Education, and of Higher Culture generally, it
has entered upon a new career of influence and prosperity. Its regular features are: Carefully
written Editorial Articles upon prominent literary, educational, and allied subjects; briefer
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ive and elaborate than appear in any other American critical journal, and signed by the
writers, usually well-known specialists and recognized authorities on the subjects discussed:
briefer but carefully written Criticisms of a great variety of New Books; a full department of
Literary Notes and gossip; an Index to Topics in current Leading Periodicals; and a complete
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size, price, etc., by which the reader is kept fully informed as to the important books that are
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GOSSE, London, England.
THE DIAL is published on the 1st and the 16th of each month. Terms (including postage),
$2. a year, in advance. Single copy, 10 cents. Address,
THE DIAL, 24 Adams St., Chicago.


THE DIAL
<A SEMI-MONTHLY JOURNAL OF
$iteranr Criticism, §isaission, ani> Information.
EDITED BT j Volume XIV.
FRANCIS F. BROWNE. I Aro. 167.
CHICAGO, JUNE 1, 1893. "fit^*
Office: 24 Adams St.
Stevens Building.
Harper's Magazine for June
Contains the First Instalment of a New Serial Story:
THE HANDSOME HUMES. By William Black.
OTHER FEATURES ARE:
The Evolution of New York. By Thomas A. Janvier.
Part II. With Four Drawings by Howard Ptle, and Two
Maps.
An Artist's Summer Vacation. By John Gilmer
Speed. With Eight Illustrations by William M. Chase,
and Two from Photographs.
New France under British Rule. A Study of French-
Canadian Life. By Henry Loomis Nelson. With Four
Drawings by C. S. Retnhabt and Two Engravings from
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326
[June 1„
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327
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[June 1, 1893.
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No. 167. JUNE 1, 1893. Vol. XIV.
COSTKXTS.
PAOE
MUSIC AT THE WORLD'S FAIR 329
CHRONICLE AND COMMENT 331
COMMUNICATIONS 331
"Wanted — A Newspaper." H. W.S.Cleveland.
Mr. Stanley's Proposed Newspaper. W. H. Johnson.
"Gettysburg Thirty Years After."—A Correction.
J. J. Halsey.
A RUSSIAN EVANGELIST. E.G.J 333
SOME RECENT PAGES OF AMERICAN HIS-
TORY. J. J. Halsey 330
Sloane's The French War and the Revolution.—
Lecky's The Political Value of History.— Wilson's
Division and Reunion.— Loring's Nullification.
VOODOO TALES OF SOUTHERN NEGROES.
Fletcher S. Bassetl 338
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne ... 339
Boyesen's Social Stragglers. — Howells's The World
of Chance.— Mrs. Turnbull's Val-Maria.— Murray's
Time's Revenges. — Lysaght's The Marplot. —Stev-
enson's Island Nights' Entertainments. — Octave
Thanet's Stories of a Western Town.— Harte's Sally
Dows. — James's The Real Thing. — Sienkiewicz's
Without Dogma.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 342
Some personal recollections of Nathaniel Hawthorne.
— A new life of Ernest Renan. — The objective
study of English Literature. — Some perverse liter-
ary criticisms. — New edition of Borrow's puzzling
"Lavengro."—A well-edited collection of Cowper's
letters.—Second series of Mr. Winter's essays on the
Stage.
BRIEFER MENTION 344
LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS 344
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 345
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 34U
MUSIC AT THE WORLDS FAIR.
The World's Fair offers at least one exhibit (if
such it may be styled) that, in its very nature, per-
mits of no hurried enjoyment, but requires, for its
full appreciation, a stay equal in length with the
period of the Exposition itself. One may see all
the pictures and all the machinery, all the material
embodiments of science and the arts, if he choose
or be forced to so hasty a procedure, within the
space of a week or a month; but he cannot, for-
tunately, hear all the music without staying all the
time. This one of the arts, happier than the others,
can make its own conditions, and impose them upon
its public; it may be enjoyed only upon its own
terms, and demands the attention for which the sis-
ter arts can only plead. This point of view must
be insisted upon if we are to realize the immense
educational significance of the work planned by the
Bureau of Music, or even, perhaps, if we are to jus-
tify the great expense at which this feature of the
Fair has been provided.
Although the plans of the musical department
have been advertised far and wide, we doubt if
there are many, outside the circle of those who reg-
ularly read the special music periodicals, who have
an adequate idea of the extent to which music en-
ters into the art-work of the exhibition. The public
knows, in a general way, that music may be heard
almost any day of the week, or even hour of the
day; but it does not know with what taste and com-
prehensiveness the programmes have been arranged,
or what magnificent means are at the command of
the musical directors. To the public, the grounds
of the "White City " are indeed, like Prospero's isle.
"Full of noises,
Sounds and sweet airs that give delight and hurt not,"
but only a limited portion of the public understands
that the arrangements made for the World's Fair
music present opportunities never before parallelled
—in this country, at least, if in any—for a liberal
musical education. We have had in past years,
in some of our larger cities, musical festivals of
one or two weeks' duration; but what are they in
comparison with the continuous six months' festi-
val offered as one feature of the Columbian Expo-
sition?
A rapid survey of the means at the disposal of
the Bureau of Music may serve to convey some no-
tion of the magnitude of its work. Festival Hall, first
opened on the 22d of May ( Wagner's birthday, cel-
ebrated by a magnificent programme of selections
from his works), is an admirably planned and acous-
tically satisfactory auditorium, provided with an


330
[June 1,
THE
DIAL
organ, and seating 4500 listeners, with 2000 addi-
tional seats in the chorus section. Music Hall (of
which the acoustics are imperfect, but not, perhaps,
irremediably so) offers a tastefully-decorated inter-
ior and 2000 seats. The same building contains
a Recital Hall, with a seating capacity of 600.
Within these three halls the serious musical work
of the Fair will be carried on. The nucleus of the
forces behind that work is provided by the Ex-
position Orchestra of eighty-five men, under the
unsurpassed leadership of Mr. Theodore Thomas.
This orchestra, originally comprising the best ma-
terial that Mr. Thomas ever had at his command,
has had the advantage of two years of training un-
der his direction, and probably now represents the
highest degree of technical excellence yet achieved
by any orchestral body in the United States. Upon
special occasions, the orchestra will be enlarged un-
til it numbers one hundred and fifty or even two
hundred, as was done for the two great Wagner
concerts of last month. The choral forces of the
World's Fair music have for their nucleus the Apollo
Club of Chicago, whose work cannot be too highly
praised, and which will be supplemented by the
much larger Columbian Chorus, and the chorus of
children, all of these being trained by Mr. Will-
iam L. Tomlins. Visiting orchestras and visiting
choruses will supplement the work of the perma-
nent local organizations, and the most distinguished
solo artists, instrumental and vocal, will frequently
appear during the season. This feature of the
work has already been illustrated by the concerts
of the Boston and New York symphony orchestras,
and of the Kneisel string quartette, as well as by
the appearance of such artists as Mmes. Materaa
and Nordica, and of Mr. Paderewski, whose kind-
ness in offering his services for the two opening
concerts cannot be held in too grateful remem-
brance.
A glance at the projected programmes, even in
their present incomplete condition, will serve to in-
dicate something of the musical delights in store
for the coming months. Two performances each
of "The Messiah" and of the St. Matthew " Pas-
sion " are announced. There will be two festival
seasons by massed choruses of 1500 from the West-
ern societies. Herr Richter of Vienna will con-
duct a series of concerts in July, giving the Ninth
Symphony and much Wagnerian music. In the
early autumn. Dr. A. C. Mackenzie will direct a
series of concerts, to be followed by a series under
the direction of M. Saint-Saens. These are only a
few of the announcements already made. Admis-
sion to all these concerts is by fee, which is proper,
although it is possible that the price is higher than
it should be. There are also, of course, free con-
certs in great numbers: daily concerts by the Ex-
position Orchestra, and by numberless military
bands. Morning, afternoon, and evening there will
be no lack of open-air music, and a survey of the
programmes already given show this music to be of
a higher class than is usual under such circum-
stances. Such appendages to the Exposition proper
as the German and Austrian villages have their
own bands, discoursing almost continuous music
from morning till night. Finally, the amateurs of
the bizarre will find their account in the musical
performances of the Turkish, Chinese, and other
Oriental theatres and entertainments.
For the arrangement of this magnificent scheme
of concerts, we are, of course, chiefly indebted to
the enthusiasm and the fine artistic sense of Mr.
Theodore Thomas, who has thereby added a more
indefeasible title than any previously won to the
love and gratitude of the American people. The
disgraceful way in which, acting as the tools of
a few unimportant piano manufacturers, certain
members of the National Commission and certain
of the Chicago newspapers have recently combined
to attack Mr. Thomas, and to asperse the sincerity
of his motives, provides the history of music at the
Exposition with its one discreditable chapter. As
the case was neatly put by the Chicago correspon-
dent of an Eastern literary journal, the members
of the committee appointed to "investigate" Mr.
Thomas " were astute enough to believe the state-
ments of everyone except Mr. Thomas himself, and
were entirely sure that questions pertaining to art
should be settled on a purely commercial basis."
Fortunately, this committee had no jurisdiction in
the matter, and there was at no time any real dan-
ger of the unspeakable calamity that the loss of Mr.
Thomas's services would have been. The unholy
bargain proposed by some members of the National
Commission, whereby their opposition to Mr. Thomas
was to be withdrawn as a return for votes in favor
of Sunday closing, illustrates both the dishonesty of
his enemies and the extent to which the vicious
practice of log-rolling may be carried. These men
were willing, as a New York paper puts it, "to
swap their religious scruples against Sunday open-
ing in return for the triumph of their artistic prin-
ciples." The whole shameful episode is now at an
end, and most of those concerned in it are engaged
in the humiliating process known to the sporting
fraternity as " hedging." What the intelligent pub-
lic thinks of it all was evident enough to those who
were present at the inaugural concert given in Fes-
tival Hall a few days ago, when Mr. Thomas re-
sumed the baton after an illness of several days (to
which we have no doubt the brutal attack made
upon him contributed), and was greeted with ap-
plause to which we may fairly apply that often-
abused word, "ovation." In this applause there
was clearly much more than recognition of the work
of the orchestra, admirable as that was; one might
hear, besides, a very distinct note of personal regard
for the great conductor, a note of cordial apprecia-
tion both of the manner in which his splendid work
has been accomplished and of the dignified atti-
tude that he has maintained throughout the whole
disgusting controversy.


1893.]
331
THE
DIAL
CHRONICLE AND COMMENT.
The opening sessions of the World's Congress Aux-
iliary have removed all doubts of the success of this
division of the World's Fair work, aud have given the
public a convincing illustration of the importance of the
great enterprise so energetically directed by Mr. C. C.
Bonney, the President of the Auxiliary. For the wo-
men of this country, the occasion has been of peculiar
moment, and it was fortunate that the opening Con-
gress should have been intrusted to their exclusive man-
agement. It would be difficult to surpass the zeal dis-
played by them in bringing together their Congress of
Representative Women, or the great and varied inter-
est of its sessions. At all hours of the day during the
week of May 15, the new Art Building was thronged
with enthusiastic listeners to and participants in the
discussions set down upon the programmes of the vari-
ous sections, and few indeed were the concerns not
touched upon during the meetings. When we consider
that, in addition to this exclusively feminine Congress,
each of the coming Congresses has its special committee
of women, charged with the special interests of their
sex, whether in law or literature, science or social re-
form, we should perhaps be justified in changing the
motto of the Auxiliary from "Not things, but men," to
"Not things, but women." At the very least it should be
supplemented by a subsidiary " Place aux dames!" But
the tale of feminine zeal is not yet all told, for, in ad-
dition to the opportunities offered them by the Auxil-
iary, the women actively interested in the work have
organized an indefinitely extended series of meetings in
the Woman's Building on the World's Fair grounds,
aud there daily discourse, discuss, and confer, and are
likely to continue doing so for the next five mouths.
Professor H. H. Boyesen's paper on "American
Literary Criticism and Its Value," in the June " Forum,"
is an anecdotical and entertaining discussion of an inter-
esting subject. The chief point made by the author is
that the work of literary criticism in this country is
gradually becoming differentiated and specialized. Such
journals as The Dial, we are told, "will continue to
grow in authority and prosperity until they will mono-
polize the field." They are already "acquiring a tem-
perament as distinct as that of the English 'Spec-
tator,'or the 'Saturday Review';" they "are attach-
ing to themselves a large corps of experts, in the most
varied fields, and are gradually attaining the import-
ance, the individuality, and the traditions befitting per-
manent institutions." In view of this statement, it
is a little difficult to see the meaning of Mr. Boyesen's
remark that" a book stood a far better chance of being
judged on its merits, teu or fifteen years ago, than it
does now." He brings nothing to support this conten-
tion except the fact that two or three of the monthly
magazines give less attention to reviews than they once
did. But the process of specialization to which he
elsewhere refers is surely accountable for this fact, and
as surely makes for the impartial judgment that results
from intelligent expert criticism.
Mr. Churton Collins, in a university extension
lecture of about a year ago, emphasized the importance
of a knowledge of Greek to those ambitious of true lit-
erary culture. He said, in substance, that no study of
any literature could be satisfactory without some such
knowledge. The audience addressed consisted mainly
of working people, but an Oxford man chanced to be
among them, and promptly offered instruction in
Greek to those who wished to acquire this key to the
doors of culture. A dozen of those present accepted
the offer, and, we are told by the New York " Nation,"
in less than a year qualified themselves "up to the
standard of Responsiors or Smalls "! Other English
extension centres have expressed a desire for Greek,
and the demand has grown sufficiently to attract the at-
tention of Professor Jebb, who recently made a speech in
its behalf. Some of the English newspapers have taken
up the movement and given it the high-sounding name of
"the renaissance of letters." Without being carried to
this extent of enthusiasm, may we not fairly see in the
significant facts above reported some sign of the turn-
ing of the tide? Are they not straws that indicate a
change in the direction of the wind? For many years
past the current of popular opinion has set so strongly
against the study of the humanities that many of their
advocates have felt themselves engaged in defending a
cause already lost. Yet it would be folly to suppose
that the world will ever deliberately abandon the use
of the best instruments of culture yet devised by the
experience of the ages. The "too quick despairer"
may take renewed heart at even so slight an indication
of an inevitable reaction as is offered by the new-found
desire of a handful of English workiuginen to unseal
for their eyes those gates of light that we call the clas-
sical languages.
The committee having in charge the Plymouth
School of Applied Ethics announce that there will be no
session this summer, the counter-attractions of the
World's Congress Auxiliary being given as the principal
reason for this omission. The school has, however, am-
bitious plans for the future. A series of winter ses-
sions will probably take place during the coming season.
Next year, the summer meetings at Plymouth will be re-
sumed, and it is hoped to bring into relation with them
a series of Ministers' Institutes and Teachers' Associa-
tions, " with a view of reaching a class of students to
whom the school is specially fitted to be of use." It is
interesting to learn that a friend of the school has given
it a twenty acre tract of land at Plymouth, and that the
school is likely to have buildings of its own when its
work is resumed. The work already done in connec-
tion with the school by Dr. Adler and his associates has
been so fruitful that we are glad to learn of the bright-
ened prospects of the organization.
COMMUNICA HONS.
"WANTED - A NEWSPAPER."
(To the Editor of The Dial. |
The letter of Mr. H. M. Stanley in The Dial of
May 16 will commend itself to many readers, as sug-
gestive of an object so much to be desired that the pos-
sibility of its attainment is well worthy of agitation and
careful consideration. No intelligent and thoughtful
man can fail to perceive the essential need of a thor-
ough reform of the general tone of our newspaper press,
not alone as a means of elevating aud educating the pop-
ular taste, but as an index of national character by
which we must be judged as surely as an individual is
judged by the general tone of his conversation.
No better criterion of the general culture of any com-
munity or section of country can be found than is af-
forded by its newspapers, aud especially by the charac-


332
[June 1,
THE
DIAL
ter of the advertisements they contain, which are of
course addressed to the great mass of readers by men
whose interests force them to study carefully the tastes
of their customers. The character of a community is
determined by the proportions of its different classes.
If I find a paper largely occupied by flaming adver-
tisements of quack medicines, or of doctors who profess
peculiar skill, or of articles of any kind to which the at-
tention of customers is drawn by extraordinary means,
or by an effort at wit in the wording, the conclusion is
forced upon me that there must be a large leaven of ig-
norance and credulity in the community addressed —
for no person of even moderate culture could fail to be
repelled and disgusted by it, and the fact that it is con-
tinued from day to day at large cost to the advertisers
proves beyond question that they find it to their interest.
Turning from the advertisements, if I find whole col-
umns of so-called "Fun and Humor" filled with at-
tempts at wit worthy only of the stable, or elsewhere
notices of the movements or acts of the dignitaries of
our own or other countries, in which they are spoken of
in slang language which would never be used in conver-
sation by any decent man, what other conclusion cau be
reached than one that is very far from complimentary
to the community by whom the paper is sustained?
The great question is, Can we hope to affect a re-
form? If not,— if such garbage is a necessity without
which a paper cannot be supported,—let us no longer
boast of the superior intelligence and virtue of our peo-
ple, and, moreover, let us resign ourselves to the con-
viction that the minds of our growing youth are to be
contaminated by its constant presence. But Mr. Stan-
ley's suggestion that the present is a fitting time to
make an effort for the establishment of a paper which
shall set the example of a more dignified tone and a
rigid exclusion of the vulgarisms with which we are or-
dinarily insulted in the dailies, is at least worthy of ag-
itation, and it is in that belief that I venture to second
his motion, hoping to elicit further communications from
more competent writers. H w g Cleveland.
Minneapolis, Minn., May 18, 1893.
MR. STANLEY'S PROPOSED NEWSPAPER.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
It seems to the writer that Mr. Stanley, in his let-
ter in The Dial of May 16, goes too far in the assump-
tion that a newspaper such as he outlines is sure to be
a losing venture, financially. Is it not true that the
only serious obstacle to prevent such a paper from
achieving financial success is the general lack of faith
in the sincerity of the daily press? When we read in
our morning paper an editorial showing ability and real
depth of thought, the question at once arises, Is a sin-
gle sentence of this the genuine conviction of the writer?
Am I sure that under changed circumstances he may
not, even within a few weeks, express opinions utterly
at variance with what I read to-day? Or if not, what
assurance have I that the proprietor will not substitute
for him someone with a more pliant pen, to follow the
whim of the hour?
I have in mind a daily recently founded to represent
the "better element" in a certain party. It prints
much less news concerning prize-fights, scandals, etc.,
than any other daily which comes under my view, but its
editorials constantly betray the real tastes of the writer.
Independence of ordinary party methods is evidently
not his forte. He is acting a part for the purpose of
securing support. This is not what we want. Let it
be perfectly certain that the management, and the edi-
torial corps, from top to bottom, are thoroughly in
earnest in their desire to furnish a paper whose news
shall be reliable and whose influence shall be pure and
elevating,—a paper which shall be independent because
it is right to be independent and not for the sake of win-
ning the financial support of any class whatever,— give
us this assurance, and the financial side of the enter-
prise will take care of itself. There is a widespread
demand for such a paper, and it pays to furnish what
the people need. W. H. Johnson.
Denison University, May 20, 1893.
"GETTYSBURG THIRTY YEARS AFTER.
A CORRECTION.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
As I have not access to the " Correspondence " col-
umn of "The Nation," will The Dial print this cor-
rection of an error of statement in the issue for May 4
of that paper in a letter entitled "Gettysburg Thirty
Years After." The writer, who recently visited that
battlefield in company with Gen. Longstreet and other
participants in the battle, says: "He [Gen. Longstreet]
then told an anecdote which an English officer — Cap-
tain Fremantle—who was with him at Gettysburg, has
narrated in a book. Fremantle says that he watched
Pickett's men until the head of the column reached the
Union line and began to clamber over the stone wall.
Longstreet had watched it also, but with a more prac-
ticed eye. He had seen the effect of the withering fire,
and he knew that the leaping of the stone wall was but
the last gasp of that stricken band. Fremantle ran up
to him and exclaimed, ' General, that is magnificent. I
wouldn't have missed it for the world.' 'The hell you
wouldn't,' replied Longstreet."
In "Three Months in the Southern States: April-
June, 1863, by Lieut.-Col. Fremantle, Coldstream
Guards," published in New York in 1864, is the orig-
inal account of this incident. At pages 264-6 Col.
Fremantle says: "But finding that, to see the actual
fighting, it was absolutely necessary to go into the thick
of the thing, I determined to make my way to General
Longstreet. It was then about 2:30. After passing
General Lee and his staff, I rode on through the woods
in the direction in which I had left Longstreet." Then,
after speaking of the stream of wounded men be met,
he goes on: "When I got close up to General Long-
street, I saw one of his regiments advancing through
the woods in good order; so, thinking I was just in time
to see the attack, I remarked to the General that ' /
wouldn't have missed this for anything.' Longstreet was
seated at the top of a snake fence at the edge of the
wood, and looking perfectly calm and imperturbed. He
replied, laughing,' The devil you wouldn't! I would like
to have missed it very much; we've attacked and been re-
pulsed; look there!' For the first time I then had a
view of the open space between the two positions, and
saw it covered with Confederates slowly and sulkily re-
turning towards us in small broken parties. . . . The
General told me that Pickett's division had succeeded in
carrying the enemy's position and capturing his guns,
but after remaining there twenty minutes, it had been
forced to retire, on the retreat of Heth and Pettigrew
on its left." j0HN j Halsey.
Lake Forest University, May 8, 1S93.


1893.] THE
DIAL 333
Che Neto 13ooke.
A Russian Evangelist.*
It is a curious fact that, heretofore, no life
of so interesting a character as Mme. de Kru-
dener has appeared in the English language;
while, on the other hand, as her latest biog-
rapher points out, there exists in the French
and the German language "an extensive bib-
liography dealing with every phase of her ca-
reer." For biography of some sort or degree
— from biography proper down to the daily
keyhole espials of journalism — seems to be,
with us, the order of the day. The individ-
ual's "itch for publicity " is fairly met by the
public's yearning to appease it. The past has
been ransacked for available names, and the
declining years of eminent people are soothed
by the reflection that the book-maker, avid
of prey and marking afar off the failing strag-
gler, is waiting to pounce upon them the
moment the breath is fairly out of their bod-
ies. Yet, as we have said, no considerable pre-
sentment of one of the most striking feminine
personalities of modern times was offered to
the English reading public, until Mr. William
Sharp included the earlier of Sainte-Beuve's
portraits of Mme. de Krudener in his recently
translated "Essays on Men and Women."
This charming sketch, however, inspired by its
heroine's self-portraying romance, "Valerie,"
and penned before the stern facts of her life
were brought to light in M. Charles Eynard's
biography, deals only with her earlier years,
and with the lighter and more graceful sides of
her character. In a second essay the great critic
regretfully admitted his former illusions; and
he half petulantly complained that his modern
St. Elizabeth, with her mystic aureole, should
have been dragged "from the dim white radi-
ance out of which she smiles on us," into the
noon-tide glare of sober historical criticism.
Mr. Clarence Ford has amply — rather too
amply, we fancy, for most readers — supplied
the hitherto existing lack of an adequate En-
glish life of the Emperor Alexander's Egeria
— for it is in this role, perhaps, that Mme. de
Krudener assumes for us her chief importance.
Mr. Ford lays claim to no originality of re-
search, to no successful unearthing of hitherto
unsuspected documents. His book professes
to be no more than the outcome of a careful
sifting of all material accessible to the histor-
*The Life and Letters of Madame de Krudener.
By Clarence Ford. Illustrated. New York: Macraillan & Co.
ical student in the libraries of London and
Paris. While it seems to us that Mr. Ford
might well have carried his sifting process
somewhat further, he has certainly given us an
interesting book, sober in tone, and uninflu-
enced by either of the opposing temptations,
hyper-laudation or cynical misrepresentation,
to one or other of which Mme. de Krudener's
continental critics have yielded. Between the
high-flown panegyrics of M. Eynard and of
Sainte-Beuve, and the jocose cynicism of most
of the lady's French biographers, Mr. Ford has
judiciously steered a middle course, with the
probable result of coming nearer the truth as to
his heroine's real character. He has availed
himself liberally of existing letters of Mme. de
Krudener, quoting most of them entire, and ob-
serving that they "reveal the real characteris-
tics of the gifted writer far more vividly than
any words of her biographer could hope to do."
Probably not a few of our readers will have
already asked, "But who was Mme. de Kru-
dener?" and it may be well, before dwelling
upon one or two leading phases of her career,
to answer the question as briefly and broadly
as possible. Barbe-Julie de Krudener (1764-
1824) was a Russian woman of rank, who,
after making a brilliant figure in continental
society and a tolerable figure in continental let-
ters, embraced religion (of a rather vague, emo-
tional, perhaps hysterical type), attained an
extraordinary though fleeting spiritual ascend-
ancy over the Czar Alexander I., and, during
her later years, led a series of religious revi-
vals in Europe generally similar to those con-
ducted by the " Salvationists " of our own day.
Reduced to her simplest terms, Mme. de Kru-
dener was a striking example of the worldling
turned saint. The transformation is, in itself,
no unusual phenomenon; indeed, we think
there is no especially zealous and efficient saint
in the calendar who is not recorded as having
served a more or less thorough novitiate of
worldliness. To properly and effectively preach
against and fight against the world, the flesh,
and the devil, one must have had a pretty close
acquaintance with all three. It is pretty evi-
dent that Mme. de Krudener's sudden conver-
sion was not due to any process of deliberate
reasoning on her part. Sincere and nobly self-
sacrificing as she was in her later years, reli-
gion was with her, at first, rather an emotional
indulgence, a newly-discovered outlet for her
over-wrought enthusiasms, a novel, and there-
fore piquant, gratification of the undefined
longings of her romantic nature. She had been,


334
[June 1,
THE
DIAL
for many years, a mondaine of mondaines.
She had eaten, long and greedily, of forbidden
fruit, and her palate, once over-keen, had grown
blunted to its savor. Then, having lost the
sense of taste, she rather ungratefully declared
the fruit which she had so long enjoyed to be
Dead Sea fruit. We are apt to forget the sub-
jective element in our pleasures, and (as deaf
people sometimes complain that they cannot
hear " because people mumble so nowadays ")
to impute shortcomings to all nature, rather
than to our failing selves.
There is another element in Mme. de Kru-
dener's spiritual new-birth that must be taken
into account. She had been for twenty years
an inveterate posevse. Notoriety, vogue, had
been to her as the breath of life. At the date
of her conversion she had turned forty, her at-
tractions were on the wane, she had shot her
bolt in the world of fashion and of letters, and,
clearly, something must be done. It was a
dreadful thing to Mme. de Krudener to find
the world in which she had shone so long and so
brilliantly growing as it were away from her; to
note its once eager homage to her youth, talents
and beauty, merging imperceptibly into those
common civilities which are the birthright of
her sex. Someone has rather maliciously styled
culture " a last resort for unattractive people."
So, as it seems to us, religion, or rather the
fame and glamour of exalted piety, was with
Mme. de Krudener a sort of pis-aller, a shift
for prolonging that vogue which she felt was
rapidly slipping away from her ; but it is no less
true that what was in its inception partly an in-
dulgence, partly an expedient, became in time
a noble reality; and privation, suffering, per-
secution for righteousness' sake, willingly en-
countered and cheerfully undergone, testify elo-
quently to the sincerity of Mme. de Krudener's
self-imposed apostolate.
Mme. de Krudener's marriage, in 1783, to
a man twenty years her senior and by nature
incapable of understanding or of responding to
the fanciful, romantic side of her character,
goes far to explain, perhaps even to palliate,
the faults of her earlier life. At the time of
the marriage, Baron Krudener had already
won distinction in the diplomatic world. He
had been twice married — and had been twice
divorced; but these matrimonial experiences of
the distinguished suitor do not seem to have been
a drawback in the eyes of Julie or of her pa-
rents. It was purely a marriage of convenance;
and it is pretty certain that the Baroness's (or
perhaps we should more properly say the Bar-
on's) marital griefs arose from the fact that
the wife, having chosen with her head, had
hoped at the same time to satisfy the longings
of her singularly romantic heart. Julie seems,
at first, to have made a persistent and honest
attempt to regard her rather impassive and all
too serious husband as the lodestar of her life;
but the Baron, a phlegmatic man absorbed in
his diplomatic duties, did not lend himself read-
ily to the role of a hero of romance.
Among the many verbal portraits that exist
of Mme. de Krudener in her youth, the best,
perhaps, is that which she draws of herself, in
the character of "Valerie," in the romance
already mentioned. Our author accepts this
tale — which Sainte-Beuve numbers among the
books that may be read with pleasure thrice in
a lifetime — as a transcript of the Baroness's
Venetian experiences. The graceful, tender,
capricious, girlish figure which so captivated
(and misled) the French critic, is, Mr. Ford
thinks, none other than the authoress herself,
a little embellished doubtless, a little poeti-
cised, and yet instinct with life and reality,
and in harmony with all the descriptions given
by contemporary writers. In spite of her mo-
bile features, her fine expressive eyes and
transparent complexion, Julie de Ki'udener
was never a strictly beautiful woman; but she
possessed to a singular degree that indefinable
personal charm which is not incompatible with
positive homeliness, and which, says our au-
thor, seems to be the birthright of so many Rus-
sian women of rank. They possess, he adds,—
"Something of the exquisite fragrance of a hot-house
blossom, reared, as they arc, in the midst of almost in-
conceivable luxury, tempered by all the refinements of
French civilization, and artificially sheltered from every
contact with the inclement rigors of their northern cli-
mate."
Julie de Krudener preserved to the last years
of her life that special attractiveness, magnet-
ism if you will, to which, in her youth, she
owed her conquests, and, later, in large meas-
ure, her converts. An extreme gracefulness
of carriage and lightness of movement (she
had been a favorite pupil of Vestris), together
with the fair curling hair that fell in soft ring-
lets about her face, lent an air of unusual
youthfulness to her appearance; and, at Ven-
ice, the wife and mother of twenty-one still
looked like a girl of sixteen. But we shall let
our heroine speak for herself. We quote from
« Valerie ":
"I cannot describe Valdrie to you better than by re-
minding you of your cousin, the youthful Ida. They
are strangely alike, aud yet she possesses something spe-


THE
335
cial that I have never yet seen in any other woman. It
would be easy to possess as much grace, and much more
beauty, and yet to be far inferior to her. People do
not perhaps admire her, but she possesses something
ideal and fascinating which forces one to be struck by
her. She is so refined, so slight, she might almost be a
fleeting thought. Nevertheless, the first time I saw her
I did not think her pretty. She is very pale, and the
contrast between her gaiety, I might even say her wild
spirits, and her face, which is meant to be serious and
sensible, had a curious effect upon me. I have since
discovered that the moments in which she appears to be
simply a happy child are very rare. Her habitual tem-
perament is, on the contrary, somewhat sad, and she
flings herself at times into an exaggerated gaiety, just
as highly sensitive people, with very delicate narves,
may behave in a manner quite contrary to their habits."
"Valerie" appeared in 1803, and the story
of the astute author's ruanomvres, preparatory
to publication, forms a curious chapter in the
history of literary wire-pulling. Mme. de Kru-
dener knew her public intimately; and, although
sure of the artistic merit of her book, she was
aware that mere excellence would not suffice to
carry by storm the blase Parisian world. In
her own words, "Nothing can be had in Paris
except by charlatanism*"; and she heroically
determined that the end should not fail through
any over-niceness on her own part as to the
means. Her chosen agent in the matter was
her Parisian physician and confident, Dr. Gay,
a man of some reputation and much ambition,
a friend of the Abbe Kaynal and of Laharpe.
To him we find the Baroness, then in Lyons,
inditing the following letters:
"... I have another request to make: pray have
some verses written by a good poet to our friend Sid-
onie.* In these verses, which I need not describe to
you and which must be in perfect taste, there must be
no other envoi but 'To Sidonie.' The poet will ask
her why she resides in the provinces, why we are de-
prived of her wit and grace? Her triumphs call her
to Paris. Her talents and her charms will there be ap-
preciated at their full value. Her enchanting dance has
been described; but who can describe all that distin-
guishes her? Mon ami, I confide in your friendship;
I am ashamed on behalf of Sidonie, for I know her mod-
esty, and you know that she is not vain. But I have a
reason far more important than mere vanity for beg-
ging you to have the verses written, and as soon as pos-
sible. . . . Please settle with the newspaper; I hope
to explain my reasons later," etc., etc.
In Madame's next letter to her obliging
friend one notes some hint of the quid pro quo
— for it seems the worthy Doctor was not ex-
pected to render his services out of mere com-
plaisance:
"I wrote to you, my excellent friend, four days ago,
and on the same day I received your letter; mine had
•The heroine of the Cabane des Lataniers, a portrait, as
was well understood in Paris, of Madame de Krudener her-
self.
already been sent off, and so I was unable to tell you
how anxiously I desire to assist you in the acquirement
of that reputation, which your talents and your virtues
deserve. Yes, my worthy and excellent friend, I look
forward to advancing your cause. I am impatiently
awaiting the moment, when, once more in Paris, my
time, my thoughts, my zeal can all be consecrated to
your advancement. You must introduce me to La-
harpe, who is already acquainted with one of your
friends. I shall use all my influence with Bernardin de
St. Pierre, Chateaubriand, and many more of my friends;
and we shall succeed, for pure intentions always do suc-
ceed."
Our author cites several of these letters, which
are all to the same purpose, and which seem to
have done their work most effectually. Later,
Mme. de Krudener went herself to Paris ; and
the following entertaining account is given of
the final stratagems to which she resorted in
order to ensure the triumph of her book:
"During several days she made the round of the
fashionable shops, incognito, asking sometimes for
shawls, sometimes for hats, feathers, wreaths, or rib-
bons, all It la Valerie. When they saw this beautiful
and elegant stranger step out of her carriage with an
air of assurance, and ask for fancy articles which she
iuveuted on the spur of the moment, the shopkeepers
were seized with a polite desire to satisfy her by any
means in their power. Moreover, the lady would soon
pretend to recognize the article she had asked for.
And if the unfortunate shop-girls, taken aback by such
unusual demands, looked puzzled, and denied all knowl-
edge of the article, Mme. de Krudener would smile gra-
ciously and pity them for their ignorance of the new
novel, thus turning them into eager readers of 'Val-
e"rie.' Then, laden with her purchases, she would drive
off to another shop, pretending to search for that which
only existed in her imagination. Thanks to these man-
oeuvres, she succeeded in exciting such ardent competi-
tion in honor of her heroine, that for at least a week the
shops sold everything ii la Valerie. Her own friends,
the innocent accomplices of her stratagems, also visited
shops on her recommendation, thus carrying the fame
of her book through the Faubourg St. Germain and the
Chausse'e d'Antin."
In short, it must be confessed that the fu-
ture St. Catherine did not scruple to puff,
wriggle, and lie her book into favor; and yet
we find her, after all those months of literary
"log-rolling" and elaborate quackery, writing
complacently to her accomplice:
"The success of ' Valdrie ' is complete and unheard
of, and some one remarked to me just the other day
that there is something supernatural in such a success.
Yes, my dear friend, it is the will of heaven that the
ideas and the purer morality the book contains should
be spread throughout France, where such thoughts are
little known!"
Assuredly, Mme. de Krudener was a mistress
in the comfortable art of self-deception.
The success of "Valerie" was the last worldly
triumph that our heroine was to enjoy. Mr.
Ford presents an interesting account — freely


336
[June 1,
THE
DIAL
interspersed with anecdote and epistolary cita-
tion — of her earlier essays as an evangelist, of
her association with the Czar Alexander, and
of the wanderings and trials of her closing
years. The culmination of Mme. de Kru-
dener's career was undoubtedly her participa-
tion in the memorable religious solemnity in
1815 on the Plains of Vertus, where Alexan-
der held a solemn Mass of Thanksgiving in
the presence of his entire army of 150,000
men. Sainte-Benve has described the scene,
on the authority, he affirms, of an eye-witness;
and he affords us a glimpse of the once o'er-
worldly "Valerie" in her new character:
"The honors paid hy Louis XIV. to Mme. de Main-
tenon at the camp of Compiegne did not surpass the
veneration with which Mme. de Krudener was treated
by the conqueror. It was not as the grand-daughter of
Marshal Miinnich, it was not even as his favorite sub-
ject; it was as an ambassadress from Heaven that he
received her, and conducted her into the presence of his
armies. Bareheaded—or at most wearing a straw hat,
which she flung aside at pleasure,—with her still golden
hair falling to her shoulders, and a few curls gathered
together and fastened over her forehead; clad in a long
dark gown, confined at the waist by a simple girdle,
and rendered elegant by her manner of wearing it —
thus she appeared at this period, thus she arrived upon
the plain at dawn, and thus, erect, at the moment of
prayer, she seemed as a new Peter the Hermit, in the
presence of the prostrate troops."
There are several illustrations — notably a
fine portrait, after Angelica Kauffman, of
"Mme. de Krudener and Child,"—and the
book is well gotten up throughout. It should,
however, have had an index. p r t
Some Recent Pages of American
History.*
Professor Sloan's work on "The French
War and the Revolution" is the second in a
series of four volumes entitled "The Ameri-
can History Series," the other volumes being
by Dr. Fisher of Yale, President Francis A.
Walker, and Professor Burgess of Columbia.
"The French War and the Revolution" is a
well-written version of an oft-told tale, and is
the best summary yet given us. Its closing
chapters, entitled "The Peace of Versailles"
*Thb French War and the Revolution. By William
Milligan Sloane. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
The Political Value of History. By W. E. H. Lecky.
New York: D. Appleton & Co.
Division and Reunion, 1829-1889. By Woodrow Wil-
son. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co.
Nullification, Secession, Webster's Argument, and
the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. By Caleb
William Loring. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
and " Weakness and Strength," are a great im-
provement upon the somewhat flippant account
of the same period by Professor Fiske. The
writer shows very clearly how the French and
Indian War led on to the Revolution. His
chapters on " A New Issue in Constitutional
Government," "The Stamp Act," and " Con-
flict of Two Theories," covering the years 1760
to 1768, are admirable, and show him at his
best, as something more than a mere narrator.
His summary, in less than two hundred pages,
of the somewhat outworn history of the War
for Independence is successfully done, and
breathes somewhat of the spirit of the partici-
pants. It will prove interesting reading to
the youth who come to the subject with appe-
tites not yet jaded by iteration. The state-
ment, on page 109, that with the Bute minis-
try in 1762 the Jacobite influence came to
Court and Parliament after a lapse of " a cen-
tury and three-quarters," should be read minus
the century. We cannot discover why, on page
148, the first Parliament of George the Third
is designated " the Twelfth Parliament." It is
twelfth only from Queen Anne's third. It
would improve the writer's style somewhat in
the matter of clearness if he would borrow a
point from Professor Freeman, and introduce
his subject oftener in place of "he" and " him."
Not infrequently it requires a second reading
to make sure to whom reference is made. We
cannot fathom the following sentences from the
preface, in the italicised portion:
"From the beginning of the ' Old French War' to
the end of the Revolution, the English commonwealths
in America were both learning the necessity of union
and growing conscious of a common destiny. It might
even be said that while in one of the two conflicts they
were hostile to France and in the other allied with her
yet nevertheless such a connection is in itself substantive.
Both illustrate phases of French history."
Mr. Lecky's lecture before the Birmingham
and Midland Institute, delivered last October,
is brought into this review because the most in-
teresting pages are found in an illustrative por-
tion drawn from American history. After pass-
ing from the older school of historians who
"paint a picture " to those of the last hundred
years who aim to " solve a problem," and call-
ing attention to the necessity of adapting our
historic judgments on men and measures to
their environments, the lecturer emphasizes the
study of the sequence of history, of institu-
tions, and of revolutions. While on the latter
head, he delineates the two schools of history
—that of Buckle and the historic fatalists: that
of Carlyle and the hero-worshippers. While


1893.]
337
THE
DIAL
finely holding the balance between the two
schools, he forcibly presents the accidental in
history, where the presence of a man or the
lack of a man has made the turning-point of a
great movement. Mahomet, Charles Martel,
Henry of Navarre, Frederick the Great, illus-
trate. After insisting on the point that " there
has scarcely been a great revolution in the
world which might not at some stage of its pro-
gress have been either averted, or materially
modified, or at least greatly postponed, by wise
statesmanship and timely compromise," he de-
velops, in a way to set Americans thinking, the
reasonableness of the plans of George Grenville
for the taxation of the colonies, and adds:
"Such and so small was the original cause of differ-
ence between England and her colonies. Who can fail
to see that it was a difference abundantly susceptible of
compromise, and that a wise and moderate statesman-
ship might easily have averted the catastrophe?"
Professor Woodrow Wilson's latest volume
far better sustains the reputation made for him
by his "Congressional Government" than did
his essay on "The State." "Division and Re-
union " is the third and final volume in "Epochs
of American History," the earlier volumes be-
ing by so well-known writers as Thwaites and
Hart. This is an admirable series, and meets
in a scholarly manner the call for a complete
and compendious narrative of our history. Pro-
fessor Wilson writes his contribution with vigor
and in an engaging style, aud succeeds in put-
ting into a mere hand-book the life and color
of more detailed treatment. The touch of an
original investigator and of one familiar with
research is constantly apparent. The maps, in
color, of the status of slavery, 1775-1865;
Texas and Oregon Boundaries; Territorial
Controversies, 1840-1850; Slavery, 1855;
Status July 4, 1861, are simply invaluable.
The bibliography is very full, and the index is
exhaustive. The sentence, on page 65, concern-
ing the tariff of 1833, should read, "All du-
ties which exceeded twenty per cent should be
reduced by one-tenth of that excess on the 1st
of January of each alternate succeeding year
for eight years," etc. The writer has excep-
tional advantages for a large view of his field.
A Southern man by birth and early associa-
tion, we believe, but clearly a Northern man
on the war issues by conviction, he sees both
sides of the great controversy of which he
speaks, and handles his period with tact and
much unpartisan discernment. His apprecia-
tion of Andrew Jackson is very happy. In one
felicitous sentence he sums up the whole ad-
ministration of John Quincy Adams: "His
character, cold, unbending, uncompanionable,
harsh, acted like an acid upon the party mix-
ture of the day, precipitating all the elements
hitherto held in solution." His characteriza-
tion of Southern society before the Civil War is
made by one to the manner born, and yet who
has risen above it to the best of American op-
portunity. His whole treatment of the twenty-
five years of more peaceful struggle which led up
to the irreconcilable outbreak of 1861 is mas-
terly; but the most original and most valuable
portion of the book is the fourteen pages de-
voted to the methods and resources of the South
in the Civil War. Nowhere have we seen the
odds of the Southern cause so powerfully stated.
Reconstruction is handled with cool discrimina-
tion, with possibly a shade too much generosity
toward the Southern Legislatures of 1865.
But no man can be absolutely neutral in his
treatment of this whole period, and Professor
Wilson has achieved a high impartiality. Yet
we regret that we cannot commend his judg-
ment as he takes a backward view from 1833.
When we read in reference to the Hayne-
Webster debate, that" the ground which Web-
ster took, in short, was new ground ; that which
Hayne occupied old ground"; that" the doctrine
that the States had individually become sover-
eign bodies when they emerged from their condi-
tion of subjection to Great Britain as colonies,
and that they had not lost their individual sov-
ereignty by entering the Union, was a doctrine
accepted almost without question, even by the
courts, for quite thirty years after the forma-
tion of the government;" that "even those
public men who loved the Union most yielded
theoretical assent to the opinion that a State
might legally withdraw from the government
at her own option, and had only practical and
patriotic objections to urge "; when we read
all this, we wonder in what Rip Van Winkle's
land of delusion the writer was sojourning
when he turned his backward ear to catch the
utterances of the fathers.
Happily, Mr. Loring's book comes just now
to refute all this. In his "Nullification and
Secession," Mr. Loring, starting with the de-
bate between Webster and Hayne, shows con-
clusively that "the Constitutional Convention
intended Nationality"; that "the Virginia
Resolutions do not in the least countenance the
doctrine of secession and nullification "; that
the Kentucky Resolutions, which did sugggest
nullification, "were forgotten from the time
they were promulgated until South Carolina's


338
[June 1,
THE
DIAL
threat in 1830"; and that "the Constitution
declares its perpetuity." Although this book
was not written as an answer to Professor Wil-
son, being contemporary in issue, its forcible
putting of the case for the historic and consti-
tutional antecedents of Webster's famous argu-
ments do not leave a peg to hang upon to those
who claim that his doctrine was new.
Lake Forest University.
John J. Halsey.
Voodoo Tales of Southern Negroes.*
Miss Mary A. Owen, the only white woman
ever initiated into the mysteries of Voodooism
as practiced by the negroes of the South, has
embodied her experiences and studies in a vol-
ume entitled, on this side of the Atlantic,
"Voodoo Tales," it having previously appeared
in London as " Old Rabbit the Voodoo." The
new title is the better one, since the rabbit is
not the principal hero of the tales. But Miss
Owen must not be surprised if she gains the
anathema of the book-mongers, who are partic-
ularly severe upon double titles.
Mr. Leland's introduction to this volume is
not in the most happy style, and does not pre-
dispose the reader to set a greater value on
the contents, notwithstanding the learning dis-
played. The writer's patronizing air is alto-
gether insufferable. He evidently intends the
reader to understand that without the sanction
of some such high authority it would be doubt-
ful if the volume should find its way to the pub-
lic interest. In the English edition, explanatory
footnotes elucidating the negro dialect further
disfigure the book, but they are wisely omitted
in the American edition.
The " Voodoo Tales " resemble in substance
the remarkable collections of Harris — those
"Uncle Remus " tales that have helped to solve
some problems and proposed others. They are
genuine folk-tales, only sufficiently literary in
form to make them intelligible and readable.
In this respect they are a great improvement
over Harris's work. Here, however, a new
element enters. We are not given pure Afro-
American lore — that is, negro tradition en-
grafted upon the superstitions of the whites.
There is a very large Indian influence upon
the African sorcery, and the tales come from
that border where French, Indian, White, An-
glo-Saxon, and Spanish have intermarried and
* Voodoo Tales. By Mary A. Owen. With Introduction
by Charles G. Leland. Illustrated. New York: O. P. Put-
nam's Sons.
commingled
A unique folk-lore is the result.
Negro sorcery, always repulsive, is here bal-
anced by weird Indian Shamanism; and these,
mixed with Spanish superstition and Gallic
tradition, present a curious hodge-podge of
practices, relics of which are found further
north, away from such mixed surroundings.
Considerable literary skill is manifested in
the way in which these tales are told, although
not so much as to mar the genuine appearance
which such tales should bear. Appropriately,
the narrators are all old women, who bring
their tales to the pet child of the plantation.
Each has a strain of Indian blood, but her in-
dividuality has been carefully preserved. "Aunt
Mymee " is the child of a Guinea sorcerer, and
is the most uncanny of crones, feared by the
others, who are all firmly convinced of her
great powers in necromancy and the black art.
Miss Owen has given to each a slightly vary-
ing character of dialect, which makes these
tales more valuable, only omitting in it the tales
told by "Miss Boogary," which the Creole
tongue would have rendered beyond our com-
prehension, and would have sorely taxed the
writer's memory and power, so that we may
pardon the omission of it.
The tales told by these old crones are unique.
For the most part, they are animal tales, of
the kind ever related in primitive communi-
ties, and in the dawn of literature and ro-
mance. We have here the strange perform-
ances of the red-headed woodpecker, who, as
Picus, was portentous even in Roman days,
and now as a cunning magician " makes birds"
from feathers, and plays many "cute tricks,"
but is finally outwitted by "01' Gray Wolf."
The owl, the quail, the hawk, and other birds
fly into these tales, and the " perarer chicken"
flutters into folk-lore for the first time; the
blue-jay is a winged devil, and an emissary of
Satati. The mammals are the principal charac-
ters in this beast-epic. The red fox, the skunk,
the bear, and the " perarer wolf " are the prin-
cipal ones, with "Brer Rabbit," who has lost
but little of his cunning, which has made him
renowned in folk-tales from many lands. Many
curious things are told of the " hopper-grass"
and other insects, and one celebrated one is
the "Snake-doctor," or dragon-fly, which is
known to boys in western Illinois as the "snake-
feeder." Many strange tales are related of
the snake tribe, doubtless inherited from Afri-
can ancestors. The " hoop-snake " is, however,
probably an indigenous creation, as is the cu-
rious lore about the rattlesnake.


1893.]
the
The best story of the book is not an animal
tale, however. It is one of those mysterious
uncanny appearances, the "Jaeky-me-lanterns"
or "wullerwusps," more feared by the negroes
than even the "painter," the animal most terri-
ble to them. "De Jacky-me-lantuhns, dey ain't
des zackry debbils, dey's gostes in de clutch
o' de debbil's ole woman. Dey drounds yo'
sholy, but yo' spurrit, hit go free ter de place
hit 'long unter." They are described as vam-
pire ghouls, and the fate of the traveller who
follows their illusive glimmer is a terrible one.
The literary value of these tales is not, per-
haps, their greatest merit, although they ap-
pear in an agreeable garb. It is to the folk-
lore student that they particularly appeal, and
they serve to reassure us that our indigenous
tales or modified importations of the lore of
other lands deserve to be sought out and re-
corded, as Miss Owen has so ably done in this
volume. The illustrations, although somewhat
amateurish, are appropriate, the l>ook neat and
attractive, but marred by occasional sins against
grammar and orthography, — minor defects,
however, in a work so generally satisfactory.
Miss Owen will, we hope, bring us greater store
of this curious native lore.
Fletcher S. Bassett.
Recent Fiction*.*
Mr. Boyesen's new novel deals, as the title indi-
cates, with "the outs and the ins" of that curious
development of modern civilization known as " soci-
ety." We are not sure that the subject is worth
treating at all — under American conditions,— but
Mr. Boyesen is better fitted than the majority of our
writers to make the most of its slender possibilities,
* Social Strugglers: A Novel. By Hjalmar Hjorth
Boyesen. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
The World of Chance. By W. D. Howells. New York:
Harper & Brothers.
Val-Maria. A Romance of the Time of Napoleon I. By
Mrs. Lawrence TurubuU. Philadelphia : J. B. Lippincntt Co.
Time's Revenges. By David Christie Murray. New
York: Harper & Brothers.
The Marplot. By Sidney Royse Lysaght. New York:
Macmillan & Co.
Island Nights' Entertainments. By Robert Louis
Stevenson. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Stories of a Western Town. By Octave Thanet. New
York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Sally Dows, and Other Stories. By Bret Harte. Bos-
ton: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
The Real Thing, and Other Tales. By Henry James.
New York: Macmillan & Co.
Without Dogma: A Novel of Modern Poland. By Hen-
ryk Sienkiewicz. Translated from the Polish by Iza Young.
Boston: Little. Brown. it Co.
and he never falls into the error of taking "soci-
ety" too seriously. There doubtless are people
who look upon recognition by Mrs. Van Horst and
her kind as the sum of earthly felicity; Mr. Boye-
sen accepts their existence, and studies them, but
with amusement rather than sympathy. The soci-
ally ambitious Mrs. Bulkley reminds us not a little
of About's "La Mere de la Marquise," and the
story of her social campaigns and conquests is as
bright and attractive as any story so devoid of es-
sential human interest can well be. Human inter-
est is, however, supplied by the love-story running
through the pages, and coming to the happiest of
conclusions. But why should Mr. Boyesen cloud
the joy of the ingenuous and sympathetic reader by
such cynical epigrams about love and marriage as
besprinkle his chapters? "But happily men (in
their foolish age) marry the women who want to
marry them, and exercise only an imaginary free-
dom of selection." "Every American girl is, in
my opinion, a more pronounced character than, pre-
matrinionially, you are apt to give her credit for."
"But that is one of the disadvantages of being mar-
ried, that you may have to substitute your wife's
ambition for your own, and cultivate with a wry
face tastes for which you have not the least liking."
These observations confront us in the very first
pages of Mr. Boyesen's book, and we must ask if it
is fair to provide a love-story with such a preface.
How can we close a book with the conviction that
"they lived happily ever afterward " if we are to
be haunted by such wicked philosophisings?
The last novel by Mr. Howells that we had oc-
casion to review was one of the author's best; its
successor is, we regret to say, one of his least ad-
mirable fictions. The thread upon which the story
hangs is furnished by the experiences of a young
journalist of literary aspirations come to " N' York"
to seek his fortunes. His is not " merely and hope-
lessly a newspaper mind," in the author's delight-
ful phrase, but a mind bent upon the distinction of
the novelist. The wanderings of the hero's man-
uscript novel. " A Modern Romeo," are described
by Sir. Howells in his best vein of humor. We
may add that the novel finally finds both a publisher
and a public. But the humorous vein, as applica-
ble to this particular theme, is a thin one, and is
soon worked out. As in the case of the flat-hunt-
ing hero of "A Hazard of New Fortunes," one is
soon apt to exclaim "something too much of this,"
and ask for other characters and other incidents.
These are supplied in the persons and doings of as
queer a lot of people as even Mr. Howells has often
collected within the covers of a single book. The
old socialist Hughes, his married daughter, and her
nondescript husband may be interesting types in
Altruria, but they have little sane human interest.
The other daughter and their cynical friend, who has
made a failure of literature, have attractive aspects,
but are too colorless to excite other than a languid
sympathy. And the story, like one of those desert


340 THE
DIAL ['Tune 1,
streams that meander along until lost in the sand,
ends nowhere in particular.
We are taken far away from the fashion of real-
ism by Mrs. Turnbull's "Val-Maria,"—so far, in-
deed, and into an atmosphere so etherial. that what
are ordinarily taken as products of the idealizing im-
agination seem, in the comparison, gross and earthy.
'• Val-Maria" is a rhapsody, and the ineffable
strains of the "Lohengrin " prelude would serve it
as a fitting accompaniment. It is the soul-history
of three persons — a child and its parents — living
in the France of the Consulate and the Empire,
upon whose lives the shadow of Napoleon's domi-
nant personality is cast. To the father and mother,
the Emperor's character appears for what it really
is, the type of an egoism in itself unsurpassed and
in its opportunities unparalleled. To the child,
doomed from birth to an early death, and kept by
loving care from all knowledge of evil, the figure
of Napoleon becomes the object of absorbing and
passionate worship. One thinks of the ideal image
of Peer Gynt cherished by Solvejg. To the child's
mind in " Val-Maria," as to the maiden's in Ibsen's
profound dramatic poem, the real man is displaced
by the ideal man that he might have been. "Bear-
ing the Master's purpose as a sign," developing to
their fullest all the possibilities for good inherent in
his nature, the figure of Napoleon takes shape in
the child's mind, and, the child having become an
artist, the ideal figure finds expression in a marble
statue. "The perfect outlines of the face the world
knows well had been preserved: the brow, noble
with an intellect never surpassed, here showed a
further grandeur, almost as of a divine prescience;
the mouth, beautiful and sweet and stern, wore the
added grace of love; all the noble and poetic pos-
sibilities of his nature had been sought out and car-
ried to their loftiest height; everything that was
ignoble had been purged away." The Emperor,
standing in the presence of this sculptured represen-
tation of his idealized self, and by the death-bed of
the youth whose whole life had gone into the work,
may well have felt what Peer Gynt uttered—" Here
was my empire!" This is all very remote from
life as most of us see it, and remote also from his-
torical fact. Indeed, the story is distinctly allegor-
ical in its underlying purpose, but its art will be
found both impressive and exquisite by the reader
who yields himself to its influence. It is marked
by restraint and a chastened style, being in both
these respects an advance upon the author's earlier
book. And its allegorical message is emphasized
by the beautiful drawing made by Mr. Kenyon Cox
for a frontispiece, in which we see the bust of Na-
poleon, discrowned of its laurel and cast down from
its pedestal, mourned by a lovely floating figure
whom we may take to typify his good angel taking
sorrowful leave of a soul unworthy of her care.
"Time's Revenges " is a novel with a prologue.
The reader supposes that he is getting well along
in the story when he discovers, to his surprise and
dissatisfaction, that he has been reading an intro-
duction, and that the real story is yet to come. Of
course, the incidents of the prologue condition those
of the story that follow, but one does not like to
start over again when he fancies himself in the
thick of the plot. Aside from this objectionable
feature, Mr. Murray's book is an excellent exam-
ple of straightforward and exciting narrative. It
has no style worth speaking of, but it has abund-
ant action and a carefully constructed plot. Charac-
terization and incident are alike well managed, and
the Australian framework of the narrative provides
an element of comparative novelty.
"The Marplot" is a novel of incoherent structure
and decidedly unconventional morality. That curi-
ous figment of the European imagination known as
the "American duel" is employed as the main-
spring of the action, but leads to a lame and impo-
tent conclusion. There is both variety and pene-
tration in the author's types of character, but we
cannot say that they are fitted together with any
degree of skill. Scenes as diverse as the coast of
Ireland and the desert of the Soudan are pieced
into the mosaic of the tale, and the unexpected ha]>-
pens more than once. The enterprises of the hero
are often of great pith and moment, but the mar-
plot, Love, turns their currents awry, and converts
tragedy into melodrama, if not farce. The excel-
lences of the book (and they are not few) must be
sought in its episodes rather than in its movement
as a whole.
Two of Mr. Stevenson's "Island Nights' Enter-
tainments " are fantastic stories not unlike the Ara-
bian tales suggested by the book's title. They have
a finely imaginative quality only heightened by con-
trast with the matter-of-fact touches that are added
to remind us of real modern conditions. The third
and longest of the " Entertainments," named "The
Beach of FalesaY' deals with the magical only as
it exists in the superstitious fancy of the islanders.
It is the story of an English trader in one of the
islands, of his native wife, and of his quarrel with
a business rival. There is a very little sentiment in
the narrative — although not exactly of the rhap-
sodical " Pierre Loti " sort — and much dramatic
interest. It offers a curious study of native ways
as affected by contact with European influences.
The hero is a commonplace sort of person of a low
type, and arouses little sympathy. He has doubt-
less been carefully studied from the class that he
represents. But his adventures are of a highly excit-
ing character, and quite justify his literary exist-
ence.
Octave Thanet keeps close to life in her six " Sto-
ries of a Western Town," and her characters speak
so very artlessly that the reader often winces at the
realism. But there is abundant constructive art
in these seemingly artless tales, and many are the
saving gleams of humor that light up their pages.
"The Besetment of Kurt Lieders" and " Tommy
and Thomas " are two of the l)est short stories of


1893.]
341
THE DIAL
recent years. One Harry Lossing, a carefully stud-
ied type of young Western America, frank, fearless,
and prepossessing, figures in all six of the stories,
and supplies them with a certain continuity of in-
terest. Since the Western town began to figure in
fiction, no other writer has studied it to so admir-
ably artistic a purpose as has Miss French.
The Genius of Fiction attends the labors of 'Mr.
Bret Harte as faithfully as ever. Whatever his theme,
he still invests it with the charm of invention and
the glamour of romance. The four stories that make
up his latest volume are masterpieces of description,
characterization, and construction, and their varied
setting gives new testimony to the freshness and the
fertility of their author's imagination. "Sally
Dows " is the best of the four,— because it is the
longest, if for no other reason. It offers a vivid
picture of the reconstruction period in Georgia, and
tells one of the most delightful of love-stories at the
same time. "The Conspiracy of Mrs. Bunker"
takes us to the Pacific Coast and the outbreak of
the War. "The Transformation of Buckeye Camp"
tells us how the equanimity of a mining town was
upset by the advent of one small but determined
woman, and of the wholly unexpected consequences
of her appearance. What other American novelist
has, like Mr. Harte, so unfailingly adorned what-
ever he has touched, or displayed an energy so
unflagging in the creation of new types and the in-
vestment with new interests of familiar scenes?
Mr. James, at least, has not done this. Our en-
joyment of his stories is rarely traceable to either
of these causes, but must be accounted for almost en-
tirely by the subtlety of his analysis and the polish
of his style. In his new volume, " The Real Thing,
and Other Tales," but one story of the five appeals
to us at all as a story, and even that has but a ten-
uous thread of plot, and its leading incident is based
upon the well-worn device of a secret drawer and
the startling revelation of its contents. Four of the
five stones play with the skirts and fringes of life
as it appears to the artist—graphic, dramatic, or Ac-
tive,—and Mr. James knows well how to deal with
the psychology of these forms of life, although his
presentment of their external relations is nebulous.
But it is late in the day to formulate the characteris-
tics of his art; they appear in this volume as they
have appeared in a dozen of its predecessors. Most
readers who know his work at all will know what
to expect from the examples now published; nor
will they be disappointed in the expectation.
We have had repeated occasion to praise the mag-
nificent historical novels of Old Poland that have
come from the pen of Pan Henryk Sienkiewicz.
"With Fire and Sword" and "The Deluge" have
already come to us in the admirable translations of
Mr. Jeremiah Curtin; and "Pan Michael," com-
pleting the trilogy, is announced for early publica-
tion. En attendant, we are given a translation of
"Without Dogma," a very different sort of book,
put into English by Miss Iza Young. The transla-
tion is not all that could be wished, either in style
or in accuracy, but it will serve. A book of this
sort requires of its translator not only knowledge
of the language in which it is written, but also a
wide knowledge of the concerns of modern culture
in general; for it is at least semi-cosmopolitan in
sentiment, and makes many allusions to matters
that are not Polish at all. These matters seem to
have been often imperfectly apprehended by the
translator, and when they require the mention of
proper names, we are given spellings that, good
Polish as they may be, are certainly not good En-
glish. "Without Dogma" is so unlike the histor-
ical work of Sienkiewicz that we find it difficult to
recognize in it the hand that drew for us the figures
of Zagloba and Kmita, that depicted for us the
stirring scenes in which they had their being. In
the first place, it is a modern work; in the second
place, it is as subjective as its predecessors were ob-
jective in method. We might also contrast its cos-
mopolitanism with the intense localism of its histor-
ical predecessors. It is true that the core of the
work is Polish, but it is a core so enwrapped within
the husks of European culture that the national
type seems to take on a character of universality.
The book is certainly a " human document," as the
author himself would have us understand. It is
written in the forbidding form of a diary, and the
best tribute to its power is found in the fact that,
even in this form, it holds the attention. It is a
sort of " Journal Intime " that suggests Amiel more
than once, and is probably no less sincere for being
professedly a work of fiction. The writer of the
diary is our old friend Hamlet in a nineteenth cen-
tury fin de siecle environment. It is curious to note,
by the way, with what avidity the modern Slav has
seized upon the Hamlet type of character, and with
what degree of sympathetic insight reproduced it.
Hereafter, when we think of this, the name of
Sienkiewicz will stand beside that of Tourguenieff.
The story of " Without Dogma " is of the simplest.
The hero, sensitive in temperament and weak in
will, misses happiness when it lies within his reach,
and thereby makes of his life one long sequence of
despair. The woman whom he loves becomes,
through his own fault, the wife of another, and re-
pentance is of no avail. The soul-struggle of the
years that follow, committed to the pages of the
diary by an introspection as faithful and as unspar-
ing of self as that of the "Confessions" of Rous-
seau, is the real theme of the book. Its real lesson
is to be found in the contrast between the man's
weakness and the woman's strength, between his
complex doubt and her simple faith. How the lat-
ter triumphs over the former, how the example of
her self-restraint reacts upon his wilful passion,
slowly but surely subduing his nature from the al-
luring ideal of pleasure to the austere ideal of duty,
— such is the story that Sienkiewicz has told for
us, very nobly, in this masterpiece of psychological
analysis. William Morton Payne.


342
[June 1,
THE DIAL
Briefs ox New Books.
Some personal The most intimate friend of that shy
°f and seclusive man, Nathaniel Haw-
iiawihorne. thorne, was Horatio Bridge. Hence
his recent book. " Personal Recollections of Nathan-
iel Hawthorne" (Harper), is a highly interesting
one. The two men were classmates throughout their
college course, and correspondents always after-
ward; they exchanged presents and courtesies of
many kinds, and Mr. Bridge was almost the only
man under whose roof Hawthorne ever permitted
himself to become a visitor. Mr. Bridge's faith in
Hawthorne's gifts had more than anything else to do
with determining and sustaining Hawthorne in the
career of authorship, as we already knew through
Hawthorne's touching dedication of "The Snow
Image"': "If anybody is responsible for my being at
this day an author, it is yourself. I know not
whence your faith came, but while we were lads to-
gether at a country college, gathering blueberries in
study hours under those tall academic pines, or
watching the great logs as they tumbled along the
current of the Androscoggin, or shooting pigeons or
gray squirrels in the woods, or bat-furling in the sum-
mer twilight, or catching trout, . . . two idle lads,
doing a hundred things that the Faculty never heard
of, or else it would have been the worse for us,—still
it was your prognostic of your friend's destiny that
he was to be a writer of fiction." Nor did this
faith fail with the close of college associations. To
the same friend was it due that " Twice-Told Tales"
was given to the world, Mr. Bridge, without Haw-
thorne's knowledge, writing to the publisher and
guaranteeing him against loss, after the manuscript,
or portions of it, had been in his hands for seven
years! In his preface to the " Recollections," Mr.
Bridge excuses himself from any analysis or inter-
pretation of Hawthorne's writing, because of his
own lack of " literary ability and critical skill," but
we can hardly believe his modest disclaimer in view
of such signal manifestations of the most desirable
qualification of a literary critic — the power to de-
tect undeveloped genius while it is still undiscov-
ered by others. The chronicle of the college days
makes up a large part of the book, a fact not to be
regretted, since it includes also pleasant glimpses of
others of Bowdoin's famous class of '25, which in-
cluded, besides Hawthorne, Henry W. Longfellow
and Franklin Pierce.
Sir Mountstuart E. Grant Duff's
E^Zt^mL. memorial sketch of Ernest Renan
(Macmillan) is a somewhat disap-
pointing, albeit an extremely readable, volume. The
author knew Renan for more than thirty years,
having much personal intercourse and correspond-
ence with him. As a resident for many years in
the East, moreover, the author was peculiarly fitted
to appreciate the great work of Renan's life, his
history of Israel and of the early Christian Church.
Our disappointment in the book arises from the in-
considerable extent to which the author has drawn
upon his own recollections. Instead of reminis-
cences of personal intercourse with his friend, he
gives us a sketch of Renan's life embracing little
that is not already familiar, and summaries, with
extracts, of Renan's principal works. The extracts
are printed in the original, and fill something like a
fourth of the whole number of pages. Typograph-
ically, the French is surprisingly accurate, although
we have noticed two or three misprints. The sum-
maries are useful for reference, and also for the
discriminating judgment displayed by their writer
in emphasizing the vital features of Renan's work.
The author's main thesis is that Renan's religious
criticism was "constructive in the highest degree,"
a fact which needs no proof for those who really
know their Renan, but which is not fully realized by
the intelligent public in general. As for the man.
this is what we are told: "Everyone who knows
anything about him at all, knows that his conduct
from birth to death was simply that of a saint — a
saint whose opinions may have been as detestable
as possible, but who, even if judged by the teach-
ings of the Galilean Lake, was still a saint." Again:
"In losing its hold over him the Catholic Church
lost its hold over one of the most innately religious
minds of our times. His was Anima naturaliter
Christiana, if such there ever was." And this re-
mark leads to the weighty question with which the
book ends: "What possible chance is there that
any of the great religious organizations should pre-
serve their hold over persons not so deeply religious
by nature, unless they adopt some such policy as
that which I have suggested, and invent some way
whereby man may be allowed to see facts as they
are, if he will only live and worship as they de-
sire?" This story of a noble life, and this account
of the work of a scholar who was, in Mommsen's
phrase, '• a true savant in spite of his beautiful
style," will be read with pleasure by all to whom
the memory of Renan is dear, and with profit by
all who are seeking, amid the wreck of faiths, some
basis of principle satisfying alike to the intellect
and to the religious emotions.
_, .. ,. Professor L. A. Sherman of the
The objective . . . .
study of En- University of rsebraska has just pub-
glisfi literature. ft q£ ^ h;ghe8t yalue to
students and teachers of English literature. It bears
the title, - Analytics of Literature" (Ginn), and is
further described as "a manual for the objective
study of English prose and poetry." It is the out-
come of several years of class work, and has, the
writer claims, satisfactorily met the test of applica-
tion to his own students. He says: "Students not
only learned much more of the subject proper than
I had ever expected or required in former years,
but in a few weeks radically altered their own styles.
Those accustomed to write in a lumbering awkward
fashion began to express themselves in strong,
clear phrases, and with a large preponderance of
simple sentences. . . . Students apparently without
taste for reading, or capacity to discern common


1893.]
343
THE DIAL
literary excellences, were enabled to appreciate and
enjoy poetry as well as the best. ... In general,
the method, if tried intelligently and fairly, will dis-
cover to those who suppose they have no taste for
the best literature that they have such taste; and
it will make those who have never found anything
in poetry both feel and know something of its
power." These are strong statements, and teachers
of English literature will doubtless be justified in
withholding acceptance until they have put them to
the test of their own experience. The best of
methods becomes worthless in hands that are inca-
pable of using it, and the personality of the teacher
is of more importance than any system. We have
no reason to doubt the truth of Mr. Sherman's re-
ports from his own class-room, yet we suspect that
even in his case the man counts for more than the
method. But the book in which he has outlined
his system is of extraordinary interest and suggest-
iveness. We have examined it with much care, and,
while we disagree with the author on a great num-
ber of minor points, we must cordially praise the
spirit and the compact thought of the work. It
seems to us that the book over-emphasizes the im-
portance of tabulations and mathematical modes of
treatment, and we cannot but regard with some sus-
picion a method that results in the extravagant
praise accorded to Robert Browning's poetry. The
latter defect, however, is clearly a matter of per-
sonal equation, and the method is not fairly charge-
able with it. What we above all else wish to say
is that no teacher of English literature can fail to
find help in some parts of this book, however he
may dissent from the author's conclusions upon
many of the subjects discussed. Mr. Sherman has
given us an honest piece of workmanship; he never
writes for rhetorical effect; and he illustrates his
propositions so admirably that the reader is rarely
left in doubt of his exact meaning.
A few articles upon literary sub-
f0S~ jectf\ originally written for certain
English periodicals, have been col-
lected into a volume by Mr. William Watson and
named "Excursions in Criticism" (Macmillan).
They reveal the fact that Mr. Watson has a pretty
prose style, and the other fact that he has little to say
that is worth saying. The first paper, " Some Lit-
erary Idolatries," is an attack upon those writers
who appreciate the beauties of Elizabethan drama,
and chiefly illustrates the narrowness of Mr. Wat-
son's own judgment. What can we say to a man
who describes Webster's tragedies as "these gross
melodramatic horrors, irredeemable by any touch of
saving imagination " ?" The Punishment of Gen-
ius" is a screed upon the publication of memoirs,
remains, and literary fragments, and contains a
most ungenerous attack upon Mr. Buxton Forman
for the painstaking fidelity of his edition of Keats.
That labor of love finds no favor in the eyes of Mr.
Watson, who calls the editor a "ghoul" because
he has reprinted some things that his critic would
have suppressed. Mr. Hardy's "Tess," according
to this writer, is " a tragic masterpiece which is not
flawless, any more than 'Lear' or 'Macbeth' is."
We should say not! Herr Ibsen is thus disposed of:
"No; this narrow intensity of vision, this preoccu-
pation with a part of existence, is never the note of
the masters; they deal with life; he deals only
with death-in-life. They treat of society, he treats
only of the rottenness of society." This estimate
embodies one of the half-truths that are more mis-
leading than flat error itself. The dialogue with
"Dr. Johnson on Modern Poetry" is clever, although
it again illustrates Mr. Watson's narrowness of view,
for it is mainly concerned with Johnson's suppositi-
tious opinions concerning Rossetti's poetry; opin-
ions which, we may easily infer, are the writer's
own, and which do little credit to his insight or his
discrimination. In short, many of Mr. Watson's
criticisms are distinctly wrongheaded, and the vice
of special pleading characterizes his method. He
would have done well to leave the greater part of
this volume to the tender mercies of oblivion.
An edition of Borrow's " Lavengro,"
New edition of . , . °,r
BorrowUpuz- with some introductory notes by Mr.
Mng-Lavengro." xheodore Watts, has been added to
the " Minerva Library of Famous Books " (Ward),
a collection that already contained "The Bible in
Spain." Borrow has always been something of a puz-
zle to the critics, who have found no niche exactly
fitted for him in their schemes of classification. "A
splendid literary amateur" Mr. Watts calls him, and
the phrase is happily descriptive. Mr. Watts is
peculiarly qualified to introduce Borrow to a new
circle of readers, for he was a close actual acquaint-
ance as well as a Borrowian born. His notes con-
sist partly of reminiscence, partly of critical com-
ment. He discusses the autobiographical character
of " Lavengro," and gives us a very distinct idea of
the extent to which its author mingled fancy with
fact. The discussion is thus ended: "This is not
the place for me to enter more fully into this mat-
ter, but I am looking forward to a fitting occasion
of showing whether or not ' Lavengro' and 'The
Romany Rye ' form a spiritual autobiography; and
if they do, whether that autobiography does or does
not surpass every other for absolute truth of spir-
itual representation." We trust that Mr. Watts
will not long leave this tantalizing promise unful-
filled. His estimate of Borrow's literary value may
be guessed at from such a passage as this: "The
more the features of our 'Beautiful England,' to
use his own phrase, are changed by the multitu-
dinous effects of the railway system, the more at-
traction will readers find in books which depict her
before her beauty was marred — books which de-
pict her in those antediluvian days when there was
such a thing as space in the island . . . when
the great high roads were alive, not merely with
the bustle of business, but with real adventure for
the traveller—days and scenes which Borrow better
than anyone else could paint."


'344
THE
. „ i,. j The " Best Letters of William Cow-
A well-edited . .
collection of per are appropriately included in
Cowperuletter,. ^ „ Laurel-Crowned Letters" se-
ries (McClurg & Co.). While the poet did not in-
tend his letters for publication (indeed, he begged
the recipients to burn them), they are carefully and
even elegantly written, and their autobiographical
value is unquestionable. Cowper was a recluse, and
it is to him alone that we must look for the essen-
tials, the spiritual side, of his life-story. Fortun-
ately, he was perfectly frank about himself in his
correspondence. As the editor of the present vol-
ume, Mrs. Anna B. McMahan, observes in her
pithy and sensible Introduction, "When we read
the letters, we lose sight of the conventional Cow-
per,— a poor creature, composite of fanatic, mad-
man, and recluse, melancholy from his birth, and,
throughout his life, feeble of purpose, capricious,
and obstinate,— but we gain instead a figure much
more consistent with the sweetness and vitality of
Cowper's poetry." The editing of the volume is
thorough and exact.
second leriea 0/ ^HE Pretty set °f William Winter's
Mr. Winter', euays books issued by Messrs. Macmillan
on the Stage. & Cq reache8 itg gixth nuInber in a
volume of "Shadows of the Stage, Second Series."
Like its predecessor, it is composed of essays from
the New York "Tribune" and other periodicals,
and is a record of dramatic achievement on the
American stage within the present generation. Mr.
Winter's high rank as a dramatic critic is too well
recognized to require fresh praise, and it is sufficient
to say that he amply sustains it in the twenty-eight
chapters of this volume. Prominent among the
early actors here discussed are Mary Duff, the elder
Booth, Hackett, Forrest, John Gilbert, and Charlotte
Cushman ; among the later or still living names are
Ada Rehan, Clara Morris, the two Barretts, Ade-
laide Neilson, Henry Irving, Ellen Terry, Coquelin,
Ristori, Sarah Bernhardt, and Helena Modjeska.
BRIEFER MENTION.
A real addition to the literature on California
comes to us in the shape of a little pamphlet entitled
"To California and Back," which is none the worse for
being issued avowedly in the interests of one of the
great overland routes — the Santa Fe-. The informa-
tion about California is just that which one going there
most needs in advance, and one who has been there
most enjoys in the retrospect. The writing, by Mr. C.
A. Higgins, has been done with modesty and good sense,
and his account is at once spirited, intelligent, and com-
prehensive. The illustrations, from original sketches by
Mr. J. T. McCutcheon, are profuse and meritorious.
The work may be had by addressing the Passenger De-
partment of the Santa Fe- Route, Chicago.
A volume of "Whist Nuggets" (Putnam), pub-
lished in the series of " Knickerbocker Nuggets," and
edited by Mr. William G. McGucken, presents an ad-
mirable selection of the best things, new and old, in the
literature of the noble game. Mrs. Battle is there, of
course, as well as "The Duffer's Whist Maxims," Pole's
rhyming rules, and copious extracts from " Pemhridge"
on " Bumble-puppy." Less generally accessible, and con-
sequently more useful, are A. fiayward's essay on
"Whist and Whist-Players," a "Quarterly Review"
article of 1871 on " Modern Whist," and a number of
other pertinent extracts from the magazines. Every
whist-player will thank Mr. McGucken for this selection.
A new edition, in a single volume continuously paged,
of Mr. Arthur John Butler's translation of " The Mem-
oirs of Baron de Marbot" (Longmans), places that im-
portant historical work within reach of a far wider cir-
cle of readers than could hope to acquire the original
two-volume form of the book. The volume is compact
and well printed, as well as neatly bound.
In his " Warriors of the Crescent" (Appleton), Mr.
W. H. Davenport Adams has written in popular style a
series of chapters upon the Sultans of Ghazni and the
Great Moguls. Timur, Aurangzib, and Akbar the
Great are among the famous conquerors and potentates
described. It is interesting to read the story of Akbar
in the light of Lord Tennyson's beautiful posthumous
poem which has doubtless served many as a first intro-
duction to that eminent Oriental.
Literary Xotes and News.
The literary executors of Victor Hugo will publish,
this month, a volume of poems written by him between
1852 and 1854, and hitherto unknown.
Deumark is the seventh (and latest) country to com-
ply with the requirements of the American copyright
law necessary to secure mutual copyright.
London is to have a series of twelve performances of
the later plays of Herr Ibsen, a hundred subscribers
having guaranteed the necessary expenses.
Mr. Ohashi, a Japanese publisher now visiting the
United States, issues from his office seven periodicals,
one of which has a monthly circulation of 80,000. His
firm is said to issue 20,000,000 copies of books and
magazines yearly.
Messrs. W. I. Way & Co., of Chicago, have just pub-
lished a pretty souvenir edition of Miss Harriet Mon-
roe's "Columbian Ode," for sale at the grounds of the
Fair. It has designs by Mr. W. H. Bradley and is
printed by the De Vinne Press.
The well-known portraits of Lord Tennyson and his
friends, by Mr. and Mrs. Cameron, will be published
in book form by Mr. Fisher Unwin. There will be
twenty-five iu photogravure, and they are sure to form
a particularly handsome and desirable volume.
In the famous Zwickau Library in Saxony, so rich in
manuscripts of the Reformation era, some new finds
have been made. The most interesting of these is a
complete list of the writings of the Nuremberg poet and
shoemaker, Hans Sachs, written by his own hands.
The following telegram, recently sent to the French
Minister of Education by M. Homolle, of the French
School at Athens, is of exciting interest: "De"couvert
Delphes tresor des Athe*niens avec decoration sculptur-
ale; plus de cent inscriptions. Friere informer Acad-
e"niie."
"The Religion of Science Library" (Open Court
Publishiug Co.) will include, in paper covers, the writ-


1893.]
345
THE
DIAL
ings of Dr. Paul Carus and others. Six numbers will
be issued yearly, and orders for the first year, if re-
ceived before June 15, will be filled at the reduced
price of one dollar.
"Appletons' Guide to Alaska and the Northwest
Coast," which Miss E. R. Scidmore has written, will be
a complete handbook for all the coast country between
Puget Sound and the Arctic Ocean. It will be fully
illustrated, and contain many maps, several of which
have beeu made specially for this book by explorers of
these remote regions.
We learn that a proposal is made to celebrate the
three hundredth anniversary of Izaak Walton's birth,
August 9, 1893. The precise form of celebration has
not yet been decided upon, but the most feasible pro-
posal, all things considered, is to hold a festival at Staf-
ford (Walton's birthplace), to be attended by well-
known sportsmen and representatives of the many an-
gling clubs throughout the country.
The London "Literary World " relates the following
anecdote: A youth called upon Mr. Oscar Wilde to
ask what he thought of George Meredith. Mr. Wilde,
as is not unfrequently his wont, delayed in replying till
his visitor arose to leave, when he said, " I think Mer-
edith a sort of prose Browning," and he added, with a
sweet resignation, as his visitor was going out of the
door, "Browning was a prose Browning."
Miss Larcom intended to write a sequel to her " New
England Girlhood," giving such facts and experiences
as would interest those who read her book. She gave
much thought to it, but never wrote it. We learn from
Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. that the book will be
written by a near relative of Miss Larcom, who is pe-
culiarly qualified for the task, and who will be aided by
friends to whom Miss Larcom talked very fully con-
cerning the proposed book.
Professors Hale, Shorey, and Buck of the University
of Chicago are the editorial committee in charge of the
"Studies in Classical Philology " to be issued by that
institution. As an earnest of what is to come, they
have just put forth a " preprint " from the first volume,
consisting of a paper on "Vitruvius and the Greek
Stage," by Mr. Edward Capps. The form of the pub-
lication is dignified, although one or two mechanical im-
provements might be suggested.
Mr. Walter Besant, the Delegate of the Society of
Authors to the Chicago Congress of July 10, will leave
England in the Etruria on June 10. Mr. Besant has
arranged to pay a visit to several of the New England
cities, including New Haven, Providence, Plymouth,
Salem, Concord, and Portsmouth, and proceed thence
to Niagara before he goes to Chicago. Mr. Besant will
read a paper on " The Work of the Society of Authors"
and will be the bearer of numerous papers by other
leading members of the Society.
The recent anniversary (April 15) of the publication
of Dr. Johnson's " Dictionary," recalls to a contempor-
ary the fact that when Andrew Millar, the publisher of
that long-delayed work, received the last proof sheet
from Dr. Johnson, he wrote him this brusque note:
"Andrew Millar sends his compliments to Mr. Samuel
Johnson, with the money for the last sheet of the copy
of the ' Dictionary,' and thanks God he has done with
him." To which the doctor replied: "Samuel Johnson
returns bis compliments to Mr. Andrew Millar, and is
very glad to fiud, as he does by this note, that An-
drew Millar has the grace to thank God for anything."
Topics in Leading Periodicals.
June, 1S03 (First List).
America's Flower: The Maize. Arena.
American Army Life. Illus. A. H. Sydenham. Andover.
American Gregariousness. H. C. Merwin. Atlantic.
American History, Some Recent. J. J. Halsey. Dial.
Amateur Rowing. Illus. J. F. Huneker. Lippincott.
Arsenic vs. Cholera. R. B. Leach. Arena.
Bay of Fundy Tides. F. H. Eaton. Popular Science.
Birds, Common. Illus. E. E. Thompson. Scribner.
Boston Tea Party. Illus. F. E. Abbot. New Eng. Mag.
Children's Questions. Popular Science.
China, Our Treaties with. F. J. Masters. Californian.
College Athletics. Walter Camp. Century.
Cow-Boy Land. Illus. Theo. Roosevelt. Century.
Death in Battle. G. L. Kilmer. Popular Science.
Dress, Freedom in. Frances E. Russell. Arena.
Early Morning. Olive T. Miller. Atlantic.
East Central African Customs. Popular Science.
Education in the Northwest. D. L. Kiehle. Atlantic.
Empress of Austria, The. Illus. Harper.
Ennui. Agnes Repplier. Atlantic.
Fiction, Some Recent. W. M. Payne. Dial.
Florida Coast Cruise, A. Illus. VVm. Henn. Century.
Franz, Robert. Illus. H. T. Finck. Century.
Free Silver. A. C. Fisk. Arena.
Geikie, Sir Archibald. Popular Science.
Grand Cation of the Colorado. C. F. Lummis. Californian.
Grand Canon's Dynamical Geology. R. H. Drayton. Calif n.
Hayes Administration, The. J. D. Cox. Atlantic.
Insanity and Genius. A. McDonald. Arena.
Irrigation. Illus. C. H. Shinn. Popular Science.
Islam, Past and Present. F. W. Sanders, Arena.
Japan, An Artist in. Illus. Robert Blum. Scribner.
Juno of Argos, The. Illus. Chas. Waldstein. Century.
Krudener, Madame de, Life and Letters of. Dial.
Lengthening Life. N. E. Yorke-Davis. Popular Science.
Liberal Churches and Scepticism. M. D. Shutter. Arena.
Libraries, Local, Future of. Justin Winsor. Atlantic.
Lick Observatory. Illns. J. G. Bliss. Californian.
Logging Camp Life. Illus. A. Hill. Scribner.
Miracles of the Fakirs. E. P. Evans. Popular Science.
Music at the World's Fair. Dial.
"Natural Selection." Herbert Spencer. Popular Science.
New France under British Rule. Illus. H. L. Nelson. Harper.
New York's Evolution. Blus. T. A. Janvier. Harper.
Norway and Political Liberty. J. E. Olson. New. Eng. Mag.
Pacific Coast Life-Savers, illus. G. Matthews. Californian.
Pantheon, New Facts Concerning the. R. Lanciani. Atlantic.
Platypus. Haunts of the. Illus. S. Dickinson. Scribner.
Porao Basket Makers. Illus. J. W. Hudson. Andover.
Prince Imperial, Death of the. A. Forbes. Century.
Public Health, The. T. M. Prudden. Century.
Pygmies of Africa. J. D. Caton. Atlantic.
Rossetti, Christina. Edmund Gosse. Century.
Schliemann, Reminiscences of. J. I. Manatt. Atlantic.
Seeds, Adaptation of. J. W. Folsom. Popular Science.
Shah, Land of the. Illus. Theo. Copeland. Californian.
Shinnecock Hills, An Artist in the. Illus. J. G. Speed. Harper.
Spanish Authors. Illus. A. B. Simonds. Californian.
Tobacco in Ceremony. John Hawkins. Popular Science.
Tolstoi and the Famine. Illus. J. Stadling. Century.
Trout Fishing in New Eng. Illus. C. F. Danforth. N.E.Mag.
Union for Practical Progress. B.O. Flower. Arena.
Vierge. Illus. A. F. Jaccaci. Century.
Vivisection and Brain-Surgery. Illus. W. W. Keen. Harper.
Voodoo Folklore. F. S. Bassett. Dial.
Whittier. Charlotte F. Grimke. New England Magazine.
Witchcraft, Revival of. Ernest Hart. Popular Science.
Womanhood in the Iliad. W. C. Lawton. Atlantic.
Women Wage-Earners. Helen Campbell. .-Irene
Writing. Illus. F. A. Burr. Lippincott.
Wyoming. Julian Ralph. Harper.
Yachting in So. California. Illus. W. Mayhew. Calif n.
Yuruks, The. Illus. A. T. M. d'Andria. Popular Science.


346
[June 1,
THE DIAL
List op New Books.
[The following list, embracing 65 titles, includes all books
received by The Dial since last issue.\
HISTORY.
A Short History of the English People. By J. R. Green,
M.A. New illustrated edition, edited by Mrs. J. R.
Green and Miss Kate Norgate. Vol. II., with colored
plates and many illustrations, large 8vo, pp. 931, gilt top.
Harper & Brothers. $5.00.
Outlines of Roman History. By H. F. Pelham, M.A.
Ulus., with maps, 12mo, pp. 599. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
$1.75.
Story of the Discovery of the New World. By Frederick
Saunders. Columbian Souvenir Edition, illus., 12mo,
pp. 145. Thomas Whittaker. Paper, 50 cts.
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
A. Bronson Alcott: His Life and Philosophy. By F. B.
Sanborn and William T. Harris. In two vols., with por-
traits, 12mo, gilt tops. Roberts Bros. $3.50.
Mary. Queen of Scots, and her Latest English Historian:
A Narrative of the Principle Events in the Life of Mary
Stuart. By James F. Meline. 12mo, pp. 345. Robert
Clarke & Co. $1.50.
Women of the Valols Court. By Imbert de Saint-Amand;
trans, by Elizabeth G. Martin. Ulus., 12mo, pp. 350.
Chas. Scribner's Sons. $1.25.
Andrew Preston Peabody : A Memorial Sermon. By the
Rev. James de Normandie. lGmo, pp. 22. Boston:
Damrell & Upham. 10 cts.
LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE.
Outlines of English Literature. By William Renton, au-
thor of "The Logic of Style." Illus., 12mo, pp. 248.
Chas. Scribner's Sons. $1.00.
The Drama: Addresses by Henry Irving. With frontis-
piece, 16mo, gilt top, pp. 200. Tait, Sons & Co. $1.25.
What Is Poetry? An Answer to the Question, including
Remarks on Versification. By Leigh Hunt. Edited by
Albert S. Cook. 12mo, pp. 90. Ginn & Co. 00 eta.
Tennyson's Life and Poetry, and Mistakes concerning
Tennyson. By Eugene Parsons. 8vo, pp. 32. Published
by Author. Paper, 25 cts.
The Language of the Rushworth Gloss to the Gospel of
Matthew and the Mercian Dialect. By Edward Miles
Brown, Ph.D. Part II., 8vo, pp. 93. Giictingen: Uni-
versitas Buchdruckerei.
FICTION.
The Story of a Story, and Other Stories. By Brander
Matthews. Illus., lOnio, pp. 234. Harper & Bros. §1.23.
Old Kaskaskia. By Mary Hartwell Catherwood, author of
"The Lady of Fort St. John." 16mo, pp. 200. Hough-
ton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25.
Mr. Tommy Dove, and Other Stories. By Margaret De-
land, author of "John Ward, Preacher." lOmo, pp.
280. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.00.
The Tragedy of Wild River Valley. By Martha Finley,
author of "The Elsie Books." lOmo, pp. 231. Dodd,
Mead & Co. $1.25.
The Last Sentence. By Maxwell Gray, author of "The
Silence of Dean Maitland." Ulus., 12mo, pp. 340. Tait,
Sons & Co. $1.50.
Dearest. By Mrs. Forrester, author of "Diana Carew."
12mo, pp. 370. Tait, Sons & Co. $1.25.
Orioles' Daughter. By Jessie Fothergill, author of "The
First Violin." 12mo, pp. 321. Tait, Sons & Co. $1.25.
Two of Them. By J. M. Barrie, author of "The Little
Minister." Ulus., lOmo, pp. 282. Lovell, Coryell & Co.
$1.25.
Broadoaks. By M. G. McClelland, author of "White Her-
on." Ulus., 12mo, pp. 208. Price, McGill Co. $1.00.
A Washington Symphony. By Mrs. Williani Lamont
Wheeler, author of "Stray Leaves from Newport."
lOmo, pp. 194. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.00.
A Literary Courtship, under the Auspices of Pike's Peak.
By Anna Fuller, lOmo, pp. 184. u. P. Putnam's Sons.
$1.00.
The Shadow of Desire. By Irene Osgood. 16mo, pp. 282.
New York: The Cleveland Publishing Co. $1.25.
The Rivals. By Francois Copp^e. Ulus., 24mo, pp. 99.
Harper's "Black and White Series." 50 cts.
The Unexpected Guests; A Farce. By W. D. HoweUs.
Ulus., 24mo, pp. 54. Harper's "Black and White
Series." 50 cts.
Stories of New York. Ulus., 32mo, uncut, pp. 214. "Stories
from Scribner." Chas. Scribner's Sons. 50 cts.
Stories of the Railway. Ulus., 32mo, uncut, pp. 195.
"Stories from Scribner." Chas. Scribner's Sons. 50 eta.
NEW EDITIONS OF STAND ABD FICTION.
Jane Eyre. By Charlotte Bronte. New edition, in 2 vols.,
illus., lOmo, gilt tops, rough edges. Macmillan & Co.
$2.00.
The Bride of Lammermoor. By Sir Walter Scott, Bart.
Dryburgh Edition, illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 327. Mac-
millan & Co. $1.25.
NEW VOLUMES IN THE
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Tait's Holyrood Series: Kitty's Father, by Frank Barret.
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Lovell, Coryell & Co.'s Delmore Series: The Penance of
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Bonner's Choice Series: The Honor of a Heart, trans.
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205. 50 cts.
Neeley's Library of Choice Fiction: Are Men Gay De-
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Tuck's Breezy Library: Merely Mary Ann, by I. ZangwUI.
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Rand, McNally's Globe Library : Taken from the Enemy,
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Tait's Shandon Series : The Highland Nurse, by the Duke
of Argyll; A Deplorable Affair, by W. E. N orris; The
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JUVENILE.
Raftmates : A Story of the Great River. By Kirk Munroe,
author of "Campmates." Ulus., 12mo, pp. 341. Har-
per <& Bros. $1.25.
Adventures in Thule : Three Stories for Boys. By Wil-
liam Black. New and revised edition, lOmo, pp. 232.
Harper & Bros. 80 cts.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
Where Three Empires Meet: A Narrative of Recent
Travel in Kashmir, Western Tibet, Gilgit, and the Ad-
joining Countries. By E. F. Knight, author of "The
Cruise of the Falcon." Illus, 8vo, uncut, pp. 495. Long-
mans, Green & Co. $5.00.
Eastward to the Land of the Morning. By M. M. Shoe-
maker. Ulus., 12mo, pp. 241. Robt. Clarke & Co. $1.25.
PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION.
Theosophy ; or, Psychological Religion: The Gifford Lec-
tures for 1892. By F. Max Miiller, K.M. 12mo, pp.
580. Longmans, Green & Co. $3.00.
The Gospel and its Earliest Interpretations : A Study
of the Teaching of Jesus, and its Doctrinal Transforma-
tions in the New Testament. By Orello Cone, D.D.
12mo, gilt top, pp. 415. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.75.
Just Beyond the Threshold : A Sequel to " The To-mor-
row of Death." By Louis Figuir; trans, by Abby L.
Alger. lOmo, pp. 321. Roberts Bros. $1.25.
BOOKS FOR SCHOOL AND COLLEGE.
The JEneld of Virgil: Books I.—VI. Translated into En-
glish Verse by James Rhoades. lOmo, uncut, pp. 210.
Longmans, Green <& Co. $1.75.
Latin Lessons: Designed to Prepare for the Intelligent
Reading of Classical Latin Prose. By Henry Preble and
Lawrence C. Hull. 12mo, pp. 417. Houghton, Mifflin &
Co. $1.20.
Nanon. Par George Sand. With Introduction and Notes
by B. D. Woodward, Ph.D. lOmo, pp. 431. Wm. R.
Jenkins' " Romans Choisis." 60 cts.


1893 ] THE DIAL 347
Pres du Bonheur. Par Henri Ardel. With English Notes
by Prof. Riga}, B.S. 24mo, pp. 117. Wm. R. Jenkins'
EDUCATIONAL.
u Con tea ChoisU." 25 cts.
Le Cure1 de Tours. Par Honors de Balzac. Edited with
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COLLEGE OP PHYSICIANS AND SURQEONS, Chicago, III.
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The Comedy of the Merchant of Venice. By William
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Practitioners. By A. Milnes Marshall, M.A. Illus.,
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SCIENCE.
Venetian Building, Chicago, 111.
GIRLS' COLLEGIATE SCHOOL, Chicago, III.
Vagaries of Sanitary Science. By F. L. Dibble, M.D.
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A Brief History of Panics, and their Periodical Occurrence
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NEW ENGLAND CONSERVATORY OF MUSIC, Boston, Mass.
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Franklin Square, Boston, Mass.
BINOHAM SCHOOL (FOR BOYS), Ashevllle, N. C.
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1793.— Established in 1793.—1893.
201st Session begins Sept. 1, 1893. Maj. R. Bingham, Supt.
FREEHOLD INSTITUTE, Freehold, N. J.
A KAP f? IC AK1 /i A History of the Indian Wars
ZnmE.I\l\*./ilV/i. with the First Settlers of the
United States to the commencement of the Late War; to-
gether with an Appendix containing interesting Accounts of
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lege. Business College Course, with Typewriting, Stenog-
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348
[June 1, 1893.
THE DIAL
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THE DIAL
a Srmi=fflcmt{)lg 3ournal of Eitttaro Criticism, Hh'scusgton, anb Information.
THE DIAL (founded in 18X0) is published on the 1st and 16th of
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THE DIAL, No. 24 Adams Street, Chicago.
No. 168. JUNE 16, 1893. Vol. XIV.
Contents.
PAGE
DEMOCRACY AND EDUCATION 351
CHRONICLE AND COMMENT 353
EDGAR A. POE AND THE BROWNINGS .... 353
COMMUNICATIONS 355
The Attempted Assassination of Booth. P.
Date of Issue of the First Newspaper. Robert Clarke.
A MEMOIR OF BRONSON ALCOTT. E.G.J. . .356
UNWHOLESOME PSYCHOLOGY. Joseph Jastrow . 359
SCOTTISH LITERATURE. Anna B. McMahan . . 361
AMERICAN TYPES OF ANIMAL LIFE. Henry L.
Osborn - 362
INTERPRETATIONS OF FAITH. John Bascom . 363
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 366
Education in the Middle Ages.—Goethe and the Mod-
ern Art-spirit.— French discourses on Latin Classics.
—A readable account of the island of Malta.—A phil-
osophical study of the Venetian Republic. — The in-
fluence of personality in history.— An excellent man-
ual of Spanish Literature.
BRIEFER MENTION 368
LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS 369
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 369
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 370
DEMOCRACY AND EDUCATION.
The coming of democracy was the sign most
clearly set in the social skies of our century at its
dawn, and the triumph of the democratic spirit is
the social phenomenon that stands out most dis-
tinctly as we look back upon the century's course.
From our present point of vantage, indeed, the
democracy whose successive conquests the years
have marked is a very different thing from the de-
mocracy prefigured in the vision of those generous
and ardent souls by whom its advent was hailed.
The social ideal that once gave inspiration to the
impassioned song of Shelley has become, in our own
days, the not unfit recipient of the blatant laudation
of Mr. Andrew Carnegie and his like. We now
find no difficulty in seeing what the enthusiasm of
the early nineteeth century could not see, the fact
that the coming of democracy meant a revolution
farther-reaching than any merely political revolu-
tion of former centuries had been, and the other
fact that the democratic reconstruction of society
was, in its full meaning and effect, incalculable by
any method of social astrology known to men. The
virtues of democracy were alone foreseen; its fail-
ings were left to be revealed by experience. Some
of its sponsors, like Shelley, found early graves,
dying happy in the faith. Others, like Wordsworth,
lived to grow disheartened by the excesses of de-
mocracy, and sought for solace in new and sterile
ideals. A few, like Landor, Mazzini, and Hugo,
of faith too robust to be broken by adversity, held
fast to the democratic principle, devoting themselves
unswervingly to its service, never forgetting that
through thornset ways alone men reach the stars.
The great poet who, more than any other, has
linked with our own the early age of hope, must,
on the whole, be reckoned with those in whom the
faith, although it may have faltered, has not failed.
That " God fulfils himself in many ways " was his
often repeated message to those who were impatient
because the fulfilment was not immediate and in
one particular way. He who told us, half a century
ago, of his "Vision of the World," who sounded
the true note of democracy in the verses,
"Men, my brothers, men the workers, ever reaping some-
thing new:
That which they have done but earnest of the things that
they shall do,"
never really departed from the principle then ex-
pressed. There may, it is true, be detected a note
of pessimism in some of Tennyson's later poems, but
it is not the absolute pessimism that despairs of the
future. With the old age of our century, to those who
have grown wise with its teachings, the problem of
democracy has shown itself to be one of ever in-
creasing complexity, and the solution of that prob-
lem seems no longer near at hand.
"Forward far and far from here is all the hope of eighty
years"
is a cry that still speaks of hope, if of hope de-
ferred in heartsickening degree. The future belongs
to democracy, and is a future of fair final promise,
yet the way to it is both dark and devious, and will
doubtless lead through many disappointments, and
offer many phases of retrograde development. We
may still confidently take " Forward " as our watch-
word, but must
"Still remember how the course of time will swerve,
Crook and turn upon itself in many a backward streaming
curve."
At present, it must seem to the most thoughtful


352
[June 16,
THE DIAL
that democracy is in danger of becoming, if it has
not already become, a mere "tyranny of the ma-
jority." That the voice of the people is the voice
of God is a dictum true within certain limits, true
in its relation to the broad features of social organ-
ization, but profoundly false when applied to the
special problems of society. For the solution of
the special problem we must look to the expert;
and the untrained masses, however praiseworthy
their intention, can be expected to solve such prob-
lems only in a blundering and probably disastrous
fashion. Only in an ideal society, a society that
should have eliminated the "remnant" by growth
to the " remnant " level of intelligence and culture,
could the vox pojndi safely be left to decide upon
the delicate questions of education, economics, and
social ethics that somehow have to be decided by
and for the people as a whole. Even the Athenian
democracy, far surpassing any modern democracy
in versatile capabilities and intelligence, made sad
work of some of the special problems that it was
called upon to solve. •
The lesson above all others, then, that democracy
has yet to learn, is the lesson of restraint. No doubt
"It is excellent
To have a giant's strength, but it is tyrannous
To use it like a giant."
In the first flush of conscious power, it is not sur-
prising that our nineteenth century democracy
should have sought to regulate all sorts of matters
that really call for the trained judgment of the spe-
cialist. The democracy of the twentieth century
will, we trust, choose the wiser part of delegating
its powers to agents specially chosen with regard
to fitness for special work. It will realize the un-
speakable foolishness of submitting scientific ques-
tions to popular vote. It will abandon the detest-
able practice of requiring its representatives to act
as mere automata, and will instead choose them for
their wisdom and leave them to act according to its
dictates.
This may seem a hopelessly optimistic forecast,
yet upon its eventuation the future of civilization
depends. In spite of its manifold successes, de-
mocracy is still upon trial, and those who gird against
it, from Carlyle to Maine, rightly fix upon the ten-
dency above described as the most vulnerable fea-
ture of popular government. The history of our
own country is particularly rich in illustrations of
democratic ineptitude or failure, and so is pecul-
iarly instructive to the student of political institu-
tions. "We have settled too many questions calling
for extensive knowledge and ripe judgment by the
rough method of the popular vote. Much of our
public policy, so far as it has to do with economics
and finance, has thus been shaped in direct defiance
of the fundamental principles of those subjects,
bringing upon ourselves disaster, and earning for
us the mingled amusement and contempt of other
countries. If the vagaries of our economic legisla-
tion have thus contributed to the gaiety of nations,
the way in which we have dealt with our interna-
tional complications has contributed to their right-
eous indignation.
Perhaps the most searching test of our democracy
will be supplied by its attitude toward public educa-
tion. Fortunately, the Constitution of our Federal
Government does not permit of educational cen-
tralization, and so makes a dull uniformity impos-
sible. We shall always have instructive contrasts
in systems and methods, and with them a constant
spur to progress. Yet the centralization possible
within the limits of the state, or even of the large
city, has its dangers, and it too often happens that
the educational forces of a considerable community
are controlled by ignorance, and made ineffective
by deference to uneducated opinion. Many of our
state universities and the public schools of many of
our large cities have to make all sorts of conces-
sions to the spirit that insists upon a narrow prac-
ticality in education, and that almost wholly ignores
the real objects of school and college training. State
legislatures are never, and city school boards are
rarely, composed of persons fit to exercise judgment
in technical questions of education; yet these bodies
are constantly engaged in meddlesome efforts to
nullify the work of the professional educators whom
they employ, and to whom, having once delegated
the necessary authority, they should leave the most
complete freedom of action. Such matters as the
selection of teachers and of text-books, of the ar-
rangement of curricula and the conditions of pro-
motion and graduation, should, as a matter of course,
be left to professional educators. When we con-
sider the fact that these matters are, nevertheless,
very generally controlled by political boards and
legislatures, it is surprising that our schools and col-
leges should have made as creditable a record as
they have succeeded in doing. It is only a few
days since the Governor of Illinois publicly scoffed
at the best educational ideals that the experience of
the ages has established; and it is only a few
weeks ago that a crusade of ignorance, led by the
newspapers, threatened to seriously cripple the work
of public education in Chicago.
When such occurrences have to be chronicled, it
is clear that democracy has yet to learn its most
important lesson. But it will not do to say that
our century was not ready for the democratic ex-
periment. The analogy between the individual and
the nation is always a valuable one, and in applica-
tion to this case its teaching is clear that only in
the hard school of experience is real growth to be
secured. If only the nation were as quick as the
individual to profit by the teachings of experience!
But the lessons are so soon forgotten, the nation is
so wont to recur to the old sickening round of de-
lusion, folly, and disaster, that only the most san-
guine souls can steadfastly resist the promptings of
despair and look forward with unabated confidence
to the reign of reason and intelligence in which all
the hopes of democracy must be centred.


1893.]
353
THE DIAL
CHRONICLE AND COMMENT.
The public was well prepared to hear of the
death of Mr. Edwin Booth, which occurred on the
seventh of this month, and the news brought a sense of
relief to the thousands who had known how hopeless was
his case, and whose sympathies had been aroused by
his protracted illness. The vacancy left by his death
seems little likely to be filled, for he created no school,
and all the tendencies of the English-speaking stage
seem to point in a very different direction from that
in which lay his life-long ideals. For the greater part
of his career, his position as the first of living Ameri-
can actors was indisputable, and he even outlived those
of his fellows who stood nearest to him in the second
rank. The best of his impersonations must be reckoned
among the supreme triumphs in the history of acting.
His Hamlet, his Richelieu, his Iago, his Lear, and his
Richard III. brought to the genius of Shakespeare as
noble a tribute as it has ever received. It must be ad-
mitted that his severe art had certain limitations, that
humor (in the broad sense) and the passion of the lover
were beyond his reach, and that intellect overshadowed
emotion in his work. Even his Hamlet, as Mr. Irving
has shown us, lacked something of the proper balance
in these latter qualities, while his Othello was distinctly
inadequate upon the emotional side. In Mr. Booth's
later years, the intellectuality of his work became more
dominant than ever, the fire of the earlier days almost
wholly disappeared, and he spoke the lines of his Ham-
let as if they might be trusted (and might they not ?),
aided only by perfectly modulated enunciation and
appropriate but quiet gesture, to make their due im-
pression upon the hearer by the sheer force of their
thought. Every Shakespearian student must have felt,
over and over again, that the most pregnant passages
of the tragedies suffer by anything approaching declam-
ation, by anything that for a moment diverts attention
from the poet to the actor. Prompted by this feeling,
Mr. Booth brought his great Shakespearian parts more
and more under an intellectual restraint. To the su-
perficial observer, the result seemed tame, but it de-
served and won the applause of the judicious. As an
artist, Mr. Booth did some things that his friends could
but regret. He expended too large a proportion of his
talents upon such fustian as "The Marble Heart" and
"The Lady of Lyons." In Germany, he was guilty (as
Salvini in this country) of the unpardonable offense of
the polyglot performance. He made a too literal appli-
cation of the maxim,
"Act well your part; there all the honor lies,"
when he was contented to appear supported by wretched
companies and surrounded by makeshift scenery. But
when all this is said, the fact remains that he stood,
throughout his career, in most of the essentials, for the
dignity of what seems, at least in our own country, in
fair way of becoming one of the lost arts.
The exhibit of the French publishers at the
World's Fair was formally opened to the public on the
tenth of this month. It is in charge of M. Emile Ter-
quem, well known to American librarians and other
purchasers of foreign books, who represented the French
publishers in a similar capacity at the Philadelphia Cen-
tennial. The exhibit, which includes books and bind-
ings, prints and maps, is very interesting. The exam-
ples of artistic binding displayed by M. Leon Gruel
would tempt the most fastidious amateur. Perhaps the
choicest of the treasures on exhibition is a (modern)
manusoript on vellum of the " Imitation," translated by
F. de Lamennais. It is the work of the miniaturists,
MM. E. Moreau and G. Ledoux, and is valued at 20,000
francs. The exhibit of maps is sent by the French
Department of War. They are beautiful specimens of
cartography; those which illustrate the triangulation
of. France, begun in 1790, are peculiarly interesting.
Of books, there are many notable displays, among which
we mention those sent by MM. Firmin-Didot et Cie.,
Hachette et Cie., and Emile Testard. The case over
which bibliophiles will hover the longest, however, is
that which contains examples of M. Conquet's editions
de luxe. The "Chartreuse de Parme " is not there, be-
ing out of print, but we have specimens of "Sylvie"
and " Ruy Bias" and "La Princesse de Cleves," and
many others, any one of which would make its owner
a confirmed bibliomaniac. Absolute perfection is the
only phrase that will describe the Couquet publications.
A recent court ruling in England is of interest to
authors. Our account is taken from the London
"Times." "Mr. W. A. Macdonald brought an action
against the proprietors of the < National Review' to re-
cover payment on an article which he had sent to them,
which had been put into type, and a proof of which had
been submitted to him, but which the defendants bad
subsequently refused either to insert or to pay for, in
consequence of a letter from the plaintiff complaining
of delay in its publication. Judge Luinley Smith held
that the conduct of the defendants in putting the article
into type and sending the plaintiff a proof amounted in
law to an acceptance of it, and awarded the plaintiff
the sum of eleven guineas, which he claimed, with
costs."
EDGAR A. POE AND THE BROWNINGS.
Among the more highly-prized books in my li-
brary is an English reprint of Edgar A. Poe's po-
ems, formerly belonging to Robert Browning. It
is the edition published by the distinguished critic
James Hannay, at London in 1852. Mr. Hannay's
sketch of the poet is somewhat confused as to geog-
raphy and dates. He assures us that Poe was " a
native of Virginia," adding that he was "born at
Baltimore in 1811." Geographical accuracy in
American matters has never been a characteristic
of English critics. Though Poe was not born in
Baltimore, or in 1811, but in Boston in 1809, the
biographical misstatement based upon Griswold is
pardonable. Not the least interesting thing in Mr.
Hannay's introductory notice is the prediction that
Poe's poems will be received by his English admirers
with " three times three." Whatever may be said of
these melodious messages from "night's Plutonian
shore," they are hardly the kind to which we should
expect to see extended a boisterous welcome of triple
cheers. Such hilarity predicated upon these lyrics of
death and ruin is about as congruous as the pro-
verbial "savage turtle-dove."
What renders this particular copy of exceptional
value, however, is a note on one of the fly-leaves in
Mr. Browning's own handwriting: "Given to
Mrs. Benzon, — partly on account of the poetry,
partly on that of the dedication at page 33, —


354
[June 16,
THE
DIAL
with all affectionate wishes of Robert Browning.
March 7, '67." The dedication referred to, it is
needless to say, is the one prefixed to all English
reprints of Poe's poetry, but strangely enough
omitted from most American editions: "To the
noblest of her Sex,—To the Author of 'The Drama
of Exile,'— To Miss Elizabeth Barret Barret, of
England, I dedicate this volume, with the most
enthusiastic admiration and with the most sincere
esteem. E. A. P."
Mr. Browning must certainly have long been ac-
customed to hear sounded extravagant praises of
his wife's genius. It could not therefore have been
the adulatory tone of Poe's dedication that com-
mended itself so much as the evidence that Mrs.
Browning's talents were so fully appreciated by a
kindred spirit beyond the sea. That there was a
kinship of genius between the English priestess of
songr ancT1he~American minstrel of despair is ap-
parent, though doubtless more than counter bal-
anced by the points of difference.
Poe was one of the first to appreciate the poetry
of Mrs. Browning, then Miss Barrett. And Miss
Barrett and her future husband were among th0
first English writers to detect the merits of Poe's
melancholy verse. Poe's latest biographer, Mr.
George E. Woodberry, has unearthed from copies of
the New York "Evening Mirror" of October and
December, 1844, these two notices of Miss Barrett,
evidently from Poe himself: "Miss Barrett is
worth a dozen of Tennyson and six of Motherwell
— equal perhaps in original genius to Keats and
Shelley," and "We do not believe there is a poet-
ical soul embodied in this world that — as a centre
of thought—sees further toward the periphery per-
mitted to angels, than Miss Barrett." In the first
number of the " Broadway Journal" (Jan. 4,1845),
of which he shortly afterward became editor, Poe
began his rather lengthy review of Mrs. Browning's
works. It is interesting to note that many of the
features that he picks out for praise or censure in
Miss Barrett's poems may be parallelled in his own
verse. He finds special fault with her affectations
of phraseology, though himself guilty of such archa-
isms and absurdities of expression as "red levin,"
"Runic rhymes," "immemorial year," and
"Astarte's bediamonded crescent
Distinct with its duplicate horn."
He objects to the inadmissible rhymes and faulty
rhythm which disfigure nearly every page of her
poetry. Certainly the opening lines of "The
Drama of Exile "—
"Rejoice in the clefts of Gehenna,
My exiled, my host I
Earth has exiles as hopeless as when a
Heaven's empire was lost,"—
though bad enough, are no worse than Poe's
"And I said, 'She is warmer than Dian:
She rolls through an ether of sighs,—
She revels in a region of sighs;
She has seen that the tears are not dry on
These cheeks where the worm never dies,
And has come past the stars of the lion,"
and other instances easily cited. He is unsparing
in his criticism of the blunders made by Miss Bar-
rett, though in the same article he has deliberately
recorded his ignorance of the authorship of "(Edi-
pus at Colonus " in this remarkable sentence: "Al-
though ^Eschylus might have done service as 'a
model' to either Euripides or Sophocles, yet were
Sophocles and Euripides in London to-day, they
would, perhaps, while granting a certain formless
and shadowy grandeur, indulge a quiet smile at the
shallowness and uncouthness of that Art which, in
the old ampitheatres, had beguiled them into ap-
plause of the (Edipus at Colonos." It is a significant
commentary on the condition of American scholar-
ship in the first half of this century that Poe passed
for a learned man. One enthusiastic biographer
gravely assures us u Edgar Poe was, perhaps, the
most scholarly writer our country has ever produced.
His acquaintance with classical literature was thor-
ough." Mrs. Browning was evidently more cor-
rect when she wrote that Mr. Poe "sits somewhat
loosely on his classics,"— a figure more apt than
poetic. Mr. Woodberry was, we believe, the first
biographer to expose the incorrectness of the oft-
quoted sentence appended as a note to the exquisite
lyric " Israfel."
It is not surprising that Poe found much to ad-
mire in Miss Barrett's "The House of Clouds,"
"The Lost Bower," and "The Lay of the Brown
Rosary." They were themes upon which Poe's
own genius might have exercised itself. Among
the longer poems, he awards the palm of merit to
"Lady Geraldine's Courtship,"—" Aurora Leigh,"
it will be remembered, was not yet written. The
influence of "Lady Geraldine" on the American
writer was decisive. This is manifest at once in
the familiar parallellism between Poe's
"And the silken, sad, uncertain rustling of each purple cur-
tain,"
and Mrs. Browning's
"With a murmurous stir uncertain, in the air, a purple cur-
tain."
Poe's English biographer, Mr. Ingram, is doubt-
less correct in questioning the accuracy of the state-
ment, made to Robert Browning by Buchanan
Read, that Poe had admitted to him that the sug-
gestion of " The Raven " lay wholly in the line just
quoted from " Lady Geraldine." It does not, how-
ever, imply a rejection of Poe's own account of the
genesis of his most popular poem, if we fancy its
foreshadowing^ may be detected in the writings of
Mrs. Browning, Charles Dickens, and Albert Pike.
For reasons not necessary to be repeated here, aside
from those adduced by Mr. Ingram, the argument
as to the indebtedness of Poe to Pike's "Isadore"
seems well founded. But the influence of Mrs.
Browning was far more subtle than that of Mr.
Pike. In his essay on Mrs. Browning, Poe refers
to the obtuseness of a writer in "Blackwood " in
taking exception to the second line in the following
stanza from "Lady Geraldine,"—


1893.]
355
THE DIAL
"Eyes, he said, now throbbing through me! are ye eyes that
did undo me?
Shining eyes like antique jewels set in Parian statue-stone!
Underneath that calm white forehead are ye ever burning
torrid
O'er the desolate sand-desert of my heart and life un-
done?"
and makes the sweeping assertion: "We cannot re-
frain from expressing our conviction that from the
entire range of poetical literature there shall not,
in a century, be produced a more sonorous, a more
vigorous verse, a juster, a nobler, a more ideal, a
more magnificent image—than this very image, in
this very verse, which the most noted magazine of
Europe has so especially and so contemptuously
6ondemned." The fierceness of Poe's vindication
will perhaps be the better appreciated when we dis-
cern an echo of these very lines in
"On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door;
And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon's that is dream-
ing."
Other passages from "Lady Geraldine" might
be quoted to show the impression that it unquestion-
ably made upon the mind of our greatest lyric poet.
For instance,—
"There I maddened. Her words stung me. Life swept
through me into fever,
And my soul sprang up astonished,— sprang full-statured
in an hour.
Know yon what it is when anguish with apocalyptic never
To a Pythian height dilates you, and despair sublimes to
power?"
In view of these and other similarities, it is edi-
fying indeed to hear Mr. Poe characterize "Lady
Geraldine," with all its beauty, depth, and passion,
as a "palpable imitation" of "Locksley Hall,"
though surpassing Tennyson's poem "in plot, or
rather in thesis, as much as it falls below it in artis-
tical management and a certain calm energy."
"The Raven" created almost as great a sensa-
tion in England as in America. Miss Barrett re-
fers to the "fit horror" that it produced in that
country, adding, " Our great poet Mr. Browning,
author of ' Paracelsus,' etc., is enthusiastic in his
admiration of the rhythm." This enthusiasm evi-
dently did not wane with age or more extended
knowledge of the American poet. More than twenty
years later, as the little note referred to near the
beginning of this article testifies, the volume con-
taining "Lenore" and "To Annie" still com-
mended itself to the author of " Evelyn Hope " and
"Heap Cassia, Sandal-buds and Stripes," partly on
account of the poetry, partly on that of the dedica-
tlon- James L. Onderdonk.
COMMUNICA TIONS.
THE ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF BOOTH.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
I have read a number of notices of the late Edwin
Booth, published in connection with his recent illness
and death, but in none of them has any mention been
made of one of the most exciting incidents of his career
— of the attempt made upon bis life by Mark Gray, a
half-crazed youth who fancied the actor had done him
an injury. As I witnessed the incident, I thought that
an account of it might prove interesting to your readers.
It was at McVicker's Theatre in Chicago, about fifteen
years ago (I am not certain of the exact date), and Mr.
Booth was playing the King in "Richard II.," a part
rarely undertaken by him. The last act was in pro-
gress, and the King was alone in the dungeon of Pom-
fret Castle. Seated, he was reciting the great solil-
oquy:
"I have been studying how I may compare
This prison, where I live, unto the world:
And, for because the world is populous,
And here is not a creature but myself,
I cannot do it:— yet I'll hammer it out."
At this moment a pistol shot came from the right (look-
ing from the stage) of the first balcony. I was seated
near the front of the house, and, looking around, saw a
man leaning over the balcony railing, and raising his
pistol for a second shot. The shot was fired, and then
Mr. Booth slowly rose, stepped to the front of the stage,
and looked inquiringly towards the balcony. He saw
the would-be assassin, saw the pistol raised for a third
shot, turned quietly around, and very deliberately
walked back out of sight. In the meanwhile, his as-
sailant was seized from behind, and was not permitted
to pull the trigger for the third time. What particu-
larly impressed me about the whole affair was the cool-
ness displayed by Mr. Booth, and the deliberate way in
which he betook himself to a place of safety. He was
acting the part of a king, and did not for a moment
forsake the kingly impersonation. One cannot help
wondering what memories of the tragedy that had so
darkened his past life flashed upon his mind at the mo-
ment. After remaining behind the scenes for a short
time, Mr. Booth reappeared, begged the audience to
excuse him for a few moments longer while be should
speak to his wife, finally came upon the stage again,
and finished the act which had been thus unexpectedly
interrupted. At the close, the audience, although a
small one, greeted him with as hearty an outburst of
applause as is often heard from any audience or in any
theatre. p
Chicago, June IS, 1893.
DATE OF ISSUE OF THE FIRST NEWSPAPER.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
The following letter, from an eminent bibliographer
and successful collector, I am sure will be acceptable
to the readers of The Dial, as it corrects the date
heretofore given for the issue of the first newspaper.
W. H. S.
Cincinnati, May 20, 1893.
... I think it may interest you to know that I have
a copy of No. 29, May 2, 1623, of Nathaniel Buttres'
"Weekly Newes," the first English newspaper. The
first number, as far as I can find out, was issued August
2,1G22, not May 3, as you have it. The second number
was August 13; the third number August 23. It came
out irregularly, sometimes a week and sometimes ten
days between the numbers. I believe the British mu-
seum has a nearly complete set, but at the great Caxton
celebration in 1877, they had not a copy of any number
to exhibit, though they had a very large number of early
newspapers. Yours truly, Robt. Clarke.


356
[June 16,
THE DIAL
8Efje Neto ISootts.
A Memoir of Bronson Alcott.*
In two shapely, well-printed volumes en-
titled " A. Bronson Alcott: His Life and Phil-
osophy," the reader will find ample material
for forming an adequate idea, not only of
Alcott himself and his associates, but of the
curious intellectual movement with which he
was identified, and of which he may be taken
as the embodiment. The strictly biographical
part of the book is the work of Mr. F. B. San-
born; the share of his co-laborer, Dr. W. T.
Harris, being apparently confined to a clos-
ing chapter expository of Alcott's philosophy.
It will be readily seen that Dr. Harris's under-
taking is no light one, the Alcottian system
having largely evaporated, as it were, in sound,
besides being in itself somewhat nebulous and
diffusive; but of this more hereafter. Mr.
Sanborn'8 task has been largely one of selec-
tion and arrangement. He has handled his
copious material with judgment, weaving it
into a fairly continuous whole, presenting only
what is apt and salient, and supplying the
necessary comment and appreciation soberly,
and not, as it seems to us, without a lurking
sense of certain undeniably humorous sides of
his subject. The humors of Alcott's charac-
ter have, indeed, seldom gone unrecognized,
even by those who, like Emerson, realized the
high aims and ideals that formed the ground-
work and inspiration of his vagaries. Innu-
merable coxcombs have vanquished him, as
they vanquished Berkeley, "with a grin"; and
by most latter-day readers, we fear, the "te-
dious archangel" of Concord is vaguely con-
ceived of as a phenomenally windy and im-
practical old gentleman, the author of certain
Utopian social experiments, whose function
upon this earth was largely the utterance of an
infinite deal of mellifluously-worded nothing.
Alcott, like all men of his kind, was the target
of much cheap wit, because the multitude, com-
posed largely of Sancho Panzas, noted the
enormous disparity between his fine ideals and
the world in which he tried to apply them —
though such disparities, soberly regarded, may
well occasion more sorrow than laughter.
Mr. Sanborn's account of Alcott's early
life is interesting and circumstantial. Four
years of it were spent in peddling—an occupa-
* A. Bhonbon Alcott: His Life and Philosophy. By F.
B. Sanborn and William T. Harris. In two volumes, with
portraits. Boston: Roberts Brothers.
tion that was no bad preparation, by the way,
for the future peripatetic philosopher. Living
in the vicinity of New Haven, young Alcott
had naturally thought of entering Yale Col-
lege, but the res angusta domi, and something
perhaps in his own nature averse to the routine
of what was then called education, rendered
this desire unattainable. Instead of taking a
college course, therefore, he set out in 1818,
accompanied by a younger brother, on a ped-
dling trip to Virginia and Carolina, where, ob-
serves our author rather irreverently, "he had
many adventures, and acquired what was to
him, no doubt, better than four years spent
in Yale College." The Connecticut peddler's
outfit was composed, says President Dwight,
of tinware, pins, needles, scissors, combs, but-
tons, children's books, cotton stuffs, etc., in-
cluding, we presume, the due degree of Yan-
kee "cuteness" and assurance. Writing to
his mother, in 1820, of the general nature of
these early expeditions, Alcott says:
"With our two trunks in our hands, toting them by
our sides, we travel through the country, entering the
rich and poor man's house alike, exposing and offering
our articles for sale. Father and mother, how do you
think we look? Like two awkward, poor, unpolished,
dissipated, begging, tugging Yankee peddlers, think you?
No, —this is not the case with your sons. By people of
breeding and respectability, they are treated with po-
liteness and gentility; and if they are sometimes treated
with contempt hy the low, vulgar class of the commun-
ity, it is then not worth minding. For my part, I can
make peddling in Virginia as respectable as any other
business. I take much pleasure in travelling, and in
conversing with the Virginians,—observing their differ-
ent habits, manners, customs, etc.; and I am conscious
that it is of great advantage to me in many points of
view."
The comparatively elegant and courtly life
of these plantation houses was the first school
of fine manners in which Alcott was trained,
and he certainly did not neglect his opportu-
nity. Thomas Cholmondely, a Shropshire gen-
tleman and Oxford scholar, meeting him in
1854, and hearing the story of his early farm
life and his pilgrimages as a peddler, could
scarcely believe it true. "Why," said he,
"your friend has the most distinguished man-
ners, — the manners of a very great peer."
"Our Alcott," wrote Emerson in a similar
vein, in 1861, "has only just missed being a
seraph. A little English finish and articula-
tion to his potencies, — and he would have
compared with the greatest." The glimpses of
the roughly-luxurious plantation life and con-
tact with the idle Virginian squirearchy were
not, however, of unmixed benefit to the youth
from the "land of steady habits"; and he


1893.]
357
THE
DIAL
seems to have fallen, during the last year or
so of his peddlerhood, if not into positively
evil, at least into unthrifty courses. Business
was carried on at a loss, and we read of debts
incurred, of vanities unbecoming the future
ascetic of "Fruitlands," of notes endorsed by
the already debt-burdened father at home, and
so on. In short, the course of peddling ran
anything but smoothly, and the young spend-
thrift writes in his diary, debonairly, yet not,
probably, without certain twinges of his New
England conscience:
"I purchase a costly suit of clothes, the best in
Broadway, and wear the same, to the surprise of my
townspeople and the chagrin of my father and my
cousin William, to Spindle Hill, where I arrive in July.
Read Thomson's 'Seasons,' and journalize in the spirit
of this period of gayety and extravagance. Now begin
to write my name ' Alcott' instead of 'Alcox ' as my
father wrote his; the old spelling being < Alcock,' and
so my grandfather wrote, and some of my uncles still."
The summer of 1821, says Mr. Sanborn,
was spent in frivolous pursuits at Wolcott, —
displaying the fine wardrobe and paying court
to the maidens of that rural neighborhood.
Nor was the Muse neglected; and we find some
hints of the follies of these Flegeljahre in Al-
cott's poetic autobiography:
"In these plain households, startling the surprise
At such unheard magnificence of dress,—
Are these our peddlers here before our eyes.
These handsome fellows with such soft address?
Black coat ? and white cravat of daintiest tie?
Crimped ruffles, gleaming amethystine pin?
Vest of Marseilles o'er trousers of drab dye.
Gold seal at watch-fob, jewelled watch within?
Shall this gay youth his soberer cousin see,
Or journal write? his mirror sees him more.
Not an accomplished coxcomb yet is he.
But far less bashful than he was before."
Bronson Alcott has been charged by the irrev-
erent with an undue share of vanity, but it is
certainly not as a dandy or macaroni that the
world has been used to regard him.
In November, 1825, Alcott obtained the
post of village schoolmaster in Cheshire, and
began a course of school reform, such as has
not been seen before or since in New England.
Says our author:
"He anticipated most of the changes afterwards
wrought by Horace Mann and others in the public
school system; and without any intimate knowledge of
what had been done by Pestalozzi in Switzerland, he
followed the same ideal path, and accomplished similar
results in his small field of action."
The Connecticut public schools were at that
time in a very low condition, exciting a sort of
contempt even among the learned; one "college
professor,"cited by Alcott, going so far as to say
that the income of the school fund, instead of
being applied, as the law directed, to common
schools, ought to be used " for better purposes,"
—a dictum reminding one of the worthy deacon
who, alluding to the spread of the Universalist
doctrine, announced one evening in prayer-meet-
ing: "Brethren, we have heerd a stran-nge
doctrine preached in these parts lately, that all
men are finally to be saved; but, brethren, we
hope for better things." Bronson Alcott, also
hoping for better things, and holding that all
children were finally to be saved by education,
inaugurated a series of vigorous innovations
upon the cut-and-dried methods of the Connec-
ticut " Bradley Headstones." We cannot dwell
here upon Mr. Sanborn's account of the Che-
shire school and its ultimate failure — which it
is difficult to account for on any more char-
itable ground than the stupidity or wrong-
headedness of the community that should have
been glad to support it. A more important
enterprise was the famous Temple School in
Boston; and we shall preface our brief notice
of it by giving what seems to us to be in the
main an abstract of Alcott's career as a teacher.
Broadly speaking, the story of his educational
views and methods shows a gradual declension
from a great deal of good sense slightly tinc-
tured with mysticism, to a great deal of mysti-
cism slightly tinctured with good sense. At the
Cheshire school, and during the earlier years
at the Temple, the "innovations" which so
shocked the orthodox consisted mainly in treat-
ing the children with affection instead of sever-
ity, in making them physically comfortable, in
surrounding them with agreeable and stimulat-
ing objects, and in forcing them, by a sort of
Socratic method of close questioning, to think
for themselves and to avoid what the discerning
teacher called " parrotry." There seems to be
nothing very incendiary in all this. But as
time went on, and as Alcott read deeper and
deeper in his favorite Plotinus, and Proclus,
and Jacob Boehme, and the Platonic myths,
his natural appetite for mysticism and all sorts
of Schwarmerei grew inordinately by what it
fed on, until at last the Temple School offered
its patrons the astonishing spectacle of a teacher
employing the Socratic method, not with the
view of developing and exercising the infantile
mind, but of extracting therefrom, for the be-
hoof of the adult world, something in the na-
ture of Platonic reminiscences of a celestial
anterior existence. Emerson wrote:
"He believes that from a circle of twenty well-selected
children he could draw in their conversation everything
that is in Plato, and as much better in form than it is
in Plato as the passages I read him in the Heimskringla
are than Bancroft."


358
[June 16,
THE DIAL
Admitting the fact that the children in ques-
tion were Boston children, and that therefore
they may be supposed to have left their super-
nal home, trailing clouds of unusual glory, it
is difficult to take Alcott seriously on this
point. Wordsworth, doubtless, in his famous
ode, adopted the Platonic view simply as a
thesis beautiful in itself and suitable for poetic
development; and a kindred motive may have
been at the root of Alcott's "belief." The
idea of the child bringing into the world celes-
tial memories of an anterior existence was emi-
nently favorable to the high-sailing, rather in-
tangible sort of eloquence, in which the "tedious
archangel" easily surpassed his most transcen-
dental contemporaries. The tenet in question
was, of course, contrary to the current theology;
but in points of doctrine Alcott was then wan-
dering far from the followers of Augustine, the
New England Calvinists, and eveu from the
Unitarians, with whom he was still nominally
associated; and it was this variation from re-
ceived tradition, Mr. Sanborn thinks, "which
really wrecked the Temple School, in the opin-
ion of Boston." We suspect that a not un-
reasonable misgiving as to the practical results
of Alcott's class-room methods had something
to do with it.
The Temple School began, with thirty pupils,
in 1834. It fell to ten pupils in the spring of
1837, and after lingering along for a year or
two, with one or more changes of place, was
finally given up in 1839. The immediate oc-
casion of closing it was the unwillingness of its
patrons to have their children educated in the
same room with a colored child, who had been
admitted in 1838. When the school was
opened Alcott spared no pains to make it a
cheerful and comfortable place — one to invite
the children instead of repelling them. Paint-
ings, busts, books, and not inelegant furniture,
were deemed important. Alcott wrote in his
diary:
"I wish to fill every form that addresses the senses
with significance and life, so that whatever is seen, said,
or done shall picture ideal beauty aud perfection; thus
placing the child in a scene of tranquil repose and spir-
itual loveliness. I would bring external circumstances
into harmony with that serenity of spirit and vivacity
of portraiture which are the native attributes of un-
spoiled childhood,-— planting, as it were, a prop around
which its tendrils may fasten, and thus lift its aspiring
energies to the skies."
There is so much that is beautiful and ad-
mirable in Alcott's early ideals and methods
that one regrets the more his later vagaries.
Pupils increased, visitors thronged the attracti ve
schoolroom, and the first year passed without
censure or blame. It was soon found that,
with all his mildness, the teacher was very
strict. Absolute silence and attention were
required of the pupils, and any infringement
of this rule would arrest Alcott's reading, "and
he would wait, however long, until attention
was restored."
"There was some correction, but in every individual
instance it was granted as necessary, not only by the
whole school, but by the individual himself. Some-
times the innocent suffered with the guilty. Mr. Alcott
wished both parties to feel that this was the inevitable
consequence of moral evil in this world; and that the
good, in proportion to the depth of their principle, feel
it to be worth while to share the sufferings, in order to
bring the guilty to rectitude."
Such was Alcott's inflexible habit of living
up to his principles, that he sometimes carried
this doctrine so far as to require the offending
pupil to punish him—an exemplification, we
fear, rather more striking than edifying. Mr.
Sanborn devotes a good deal of space to this
interesting and typical chapter in Alcott's life.
It was really the introduction to his long ca-
reer as a public agitator and reformer, and is
closely connected with his interest in the abo-
lition of slavery, and his share in the outburst
of "Transcendentalism" in New England.
Through the advice and with the aid of his
friends, Alcott took passage for England, May
7,1842, bearing letters of introduction to many
prominent people, among them a warmly com-
mendatory one from Emerson to Carlyle.
With Carlyle, to whom he was thoroughly an-
tipathetic, he had no good fortune, the Chelsea
philosopher scarcely, as it seems, treating him
civilly in their actual intercourse. Emerson
had commended his protege, " hoping to atone,
by his great nature, for many smaller ones that
have craved to see you," and Carlyle replied
with one of those sketches in which truth
seems struggling with exaggeration:
"Directly about the time of Sterling's departure came
Alcott, some two weeks after I had heard of his arrival
on these shores. He has been twice here, at consider-
able length; the second time all night. He is a genial,
innocent, simple-hearted man, of much natural intelli-
gence and goodness, with an air of rusticity, veracity,
and dignity, withal, which in many ways appeals to one.
The good Alcott; with his long lean face aud figure,
with his gray worn temples and mild radiant eyes; all
bent on saving the world by a return to acorns and the
golden age; he comes before one like a venerable Don
Quixote, whom nobody can laugh at without loving."
Alcott himself used to tell good-humoredly
of his meeting with Carlyle, who greeted him
with: "And so ye've come over to teach John
Bull your dom'd potato gospel! I think John


1893.] THE
DIAL 359
Bull will do very well on his roast bafe. And
I think ye'd better go home!"
Alcott returned from England in October,
1842, bringing with him Charles and William
Lane, the three friends proposing to select a
spot in the new world whereon —
"A new Eden may be planted, and man may, un-
tempted by evil, dwell in harmony with his Creator,
with himself, his fellows, and all external natures."
The " new Eden" was, of course, to be the
now historic " Frnitlands "; and the tragi-comic
story of that ill-starred community need not be
detailed here. Laughter at the vagaries of
the founder should be tempered with reverence
for the fine enthusiasm, the high purpose, at
the heart of them. Emerson, always alive to
the humors of his friend's character, wrote at
that time:
"Alcott and Lane are always feeling of their shoul-
ders, to find if their wings are sprouting; but next best
to wings are cowhide boots, which society is always ad-
vising them to put on."
But he did not forget to add:
"It is really Alcott's distinction that, rejoicing or
desponding, this man always trusts his principle, whilst
all vulgar reformers rely on the arm of money and the
law."
Certain details of the " Fruitlands" regime,
for which Alcott was responsible, may well ex-
cite, and have excited, doubts as to his sanity.
For instance, his Hudibrastic distinction be-
tween fruits and vegetables, such as wheat and
apples, which "aspired" or grew upward, and
those which, like potatoes, beets, and radishes,
grew downward. The latter he would not
allow to be used. He forbade the use of ma-
nure in cultivating the land, holding this a
corrupt and unjust mode of forcing Nature.
The bread of the community he made with his
own hands out of unbolted flour, seeking to
render it more palatable " by forming the loaves
into the shape of animals and other pleasant
images." No animal substance was allowed
to be used at " Fruitlands," flesh, fish, butter,
cheese, eggs, milk, etc., being denounced as
"pollution," and as tending to corrupt the
body and through that the soul. No wonder
that the meml)ers of the community nearly
starved to death, and they certainly might have
done so had they not " furtively gone among
the surrounding farmers and begged for food."
The unhappy Alcott himself, when "Fruit-
lands" finally collapsed, was on the point of
dying from grief and abstinence, "when his
wife prevailed on him to continue longer in this
ungrateful world."
Dr. Tuke, commenting on this singular com-
munity, in his last great work on insanity, says:
"Was Alcott insane? That such a man should in-
duce others to imitate him and form a community,
would astonish us, were it not an oft-repeated fact in
history. Other persons passed through very similar
phases about the same period. I flud no evidence what-
ever of mental disease, and regard such things as illus-
trations of peculiar psychical constitutions, which under
remarkable upheavals of religious thought fell into ec-
centric courses, but did not become insnne. A cold
winter was the means of converting Mr. Alcott to or-
dinary notions of the world in regard to dress, and his
following appears to have quickly dissolved."
Dr. Harris's chapter on the Aleottian phil-
osophy is interesting and scholarly—well worth
perusal aside from its bearing on the central
theme. No better expositor of Mr. Alcott's
peculiar "system" could have been found.
He has traced its historical sources and affilia-
tions, and pointed out its central thought (the
pre-existence of the soul, and its lapse as the
origin of nature), thus furnishing a clew by
which the reader may wander not altogether
blindly and unprofitably through the "Orphic"
labyrinth. Of the moral qualities and social
virtues of Alcott too much can scarcely be said
in praise. Emerson might well have said of
him, as he did say of Sumner, and as Burnet
said of Sir Isaac Newton, " He had the whitest
soul I ever knew." But as a philosopher he
was a survival, a belated dreamer still clinging
to the old faith in the ability of humanity to rid
itself of its own shadow. He was of the spir-
itual kindred of Proclus and Plotinns; and, in
the words of Lowell,—
"Had he but lived in Plato's day.
He might, unless my fancy errs,
Have shared that golden voice's sway
O'er barefooted philosophers."
E. Q. J.
Unwiioi.ksome Psychology.*
The work entitled "The Law of Psychic Phe-
nomena" is at once an ontcome and an index
of the widespread interest in matters psycho-
logical, fostered preeminently by the Societies
for Psychical Research. If, however, we neglect
the modern phraseology and the references to
recent experiments, it is not difficult to imagine
the author's doctrines and arguments presented
to us in a worn binding on faded paper, in old-
fashioned type ; indeed, to anyone familiar with
the history of the by-paths of science, the tone
of novelty assumed by the author for his views
seems particularly out of place.
•The Law ok Psychic Phenomena. By Thomas .lay
Hudson. Chicago: A. C. McClnrg A Company.


360
[June 16,
THE
DIAL
The "law of psychic phenomena" postu-
lates that " man has two minds, a subjective
and an objective mind"; that "the subject-
ive mind is constantly amenable to control by
suggestion," and that " the subjective mind is
incapable of inductive reasoning." These three
propositions form a law, comparable in import-
ance to that of Newton, by which all phenom-
ena in the realm of mind, " whether designated
by the name of hypnotism, mesmerism, som-
nambulism, trance, spiritism, demonology, mir-
acle, psycho-therapeutics, genius, or insanity,"
find an interpretation and an explanation.
At the outset it must be plainly said that
this announcement does great wrong to the
cause of psychology. For the dictum as ap-
plied has reference to but a small portion of
the field of modern psychology; it does not
bear upon such laws — to select almost at ran-
dom—as the law of contrast of sensations, the
law of practice and fatigue, the psychophysic
law, the laws of association, and many other
important lines of psychological investigation.
With equal correctness might any one of these
laws be heralded as the law of psychic phe-
nomena.
The book does not deal comprehensively, as
the title suggests, with the phenomena of psy-
chology, but mainly with the more obscure
portion of a class of phenomena somewhat un-
fortunately termed " Psychic Research." And
within this limited field we find treated with
exaggerated importance a variety of discred-
ited stories and experiments, and too often lit-
tle more. Any mental process, or any happen-
ing not quite everyday and normal in its char-
acter, is endowed with special significance, and
is at once attributed to the workings of the
"subjective mind." The subjective mind "takes
cognizance of its environment by means inde-
pendent of the senses"; the subjective mind
holds the key to "suggestion," and thus ap-
pears in and explains hypnotism ; "mind-read-
ing is the communication of two subjective
minds"; the subjective mind telepaths with
the greatest facility, is possessed of clairvoy-
ance and clairaudience, communicates with the
dead and leaves its influence upon the haunts
of the living, — in brief, transports itself so
wonderfully and so differently from the order
of mind with which common mortals are en-
dowed, that it leads one to question the utility
and practicability of this great law. Surely it
seems a simple word to conjure by,—" subject-
ive." It reminds one of the little boy who went
to his mother full of wonder regarding the work-
ings of a watch, and after turning away with
great dissatisfaction from her painstaking ex-
planations, took the problem to his father: "Oh,
it goes by a complicated, internal contrivance,"
— and the four-year-old went his way com-
pletely satisfied. Such is the power of words!
No attempt can here be made to follow the
author in the ramifications of this law, through
his many chapters. We are repelled from
such a task by the continued uncritical accept-
ance of every uncanny experience, a constant
lack of appreciation of the true significance of
the scientific studies of such phenomena as
hypnotism, the repeated jumbling together of
facts and views concerning which clear and
exact discrimination is the foremost desider-
atum, and a continued return to obsolete and
unscientific explanations of phenomena which
by great expenditure of energy have at last be-
come in some measure scientifically recognized.
Indeed, the main reason for noticing this
volume at all is a deference to the influence
it seems likely to exert upon the reading public.
The confusion of terms, the ignoring of im-
portant lines of modern psychology, the distor-
tion of truly scientific results within the field
treated, are certain to have pernicious effects.
One cannot take the kingdom of any science
by storm; the onward progress of knowledge
is slow and the path tortuous, the gains uncer-
tain, the need of vigorous effort and infinite
drudgery continuous. Particularly is the course
of psychology beset with pitfalls of many kinds
and in many places. It is because this volume,
appearing at a time when the public is in a
particularly receptive mood on such topics,
seems quite certain to foster an unwholesome
mental attitude and an undesirable, semi-mor-
bid interest, that the unpleasant necessity of
opposing its influence presents itself.
One fundamental defect of the volume is a
logical one. An author who admits " the possi-
bility of every phenomenon alleged by any
respectable number of reputable witnesses to
have occured"; one who leaves "to those who
are skeptical, or who think they are skeptical
rather than ignorant, the task of investigating,
after the ponderous and elaborate methods of
the scientists, phenomena which can be veri-
fied beyond the possible shadow of a doubt, by
the exercise of a little common-sense"; one
whose views of the relation of theory to prac-
tice, and of the doctrine of probabilities, are so
opposed to those by which modern science pro-
ceeds, can hardly be considered a safe guide in
matters so treacherous and abstruse. At times


1893.] THE
DIAL 361
the most charitable view of the author's pages
would seem to be that his subjective mind has
contributed to the result which, according to
the law, is " incapable of inductive reasoning."
As Professor Tyndall has aptly observed,
such a mental attitude cannot be refuted; it
can only be outgrown or replaced. The surest
antidote is a rigid training in the logic of
science, a familiarity with the history of the
progress of thought, a wholesome schooling of
the jKiwers of judgment and of thought per-
spective. Joseph Jastkow.
University of Wisconsin.
Scottish IiItkkatukk.*
To a true lover of one's country, it must
bring sad thoughts when he can turn to no liv-
ing national literature, when he can boast of
no masterpieces except those of the past. Such
is the position of Scotchmen to-day. The cities
and the upper classes have been largely Angli-
cized. The Scotland of Lord Cockburn's Mem-
oirs, with its Scotch-speaking Judges of Ses-
sions and its ladies of rank, entirely Scotch
both in language and habits, is gone. Well-
marked national peculiarities are now to be
found principally in the remoter and quieter
rural districts, and in the lower classes of soci-
ety. Sir Walter Scott was the last great fig-
ure in Scottish literature, and the changes
which have passed over the country since he
wrote have made another Scott forever impos-
sible. But up to that time, Scotland had had
a distinctively national literature, and one well
worth considering, although so seldom receiv-
ing attention apart from English literature.
The work of Professor Walker called " Three
Centuries of Scottish Literature," and dealing
with the period which began with Sir David
Lindsay (1490-1557) and ended with Sir Wal-
ter Scott (1771-1832), therefore fulfils a mis-
sion hitherto scarcely attempted. Its two vol-
umes are of nearly equal size, the first dealing
with the period from the Scottish Reformation
to the union of the crowns of Scotland and En-
gland, the second beginning with that union
and extending to the death of Scott. The most
interesting features of the first period are its
ballads and songs. In poetic merit, the Scot-
tish ballads outrank the English. Their sub-
jects are almost as various as the interests of
* Three Centuries of Scottish Literature. By Hugh
Walker, M.A., Professor of English in St. David's College,
Lampeter. In two volumes. New York: M&cmillan & Co.
humanity. The wars between England and
Scotland, clan-feuds, moss-trooping raids, cap-
tures and rescues, are all in turn the theme of
the minstrel. All the stronger passions —
love, hatred, jealousy, revenge — become like-
wise the subject of poetical treatment. Al-
though there is a general community of spirit
among the separate ballads, they cannot l>e
unified and are seldom to be regarded as con-
tinuations one of another. There nowhere ex-
ists among the ballads of Scotland such a series
of connected pieces as even the English ballads
of Robin Hood, much less a series of ballads
which exhibit unity of composition. Popular
poetry in Scotland showed no tendency to de-
velop into the epic; if the Homeric poems are
to be looked upon as ballads woven together,
there is no corresponding phenomenon to be
found in this country.
Nevertheless, the old ballads of Scotland are
particularly rich in poetic beauties. The bal-
lad-makers, by the sheer force of simplicity
and truth, succeeded in picturing nature when
more ambitious literary artists failed. As they
lived in an atmosphere of rude chivalry, there
shines through their strange and faulty code
of morals the constant light of high and gen-
erous thoughts, dauntless courage, fidelity in
friendship, and at times even sympathy with the
weak and generosity to enemies; in short, all
the characteristic virtues of a strong race
slowly rising through troublous times to a more
refined civilization. Take, for example, the
closing lines of a ballad of which the story was
one of barbarous cruelty. A lady is shut up
with her children in a castle and there burned
to death. But in the description of the fate
of the daughter the poet has the skill to turn
cruelty into pathos:
"O then bespake her daughter dear.
She was baith jimp and sina',
'O row me in a pair of sheits,
And tow me ower the wa'.'
"They rowd her in a pair of sheits.
And towd her ower the wa';
But, on the point of Edotu's 8|>eir,
She gat a deadly fa'.
"0 bonny, bonny was hir mouth.
And chirry were hir cheiks.
And cleir, cleir was hir yellow hair,
Whereon the red bluid dreips.
"Then wi' the speir he turn'd hir ower,
0 gin hir face was wan!
He said, ' Zow are the first that e'er
1 wisht alive again!'
"He turn'd her ower and ower again;
0 gin hir skin was whyte!
He said, ' I might ha spard thy life,
To been some man's delyte.'"


3G2
[June 16,
THE
DIAL
The relation between the ballads of Scot-
land and its songs is a very intimate one. The
distinction between these similar forms of poet-
ical expression is well defined by Professor
Walker:
"The true ballad always takes the form of a narra-
tive, and this is one of the points in which it differs from
the song. The song is primarily the expression of sen-
timent. The singer is the centre of his own verse, and,
if facts are introduced, they are subsidiary; but in the
ballad the minstrel is merely the medium for giving
poetic expression to some outward fact or event. His
reflections, therefore, if any, must be subordinate to the
narrative."
As might be expected, love is very frequently
the singer's theme. Aspiration, hesitancy, suc-
cess, the praise of the maiden's charms or of
the youth's strength and courage, the pleasures
of reunion, and the wail of the betrayed and
forsaken, are some of the favorite variations.
Pastoral songs, as in England, were popular,
but unlike English pastorals they were not
founded on classical models; it is no artificial
Arcadia which they picture, but the actual life
of Scottish shepherds and husbandmen. Here
is a beautiful fragment relating to the milking
of the ewes in the pens, an occupation known
as "ewe-buchtin ":
"0, the ewe-buchtin's bonuie, bail li e'ening and morn.
When our blythe shepherds play on the bog-reed and horn;
While we're milking, they're lilting, baith pleasantand clear,
But in v heart's like to break when I think of my dear.
"0, the shepherds take pleasure to blow on the horn,
To raise up their flocks o' sheep soon i' the mora;
On the bonnie green banks they feed pleasant and free,
But alas, my dear heart, all my sighing's for thee."
During the seventeenth century, the native
literature of Scotland, especially its poetry, suf-
fered a long and disastrous eclipse. It was a
period full of petty quarrels. Not only was the
country shaken by the great civil struggle
which convulsed England as well, but it was
distracted also to a degree which England never
experienced by religious differences. The mu-
tual hatred of sects drained the strength of the
nation. Put in the eighteenth century the
Scotch writers of the English language were in-
strumental in bringing about important changes
in its literature. They carried with them to
England, or retained in their Scottish sur-
roundings, characteristics of their own, and
proved, alike by the subjects they chose, the
measures they affected, and their style of treat-
ment, that they were, if they were not them-
selves original, the scholars of masters so dif-
ferent from those generally followed as to give
them the influence of originality. Thomson
in his " Seasons," Ramsay in his vernacular
poems, besides a group of lesser men, were
powerful factors in that "return to nature"
which marked the close of the eighteenth cen-
tury. Robert Purns and Sir Walter Scott
are of course the great lights of the closing
portion of Professor Walker's "Three Cen-
turies." His discussion of them is able and in-
teresting, but Scott and Purns are subjects on
which it is difficult to say anything which has
not been already better said. Put the work,
as a whole, is a very happy accession to the
history of literature.
Anna P. McMahan.
Americ an Types of Animal LiIfe.*
Professor St. George Mivart, who is an En-
glish anatomist of wide fame, has written a
book in a popular and very readable style,
which, without being dry or tiresome, touches
on many anatomical themes suggested by types
of animal life. The work is the exact oppo-
site of the numerous books of the type of Sir
Henry Paker's "Wild Peasts and Their Ways,"
which present us with pictures of the hunting,
capture, and destruction of the larger mammals
and other prey of that most relentless exter-
minator called the sportsman. The reader at
all fond of zoological science searches almost
in vain in such works for information of the
animals and their habits and structure, and
gets, instead, discussions of the relative values
of guns. On the other hand, one who reads
Professor Mivart's "American Types of Ani-
mal Life " will find in it no descriptions of the
chase, that survival of our race's barbaric his-
tory. The types here serve as a nucleus for a
clustering mass of facts which, though properly
of anatomical import, are conveyed in so clear
and non-technical a style as to be easily in the
range of the least professional reader. A list
of the types treated will most directly exhibit
the scope of the work. They form twelve
chapters, of 336 pages and 103 illustrations,
on the monkey, the opossum, the turkey, the
bull-frog, the rattlesnake, the bat, the bison,
the raccoon, the sea-lion, the sloth, the whales,
and a last chapter on other beasts, devoted to
such oddities as lemurs, prairie dogs, mole rats,
jerboas, porcupines. The chapter on the opos-
sum, for example, touches, among other things,
on the presence of that strangely isolated crea-
ture in America; on the interesting history
* American Types of Animal Lifk. By St. George
Mivart. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co.


1893.]
363
THE
DIAL
of the discovery of the marsupials and their rela-
tion to the opossum; and on the curious parallel-
ism of both habit, and to some extent structure,
between some of the marsupials and some of the
orders of placental mammals. These are in-
stanced in the comparison between the wom-
bats and the marmots, the Tasmanian wolf and
our cats, the phascogale and our insect-eaters,
the kangaroo and the antelope. Professor Mi-
vart concludes that these analogies exemplify
the independent origin of similar structures, a
proposition also brought out in his discussion
of the Asiatic versus the South American mon-
keys. In his chapter on the turkey, in a pas-
sage of several pages the writer works over the
extremely interesting question of the adapta-
tions of structure in the bird's body to so very
exacting a mode of life as flight. After speak-
ing of the flight of a falcon, of 1350 miles in
one day, he mentions a number of points in
which the structure of the bird is adapted to
life in so fluid a medium as air. "The vari-
ous organs are so packed and arranged as to
make the centre of gravity fall where it can be
best sustained, and so constructed as to produce
the greatest strength and warmth with the least
weight. Among such adaptations we may men-
tion the feathers and their power to retain
heat; the bones, their strength and lightness,
due to the presence of air instead of marrow
in their cavities, and their almost papery text-
ure; the location of the wing muscles in the
breast, whose opposed actions result from ten-
dons variously bent over the rounded pulley
surfaces of the bones; the scheme of respira-
tion and circulation, as perfect as those of mam-
mals; the reduction of bony structure of the
arms, so as to bring their weight near the cen-
tre (the same point can be made of the tail);
the assumption on the part of the bill of the
prehensile function thus lost to the hand, and
the correlated mobility of the elongated neck;
the centralization of the muscles of the leg, and
their operation on the toes through the long
tendons of the drumstick."
Professor Mivart says at the outset that he
is not intending to bother his readers with
the Darwinian controversy, and to a great
extent he keeps his promise; but there are
several places where that most lively topic is
necessarily raised, because of the anatomical
facts that are being considered. But the book
is not in the least of a controversial nature,
nor yet is it dogmatic. The topics of an evo-
lutionary character, when noticed, are exam-
ined candidly from both sides.
A word ought to be said for the illustrations.
They are line drawings with the pen, and many
are very fine examples of this art. There are
no anatomical drawings, all being full views of
the living animal. Very few of the pictures,
however, depict the natural surroundings of the
subject. It is to be regretted that this import-
ant feature of zoological illustration has been
omitted — a feature that receives such notable
attention in Brehm's great work on Animal
Life. The paper, binding, and print of the
volume are of the highest order of merit. We
cannot, however, wholly approve of the intro-
duction on the cover-stamp of a series of feet
in which the artiodactyl and the perissodactyl
types are made successive. This arrangement
seems to imply that the line of descent would be
from the rhinoceros through Bos to Equus;
and this is a sort of misconception that, like
the notion that mammals are the descendants
of birds, or amphibia of teleosts, has been fruit-
ful of error. The work is one of a too small
class. The vast public of lay readers does not
often have a chance to come so near to the liv-
ing problems of zoological science in a strictly
popular work as they do in this interesting
work by Professor Mivart.
Henry L. Osbobn.
Hamline Univeriity.
Interpretations of Faith.*
The larger share of the works now pub-
lished on themes of faith are critical and apol-
ogetic. The courses of religious lectures so
widely established have tended very decisively
to this result. It is one which shows great vi-
tality, both in the aggressive ideas of our time,
and in the reconstructive power of religious be-
lief under them. The movement is wholesome
and promising.
The most one can do, in a brief notice of such
works, is to indicate to the reader what position,
•The Gospel of Paul. By Charles Carroll Everett,
Dean of the Harvard Divinity School. Boston: Houghton,
Mifflin & Co.
Present-Day Theology. By Lewis French Stearns, late
Professor of Christian Theology in Bangor Theological Sem-
inary. New York: Charles Scrihner's Sons.
Survivals in Christianity. Special lectures delivered
before the Episcopal Theological School at Cambridge,
Mass. By Charles James Wood. New York: MacmiUan
& Co.
Primary Convictions. By William Alexander, D.D.,
Lord Bishop of Derry. New York: Harper & Brothers.
The Place of Christ in Modern Theology. By A. M.
Fairbain, M.A., D.D., Principal of Mansfield College, Ox-
ford. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.


364
[June 16,
THE
DIAL
in this reconciliation of the old and the new,
each author occupies, and the degree of power
with which he maintains his ground. On the
one side, there is the extreme attitude of those
who believe that all events are under the con-
trol of forces thoroughly conditioned in the past
and present, and that the development incident
to their unfolding admits of no really new term.
This view leaves no footing — certainly no
consistent and adequate footing — for faith.
Over against this absolute naturalism is a su-
pernaturalism equally extreme. Our spiritual
life, our salvation, is ascribed to a divine inter-
vention by which results not at all included in
the natural flow of events, in opposition rather
to it, are achieved. Religion thus becomes
something lifted quite off the plane of system-
atic development, and in no way involved in it.
The midway point of reconciliation is found in
assigning to nature, both on its physical and
spiritual side, that continuous and creative
movement which is now associated in science
with evolution, and adding thereto, as the in-
ner life of all, a spiritual presence to which
real increments and guiding power are as nor-
mal as are fixed terms and coherent law. The
centre of theological thought is being shifted
from spasmodic supernatural grace to an ever-
real, ever-unfolding love; and the change of
position is as great as when in astronomy the
heliocentric displaced the geocentric system.
To be invited to enter by the open doors of
nature and revelation into the presence of spir-
itual entities and spiritual laws—most eternal
of eternal things, most comprehensive of com-
prehensive things—is a very diverse invitation
from being urged to entertain a somewhat
fanciful view of the origin and nature of sin,
itself made a centre of thought to which the
character, personality, and action of God sub-
ject themselves in a systematic theology. This
is to restore the cycles and epicyles of Ptolemy,
not to allow the simpler, wider, more adequate
revelations of faith in Supreme Reason to have
way.
The books before us are all geocentric; the
theological construction is dominant, though
they all feel in different degrees the loosening
force of larger ideas. The author of " The Gos-
pel of Paul" has assigned himself a difficult task,
and one not very grateful. He has undertaken
to displace a restricted but familiar interpreta-
tion of the words of Paul, expounding the work
of Christ, by a second interpretation, unfamil-
iar and equally narrow. The marked ability
and erudition of the author will hardly suffice
him for so laborious an undertaking. Reject-
ing the sacrificial idea, he replaces it with that
of ceremonial uncleanness, attendant on cruci-
fixion. The key of the author's rendering is
found in Gal. 3; 13: "Christ redeemed us
from the curse of the law, having become a
curse for us; for it is written, Cursed is every
one that hangeth on a tree." Christ abrogated
the ceremonial law by being cast out of its pale.
"We go forth unto him without the camp, bear-
ing his reproach." The view of the author en-
counters for us precisely the same kind of diffi-
culties which belong to the one displaced by it.
It proceeds on the supposition that Paul enter-
tained a clear, constant, adequate view of the
atonement, which is to be reached, among the
various images current with him, by a careful
selection of the ruling idea, and a subordina-
tion to it of all other suggestions. We do not
thus interpret the atonement by the intrinsic,
universal moral force of the facts involved in
it, and expound the language of Paul by his in-
sight into these principles as modified by current
convictions and by the modes of expression then
open to religious truth. We are carried away
by the abiding force of ideas to a subtle exegesis
of words, with a great reduction in valueof what-
ever conclusions we may reach. To my mind,
at least, there underlies a discussion like this
a narrow view of the supernatural. The rev-
elation to St. Paul loses its personal and na-
tional limitations, and is made to assume an
absolute value. We are not dealing with uni-
versal truth, forever finding access to all minds
in new and more adequate ways, but with cer-
tain convictions of St. Paul made more narrow
and personal than they really were, and re-
garded as more final and authoritative than
they were ever intended to be.
The second volume is, in a sense, memorial.
It opens with a brief sketch of the life of Pro-
fessor L. F. Stearns, and closes with a paper
given by him at the International Congrega-
tional Council. The body of the book is made
up of a comparatively complete and systematic
statement of belief, left by him at his death.
It is a popular discussion of leading doctrines,
in the sense that it is addressed to the intelli-
gent general reader rather than to the technical
student. Professor Stearns was a very able
and lovable man, and his statement of beliefs
has very considerable representative power on
the side of liberal Congregationalism. The
style is clear and forcible, and one glides with
ease and pleasure into the vigorous thought.
The volume is quite complete in the themes


1893.]
365
THE
DIAL
discussed, and one will not readily find else-
where more of the improved critical temper of
our times without any radical change of ac-
cepted centres. As Spring softens the buds
of the vigorous plant, fills its channels with
sap, and awakens a vital force that has not
yet broken existing bounds, so the thoughts of
this fresh student of religious truth responded,
through the entire circle of faith, to the awak-
ened forces of growing knowledge. A gentle
movement of the kaleidoscope causes its lines
of inner construction to waver and then occa-
sions some slight readjustment. It is not till
it is made to rest on another face, that the old
relations are broken up, and the familiar ele-
ments of form and color take on a new and
beautiful order.
"Survivals in Christianity " belongs to those
books concerning which one would be glad to
be excused from expressing an opinion, so dif-
ficult is it to express a wise one, and one that
shall not make an unfair impression. It is a
work in which insight has the upper-hand of
constructive power. The mind of the author
does not move like the bee, laden with honey,
straight to the hive, but like the butterfly, find-
ing honey here and there and everywhere.
Wide reading and quick insight fill the mind
with suggestions, and these it flings out with a
prodigality that soon becomes confusion. The
title is a misnomer. "Survivals'' are at most but
an incident of the themes pursued, not the
theme itself. The topics considered are the
idea of God, the church, forgiveness of sin, the
resurrection, and eternal life. These have no
close cohesion among themselves, nor is the
presentation characterized by any firmness of
method. Indeed, one suspects that the author
entertains a certain spite at method. This
fact being cheerfully accepted, — and many
readers will cheerfully accept it,— considerable
insight and much enthusiasm of spiritual sen-
timent will reward the perusal.
"Primary Convictions " is also a work which
does not quite correspond to the expectation
awakened by the title. Nine primary convic-
tions, treated in as many chapters,— corres-
ponding largely to lectures delivered on a foun-
dation established in behalf of the evidences of
Christianity,— give rise to the anticipation of
a philosophical treatment of the fundamental
ideas on which faith rests. The facts are quite
different. Doctrinal themes, suggested by the
Apostolic and Nicene creeds and by Scripture,
are treated in a way which would be in keep-
ing with a church festival. The underlying
force of the discussion is emotional. As, how-
ever, the style is somewhat florid, the expres-
sion loses that directness which makes it the
best medium of deep feeling, and the feeling
misses the conviction that always attaches to
perfectly simple and sincere utterance.
"The Place of Christ in Modern Theology"
is a work wrought out very thoroughly and
thoughtfully. The first haft is a historic dis-
cussion of the leading lines of conception and
criticism in connection with Christ from the
beginning until now. The last half is a cor-
respondingly full statement of the doctrines of
faith, as conceived by the author, which cen-
tre in Christ. While the subject suggested
by the title is the ruling idea, the treatment is
everywhere comprehensive. The work pre-
sents the conclusions of an able and devout
mind, widely open to historic criticism on the
central and substantial doctrines of Christian
faith as they are now present with us. This
book, like the volume of Professor Stearns,
shows the liberalizing and expanding processes
to which faith has been subjected, without dis-
closing any essential disintegration. The
knowledge, ability, and liberality of the author
unite to make the work interesting and valu-
able. The writer greatly reduces the harsh,
and harshly accentuated, doctrines of faith,—
such as those which make the atonement a
judicial process, with none of the dignity, def-
initeness, distinctness, of an act of judgment.
Yet he does not commit himself to pure moral
forces, lying like light over all spiritual phe-
nomena, and receiving every affection, every
personal relation, between man and man, man
and God, as the breaking out of ineffable color
from the very heart of revelation. Earlier doc-
trinal definitions have been like an imperfect
chromatic image, due to the defects of the in-
strument used. There has been a steady re-
duction of these imperfections, but our author
still yields — in the character he attaches to
sin and redemption — a fringe of the old dis-
guising colors, and shows himself not yet fully
ready for simply white light.
None of these authors quite disclose a spir-
itual universe, a heliocentric universe, rejoicing
in the revelation of Pure Reason in its ethical,
personal form. j0HN Bascom.
Williams College.
M. Philippe Bekger has been appointed Kenan's suc-
cessor as Professor of Hebrew at the College de France.
M. Berger, who is a Protestant, prepared for the press
Kenan's posthumous volume on the history of the Is-
raelites.


366
[June 16,
THE DIAL
Briefs on New Books.
The largest and by far the most
EMUdit°AgZ *** generally interesting of the volumes
thus far issued in the "Great Edu-
cators " series ( Scribner) is " Abelard and the Ori-
gin and Early History of Universities," by Gabriel
Compayre'. The work is divided into four parts,
namely:—"The Origin of the Universities," "The
Organization of the Early Universities," "The
Course of Study and the Methods of Teaching,"
"General Spirit and Influence of the Early Uni-
versities." The man Abelard occupies a very small
space as to pages in the present volume, since he
died sixty years before the University of Paris was
formally constituted; but he is shown to deserve a
large place of honor, inasmuch as he was the true
founder of this first of the universities. Most of
the others took this one for their model and proto-
type, and it is a highly interesting process to study
their organization, and discover the features, good
and bad, which can be directly traced to them in
our modern systems of education. Examinations
and degrees were the invention of the Middle Ages;
Greek and Roman antiquity are without trace of
any test of capacity, are without any conditions
whatsoever imposed on anyone desiring to teach.
The student of to-day, groaning under the multipli-
city of his examinations, the applicant whose fate
depends upon the result of a more or less (gener-
ally less) sensible competition, may hold the uni-
versities of the Middle Ages responsible, for they
were the first culprits. Perhaps nothing is more
curious than a chapter showing the unfavorable at-
titude of the Middle Ages toward medical studies,
especially surgery. As late as 1600, surgeons were
still excluded from the degrees of the faculty of
medicine, or were admitted to them only on swear-
ing that they would not practice surgery thereafter.
The study of first importance, the supreme science
of which the others could not be more than the
respectful handmaidens, was theology! In theol-
ogy, therefore, a far more prolonged study was re-
quired than in any other branch of knowledge.
One could be a master of arts at twenty-one; a doc-
tor of law or of medicine at twenty-six or twenty-
seven; but a doctorate of theology could not be ob-
tained before completing the thirty-fifth year. Truly,
has not Petrarch's prophecy come to pass ?" Look
at these men who spend their whole life in alterca-
tions, sophistical subtleties, in incessantly turning
their brains upside down in order to solve empty
little questions, and accept as true my prophecy
concerning their future; their reputation will pass
away with their existence, and the same sepulchre
will suffice to enshroud their names and their bones."
Mb. William M. Bryant, in his mon-
Goetheandihe 0graph called "Goethe, Represen-
tative ot the Modern Art-bpint
(Riverside Publishing Co., St. Louis), has given us
a luminous and suggestive study of " Goetz von Ber-
lichingen," "Iphigenia," and the " Helena" in the
second part of "Faust." The first part of "Faust"
has become one of those representations of its theme
which are accepted as final, one of the pictures
which the world hangs up in the small and precious
gallery where are those expressions which are as
permanent as thought itself. The second part,
however, has been called by Matthew Arnold a
"mystification," and a mystification has certainly
no claim to the name of art-product at all. We
are learning very rapidly that the mystification lias
been all on the side of inadequate reading, and that
the poem from which the distinctively modern writ-
ers, whether in prose or verse, can learn most is the
second part of " Faust." If ever a poet was in advance
of his time, it was Goethe; we have not yet caught
up with him, nor are we likely to do so very soon.
Mr. Bryant finds in the progress which Goethe made
from the cruder "Goetz" to the serene and fin-
ished "Helena" three stages through which the
modern consciousness has passed to a complete un-
derstanding of itself. Intermediate is the "Iphi-
genia," in which is found a union of the antique
and modern, more explicitly developed by Goethe
afterward, and showing a reconciliation of the clas-
sic and romantic tendencies, a study of which may
help us in the conflict between realists and idealists
in which we are just now rather inconclusively en-
gaged. Mr. Bryant says: "Evidently, then, the
modern art-spirit as represented by Goethe repudi-
ates absolutely the dictum that the first rule of art
is to please. On the contrary, the first rule of all gen-
uine art, and of modern art more than of any other,
is, Absolute faithfulness to Truth. And the faith-
fulness of art to Truth is this: that it shall make
truth pleasing, and that alone. True art, like true
human effort of every kind, is addressed to ra-
tional, human beings. Doubtless to please them is
the proper task of art. And art can please a ra-
tional human soul only in two ways; positively by
exhibiting the True in its native beauty ; and nega-
tively by exhibiting the untrue in its native deform-
ity." The brochure is interesting, covers a wide
field in its discussions, and is above all suggestive.
Students of the true Goethe who is more and more
disclosing himself to our enlarging understanding
will find this essay clear, vigorous, thought-pro-
voking; it will also, as said before, throw light
on some of the dicta constantly repeated for our
guidance and as constantly perplexing us, such as
"Art for Art's Sake," or " The Truth must be told,
but not the whole Truth."
Messrs. Hachette et Cie., of Paris,
m'l^uin'cia'tlk' *lave issue(l a posthumous and un-
finished work by Edouard Goumy,
entitled "Les Latins," on which that versatile writer
was engaged when death snatched the pen from
his hand. The author, a Professor in several
lycees and at last in the Ecole Normale, was at the
same time a journalist of reputation and editor-in-
chief of the Revue de VInstruction Publique,—


1893.]
367
THE
DIAL
one of those stirring men, unfaltering dogmatists,
who do other people's thinking for them, and pass
from life leaving, like certain missiles, a hole con-
siderably larger than their calibre. In the long
preface (30 pp.) in which he defends the Latin clas-
sics m a means of education, it is curious to note
the almost complete identity of the question in
France and America,— an observation to which the
author, whose favorite synonym for coarseness and
vulgarity is I'amSricanisme, does not condescend.
Nevertheless, those who are especially interested in
that educational problem will find this preface the
most noteworthy part of the work. The book itself
(235 pp.) consists of a number of racy essays on
Plautus, Terence, Cicero, Lucretius, Catullus, Caesar,
Sallust, Virgil, and Horace. It aims ex professo to
prove the educational value of Latin literature from
its character; but the writer is no blind admirer of
the " Latins." He will rather shock many readers
as an arrant iconoclast. Cicero he leaves in tat-
ters, allowing him no character but that of a per-
fect master of form in prose — wherein he prefers
him to all the Greeks, Demosthenes included.
Plautus and Terence fare still worse. Like a good
Frenchman, and one who evidently undervalues
thoughtfulness in a writer, he cannot forgive Lucre-
tius the dulness of the greater part of his work,
though he grudgingly admits that he is a real poet.
Even Virgil smarts for his Bucolics. He admires
Catullus and Horace for that grace and esprit
which the French prize above every other literary
quality. Caesar's simplicity charms his more serious
mood. Of Sallust he says that he alone of all the
ancients can be named alongside of Thucidides.
Evidently it is well for Livy and Tacitus that the
court adjourned sine die before their case was
called. While Goumy's "appreciations" are al-
ways interesting, it is evident that the author wrote
with a curious personal bias for or against these
"Latins," whom a long familiarity had made real
contemporaries to him; and it is equally clear that
he has a tendency to exaggerate, to utter opinions
"a I'emporte-piece," which, while it may stimulate
thought in those not accustomed "jiirare in verba
magistri," makes him an unsafe guide for those
who cannot judge for themselves.
In his new volume, " The Story of
A readable ac- '»«■ '■«»
counto/ihe Malta (Houghton), Mr. M. M.
island of Malta. ^ blende(J the regults „f
personal observation with historical and descriptive
matter gathered from the authorities. To his own
impressions of the island he has added the leading
historical facts, as well as much general informa-
tion as to flora and fauna, industries, exports and
imports, traditions, etc., not forgetting the occu-
pancy by the Knights of St. John, of whom an in-
teresting account is given. The narrative is inter-
spersed with amusing incidents drawn from the au-
thor's own experience. The following rather typ-
ical scene, for instance, occurred just before the
landing at Malta: "' Are you going on shore,
madam, while we take in coal?' asked the captain
of a P. and O. steamship, addressing one of his
lady passengers, who was en route from India to
England. 'Can I get me a dear little Maltese dog
there for a pet?' asked the lady in response. 'It is
doubtful,' was the answer, 'the animals you refer to
are now very scarce in these islands.' 'Then I think
I'll remain on board,' rejoined madam. 'There's
nothing on the island worth seeing, I believe.'
'Some persons come thousands of miles solely to
visit the place,' was the captain's quiet reply; 4 its
history is very curious.' 'Are there any palaces?'
'There are over half a hundred edifices so called,
though they have nearly all been diverted from
their original purpose.' 'They have nice old lace
here, I am told. But one can get the same thing
in London, you know.' 'Oh, yes, and perhaps
you'll be able to find a puppy to your liking in
London,' said the sarcastic captain." Mr. Ballou
is a veteran traveller, yet he assures us that in all
his experience he "has failed to discover any local-
ity of similar dimensions which embraces so thrill-
ing a history, or whose present aspect is more at-
tractive and picturesque." There are no illustrations
in the volume.
a hiiom hicai *N "Venice: An Historical Sketch
studyo/the of the Republic" (Putnam), Mr.
Venetian Republic. Horatio M> Brown ghowg ^fai^-
torily that the " Sea Cybele " lends herself not only
to the pictorial and romantic treatment usually ac-
corded her, but that she also presents singular ad-
vantages for the scientific study of the State as an
organism. The Venetian Republic offers a striking
example of the birth, adolescence, decline, and death
of a community, and therefore of the analogy of
the nation to the individual; and it is largely with
this conception in view that the author has carried
out his task. He has endeavored throughout to
state events, and then to suggest causes and conse-
quences, without, as it seems to us, any serious
lapses in the way of that Procrustean usage of facts
which is the besetting sin of •'philosophical" his-
torians. The book is soberly written and compact
almost to a fault; and it will serve admirably as a
judicious supplement to the current Byronic-Tur-
nerian presentments of Venice to which most of us
owe our conceptions of her. It is well printed on
good paper, and contains the requisite maps and
charts, with an index and a list of authorities that
should prove useful to the student.
. . Mr. Francis Seymour Stevenson's
The influence , J
of personality "Historic Personality (Macmillan)
m utory. .g ^tgngjpjy a protest against the
reactionary tendency of modern historical research
to unduly subordinate the consideration of the in-
fluence of individuals to the examination of gen-
eral causes. "To all," says Mr. Stevenson, " who
doubt the value and importance of laying stress
on the personality in history, no more effective
method of dispelling their scepticism can be sug-
gested than that, with fulness of mind and openness


368
[June 16,
THE
DIAL
of recollection, they should spend a few hours within
the precincts of the Church of Santa Croce at Flor-
ence, and there ponder, amidst their solemn sur-
roundings, over the part taken by the great men
whose memory is there perpetuated in moulding
the destinies of their nation and of humanity itself.
... In poetry, in art, in politics, in science,
every epoch of progress is signalized by the appear-
ance of some man or of some men whose function
consists not merely in representing, but in directing,
the tendencies of which they are the embodiment."
No one, we fancy, not even Mr. Buckle or Adam
Smith, has ever disputed or is likely to dispute Mr.
Stevenson's main position, which is perhaps ad-
vanced by him more as a convenient literary pre-
text than as a controvertible question. Having
stated his text, Mr. Stevenson proceeds to take
a brief survey of the several modes by which
the personality of eminent men can be expressed
and realized — by means of history, biography,
diaries, letters, portrait-painting, etc.; and to each
of these several heads a few pages of thoughtful
discussion are devoted. While Mr. Stevenson's
little book is rather a series of detached essays than
a logical development of its central theme, it is
pithy, suggestive, and readable.
. ,, , Mr. H. Butler Clarke, Taylorian
An excellent ''
manual 0/Span- Teacher of Spanish at Oxford, has
Uh Literature. prepared an elementary manual of
"Spanish Literature" ( Macmillan) that answers to
an evident want. For the general reader, who re-
quires a less voluminous work than that of Tick-
nor, this book is exactly the thing, and, in giving
some attention to the writers of our own age, it
even supplements Ticknor to a certain extent. We
could wish, indeed, that somewhat more attention
had been given to the remarkable group of living
Spanish writers, whose merits Mr. Clarke evidently
appreciates to the full. The author's style is agree-
able, although nowise brilliant, and his book is as
readable as one could expect a manual to be that
covers, in so condensed a form, the whole range of
Spanish literature. Numerous extracts from Span-
ish authors are given, "intended to relieve the
monotony of a long list of short notices of authors,
and to illustrate the development of the language
and the progress of literary method." There are
also useful lists of authorities, and of editions rec-
ommended for popular reading.
BRIEFER MENTION.
A text of "The Gospel of Matthew in Greek"
(Kerr) comes to us under the editorial auspices of Pro-
fessors Alexander Kerr and Herbert Cushing Tolnian,
of the University of Wisconsin. Among the features
of the work are the indication in bold type of those New
Testament words found in Matthew alone, estimates of
the frequency with which all the words occur, a sum-
mary of examples of Hebraism in Matthew, and com-
plete historical and geographical indexes.
"The Negro in the District of Columbia " is the sub-
ject taken by Mr. Edward Ingle for a monograph in
the Johns Hopkins " Historical and Political Science"
series. Mr. Ingle's work is based upon much careful
observation, and his view of the negro problem is a fair-
ly hopefid one. He finds that " lack of unity, the ab-
sence to a great degree of proper race pride, are the ele-
ments of weakness in the negroes." His pamphlet is
an important contribution to the subject of our negro
population.
George Sand's "Nanon," a simple and exquisite
story of the Revolutionary period, written at the very
close of the author's life, is given us in the series of
"Romans Choisis" for school use (Jenkins). The
same publishers add to their " Contes Choisis a little
story by M. Henri Ardel, "Pres du Bonheur." One
of Balzac's minor masterpieces, "Le Cure" de Tours,"
is a welcome addition to Heath's "Modern Language
Series "of texts, and Mr. C. R. Carter has supplied the
booklet with excellent notes.
A new edition of " The Letters of Charles Dickens"
(Macmillan), selected by the daughter and sister-in-
law of the novelist, now carefully revised and corrected,
is a welcome edition to the series of dollar reprints
of Dickens. "The Bride of Lammermoor" is the
latest volume of the "Dryburgh Waverley " (Macmil-
lan), Mr. John Williamson providing the illustrations.
Mr. William Black's slight "Adventures in Thule"
(Harper) are added to the new popular edition of that
novelist, more for the sake of completeness, we pre-
sume, than from any notion of their literary value.
"How to Know the Wild Flowers" (Scribner), by
Mrs. William Starr Dana, is a book that will be found
peculiarly useful by lovers of nature who are not, and
do not want to be, botanists. It is a manual that in-
cludes most of the attractive common species found in
the Northern States east of the Mississippi, and its clas-
sification, based primarily upon colors, is so simple as
to be easily mastered. There are, moreover, upwards
of a hundred drawings, the work of Miss Marion Sat-
terlee, which are more helpful than even the descriptions
for purposes of identification, and to the accuracy of
which we can testify. Nor is the text of the book mere
description, but it is enlivened by anecdote and verse to
the point of distinct readableness.
To the six volumes of Landor's "Imaginary Conver-
sations," and the two volumes of his selected poems,
Messrs. J. M. Dent & Co. are now adding two volumes
of the " Longer Prose Works." The first of these has
appeared, and contains "Pericles and Aspasia " and the
"Citation and Examination of William Shakespeare."
The second volume will, of course, have the " Penta-
meron" for its principal feature. To the same pub-
lishers we are indebted for a pretty " Jane Eyre," in
two volumes, the beginning of an edition of the com-
plete works of the three Bronte sisters. Each volume
has photogravure illustrations by Mr. H. S. Greig, and
the edition is closely patterned after the exquisite
"Jane Austen " that we have had frequent previous oc-
casion to praise.
That the drama as a form of printed literature is not
wholly extinct appears from the varied collection of vol-
umes now before us. Sir Edwin Arnold's " Adzuma"
(Scribners) is a four-act play, in prose and verse, upon
a Japanese theme. "' Tis a true story of the old Ja-
pan," says the author, and we doubt it not. "The Cru-
saders" (Macmillan) is a recent comedy by Mr. Henry
Arthur Jones, and Mr. William Archer introduces it to


1893.]
369
THE DIAL
the reading public. Mr. Richmond Sheffield Dement
presents us with a blank verse drama upon the subject
of " Napoleon " (Knight, Leonard & Co.), while Mr. C.
Sadakichi Hartmann boldly makes " Christ" the central
figure in what is called a dramatic poem, although our
investigation of the work has disclosed nothing more
than an absurd and stilted prose.
AMONG the more attractive of the season's pocket-
able volumes we note a new series of stories reprinted
from " Scribner's Magazine," very daintily issued (Scrib-
ner), and classified as " Stories of New York," " Stories
of the Railway," etc. "The Unexpected Guests" is
the latest of Mr. Howell's inimitable farces, and ap-
pears iu the "Black and White" series (Harper), as
do also " The Rivals," a story from the French of M. F.
Coppee, and "Slavery and the Slave Trade in Africa,"
a magazine article by Mr. H. M. Stanley. Mr. Frederic
Harrison's blustering but readable essay on " The Choice
of Books " is reprinted by itself (Macmillan) in a neat
volume, not unlike which in form and style is the re-
print of some magazine papers of Mr. F. M. Crawford,
which somewhat platitudinously discuss the fateful ques-
tion, "The Novel: What It Is" (Macmillan).
A few recent volumes of popular science may be
briefly dismissed. Mr. R. T. Glazebrook's "Laws and
Properties of Matter" (Appleton) is a book of elemen-
tary physics, but by no means for very young readers.
"The Earth's History," by Mr. R. D. Roberts (Scrib-
ner), is a "University Extension Manual" of modern
geology. Mr. N. S. Shaler's lectures on "The Inter-
pretation of Nature" (Houghton) are geological, bio-
logical, and theological in their interest, the latter pe-
culiarity arising from the fact that they were written
for the Andover Seminary. "Alcoholism and Its Treat-
ment," by Dr. J. E. Usher (Putnam), is a sensible dis-
cussion of an important subject, and does not take the
popular nostrums very seriously. In his " Pioneers of
Science" (Macmillan), Mr. Oliver Lodge writes enter-
tainingly and with knowledge of the great astronomers
from Copernicus to Adams, and of their discoveries.
Literary Notes and News.
A life of Edwin Booth, by Mr. William Winter, will
soon be published by Messrs. Macmillan & Co.
The Letters of Matthew Arnold, edited by Mr.
George Russell, are to appear in the autumn.
The English publishers of Captain Mahan's life of
Farragut advertise the work as a life of " the great Con-
federate admiral."
M. Ferdinand Brunetie're has just been elected to the
French Academy, receiving twenty-two votes as against
four cast for M. Zola.
The Contemporary Publishing Co. announce "The
Arctic Problem and Narrative of the Peary Relief Ex-
pedition," by Professor Angelo Heilprin.
We are informed that the bright and versatile "Gyp"
(Comtesse de Mirabeau-Martel) is about to publish
some sketches of Parisian " higlif " bearing upou the re-
cent Panama scaudal.
"The Keynote," a musical monthly started in New
York ten years ago by Mr. Frederick Archer, has been
purchased by Mr. E. Lyman Bill, who will enlarge and
otherwise improve the magazine.
"A Handbook for Graduate Students " is announced
by Messrs. Ginn & Co. It will include, arranged in
departments, a list of the advanced research courses to
be given by eleven American universities during the
coming year.
Messrs. Tait, Sons & Co. are to publish a series of
reprints of two hundred volumes which " exhaustive in-
quiry made of the leading librarians throughout the
country has shown to be the books most in demand in
their libraries." .
Mr. Ruskin's profits for the past six years from the
sale of his works, according to his publisher, have been
about $140,000. It is noticeable that the publishing
methods of the great art critic are not now derided by
the trade as they were a few years ago.
The summer meeting of the Western Association of
Writers will be held at Warsaw, Indiana, from June
26 to June 30, inclusive. One half of each day will be
given to literature, and the other half to fishing. The
Association is seven years old, and has published three
volumes of "literary products."
Now comes the report that at Magdalen, the home of
the Pepysian Library, the accepted pronunciation of
the immortal diarist's name is "Peeps," and that the
evidence indicates this to have been sanctioned by Pepys
himself, and by the descendants of his sister Paulina.
Yet other branches of the family all pronounce it" Pep-
pis." Thus, curiously enough, the general pronuncia-
tion, " Peps," has no support among persons to whom
the name belongs.
Besides the concluding volumes of the "Israel," sev-
eral other posthumous works of Renan are promised,
including " Melanges Philosophiques," "Ma Soeur Hen-
riette," and a supplementary volume of the " Histoire
Litte'raire de la France." There is also talk of pub-
lishing the literary and scientific letters addressed by
Renan to many persons, as well as a " Bre'viaire," wherein
he wished to classify his most reverential expressions
about religion, and a " Cate'chisme Moderne," a singu-
lar manual of the faiths which a man learned in science
may avow at the end of the nineteenth century.
A Paris correspondent of the London " Times " writes
to that paper as follows: "M. Barthelemy St. Hilaire,
who, after 59 years' consecutive labour, completed the
translation of all the works of Aristotle about eighteen
months ago, has since undertaken to write the biography
of Victor Cousin. M. Barthe'lemy St. Hilaire, who will
complete his 88th year in August, being about three
months the senior of M. de Lesseps, has already done
one of the three volumes into which his biography of the
great French philosopher will run, and he hopes, if his
health is preserved, to finish it by the end of next year."
Topics in Leading Periodicals.
June, 189S (Second List).
Alcott, A. Bronson. Dial (June 16).
American Animal Life. H. L. Osborn. Dial (June IB .
American Patriotic Poems. Charlotte Porter. Poet-Lore.
Art at the Fair. Ulus. E. Knaufft. Rev. of Reviews.
Art, Modern Decadence. Frederic Harrison. Forum.
Birth-Rate in the United States. J. S. Billings. Forum.
Chicago, Transit in. Illns. H. H. Windsor. Rev. of Rev.
Conventions of 1803. Bins. Revievi of Reviews.
Democracy and Education. Dial (June 16).
Education in the U. S., Ten Years of. W. Addis. School Rev.
Education, Early. S. S. Laurie. School Review.
Educational Progress. C. F. Th wing and J. M.Rice. Furum.
Emerson and Beauty in Poetry. Helen A. Clark. Poet-Lore.
Faith, Interpretations of. John Bascom. Dial (June Hi I.


370
[June 16,
THE
DIAL
Financial Excitement, The. G. R. Gibson. Forum.
Foreign Problems, Oar. T. M. Crowley, Gilbert Reid. Forum.
Geography in the Schools. W. M. Davis. School Review.
Lazarus, Emma. Mary M. Cohen. Poet-Lore.
Leighton, Sir Frederick. IUus. Review of Reviews.
Literary Criticism in America. H. H. Boyesen. Forum.
Monetary Conference, The. E. B. Andrews. Political Science.
Newspaper and College. C. F. Thwing. Educational Rev.
Office-Seekers and Mr. Cleveland. L. Windmuller. Forum.
Paderewski in America. H. T. Finck. Forum.
Pension Scandals. J. DeW. Warner and A. R. Foote. Forum.
Poe and the Brownings. J. L. Onderdonk. Dial I June 16j.
Progressive Taxation. E. R. A. Seligman. Polit. Science.
"Psychic Phenomena.11 Joseph Jastrow. Dial (Jane 16).
School Organization in Cities. A. S. Draper. Educat'l Rev.
Secession, Responsibility for. Sidney Webster. Pol. Science.
Spanish-Californian Schools. C. H.Shinn. Educational Rev.
University Participation. A. B. Hart. Educational Rev.
Whitman, Walt. O. L. Triggs. Poet-Lore.
Women Poets of America, Early. Mary Harned. Poet-Lore.
List of New Books.
[The following list, embracing 65 titles, includes all books
received by The Dial since last issue.J
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
Some Further Recollections of a Happy Life. Selected
from the Journals of Marianne North, chiefly between
the years 1859-69. Edited by her sister, Mrs. John A.
Symonds. With portraits, 8vo, pp. 316, uncut. Macniil-
lan & Co. $3.50.
Recollections of Dr. John Brown, with a Selection from
his Correspondence. By Alexander Peddie, M.D. With
portrait, 12mo, pp. 200, uncut. Chas. Scribner's Sons.
$1.60.
Whittler with the Children. By Margaret Sidney, author
of " Old Concord." IUus., 8vo, pp. 60, gilt top, uncut
edges. D. Lothrop Co. $1.50.
George William Curtis: An Address. By John White
Chadwick. With portraits, 32mo, pp. 75. Harper's
"Black and White Series." 50 ots.
Phillips Brooks. By Rev. Arthur Brooks, D.D. With
portraits, 32mo, pp. 50. Harper's "Black and White
Series." 50 cts.
Phillips Brooks in Boston. Five Years' Editorial Esti-
mates. By M. C. Ayres. With introduction by Rev.
W. J. Tucker, D.D. 24mo, pp. 120, red edges. G. H.
Ellis. 50 cts.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Studies of the Greek Poets. By John Addington Symonds.
Third edition, in 2 vols., 8vo, uncut. Macmillan & Co.
$6.00.
Correspondence and Public Papers of John Jay. Ed-
ited by Henry P. Johnston, A.M. Vol. IV., 1794 to 1826.
Large 8vo, pp. 532, gilt top, uncut edges. G. P. Put-
nam's Sons. $5.00.
Mr. Punch's Pocket Ibsen: Some of the Master's Dramas
Condensed, Revised, etc. By F. Anstey, author of " Vice
Versa." Rlus., 18mo, pp. 228. Macmillan & Co. $1.25.
The Making of a Newspaper: Experiences of Certain
American Journalists related by themselves. Edited by
Melville Phillips. 12mo, pp. 322. G. G. Putnam's Sons.
$1.25.
Bon-Mots of Sydney Smith and R. Brinsley Sheridan.
Edited by Walter Jerrold. Blus., 32mo, pp. 192. Mac-
millan & Co. 75 cts.
A Dictionary of the Targumlm, the Talmud Babli and
Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature. Compiled by
M. Jastrow, Ph.D. Part VI., 4to, pp. 481 to 576. G. P.
Putnam's Sons. $2.00.
The Book of Job: Critical edition of the Hebrew Text.
With notes by C. Siegfried, and English translation of
the notes by R. E. Briinnow. 4to, uncut. Johns Hop-
kins Press. $1.00.
An Historical Study of the e-Vowels in Accented Sylla-
bles in English. By Edwin W. Bowen, Ph.D. 8vo, pp.
78, paper. Baltimore: John Murphy & Co.
Lie Piano de Jeane and Qui Perd Gagne. By Francisque
Sarcey. Arranged for Schools by E. H. MagiU, A.M.
With portrait, 16mo, pp. 194. Philadelphia: Christo-
pher Sower Co. 60 cts.
The Thoughts of Marcus Aurellus Antoninus. Edited by
Edwin Ginn. 16mo, pp. 213. Ginn's "Classics for Chil-
dren." 45 cts.
Columbia's Emblem, Indian Corn: A Garland of Trib-
utes in Prose and Verse. IUus., 16mo, pp. 62. Houghton,
Mifflin & Co. 40 cts.
ART AND MUSIC.
Picture and Text. By Henry James. Blus., 24mo, pp.
175. Harper & Bros. $1.00.
Art, Music, and Nature: From the Writings of David
Swing. With portrait, 8vo, pp. 67. Searle & Gorton. $1.
The Pianist's Art: A Treatise on Piano Playing. By
Adolph Carpe. 12mo, pp. 160. Chicago: Lyon <£
Healy.
POETRY.
The Poetical Works of Coleridge. Edited, with bio-
graphical introduction, by James Dykes Campbell. With
portrait, 8vo, pp. 667, gilt top, uncut edges. Macmillan
&Co. $1.75.
Poems by Two Brothers. 16mo, uncut, pp. 251. Macmil-
lan & Co. $1.50.
A Song of the Christ. By Harriet Adams Sawyer. IUus..
8vo, gilt top, uncnt edges. D. Lothrop Co. $1.50.
Bits of Blue. By Wesley Bissonette. 16mo. C. H. Kerr
&Co. $1.00.
FICTION.
A Singer from the Sea. By Amelia E. Barr, author of
"Friend OUvia." 12mo, pp. 346. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.2.").
Day and Night Stories: Second Series. By T. R. Sullivan.
12rao, pp. 250. Chas. Scribner's Sons. $1.00.
In Blue Uniform: An Army Story. By George I. Putnam.
12mo, pp. 280. Chas. Scribner's Sons. $1.00.
Marked " Personal." By Anna Katherine Green, author
of "The Leavenworth Case." 12rao, pp. 415. G. P.
Putnam's Sons. $1.00.
The Great Chin Episode. By Paul Gushing, author of
"The Blacksmith of Voe.'- 12mo, pp. 256. MacmiUan
&Co. $1.00.
Grisly Grisell; or. The Laidly Lady of Whitburn : A Tale
of the Wars of the Roses. By Charlotte M. Yonge. 12mo,
pp. 300. MacmiUan & Co. $1.00.
Strolling Players: A Harmony of Contrasts. By Charlotte
M. Yonge and Christabel R. Coleridge. 12mo, pp. 350.
Macmillan & Co. $1.00.
The Love Affairs of an Old Maid. By Lilian Bell.
16rao, uncut, pp. 188. Harper & Bros. $1.25.
Catherine. By Jules Sandean; translated by Jennie Ham-
ilton Irving. With portrait, 12mo, pp. 300. J. G. Cup-
pies Co. f 1.50.
Yolande : The Story of a Daughter. By William Black.
New revised edition, 12mo, pp. 483. Harper & Bros.
80 ots.
Donald Moncrieff. By Jeannie OUver Smith, author of
"Day LUies." 16mo, pp. 184. Charles Wells Moulton.
Paper, 50 cts.
Ai: A Social Vision. By Charles Daniel. 16mo, pp. 2!1i.
Philadelphia: S. Miller Pub'g Co. 50 cts.
My Wickedness: A Psychological Study. 16mo, pp. 88.
New York: Cleveland Pub'g Co. 38 cts.
NEW VOLUMES IN THE PAPEB LIBRARIES.
Harper's Franklin Square Library: A Wasted Crime, by
David Christie Murray. 12mo, pp. 191. 50 cts.
Harper's Quarterly Series: Vesty of the Basins, by Mrs.
S. P. McL. Greene. 16mo, pp. 271. 50 cto.
Lee & Shepard's Good Company Series: Larry, by
Amanda M. Douglas. 16mo, pp. 242. 50 cts.
Price-McGUl Co.'s Idle Moments Series: Juny, or Only
One Octoroon's Story, by T. C. DeLeon. 16mo, pp. 27:!.
50 cts.
Rand, McNallv's Rialto Series: Olive Varcoe, by Mrs. F.
E. M. Notley. 12mo, pp. 428. 75 cts.
Morrill, Hlgglns' Idylwlld Series: La Veuve (The Widow),
by Octave FeuUlet; A Royal Robber, by Herbert Ran.
Each, 12mo, 50 cts.


1893.]
371
THE
DIAL
Kerr's Library of Progress: The Russian Refugee, by
Henry R. Wilson. 12mo, pp. tilO. 50 cts.
Worthington's Rose Library: A Southern Heritage, by
Win. Horace Brown. IHu8., 12uiu, pp. 208. 50 cts.
Bonner's Choice Series: Transgressing the Law, by Capt.
Frederick Whittaker. lllus., lOmo, pp. 3^(7. 50 cts.
Kerr's Unity Library: Mortal Man, by A. Easton. ltimo,
pp. 47. 28 cts.
Worthington's Fair Library: The Ironmaster, or Love
and Pride, by Georges Ohnet. 12mo, pp. 351. 25 cts.
JUVENILE.
Twenty Minutes Late. By Pansy (Isabella M. Alden),
author of "Crissy's Endeavor." Illus., 12nio, pp. 374.
I). Lothrop Co. $1.50.
Little Paul and the Frisbie School. By Margaret Sidney,
author of " Five Little Peppers." lllus., lGnio, pp. 2(Xi.
D. Lothrop Co. $1.00.
G UIDE-BOOKS. - TRA VEL.
The United States, with an Excursion into Mexico: Hand-
book for Travellers. Edited by Karl Baedeker. With
maps and plans, IGmo, pp. 510. Imported by Charles
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