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*
"Shelley,” “Tales from Shakespeare,” “Whittier.”


130
[Sept. 16,
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1898.]
181
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182 THE DIAL
[Sept. 16,
Houghton, Mifflin & Co.'s Fall Books.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Massachusetts: Its Historians and Its His-
tory. By CHARLEs FRANCIs ADAMs, author of
“Life of Richard Henry Dana,” “Three Episodes in
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A book of great interest showing that while Massachusetts has been
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Cartier to Frontenac. A Study of Geographical
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Doctor Gordon here presents the fruits of his thoughtful study of
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philosophy, in the argument of Paul, and in the life and words of Christ.


1893.]
133
THE DIAL
Houghton, Mifflin & Co.'s Fall Books—Continued.
TOETRY.
Mercedes. By THoMAs BAILEY ALDRICH, author
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harming - ix of th N land subjects, in
º," "...."...º.º.º.
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For sale by all Booksellers, or will be sent, post-paid, on receipt of price by the Publishers.
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., Boston.


126 THE DIAL [Sept. 16.
Charles Scribner's Sons' New Books
With Thackeray in America.
| New and charming glimpses of the great novelist are given in this chatty and readable book of Mr. Crowe,
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stranger, we may advise them to make | Each, with etched Portrait, and is prepared by one of the “know-
his acquaintance through this collection | 16mo. Halt levant, $3.50; ing kind.' It is an astonishing little
of essays.”—N. Y. Tribune. half cali, 52.7s; cloth, s1.2s. volume.”—N. Y. Evening Post.
*...* Large Paper Edition of the above two volumes, limited to 212 numbered sets, printed on Holland
Paper, per set, $7.00 net,
| “In his previous volumes upon Famous Women of the French Court, M. de
Women of Saint-Amand apostrophised the virtues of Marie Antoinette, the Empress
- Josephine, Marie Louise, Duchess of Angoulême
the Valois and and Duchess of Berry. He now reverts to a women of the Valois court.
- roup of even more distinction and of quite as The Court of Louis XIV.
Versailles . historic interest. He presents a group of The Court of Louis XV.
Courts. feminine types, discovering almost every shade . years of *: xv.
of human passions and ambitions.” 12mo sº º: º
By imbert de Saint-Amand. —Philadelphia Ledger. - stoo); cloth, $5.00. * *
New Editions of Page's and Cable's Works.
Thomas Nelson Page's Works.
The publication in a uniform edition of Mr. Page's Mr. Cable's six novels long ago acquired the distinc-
“In Ole Virginia,” “Elsket,” “On Newfound tion of classics, and their appearance in a handsome
River," and the volume of essays, “The Old uniform binding is in response to a wide demand
George W. Cable's Novels.
South,” will make these stand- = | for a library edition befitting —
ard books. a welcome addition 4 vols. in a box, their character and position in 5 vols. in a box,
to many libraries. $4.50. the front rank of American lit- $6.00.
erature.
Stories of Italy. Stories of the Army.
Stories from Stories of New York, Stories of the Railway.
Scribner. Stories of the South. Stories of the Sea.
“Only those who have regularly read Scribner's have any idea of the delight-
Fully Illustrated. ful contents of these volumes, for they contain |-
some of the best short stories written for this peri- The Set, 6 vols
- - - - - - ., paper,
Each, paper, 50 cts. ; cloth, odical. They are exquisitely bound, clearly printed $3.00; cloth, $4.50; half
75 cts.; half calf, $1.50. on fine paper, and admirably illustrated.”—Boston - * * * * v-v -
Times calf, $9.00.
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 743-745 Broadway, New York.
e.


1893.] THE
DIAT,
NEW BOOKS AND NEW EDITIONS
To be Published by J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY during Autumn of 1893.
TALES FROM SHAKSPEARE. By Charles and
MARYLAMB, with a continuation by HARRison S. MoRRIs,
author of “Tales from Ten Poets,” etc. 4 vols., 16mo,
illustrated, cloth, $4.00; half calf or half morocco, $8.00;
three-quarters calf, $10.00. De Lure Edition, 4 vols., small
8vo, cloth, $12.00, net.
The LIVES OF THE QUEENS OF ENGLAND.
By AGNEs STRickLAND. New Cabinet Edition, in 8 vols.,
16mo, cloth, $12.00; half calf, $24.00; three-quarters calf,
$28.00.
HISTORY OF THE REIGN OF THE EMPEROR
CHARLES V. 2 vols.
BIOGRAPHICAL AND CRITICAL MISCELLANIES
1 vol. Completing the De Lure Edition (limited to 250
copies) of the celebrated works of WiLLIAM H. PREscott.
Large 8vo. Handsomely bound in half morocco, gilt top,
$5.00 met per volume.
HISTORY OF THE CONSULATE AND THE EM-
PIRE OF FRANCE UNDER NAPOLEON. By L.
A. THIERs, Ex-Prime Minister of France. Translated from
the French, with the consent of the author, by D. For BEs
CAMPBELL. Printed from new type, and illustrated with
36 steel plates, printed from the French originals. The
first volume ready in September, to be followed by one
volume a month until completed. 12 8vo vols., cloth,
price, $3.00 per vol., net.
HISTORICAL TALES. The Romance of Reality. By
CHARLEs MoRRIs, author of “The Half-Hour Series,” etc.
12mo, cloth, $1.25 per vol. — America, England, France,
Germany. Each work sold separately or in sets in boxes.
Price, $5.00 per set; half calf, $10.00.
GOLDSMITH'S WORKS. New Edition, published in
connection with Dent & Co., of London. 6 vols., 16mo,
cloth, $6.00.
SEVEN CHRISTMAS EVES. The Romance of a So-
cial Evolution. By Seven Authors. With illustrations by
DUDLEY HARDY. 12mo, cloth, $1.00.
THE CHRONICLES OF FAIRYLAND. A volume of
Fantastic Tales. By FERGUs HUME. 4to, cloth extra,
$1.50.
A DOG OF FLANDERS, and Other Stories. By
OUIDA. A collection of four charming sketches for young
readers. With illustrations, small 4to, cloth, $1.50.
Twenty LITTLE MAideNs. By AMy E. B.A.Nch-
ARD. A delightful book for little folks. With 20 full-page
illustrations by IDA WAUGH. Small 4to, cloth extra, $1.50.
KING ARTHUR AND THE KNIGHTS OF THE
ROUND TABLE. By Charles MoRRIs. A Mod-
ernized Version of the Morte Darthur. New illustrated
Edition. 3 vols., 16mo, half cloth, gilt top, $3.00; half
calf or half morocco, $6.00; three-quarters calf, $7.50.
LITTLE Miss MUFFET. A story for Girls. By
Rosa Nouchette CAREY, author of “Esther,” “Aunt
Diana,” etc. 12mo, cloth, with illustrations, $1.25.
ILLUSTRATED EDITION OF THE HALF-HOUR
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HALF HOURs With the BEST FOREIGN AUTHORs.
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quarters calf, $13.00; Svo size, half cloth, $16.00.
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8vo, cloth, $3.00; half calf, $5.00; three-quarters calf,
$6.50.
IN THE YULE-LOG GLOW. By HARRison S. MoR-
RIs. Containing Christmas Tales and Christmas Poems
“from 'round the World.” New Illustrated Edition. 16mo,
cloth, gilt top, $4.00; half polished calf or morocco, $8.00;
three-quarters calf, $10.00.
THROUGH COLONIAL DOORWAYS. By ANNE
Hollingsworth WHART.on. Edition de Lure. On large
and fine paper, with new illustrations, consisting of etch-
ings and photogravures of rare portraits, residences, etc.
8vo, handsomely bound, uncut edges, in box, $3.50 net.
Fourth Edition. 12mo, colonial covers, $1.25.
BiRDS IN A VILLAGE. By W. H. Hudson (S.M.
Z. S.), author of “Idle Days in Patagonia,” etc. Crown
8vo, buckram, $2.25.
OUR OWN BIRDS. A Familiar Natural History of
the Birds of the United States. By W.M. L. BAILEY. Re-
vised and edited by Edward D. CoPE. Containing, in ad-
dition to numerous wood-cuts, 12 full-page plates of the
best workmanship. 12mo, cloth, $1.25.
QUEECHY. By Susan WARNER, author of “Wide,
Wide World,” etc. New Edition, printed from new plates,
and illustrated with 30 new pictures in the text, from draw-
ings by FREDERick DIELMAN, uniform with “Wide, Wide
World.” 12mo, cloth, $1.00; paper, 50 cts.
ELINOR FENTON. An Adirondack Story. By David
S. Foster, author of “Casanova the Courier,” etc. 12mo,
cloth, $1.25.
THE SIGN OF FOUR. By A. CoNAN Doyle, author
of “A Study in Scarlet,” etc. 12mo, paper, 50 cts.; cloth,
$1.00.
A DIPLOMAT'S DIARY. By Julie N GoRoos, au-
thor of “A Successful Man,” etc. New Edition, in paper
covers, 12mo, 50 cts.
MY CHILD AND I. A Woman's Story by Florence
WARDEN. Copyright in “Lippincott's Select Series.”
A NEW NOVEL. By B. M. CrokeR. To be issued
in “Lippincott's Select Series.” 12mo, paper, 50 cts.;
cloth, $1.00.
For sale by all Booksellers, or sent by the Publishers, postage prepaid, on receipt of price.
J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY, 715 AND 717 MARKET STREET, PHILADELPHIA.


126 THE DIAL
[Sept. 16,
i
Charles Scribner's Sons' New Books
With Thackeray in America.
New and charming glimpses of the great novelist are given in this chatty and readable book of Mr. Crowe,
the artist who accompanied Thackeray on his journeyings in this country. The rapid and graphic narrative
also describes the writer's own very lively impressions of the country and people -
of forty years ago. The author's vigorous sketches of persons and places are
really historical memoranda of value, and include portraits of the most eminent
notabilities of that day, and of characteristic scenes which have now wholly
passed away.
By Eyre Crowe.
With 121 illustrations.
Small 4to, $2.00.
Two New Volumes in the Cameo Edition.
Virginibus Puerisque, and Other Papers. | Letters to Dead Authors. By ANDREw LANG.
| By R. L. STEveNsos. | With four additional letters.
“If there are among our readers any lovers of good “The book is one of the luxuries of the literary taste.
books, to whom Mr. Stevenson is still a -— It is meant for the exquisite palate,
| stranger, we may advise them to make | Each, with etched Portrait, and is prepared by one of the “know-
his acquaintance through this collection | 16mo. Half levant, $3.50; ing kind.' It is an astonishing little
of essays.”—N. Y. Tribune. half calf, s2.7s; cloth, s1.2s. volume.”—N. Y. Evening Post.
*...* Large Paper Edition of the above two volumes, limited to 212 numbered sets, printed on Holland
Paper, per set, $7.00 met.
“In his previous volumes upon Famous Women of the French Court, M. de
Last Years of Louis XV.
- Women of | Saint-Amand apostrophised the virtues of Marie Antoinette, the Empress
h Valoi d Josephine, Marie Louise, Duchess of Angoulême - -
the Valois an and Duchess of Berry. He now reverts to a women of the Valois court.
- | group of even more distinction and of quite as The Court of Louis XIV.
Versailles much historic interest. He presents a group of The Court of Louis XV.
|
Courts.
By imbert de Saint-Amand.
feminine types, discovering almost every shade - -
of human passions and ambitions.” Each with numerous ºral.
- - 12mo, $1.25. The set, half calf,
—Philadelphia Ledger. $10.00; cloth, $5.00.
New Editions of Page's and Cable's Works.
Thomas Nelson Page's Works.
The publication in a uniform edition of Mr. Page's
“In Ole Virginia,” “Elsket,” “On Newfound
tiver,” and the volume of essays, “The Old
South,” will make these stand-
ard books a welcome addition 4 vols. in a box,
to many libraries. $4.50.
George W. Cable's Novels.
Mr. Cable's six novels long ago acquired the distinc-
tion of classics, and their appearance in a handsome
uniform binding is in response to a wide demand
for a library edition befitting
their character and position in s vols. in a box,
the front rank of American lit- $6.00.
erature.
Stories of the Army.
Stories of the Railway.
Stories of the Sea.
Stories of Italy.
Stories of New York,
Stories of the South.
| Stories from
Scribner.
“Only those who have regularly read Scrib NER's have any idea of the delight-
ful contents of these volumes, for they contain
some of the best short stories written for this peri- The Set, 6 vols., paper,
odical. They are exquisitely bound, clearly printed - -
- - $3.00; cloth, $4.50; half
on fine paper, and admirably illustrated.” Boston
| Times. calf, $9.00.
Fully illustrated.
Each, paper, 50 cts. ; cloth,
75 cts.; half calf, $1.50.
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 743-745 Broadway, New York.
º


1893.] THE DIAL 127
NEW BOOKS AND NEW EDITIONS
To be Published by J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY during Autumn of 1893.
TALES FROM SHAKSPEARE. By Charles and
MARY LAMB, with a continuation by HARRison S. MoRRIs,
author of “Tales from Ten Poets,” etc. 4 vols., 16mo,
illustrated, cloth, $4.00; half calf or half morocco, $8.00;
three-quarters calf, $10.00. De Lure Edition, 4 vols., small
8vo, cloth, $12.00, net.
THE LIVES OF THE QUEENS OF ENGLAND.
By AGNEs STRickLAND. New Cabinet Edition, in 8 vols.,
16mo, cloth, $12.00; half calf, $24.00; three-quarters calf,
$28.00.
HISTORY OF THE REIGN OF THE EMPEROR
CHARLES V. 2 vols.
BIOGRAPHICAL AND CRITICAL MISCELLANIES
1 vol. Completing the De Lure Edition (limited to 250
copies) of the celebrated works of WILLIAM H. PREscott.
Large 8vo. Handsomely bound in half morocco, gilt top,
$5.00 met per volume.
HISTORY OF THE CONSULATE AND THE EM-
PIRE OF FRANCE UNDER NAPOLEON. By L.
A. THIERs, Ex-Prime Minister of France. Translated from
the French, with the consent of the author, by D. Forbes
CAMPBELL. Printed from new type, and illustrated with
36 steel plates, printed from the French originals. The
first volume ready in September, to be followed by one
volume a month until completed. 12 8vo vols., cloth,
price, $3.00 per vol., net.
HISTORICAL TALES. The Romance of Reality. By
CHARLEs MoRRIs, author of “The Half-Hour Series,” etc.
12mo, cloth, $1.25 per vol. — America, England, France,
Germany. Each work sold separately or in sets in boxes.
Price, $5.00 per set; half calf, $10.00.
GOLDSMITH'S WORKS. New Edition, published in
connection with Dent & Co., of London, 6 vols., 16mo,
cloth, $6.00.
SEVEN CHRISTMAS EVES. The Romance of a So-
cial Evolution. By Seven Authors. With illustrations by
DUDLEY HARDY. 12mo, cloth, $1.00.
THE CHRONICLES OF FAIRYLAND. A volume of
:* Tales. By FERGUs HuME, 4to, cloth extra,
1.50.
A DOG OF FLANDERs, and Other Stories. By
OUIDA. A collection of four charming sketches for young
readers. With illustrations, small 4to, cloth, $1.50.
TWENTY LITTLE MAIDENs. By AMy E. BLANch-
ARd. A delightful book for little folks. With 20 full-page
illustrations by IDA WAUGH. Small 4to, cloth extra, $1.50.
KING ARTHUR AND THE KNIGHTS OF THE
ROUND TABLE. By CHARLEs MoRRIs. A Mod-
ernized Version of the Morte Darthur. New illustrated
Edition. 3 vols., 16mo, half cloth, gilt top, $3,00; half
calf or half morocco, $6.00; three-quarters calf, $
LTTLE Miss MUFFET. A story for Gir
Rosa Nouchette CAREY, author of"
Diana," etc. 12mo, cloth, with illustratio
ILLUSTRATED EDITION OF THE HALF-HOUR
SERIES. Selected and arranged by Charles MoR-
RIs. Uniform in style, size and binding.
HALF HOURS With the BEST FOREIGN AUTHORS.
4 vols., crown 8vo, cloth, gilt top, $6.00; half calf, $10.00;
three-quarters calf, $13.00.
half hours with the BESt HUMOROUS AUTHORS.
4 vols., crown 8vo, cloth, gilt top, $6.00; half calf, $10.00;
three-quarters calf, $13.00.
HALF HOURS with the BEST AMERICAN AUTHORS.
4 vols., crown 8vo, cloth, $6.00; half calf, $10.00; three-
quarters calf, $13.00; Svo size, half cloth, $16.00.
HALF HOURS witH AMERICAN HISTORY. 2 vols., crown
8vo, cloth, $3.00; half calf, $5.00; three-quarters calf,
$6.50.
IN THE YULE-LOG GLOW. By HARRIson S. MoR-
RIs. Containing Christmas Tales and Christmas Poems
“from 'round the World.” New Illustrated Edition. 16mo,
cloth, gilt top, $4.00; half polished calf or morocco, $8.00;
three-quarters calf, $10.00.
THROUGH COLONIAL DOORWAYS. By ANNE
Hollingsworth WHART.on. Edition de Lure. On large
and fine paper, with new illustrations, consisting of etch-
ings and photogravures of rare portraits, residences, etc.
8vo, handsomely bound, uncut edges, in box, $3.50 met.
Fourth Edition. 12mo, colonial covers, $1.25.
BIRDS IN A VILLAGE. By W. H. Hudson (S.M.
Z. S.), author of “Idle Days in Patagonia,” etc. Crown
8vo, buckram, $2.25.
OUR OWN BIRDS. A Familiar Natural History of
the Birds of the United States. By W.M. L. BAILEY. Re-
vised and edited by Edward D. CoPE. Containing, in ad-
dition to numerous wood-cuts, 12 full-page plates of the
best workmanship. 12mo, cloth, $1.25.
QUEECHY. By Susan WARNER, author of “Wide,
Wide World,” etc. New Edition, printed from new plates,
and illustrated with 30 new pictures in the text, from draw-
ings by FREDERick DIELMAN, uniform with “Wide, Wide
World.” 12mo, cloth, $1.00; paper, 50 cts.
ELINOR FENTON. An Adirondack Story. By DAvid
S. Foster, author of “Casanova the Courier,” etc. 12mo,
cloth, $1.25.
THE SIGN OF FOUR. By A. ConAN Doyle, author
of “A Study in Scarlet,” etc. 12mo, paper, 50 cts.; cloth,
$1.00.
A DIPLOMAT'S DIARY. By JULIEN Gordon, au-
thor of “A Successful Man,” etc. New Edition, in paper
covers, 12mo, 50 cts.
MY CHILD AND I. A Woman's Story by Florence
-WARDEN, vrºht in “Lippincott's Select Series.”
A. * B. M. Croker. To be issued
in “I Series.” paper, 50 cts.;
HIA.
~!


128
THE DIAL
"—
T.Y. Crowell & Co.'s Fall Announcement
5NEW PUBLICATIONS AND WEW EDITIONS.
Eliot's (George) Complete Works.
Including Novels, Poems, Essays, and her “Life and
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While there is always discussion as to the continued popularity of
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Glimpses Through Life's Windows.
By the Rev. J. R. MILLER, D.D., author of “Silent
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Imitation of Christ.
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Personal Recollections of John G. Whittier.
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wholesome. It is destined to be a classic for the young.


1893.] THE
DIAL 129
7. Y CROWELL & CO.'S WEW PUBLICATIONS-Continued.
Ingleside.
By BARBARA YEchton. Illustrated by JEssie Mc-
DERMott. 12mo, cloth, $1.25.
This story, published as a serial in the Churchman last ear, won
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The Musical Journey of Dorothy and Delia.
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Margaret Davis, Tutor.
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year. Lofty lessons of perseverance and heroism are inculcated.
HANDY VOLUME CLASSICS.
IN PROSE AND POETRY.
Handy in size, carefully printed on good paper, and bound in faultless styles.
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This attractive series has proved to be a favorite with those desiring something new and dainty for gifts or for the drawing-
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All of the volumes in the series are bound uniformly in the following styles:
pert vol. Prix vol.
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Parti-colored cloth, white back, gilt sides, gilt top, boxed, 18mo 1 00 Half calf, gilt top, boxed, 18mo . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (M)
Half leather and corners, gilt back, gilt top, boxed, 18mo . . . 1 25 Half levant, gilt top, boxed, 18mo . . . . . . . . . . . 2 50
The volumes indicated by an asterisk can be had in full leather, gilt top, boxed, 18mo, per vol. . . $200.
*THE ABBE CONSTANTIN. By Ludovic HAL-
Evy. Revised translation.
ROBERT BROWNING's POEMs (Selectºns). 2 vols.
BURNS' POEMS. (Selections.) Edited by N. H.
Dole. Biographical sketch.
BYRON'S POEMS. (Selections.) Edited by MAt-
thew ARNold. With biographical sketch by N. H.
Dole.
BRYANT'S EARLY POEMS. With biographical
sketch by NATHAN HAskELL Dole.
MRS. BROWNING'S POEMS. Selected by Robert
BRowNING.
*CROWN OF WILD OLIVE. By John Ruskin.
*CRANFORD. By Mrs. GAskELL.
ETHICS OF THE DUST. By John Ruskin.
* EVANGELINE. By H. W. LoNGFELLow.
EMERSON's ESSAYS. (2 vols.)
EARLY SONNETS, ETC. By ALFRED, Lord TEN-
NYSON.
HEROES AND HERO Worship. By Thomas
CARLYLE.
*IDYLLS OF THE KING. By ALFRED, Lord TEN-
NYSON.
*IN MEMORIAM.
*KEATS’ POEMS.
cis T. PALGRAve.
* LADY OF THE LAKE. By Sir WALTER Scott.
* LALLA ROOKH. By Thomas MooRE.
* LUCILE. By Owen MEREpirit.
By ALFRED, Lord TENNYson.
(Selections.) Edited by FRAN-
The orders already received indicate a very large increase over that of last
LOCKSLEY HALL, ETC. By ALFRED, Lord TEN-
NYSON.
* LONGFELLOW's EARLY POEMS.
graphical sketch by N. H. Dole.
* LOWELL’S EARLY POEMS.
sketch by N. H. Dole.
EDGAR A. POE'S POEMS. With biographical sketch
by N. H. Dole.
* THE PRINCESS. By ALFRED, Lord TENNYson.
* PAUL AND VIRGINIA. By BERNARDIN DE St.
PIERRE.
PILGRIM'S PROGRESS. By John BUNYAN.
POEMS BY TWO BROTHERS. By ALFREd and
CHARLEs TENNYSoN.
QUEEN OF THE AIR. By John Ruskin.
SARTOR RESARTUS. By Thomas CARLYLE.
*SESAME AND LILIES. By John Ruskin.
• SEVEN LAMPS OF ARCHITECTURE. By John
RUskIN.
*SHELLEY'S POEMS. (Selections.) Edited by stop-
Ford A. BrookE.
*TALES FROM SHAKESPEARE. By CHARLEs and
MARY LAMB.
* VICAR OF WAKE FIELD. By Oliver Goldsmith.
WORDSWORTH'S POEMS. (Selections.) Edited by
MATTHEw ARNold.
* WHITTIER'S EARLY POEMS. With biograph-
ical sketch by NATHAN HAskELI, Dole.
With bio-
With biographical
(Other volumes in preparation.)
**on, and the following new volumes added
to the list include many titles that give additional value to this already popular series, viz.:
“The Abbé Constantin,” “
Pºems,” * Longfellow,” “Lowe
Shelley,” “Tales from Shakespeare,” “Whittier.”
Byron,” “Bryant,” “Mrs Browning.” “Ethi -
º; º; *- - gº Ethics of the Dust,” “ Evangeline,” “Keats'.
ll, Poems by Two Brothers,” “Queen of the Air,” “Seven Lamps of Architecture º
-


THE DIAL
[Sept. 16,
T. Y. CROWELL & CO.'S 5(EW PUBLICATIONS –Continued.
CHILDREN'S FAVORITE CLASSICS.
Among the many books written for young people few possess greater merit or have had a wider popularity than the vol-
umes comprised in this series. This new uniform style, containing many illustrations and additional features not contained
in any other edition, is the most attractive form in which they have ever been issued. For those desiring wholesome books
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8vo Edition.
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corners, fancy paper sides. 8 vols., 16mo, each. - - -
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THROUGH THE LOOKING-GLASS.
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J. H. Ewing.
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By LEwis
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- . $1 25
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that has ever been produced at so low a price. The paper, type, and illustrations are of the highest excellence, while the
beauty and variety of the styles of bindings adapt these volumes to a large class of buyers.
The plain styles are best suited
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ever published.
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;
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trations by FRANK T. MERRILL. Photogravure front-
ispieces. 2 vols., boxed.
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tures of Oxford. Photogravure frontispieces. 2 vols.,
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per, and illustrated with portrait and original photo-
gravures by E. H. GARRETT. 2 vols., boxed.
* *
–4


1893.]
131
THE DIAL
T. Y. CROWELL & CO.’S JNEW PUBLICATIONS.–Continued.
CROWELL'S STANDARD LIBRARY.
The best works in fiction, history, biography, and poetry, carefully selected and edited. Suitable for any libra
attractive to readers and students of the most refined tastes, at a low price. P
finish paper, and bound in a neat, durable style.
atly to the interest and value of the series.
and
rinted in clear, readable type, on fine glish
Each volume contains a carefully printed and artistic frontispiece, adding
60 volumes are now ready, and other volumes are in preparation. it is the
intention of the publishers to include in this series only those works which are fairly entitled to be included among “the best
books,” by such authors as George Eliot, Irving, Dickens, Thackeray, Hugo, Walter Scott, Carlyle, Cooper, Boswell, Lytton,
and other writers of world-wide reputation.
Cloth, leather titles, gilt top, edges slightly trimmed, with ample margins, 12mo, per vol. .
ADAM BEDE. By GEoRGE ELIot.
THE ALHAMBRA. By WASHINGTON IRVING.
BARNABY RUDGE. By CHARLEs DICKENs.
BOSWELL’S LIFE OF JOHNSON. 2 vols.
BRACEBRIDGE HALL. By WASHINGTON IRVING.
A CHILD’S HISTORY of ENGLAND. By CHARLEs
DICKENs. -
CHRISTMAS BOOKS. By CHARLEs DickFNs.
CONQUEST OF GRANADA. By WASHINGTON
IRVING.
DANIEL DERONDA. By GEoRGE Eliot.
DAVID COPPERFIELD. 2 vols. By CHARLEs
DICKENs.
THE DEERSLAYER. By J. FENIMORE Cooper.
ESSAYS, AND THEOPHRASTUS SUCH.
GEORGE ELIOT.
FELIX HOLT. By GEoRGE ELIot.
FIFTEEN DECISIVE BATTLES OF THE WORLD.
By E. S. CREASY.
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CARLYLE.
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HALLAM'S MIDDLE AGES.
HER MAJESTY'S TOWER. 2 vols. By W. H. Dixon.
HYPATIA. By Charles KINGsley.
IVANHOE. By SIR WALTER Scott.
JANE EYRE. By Charlotte BRoNTE.
JOHN HALIFAX. By Miss MULock.
KENILWORTH. By SIR WALTER Scott.
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INGTON IRVING.
LAST DAYS OF POMPEII. By Lord Lytton.
LIFE OF COLUMBUS. By WAshingtoN IRVING.
By
THE • MISTLETOE " EDITION OF POPULAR POETS.
. $1 00
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LIFE OF WASHINGTON. 2 vols. By WASHING-
ToN IRVING.
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OLD CURIOSITY SHOP. By CHARLEs DickFNs.
OLIVER TWIST. By CHARLEs DickeNs.
PATHFINDER. By J. FENIMoRE Cooper.
PICKWICKPAPERS. 2 vols. By CHARLEs DICKENs.
PICTURES FROM ITALY, AND AMERICAN
NOTES. By CHARLEs DickeNs.
ROMOLA. By GEoRGE ELIOT.
SILAS MARNER. By GEoRGE ELIOT.
SCENES OF CLERICAL LIFE. By GeoRGE Eliot.
SKETCHES BY BOZ. By CHARLEs DICKENs.
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ively bound in embossed leather, padded covers, gilt edges. 25 vols., 12mo, boxed, $1.75 per vol.
Browning (Mrs.) Byron. Lady of the Lake.
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t (Early Favorite. Lowell (Early
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Notre Dame. George Eliot's Essays, and
Ninety-Three. Theophrastus Such.
The following volumes have been added this season:
Sketches by Boz.
Toilers of the Sea.
Scenes of Clerical Life.
Ivan Ilyitch.
Pictures from Italy.
My Religion.
THOMAS Y. CROWELL & COMPANY.,
46 East Fourteenth Street, New York.
1OO Purchase Street, Boston.


130 THE DIAL
[Sept. 16,
T. Y. CROWELL & CO.’S 5YEW PUBLICATIONS –Continued.
CHILDREN'S FAVORITE CLASSICS.
Among the many books written for young people few possess greater merit or have had a wider popularity than the vol.
umes comprised in this series. This new uniform style, containing many illustrations and additional features not contained
in any other edition, is the most attractive form in which they have ever been issued. For those desiring wholesome books
to put into hands of children, no better series than this can be found.
8vo Edition. Printed from new plates on fine paper, with colored borders. Fully illustrated,
including colored frontispiece and vignette title. Attractively bound in white and colors. 8
square vols., 8vo, each . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1 25
16mo Edition. Fully illustrated, including colored frontispiece and vignette title. Cloth back and
corners, fancy paper sides. 8 vols., 16mo, each . . - - - - - - - - - - - 1 00
THE STORY OF A SHORT LIFE.
H. Ewing.
THE LITTLE LAME PRINCE. By Miss Mutock.
THE ADVENTURES OF A BROWNIE. By Miss
Mulock.
THE PEEP OF DAY.
ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND. By By Mrs. J.
Lewis CARRoll.
THROUGH THE LOOKING-GLASS.
CARRoll.
JACKANAPES AND DADDY DARWIN. By Mrs.
J. H. Ewing.
LOB LIE BY THE FIRE. By Mrs. J. H. Ewing.
CROWELL’S NEW ILLUSTRATED LIBRARY.
The publishers have spared neither pains nor expense in their efforts to make this new line of standard books the finest
that has ever been produced at so low a price. The paper, type, and illustrations are of the highest excellence, while the
beauty and variety of the styles of bindings adapt these volumes to a large class of buyers. The plain styles are best suited
for home and school libraries, while the more elaborate bindings make some of the most beautiful books for gift purposes
ever published.
By LEwis
Prices A.ND STYLES OF BINDINGS.
12mo, cloth, neat gold line on cover, gilt top, per vol. . . . . $1 50
12mo, white back and corners, fancy sides, gilt top, per vol. 1 50
12mo, silk, full gilt edges, per vol. . - - - - - - - 2 50
3 00
12mo, half calf, gilt top, per vol.
CAMBRIDGE BOOK OF POETRY AND SONG.
Edited by CHARLoTTE FiskE BATEs. Printed on
fine paper, and illustrated with photogravure por-
traits of Longfellow and Whittier, and original illus-
trations by the best artists. This edition contains 40
poems in autograph facsimile. 2 vols., boxed.
LES MISERABLES. By Victor Hugo. Printed on
fine paper. With 32 original illustrations by the
best French artists. Photogravure frontispieces. 2
vols., boxed.
TENNYSON'S POETICAL WORKS. Printed on fine
paper and illustrated with photogravure portrait and
original illustrations by the best artists. 2 vols., boxed.
ANNA KARENINA. By Count Lyof N. Tolstoi.
Printed on fine paper, with photogravure portrait and
ten original illustrations by PAUL FRENzEN.Y. 1 vol.,
boxed.
IVANHOE. By SIR WALTER Scott. Printed from
new plates on fine paper. With 18 new illustrations
by H. M. EATON. Photogravure frontispieces. 2
vols., boxed.
JANE EYRE. By CHARLotte BRoNTE. Printed on
fine paper, and illustrated with numerous original de-
signs by E. H. GARREtt. Photogravure frontis-
pieces. 2 vols., boxed.
SHELLEY'S POETICAL WORKS. Edited by Ep-
ward Dowd'EN. Printed on fine paper from new
plates, and illustrated with portrait and original pho-
togravures by MERRILL, PEIRce, GARRETT, and Cope-
LAND. 2 vols., boxed.
ROMOLA. By George Eliot.
Printed on fine pa-
per, and illustrated with 34 reproductions of Floren-
tine photographs. Photogravure frontispieces. 2
vols., boxed.
LORNA DOONE. By R. D. BLAckMoRE. Printed
from new plates on fine paper. With 18 new illus-
trations by FRANK T. MERRILL. Photogravure front-
ispieces. 2 vols., boxed.
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. By Thomas CAR-
LYLE. Printed from new plates on fine paper, and
illustrated with 34 portraits, and reproductions of fa-
. paintings. Photogravure frontispieces. 2 vols.,
oxed.
TOM BROWN'S SCHOOL-DAYS. By Thomas
HUGHEs. Printed on fine paper and fully illustrated
by H. W. PEIRck. Photogravure frontispiece. 1 vol.,
boxed.
TOM BROWN AT OXFORD. By Thomas Hughes.
Printed on fine paper and illustrated with 34 repro-
ductions of fine photographs of the picturesque fea-
!. of Oxford. Photogravure frontispieces. 2 vols.,
xed.
VANITY FAIR. By William M. ThackERAY.
Printed from new plates on fine paper. With 18 new
illustrations by FRANK T. MERRILL. Photogravure
frontispieces. 2 vols., boxed.
WORDSWORTH'S POETICAL WORKS. With an
introduction by John MoRLEY. Printed on fine pa-
per, and illustrated with portrait and original photo-
2 vols., boxed.
gravures by E. H. GARRETT.


1893.]
THE DIAL 131
ls,
T. Y. CROWELL & CO.’S JNEW PUBLICATIONS.–Continued.
CROWELL’S STANDARD LIBRARY.
The best works in fiction, history, biography, and poetry, carefully selected and edited. Suitable for any lib , and
attractive to readers and students of the most refined tastes, at a low price. Printed in clear, readable type, on fine lish
finish paper, and bound in a meat, durable style. Each volume contains a carefully printed and artistic frontispiece
atly to the interest and value of the series. 60 volumes are now ready, and other volumes are in preparation. it is the
ng
intention of the publishers to include in this series only those works which are fairly entitled to be included among “the best
books,” by such authors as George Eliot, Irving, Dickens, Thackeray, Hugo, Walter Scott, Carlyle, Cooper, Boswell, Lytton,
and other writers of world-wide reputation.
Cloth, leather titles, gilt top, edges slightly trimmed,
ADAM BEDE. By George ELIot.
THE ALHAMBRA. By WASHINGTON IRVING.
BARNABY RUDGE. By Charles DickFNs.
BOSWELL’S LIFE OF JOHNSON. 2 vols.
BRACEBRIDGE HALL. By WASHINGTON IRVING.
A CHILD'S HISTORY of ENGLAND. By Charles
DICKENs. -
CHRISTMAS BOOKS. By CHARLEs DICKENs.
CONQUEST OF GRANADA. By WASHINGTON
IRVING.
DANIEL DERONDA. By GroRGE Eliot.
DAVID COPPERFIELD. 2 vols. By CHARLEs
DICKENs.
THE DEERSLAYER. By J. FENIMORE Cooper.
ESSAYS, AND THEOPHRASTUS SUCH. By
GEORGE ELIOT.
FELIX HOLT. By GEoRGE ELIor.
FIFTEEN DECISIVE BATTLES OF THE WORLD.
By E. S. CREASY.
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 2 vols. By Thomas
CARLYLE.
GREAT EXPECTATIONS. By CHARLEs DickeNs.
HALLAMPS MIDDLE AGES.
HER MAJESTY'S TOWER. 2 vols. By W. H. Dixon.
HYPATIA. By CHARLEs KINGslEY.
IVANHOE. By SIR WALTER Scott.
JANE EYRE. By CHARLotte BRoNTE.
JOHN HALIFAX. By Miss MULock.
KENILWORTH. By Sir WALTER Scott.
KNICKERBOCKER'S NEW YORK. By WAsh-
INGTON IRVING.
LAST DAYS OF POMPEII. By Lord Lytton.
LIFE OF COLUMBUS. By WASHINGTON IRVING.
with ample margins, 12mo, per vol. . . . $1 00
LAST OF THE MOHICANS. By J. FENIMoRE
Cooper.
LIFE OF GEORGE ELIOT. By J. W. CRoss.
LIFE OF WASHINGTON. 2 vols. By WASHING-
toN IRVING.
LES MISERABLES. 2 vols. By Victor Hugo.
LORNA DOONE. By R. D. BLACKMoRE.
MIDDLEMARCH. By GEoRGE ELIOT.
MILL ON THE FLOSS. By GeoRGE ELIot.
NOTRE DAME DE PARIS. By Victor Hugo.
OLD CURIOSITY SHOP. By CHARLEs DICKENs.
OLIVER TWIST. By CHARLEs DickeNs.
PATHFINDER. By J. FENIMoRE Cooper.
PICKWICKPAPERS. 2 vols. By CHARLEs DICKENs.
PICTURES FROM ITALY, AND AMERICAN
NOTES. By CHARLEs DICKENs.
ROMOLA. By GeoRGE ELIOT.
SILAS MARNER. By GEORGE ELIOT.
SCENES OF CLERICAL LIFE. By GEoRGE ELIOT.
SKETCHES BY BOZ. By CHARLEs DICKENs.
SKETCH-BOOK. By WASHINGTON IRVING.
THE SPY. By J. FENIMoRE Cooper.
TALE OF TWO CITIES. By CHARLEs DICKENs.
TALES OF A TRAVELLER. By WASHINGTON
IRVING.
TOILERS OF THE SEA. By Victor Hugo.
TOM BROWN'S SCHOOL-DAYS. By Thomas
HUGHES.
TOM BROWN AT OXFORD. By Thomas Hughes.
VANITY FAIR. By WILLIAN M. THAckerAY.
WALTON'S COMPLETE ANGLER.
WAVERLEY. By SIR WALTER Scott.
(Other volumes in preparation.)
THE • MISTLETOE" EDITION OF POPULAR POETS. (Red Line Sheets.) Printed on fine paper. Attract-
ively bound in embossed leather, padded covers, gilt edges.
Browning (Mrs.) Byron. Lady of the Lake.
Browning (Robert). Familiar Quotations. Lalla Rookh.
B t (Early Favorite. Lowell (Early
oems) Hemans. Poems.
Burns. Jean Ingelow. Lucile.
25 vols., 12mo, boxed, $1.75 per vol.
Longfellow, H. W. Poe (Edgar A.) Tennyson.
(Early Poems). Proctor. Whittier, J. G.
Meredith (Owen). Red-Letter Poems (Early Poems).
Milton. - Wordsworth.
Moore. Shakespeare.
SHELLEy's POEMs. Complete. Dowden's text, carefully revised, with additional poems. “Imperial” Edition. Illus-
trated. Full 12mo, cloth, gilt edges, $1.50; “Favorite Illustrated”. Edition. Square 8vo, gilt ed
in a cloth box, $2.50; tree calf, or full morocco, gilt edges, $8.00. Also uniform with the
h slip wrappers,
e “Imperial”
Edition. The “Cambridge Book of Poetry and Song”; “Bryant's Early Poems.” $1.50 pe
THE ASTOR LIBRARY OF STANDARD LITERATURE. 229- bound in h er, cº-sides,
gilt back and marbled edges, 12mo, per vol., 75 cts.
This edition of standard 12mos, bound in meat and attractive style, meets the ex for popula - ºn-
ily and school libraries or holiday gifts at reasonable prices. The following volume led this sº
Notre Dame. George Eliot's Essays, and Sketches by Boy ea of Cler
Ninety-Three- Theophrastus Such. Toilers of the sº area fro-
THOMAS Y. CROWEL MPA
46 East Fourteenth Street, New York. ld
-


THE DIAL
[Sept. 16,
Houghton, Mifflin & Co.'s Fall Books.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Massachusetts: Its Historians and Its His-
tory. By CHARLEs FRANCIs ADAMs, author of
“Life of Richard Henry Dana,” “Three Episodes in
Massachusetts History,” etc. Crown 8vo.
A book of great interest showing that while Massachusetts has been
foremost in the struggle for º freedom, she has by no means a
record equally good in regard to religious toleration.
Cartier to Frontenac. A Study of Geographical
Discovery in the interior of North America in its
historical relations, 1534–1700; with full cartograph-
ical illustrations from contemporary sources. By
JUSTIN WINSoR, author of “Columbus,” editor of
“Narrative and Critical History of America.” 8vo.
A Sketch of the History of the Apostolic
Church. By OLIVER J. THATCHER, Professor
in the University of Chicago. 16mo, $1.25.
CoNTENTs: The Condition of the World (at the time of Christ); The
Expansion of Judaism; The Spread of Christianity; The Church at
Jerusalem; Breaking the Jewish Bonds; The Burning Question; The
Best Years of Paul; The Last Years of Paul; The Opposition to Chris-
tianity; Authorities, Government, and Worship.
Sam Houston, and the War of Independence in
Texas. By ALFRED WILLIAMs, author of “Poets
and Poetry of Ireland.” With a portrait and maps.
8vo, $2.00.
A valuable and interesting book both as a history of Texas and as a
biography of Houston, who had a remarkably picturesque career.
The Life and Writings of Jared Sparks. Com-
prising Selections from his Journals and Correspond-
ence. By HERBERT B. ADAMs, Professor in Johns
Hopkins University. With six Heliotype portraits.
2 vols., 8vo, $5.00 met.
A very interesting account of Mr. Sparks, who was a professor and
afterward President of Harvard University, and eminent as a historian
and biographer.
Letters of Asa Gray. Edited by JANE LORING
GRAY. With Portraits and other Illustrations. 2 vols.,
crown 8vo.
A delightful record of the illustrious botanist of Harvard, who was
an admirable writer and man.
James Russell Lowell. By GEORGE E. Wood-
BERRY, author of “Edgar Allan Poe,” “Studies in
Letters and Life,” “The North Shore Watch, and
Other Poems,” etc. With a Portrait. 2 vols. 16mo,
$2.50.
A notable addition to the series of “American Men of Letters.”
George William Curtis.
In the series of “American Men of Letters.”
a Portrait. 16mo, $1.25.
College Tom. By CAROLINE HAZARD, author of
“Memoirs of the Rev. J. Lewis Diman,” etc. 8vo.
Miss Hazard, great-great-granddaughter of Thomas Hazard, has had
access to some very important new material, and has made a book of
much biographical and historic interest.
By Edward CARY.
With
ESSAYS.
Essays in Idleness. By AGNES REPPLIER, au-
thor of “Books and Men,” “Points of View,” etc.
16mo, $1.25.
A book of delightful essays, sensible, humorous, stimulating. They
treat #. a model cat), The Children's Poets, The Praises of
War, Words, Ennui, Wit and Humor, and Letters.
The Natural History of Intellect, and Other
Papers. By RALPH WALDo EMERson. Riv-
erside Edition. With an Index to all of Emerson's
Works. 12mo, gilt top, $1.75; Little Classic Edi-
tion, 18mo, $1.25.
CoNTENTs: The Natural History of Intellect; Memory; Boston;
Michael Angelo; Milton; Papers from the “Dial '': Thoughts on Mod-
ern Literature, Walter Savage Landor, Prayers, Agriculture of Massa-
* Europe and European Books, Past and Present, A Letter, The
C.
The Growth and Influence of Classical Greek
Poetry. By RICHARD CLAVERHouse JEBB,
Litt. D., LL.D., Professor of Greek in the University
of Cambridge, author of “Attic Orators,” “Modern
Greece,” etc. Crown 8vo, $1.50.
CoNTENTs : The Distinctive Qualities of the Greek Race as expressed
by Homer; Greek Epic Poetry; Greek Lyric Poetry: the Course of
its Development; Pindar; The Attic Drama; The Permanent Power
of Greek Poetry.
Sub-Coelum : A Sky-Built Human World.
By A. P. Russell, author of “In a Club Corner,”
“A Club of One,” “Library Notes,” and “Character-
istics.” 16mo.
Mr. Russell also has had a vision of Utopia, and this is his descrip-
tion of it, which is very sensible and engaging.
Greek Lines, and Other Architectural Essays.
By HENRY Van BRUNT. Illustrations. Crown 8vo.
CoNTENTs: Greek Lines, and Their Influence on Modern Architec-
ture; The Growth of Conscience in Modern Decorative Art; Historical
Architecture, and the Influence of the Personal Element upon it; The
Royal Château of Blois, an Example of Architectural Evidence in the
History of Civilization (with six half-tone illustrations); The Present
Condition of Architecture; Architecture and Poetry.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
An Old Town by the Sea. By THoMAs BAILEY
ALDRich, author of “From Ponkapog to Pesth,”
etc. 16mo.
Mr. Aldrich has made Portsmouth in New Hampshire one of the
famous towns in literature. It is the delightful “Rivermouth" of
Tom Bailey, and other of his stories. Now he devotes a charming
book to it, to points of history and topography and accounts of its ec-
centric character.
A Japanese Interior. By ALICE MABEL BACON,
author of “Japanese Girls and Women.” 16mo,
$1.25.
Miss Bacon, who spent some time in Japan, here tells of Japanese
home and school life, theatres, traveling, hotels, temples, food, dress,
dolls' festivals; of wrestling contests, curio men, fireworks, the climate,
earthquakes, the mental characteristics of the people, and numberless
other things.
TELIGIOUS BOOKS.
The Continuity of Christian Thought. A
Study of Modern Theology in the Light of its His-
tory. By ALEXANDER W. G. ALLEN, D.D., Profes-
sor of Ecclesiastical History in the Episcopal Theo-
logical School, Cambridge, Mass. New Edition. With
a new preface and a full index. 12mo, gilt top, $2.00.
The Witness to Immortality, in Literature,
Philosophy, and Life. By Rev. GEORGE A. Gordon,
D.D., Pastor of the Old South Church, in Boston.
12mo, $1.50.
Doctor Gordon here presents the fruits of his thoughtful study of
the Immortal Life in the Scriptures, in the world's deepest poetry and
philosophy, in the argument of Paul, and in the life and words of Christ.


1893.] THE DIAL 133
Houghton, Mifflin & Co.'s Fall Books—Continued.
TOETRY.
Mercedes. By THoMAs BAILEY ALDRICH, author
of “Wyndham Towers,” “The Sisters' Tragedy,” etc.
16mo.
An entirely new edition of Mr. Aldrich's two-act tragedy produced
with so signal success last spring at Palmer's Theatre in New York.
The text is given here as revised and arranged by the author for stage
presentation.
A Roadside Harp. By Louis E IMoGEN GUINEY,
author of “The White Sail,” etc. 16mo, gilt top.
In this volume Miss Guiney makes a distinct advance upon her
previous volumes of verse. She has gained a more assured command
of her powers, and rises easily to the adequate treatment of the larger
themes which challenge her thought and inspire her imagination.
Longfellow’s Poetical Works. New Cam-
bridge Edition. From entirely new plates, printed
from large type, on opaque paper and bound in flex-
ible covers. With a Steel Portrait.
This volume presents Longfellow's º Poems (including
Christus) in a form which promises to be the ideal one-volume edition
of this universally popular poet.
Longfellow's Poetical Works. New Handy
Volume Edition. In five volumes, 16mo, printed
from beautiful large type, on opaque paper, bound
in a simple but very attractive style, and put up in a
cloth box.
This is an entirely new edition, from new plates, and all the details
tº:been studied to make it the favorite one for lovers of choice
books.
Poems. By Thom As W. PARsons. 16mo. A
tasteful volume, containing the poems of one of the
most gifted and least self-asserting of poets.
The Divine Comedy of Dante. Translated
into English verse by Thomas WILLIAM PARsons,
author of “Poems,” etc. With a Memorial Sketch
by Miss Louise IMogFN GUINEY, an Introduction
by Professor CHARLEs Eliot Norton, a Sketch by
Dr. PARsons from the Bust of Dante. 16mo.
A Poet's Portfolio: Later Readings. By
WILLIAM WETMORE Story, author of “ He and
She,” “Roba di Roma,” “Fiammetta,” etc. 18mo.
This is a little book like Mr. Story’s “He and She,”—a collection of
charming lyrics strung on the silver thread of an entertaining conversa-
tion between a lady and a gentleman.
White Memories. By MRs. A. D. T. WHIT-
NEY. 16mo.
Three poems on Bishop Brooks, Mr. Whittier, and Miss Larcom,
written with the profound earnestness and thoughtfulness character-
stic of Mrs. Whitney.
F/CTION.
The Petrie Estate. A clever story of the losing
and finding of a will, and of the course of true love af-
fected thereby, with many other elements of interest.
By HELEN DAwes BrowN, author of “Two College
Girls.” 16mo, $1.25.
Two College Girls. By HELEN DAwes BrowN.
New Edition. Price reduced to $1.25.
Rutledge. By MIRLAM. Coles HARRIs. A new
and attractive edition, from new plates, of this re-
markable popular story. 16mo, $1.25.
His Vanished Star. By CHARLEs EGBERT
CRADDock, author of “In the Tennessee Moun-
tains,” “The Prophet of the Great Smoky Moun-
tains,” etc. 16mo, $1.25.
Charles Egbert Craddock returns to the scenes of her previous lit-
erary triumphs among the mountains of Eastern Tennessee, and in this
striking story introduces characters of great force and lawless inde-
pendence, such as seem native to those wild regions.
An Utter Failure. By MIRIAM Coles HARRIs.
New Edition, 16mo, $1.25.
This story depicts certain types of character which one meets in
life and finds interesting, too, and is well worth reading and heeding.
No Heroes. A Story for Boys. By BLANCHE
WILLIs HowARD, author of “One Summer,”
“Guenn,” etc. Illustrated. 75 cents.
The leading boy of this new story is a real hero, of a noble type;
and boys cannot fail to admire him and enjoy the very engaging story
Miss Howard tells of him and others.
The Son of a Prophet. By GeoRGE ANson
JAckson. 16mo, $1.25.
A historical novel of great interest as a story, and much value as a
view of times and incidents possessing a kind of sacred fascination.
The scene is in Palestine and Egypt, during the reign of King Solomon
and his immediate successors, and the story recreates the character of
the writer of the Book of Job.
A Native of Winby. And other Tales. By
SARAH ORNE JEweTT, author of “Deephaven,” “A
White Heron,” etc. 16mo, $1.25.
Eight charming stories, six of them on New England, subjects, in
which Miss Jewett is unsurpassed, and two Irish-American stories,
equally perfect in style and spirit.
Rachel Stanwood. A Story of the Middle of
the Nineteenth Century. By LUCY GIBBoNs MoRSE,
author of “The Chezzles.” 16mo, $1.25.
Mrs. Morse tells a story of great interest in a field comparativel
untraversed. It relates to the time and scenes of the anti-slavery agi-
tation in New York City, about 1850, and depicts life among t
Quakers, the protection of fugitive slaves from their pursuers, and in-
troduces some famous characters.
The Novels and Stories of Mrs. A. D. T.
Whitney. New edition, with revisions and
prefaces to some of the volumes. The set comprises:
Faith Gartney's Girlhood. Sights and Insights. 2 vols.
Hitherto: A Story of Yester- Odd, or Even 2
days. Bonnyborough.
Patience Strong's Outings. Boys at Chequasset.
The Gayworthys. Mother Goose for Grown
A Summer in Leslie Gold- Folks. Enlarged Edition.
thwaite's Life. Homespun Yarns. Short
We Girls: A Home Story. Stories.
Real Folks. Ascutney Street.
The Other Girls. A Golden Gossip.
Seventeen volumes, 16mo, in new and attractive bind-
ing, and the price reduced to $1.25 a volume. The
set in a box, $21,25.
Very few stories by American writers enjoy so wide a popularity as
do Mrs. Whitney's, and it may safely be said that no stories are more
wholesome and more admirable in tone and spirit than hers.
Polly Oliver's Problem. By KATE Douglas
Wiggin, author of “The Birds' Christmas Carol,”
“The Story of Patsy,” “Timothy's Quest,” “A Ca-
thedral Courtship,” etc. With IIlustrations. 16mo.
The problem which confronted Polly Oliver was how she should
make a living. Mrs. Wiggin, tells in her peculiar delightful way the
story of the circumstances which made it necessary for Polly to solve
this problem, and of the manner of its solution by Polly's becoming a
teller of stories.
For sale by all Booksellers, or will be sent, post-paid, on receipt of price by the Publishers.
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., Boston.


124
[Sept. 1, 1893.
THE DIAL
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tour.
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c/1 new descriptive book, with the above title, con-
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Fall Announcement Number
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ment Number, and will contain the
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THE DIAL
JA SEMI-MONTHLY 7OURNAL OF
£ittrary Criticism, Jiscussion, and $nformation.
Eloited by Volume XV. -- 10 cts. a copy. orrice: 24 Adams sr.
FRANCIS F. BROWNE. l No. 174. CHICAGO, SEPT. 16, 1893. 82. a year. Stevens Building.
Charles Scribner's Sons' New Books
JUST PUBLISHED.
A New Romance by ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON.
DAVID BALFOUR. |
Being Memoirs of his Adventures at Home and Abroad. 12mo, cloth, $1.50. |
| Mr. Stevenson's new book is a worthy sequel to his great masterpiece, “Kidnapped.” It is more than a
story of romantic adventure, with conspiracies and perils and heroic achievements on land and sea, for it
makes David the hero of a love affair, the description of which reveals the author's genius in an altogether
new light. The Adventures of David and his Highland sweetheart carry them both into Holland and France,
and supply fresh evidence of the author's wonderful power of spirited narrative and bold character painting.
NEW EDITION, UNIFORM WITH THE ABOVE.
KIDNAPPED.
Being Memoirs of the Adventures of David Balfour, in the Year 1751. 12mo, cloth, $1.25.
“Mr. Stevenson has never appeared to greater advantage than in ‘Kidnapped.' . . . No better book of its kind than
these “Adventures of David Balfour' has ever been written... Mr. Stevenson confesses in a note his own great kindness for
Alan and Dayie, and half promises to tell what further befell them after their parting in Edinburgh—a promise which the
friends they have already made long to see fulfilled.” – The Nation.
A New Book by ROBERT GRANT.
A Sequel to “THE REFLECTIONS OF A MARRIED MAN.”
THE OPINIONS OF A PHILOSOPHER.
With many Illustrations by C. S. REINHART and W. T. SMEDLEY. 12mo, cloth, $1.00.
An unusually large circle of eager readers will be found waiting for Robert Grant's “Opinions of a Phil-
osopher”; for his “Reflections,” to which this is a sequel, appealed to and made friends of a larger public
than any book of its class in recent years. Every one who remembers at how many points, both tender and
laughable, the story of Fred and Josephine's young married life in the “Reflections” touched his own, will be
anxious to follow the couple through their middle life. The illustrations reflect admirably both the grave
and the comic elements in the story.
IN UNIFORM STYLE WITH THE FOREGOING:
THE REFLECTIONS OF A MARRIED MAN.
12mo, cloth, $1.00.
“Nothing is more entertaining than to have one's familiar experiences take objective form; and few experiences are
more familiar than those which Mr. Grant here chronicles for us. Altogether Mr. Grant has given us a capital little book,
which should easily strike up literary comradeship with “Reveries of a Bachelor.” Boston Transcript.
TWO BOOKS FOR BOYS BY ROBERT GRANT.
JACK HALL; JACK IN THE BUSH;
Or, The School Days of an American Boy. By Robert Or, A Summer on Salmon River. By Robert GRANT.
Gºnº, Illus, by F. G. Artwoop. 12mo, ºth sº. "inj. T.M.A."gº.j
“A capital story for boys, wholesome and interesti It - -- - - - -
one of Tom Brown.” Thoºn Transcript. ng. reminds rºl story of out-door life and genuine experiences.”—Boston
For sale by all Booksellers, or sent postpaid, on receipt of price, by the Publishers,
CHARLES scRIBNER's SONS, 743-745 Broadway, New York.
*-
- =


126 THE DIAL
[Sept. 16,
º
With Thackeray in America.
New and charming glimpses of the great novelist are given in this chatty and readable book of Mr. Crowe,
the artist who accompanied Thackeray on his journeyings in this country. The rapid and graphic narrative
also describes the writer's own very lively impressions of the country and people
of forty years ago. The author's vigorous sketches of persons and places are
Charles Scribner's Sons' New Books
By Eyre Crowe.
With 121 illustrations.
Small 4to, $2.00.
really historical memoranda of value, and include portraits of the most eminent
notabilities of that day, and of characteristic scenes which have now wholly
passed away.
-
Two New Volumes in the Cameo Edition.
Virginibus Puerisque, and Other Papers. Letters to Dead Authors. By ANDREw LANG.
By R. L. Steve Nsos. With four additional letters.
“If there are among our readers any lovers of good “The book is one of the luxuries of the literary taste.
books, to whom Mr. Stevenson is still a – –––. It is meant for the exquisite palate,
stranger, we may advise them to make | Each, with etched Portrait, and is prepared by one of the “know-
his acquaintance through this collection | 16mo. Haif levant, $3.so; ing kind.” It is an astonishing little
of essays.”—N. Y. Tribune. hali caiſ, s2.7s; cloth, s1.2s. volume.”—N. Y. Evening Post.
*...* Large Paper Edition of the above two volumes, limited to 212 numbered sets, printed on Holland
Paper, per set, $7.00 met.
“In his previous volumes upon Famous Women of the French Court, M. de
Courts.
By Imbert de Saint-Amand.
to many libraries.
Stories from
Scribner.
Fully Illustrated.
Each, paper, 50 cts. ; cloth,
75 cts.; half calf, $1.50.
much historic interest. He presents a group of
feminine types, discovering almost every shade
of human passions and ambitions.”
—Philadelphia Ledger.
Women of Saint-Amand apostrophised the virtues of Marie Antoinette, the Empress
he Valoi Josephine, Marie Louise, Duchess of Angoulême — -
the Valois and and Duchess of Berry. He now reverts to a women of the Valois court.
Versailles group of even more distinction and of quite as The Court of Louis XIV.
The Court of Louis XV.
Last Years of Louis XV.
Each, with numerous Portraits,
12mo, $1.25. The set, half calf,
$10.00; cloth, $5.00.
New Editions of Page's and Cable's Works.
Thomas Nelson Page's Works. | George W. Cable's Novels.
The publication in a uniform edition of Mr. Page's
Mr. Cable's six novels long ago acquired the distinc-
“In Ole Virginia,” “Elsket,” “On Newfound
River,” and the volume of essays, “The Old
South,” will make these stand- -
ard books a welcome addition.
4 vols. in a box,
$4.50.
Stories of Italy.
Stories of New York,
Stories of the South.
tion of classics, and their appearance in a handsome
uniform binding is in response to a wide demand
for a library edition befitting ––
their character and position in
the front rank of American lit-
erature.
5 vols. in a box,
$6.00.
Stories of the Army.
Stories of the Railway.
Stories of the Sea.
“Only those who have regularly read Scribner's have any idea of the delight-
ful contents of these vol
some of the best short stor
odical. They are exquisitely bound, clearly printed
on fine paper, and admirably illustrated.”—Boston
Times.
umes, for they contain
ies written for this peri- The Set, 6 vols., paper,
$3.00; cloth, $4.50; half
calf, $9.00.
|
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 743-745 Broadway, New York.


1893.]
127
THE DIAL
NEW BOOKS AND NEW EDITIONS
To be Published by J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY during Autumn of 1893.
TALES FROM SHAKSPEARE. By Charles and
MARY LAMB, with a continuation by HARRison S. MoRRIs,
author of “Tales from Ten Poets,” etc. 4 vols., 16mo,
illustrated, cloth, $4.00; half calf or half morocco, $8.00;
three-quarters calf, $10.00. De Lure Edition, 4 vols., small
8vo, cloth, $12.00, net.
THE LIVES OF THE QUEENS OF ENGLAND.
By AGNEs STRICKLAND, New Cabinet Edition, in 8 vols.,
16mo, cloth, $12.00; half calf, $24.00; three-quarters calf,
$28.00.
HISTORY OF THE REIGN OF THE EMPEROR
CHARLES V. 2 vols.
BIOGRAPHICAL AND CRITICAL MISCELLANIES
1 vol. Completing the De Lure Edition (limited to 250
copies) of the celebrated works of WILLIAM H. PREscott.
Large 8vo. Handsomely bound in half morocco, gilt top,
$5.00 met per volume.
HISTORY OF THE CONSULATE AND THE EM-
PIRE OF FRANCE UNDER NAPOLEON. By L.
A. THIERs, Ex-Prime Minister of France. Translated from
the French, with the consent of the author, by D. Forbes
CAMPBELL. Printed from new type, and illustrated with
36 steel plates, printed from the French originals. The
first volume ready in September, to be followed by one
volume a month until completed. 12 8vo vols., cloth,
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HISTORICAL TALES. The Romance of Reality. By
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GOLDSMITH'S WORKS. New Edition, published in
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SEVEN CHRISTMAS EVES. The Romance of a So-
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THE CHRONICLES OF FAIRYLAND. A volume of
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A DOG OF FLANDERS, and Other Stories. By
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KING ARTHUR AND THE KNIGHTS OF THE
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LITTLE Miss MUFFET. A story for Girls. By
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BiRDS IN A WILLAGE. By W. H. Hudson (S. M.
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OUR OWN BIRDS. A Familiar Natural History of
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THE SIGN OF FOUR. By A. ConAN Doyle, author
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A DIPLOMAT'S DIARY. By Julie N Gordon, au-
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MY CHILD AND I. A Woman's Story by FlorFNCE
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1893.]
129
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The Growth and Influence of Classical Greek
Poetry. By Richard Claverhouse Jebb.
Litt. D., LL.D., Professor of Greek in the University
of Cambridge, author of " Attic Orators," " Modern
Greece," etc. Crown 8vo, $1.50.
Contexts : The Distinctive Qualities of the Greek Race as expressed
by Homer; Greek Epic Poetry; Greek Lyric Poetry: the Course of
its Development; Pindar; The Attic Drama; The Permanent Power
of Greek Poetry.
Sub-Ccelum: A Sky.Built Human World.
By A. P. Russell, author of " In a Club Corner,"
"A Club of One," " Library Notes," and " Character-
istics." 16mo.
Mr. Russell also has had a vision of Utopia, and this is his descrip-
tion of it, which is very sensible and engaging.
Greek Lines, and Other Architectural Essays.
By Henry Van Brunt. Illustrations. Crown 8vo.
Contents; Greek Lines, and Their Influence on Modern Architec-
ture; The Growth of Conscience in Modern Decorative Art; Historical
Architecture, and the Influence of the Personal Element upon it; The
Royal Chateau of Blois, an Example of Architectural Evidence in the
History of Civilization (with six half-tone illustrations); The Present
Condition of Architecture; Architecture and Poetry.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
An Old Town by the Sea. By Thomas Bailey
Aldrich, author of "From Ponkapog to Pesth,"
etc. 16mo.
Mr. Aldrich has made Portsmouth in New Hampshire one of the
famous towns in literature. It is the delightful "Rivermouth" of
Tom Bailey, and other of his stories. Now he devotes a charming
book to it, to points of history and topography and accounts of its ec-
centric character.
A Japanese Interior. By Alice Mabel Bacon,
author of "Japanese Girls and Women." 16mo,
$1.25.
Miss Bacon, who spent some time in Japan, here tells of Japanese
home and school life, theatres, traveling, hotels, temples, food, dress,
dolls' festivals ; of wrestling contests, curio men, fireworks, the climate,
earthquakes, the mental characteristics of the people, and numberless
other things.
XEUGIOUS "BOOKS.
The Continuity of Christian Thought. A
Study of Modern Theology in the Light of its His-
tory. By Alexander V. G. Allen, D.D., Profes-
sor of Ecclesiastical History in the Episcopal Theo-
logical School, Cambridge, Mass. New Edition. With
a new preface and a full index. 12mo, gilt top, $2.00.
The Witness to Immortality, in Literature,
Philosophy, and Life. By Rev. George A. Gordon,
D.D., Pastor of the Old South Church, in Boston.
12mo, $1.50.
Doctor Gordon here presents the fruits of his thoughtful study of
the Immortal Life in the Scriptures, in the world's deepest poetry and
philosophy, In the argument of Paul, and in the life and words of Christ.


1893.]
133
THE DIAL
Houghton, Mifflin & Co.'s Fall Books—Continued.
TOETRY.
Mercedes. By Thomas Bailey Aldrich, author
of " Wyndham Towers," " The Sisters' Tragedy," etc.
16mo.
An entirely new edition of Mr. Aldrich's two-act tragedy produced
with »o signal success last spring at Palmer's Theatre in New York.
The text is given here as revised and arranged by the author for stage
presentation.
A Roadside Harp. By Louise Imogen Guiney,
author of " The White Sail," etc. 16mo, gilt top.
In this volume Miss Ouiney makes a distinct advance upon her
previous volumes of verse. She has gained a more assured command
of her powers, and rises easily to the adequate treatment of the larger
themes which challenge her thought and inspire her imagination.
Longfellow's Poetical Works. New Cam-
bridge Edition. From entirely new plates, printed
from large type, on opaque paper and bound in flex-
ible covers. With a Steel Portrait.
This volume presents Longfellow's Complete Poems (including
Christus) in a form which promises to be the ideal one-volume edition
of this universally popular poet.
Longfellow's Poetical Works. New Handy
Volume Edition. In five volumes, 16mo, printed
from beautiful large type, on opaque paper, bound
in a simple but very attractive style, and put up in a
cloth box.
This is an entirely new edition, from new plates, and all the details
have been studied to make it the favorite one for lovers of choice
books.
Poems. By Thomas W. Parsons. 16mo. A
tasteful volume, containing the poems of one of the
most gifted and least self-asserting of poets.
The Divine Comedy of Dante. Translated
into English verse by Thomas William Parsons,
author of "Poems," etc. With a Memorial Sketch
by Miss Louise Imogen Guiney, an Introduction
by Professor Charles Eliot Norton, a Sketch by
Dr. Parsons from the Bust of Dante. 16mo.
A Poet's Portfolio: Later Readings. By
William Wetmore Story, author of "He and
She," "Roba di Roma," " Fiammetta," etc. 18mo.
This is a little book like Mr. Story's " He and She,"—a collection of
charming lyrics strung on the silver thread of an entertaining conversa-
tion between a lady and a gentleman.
White Memories. By Mrs. A. D. T. Whit-
ney. Kiiim.
Three poems on Bishop Brooks, Mr. Whlttier, and Miss Larcom,
written with the profound earnestness and thoughtfulness character-
stic of Mrs. Whitney.
FICTION.
The Petrie Estate. A clever story of the losing
and finding of a will, and of the course of true love af-
fected thereby, with many other elements of interest.
By Helen Dawes Brown, author of " Two College
Girls." 16mo, $1.25.
Two College Girls. By Helen Dawes Brown.
New Edition. Price reduced to $1.25.
Rutledge. By Miriam Coles Harris. A new
and attractive edition, from new plates, of this re-
markable popular story. 16mo, $1.25.
His Vanished Star. By Charles Egbert
Craddock, author of "In the Tennessee Moun-
tains," "The Prophet of the Great Smoky Moun-
tains," etc. 16mo, $1.25.
Charles Egbert Craddock returns to the scenes of her previous lit-
erary triumphs among the mountains of Eastern Tennessee, and in this
striking story introduces characters of great force and lawless inde-
pendence, such as seem native to those wild regions.
An Utter Failure. By Miriam Coles Harris.
New Edition, 16mo, $1.25.
This story depicts certain types of character which one meets in
life and finds interesting, too, and is well worth reading and heeding.
No Heroes. A Story for Boys. By Blanche
Willis Howard, author of "One Summer,"
"Guenn," etc. Illustrated. 75 cents.
The leading boy of this new story is a real hero, of a noble type;
and boys cannot fail to admire him and enjoy the very engaging story
Miss Howard tells of him and others.
The Son of a Prophet. By George Anson
Jackson. 16mo, $1.25.
A historical novel of great interest as a story, and much value as a
view of times and incidents possessing a kind of sacred fascination.
The scene is in Palestine and Egypt, during the reign of King Solomon
and his Immediate successors, and the story recreates the character 01
the writer of the Book of Job.
A Native of Winby. And other Tales. By
Sarah Orne Jewett, author of " Deephaven," "A
White Heron," etc. 16mo, $1.25.
Eight charming stories, six of them on New England subjects, in
which Miss Jewett is unsurpassed, and two Irish-American stories,
equally perfect in style and spirit.
Rachel Stanwood. A Story of the Middle of
the Nineteenth Century. By Lucy Gibbons Morse,
author of "The Chezzles." 16mo, $1.25.
Mrs. Morse tells a story of great Interest in a field comparatively
untraversed. It relates to the time and scenes of the anti-slavery agi-
tation in New York City, about 1850, and depicts life among the
Quakers, the protection of fugitive slaves from their pursuers, and in-
troduces some famous characters.
The Novels and Stories of Mrs. A. D. T.
Whitney. New edition, with revisions and
prefaces to some of the volumes. The set comprises:
Faith Gartney's Girlhood. Sights and Insights. 2 vols.
Hitherto: A Story of Tester- Odd, or Even9
days. Bonnyborongh.
Patience Strong's Outings. Boys at Chequasset.
The Gayworthys. Mother Goose for Grown
A Summer in Leslie Gold- Folks. Enlarged Edition,
thwaite's Life. Homespun Yarns. Short
We Girls: A Home Story. Stories.
Real Folks. Ascutney Street.
The Other Girls. A Golden Gossip.
Seventeen volumes, 16mo, in new and attractive bind-
ing, and the price reduced to $1.25 a volume. The
set in a box, $21.25.
Very few stories by American writers enjoy so wide a popularity as
do Mrs. Whitney's, and it may safely be said that no stones are more
wholesome and more admirable in tone and spirit than hers.
Polly Oliver's Problem. By Kate Douglas
Wiggin, author of "The Birds' Christmas Carol,"
« The Story of Patsy," "Timothy's Quest," "A Ca-
thedral Courtship," etc. With Illustrations. 16mo.
The problem which confronted Polly Oliver was how she should
make a living. Mrs. Wiggin tells in her peculiar delightful way the
story of the circumstances which made it necessary for Polly to solve
this problem, and of the manner of its solution by Polly's becoming a
teller of stories.
For sale by all Booksellers, or will be sent, post-paid, on receipt of price by the Publishers.
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., Boston.


134
[Sept. 16, 1893.
THE DIAL
Macmillan & Co.'s Announcements
OF
New Books by American Authors
To be Published during the Autumn of 1893.
By CHARLES DEXTER ALLEN, Hon. Correspond-
ing Secretary for the United States of the
Ex Libris Society.
American Book Plates.
With fifty illustrations. Small 8vo.
By KATHARINE LEE BATES, Professor of English
Literature at Wellesley College.
An Outline of the Development of the
Early English Drama.
By Professor FLORIAN C AJORI of Colorado College,
Colorado Springs.
A History of Mathematics.
By Professor JOHN R. COMMONS of the University
of Indiana.
The Distribution of Wealth.
By F. MARION CRAWFORD.
Marion Darche.
A new novel, written on the same basis of plot and
character as his play of that name, soon to be put
upon the stage by Mr. Augustin Daly.
By Professor KARL P. DAHLSTROM of Lehigh Uni-
versity, Bethlehem, Pa. A Translation of
Weisbach's Mechanics of Hoisting
Machinery.
As revised by Professor Hermann.
By Prof. N. F. DUPUIS, M.A..F.R.S.C, Professor of
Pure Mathematics in the University of Queen's
College, Kingston, Canada.
Synthetic Solid Geometry.
By President DAVID J. HILL of the University of
Rochester.
Genetic Philosophy.
By Professor DUGALD C. JACKSON of the Univer-
sity of Wisconsin.
Notes on Electromagnets and the Con-
struction of Dynamos.
By Professor HENRY B. ORR of Tulane University,
New Orleans, La.
A Theory of Development and Heredity.
By Professor GOLD WIN SMITH, author of "Canada
and the Canadian Question."
The United States—A Political History,
1402-1871.
12mo, cloth, 82.00. Published September 12.
By the same Author.
Bay Leaves.
A collection of Translations from the Latin Poets.
By D. W. TAYLOR of the U. S. Navy Yard at Mare
Island, California.
The Resistance of Ships and Screw
Propulsion.
By Professor J. A. TUFTS, of the University of
Chicago. A Translation of
Windelband's History of Philosophy.
By WILLIAM WINTER.
The Life and Art of Edwin Booth.
This work bas long been in preparation,—with Mr.
Booth's especial saction,—and will be
very fully illustrated.
By the same Author.
A NEW EDITION, Illustrated, of
Shakespeare's England.
With numerous full-page and vignette Illustrations,
and a new photogravure Portrait of Mr.
Winter, after the origiual drawing
by Arthur Jule Goodman.
By Professor ALEXANDER ZIWET, of the
University of Michigan.
An Elementary Treatise on Theoretical
Mechanics.
Part I., KINEMATICS. Part II., STATICS.
Book Reviews, a Monthly Journal devoted to New and Current Publications. Price, 5 cents. Yearly Subscription, 50 cents.
MACMILLAN & CO., Publishers, New York.


THE DIAL
a Jeemis+JHontfjlg 3ournaI of Hitcrarg Crittcissm, Uigctission, ano Information.
THE DIAL (Jounded in 1SS0) is published on the lit and 16th of
each month. Terms of Subscription, 82.00 a year in advance, postage
prepaid in the United State*, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries
comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year /or extra postage must
be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the
current number. Remittances should be by check, or by express or
postal order, payable to THE DIAL. Special Rates to Clubs and
for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application;
and Sample Copy on receipt of 10 cents. Advertising Rates /urnished
on application. All communications should be addressed to
THE DIAL, No. 24 Adams Street, Chicago.
No. 174- SEPTEMBER 16,1893. Vol. XV.
Contents.
PAOE
WILLIAM CONGREVE (Sonnet). Marian Mead . . 135
BOOKS OF THE COMING YEAR 135
A FRENCH VIEW OF AMERICAN COPYRIGHT . 136
IBSEN'S TREATMENT OF SELF-ILLUSION.
Hjalmar H. Bopesen 137
COMMUNICATIONS 140
A Columbian Celebration a Hundred Yean Ago.
James L. Onderdonk.
AN OLD HOPE IN A NEW LIGHT. W. M. Payne 141
THE VEHICLE OF HEREDITY. Henry L. Osborn 143
THE RECONCILIATION OF HISTORY AND RE-
LIGION IN CRITICISM. John Bascom ... 146
Lillie's The Influence of Buddhism on Primitive
Christianity. — Harden's An Inquiry into the Truth
of Dogmatic Christianity. — Beach's The Newer Re-
ligious Thinking. — Mead's Christ and Criticism. —
Horton's Verbum Dei. — Cone's The Gospel. — Miil-
ler's Theosophy.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 149
Hunting on the Western Plains and Mountains. —
Two new volumes of Columbus literature. — The Se-
cret of Character Building.—A French protest against
materialism in France. — A typical English School
fifty years ago. — An appreciative and judical life of
Napoleon.
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF FALL BOOKS 151
LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY .... 157
WILLIAM CONGREVE.
Master of words! thine was the perfect art
To catch the living phrase, — no coin of thought,
But thought's bright self, that, clear and roundly wrought,
Distinct in air and sunshine, sends a start
Of fresh delight through the worn sense. Apart
From common ways of fumbling speech, where naught
Rings true, thy crystal bells pure-toned are fraught
With bliss for thrilling nerves. . . . But for the heart?
Potent the flow: nor flashing, pouting smiles
Of Millamant can witch away the shame
And hardness of her world. Yet while we blame,—
While our need craves some sterner, sweeter bard
Whose trumpet-cry more than all joy beguiles,—
Thy keen truth leaps to flame, and night is starred!
Marian Mead.
BOOKS OF THE COMING YEAR.
A considerable portion of the space in this
issue of The Dial is devoted to the regular
annual list of classified announcements of forth-
coming books. The list is a long one and
would have been much longer had it not been
thought best to exercise a certain discrimina-
tion and to omit many titles of minor interest.
It is believed that everything of real import-
ance thus far definitely included in the an-
nouncements of American publishers will be
found comprised. Certainly, the list offers no
evidence that the general commercial depres-
sion of recent months has extended to the pub-
lishing business; it rather indicates, if any-
thing, that the business has made more exten-
sive plans and assumed a broader scope than
usual. It is, however, true that the effects of
commercial depression would require some time
to become manifest in publishers' lists. Books
are taken in hand long before they are pub-
licly announced, and the close of one season
finds the work of the next well under way.
In the department of historical literature,
several noteworthy works are promised. Per-
haps the most important are a work on Massa-
chusetts, by Mr. Charles Francis Adams; a
study in geographical discovery in the interior
of North America, by Dr. Justin Winsor; a
history of the English town in the fifteenth cen-
tury, by Miss Alice Stopford Green; and a
three-volume translation of the memoirs of the
Chancellor Pasquier. In biography, we must
mention first of all the life of Lowell which
Professor Woodberry has been writing for the
"American Men of Letters" series. The
author is sure to bring both scholarship and
literary grace to the work, and we will not
quarrel with the fact that the biography is to
fill two volumes, although such extended treat-
ment is probably disproportionate to the scope
of the series. While on the subject of Lowell,
we must not forget to mention the two prom-
ised volumes of letters, edited with loving care
by Professor Norton. Other promised biog-
raphies are a life of Jared Sparks, by Profes-
sor Herbert B. Adams; of Dean Stanley, by
Mr. R. E. Prothero; of Edwin Booth, by Mr.
William Winter; of Cardinal Manning, by
Mr. Edmund Sheridan Purcell; of William


136
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
Jay, by Mr. Bayard Tuckerman; and the au-
tobiography of Signor Salvini.
Among works of general literature the first
place must be given to the familiar letters of
Scott, edited by Mr. David Douglas; and to
Professor Jebb's volume of Turnbull lectures
upon classical Greek poetry. We are to have
the works of George William Curtis and of
Thomas Paine — two very unlike worthies —
■each in four volumes; the one edited by Pro-
fessor Norton, and the other by the Rev. M. D.
Conway. We are also to have a new volume
•of papers by Emerson, most of which have seen
the light in the magazines. The letters of Asa
Gray will have much more than a scientific in-
terest, and will fill two volumes. Pleasing, at
least, will be the volumes of essays by Mr.
Henry James and Miss Agnes Repplier, and
Mr. Lang's additional "Letters to Dead Au-
thors."
The announcements in poetry and fiction are
so numerous that we hardly know where to stop
in our selection, although it is easy to begin, in
the one class, with Parsons's poems and trans-
lation of Dante; in the other, with the " Pan
Michael " of Mr. Sienkiewicz, which will com-
plete the great historical trilogy of the Polish
novelist. Volumes of new verse are promised by
Mr. R. W. Gilder, Mr. Bliss Carman, the Rev.
E. E. Hale, Professor C. G. D. Roberts, and
Miss Mary Robinson, besides Professor Gold-
win Smith's collection of translations from the
Latin poets. In fiction, we may soon expect
"The Coast of Bohemia," by Mr. Howells;
"His Vanished Star," by Miss Murfree ; "The
Copperhead," by Mr. Harold Frederic; "The
White Islander," by Mrs. Catherwood ; "Ma-
rion Darche," by Mr. Crawford ; and " A Gen-
tleman of France," by Mr. Stanley J. Wey-
man.
In art, the most interesting announcements
are a volume of cats in photogravure, by Mad-
ame Ronner, who has made the expression of
feline character quite her own province; a
sumptuous work on French illustrators, by M.
Louis Morin; a great work on Rembrandt, by
M. Emile Michel; and a portfolio of proofs
from "The Century." Serious travel will be
represented by Dr. Nansen's work on Eskimo
life and the late Professor Freeman's studies of
travel in Italy and Greece. In lighter vein,
we are sure to find enjoyment in Mr. Janvier's
"An Embassy to Provence," in Miss Margaret
Symonds's Lombard sketches, in Mr. Scollard's
"On Sunny Shores," and in Mr. Lafcadio
Hearn's "Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan."
Educators will be glad to find collected into a
volume Dr. J. M. Rice's " Forum " articles on
the public schools of our large cities, and will
welcome the extensive lists of text-books of-
fered in all departments by several publishing
firms. In economics, the most important an-
nouncement appears to be Professor John S.
Nicholson's history of political economy.
In the other departments, our list must be
left to speak for itself. There will clearly be
no dearth of new works upon science, philoso-
phy, and religion; no lack of choice among
books for holiday gifts or of literature for youth-
ful readers. The latter categories, indeed, are
already bewildering in the variety that they in-
clude, but still additional announcements may
be expected during the coming weeks.
A FRENCH VIEW OF AMERICAN
COPYRIGHT.
We mentioned, some time ago, the "Note sur
1'Acte du 3 Mars, 1891," printed in pamphlet form
by the French Syndicat pour la Protection de la
Proprie'te' Litteraire et Artistique, and sent by that
body as its contribution to the proceedings of the
Congress of Authors. Another mark of French in-
terest in the Congress takes the shape of a lengthy
communication from the Association Litteraire et
Artistique Internationale, also sent to the Congress,
although addressed in form to the President of the
American Copyright League. We subjoin a trans-
lation of the more important passages of this com-
munication. After the usual preliminary salutations,
accompanied by congratulations upon the work al-
ready done by the Copyright League, the letter
proceeds to comment upon the Law of 1891:
"The American law, by its recognition of the rights
of authors during a period of forty-two years, has sanc-
tioned intellectual property in an excellent manner, and
although, in most European countries, these rights are
protected for a minimum period of fifty years after the
death of the author, we do not think that a modifica-
tion of the law in this respect should be urged. But
the question is different when we come to consider the
formalizes to be complied with. You are aware that
all our efforts are directed towards the recognition of
intellectual property without the necessity of complying
with any formalities. In France, for example, the
right comes into existence ipso facto with the act of pub-
lication, no registration being necessary. If registra-
tion is made at the Department of the Interior, it is
considered merely as an administrative formality, and
its omission neither lessens nor weakens the right of
ownership.
"In the United States such registration has been
deemed necessary to the very existence of the right of
ownership. We can only bow to the will of the legis-
lator, which seems, however, to have exceeded its limits
when, in the case of works by foreign authors, it has
added to the registration clause the obligation of re-


1893.]
137
THE DIAL
manufacture upon American soil, with American type
and paper.
"We understand clearly the nature of the consider-
ations that have impelled the legislator to protect a na-
tional industry by reserving to American printers a
monopoly of the manufacture of books circulating in
the United States.
"But, setting aside the question of books published
in the English language, we venture to observe that,
as far as it concerns books published in French, Italian,
Spanish, German, or other languages, the manufactur-
ing clause acts adversely to the object proposed.
"In fact, the considerable expense that it imposes
upon foreign authors constitutes an almost insurmount-
able obstacle to their claim of the right which the law
concedes.
"It is clearly the interest of American publishers
to secure, at a low cost, the ownership of works pub-
lished in Europe. But every contract made by them
with a foreign author is heavily handicapped by the pre-
liminary manufacturing clause.
'* Yet the intention of the legislator to recognize the
rights of the foreign author is very distinctly expressed.
How did it come about that he at the same time made
the exercise of those rights almost impossible? Would
it not have been more logical to prohibit the importa-
tion into the United States of all translations manufac-
tured abroad? In this way the monopoly of manufac-
ture would remain with the American publishers and
printers. The foreign author would register his work
at the Washington library, and this registration would
form the basis of the contract to be made between him
and the American publisher, the latter being guaranteed
against competition by bis inalienable right to the mate-
rial manufacture of the translation upon American soil.
"We believe this to be the path that the legislator
should take. With music and the graphic arts, likewise,
it seems to us that it should suffice (the work being
registered, and two copies manufactured in the country
of its origin being deposited at Washington) to reserve
to American publishers the monopoly of re-manufacture
upon American soil, a contract having been made with
the author.
"It would be preferable, indeed, that the free circu-
lation of intellectual works were assured throughout the
whole world, but it is not for us to dictate to the United
States a rule of conduct in a matter of which they alone
must judge. We merely seek a modus vivendi, appli-
cable to, yet improving, the present situation.
"We beg also to call your attention to the wellnigh
insurmountable difficulties arising from the legal re-
quirement of registration at Washington on the very
day of publication in the original country. Questions
of distance play such a part in the relations of Europe
with the United States that we need not insist upon a
point so obvious. The legislative condition of registra-
tion at Washington would be fulfilled even if foreign
authors were to be granted a month oi	wo of grace.
We believe that this modification, based upon logic and
the force of circumstances, would not meet with serious
opposition."
The letter closes with the expression of a wish
that the French Society might enter into closer and
more continuous relations with the American Copy-
right League, and with an invitation to take part
in the proceedings of the International Literary
and Artistic Congress to be held at Barcelona, and
opened the twenty-third of this month.
IBSEN'S TREATMENT OF SELF-
ILLUSION.
In no play of Ibsen's is the corrosive self-destroy-
ing character of his social criticism more apparent
than in "The Wild Duck." "A Doll-House " and
"The Pillars of Society " enforced the lesson that
unless there be truth in personal and social rela-
tions they cannot endure ; they are built upon sand,
and cannot brave the shocks of adversity. This
was perhaps the first positive lesson to be derived
from Ibsen's teachings. We felt that here we had
at last firm ground under our feet; and Pilate's
pertinent query, "What is truth ?" we left prelim-
inarily in abeyance. But no sooner have we
opened "The Wild Duck " than we find the earth
rocking and heaving in the most uncomfortable man-
ner. That which we mistook for rock was after all
nothing but quagmire. "The Wild Duck" teaches
us that the truth is by no means an unqualified boon.
It takes a strong spirit to endure it. To small, com-
monplace men, living in mean illusions, the truth
may be absolutely destructive. It is better for such
people to be permitted to cherish undisturbed their
little lies and self-deceptions than to be brought
face to face with the terrifying truth, lacking, as
they do, both the eourage and the strength to grap-
ple with it and to readjust their lives to radically
altered conditions.
It appears to me as if Ibsen had undertaken to
satirize himself in this play. "I have told you be-
fore that you must above all be truthful," he seems
to say; "that you must live your individual lives,
and refuse to adapt yourselves to the code of con-
duct of your Philistine neighbors; that you must
drain, if necessary, the wholesome cup of woe that
is put to your lips, and rise through suffering to a
higher and nobler manhood and womanhood. But
if you have been innocent enough to take me at my
word in these injunctions, I now find that they stand
in need of revision. It is not improbable that you
may be too paltry to be benefited by such heroic
diet, in which case I advise you to ignore what I
have said and remain in your old slough of pusillani-
mous mendacity and contentment."
This is the obvious moral of "The Wild Duck,"
if a moral it can be called. The situation is as fol-
lows:
Hjalmar Ekdal, a photographer in a small town,
is a lazy, miserable good-for-nothing, but with a
taste for theatrical phrase-making and grand atti-
tudes. He lives a sort of heroic dream-life, de-
voting himself, in fancy at least, to the perfecting
of a great invention, about which he talks a great
deal, without, however, making any visible progress.
By means of the fame which will come to him from
this beneficent enterprise, he intends to obliterate
the disgrace which has befallen his father, and vin-
dicate the family honor. The elder Ekdal, an ex-
lieutenant and lumber speculator, has been sentenced
to the penitentiary for violation of the forestry laws,
and, after having served out his sentence, is now


138
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
living with his son. He earns a little money by
copying documents for his former partner, the man-
ufacturer Werle, and promptly gets drunk on part
•of the proceeds of his industry. He is half in his
■dotage, and utterly devoid of all sense of honor.
In the loft of the house he has arranged a sort
of mock-forest, consisting of some old Christmas
trees, in the branches of which hens and pigeons
roost. Here he has also collected some rabbits,
and amuses himself by firing at them with a pis-
tol and a gun which always clicks. From the ser-
vants of Werle he has obtained a wild duck, which,
after having been wounded by their master, had
been retrieved by his dogs. Hedwig, his grand-
daughter, a little girl of fourteen, takes a great
(fancy to this • wild waterfowl, and daily spends
happy hours in the dark loft, watching the rabbits
and the pigeons. Her father, Hjalmar, though he
snakes a pretence of being deeply absorbed in sci-
entific meditation, is rarely averse to indulging in
■the same sport as his parent; and in fact the only
member of the family for whom the loft has no at-
traction is his wife Gina, who, by her attention to
■the housekeeping as well as the photographic busi-
ness, is the mainstay and support of her husband,
■daughter, and father-in-law. She is a simple, un-
reflecting creature, and is therefore easily imposed
upon by Hjalmar's theatricals. She honestly be-
lieves him to be the remarkable genius he pro-
claims himself to be, misunderstood and disdained
by the world, but bound to shed his chrysalis some
day and rise into the air as a golden butterfly.
She had in her maiden days been a servant in
Werle's employ, and the marriage had, in fact, been
arranged by the great manufacturer. There was a
rumor afloat that she had also been his mistress;
but if it had ever reached Hjalmar's ears, he magnan-
imously ignored it.
Now all these people are living more or less sor-
did lives, but each one is happy in his particular
illusion. Ekdal hunts imaginary bears in an im-
aginary forest, and gets drunk as often as he can af-
ford it. If he dreams of the contempt with which
he is regarded, he is not in the least troubled by it.
Hjalmar glories in being a misunderstood genius,
poses as a model husband, son, and father, and though
the very incarnation of ruthless selfishness, drapes
himself most successfully in a garb of virtue, as
substantial as the Emperor's new clothes in Hans
Christian Andersen's story. His daughter takes
all his fine phrases at their face value, and while she
wears out her little life retouching photographs for
him, is greatly moved and edified by his magnanim-
ity. , He knows that she is losing her eye-sight, and
makes pathetic speeches about her gliding into the
■eternal night, but it does not occur to him to re-
lieve her of her labor.
Gina, finally, is contented enough, after her
fashion, because she demands but little of life, and
has too blunt a conscience to be troubled by her
past delinquency as long as it is safely hidden.
Into the midst of this peaceful circle drops one
day Gregers Werle, a son of the manufacturer and
a former schoolfellow of Hjalmar. He knows the
true state of affairs, and regards it as a sacred
duty to reveal to his friend the ignominy in which
he is living. He has been dazzled by his grand
professions, which he takes for good coin. He be-
lieves that a relation founded upon a lie can never
be a happy one; and persuades himself that the
truth, under all circumstances, is wholesome and
purifying. Hjalmar and Gina, standing, as it
were, soul to soul, stripped of their false draperies,
will, he thinks, find each other and be united in a
true and ideal marriage. But in these suppositions
he reckons without his host. The photographer,
when he learns of his wife's former liason and the
paternity of his supposed child, is not so very deeply
shocked; nay, at bottom, perhaps, he is nearly in-
different. But he knows what is expected of him
in such a moment; and he casts about him for a
truly heroic part. He must justify Gregers's opin-
ion of him, and the demands of his own dignity.
So he summons his wife, and in lofty phrases cate-
chizes her concerning her past. The poor simple
soul confesses unhesitatingly. She is delightful
in her blunt honesty, which contrasts so glaringly
with her husband's high-flown hypocrisy. When
reproached for not having confessed before their
marriage, she asks, naively:
"But would you have married me all the same?
Hjalmar. — How can you imagine such a thing?
<'/.i v\. — No; but that was the reason I did not dare tell
you anything then. For I got to love you very much, as you
know. And I could not go and make myself completely un-
happy."
When asked if she has not suffered an anguish
of remorse during all these years, she replies:
"Why, dear Ekdal, I've had enough to do in attending to
the house and the daily supervision of things."
Such callousness, such degradation, makes Hjal-
mar despair—or, I should say, assume the mask of
despair. He must (though it tires him a little) re-
main upon the heights of sublimity to which he has
mounted. He commands Gina to pack his trunk.
He must separate from her. He cannot continue
to live a life of infamy, practically supported by a
former rival for his wife's favor; for he learns that
Werle has constantly overpaid the elder Ekdal
for his copying, and that it is this money which has
enabled them to maintain their household in com-
fort. But now all this must come to an end. With
a grand gesture, Hjalmar tears to pieces a docu-
ment in which the elder Werle pledges himself to
pay one hundred crowns per month to the elder
Ekdal, and after the hitter's death to continue the
payment of the same sum to Hedwig. With fever-
ish impatience he makes all the preparations for
his departure from his desecrated home, and revels
all the while in the admiration of his friend Gre-
gers. But when the moment comes for decisive
action, he wavers. On one flimsy pretext after
another, he postpones his journey. He thrusts
Hedwig away from him, and cruelly wounds the
feelings of the affectionate child. He fumes and


1893.]
139
THE DIAL
frets while considering the more sordid aspect of
the situation which now presents itself to him. He
concludes to do nothing rash; but to remain at
home until he can find new lodgings. With great
care he collects the scattered bits of Werle's prom-
issory note and pastes them together, because he has
no right, he avers, to renounce what is not his own.
Gina brings him coffee and sandwiches, which he
consumes with a lugubrious zest; and though he is
a little shamefaced when Gregers surprises him in
this prosaic occupation, he endeavors, though not
quite successfully, to recover his heroic tone. He
is really anxious to be persuaded to remain; but
feels in duty bound to yield only by degrees, and
with the proper amount of high-flown declamation.
He enjoys the interesting situation, and cannot af-
ford to dismiss it before having displayed his full
arsenal of noble sentiments.
The child, of course, which he has cherished like
a snake in his bosom, offers unlimited opportuni-
ties for fine rhetoric; and Hjalmar does not fail
to improve them. Gregers, to whom Hedwig has
betrayed her grief, because her father will no longer
believe that she loves him, has persuaded her to
prove her love for him by the highest sacrifice in
her power. And as the wild duck is the thing
she is fondest of, while Hjalmar has always pro-
fessed to dislike it, Gregers advises her to kill it
with her own hand. But so great is her misery, her
feeling of superfluity and disgrace, that she turns
the pistol against herself and sends the bullet into
her own heart.
Ibsen sums up the moral of his play in the words
of Dr. Relling (a cynical friend of the family):
"Life might yet be quite tolerable, if we were only left in
peace by these blessed duns who are continually knocking at
the doors of us poor folk with their 'ideal demand.'"
Rarely has a poet so ruthlessly satirized himself
as Ibsen does in this remark. For it was this very
ideal demand of which he had proclaimed himself
the prophet. He is the most persistent of those
duns who knock at the door of the average human
soul, and disturb its sleepful contentment by their
unwearied insistence upon full payment. But the
bankrupt debtor is obliged to compromise at twenty,
forty, or sixty per cent, or utterly repudiate the
debt; and the stern reminders of his dun cannot
make him pay more than he has.
The mood in which Ibsen wrote "The Wild
Duck " was one of deep dejection — if not despair.
"You have got to take men as they are made,"
he seems to have said to himself, "and no amount
of preaching will make them any better than they
are. I, with my ideal demand, may have been as
great a mischief-maker as Gregers Werle." And
in order to emphasize this cynical lesson, he has in
the relation of the elder Werle to Mrs. SOrby fur-
nished a counter foil to the Ekdal couple, who,
after the revelation of the truth, settle down in a
sort of hideous shivering nudity into a barren and
joyless slough, stripped of all embellishing dra-
pery. Werle senior is an utterly prosaic person,
and frankly tells his fiance of all his escapades;
whereupon she, encouraged by his freedom from
prejudice, makes an equally compromising confes-
sion. These two then form a marriage based upon
the truth; and we are left to form our own con-
clusions as to the nature of their union.
No, the truth is only for the strong; and the
strong are few. The ordinary man needs more or
less harmless lies to bolster up his self-respect; for
without self-respect there can be no contentment.
This is the doctrine very trenchantly preached by
Dr. Relling, who charitably devotes himself to in-
venting the fitting lie which will minister to the
happiness of each of his patients. It is he who in-
stills into Hjalmar's mind the idea that he is des-
tined to make a great discovery, which will lift
photography into the region of exact science; and
with the same ingenuity he saves the self-respect of
his bibulous friend, the theologian Molvik, by per-
suading him that his drunkenness is "daemonic"
—i. e., the necessary and inevitable outbreak of some
great undelivered force within him which has not
found expression in its proper sphere.
If instead of the ugly word " lie " we substitute
its poetic synonym "illusion," I fancy no one will
seriously object to Dr. Relling's theory. For every
one of us has his own illusion of life, himself in-
cluded; and his happiness depends upon the vivid-
ness, the completeness, with which he is able to fit
this illusion into actuality, or as much of it as ob-
trudes itself upon his observation. I know I am a
greater, a more admirable man in my own estimation
than, most probably, I am in the estimation of the
majority of my friends; and if I did not have the
private consolation of knowing that I am right and
that they are wrong, I should not regard existence
as much of a boon. My happiness—nay, my very
desire for self-preservation—therefore depends upon
my power of self-deception. If any Mephisto-
phelian friend should ever succeed in convincing
me of what infinitely small account I am in the
world—what a fortuitous agglomeration of atoms,
hovering in the boundless space — I fear I should
be tempted to follow the example of poor Hedwig.
I can imagine no greater calamity that could befall'
a man than a sudden opening of his vision—a sud-
den dispelling of all illusion—enabling him to real-
ize with absolute correctness his relations to the uni-
verse.
In "Brand" Ibsen quotes with approval the
scriptural passage, "No man can see Jehovah and
live." All truth that we see, in this life, is largely
alloyed with falsehood; it is relative, not absolute.
As Leasing says, "If God held truth shut in His
right hand, and in his left hand nothing but the
ever restless striving for truth, though with the con-
dition of forever erring, and should say to me,
'Choose,' I would humbly bow to His left hand and
say, 'Father, give me this; pure truth is for Thee
alone.'"
What Lessing meant by truth, in this instance,
was the great fundamental facte which underlie ex-


140
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
istence—the eternal verities, physical and spiritual,
which determine our relation to God and to our fel-
low-men. But it might readily be extended to all
human relations. The proposition would still hold
good, that illusion is the prime requisite of happiness.
H.JALMAR H. BOVKSKN*.
COMMUNICA TIONS.
A COLUMBIAN CELEBRATION A HUNDRED
YEARS AGO.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
A little book of 77 pages now in my possession fur-
nishes evidence that the three hundredth anniversary of
the discovery of America was not allowed to pass un-
noticed, and affords also some interesting glimpses of
our country and its affairs as they appeared a hundred
years ago. Some account of the book and its author
may therefore be acceptable at this time. The book is
entitled " An Oration on the Discovery of America, de-
livered in London, October 12th, 1792." The orator
was Elhanan Winchester, a noted character in his day.
According to the best information that I can get, he was
born near Boston, Mass., in 1751. He began preach-
ing in his eighteenth year, and, passing through several
phases of religious belief, finally developed into a Univer-
salist clergyman. During our Revolution he earnestly
sympathized with the American cause, composing a num-
ber of so-called " political hymns," more remarkable for
their piety and patriotism than for their poetry. After
the war, in 1787, he visited England, where he remained
several years, preaching his doctrines of universal sal-
vation and universal liberty. Returning to America in
1794, he died at Hartford in 1797.
Passing over the historical portions of the work, which
tell the familiar story of Columbus and his discovery very
much as it is told to-day, and some speculations, more
curious than valuable, as to the origin of the first inhab-
itants of our continent, we come to the more interesting
chapters giving the outlook on America in 1792. The
population of the entire continent (North, South, and
Central America) is estimated at twenty millions. When
as densely populated as Holland then was, the Amer-
ican continent is capable of containing three thousand
three hundred and four millions. The orator exclaims:
"Considered in this light, what an astonishing scene rises
to our view 1 God, who formed the earth, created it not in
vain ; he formed it to be inhabited; and I have no doubt that
before the conflagration takes place, the earth shall be inhab-
ited and cultivated to the utmost possible extent; this shall
be in the glorious milleninm, or the thousand years' reign of
Christ on earth; which happy period is fast approaching and
I trust is even at the door. Then, and not till then, shall the
full importance of the discovery of America be known."
Among the lessons already taught by the United
States are enumerated the practicability of democracy,
the wisdom of separating church and state, the justice
of abolishing cruel and unnecessarily severe punishment
for crime, and the strength of a mild and equable form
of government as contrasted with the weakness of more
arbitrary principalities.
Notwithstanding the near approach of the millennium,
which he has just predicted, the orator foretells the
rapid development of his native land in the following
prophecy, which has been so abundantly fulfilled:
"The century to come will improve America far more than
the three centuries past. The prospect opens, it extends it-
self upon us. 'The wilderness and solitary place shall rejoice,
and the desert shall rejoice and blossom as the rose.' I look
forward to that glorious day when that vast continent shall
be populated with civilized and religious people, when heav-
enly wisdom and virtue, and all that can civilize and bless the
children of men, shall cover that part of the globe as the
waters cover the seas.
"Transported at the thought, I am borne forward to days
of distant renown. In my expanded view, the United States
rise in all their ripened glory before me. I look through and
beyond every yet peopled region of the New World, and be-
hold period still brightening upon period. Where one con-
tiguous depth of gloomy wilderness now shuts out even the
beams of day, I see new states and empires, new seats of wis-
dom and knowledge, new religious domes spreading around.
In places now untrod by any but savage beasts, or men as
savage as they, I hear the voice of happy labor, and see beau-
tiful cities rising to view, behold the whole continent highly
cultivated and fertilized, full of cities, towns, and villages,
beautiful and lovely beyond expression. I hear the praises
of my great Creator sung upon the banks of these rivers now
unknown to song. Behold the delightful prospect! See the
silver and gold of America employed in the service of the
Lord of the whole earth! See slaver}', with all its train of
attendant evils, forever abolished! See a communication
opened through the whole continent, from north to south and
from east to west, through a most fruitful country. Behold
the glory of God extending, and the Gospel spreading through
the whole land I"
An appendix to the published oration contains the pre-
posterous "political hymns" already alluded to, a bio-
graphical sketch of George Washington, and a plan and
description of the new city to be called Washington,
"at the junction of the rivers Pawtomack and the East-
ern branch." The valleys of the Mississippi and the
Missouri, the Great Basin of the West, and the Pacific
Coast, constituted an unknown land. The western line
of Pennsylvania was the limit of civilization. The
present national capital, with its throngs of people com-
ing and going daily, is described as situated upon " the
great post road, equi-distant from the northern and
southern extremities of the Union, and nearly so from
the Atlantick and Pittsburg." Added to this is the
first census of the United States recently completed and
certified to by " T. Jefferson, Secretary of State." The
total population of the republic in 1792 footed up 3,925,-
253. The five largest states in point of population were
Virginia, 747,610; Pennsylvania, 434,373; North Car-
olina, 393,751; Massachusetts, 378,787; New York,
340,120. Maine and Massachusetts were the only states
not possessing slaves. In Virginia the slaves numbered
292,627; in New York, 21,324. The towns in point of
size ranked, Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Balti-
more, and Charleston; in trade, New York, Philadelphia,
Boston, Charleston, and Baltimore.
How far Mr. Winchester succeeded in instilling Amer-
ican principles into the minds of his hearers, it is im-
possible to say. One cannot fail to admire bis courage,
however, in stoutly proclaiming his convictions in the
very centre of British conservatism, while resentment
against the young republic was still bitter and the term
"Yankee "was considered synonymous with rebel. Could
he have realized how accurately his predictions would
be fulfilled by the next Columbian centenary, it would
have given peculiar emphasis to his closing paragraph: " I
die; but God will surely visit America, and make it a vast,
flourishing, and populous empire; will take it under his
protection, and bless it abundantly; — but the prospect
is too glorious for my pen to describe. I add no more."
Chicago, Sept. 6, 1893. . James L. Ondkrdonk.


1893.]
141
THE DIAL
Wqt Itfefo Books.
Ax Old Hope in a New Ljgiit.*
The essay, considered strictly as a work of
literary art, has had in our day no more strik-
ing illustration than may be found in the vol-
umes of Mr. Frederic Myers. A pure and
weighty style, producing, without any trick of
rhythmical imitation, an effect akin to the po-
etical, combined with a selection and arrange-
ment of material resulting from a rare sense
of relative values, gives to such essays as those
upon Virgil and Mazzini a high place among
the masterpieces of English prose. And we
must ascribe to them not only such excellence
of manner, but also a degree of scholarship
that is not often allowed to appear within the
limits of the essay. When we add that the
subjects chosen by Mr. Myers are mostly of
such nature as to touch upon the highest con-
cerns, that his essays have for no small part
of their aim the transformation for modern
uses, or the translation into modern terms, of
the best wisdom of the past, the large discourse
of poet and philosopher, we shall at least have
indicated the nature of their claim upon the
attention of thoughtful readers.
We are all the more concerned to give to
the work of Mr. Myers this unstinted measure
of praise, because the essays collectively enti-
tled "Science and a Future Life," which make
up the author's latest volume, cannot be seri-
ously reviewed without considerable dissent
from their conclusions, or without one import-
ant exception to their form. To take this ex-
ception first, and to put the matter bluntly, the
contents of this collection are so colored by the
peculiar theories of the Society for Psychical
Research, so characterized by special pleading
in behalf of a series of propositions consid-
ered by most serious thinkers not merely im-
probable but absolutely untenable, that the es-
says are wanting in the judicial quality of the
best criticism, and are even, to a certain extent,
misleading. Whether the subject be " Charles
Darwin and Agnosticism," "The Disenchant-
ment of France," or " Modern Poets and Cosmic
Law," the discussion eventually shapes itself
into an argument for telepathy, or ghosts, or
the communion of the liying with the dead.
Mr. Myers has to a certain extent met this ob-
jection by a title which indicates the common
tendency of the essays, and adverse criticism is
• Science and a Fcturb Life. With Other Essays. By
Frederic W. H. Myers. New York: Macmillan & Co.
at least partly disarmed by the unusual candor
of the writer, by his scrupulous care to give to
the views of his opponents the full weight due
them, and by the unquestionable honesty of his
belief that the psychical researchers are really
on the track of a new cosmic law of funda-
mental significance.
The attitude of Mr. Myers toward modern
science, with its destructive criticism of relig-
ious beliefs, is very different from that of most
defenders of the faith. He is sufficiently fa-
miliar with scientific method to respect its re-
sults, and never, even by suggestion, invokes
the odium theologicum in aid of his contention.
We doubt not, indeed, that he welcomes the
work done by science in freeing religions
thought from its accretions of theological rub-
bish. But he holds firmly, even passionately
(and passion rarely leaves the judgment un-
warped), to the belief in a conscious personal
immortality, seeking to find new grounds for
the belief, more substantial than those which,
he admits, science has largely brought into dis-
credit. "The educated world," he sees, "is
waking up to find that no mere trifles or tra-
ditions only, but the great hope which inspired
their fathers aforetime, is insensibly vanishing
away." And, claiming that " a question so mo-
mentous should not thus be suffered to go by
default," he calls for a new " stocktaking of evi-
dence," an inquiry whether " any evidence has
been discovered bearing on a question which,
after all, is to science a question of evidence
alone."
It is in the new field of experimental psy-
chology that Mr. Myers looks for the new evi-
dence that is to rehabilitate an old and dying
hope. He finds such evidence in the recent
investigations of the abnormal consciousness,
of the phenomena of hypnotism and multiple
personality. He also finds it in the curious col-
lections of the Society for Psychical Research.
The great majority among men of science, of
course, reject as totally inadequate the evidence
for the phenomena of the latter class; while
for those of the former class, admitting many
of them to have received proper evidential sub-
stantiation, they find necessary no such inter-
pretation as is given them by Mr. Myers. What
if there be a subliminal consciousness, they
say; what if the personality assume, in cer-
tain cases, a dual aspect; what if we have
learned "to conceive of our normal conscious-
ness as representing only a fragment of the
activity going on in our brains "? Mr. Myers
is himself candid enough to admit that " these


140 THE
DIAL
[Sept. 16,
istence—the eternal verities, physical and spiritual,
which determine our relation to God and to our fel-
low-men. But it might readily be extended to all
human relations. The proposition would still hold
good, that illusion is the prime requisite of happiness.
H.JALMAR H. Boy Esex.
COMMUNICATIONS.
A COLUMBIAN CELEBRATION A HUNDRED
YEARS AGO.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
A little book of 77 pages now in my possession fur-
nishes evidence that the three hundredth anniversary of
the discovery of America was not allowed to pass un-
noticed, and affords also some interesting glimpses of
our country and its affairs as they appeared a hundred
years ago. Some account of the book and its author
may therefore be acceptable at this time. The book is
entitled “An Oration on the Discovery of America, de-
livered in London, October 12th, 1792.” The orator
was Elhanan Winchester, a noted character in his day.
According to the best information that I can get, he was
born near Boston, Mass., in 1751. He began preach-
ing in his eighteenth year, and, passing through several
phases of religious belief, finally developed into a Univer-
salist clergyman. During our Revolution he earnestly
sympathized with the American cause, composing a num-
ber of so-called “political hymns,” more remarkable for
their piety and patriotism than for their poetry. After
the war, in 1787, he visited England, where he remained
several years, preaching his doctrines of universal sal-
vation and universal liberty. Returning to America in
1794, he died at Hartford in 1797.
Passing over the historical portions of the work, which
tell the familiar story of Columbus and his discovery very
much as it is told to-day, and some speculations, more
curious than valuable, as to the origin of the first inhab-
itants of our continent, we come to the more interesting
chapters giving the outlook on America in 1792. The
population of the entire continent (North, South, and
Central America) is estimated at twenty millions. When
as densely populated as Holland then was, the Amer-
ican continent is capable of containing three thousand
three hundred and four millions. The orator exclaims:
“Considered in this light, what an astonishing scene rises
to our view! God, who formed the earth, created it not in
vain; he formed it to be inhabited; and I have no doubt that
before the conflagration takes place, the earth shall beinhab-
ited and cultivated to the utmost possible extent; this shall
be in the glorious millenium, or the thousand years' reign of
Christ on earth; which happy period is fast approaching and
I trust is even at the door. Then, and not till then, shall the
full importance of the discovery of America be known.”
Among the lessons already taught by the United
States are enumerated the practicability of democracy,
the wisdom of separating church and state, the justice
of abolishing cruel and unnecessarily severe punishment
for crime, and the strength of a mild and equable form
of government as contrasted with the weakness of more
arbitrary principalities.
Notwithstanding the near approach of the millennium,
which he has just predicted, the orator foretells the
rapid development of his native land in the following
prophecy, which has been so abundantly fulfilled:
“The century to come will improve America far more than
the three centuries past. The prospect opens, it extends it-
self upon us. “The wilderness and solitary place shall rejoice,
and the desert shall rejoice and blossom as the rose.” I look
forward to that glorious day when that vast continent shall
be populated with civilized and religious people, when heav-
enly wisdom and virtue, and all that can civilize and bless the
children of men, shall cover that part of the globe as the
waters cover the seas.
“Transported at the thought, I am borne forward to days
of distant renown. In my expanded view, the United States
rise in all their ripened glory before me. I look through and
beyond every yet peopled region of the New World, and be-
hold period still brightening upon period. Where one con-
tiguous depth of gloomy wilderness now shuts out even the
beams of day, I see new states and empires, new seats of wis-
dom and knowledge, new religious domes spreading around.
In places now untrod by any but savage beasts, or men as
savage as they, I hear the voice of happy labor, and see beau-
tiful cities rising to view, behold the whole continent highly
cultivated and fertilized, full of cities, towns, and villages,
beautiful and lovely beyond expression. I hear the praises
of my great Creator sung upon the banks of these rivers now
unknown to song. Behold the delightful prospectſ See the
silver and gold of America employed in the service of the
Lord of the whole earth ! See slavery, with all its train of
attendant evils, forever abolished 1 See a communication
opened through the whole continent, from north to south and
from east to west, through a most fruitful country. Behold
the glory of God extending, and the Gospel spreading through
the whole land l’’
An appendix to the published oration contains the pre-
posterous “political hymns” already alluded to, a bio-
graphical sketch of George Washington, and a plan and
description of the new city to be called Washington,
“at the junction of the rivers Pawtomack and the East-
ern branch.” The valleys of the Mississippi and the
Missouri, the Great Basin of the West, and the Pacific
Coast, constituted an unknown land. The western line
of Pennsylvania was the limit of civilization. The
present national capital, with its throngs of people com-
ing and going daily, is described as situated upon “the
great post road, equi-distant from the northern and
southern extremities of the Union, and nearly so from
the Atlantick and Pittsburg.” Added to this is the
first census of the United States recently completed and
certified to by “T. Jefferson, Secretary of State.” The
total population of the republic in 1792 footed up 3,925-
253. The five largest states in point of population were
Virginia, 747,610; Pennsylvania, 434,373; North Car-
olina, 393,751; Massachusetts, 378,787; New York,
340,120. Maine and Massachusetts were the only states
not possessing slaves. In Virginia the slaves numbered
292,627; in New York, 21,324. The towns in point of
size ranked, Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Balti-
more, and Charleston; in trade, New York, Philadelphia,
Boston, Charleston, and Baltimore.
How far Mr. Winchester succeeded in instilling Amer-
ican principles into the minds of his hearers, it is im-
possible to say. One cannot fail to admire his courage,
however, in stoutly proclaiming his convictions in the
very centre of British conservatism, while resentment
against the young republic was still bitter and the term
“Yankee” was considered synonymous with rebel. Could
he have realized how accurately his predictions would
be fulfilled by the next Columbian centenary, it would
have given peculiar emphasis to his closing paragraph:"I
die; but Godwill surely visit America, and make it a vast,
flourishing, and populous empire; will take it under his
protection, and bless it abundant ºut the -
is too glorious for
Chicago, sep


1893.]
THE DIAL
the Xrºs Besºs.
-- - -
AN OLD HoPE IN A NEW L-ser-
The essay, eonsidered strictly as * *** *
literary art has had in our day as mºst sº
ing illustration than may be fe-i = tie -
umes of Mr. Frederie Myers. A Pºrt inst
weighty style, producing, withºut ºn tº ºf
rhythmical imitation, an effes aka = i+2'-
etical, combined with a selectiºn º ºs-
ment of material resulting frº-ar-º-
of relative values, gives to such esºs ==
upon Virgil and Mazzinia high pºeming
the masterpieces of English Prº- and we
must ascribe to them not only sº ºn-
of manner, but also a degree ºf sº
that is not often allowed to appear wººie
limits of the essay. When we aii tº the
subjects chosen by Mr. Myers are ºf
such nature as to touch upºn the highes--
cerns, that his essays have fºr as sºlº
of their aim the transformatºfºrº
uses, or the translation into mºder-ºn-ºr
the best wisdom of the past-tº-large-
of poet and philosºpher, we shall-º-º-
indicated the nature of their air-º-
attention of thoughtful readers.
We are all the more ºries ºries
I-I
===-is- - - *
* = - r ==== * ~ *
* * * * * * *-* *
==== r = ** * * *
Reier is ire isºma -º
-
The sºme ºr Art Mºve-a- -
s= - via is e-º-º-º-º- * -
* -i- = - ºr- = - * *
- ------- *
- -
---ºf Tº
====----
===== -=-
----- -
--------
= ------
=====-
* -----
===---
---------
==----
==-----
------
== -----
====-
==i----
----
---
neº-
the work of Mr. Myers this unstºm- |-- -
of praise, because the essayseº ------- -
tled “Science and a Future Life º----- .
º up the author's latest vola---------- .
e ously reviewed without eºsierºe ---
º from their conclusions of wººe- ----- .
e ant exception to their form. Tºtte- ----- ... .
ception first, and to put thematºr **- opics
* contents of this collectionare- ----- lit for
º peculiar theories of the Sºi-Pºº- - l their
º Research, so characterized by sº º --
in behalf of a series ºf ºn - - be Con-
º ered by most serious thinker ---- - ure, but is
º **** ------ in of vi.
. º *** - - of i. cell
º **icism; and are even-º-º-º- - - nº factors in
misleading. W hether *** - - i. the
º Darwin and Agnosticism." ** - - uniform and ho-
º ment of France. **Modern P- - various sorts of
º Law,” the discussion er- --- greater in cells
- -- - -
º .." * *º-º- - - that have reached
Mr. Myers has - º--- - e called fully devel-
| º "ºº-- - - be seen to follow
jection by a title whº - - most compl II .
º tendency of the e--- - o mplex cell in
º - - - al; and this we can be-
º º - __ - at the body is necessarily
- -- P- levelopment or unfolding of


142
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
expanding psychological prospects are still con-
sistent with the view that all our mental activ-
ities, however extensive and however subdivis-
ible, may be dependent on cerebral changes,
and may end with death." And having made
this admission, there is little use in his adding,
"The very magnitude of the change in our con-
ception of personality might well make us pause
before repeating the dogmas of negation which
were framed with regard to far simpler and
narrower facts." Why should the new con-
ception of personality " make us pause," if the
old view of our mental activities is comprehen-
sive enough to include, without readjustment,
all the new facts? To get any really logical sup-
port for his view, Mr. Myers is compelled to
rely upon what are denied to be facts by nearly
all serious psychologists, upon the alleged phe-
nomena of thought-transference, of "phantasms
of the living " and of hallucinatory images of
the dying. It is surely a little premature to
base a theory of personal immortality upon
data which have not themselves gained the ac-
ceptance of even a respectable minority among
psychologists. It is a good rule to postpone
the construction of your theory until you have
established the facts upon which it must of ne-
cessity rest; enough of the facts, that is, to
afford a working foundation. This was the rule
that Darwin — to whom one of the author's es-
says pays generous tribute—followed with such
magnificent success.
Mr. Myers, in his opening essay, which bears
the title given the entire volume, expressly ex-
cludes from his discussion the "moral and
emotional arguments " by which belief in a fu-
ture life is usually supported. Yet he seems
to us to stand upon firmer ground when he
comes back to those arguments in a later chap-
ter. The essay on "Tennyson as Prophet,''
and the other essay, largely devoted to the
same theme, entitled " Modern Poets and Cos-
mic Law," offer a plea more convincing than
any to be based upon the imperfectly appre-
hended phases of the abnormal consciousness,
or upon the ill-attested stories collected by the
Society for Psychical Research. The argument
from authority is always a dangerous argument
to invoke, yet surely the authority of a man like
Tennyson is not lightly to be set aside. The loft-
iest of the poets have always numbered among
their functions that of prophecy; their title to
enduring fame has rested chiefly upon their
character as seers, upon their insight, deeper
than that of their fellow men, into the things of
the spirit. Now Tennyson, who knew and un-
derstood as well as any man of his age the
work of later nineteenth-century science, pre-
served a faith, that grew stronger with his ad-
vancing years, in the doctrine of conscious per-
sonal immortality, a faith to which, in public
and in private, he frequently gave impas-
sioned and even vehement expression. This
fact will not mean to most thinkers as much as
it means to our essayist, who says: "We have
lost our head and our chief; the one man,
surely, in all the world to-day who, from a tow-
ering eminence which none could question, af-
firmed the realities which to us are all." But
of it the most indifferent must take some ac-
count; the most unmoved by Tennyson's spir-
itual message must still be impressed by the
cento of passages bearing upon the destinies of
man, collected by Mr. Myers from the writings
of the poet. In this aspect of his thought,
"Tennyson is the prophet simply of a Spir-
itual Universe: the proclaimer of man's spirit
as part and parcel of that Universe, and in-
destructible as the very root of things."
We may, however, accept this latter prop-
osition without putting upon it the narrow in-
terpretation claimed for it by Mr. Myers. He
would be the last to deny that the philosoph-
ical view of the universe bi-oadens immensely
and even transforms the popular notion of im-
mortality. And he is not well advised to treat
with covert contempt the Positivist form of
that notion, comparing it with " the grin with-
out the cat of the popular fairy tale," and
adding, with a touch of misplaced satire, that
"all in this sad world is well, since Auguste
Comte has demonstrated that the effect of our
deeds lives after us, so that what we used to
call eternal death — the cessation, in point of
fact, of our own existence — may just as well
be considered as eternal life of a very superior
description." Most philosophic thinkers have
found themselves forced to substitute for the
narrow personal interpretation of the term im-
mortality some such interpretation as is em-
bodied in the Religion of Humanity, or is found
in the universal soul of the pantheistic philos-
ophies, or is logically implied in the idealism
of Berkeley and Schopenhauer. Indeed, many
of the Tennysonian passages collected by the
writer in support of the narrower view lend
themselves with little difficulty to the wider,
and thus illustrate afresh the fact that the
really great poet builds better than he knows
the structure of his song.
One point more, and we have done. In read-
ing a book like the one before us we cannot re-


1893.]
143
THE DIAL
frain from the question: This constant preoc-
cupation with a life to come—this insistent de-
mand which will be satisfied with nothing less
than the survival of memory after death, with
the unbroken continuation of our present series
of conscious states,—is it helpful to the pursu-
ance of the life that now is, with its manifold
tasks and obligations? Goethe thought not
so; nor Emerson : nor Spinoza, whose splendid
phrase, "The free man thinks of nothing less
than of death," gives, to those who have taken
its meaning to heart, a heightened sense of the
dignity of the life which is now unquestionably
ours, if only for a time. And we cannot ad-
mit, what the author seems to take for granted,
that the existence of a moral purpose in the
universe is in any way indissolubly linked with
the continuation of our individual series of
states of consciousness. What need of invok-
ing unknown forces and unseen powers to prove
that the universe is moral? Is not man a part
of the universe, and is there not a moral pur-
pose in human life? In what sense, even, can
we imagine a moral universe except as man
makes it such? To our mind, there is a more
profound conception of the essential meaning
of morality, a conception closer to the truth
than that for which Mr. Myers argues, in the
view of the greatest of our poets now living,
which the essayist formulates, only to reject as
inadequate, in the following impressive terms:
"There is another phase of thought which also
Mr. Swinburne has presented with singular
fire. That is the resolve that even if there be
no moral purpose already in the world, man
shall put it there ; that even if all evolution be
necessarily truncated, yet moral evolution, so
loug as our race lasts, there shall be; that even
if man's virtue be momentary, he shall act as
though it were an eternal gain."
William Morton Payne.
The Vehicle of Heredity.*
While the majority of the biologists of the
present day are engaged in the attempt to un-
ravel the mysteries of cell life, including that
most mysterious phase of cytic life, reproduc-
tion, and are seeking as far as possible, with
the aid of the microscope, to see all the most
hidden circumstances of the act, there are also
a great many other students who are seeking
* The Gekm-Plasm: A Theory of Heredity. By August
Weismann. Translated by W. Newton Parker, Ph.D.. and
Harriet Ronnfeldt, B.Sc. New York: Charles Scribner's
bona.
to add reasoning to the methods of the labora-
tory and thereby to look behind the scenes and
have a peep at nature's inmost secrets. Of all
the writers of this latter class, Professor Weis-
mann of Freiburg has probably attracted the
greatest notice. He has during the past ten
years been publishing articles of the utmost im-
portance on the general subject of the physical
structures and mechanisms of cell life and de-
velopment, the central problem in his series of
articles having been a mechanical statement of
the facts of heredity. Noticing the patent fact
that living creatures tend to produce their kind,
he has sought to discover among the now im-
mense mass of accumulated information bear-
ing on the subject the clue to the cause of this
so universal truth. A host of other writers
have also approached the subject, and many of
them have aided in the attempt at a solution
of the mystery. But no one of them all has
presented so completely elaborated and so
plausible a theory of heredity as that of the
author now engaging our attention. He has
written many articles, and they have for the
most part been translated into our tongue and
found their way into the hands of a great many
readers. His latest work constitutes the last
number of the very valuable " Contemporary
Science" series entitled "The Germ-Plasm,
A Theory of Heredity." The book is by no
means easy reading; in fact, it is the most ab-
struse number of the series up to this date.
There is not, however, any lack of clearness
either on the part of the writer or the trans-
lators, though it is inevitable that a work on so
comparatively unusual a subject should not be
as instantly intelligible as more usual topics
are. The translators deserve great credit for
the way in which they have performed their
part in this most excellent production.
The cell is no longer, as of yore, to be con-
sidered the unit of biological structure, but is
itself a structure or organism consisting of vi-
tal units. The seat of the forces of the cell
is the nucleus, and the controlling factors in
cell-life are within the nucleus. Moreover, the
substance of the nucleus is not uniform and ho-
mogeneous, but is composed of various sorts of
elements, their variety being greater in cells
not yet mature than in those that have reached
their final form and can be called fully devel-
oped. From this it will be seen to follow
that the egg cell is the most complex cell in
the body of any animal; and this we can be-
lieve, as we reflect that the body is necessarily
the result of the development or unfolding of


144
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
its contents. The nucleus has been proved to
be the controlling factor in cell development
by such observations as this one of Boveri, a
very expert embryological observer, who took
the nucleus out of a certain kind of sea ur-
chin's egg and then fertilized the egg with the
sperm of another species, whereupon the egg
developed not into the species of the mother
but into that of the spermatozoon. This proves
that the male nucleus has hereditary power,
and on other grounds it is shown that the fe-
male nucleus also has the same power. The
nucleus is thus shown to be the source of all
the hereditary influences which actuate the egg,
and it is likely that this is equally true of all
cells at all stages of their life. The structure
of the nucleus is then of the last importance
for a theory of heredity. It has long been
known that the nucleus is composed of two
sorts of substance, one the idioplasm—or, as it
is often called, the chromatin — and the other
a watery non-staining material called the achro-
matin. The chromatin or idioplasm exhibits
great differences in different kinds of cells and
eggs. It is, however, in general composed of
rods, loops, or coils of deeply stainable material,
the shapes and arrangement of which are very
different for different kinds of cells and very
fixed and constant for different cells of the same
kind. It is the opinion of Professor Weis-
mann that these rods of idioplasm are made up
of very definite elements of matter arranged in
a very definite way, and that these elements
are vital particles endowed with the properties
of living things, including the powers of repro-
duction and growth. He further thinks that
they can give rise to cells, or groups of cells,
by the mere unravelling, so to speak, of the
parts they are composed of. The simplest of
these compounds the author calls the "bio-
phore." This is the primary vital unit, whose
structure cannot be further simplified without
destruction of its vitality. Biophores may con-
ceivably differ as to their number of compon-
ent molecules and as to the different kinds of
molecules that enter into them. It is uncer-
tain whether the biophores influence the cel-
lular activities from within the nucleus, or mi-
grate from the nucleus into the cell and thus
work directly on the cell protoplasm. The bio-
phore is further believed to be a definite en-
tity and to have its own powers of life, growth,
and reproduction, and to do its work through
the aid of the cell body. The number of bio-
phores in an animal body is further stated to
be equal to that of the independently variable
parts of that body, and not to the number of
the cells of that body; for in some cases many
cells are so far alike that we can suppose them
all derived from a single biophore. Thus all
the red or white corpuscles of the human blood
could be supposed to be derived from two bio-
phores, while on the other hand we should need
to assume a great number to produce all the
different kinds of tissues of the nervous sys-
tem. The biophore is thus regarded as a struc-
tural unit of the lowest order, and its develop-
ment is destined to produce all the cells of a
given kind that enter into the composition of
the body, and it cannot by any possibility pro-
duce any other kind of cells.
The second stage in Mr. Weismann's con-
ception of the physical structure of the nuclear
matter is the idea that the related biophores —
that is, those that are to form parts connected
in any of many different ways — are gathered
together in the cell to form a larger unit than
the biophore, for which the name " determi-
nant" is employed. The determinant, with
all its contained biophores, can divide and thus
double the number of parts that can be de-
rived from it. These determinants play a most
conspicuous part in the author's theory of he-
redity. They are the agents called in to ac-
count for the facts in many cases. They are
not believed to be visible by any mode of mi-
croscopical analysis now attainable, but are
none the less of a certain definite size. The
fact that the nucleus can contain them all is
sought to be accounted for by the supposition
that they are very minute. The determinants
are further collected into related groups called
"ids," and these in their turn into "idants."
The ids are large enough to be seen in the nu-
cleus, and are the deeply staining spots, "mi-
crosomata," that can be seen in the nuclear fil-
aments, and these latter are called the " idants."
The egg cell is thus seen to be a microcosm in
which all the parts subsequently to come forth
from it are present in such wise that the ma-
turation of each of these preexistent parts will
produce the adult body down to every remotest
kind of cell. It is a part of the conception
that the biophores are so arranged that they
will produce all the proper cells at the correct
time, and that these will fall, by reason of their
position in the idant, in exactly the proper
place, and thus all confusion be avoided. Ac-
cording to this notion, the egg cell is the most
complex of all the cells. In its earlier divis-
ions we should expect that the sorting out of
materials to form principal portions of the


1893.]
145
THE DIAL
body would occur, and that later the lesser
parts would receive attention. And this is the
case in many instances. In some eggs the
earliest divisions of the egg separate one half
from all the other half of the body; in other
eggs all the ectoderm is separated from all the
endoderm in the earliest segmentation. The
development of an animal or plant can be
stated in the terms of this hypothesis as fol-
lows: The nuclear matter of the egg will re-
quire to be analyzed and its parts arranged
for distribution to the cells to be formed out
of it. For this the centrosome or nuclear spin-
dle exists. This, as its appearance suggests, is
a sphere of attraction whose forces analyze the
idants and arrange them for transmission to
the cells to be formed. At first the cell must
contain a very large number of different bio-
phores, and the task of sorting them must be
a very delicate one; but later the cells are not
so filled with heterologous biophores. As the
process continues, the cells will contain fewer
biophores, and at last only one or a few, from
which the final forms of cells will be derivable,
and no others. If a cell could become arrested
before it had parted with all its biophores, it
could subsequently at any time under certain
conditions produce all the sorts of cells that it
would have produced if it had not been ar-
rested. And — to press this reasoning to its
legitimate conclusion — if the egg should, be-
fore it had developed at all, set aside one half
of its substance to go down into the body to
be developed from the other half, and if the
half thus set aside should later develop in the
same way as the first half had done, then we
should derive from the first body a descendant
which would be just like it, for it would in
reality be its twin.
This is Professor Weismann's conception,
which he has called " The Continuity of Germ-
Plasm"; and it is the central idea of his theory
of heredity. The conception is not so much a
mere abstraction as it is the only notion of the
physical constitution of the idioplasm which is
possible in the light of our knowledge. The
value of an hypothesis depends on its power to
explain facts. In this regard this one is particu-
larly valid. Some of the proofs of this must be
given, even at the risk of encroachment on the
limits of our space. For example, so general
a fact of biology as the regeneration of lost
parts is understood in the terms of germ-plasm
to be due to the development of biophores that
had remained latent. Their production is con-
sidered to be a result of natural selection, as
they more often occur in parts where they are
useful. The common power of fission in the
lower orders of animals is accounted for in some-
what the same way by supposing a duplication
of the biophores that produce not a part but
the whole of the body. The effect of their gen-
eral development would be to produce two
bodies out of one. These two modes of de-
velopment, then, result from the further matu-
ration of already considerably developed bio-
phores, one producing a part only and the other
producing an entire body. One can be con-
ceived of readily as the phylogenetic result of
the other. Gemmation, on the other hand, an
equally general biological phenomenon, can be
regarded as the result of the development of
idants that had been arrested early in their
course, and reserved till a later date in the
life-history at which to come to their maturity.
And egg development is a mode of gemmation
in which the cell is arrested at the very outset
of its course; but we must note that true egg
development includes another event, the access
of the spermatozoon. Gemmation and egg de-
velopment are thus seen to be modes of repro-
duction that may have resulted from that ac-
tion of natural selection on the idioplasm.
But the central fact of biological science is
variety in the midst of unity, and the evolu-
tion of animals and plants from the simple to
the complex. How does this theory look in
the light of the facts of evolution? Mere mul-
tiplication of living things can conceivably be
brought about through fission and gemmation;
and, in fact, in plants and the lower animals
these processes have a very great deal to do
with the operations of replenishing the earth.
Even egg development can be parthenoge-
netic; that is, the unfertilized egg can, as we
should think it ought to be able to do on our
theory, reproduce its descendant generation,
and the male sex is unknown for many ani-
mals. Vacancies in the ranks of the living,
due to the sickle of the reaper death, could
then theoretically be made full through the
operation of the monogamic modes of reproduc-
tion. Why, then, does sexual development
have any existence? The older schools of bio-
logical thought taught that the sexes were un-
like in regard to the part played by the egg
and the sperm in the egg development. Many
ideas on this point have prevailed; thus, some
thought that the egg was inert, and that the
spermatozoon was needed to energize the other-
wise dull egg. Others thought that the sperm
gave to the egg certain elements that caused


146
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
the variations from the racial type necessary
for the evolution of species. Weismann differs
from all other thinkers in holding that the egg
and the sperm are composed of almost precisely
identical idioplasm. I say "almost," because
he now is inclined to think that there are slight
differences between the two, and that the mean-
ing of the fertilization of the egg is not to fur-
nish a stimulus to the egg but to unite the dif-
ferent idioplasms of the two parents so as to
bring about a slight variation in the idioplasm
of the offspring. Professor Weismann's theory
accounts beautifully for the facts of heredity,
but heretofore it has been defective on the
other equally important side of variation. He
has heretofore held that the germinal plasm is
invariable; now he modifies that view and
states that they are not absolutely invariable,
but that the sundry influences which play upcn
the organism and affect the body at large play
also to some extent on the germinal matter,
and that these influences, while not sufficient
to destroy the construction of the idioplasm, do
impress slight differences on the idants strong
enough to divert them slightly from the exact
course of heredity. In the development of in-
sects from unfertilized eggs there are slight de-
viations from the maternal image; if there were
two variable hereditary elements there would
be a chance for still greater divergences from
the exact type of the parent. And he seeks to
prove that the result of the fusion of sperm and
egg-nucleus is a nucleus with the differences of
both. The fertilization of the egg is thus re-
garded as a device for the production of varia-
tions, and it is considered to be an acquired
character brought about in its great develop-
ment among the higher beings through the
operation of natural selection, by reason of the
great advantage it conferred on its possessors.
Considerable evidence is being collected to
prove that this is the real meaning of this pro-
cess, the data of which cannot be cited here.
It will be seen that this view of the meaning
of sexual reproduction, or "Amphimixis,"
leaves us in the same old difficulty. For it does
not show us how the germ-plasm is caused to
vary in the right direction and at the right
time, so as to produce such variations as nat-
ural selection can work on. The cases of Cope
and the Neolamarckians are all regarded by
Weismann as being of the utmost interest, as
showing us probable phyletic lines; but they
do not prove that use can affect the structure
of the germinal matter so as to produce an off-
spring on which the acquired character has been
grafted. All the alleged cases of use-inherit-
ance are dismissed as not proved, and many
apparent cases are shown to be errors of con-
clusion; so that, both on theoretical grounds
and on the results of experiment, Weismann
concludes that somatic variations cannot be
transmitted. The variation of the idioplasm
referred to as correlated with the somatic vari-
ations is not in any sense understood by him
as due to the results of those somatic varia-
tions, but having occurred, they can be seized
by natural selection. Such a view of the mat-
ter leaves us where Darwin left us in regard
to this point. On the side of heredity the the-
ory is a helpful working hypothesis, and is the
closest approximation to a clear statement on
the question that has as yet come to us; on the
side of variation and the origin of species, it
leaves us very much in the dark. The author's
method in these essays has been progressive,
and it is possible that he will later reach a
clearer ground on the latter question, which is
quite as important a biological truth as the fact
of heredity. Henry Leslie Osborn.
The Reconciliation of History and
Religion in Criticism.*
History and religion, the claims now current un-
der any one form of faith and the claims hitherto
current under many forms of faith, need reconcilia-
tion in one comprehensive statement which shall
find its authority in the entire unfolding of human
life. This reconciliation it is the office of sound
criticism to accomplish; and with it, in one way or
another, almost all religious literature is occupied.
It is in tins relation that we mark the bearings of
the several works before us.
The author of "Buddhism and Christianity " de-
fines in his preface the purpose of his work: "It
is the contention of this work that Christ was an
Essene monk; that Christianity was Essenism; and
that Essenism was due, as Dean Mansel contended,
•The Influence of Buddhism on Primitive Chris-
tianity. By Arthur Lillie. New York: Imported by Charles
Scribner's Sons.
An Inquiry into the Truth of Dogmatic Christian-
ity. By William Dealing Harden. New York: 6. P. Put-
nam's Sons.
The Newer Religious Thinking. By Daniel Nelson
Beach. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co.
Christ and Criticism. By Charles Marsh Mead, Ph.D.,
D.D. New York: Anson D. F. Randolph & Co.
Verbum Dei. Yale Lectures on Preaching, 1893. By
Robert F. Horton, M.A. New York: Macmillan & Co.
The Gospel, and its Earliest Interpretations. By
Orello Cone, D.D. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Theosophy, or Psychological Religion. By F. Max
Miiller, K.M. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co.


1893.]
147
THE DIAL
to the Buddhist missionaries 'who visited Egypt
within two generations of the time of Alexander
the Great'" (p. v.). There is something very sur-
prising in the attitude of the mind of the author
toward evidence which this statement discloses. He
unites a very light and slight estimate of the im-
mense amount of knowledge and current convic-
tions that has accumulated about the life of Christ
with an extravagant and overweening sense of what
can be done in a few pages to build up a new and
erratic theory. Such a position promises nothing of
any moment. Facts which need careful verifica-
tion, wide comparison, and cautious interpretation,
are hastily gotten together, as if they carried with
them at once the author's opinions. The most one
will find in this work is, here and there, a useful sug-
gestion.
"An Inquiry into the Truth of Dogmatic Chris-
tianity" may be briefly characterized as an old-
fashioned assault of unbelief on the defenses of or-
thodoxy,— defenses that rarely crumble in a degree
proportioned to the cannonade they undergo. Time
can alone deal adequately with them, softening them
down and refashioning them to suit new services of
light and life. The author has a clear, vigorous,
unconcessive mind, and thinks himself candid, as
doubtless in his inmost heart he intends to be. But
his confidence in his complete victory in his trial
of strength with the reverend archbishop of the
most reverend church, and the still further confi-
dence with which he throws down his gauntlet to
all comers, show plainly that true diffidence and
tearfulness in the higher realms of truth are far
from him. His successes are those which usually
attend on the well-directed blows of unbelief. A good
deal sounds hollow under them; some things give
way; but they leave in the end a barrier nearly as
high and inaccessible as that which they first as-
sailed. The author belongs to those who have a
supreme confidence in the steady strokes of logic,
thug following thug on the syllogistic anvil. This
is seen by his definition of faith: "Faith, I con-
ceive to be a blind reliance on the views and asser-
tions of others, and the utter suppression of rea-
son " (p. 28). Such men will see mauy things very
distinctly, and many things not at all. When such
a mind professes a desire to be convinced by an
adversary, we seem to hear a rock exclaim: "I
would grow excellent corn if only some one, friend
or foe, could be found to plant it — plant it deep
in my very bosom."
"The Newer Religious Thinking" is a good an-
tidote to the "Inquiry." It is a fresh, popular,
and enthusiastic presentation, in a series of sermons,
of the vital, concessive forces of a living faith.
Without directly touching the burden of the "In-
quiry," it would lift it from most minds by an in-
sensible substitution of wider, more generous, and
more just thoughts. There would thus insensibly
take place that most needful transformation by
which dogma — a rock-like wall of ice — dissolves
away, becomes a running stream, and once more
carries with it all the processes of life. This work
brings courage and hope to the reader, and makes
the world seem, what it truly is, an unfolding —
grace beyond grace, knowledge beyond knowledge
— of the divine mind. We escape the distress of
finding things completely wrong now, and also the
greater distress—the absolute hopelessness of being
able to make them right hereafter. It is wonder-
ful that evolution should not seem to those who so
readily entertain it a profound justification of the
past as well as a limitless promise of the future.
"Christ and Criticism " aims, as its primary pur-
pose, to set forth •• how far the authority of Jesus
Christ should properly be allowed to modify, or to
regulate, the process of Biblical criticism " (p. iv.).
The book is clear, candid, and concise. It considers
somewhat at length the theory of Kuenen and others
of the comparatively recent origin of the Jewish rit-
ual, and is well fitted to make the mind more cau-
tious in its critical essays. This, indeed, seems to be
its chief value. There is a boldness, not to say rash-
ness, about Biblical criticism that goes far to unhinge
the mind, to destroy the criticism itself in common
with all conclusions concerning the sacred record.
More weight must be attached to existing conclu-
sions, to historical testimony, to the slow determin-
ation of opinions and events by the ages themselves
in which they have been shaped, or there is no suf-
ficient basis for criticism. Criticism that pulls to
pieces with perfect freedom its subject-matter can
only leave behind it disjecta membra. Its own pos-
itive results will be far too weak to command respect
in presence of the general unbelief it has awakened.
Weight is the universal condition of solid work.
To show no reverence is to command no reverence.
Criticism can create nothing, and it must therefore
use sparingly and respectfully the material provided
for it. The renewing of this impression seems to
us the better purpose and result of the present work.
To bring the testimony of Christ in a direct way to
the support of any theory of interpretation is not so
easy as the reverent mind regards it. The method
implies a universality in the words of Christ, the
full force of the thousand implications involved
in his immediate purpose, that make of his teach-
ings, not simply a seed-bed, but the entire harvest
of later years. Thus, again and again, from the
silence of Christ, or from an act, or from an asser-
tion of his, having wholly other ends in view, there
have been drawn conclusions wherewith to check
the moral and spiritual growth of the world. We
cannot enuecleate our spiritual world in its entirety
from the teachings of Christ His words are of
most value when they are allowed to flow most freely
into our words; when they are united most imme-
diately and vitally with their own conditions. As
a section of the river, a chapter in the book, they
come forward to us in a far more effective way
than when we undertake to regard them as a gen-
eral synopsis of all truth.
"Verbum Dei " expresses in its title the prevail-
ing idea of the volume. The author, addressing
r


138
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
Hiving with his son. He earns a little money by
copying documents for his former partner, the man-
ufacturer Werle, and promptly gets drunk on part
of the proceeds of his industry. He is half in his
dotage, and utterly devoid of all sense of honor.
In the loft of the house he has arranged a sort
of mock-forest, consisting of some old Christmas
trees, in the branches of which hens and pigeons
roost. Here he has also collected some rabbits,
and amuses himself by firing at them with a pis-
tol and a gun which always clicks. From the ser-
vants of Werle he has obtained a wild duck, which,
after having been wounded by their master, had
been retrieved by his dogs. Hedwig, his grand-
daughter, a little girl of fourteen, takes a great
£ancy to this wild waterfowl, and daily spends
happy hours in the dark loft, watching the rabbits
and the pigeons. Her father, Hjalmar, though he
makes a pretence of being deeply absorbed in sci-
entific meditation, is rarely averse to indulging in
the same sport as his parent; and in fact the only
member of the family for whom the loft has no at-
traction is his wife Gina, who, by her attention to
the housekeeping as well as the photographic busi-
mess, is the mainstay and support of her husband,
daughter, and father-in-law. She is a simple, un-
reflecting creature, and is therefore easily imposed
upon by Hjalmar's theatricals. She honestly be-
lieves him to be the remarkable genius he pro-
claims himself to be, misunderstood and disdained
by the world, but bound to shed his chrysalis some
day and rise into the air as a golden butterfly.
She had in her maiden days been a servant in
Werle's employ, and the marriage had, in fact, been
arranged by the great manufacturer. There was a
rumor afloat that she had also been his mistress;
but if it had ever reached Hjalmar's ears, he magnan-
imously ignored it.
Now all these people are living more or less sor-
did lives, but each one is happy in his particular
illusion. Ekdal hunts imaginary bears in an im-
aginary forest, and gets drunk as often as he can af-
ford it. If he dreams of the contempt with which
he is regarded, he is not in the least troubled by it.
Hjalmar glories in being a misunderstood genius,
poses as a model husband, son, and father, and though
the very incarnation of ruthless selfishness, drapes
himself most successfully in a garb of virtue, as
substantial as the Emperor's new clothes in Hans
Christian Andersen's story. His daughter takes
all his fine phrases at their face value, and while she
wears out her little life retouching photographs for
him, is greatly moved and edified by his magnanim-
ity. , He knows that she is losing her eye-sight, and
makes pathetic speeches about her gliding into the
.eternal night, but it does not occur to him to re-
lieve her of her labor.
Gina, finally, is contented enough, after her
fashion, because she demands but little of life, and
has too blunt a conscience to be troubled by her
past delinquency as long as it is safely hidden.
Into the midst of this peaceful circle drops one
day Gregers Werle, a son of the manufacturer and
a former schoolfellow of Hjalmar. He knows the
true state of affairs, and regards it as a sacred
duty to reveal to his friend the ignominy in which
he is living. He has been dazzled by his grand
professions, which he takes for good coin. He be-
lieves that a relation founded upon a lie can never
be a happy one; and persuades himself that the
truth, under all circumstances, is wholesome and
purifying. Hjalmar and Gina, standing, as it
were, soul to soul, stripped of their false draperies,
will, he thinks, find each other and be united in a
true and ideal marriage. But in these suppositions
he reckons without his host. The photographer,
when he learns of his wife's former liason and the
paternity of his supposed child, is not so very deeply
shocked; nay, at bottom, perhaps, he is nearly in-
different. But he knows what is expected of him
in such a moment; and he casts about him for a
truly heroic part. He must justify Gregers's opin-
ion of him, and the demands of his own dignity.
So he summons his wife, and in lofty phrases cate-
chizes her concerning her past. The poor simple
soul confesses unhesitatingly. She is delightful
in her blunt honesty, which contrasts so glaringly
with her husband's high-flown hypocrisy. When
reproached for not having confessed before their
marriage, she asks, naively:
“But would you have married me all the same?
H.JALMAR.—How can you imagine such a thing?
Czin A. – No ; but that was the reason I did not dare tell
you anything then. For I got to love you very much, as you
know. And I could not go and make myself completely un-
happy.”
When asked if she has not suffered an anguish
of remorse during all these years, she replies:
“Why, dear Ekdal, I've had enough to do in attending to
the house and the daily supervision of things.”
Such callousness, such degradation, makes Hjal-
mar despair—or, I should say, assume the mask of
despair. He must (though it tires him a little) re-
main upon the heights of sublimity to which he has
mounted. He commands Gina to pack his trunk.
He must separate from her. He cannot continue
to live a life of infamy, practically supported by a
former rival for his wife's favor; for he learns that
Werle has constantly overpaid the elder Ekdal
for his copying, and that it is this money which has
enabled them to maintain their household in com-
fort. But now all this must come to an end. With
a grand gesture, Hjalmar tears to pieces a docu-
ment in which the elder Werle pledges himself to
pay one hundred crowns per month to the elder
Ekdal, and after the latter's death to continue the
payment of the same sum to Hedwig. With fever-
ish impatience he makes all the preparations for
his departure from his desecrated home, and revels
all the while in the admiration of his friend Gre-
gers. But when the moment comes for decisive
action, he wavers. On one flimsy pretext after
another, he postpones his journey. He thrusts
Hedwig away from him, and cruelly wounds the
feelings of the affectionate child. He fumes and


1893.] THE DIAL 139
frets while considering the more sordid aspect of
the situation which now presents itself to him. He
concludes to do nothing rash; but to remain at
home until he can find new lodgings. With great
care he collects the scattered bits of Werle's prom-
issory note and pastes them together, because he has
no right, he avers, to renounce what is not his own.
Gina brings him coffee and sandwiches, which he
consumes with a lugubrious zest; and though he is
a little shamefaced when Gregers surprises him in
this prosaic occupation, he endeavors, though not
quite successfully, to recover his heroic tone. He
is really anxious to be persuaded to remain; but
feels in duty bound to yield only by degrees, and
with the proper amount of high-flown declamation.
He enjoys the interesting situation, and cannot af-
ford to dismiss it before having displayed his full
arsenal of noble sentiments.
The child, of course, which he has cherished like
a snake in his bosom, offers unlimited opportuni-
ties for fine rhetoric ; and Hjalmar does not fail
to improve them. Gregers, to whom Hedwig has
betrayed her grief, because her father will no longer
believe that she loves him, has persuaded her to
prove her love for him by the highest sacrifice in
her power. And as the wild duck is the thing
she is fondest of, while Hjalmar has always pro-
fessed to dislike it, Gregers advises her to kill it
with her own hand. But so great is her misery, her
feeling of superfluity and disgrace, that she turns
the pistol against herself and sends the bullet into
her own heart.
Ibsen sums up the moral of his play in the words
of Dr. Relling (a cynical friend of the family):
“Life might yet be quite tolerable, if we were only left in
peace by these blessed duns who are continually knocking at
the doors of us poor folk with their “ideal demand.’”
Rarely has a poet so ruthlessly satirized himself
as Ibsen does in this remark. For it was this very
ideal demand of which he had proclaimed himself
the prophet. He is the most persistent of those
duns who knock at the door of the average human
soul, and disturb its sleepful contentment by their
unwearied insistence upon full payment. But the
bankrupt debtor is obliged to compromise at twenty,
forty, or sixty per cent, or utterly repudiate the
debt; and the stern reminders of his dun cannot
make him pay more than he has.
The mood in which Ibsen wrote “The Wild
Duck” was one of deep dejection — if not despair.
“You have got to take men as they are made,”
he seems to have said to himself, “and no amount
of preaching will make them any better than they
are. I, with my ideal demand, may have been as
great a mischief-maker as Gregers Werle.” And
in order to emphasize this cynical lesson, he has in
the relation of the elder Werle to Mrs. Sörby fur-
mished a counter foil to the Ekdal couple, who,
after the revelation of the truth, settle down in a
sort of hideous shivering nudity into a barren and
joyless slough, stripped of all embellishing dra-
pery. Werle senior is an utterly prosaic person,
and frankly tells his fiancée of all his escapades;
whereupon she, encouraged by his freedom from
prejudice, makes an equally compromising confes-
sion. These two then form a marriage based upon
the truth; and we are left to form our own con-
clusions as to the nature of their union.
No, the truth is only for the strong ; and the
strong are few. The ordinary man needs more or
less harmless lies to bolster up his self-respect; for
without self-respect there can be no contentment.
This is the doctrine very trenchantly preached by
Dr. Relling, who charitably devotes himself to in-
venting the fitting lie which will minister to the
happiness of each of his patients. It is he who in-
stills into Hjalmar's mind the idea that he is des-
tined to make a great discovery, which will lift
photography into the region of exact science; and
with the same ingenuity he saves the self-respect of
his bibulous friend, the theologian Molvik, by per-
suading him that his drunkenness is “daemonic”
—i.e., the necessary and inevitable outbreak of some
great undelivered force within him which has not
found expression in its proper sphere.
If instead of the ugly word “lie" we substitute
its poetic synonym “illusion,” I fancy no one will
seriously object to Dr. Relling's theory. For every
one of us has his own illusion of life, himself in-
cluded; and his happiness depends upon the vivid-
ness, the completeness, with which he is able to fit
this illusion into actuality, or as much of it as ob-
trudes itself upon his observation. I know I am a
greater, a more admirable man in my own estimation
than, most probably, I am in the estimation of the
majority of my friends; and if I did not have the
private consolation of knowing that I am right and
that they are wrong, I should not regard existence
as much of a boon. My happiness—nay, my very
desire for self-preservation—therefore depends upon
my power of self-deception. If any Mephisto-
phelian friend should ever succeed in convincing
me of what infinitely small account I am in the
world—what a fortuitous agglomeration of atoms,
hovering in the boundless space — I fear I should
be tempted to follow the example of poor Hedwig.
I can imagine no greater calamity that could befall
a man than a sudden opening of his vision—a sud-
den dispelling of all illusion—enabling him to real-
ize with absolute correctness his relations to the uni-
Verse.
In “Brand ” Ibsen quotes with approval the
scriptural passage, “No man can see Jehovah and
live.” All truth that we see, in this life, is largely
alloyed with falsehood; it is relative, not absolute.
As Lessing says, “If God held truth shut in His
right hand, and in his left hand nothing but the
ever restless striving for truth, though with the con-
dition of forever erring, and should say to me,
“Choose,' I would humbly bow to His left hand and
say, ‘Father, give me this; pure truth is for Thee
alone.’”
What Lessing meant by truth, in this instance,
was the great fundamental facts which underlie ex-


138
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
living with his son. He earns a little money by
copying documents for his former partner, the man-
ufacturer Werle, and promptly gets drunk on part
of the proceeds of his industry. He is half in his
'dotage, and utterly devoid of all sense of honor.
In the loft of the house he has arranged a sort
of mock-forest, consisting of some old Christmas
trees, in the branches of which hens and pigeons
roost. Here he has also collected some rabbits,
and amuses himself by firing at them with a pis-
tol and a gun which always clicks. From the ser-
vants of Werle he has obtained a wild duck, which,
after having been wounded by their master, had
been retrieved by his dogs. Hedwig, his grand-
daughter, a little girl of fourteen, takes a great
fancy to this wild waterfowl, and daily spends
happy hours in the dark loft, watching the rabbits
and the pigeons. Her father, Hjalmar, though he
makes a pretence of being deeply absorbed in sci-
entific meditation, is rarely averse to indulging in
the same sport as his parent; and in fact the only
*member of the family for whom the loft has no at-
traction is his wife Gina, who, by her attention to
the housekeeping as well as the photographic busi-
mess, is the mainstay and support of her husband,
daughter, and father-in-law. She is a simple, un-
reflecting creature, and is therefore easily imposed
upon by Hjalmar's theatricals. She honestly be-
lieves him to be the remarkable genius he pro-
claims himself to be, misunderstood and disdained
by the world, but bound to shed his chrysalis some
day and rise into the air as a golden butterfly.
She had in her maiden days been a servant in
Werle's employ, and the marriage had, in fact, been
arranged by the great manufacturer. There was a
rumor afloat that she had also been his mistress;
but if it had ever reached Hjalmar's ears, he magnan-
imously ignored it.
Now all these people are living more or less sor-
did lives, but each one is happy in his particular
illusion. Ekdal hunts imaginary bears in an im-
aginary forest, and gets drunk as often as he can af-
ford it. If he dreams of the contempt with which
he is regarded, he is not in the least troubled by it.
Hjalmar glories in being a misunderstood genius,
poses as a model husband, son, and father, and though
the very incarnation of ruthless selfishness, drapes
himself most successfully in a garb of virtue, as
substantial as the Emperor's new clothes in Hans
Christian Andersen's story. His daughter takes
all his fine phrases at their face value, and while she
wears out her little life retouching photographs for
him, is greatly moved and edified by his magnanim-
ity. . He knows that she is losing her eye-sight, and
makes pathetic speeches about her gliding into the
eternal night, but it does not occur to him to re-
lieve her of her labor.
Gina, finally, is contented enough, after her
fashion, because she demands but little of life, and
has too blunt a conscience to be troubled by her
past delinquency as long as it is safely hidden.
Into the midst of this peaceful circle drops one
day Gregers Werle, a son of the manufacturer and
a former schoolfellow of Hjalmar. He knows the
true state of affairs, and regards it as a sacred
duty to reveal to his friend the ignominy in which
he is living. He has been dazzled by his grand
professions, which he takes for good coin. He be-
lieves that a relation founded upon a lie can never
be a happy one; and persuades himself that the
truth, under all circumstances, is wholesome and
purifying. Hjalmar and Gina, standing, as it
were, soul to soul, stripped of their false draperies,
will, he thinks, find each other and be united in a
true and ideal marriage. But in these suppositions
he reckons without his host. The photographer,
when he learns of his wife's former liason and the
paternity of his supposed child, is not so very deeply
shocked; nay, at bottom, perhaps, he is nearly in-
different. But he knows what is expected of him
in such a moment; and he casts about him for a
truly heroic part. He must justify Gregers's opin-
ion of him, and the demands of his own dignity.
So he summons his wife, and in lofty phrases cate-
chizes her concerning her past. The poor simple
soul confesses unhesitatingly. She is delightful
in her blunt honesty, which contrasts so glaringly
with her husband's high-flown hypocrisy. When
reproached for not having confessed before their
marriage, she asks, naively:
“But would you have married me all the same?
H.JALMAR.—How can you imagine such a thing?
CzinA. – No ; but that was the reason I did not dare tell
you anything then. For I got to love you very much, as you
know. And I could not go and make myself completely un-
happy.”
When asked if she has not suffered an anguish
of remorse during all these years, she replies:
“Why, dear Ekdal, I've had enough to do in attending to
the house and the daily supervision of things.”
Such callousness, such degradation, makes Hjal-
mar despair—or, I should say, assume the mask of
despair. He must (though it tires him a little) re-
main upon the heights of sublimity to which he has
mounted. He commands Gina to pack his trunk.
He must separate from her. He cannot continue
to live a life of infamy, practically supported by a
former rival for his wife's favor; for he learns that
Werle has constantly overpaid the elder Ekdal
for his copying, and that it is this money which has
enabled them to maintain their household in com-
fort. But now all this must come to an end. With
a grand gesture, Hjalmar tears to pieces a docu-
ment in which the elder Werle pledges himself to
pay one hundred crowns per month to the elder
Ekdal, and after the latter's death to continue the
payment of the same sum to Hedwig. With fever-
ish impatience he makes all the preparations for
his departure from his desecrated home, and revels
all the while in the admiration of his friend Gre-
gers. But when the moment comes for decisive
action, he wavers. On one flimsy pretext after
another, he postpones his journey. He thrusts
Hedwig away from him, and cruelly wounds the
feelings of the affectionate child. He fumes and


1893.] THE DIAL 139
frets while considering the more sordid aspect of
the situation which now presents itself to him. He
concludes to do nothing rash; but to remain at
home until he can find new lodgings. With great
care he collects the scattered bits of Werle's prom-
issory note and pastes them together, because he has
no right, he avers, to renounce what is not his own.
Gina brings him coffee and sandwiches, which he
consumes with a lugubrious zest; and though he is
a little shamefaced when Gregers surprises him in
this prosaic occupation, he endeavors, though not
quite successfully, to recover his heroic tone. He
is really anxious to be persuaded to remain; but
feels in duty bound to yield only by degrees, and
with the proper amount of high-flown declamation,
He enjoys the interesting situation, and cannot af-
ford to dismiss it before having displayed his full
arsenal of noble sentiments.
The child, of course, which he has cherished like
a snake in his bosom, offers unlimited opportuni-
ties for fine rhetoric ; and Hjalmar does not fail
to improve them. Gregers, to whom Hedwig has
betrayed her grief, because her father will no longer
believe that she loves him, has persuaded her to
prove her love for him by the highest sacrifice in
her power. And as the wild duck is the thing
she is fondest of, while Hjalmar has always pro-
fessed to dislike it, Gregers advises her to kill it
with her own hand. But so great is her misery, her
feeling of superfluity and disgrace, that she turns
the pistol against herself and sends the bullet into
her own heart.
Ibsen sums up the moral of his play in the words
of Dr. Relling (a cynical friend of the family):
“Life might yet be quite tolerable, if we were only left in
peace by these blessed duns who are continually knocking at
the doors of us poor folk with their “ideal demand.’”
Rarely has a poet so ruthlessly satirized himself
as Ibsen does in this remark. For it was this very
ideal demand of which he had proclaimed himself
the prophet. He is the most persistent of those
duns who knock at the door of the average human
soul, and disturb its sleepful contentment by their
unwearied insistence upon full payment. But the
bankrupt debtor is obliged to compromise at twenty,
forty, or sixty per cent, or utterly repudiate the
debt; and the stern reminders of his dun cannot
make him pay more than he has.
The mood in which Ibsen wrote “The Wild
Duck” was one of deep dejection—if not despair.
“You have got to take men as they are made,”
he seems to have said to himself, “and no amount
of preaching will make them any better than they
are. I, with my ideal demand, may have been as
great a mischief-maker as Gregers Werle.” And
in order to emphasize this cynical lesson, he has in
the relation of the elder Werle to Mrs. Sörby fur-
nished a counter foil to the Ekdal couple, who,
after the revelation of the truth, settle down in a
sort of hideous shivering nudity into a barren and
joyless slough, stripped of all embellishing dra-
pery. Werle senior is an utterly prosaic person,
and frankly tells his fiancée of all his escapades:
whereupon she, encouraged by his freedom from
prejudice, makes an equally compromising confes-
sion. These two then form a marriage based upon
the truth; and we are left to form our own con-
clusions as to the nature of their union.
No, the truth is only for the strong ; and the
strong are few. The ordinary man needs more or
less harmless lies to bolster up his self-respect; for
without self-respect there can be no contentment.
This is the doctrine very trenchantly preached by
Dr. Relling, who charitably devotes himself to in-
venting the fitting lie which will minister to the
happiness of each of his patients. It is he who in-
stills into Hjalmar's mind the idea that he is des-
tined to make a great discovery, which will lift
photography into the region of exact science; and
with the same ingenuity he saves the self-respect of
his bibulous friend, the theologian Molvik, by per-
suading him that his drunkenness is “daemonic"
—i.e., the necessary and inevitable outbreak of some
great undelivered force within him which has not
found expression in its proper sphere.
If instead of the ugly word “lie " we substitute
its poetic synonym “illusion,” I fancy no one will
seriously object to Dr. Relling's theory. For every
one of us has his own illusion of life, himself in-
cluded; and his happiness depends upon the vivid-
ness, the completeness, with which he is able to fit
this illusion into actuality, or as much of it as ob-
trudes itself upon his observation. I know I am a
greater, a more admirable man in my own estimation
than, most probably, I am in the estimation of the
majority of my friends; and if I did not have the
private consolation of knowing that I am right and
that they are wrong, I should not regard existence -
as much of a boon. My happiness—nay, my very
desire for self-preservation—therefore depends upon
my power of self-deception. If any Mephisto-
phelian friend should ever succeed in convincing
me of what infinitely small account I am in the
world—what a fortuitous agglomeration of atoms,
hovering in the boundless space — I fear I should
be tempted to follow the example of poor Hedwig.
I can imagine no greater calamity that could befall
a man than a sudden opening of his vision—a sud-
den dispelling of all illusion—enabling him to real-
ize with absolute correctness his relations to the uni-
verse.
In “Brand ” Ibsen quotes with approval the
scriptural passage, “No man can see Jehovah and
live.” All truth that we see, in this life, is largely
alloyed with falsehood; it is relative, not absolute.
As Lessing says, “If God held truth shut in His
right hand, and in his left hand nothing but the
ever restless striving for truth, though with the con-
dition of forever erring, and should say to me,
“Choose,' I would humbly bow to His left hand and
say, ‘Father, give me this; pure truth is for Thee
alone.’”
What Lessing meant by truth, in this instance,
was the great fundamental facts which underlie ex-


138 THE DIAL [Sept. 16,
living with his son. He earns a little money by
copying documents for his former partner, the man-
ufacturer Werle, and promptly gets drunk on part
-of the proceeds of his industry. He is half in his
dotage, and utterly devoid of all sense of honor.
In the loft of the house he has arranged a sort
of mock-forest, consisting of some old Christmas
trees, in the branches of which hens and pigeons
roost. Here he has also collected some rabbits,
and amuses himself by firing at them with a pis-
tol and a gun which always clicks. From the ser-
vants of Werle he has obtained a wild duck, which,
after having been wounded by their master, had
been retrieved by his dogs. Hedwig, his grand-
daughter, a little girl of fourteen, takes a great
fancy to this wild waterfowl, and daily spends
happy hours in the dark loft, watching the rabbits
and the pigeons. Her father, Hjalmar, though he
smakes a pretence of being deeply absorbed in sci-
entific meditation, is rarely averse to indulging in
the same sport as his parent; and in fact the only
&member of the family for whom the loft has no at-
traction is his wife Gina, who, by her attention to
the housekeeping as well as the photographic busi-
Aness, is the mainstay and support of her husband,
daughter, and father-in-law. She is a simple, un-
reflecting creature, and is therefore easily imposed
upon by Hjalmar's theatricals. She honestly be-
lieves him to be the remarkable genius he pro-
claims himself to be, misunderstood and disdained
by the world, but bound to shed his chrysalis some
day and rise into the air as a golden butterfly.
She had in her maiden days been a servant in
Werle's employ, and the marriage had, in fact, been
arranged by the great manufacturer. There was a
rumor afloat that she had also been his mistress;
but if it had ever reached Hjalmar's ears, he magnan-
imously ignored it.
Now all these people are living more or less sor-
did lives, but each one is happy in his particular
illusion. Ekdal hunts imaginary bears in an im-
aginary forest, and gets drunk as often as he can af-
ford it. If he dreams of the contempt with which
he is regarded, he is not in the least troubled by it.
Hjalmar glories in being a misunderstood genius,
poses as a model husband, son, and father, and though
the very incarnation of ruthless selfishness, drapes
himself most successfully in a garb of virtue, as
substantial as the Emperor's new clothes in Hans
Christian Andersen's story. His daughter takes
all his fine phrases at their face value, and while she
wears out her little life retouching photographs for
him, is greatly moved and edified by his magnanim-
ity. . He knows that she is losing her eye-sight, and
makes pathetic speeches about her gliding into the
eternal night, but it does not occur to him to re-
lieve her of her labor.
Gina, finally, is contented enough, after her
fashion, because she demands but little of life, and
has too blunt a conscience to be troubled by her
past delinquency as long as it is safely hidden.
Into the midst of this peaceful circle drops one
day Gregers Werle, a son of the manufacturer and
a former schoolfellow of Hjalmar. He knows the
true state of affairs, and regards it as a sacred
duty to reveal to his friend the ignominy in which
he is living. He has been dazzled by his grand
professions, which he takes for good coin. He be-
lieves that a relation founded upon a lie can never
be a happy one; and persuades himself that the
truth, under all circumstances, is wholesome and
purifying. Hjalmar and Gina, standing, as it
were, soul to soul, stripped of their false draperies,
will, he thinks, find each other and be united in a
true and ideal marriage. But in these suppositions
he reckons without his host. The photographer,
when he learns of his wife's former liason and the
paternity of his supposed child, is not so very deeply
shocked; nay, at bottom, perhaps, he is nearly in-
different. But he knows what is expected of him
in such a moment; and he casts about him for a
truly heroic part. He must justify Gregers's opin-
ion of him, and the demands of his own dignity.
So he summons his wife, and in lofty phrases cate-
chizes her concerning her past. The poor simple
soul confesses unhesitatingly. She is delightful
in her blunt honesty, which contrasts so glaringly
with her husband's high-flown hypocrisy. When
reproached for not having confessed before their
marriage, she asks, naively:
“But would you have married me all the same?
H.JALMAR.—How can you imagine such a thing?
CzINA.—No ; but that was the reason I did not dare tell
you anything then. For I got to love you very much, as you
know. And I could not go and make myself completely un-
happy.”
When asked if she has not suffered an anguish
of remorse during all these years, she replies:
“Why, dear Ekdal, I've had enough to do in attending to
the house and the daily supervision of things.”
Such callousness, such degradation, makes Hjal-
mar despair—or, I should say, assume the mask of
despair. He must (though it tires him a little) re-
main upon the heights of sublimity to which he has
mounted. He commands Gina to pack his trunk.
He must separate from her. He cannot continue
to live a life of infamy, practically supported by a
former rival for his wife's favor; for he learns that
Werle has constantly overpaid the elder Ekdal
for his copying, and that it is this money which has
enabled them to maintain their household in com-
fort. But now all this must come to an end. With
a grand gesture, Hjalmar tears to pieces a docu-
ment in which the elder Werle pledges himself to
pay one hundred crowns per month to the elder
Ekdal, and after the latter's death to continue the
payment of the same sum to Hedwig. With fever-
ish impatience he makes all the preparations for
his departure from his desecrated home, and revels
all the while in the admiration of his friend Gre-
gers. But when the moment comes for decisive
action, he wavers. On one flimsy pretext after
another, he postpones his journey. He thrusts
Hedwig away from him, and cruelly wounds the
feelings of the affectionate child. He fumes and


1893.]
139
THE DIAL
frets while considering the more sordid aspect of
the situation which now presents itself to him. He
concludes to do nothing rash; but to remain at
home until he can find new lodgings. With great
care he collects the scattered bits of Werle's prom-
issory note and pastes them together, because he has
no right, he avers, to renounce what is not his own.
Gina brings him coffee and sandwiches, which he
consumes with a lugubrious zest; and though he is
a little shamefaced when Gregers surprises him in
this prosaic occupation, he endeavors, though not
quite successfully, to recover his heroic tone. He
is really anxious to be persuaded to remain; but
feels in duty bound to yield only by degrees, and
with the proper amount of high-flown declamation.
He enjoys the interesting situation, and cannot af-
ford to dismiss it before having displayed his full
arsenal of noble sentiments.
The child, of course, which he has cherished like
a snake in his bosom, offers unlimited opportuni-
ties for fine rhetoric; and Hjalmar does not fail
to improve them. Gregers, to whom Hedwig has
betrayed her grief, because her father will no longer
believe that she loves him, has persuaded her to
prove her love for him by the highest sacrifice in
her power. And as the wild duck is the thing
she is fondest of, while Hjalmar has always pro-
fessed to dislike it, Gregers advises her to kill it
with her own hand. But so great is her misery, her
feeling of superfluity and disgrace, that she turns
the pistol against herself and sends the bullet into
her own heart.
Ibsen sums up the moral of his play in the words
of Dr. Relling (a cynical friend of the family):
“Life might yet be quite tolerable, if we were only left in
peace by these blessed duns who are continually knocking at
the doors of us poor folk with their “ideal demand.’”
Rarely has a poet so ruthlessly satirized himself
as Ibsen does in this remark. For it was this very
ideal demand of which he had proclaimed himself
the prophet. He is the most persistent of those
duns who knock at the door of the average human
soul, and disturb its sleepful contentment by their
unwearied insistence upon full payment. But the
bankrupt debtor is obliged to compromise at twenty,
forty, or sixty per cent, or utterly repudiate the
debt; and the stern reminders of his dun cannot
make him pay more than he has.
The mood in which Ibsen wrote “The Wild
Duck” was one of deep dejection—if not despair.
“You have got to take men as they are made.”
he seems to have said to himself, “and no amount
of preaching will make them any better than they
are. I, with my ideal demand, may have been -
great a mischief-maker as Gregers Werle.”
in order to emphasize this cynical lesson, he
the relation of the elder Werle to Mrs. Sör
º a counter foil to the Ekdal coup
after the revelation of the truth, settle d'
sort of hideous shivering nudity into a bº
joyless slough, stripped of all embellis
pery, Werle senior is an utterly prosa
live." All trº see, in this ºf is largely
alloyed with It is relat
As Lessing nº held
right hand left
ever restle trut
lition of nº º
Choose, ably
say, Fº thi
alone.
WI. ---
and frankly tells his fiancée of all his escapades;
whereupon she, encouraged by his freedom from
prejudice, makes an equally compromising confes-
sion. These two then form a marriage based upon
the truth; and we are left to form our own con-
clusions as to the nature of their union.
No, the truth is only for the strong ; and the
strong are few. The ordinary man needs more or
less harmless lies to bolster up his self-respect; for
without self-respect there can be no contentment.
This is the doctrine very trenchantly preached by
Dr. Relling, who charitably devotes himself to in-
venting the fitting lie which will minister to the
happiness of each of his patients. It is he who in-
stills into Hjalmar's mind the idea that he is des-
tined to make a great discovery, which will lift
photography into the region of exact science; and
with the same ingenuity he saves the self-respect of
his bibulous friend, the theologian Molvik, by per-
suading him that his drunkenness is “daemonic"
—i.e., the necessary and inevitable outbreak of some
great undelivered force within him which has not
found expression in its proper sphere.
If instead of the ugly word “lie" we substitute
its poetic synonym “illusion,” I fancy no one will
seriously object to Dr. Relling's theory. For every
one of us has his own illusion of life, himself in-
cluded; and his happiness depends upon the vivid-
ness, the completeness, with which he is able to fit
this illusion into actuality, or as much of it as ob-
trudes itself upon his observation. I know I am a
greater, a more admirable man in my own estimation
than, most probably, I am in the estimation of the
majority of my friends; and if I did not have the
private consolation of knowing that I am right and
that they are wrong, I should not regard existence
as much of a boon. My happiness—nay, my very
desire for self-preservation—therefore depends upon
my power of self-deception. If any Mephisto-
phelian friend should ever succeed in convincing
me of what infinitely small account I am in the
world—what a fortuitous agglomeration of atoms,
hovering in the boundless space — I fear I should
be tempted to follow the example of poor Hedwig.
I can imagine no greater calamity that could befall!
a man than a sudden opening of his vision—a sud-
den dispelling of all illusion—enabling him to real-
ize with absolute correctness his relations to the uni-
verse.
In “Brand " Ibsen quotes with approval the
scriptural passan man can see Jehovah and
was


140 THE
[Sept. 16,
DIAL
istence—the eternal verities, physical and spiritual,
which determine our relation to God and to our fel-
low-men. But it might readily be extended to all
human relations. The proposition would still hold
good, that illusion is the prime requisite of happiness.
HJALMAR H. Boy ESEN.
COMMUNICATIONS.
A COLUMBIAN CELEBRATION A HUNDRED
YEARS AGO.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
A little book of 77 pages now in my possession fur-
nishes evidence that the three hundredth anniversary of
the discovery of America was not allowed to pass un-
noticed, and affords also some interesting glimpses of
our country and its affairs as they appeared a hundred
years ago. Some account of the book and its author
may therefore be acceptable at this time. The book is
entitled “An Oration on the Discovery of America, de-
livered in London, October 12th, 1792.” The orator
was Elhanan Winchester, a noted character in his day.
According to the best information that I can get, he was
born near Boston, Mass., in 1751. He began preach-
ing in his eighteenth year, and, passing through several
phases of religious belief, finally developed into a Univer-
salist clergyman. During our Revolution he earnestly
sympathized with the American cause, composing a num-
ber of so-called “political hymns,” more remarkable for
their piety and patriotism than for their poetry. After
the war, in 1787, he visited England, where he remained
several years, preaching his doctrines of universal sal-
vation and universal liberty. Returning to America in
1794, he died at Hartford in 1797.
Passing over the historical portions of the work, which
tell the familiar story of Columbus and his discovery very
much as it is told to-day, and some speculations, more
curious than valuable, as to the origin of the first inhab-
itants of our continent, we come to the more interesting
chapters giving the outlook on America in 1792. The
population of the entire continent (North, South, and
Central America) is estimated at twenty millions. When
as densely populated as Holland then was, the Amer-
ican continent is capable of containing three thousand
three hundred and four millions. The orator exclaims:
“Considered in this light, what an astonishing scene rises
to our view God, who formed the earth, created it not in
vain; he formed it to be inhabited; and I have no doubt that
before the conflagration takes place, the earth shall be inhab-
ited and cultivated to the utmost possible extent; this shall
be in the glorious millenium, or the thousand years' reign of
Christ on earth; which happy period is fast approaching and
I trust is even at the door. Then, and not till then, shall the
full importance of the discovery of America be known.”
Among the lessons already taught by the United
States are enumerated the practicability of democracy,
the wisdom of separating church and state, the justice
of abolishing cruel and unnecessarily severe punishment
for crime, and the strength of a mild and equable form
of government as contrasted with the weakness of more
arbitrary principalities.
Notwithstanding the near approach of the millennium,
which he has just predicted, the orator foretells the
rapid development of his native land in the following
prophecy, which has been so abundantly fulfilled:
“The century to come will improve America far more than
the three centuries past. The prospect opens, it extends it-
self upon us. “The wilderness and solitary place shall rejoice,
and the desert shall rejoice and blossom as the rose.” I look
forward to that glorious day when that vast continent shall
be populated with civilized and religious people, when heav-
enly wisdom and virtue, and all that can civilize and bless the
children of men, shall cover that part of the globe as the
waters cover the seas.
“Transported at the thought, I am borne forward to days
of distant renown. In my expanded view, the United States
rise in all their ripened glory before me. I look through and
beyond every yet peopled region of the New World, and be-
hold period still brightening upon period. Where one con-
tiguous depth of gloomy wilderness now shuts out even the
beams of day, I see new states and empires, new seats of wis-
dom and knowledge, new religious domes spreading around.
In places now untrod by any but savage beasts, or men as
savage as they, I hear the voice of happy labor, and see beau-
tiful cities rising to view, behold the whole continent highly
cultivated and fertilized, full of cities, towns, and villages,
beautiful and lovely beyond expression. I hear the praises
of my great Creator sung upon the banks of these rivers now
unknown to song. Behold the delightful prospect 1 See the
silver and gold of America employed in the service of the
Lord of the whole earth ! See slavery, with all its train of
attendant evils, forever abolished ' See a communication
opened through the whole continent, from north to south and
from east to west, through a most fruitful country. Behold
the glory of God extending, and the Gospel spreading through
the whole land '''
An appendix to the published oration contains the pre-
posterous “political hymns” already alluded to, a bio-
graphical sketch of George Washington, and a plan and
description of the new city to be called Washington,
“at the junction of the rivers Pawtomack and the East-
ern branch.” The valleys of the Mississippi and the
Missouri, the Great Basin of the West, and the Pacific
Coast, constituted an unknown land. The western line
of Pennsylvania was the limit of civilization. The
present national capital, with its throngs of people com-
ing and going daily, is described as situated upon “the
great post road, equi-distant from the northern and
southern extremities of the Union, and nearly so from
the Atlantick and Pittsburg.” Added to this is the
first census of the United States recently completed and
certified to by “T. Jefferson, Secretary of State.” The
total population of the republic in 1792 footed up 3,925,-
253. The five largest states in point of population were
Virginia, 747,610; Pennsylvania, 434,373; North Car-
olina, 393,751; Massachusetts, 378,787; New York,
340,120. Maine and Massachusetts were the only states
not possessing slaves. In Virginia the slaves numbered
292,627; in New York, 21,324. The towns in point of
size ranked, Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Balti-
more, and Charleston; in trade, New York, Philadelphia,
Boston, Charleston, and Baltimore.
How far Mr. Winchester succeeded in instilling Amer-
ican principles into the minds of his hearers, it is im-
possible to say. One cannot fail to admire his courage,
however, in stoutly proclaiming his convictions in the
very centre of British conservatism, while resentment
against the young republic was still bitter and the term
“Yankee” was considered synonymous with rebel. Could
he have realized how accurately his predictions would
be fulfilled by the next Columbian centenary, it would
have given peculiar emphasis to his closing paragraph: “I
die; but God will surely visit America, and make it a vast,
flourishing, and populous empire; will take it under his
protection, and bless it abundantly;—but the prospect
is too glorious for my pen to describe. I add no more.”
Chicago, Sept. 5, 1893. JAMEs L. ONDERDoNk.


1893.]
141
THE DIAL
QThe Neb, 3300kg.
AN OLD HOPE IN A NEW LIGHT.”
The essay, considered strictly as a work of
literary art, has had in our day no more strik-
ing illustration than may be found in the vol-
umes of Mr. Frederic Myers. A pure and
weighty style, producing, without any trick of
rhythmical imitation, an effect akin to the po-
etical, combined with a selection and arrange-
ment of material resulting from a rare sense
of relative values, gives to such essays as those
upon Virgil and Mazzini a high place among
the masterpieces of English prose. And we
must ascribe to them not only such excellence
of manner, but also a degree of scholarship
that is not often allowed to appear within the
limits of the essay. When we add that the
subjects chosen by Mr. Myers are mostly of
such nature as to touch upon the highest con-
cerns, that his essays have for no small part
of their aim the transformation for modern
uses, or the translation into modern terms, of
the best wisdom of the past, the large discourse
of poet and philosopher, we shall at least have
indicated the nature of their claim upon the
attention of thoughtful readers.
We are all the more concerned to give to
the work of Mr. Myers this unstinted measure
of praise, because the essays collectively enti-
tled “Science and a Future Life,” which make
up the author's latest volume, cannot be seri-
ously reviewed without considerable dissent
from their conclusions, or without one import-
ant exception to their form. To take this ex-
ception first, and to put the matter bluntly, the
contents of this collection are so colored by the
peculiar theories of the Society for Psychical
Research, so characterized by special pleading
in behalf of a series of propositions consid-
ered by most serious thinkers not merely im-
probable but absolutely untenable, that the es-
says are wanting in the judicial quality of the
best criticism, and are even, to a certain extent,
misleading. Whether the subject be “Charles
Darwin and Agnosticism,” “The Disenchant-
ment of France,” or “Modern Poets and Cosmic
Law,” the discussion eventually shapes itself
into an argument for telepathy, or ghosts, or
the communion of the living with the dead.
Mr. Myers has to a certain extent met this ob-
jection by a title which indicates the common
tendency of the essays, and adverse criticism is
* SCIENCE AND A FUTURE LIFE. With Other Essays. By
Frederic W. H. Myers. New York: Macmillan & Co.
at least partly disarmed by the unusual candor
of the writer, by his scrupulous care to give to
the views of his opponents the full weight due
them, and by the unquestionable honesty of his
belief that the psychical researchers are really
on the track of a new cosmic law of funda-
mental significance.
The attitude of Mr. Myers toward modern
science, with its destructive criticism of relig-
ious beliefs, is very different from that of most
defenders of the faith. He is sufficiently fa-
miliar with scientific method to respect its re-
sults, and never, even by suggestion, invokes
the odium theologicum in aid of his contention.
We doubt not, indeed, that he welcomes the
work done by science in freeing religious
thought from its accretions of theological rub-
bish. But he holds firmly, even passionately
(and passion rarely leaves the judgment un-
warped), to the belief in a conscious personal
immortality, seeking to find new grounds for
the belief, more substantial than those which,
he admits, science has largely brought into dis-
credit. “The educated world,” he sees, “ is
waking up to find that no mere trifles or tra-
ditions only, but the great hope which inspired
their fathers aforetime, is insensibly vanishing
away.” And, claiming that “a question so mo-
mentous should not thus be suffered to go by
default,” he calls for a new “stocktaking of evi-
dence,” an inquiry whether “any evidence has
been discovered bearing on a question which,
after all, is to science a question of evidence
alone.”
It is in the new field of experimental psy-
chology that Mr. Myers looks for the new evi-
dence that is to rehabilitate an old and dying
hope. He finds such evidence in the recent
investigations of the abnormal consciousness,
of the phenomena of hypnotism and multiple
personality. He also finds it in the curious col-
lections of the Society for Psychical Research.
The great majority among men of science, of
course, reject as totally inadequate the evidence
for the phenomena of the latter class; while
for those of the former class, admitting many
of them to have received proper evidential sub-
stantiation, they find necessary no such inter-
pretation as is given them by Mr. Myers. What
if there be a subliminal consciousness, they
say; what if the personality assume, in cer-
tain cases, a dual aspect; what if we have
learned “to conceive of our normal conscious-
ness as representing only a fragment of the
activity going on in our brains”? Mr. Myers
is himself candid enough to admit that “these


142
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
expanding psychological prospects are still con-
sistent with the view that all our mental activ-
ities, however extensive and however subdivis-
ible, may be dependent on cerebral changes,
and may end with death.” And having made
this admission, there is little use in his adding,
“The very magnitude of the change in our con-
ception of personality might well make us pause
before repeating the dogmas of negation which
were framed with regard to far simpler and
narrower facts.” Why should the new con-
ception of personality “make us pause,” if the
old view of our mental activities is comprehen-
sive enough to include, without readjustment,
all the new facts? To get any really logical sup-
port for his view, Mr. Myers is compelled to
rely upon what are denied to be facts by nearly
all serious psychologists, upon the alleged phe-
nomena of thought-transference, of “phantasms
of the living ” and of hallucinatory images of
the dying. It is surely a little premature to
base a theory of personal immortality upon
data which have not themselves gained the ac-
ceptance of even a respectable minority among
psychologists. It is a good rule to postpone
the construction of your theory until you have
established the facts upon which it must of ne-
cessity rest; enough of the facts, that is, to
afford a working foundation. This was the rule
that Darwin — to whom one of the author's es-
says pays generous tribute—followed with such
magnificent success.
Mr. Myers, in his opening essay, which bears
the title given the entire volume, expressly ex-
cludes from his discussion the “moral and
emotional arguments’ by which belief in a fu-
ture life is usually supported. Yet he seems
to us to stand upon firmer ground when he
comes back to those arguments in a later chap-
ter. The essay on “Tennyson as Prophet,”
and the other essay, largely devoted to the
same theme, entitled “Modern Poets and Cos-
mic Law,” offer a plea more convincing than
any to be based upon the imperfectly appre-
hended phases of the abnormal consciousness,
or upon the ill-attested stories collected by the
Society for Psychical Research. The argument
from authority is always a dangerous argument
to invoke, yet surely the authority of a man like
Tennyson is not lightly to be set aside. The loft-
iest of the poets have always numbered among
their functions that of prophecy: their title to
enduring fame has rested chiefly upon their
character as seers, upon their insight, deeper
than that of their fellow men, into the things of
the spirit. Now Tennyson, who knew and un-
derstood as well as any man of his age the
work of later nineteenth-century science, pre-
served a faith, that grew stronger with his ad-
vancing years, in the doctrine of conscious per-
sonal immortality, a faith to which, in public
and in private, he frequently gave impas-
sioned and even vehement expression. This
fact will not mean to most thinkers as much as
it means to our essayist, who says: “We have
lost our head and our chief; the one man,
surely, in all the world to-day who, from a tow-
ering eminence which none could question, af-
firmed the realities which to us are all.” But
of it the most indifferent must take some ac-
count; the most unmoved by Tennyson's spir-
itual message must still be impressed by the
cento of passages bearing upon the destinies of
man, collected by Mr. Myers from the writings
of the poet. In this aspect of his thought,
“Tennyson is the prophet simply of a Spir-
itual Universe: the proclaimer of man's spirit
as part and parcel of that Universe, and in-
destructible as the very root of things.”
We may, however, accept this latter prop-
osition without putting upon it the narrow in-
terpretation claimed for it by Mr. Myers. He
would be the last to deny that the philosoph-
ical view of the universe broadens immensely
and even transforms the popular notion of im-
mortality. And he is not well advised to treat
with covert contempt the Positivist form of
that notion, comparing it with “the grin with-
out the cat of the popular fairy tale,” and
adding, with a touch of misplaced satire, that
“all in this sad world is well, since Auguste
Comte has demonstrated that the effect of our
deeds lives after us, so that what we used to
call eternal death — the cessation, in point of
fact, of our own existence — may just as well
be considered as eternal life of a very superior
description.” Most philosophic thinkers have
found themselves forced to substitute for the
narrow personal interpretation of the term im-
mortality some such interpretation as is em-
bodied in the Religion of Humanity, or is found
in the universal soul of the pantheistic philos-
ophies, or is logically implied in the idealism
of Berkeley and Schopenhauer. Indeed, many
of the Tennysonian passages collected by the
writer in support of the narrower view lend
themselves with little difficulty to the wider,
and thus illustrate afresh the fact that the
really great poet builds better than he knows
the structure of his song.
One point more, and we have done. In read-
ing a book like the one before us we cannot re-


THE DIAL
143
frain from the question : This constant preoc-
cupation with a life to come—this insistent de-
mand which will be satisfied with nothing less
than the survival of memory after death, with
the unbroken continuation of our present series
of conscious states, is it helpful to the pursu-
ance of the life that now is, with its manifold
tasks and obligations? Goethe thought not
so; nor Emerson : nor Spinoza, whose splendid
phrase, “The free man thinks of nothing less
than of death,” gives, to those who have taken
its meaning to heart, a heightened sense of the
dignity of the life which is now unquestionably
ours, if only for a time. And we cannot ad-
mit, what the author seems to take for granted,
that the existence of a moral purpose in the
universe is in any way indissolubly linked with
the continuation of our individual series of
states of consciousness. What need of invok-
ing unknown forces and unseen powers to prove
that the universe is moral 2 Is not man a part
of the universe, and is there not a moral pur-
pose in human life? In what sense, even, can
we imagine a moral universe except as man
makes it such 2 To our mind, there is a more
profound conception of the essential meaning
of morality, a conception closer to the truth
than that for which Mr. Myers argues, in the
view of the greatest of our poets now living,
which the essayist formulates, only to reject as
inadequate, in the following impressive terms:
“There is another phase of thought which also
Mr. Swinburne has presented with singular
fire. That is the resolve that even if there be
no moral purpose already in the world, man
shall put it there; that even if all evolution be
necessarily truncated, yet moral evolution, so
long as our race lasts, there shall be; that even
if man's virtue be momentary, he shall act as
though it were an eternal gain.”
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
THE VEHICLE OF HEREDITY.”
While the majority of the biologists of the
present day are engaged in the attempt to un-
ravel the mysteries of cell life, including that
most mysterious phase of cytic life, reproduc-
tion, and are seeking as far as possible, with
the aid of the microscope, to see all the most
hidden circumstances of the act, there are also
a great many other students who are seeking
• THE GERM-PLAs.M: A Theory of Heredity. By August
Weismann. Translated by W. Newton Parker, Ph.D. and
Harriet Rönnfeldt, B.Sc. New York: Charles Scribner's
Sons.
to add reasoning to the methods of the labora-
tory and thereby to look behind the scenes and
have a peep at nature's immost secrets. Of all
the writers of this latter class, Professor Weis-
mann of Freiburg has probably attracted the
greatest notice. He has during the past ten
years been publishing articles of the utmost im-
portance on the general subject of the physical
structures and mechanisms of cell life and de-
velopment, the central problem in his series of
articles having been a mechanical statement of
the facts of heredity. Noticing the patent fact
that living creatures tend to produce their kind,
he has sought to discover among the now im-
mense mass of accumulated information bear-
ing on the subject the clue to the cause of this
so universal truth. A host of other writers
have also approached the subject, and many of
them have aided in the attempt at a solution
of the mystery. But no one of them all has
presented so completely elaborated and so
plausible a theory of heredity as that of the
author now engaging our attention. He has
written many articles, and they have for the
most part been translated into our tongue and
found their way into the hands of a great many
readers. His latest work constitutes the last
number of the very valuable “Contemporary
Science ’’ series entitled “The Germ-Plasm,
A Theory of Heredity.” The book is by no
means easy reading; in fact, it is the most ab-
struse number of the series up to this date.
There is not, however, any lack of clearness
either on the part of the writer or the trans-
lators, though it is inevitable that a work on so
comparatively unusual a subject should not be
as instantly intelligible as more usual topics
are. The translators deserve great credit for
the way in which they have performed their
part in this most excellent production.
The cell is no longer, as of yore, to be con-
sidered the unit of biological structure, but is
itself a structure or organism consisting of vi-
tal units. The seat of the forces of the cell
is the nucleus, and the controlling factors in
cell-life are within the nucleus. Moreover, the
substance of the nucleus is not uniform and ho-
mogeneous, but is composed of various sorts of
elements, their variety being greater in cells
not yet mature than in those that have reached
their final form and can be called fully devel-
oped. From this it will be seen to follow
that the egg cell is the most complex cell in
the body of any animal; and this we can be-
lieve, as we reflect that the body is necessarily
the result of the development or unfolding of


142 THE DIAL
[Sept. 16,
expanding psychological prospects are still con-
sistent with the view that all our mental activ-
ities, however extensive and however subdivis-
ible, may be dependent on cerebral changes,
and may end with death.” And having made
this admission, there is little use in his adding,
“The very magnitude of the change in our con-
ception of personality might well make us pause
before repeating the dogmas of negation which
were framed with regard to far simpler and
narrower facts.” Why should the new con-
ception of personality “make us pause,” if the
old view of our mental activities is comprehen-
sive enough to include, without readjustment,
all the new facts? To get any really logical sup-
port for his view, Mr. Myers is compelled to
rely upon what are denied to be facts by nearly
all serious psychologists, upon the alleged phe-
nomena of thought-transference, of “phantasms
of the living '' and of hallucinatory images of
the dying. It is surely a little premature to
base a theory of personal immortality upon
data which have not themselves gained the ac-
ceptance of even a respectable minority among
psychologists. It is a good rule to postpone
the construction of your theory until you have
established the facts upon which it must of ne-
cessity rest; enough of the facts, that is, to
afford a working foundation. This was the rule
that Darwin — to whom one of the author's es-
says pays generous tribute—followed with such
magnificent success.
Mr. Myers, in his opening essay, which bears
the title given the entire volume, expressly ex-
cludes from his discussion the “moral and
emotional arguments" by which belief in a fu-
ture life is usually supported. Yet he seems
to us to stand upon firmer ground when he
comes back to those arguments in a later chap-
ter. The essay on “Tennyson as Prophet,”
and the other essay, largely devoted to the
same theme, entitled “Modern Poets and Cos-
mic Law,” offer a plea more convincing than
any to be based upon the imperfectly appre-
hended phases of the abnormal consciousness,
or upon the ill-attested stories collected by the
Society for Psychical Research. The argument
from authority is always a dangerous argument
to invoke, yet surely the authority of a man like
Tennyson is not lightly to be set aside. The loft-
iest of the poets have always numbered among
their functions that of prophecy: their title to
enduring fame has rested chiefly upon their
character as seers, upon their insight, deeper
than that of their fellow men, into the things of
the spirit. Now Tennyson, who knew and un-
derstood as well as any man of his age the
work of later nineteenth-century science, pre-
served a faith, that grew stronger with his ad-
vancing years, in the doctrine of conscious per-
sonal immortality, a faith to which, in public
and in private, he frequently gave impas-
sioned and even vehement expression. This
fact will not mean to most thinkers as much as
it means to our essayist, who says: “We have
lost our head and our chief; the one man,
surely, in all the world to-day who, from a tow-
ering eminence which none could question, af-
firmed the realities which to us are all.” But
of it the most indifferent must take some ac-
count; the most unmoved by Tennyson's spir-
itual message must still be impressed by the
cento of passages bearing upon the destinies of
man, collected by Mr. Myers from the writings
of the poet. In this aspect of his thought,
“Tennyson is the prophet simply of a Spir-
itual Universe: the proclaimer of man's spirit
as part and parcel of that Universe, and in-
destructible as the very root of things.”
We may, however, accept this latter prop-
osition without putting upon it the narrow in-
terpretation claimed for it by Mr. Myers. He
would be the last to deny that the philosoph-
ical view of the universe broadens immensely
and even transforms the popular notion of im-
mortality. And he is not well advised to treat
with covert contempt the Positivist form of
that notion, comparing it with “the grin with-
out the cat of the popular fairy tale,” and
adding, with a touch of misplaced satire, that
“all in this sad world is well, since Auguste
Comte has demonstrated that the effect of our
deeds lives after us, so that what we used to
call eternal death — the cessation, in point of
fact, of our own existence — may just as well
be considered as eternal life of a very superior
description.” Most philosophic thinkers have
found themselves forced to substitute for the
narrow personal interpretation of the term im-
mortality some such interpretation as is em-
bodied in the Religion of Humanity, or is found
in the universal soul of the pantheistic philos-
ophies, or is logically implied in the idealism
of Berkeley and Schopenhauer. Indeed, many
of the Tennysonian passages collected by the
writer in support of the narrower view lend
themselves with little difficulty to the wider,
and thus illustrate afresh the fact that the
really great poet builds better than he knows
the structure of his song.
One point more, and we have done. In read-
ing a book like the one before us we cannot re-


1893.]
143
THE DIAL
frain from the question : This constant preoc-
cupation with a life to come—this insistent de-
mand which will be satisfied with nothing less
than the survival of memory after death, with
the unbroken continuation of our present series
of conscious states, is it helpful to the pursu-
ance of the life that now is, with its manifold
tasks and obligations? Goethe thought not
so; nor Emerson : nor Spinoza, whose splendid
phrase, “The free man thinks of nothing less
than of death,” gives, to those who have taken
its meaning to heart, a heightened sense of the
dignity of the life which is now unquestionably
ours, if only for a time. And we cannot ad-
mit, what the author seems to take for granted,
that the existence of a moral purpose in the
universe is in any way indissolubly linked with
the continuation of our individual series of
states of consciousness. What need of invok-
ing unknown forces and unseen powers to prove
that the universe is moral? Is not man a part
of the universe, and is there not a moral pur-
pose in human life?. In what sense, even, can
we imagine a moral universe except as man
makes it such 2 To our mind, there is a more
profound conception of the essential meaning
of morality, a conception closer to the truth
than that for which Mr. Myers argues, in the
view of the greatest of our poets now living,
which the essayist formulates, only to reject as
inadequate, in the following impressive terms:
“There is another phase of thought which also
Mr. Swinburne has presented with singular
fire. That is the resolve that even if there be
no moral purpose already in the world, man
shall put it there; that even if all evolution be
necessarily truncated, yet moral evolution, so
long as our race lasts, there shall be; that even
if man's virtue be momentary, he shall act as
though it were an eternal gain.”
WILLIAM MoRTON PAYNE.
THE VEHICLE OF HEREDITY.”
While the majority of the biologists of the
present day are engaged in the attempt to un-
ravel the mysteries of cell life, including th
most mysterious phase of cytic life, reprodu
tion, and are seeking as far as possible,
the aid of the microscope, to see all the mos
hidden circumstances of the act, there are al
a great many other students who are seeki
*THE GERM-PLAs.M: A Theory of Heredity.
By
Weismann. Translated by W. Newton Parker, #5
Harriet Rönnfeldt, B.Sc. New York: Charles Ser:
Sons.
at ||
to add reasoning to the methods of the labora-
tory and thereby to look behind the scenes and
have a peep at nature's inmost secrets. Of all
the writers of this latter class, Professor Weis-
mann of Freiburg has probably attracted the
greatest notice. He has during the past ten
years been publishing articles of the utmost im-
portance on the general subject of the physical
structures and mechanisms of cell life and de-
velopment, the central problem in his series of
articles having been a mechanical statement of
the facts of heredity. Noticing the patent fact
that living creatures tend to produce their kind,
he has sought to discover among the now im-
mense mass of accumulated information bear-
ing on the subject the clue to the cause of this
so universal truth. A host of other writers
have also approached the subject, and many of
them have aided in the attempt at a solution
of the mystery. But no one of them all has
presented so completely elaborated and so
plausible a theory of heredity as that of the
author now engaging our attention. He has
written many articles, and they have for the
most part been translated into our tongue and
found their way into the hands of a great many
readers. His latest work constitutes the last
number of the very valuable “Contemporary
Science ’’ series entitled “The Germ-Plasm,
A Theory of Heredity.” The book is by no
means easy reading; in fact, it is the most ab-
struse number of the series up to this date.
There is not, however, any lack of clearness
either on the part of the writer or the trans-
lators, though it is inevitable that a work on so
comparatively unusual a subject should not be
as instantly intelligible as more usual topics
are. The translators deserve great credit for
the way in which they have performed their
part in this most excellent production.
The cell is no longer, as of yore, to be con-
sidered the unit of biological structure, but is
itself a structure or organism consisting of vi-
tal units the forces of the cell
ntrolling factors in
leus. Moreover, the
*:


144
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
its contents. The nucleus has been proved to
be the controlling factor in cell development
by such observations as this one of Boveri, a
very expert embryological observer, who took
the nucleus out of a certain kind of sea ur-
chin's egg and then fertilized the egg with the
sperm of another species, whereupon the egg
developed not into the species of the mother
but into that of the spermatozoön. This proves
that the male nucleus has hereditary power,
and on other grounds it is shown that the fe-
male nucleus also has the same power. The
nucleus is thus shown to be the source of all
the hereditary influences which actuate the egg,
and it is likely that this is equally true of all
cells at all stages of their life. The structure
of the nucleus is then of the last importance
for a theory of heredity. It has long been
known that the nucleus is composed of two
sorts of substance, one the idioplasm—or, as it
is often called, the chromatin — and the other
a watery non-staining material called the achro-
matin. The chromatin or idioplasm exhibits
great differences in different kinds of cells and
eggs. It is, however, in general composed of
rods, loops, or coils of deeply stainable material,
the shapes and arrangement of which are very
different for different kinds of cells and very
fixed and constant for different cells of the same
kind. It is the opinion of Professor Weis-
mann that these rods of idioplasm are made up
of very definite elements of matter arranged in
a very definite way, and that these elements
are vital particles endowed with the properties
of living things, including the powers of repro-
duction and growth. He further thinks that
they can give rise to cells, or groups of cells,
by the mere unravelling, so to speak, of the
parts they are composed of. The simplest of
these compounds the author calls the “bio-
phore.” This is the primary vital unit, whose
structure cannot be further simplified without
destruction of its vitality. Biophores may con-
ceivably differ as to their number of compon-
ent molecules and as to the different kinds of
molecules that enter into them. It is uncer-
tain whether the biophores influence the cel-
lular activities from within the nucleus, or mi-
grate from the nucleus into the cell and thus
work directly on the cell protoplasm. The bio-
phore is further believed to be a definite en-
tity and to have its own powers of life, growth,
and reproduction, and to do its work through
the aid of the cell body. The number of bio-
phores in an animal body is further stated to
be equal to that of the independently variable
parts of that body, and not to the number of
the cells of that body; for in some cases many
cells are so far alike that we can suppose them
all derived from a single biophore. Thus all
the red or white corpuscles of the human blood
could be supposed to be derived from two bio-
phores, while on the other hand we should need
to assume a great number to produce all the
different kinds of tissues of the nervous sys-
tem. The biophore is thus regarded as a struc-
tural unit of the lowest order, and its develop-
ment is destined to produce all the cells of a
given kind that enter into the composition of
the body, and it cannot by any possibility pro-
duce any other kind of cells.
The second stage in Mr. Weismann's con-
ception of the physical structure of the nuclear
matter is the idea that the related biophores —
that is, those that are to form parts connected
in any of many different ways — are gathered
together in the cell to form a larger unit than
the biophore, for which the name “determi-
nant" is employed. The determinant, with
all its contained biophores, can divide and thus
double the number of parts that can be de-
rived from it. These determinants play a most
conspicuous part in the author's theory of he-
redity. They are the agents called in to ac-
count for the facts in many cases. They are
not believed to be visible by any mode of mi-
croscopical analysis now attainable, but are
none the less of a certain definite size. The
fact that the nucleus can contain them all is
sought to be accounted for by the supposition
that they are very minute. The determinants
are further collected into related groups called
“ids,” and these in their turn into “idants.”
The ids are large enough to be seen in the nu-
cleus, and are the deeply staining spots, “mi-
crosomata,” that can be seen in the nuclear fil-
aments, and these latter are called the “idants.”
The egg cell is thus seen to be a microcosm in
which all the parts subsequently to come forth
from it are present in such wise that the ma-
turation of each of these prečxistent parts will
produce the adult body down to every remotest
kind of cell. It is a part of the conception
that the biophores are so arranged that they
will produce all the proper cells at the correct
time, and that these will fall, by reason of their
position in the idant, in exactly the proper
place, and thus all confusion be avoided. Ac-
cording to this notion, the egg cell is the most
complex of all the cells. In its earlier divis-
ions we should expect that the sorting out of
materials to form principal portions of the


1893.]
145
THE DIAL
body would occur, and that later the lesser
parta would receive attention. And this is the
case in many instances. In some eggs the
earliest divisions of the egg separate one half
from all the other half of the Unly: in other
eggs all the ectoderm is separated from all the
endoderm in the earliest segmentation. The
development of an animal or plant ran be
stated in the terms of this hy|K)thesis as fol-
lows: The nuclear matter of the egg will re-
quire to be analyzed and its parts arranged
for distribution to the cells to be formed out
of it. For this the centrosome or nuclear spin-
dle exists. This, as its ap]>earancr suggests, is
a sphere of attraction whose forces analyze the
idants and arrange them for transmission to
the cells to be formed. At first the cell must
contain a very large numlier of different bio-
phores, and the task of sorting them must be
a very delicate one; but later the cells are not
so filled with heterologous biophores. As the
process continues, the cells will contain fewer
biophores, and at last only one or a few, from
which the final forms of cells will be derivable,
and no others. If a cell could become arrested
Itefore it had parted with all its biophores, it
could subsequently at any time under certain
conditions produce all the sorts of cells that it
would have produced if it had not been ar-
rested. And—to press this reasoning to its
legitimate conclusion — if the egg should, lie-
fore it had developed at all, set aside one half
of its sulistancc to go down into the IkmIv to
be developed from the other half, and if the
half thus set aside should later develop in the
same way as the first half had done, then we
should derive from the first body a descendant
which would be just like it, for it would in
reality be its twin.
This is Professor Weismann's conception,
which he has called '• The Continuity of (icrm-
IMastn"; and it is the central idea of his theory
of heredity. The conception is not so much a
mere abstraction as it is the only notion of the
physical constitution of the idioplasm which is
possible in the light of our knowledge. The
value of an hypothesis dejtends on its power to
explain facts. In this regard this one is particu-
larly valid. Some of the proofs of this must lie
given, even at the risk of encroachment on the
limits of our space. For example, so general
a fact of biology as the regeneration of lost
parts is understood in the terms of germ-plasm
to lie due to the development of biophores that
had remained latent. Their production is con-
sidered to be a result of natural selection, as
they more ofteu occur in parts where they are
useful. The common power of fission in the
lower orders of animals is accounted for in some-
what the same way by supposing a duplication
of the biophores that produce not a part but
the whole of the liody. The effect of their gen-
eral development would be to produce two
liodics out of one. These two modes of de-
velopment, then, result from the further matu-
ration of already considerably developed bio-
phores, one producing a part only and the other
producing an entire Itody. One can lie con-
ceived of readily as the phylogenetic result of
the other, (iemmation, on the other hand, an
equally general biological phenomenon, can In-
regarded as the result of the development of
idants that had been arrested early in their
course, and reserved till a later date in the
life-history at which to eonie to their maturity.
And egg development is a mode of gemmation
in which the cell is arrested at the very outset
of its course: but we must note that true egg
development includes another event, the acce**
of the spermatozoon, (iemmation and egg de-
velopment are thus seen to be modes of repro-
duction that may have resulted from that ac-
tion of natural selection on the idioplasm.
But the central fact of biological science is
variety in the midst of unity, and the evolu-
tion of animals and plants from the simple to
the complex. How does this theory hiok in
the light of the facts of evolution '.' Mere mul-
tiplication of living things can conceivably lie
brought aliout through fission and gemmation;
and, in fact, in plants and the lower animals
these processes have a very great deal to do
with the operations of replenishing the earth.
Even egg development can be parthenoge-
netic: that is, the unfertilized egg can, as we
should think it ought to lie able to do on our
theory, reproduce its descendant generation,
and the male sex is unknown for many ani-
mals. Vacancies in the ranks of the living,
due to the sickle of the reaper death, could
then theoretically In* made full through the
operation of the monogamic modes of reproduc-
tion. Why, then, does sexual development
have any existence? The older schools of bio-
logical thought taught that the sexes were un-
like in regard to the part played by the egg
and the sperm in the egg development. Many
ideas on this point have prevailed; thus, some
thought that the egg was inert, and that the
s|iermatozoi>n was needed to energize the other-
wise dull egg. Others thought that the sperm
gave to the egg certain elements that caused


146 THE DIAL [Sept. 16,
—
the variations from the racial type necessary
for the evolution of species. Weismann differs
from all other thinkers in holding that the egg
and the sperm are composed of almost precisely
identical idioplasm. I say “almost,” because
he now is inclined to think that there are slight
differences between the two, and that the mean-
ing of the fertilization of the egg is not to fur-
nish a stimulus to the egg but to unite the dif-
ferent idioplasms of the two parents so as to
bring about a slight variation in the idioplasm
of the offspring. Professor Weismann's theory
accounts beautifully for the facts of heredity,
but heretofore it has been defective on the
other equally important side of variation. He
has heretofore held that the germinal plasm is
invariable ; now he modifies that view and
states that they are not absolutely invariable,
but that the sundry influences which play upcn
the organism and affect the body at large play
also to some extent on the germinal matter,
and that these influences, while not sufficient
to destroy the construction of the idioplasm, do
impress slight differences on the idants strong
enough to divert them slightly from the exact
course of heredity. In the development of in-
sects from unfertilized eggs there are slight de-
viations from the maternal image; if there were
two variable hereditary elements there would
be a chance for still greater divergences from
the exact type of the parent. And he seeks to
prove that the result of the fusion of sperm and
egg-nucleus is a nucleus with the differences of
both. The fertilization of the egg is thus re-
garded as a device for the production of varia-
tions, and it is considered to be an acquired
character brought about in its great develop-
ment among the higher beings through the
operation of natural selection, by reason of the
great advantage it conferred on its possessors.
Considerable evidence is being collected to
prove that this is the real meaning of this pro-
cess, the data of which cannot be cited here.
It will be seen that this view of the meaning
of sexual reproduction, or “Amphimixis,”
leaves us in the same old difficulty. For it does
not show us how the germ-plasm is caused to
vary in the right direction and at the right
time, so as to produce such variations as nat-
ural selection can work on. The cases of Cope
and the Neolamarckians are all regarded by
Weismann as being of the utmost interest, as
showing us probable phyletic lines; but they
do not prove that use can affect the structure
of the germinal matter so as to produce an off-
spring on which the acquired character has been
grafted. All the alleged cases of use-inherit-
ance are dismissed as not proved, and many
apparent cases are shown to be errors of con-
clusion ; so that, both on theoretical grounds
and on the results of experiment, Weismann
concludes that somatic variations cannot be
transmitted. The variation of the idioplasm
referred to as correlated with the somatic vari-
ations is not in any sense understood by him
as due to the results of those somatic varia-
tions, but having occurred, they can be seized
by natural selection. Such a view of the mat-
ter leaves us where Darwin left us in regard
to this point. On the side of heredity the the-
ory is a helpful working hypothesis, and is the
closest approximation to a clear statement on
the question that has as yet come to us; on the
side of variation and the origin of species, it
leaves us very much in the dark. The author's
method in these essays has been progressive,
and it is possible that he will later reach a
clearer ground on the latter question, which is
quite as important a biological truth as the fact
of heredity. HENRY LESLIE OSRORN.
TILE IRECONCI LLATION OF HISTORY AND
RELIGION IN CRITICISM.”
History and religion, the claims now current un-
der any one form of faith and the claims hitherto
current under many forms of faith, need reconcilia-
tion in one comprehensive statement which shall
find its authority in the entire unfolding of human
life. This reconciliation it is the office of sound
criticism to accomplish; and with it, in one way or
another, almost all religious literature is occupied.
It is in this relation that we mark the bearings of
the several works before us.
The author of “Buddhism and Christianity” de-
fines in his preface the purpose of his work: “It
is the contention of this work that Christ was an
Essene monk; that Christianity was Essenism; and
that Essenism was due, as Dean Mansel contended,
* THE INFLUENCE of BUDDHis M. on PRIMITIVE CHRIS-
TIANITY. By Arthur Lillie. New York: Imported by Charles
Scribner's Sons.
AN INQUIRY INTo THE TRUTH of Dog MATIC CHRISTIAN-
ITY. By William Dearing Harden. New York: G. P. Put-
mam's Sons.
THE NEw ER RELIGIOUs THINKING. By Daniel Nelson
Beach. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co.
CHRIST AND CRITIcism. By Charles Marsh Mead, Ph.D.,
D.D. New York: Anson D. F. Randolph & Co.
VERBUM DE1. Yale Lectures on Preaching, 1893. By
Robert F. Horton, M.A. New York: Macmillan & Co.
THE Gospel, AND its EARLIEst INTERPRETATIONs. By
Orello Cone, D.D. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
THEosophy, or Psychological RELIGION. By F. Max
Müller, K.M. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co.


1893.]
THE DIAL 147
*
to the Buddhist missionaries ‘who visited Egypt
within two generations of the time of Alexander
the Great’ ” (p. v.). There is something very sur-
prising in the attitude of the mind of the author
toward evidence which this statement discloses. He
unites a very light and slight estimate of the im-
mense amount of knowledge and current convic-
tions that has accumulated about the life of Christ
with an extravagant and overweening sense of what
can be done in a few pages to build up a new and
erratic theory. Such a position promises nothing of
any moment. Facts which need careful verifica-
tion, wide comparison, and cautious interpretation,
are hastily gotten together, as if they carried with
them at once the author's opinions. The most one
will find in this work is, here and there, a useful sug-
gestion.
“An Inquiry into the Truth of Dogmatic Chris-
tianity” may be briefly characterized as an old-
fashioned assault of unbelief on the defenses of or-
thodoxy, defenses that rarely crumble in a degree
proportioned to the cannonade they undergo. Time
can alone deal adequately with them, softening them
down and refashioning them to suit new services of
light and life. The author has a clear, vigorous,
unconcessive mind, and thinks himself candid, as
doubtless in his inmost heart he intends to be. But
his confidence in his complete victory in his trial
of strength with the reverend archbishop of the
most reverend church, and the still further confi-
dence with which he throws down his gauntlet to
all comers, show plainly that true diffidence and
fearfulness in the higher realms of truth are far
from him. His successes are those which usually
attend on the well-directed blows of unbelief. A good
deal sounds hollow under them; some things give
way; but they leave in the end a barrier nearly as
high and inaccessible as that which they first as-
sailed. The author belongs to those who have a
supreme confidence in the steady strokes of logic,
thug following thug on the syllogistic anvil. This
is seen by his definition of faith: “Faith, I con-
ceive to be a blind reliance on the views and asser-
tions of others, and the utter suppression of rea-
son" (p. 28). Such men will see many things very
distinctly, and many things not at all. When such
a mind professes a desire to be convinced by an
adversary, we seem to hear a rock exclaim : “I
would grow excellent corn if only some one, friend
or foe, could be found to plant it — plant it deep
in my very bosom.”
“The Newer Religious Thinking” is a good an-
tidote to the “Inquiry.” It is a fresh, popular,
and enthusiastic presentation, in a series of sermons,
of the vital, concessive forces of a living faith.
Without directly touching the burden of the “In-
quiry,” it would lift it from most minds by an in-
sensible substitution of wider, more generous, and
more just thoughts. There would thus insensibly
take place that most needful transformation by
which dogma — a rock-like wall of ice — dissolves
away, becomes a running stream, and once more
carries with it all the processes of life. This work
brings courage and hope to the reader, and makes
the world seem, what it truly is, an unfolding —
grace beyond grace, knowledge beyond knowledge
— of the divine mind. We escape the distress of
finding things completely wrong now, and also the
greater distress—the absolute hopelessness of being
able to make them right hereafter. It is wonder-
ful that evolution should not seem to those who so
readily entertain it a profound justification of the
past as well as a limitless promise of the future.
“Christ and Criticism" aims, as its primary pur-
pose, to set forth “how far the authority of Jesus
Christ should properly be allowed to modify, or to
regulate, the process of Biblical criticism" (p. iv.).
The book is clear, candid, and concise. It considers
somewhat at length the theory of Kuenen and others
of the comparatively recent origin of the Jewish rit-
ual, and is well fitted to make the mind more cau-
tious in its critical essays. This, indeed, seems to be
its chief value. There is a boldness, not to say rash-
ness, about Biblical criticism that goes far to unhinge
the mind, to destroy the criticism itself in common
with all conclusions concerning the sacred record.
More weight must be attached to existing conclu-
sions, to historical testimony, to the slow determin-
ation of opinions and events by the ages themselves
in which they have been shaped, or there is no suf-
ficient basis for criticism. Criticism that pulls to
pieces with perfect freedom its subject-matter can
only leave behind it disjecta membra. Its own pos-
itive results will be far too weak to command respect
in presence of the general unbelief it has awakened.
Weight is the universal condition of solid work.
To show no reverence is to command no reverence.
Criticism can create nothing, and it must therefore
use sparingly and respectfully the material provided
for it. The renewing of this impression seems to
us the better purpose and result of the present work.
To bring the testimony of Christ in a direct way to
the support of any theory of interpretation is not so
easy as the reverent mind regards it. The method
implies a universality in the words of Christ, the
full force of the thousand implications involved
in his immediate purpose, that make of his teach-
ings, not simply a seed-bed, but the entire harvest
of later years. Thus, again and again, from the
silence of Christ, or from an act, or from an asser-
tion of his, having wholly other ends in view, there
have been drawn conclusions wherewith to check
the moral and spiritual growth of the world. We
cannot enuecleate our spiritual world in its entirety
from the teachings of Christ. His words are of
most value when they are allowed to flow most freely
into our words; when they are united most imme-
diately and vitally with their own conditions. As
a section of the river, a chapter in the book, they
come forward to us in a far more effective way
than when we undertake to regard them as a gen-
eral synopsis of all truth.
“Verbum Dei" expresses in its title the prevail-
ing idea of the volume. The author, addressing


148
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
young men in preparation for the ministry, returns,
under many forms of expression, to the supreme
consideration that they must deliver a message
which they have received from God. The author
is plainly sincere and earnest in his exhortation,
and will receive the hearty approval of the ordin-
arily devout mind. An important truth lies back
of the enforcement—the need in one's calling of a
simple, devout, and devoted spirit; but the exhor-
tation, as the author puts it, seems to us tainted
with presumption, mysticism, pietism. The aver-
age young man, instead of finding in it a guide to
sincere and wise effort, might readily fall, by means
of it, into an unctuous and dogmatic temper entirely
alien to the intention of the writer. He states as
his theme: "Every living preacher must receive
his message in a communication direct from God,
and the constant purpose of his life must be to re-
ceive it uncorrupted, and to deliver it without addi-
tion or subtraction" (p. 17). Farther expressions
of the same thought are: "Language may be fer-
tilizing as well as charming if the tide of God is in
it." "Thus saith the Lord, tacitly introduces all
that he teaches." "An utterance from the deep
cell of immediate revelation." "Is the word of
God in it authenticate and immediate and real?"
"He is to climb Sinai with its ring-fence of death,
and on the summit speak face to face with Him
whom no one can see and yet live." These senti-
ments, taken from the first lecture, are enforced
in the lectures which follow, chiefly by a consid-
eration ' of the character of the Bible and of the
need of its study. One lecture is entitled, "The
Word of God Outside the Bible." In this there is
a passing mention of science, but no mention of
those large and urgent questions which touch the
relations of men to each other. Is there not here
a profound mistake on the part of the lecturer, in
spite of his earnest and liberal temper? Has any
young man any right to put his opinions, whatever
they may be, first upon God and then upon his fel-
low-men, as ultimate truths? Does not this idea
rest with its entire weight on the dogmatism of the
past? Is a young man likely to find a simple and
modest message and a true work in this way? How
shall he attain the earnest, consecrated, and also
wise temper, which the times and all times demand,
otherwise than by a daily inquiry into that very
theme, overlooked by the lecturer, Sociology — the
coming of the Kingdom of Heaven, here and now,
among men? It seems to us-a great wrong to the
Bible to magnify it in this way, and at the same
time to separate it from its most immediate work,
the redemption of society. What young men su-
premely need is an earnest spirit in working with
men for men, in all lower and higher ways; and
this spirit must ever arise in immediate view of the
wants of men. We have no patience with a super-
naturalism that blinds a man to the spiritual world
he lives in.
"The Gospel and its Earliest Interpretations " is
a work well and clearly conceived, and executed with
fulness and care. Only a rigid notion of inspira-
tion can hide from us the diversity of outlook in
different portions of the New Testament; and the
artificial harmony we secure by our narrow render-
ings is attended by grave losses. Our fellowship
with each writer will be stimulating in the degree
in which it is free. The foreground is assigned in
this book to the words of Christ: these are followed
by the view of his life given by his more immediate
Jewish disciples; then come what the author terms
the Pauline transformation and the secondary kin-
dred transformation, of which the Epistle to the
Hebrews offers the most marked example. These
are followed by the Johannine, the anti-gnostic, and
the Apocalyptic interpretations. That there is ground
for distinguishing all these phases of thought many
would readily admit; and also that, in tracing these
distinctions, we come to a much better and broader
understanding of the very wide-reaching problem of
the formation of Christian faith. We think, how-
ever, that the process of discrimination, once en-
tered on, readily suffers exaggeration. The truth
is that diverse things and contradictory things can
be said and done by the same person, and still carry
with them very little real division of thought. The
religious world has suffered immensely, both in ac-
tion and in interpretation, by magnifying wholly
secondary distinctions. In discussions of this char-
acter, questions of authenticity and of interpreta-
tion are allowed to flow into each other too readily.
The first set of inquiries are far less facile than the
second. We can interpret safely only when the
shore-marks of the text are well defined for us, and
we are not allowed to determine its authenticity by
the exigencies of our theory in rendering its words.
If it is true, however, that the critic is especially
tempted to magnify differences, it is still more true
that the general reader of the New Testament
greatly obscures them. A very important service
is rendered by a work like the present in restoring
local color to the various writings of the New Tes-
tament.
The last volume on our list is "Theosophy, or
Psychological Religion." No English author has
done more than its author, Max Midler, to identify
the necessary steps of development in religious truth
with the historical growth of religions. The two
are essentially one. Whatever religion may owe to
the superior insight of gifted minds, to a revelation
of which they are made the prophets and apostles
( and it owes very much to these personal points of
light), none the less, the real test of religious truth,
— that by which it has been for the time being
saved, and later passed on as a permanent term in
the development of the race,— has been its hold, as
an actual faith, on the minds of men. In discuss-
ing, therefore, the fundamental conceptions of the
various religions of the world, and the manner in
which they prepare the way for, support, and sup-
plement each other, we come, as we cannot other-
wise come, both at the order of religious develop-
ment and at the tremendous weight of proof which


1893.]
149
THE DIAL
attaches to the truths reached along this line of
race-unfolding. Skepticism is impossible if we truly
see and feel that these primary spiritual principles
are really the product of all the reason of the world,
acting both instinctively and rationally, individu-
ally and in all men collectively. The present vol-
ume is another most significant contribution in this
same direction. “These lectures contain the key
to the whole series, and they formed from the very
beginning my final aim. They are meant as the
coping-stone of the arch that rests on the two pil-
lars of Physical and Anthropological Religion, and
unites the two into the true gate of the temple of
the religion of the future. They are to show that
from a purely historical point of view Christianity
is not a mere continuation or even reform of Juda-
ism, but that, particularly in its theology or theos-
ophy, it represents a synthesis of Semitic and Aryan
thought which forms its real strength and its power
of satisfying not only the requirements of the heart,
but likewise the postulates of reason.” (Preface,
viii.). These lectures, with much incidental dis-
cussion, cover a wide field in oriental and Grecian
eschatology and theosophy, and gather their con-
clusions together in connection with the church at
Alexandria and with the mysticism of Mediaeval
Christianity. A careful perusal of a book of this
order becomes an immediate requisite of every stu-
dent who is striving, at least in his own thought, to
unite history and religion in one universal develop-
ment; to make criticism subserve its real purpose
of uniting and consolidating all truth.
John BASCOM.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
Mr. Theodore Roosevelt’s “The Wil-
derness Hunter” (Putnam), a rather
sumptuous volume, profusely illus-
trated, is largely a narrative of the author's hunt-
ing experiences on and about his ranch on the Little
Missouri, and in the outlying mountainous region
of western Montana and northwestern Wyoming.
The business of “ranching” has, for some occult
reason, a special charm for the gilded youth of the
Eastern States; and Mr. Roosevelt seems to have
followed it, in a gentleman-amateurish sort of way,
for some years before his fancy led him into the
more precarious paths of politics. During these
years, he tells us, he “hunted much, among the
mountains and on the plains, both as a pastime and
to procure hides, meat, and robes for use on the
ranch; and it was my good luck to kill all the va-
rious kinds of large game that can properly be con-
sidered to belong to temperate North America.”
No one, after reading Mr. Roosevelt's books, will
question his claim to having wrought a great deal of
havoc in the animal world. Bison, moose, elk, deer,
caribou, etc., have fallen in great numbers before
his conquering rifle. It is fair to say, too, that he
has carried on his warfare against the “native
Iſurating on the
Western plains
and mountains.
burghers” of forest and plain, with some shadow
of justifiable end, and with a nice regard to the
dictates of the sportsman's code. No single elk,
deer, bison, or other victim on Mr. Roosevelt's list,
has had reason, so far as we can discern, to com-
plain that it was killed in other than a thoroughly
sportsmanlike way—a fact equally soothing, doubt-
less, to both parties to the transaction. But it is
not our purpose to chop morals with our author on
the point indicated. The book is thoroughly read-
able, and it contains, aside from matter of mere en-
tertainment, much that should prove of practical
value to the sportsman and of interest to the na-
turalist. -
Mr. Nestor Ponce de Leon (No. 40
Broadway, New York City) is both
author and publisher of two well-
printed and profusely-illustrated volumes of Co-
lumbus literature – “The Columbus Gallery” and
“The Caravels of Columbus.” The former con-
tains an account of the portraits, monuments, stat-
ues, medals, and paintings of Christopher Columbus
now in existence in various countries. Its illus-
trations are of course an important feature, and
make of it a timely and useful volume. The see-
ond work, “The Caravels of Columbus,” contains
full descriptions; compiled from original documents,
of the vessels selected by Columbus and by the
brothers Pinzon. The author describes every de-
tail of the famous caravels, and shows that they
were stanch ships, properly fitted up; but when he
says they were “greatly superior to those dragons
in which the Normans [Norsemen] made wonder-
ful voyages through frozen and ice-packed seas, dis-
covering and colonizing Iceland, Greenland, and the
northern part of America, 500 years before the suc-
cessful enterprise of Columbus,” we must refer him
to the Viking ship which has lately sailed across
the Atlantic and is now on exhibition at the Co-
lumbian Exposition. The grotesque caravels are
mere tubs as compared with the picturesque Viking
ship, and can in no wise be compared with the lat-
ter in seagoing qualities. In the art of shipbuild-
ing the Norsemen were farther advanced in the
tenth century than the navigators of Spain or Por-
tugal in the fifteenth. This criticism does not, of
course, impugn the general accuracy of Mr. Ponce
de Leon's work, which is in the main to be heartily
commended.
Two neur volumes
of Columbus
literature.
In a little book on “The Secret of
Character Building” (Griggs), by
John DeMotte, we have the attempt
of a religious nature to provide a scientific explana-
tion and authorization for a theory of morals and
religion. That what is called the spiritual life has
The Secret of
Character Building.
its basis in sensation and nerve-structure is a fact
that religious people are too apt to overlook, and
one which our author does well to emphasize. The
tedious process of eradicating bad habits (or nerve-
tracks leading upon stimulation to vicious action),
and of establishing good ones, is necessary before


140 THE
DIAL [Sept. 16,
istence—the eternal verities, physical and spiritual,
which determine our relation to God and to our fel-
low-men. But it might readily be extended to all
human relations. The proposition would still hold
good, that illusion is the prime requisite of happiness.
H.JALMAR H. Boy Esex.
COMMUNICATIONS.
A COLUMBIAN CELEBRATION A HUNDRED
YEARS AGO.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
A little book of 77 pages now in my possession fur-
nishes evidence that the three hundredth anniversary of
the discovery of America was not allowed to pass un-
noticed, and affords also some interesting glimpses of
our country and its affairs as they appeared a hundred
years ago. Some account of the book and its author
may therefore be acceptable at this time. The book is
entitled “An Oration on the Discovery of America, de-
livered in London, October 12th, 1792.” The orator
was Elhanan Winchester, a noted character in his day.
According to the best information that I can get, he was
born near Boston, Mass., in 1751. He began preach-
ing in his eighteenth year, and, passing through several
phases of religious belief, finally developed into a Univer-
salist clergyman. During our Revolution he earnestly
sympathized with the American cause, composing a num-
ber of so-called “political hymns,” more remarkable for
their piety and patriotism than for their poetry. After
the war, in 1787, he visited England, where he remained
several years, preaching his doctrines of universal sal-
vation and universal liberty. Returning to America in
1794, he died at Hartford in 1797.
Passing over the historical portions of the work, which
tell the familiar story of Columbus and his discovery very
much as it is told to-day, and some speculations, more
curious than valuable, as to the origin of the first inhab-
itants of our continent, we come to the more interesting
chapters giving the outlook on America in 1792. The
population of the entire continent (North, South, and
Central America) is estimated at twenty millions. When
as densely populated as Holland then was, the Amer-
ican continent is capable of containing three thousand
three hundred and four millions. The orator exclaims:
“Considered in this light, what an astonishing scene rises
to our view God, who formed the earth, created it not in
vain; he formed it to be inhabited; and I have no doubt that
before the conflagration takes place, the earth shall be inhab-
ited and cultivated to the utmost possible extent; this shall
be in the glorious millenium, or the thousand years' reign of
Christ on earth; which happy period is fast approaching and
I trust is even at the door. Then, and not till then, shall the
full importance of the discovery of America be known.”
Among the lessons already taught by the United
States are enumerated the practicability of democracy,
the wisdom of separating church and state, the justice
of abolishing cruel and unnecessarily severe punishment
for crime, and the strength of a mild and equable form
of government as contrasted with the weakness of more
arbitrary principalities.
Notwithstanding the near approach of the millennium,
which he has just predicted, the orator foretells the
rapid development of his native land in the following
prophecy, which has been so abundantly fulfilled:
“The century to come will improve America far more than
the three centuries past. The prospect opens, it extends it-
self upon us. “The wilderness and solitary place shall rejoice,
and the desert shall rejoice and blossom as the rose.” I look
forward to that glorious day when that vast continent shall
be populated with civilized and religious people, when heav-
enly wisdom and virtue, and all that can civilize and bless the
children of men, shall cover that part of the globe as the
waters cover the seas.
“Transported at the thought, I am borne forward to days
of distant renown. In my expanded view, the United States
rise in all their ripened glory before me. I look through and
beyond every yet peopled region of the New World, and be-
hold period still brightening upon period. Where one con-
tiguous depth of gloomy wilderness now shuts out even the
beams of day, I see new states and empires, new seats of wis-
dom and knowledge, new religious domes spreading around.
In places now untrod by any but savage beasts, or men as
savage as they, I hear the voice of happy labor, and see beau-
tiful cities rising to view, behold the whole continent highly
cultivated and fertilized, full of cities, towns, and villages,
beautiful and lovely beyond expression. I hear the praises
of my great Creator sung upon the banks of these rivers now
unknown to song. Behold the delightful prospect ' See the
silver and gold of America employed in the service of the
Lord of the whole earth ! See slavery, with all its train of
attendant evils, forever abolished ' See a communication
opened through the whole continent, from north to south and
from east to west, through a most fruitful country. Behold
the glory of God extending, and the Gospel spreading through
the whole land 1 ''
An appendix to the published oration contains the pre-
posterous “political hymns” already alluded to, a bio-
graphical sketch of George Washington, and a plan and
description of the new city to be called Washington,
“at the junction of the rivers Pawtomack and the East-
ern branch.” The valleys of the Mississippi and the
Missouri, the Great Basin of the West, and the Pacific
Coast, constituted an unknown land. The western line
of Pennsylvania was the limit of civilization. The
present national capital, with its throngs of people com-
ing and going daily, is described as situated upon “the
great post road, equi-distant from the northern and
southern extremities of the Union, and nearly so from
the Atlantick and Pittsburg.” Added to this is the
first census of the United States recently completed and
certified to by “T. Jefferson, Secretary of State.” The
total population of the republic in 1792 footed up 3,925,-
253. The five largest states in point of population were
Virginia, 747,610; Pennsylvania, 434,373; North Car-
olina, 393,751; Massachusetts, 378,787; New York,
340,120. Maine and Massachusetts were the only states
not possessing slaves. In Virginia the slaves numbered
292,627; in New York, 21,324. The towns in point of
size ranked, Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Balti-
more, and Charleston; in trade, New York, Philadelphia,
Boston, Charleston, and Baltimore.
How far Mr. Winchester succeeded in instilling Amer-
ican principles into the minds of his hearers, it is im-
possible to say. One cannot fail to admire his courage,
however, in stoutly proclaiming his convictions in the
very centre of British conservatism, while resentment
against the young republic was still bitter and the term
“Yankee” was considered synonymous with rebel. Could
he have realized how accurately his predictions would
be fulfilled by the next Columbian centenary, it would
have given peculiar emphasis to his closing paragraph: “I
die; but God will surely visit America, and make it a vast,
flourishing, and populous empire; will take it under his
protection, and bless it abundantly; — but the prospect
is too glorious for my pen to describe. I add no more.”
Chicago, Sept. 5, 1893. JAMEs L. ONDERDONk.


1893.] THE DIAL 141
Qſìje Nem, 3600kg.
AN OLD HOPE IN A NEW LIGHT.”
The essay, considered strictly as a work of
literary art, has had in our day no more strik-
ing illustration than may be found in the vol-
umes of Mr. Frederic Myers. A pure and
weighty style, producing, without any trick of
rhythmical imitation, an effect akin to the po-
etical, combined with a selection and arrange-
ment of material resulting from a rare sense
of relative values, gives to such essays as those
upon Virgil and Mazzini a high place among
the masterpieces of English prose. And we
must ascribe to them not only such excellence
of manner, but also a degree of scholarship
that is not often allowed to appear within the
limits of the essay. When we add that the
subjects chosen by Mr. Myers are mostly of
such nature as to touch upon the highest con-
cerns, that his essays have for no small part
of their aim the transformation for modern
uses, or the translation into modern terms, of
the best wisdom of the past, the large discourse
of poet and philosopher, we shall at least have
indicated the nature of their claim upon the
attention of thoughtful readers.
We are all the more concerned to give to
the work of Mr. Myers this unstinted measure
of praise, because the essays collectively enti-
tled “Science and a Future Life,” which make
up the author's latest volume, cannot be seri-
ously reviewed without considerable dissent
from their conclusions, or without one import-
ant exception to their form. To take this ex-
ception first, and to put the matter bluntly, the
contents of this collection are so colored by the
peculiar theories of the Society for Psychical
Research, so characterized by special pleading
in behalf of a series of propositions consid-
ered by most serious thinkers not merely im-
probable but absolutely untenable, that the es-
says are wanting in the judicial quality of the
best criticism, and are even, to a certain extent,
misleading. Whether the subject be “Charles
Darwin and Agnosticism,” “The Disenchant-
ment of France,” or “Modern Poets and Cosmic
Law,” the discussion eventually shapes itself
into an argument for telepathy, or ghosts, or
the communion of the living with the dead.
Mr. Myers has to a certain extent met this ob-
jection by a title which indicates the common
tendency of the essays, and adverse criticism is
* Some NCE AND A FUTURE LIFE. With Other Essays. By
Frederic W. H. Myers. New York: Macmillan & Co.
at least partly disarmed by the unusual candor
of the writer, by his scrupulous care to give to
the views of his opponents the full weight due
them, and by the unquestionable honesty of his
belief that the psychical researchers are really
on the track of a new cosmic law of funda-
mental significance.
The attitude of Mr. Myers toward modern
science, with its destructive criticism of relig-
ious beliefs, is very different from that of most
defenders of the faith. He is sufficiently fa-
miliar with scientific method to respect its re-
sults, and never, even by suggestion, invokes
the odium theologicum in aid of his contention.
We doubt not, indeed, that he welcomes the
work done by science in freeing religious
thought from its accretions of theological rub-
bish. But he holds firmly, even passionately
(and passion rarely leaves the judgment un-
warped), to the belief in a conscious personal
immortality, seeking to find new grounds for
the belief, more substantial than those which,
he admits, science has largely brought into dis-
credit. “The educated world,” he sees, “is
waking up to find that no mere trifles or tra-
ditions only, but the great hope which inspired
their fathers aforetime, is insensibly vanishing
away.” And, claiming that “a question so mo-
mentous should not thus be suffered to go by
default,” he calls for a new “stocktaking of evi-
dence,” an inquiry whether “any evidence has
been discovered bearing on a question which,
after all, is to science a question of evidence
alone.”
It is in the new field of experimental psy-
chology that Mr. Myers looks for the new evi-
dence that is to rehabilitate an old and dying
hope. He finds such evidence in the recent
investigations of the abnormal consciousness,
of the phenomena of hypnotism and multiple
personality. He also finds it in the curious col-
lections of the Society for Psychical Research.
The great majority among men of science, of
course, reject as totally inadequate the evidence
for the phenomena of the latter class; while
for those of the former class, admitting many
of them to have received proper evidential sub-
stantiation, they find necessary no such inter-
pretation as is given them by Mr. Myers. What
if there be a subliminal consciousness, they
say; what if the personality assume, in cer-
tain cases, a dual aspect; what if we have
learned “to conceive of our normal conscious-
mess as representing only a fragment of the
activity going on in our brains"? Mr. Myers
is himself candid enough to admit that “these


142 THE DIAL [Sept. 16,
expanding psychological prospects are still con-
sistent with the view that all our mental activ-
ities, however extensive and however subdivis-
ible, may be dependent on cerebral changes,
and may end with death.” And having made
this admission, there is little use in his adding,
“The very magnitude of the change in our con-
ception of personality might well make us pause
before repeating the dogmas of negation which
were framed with regard to far simpler and
narrower facts.” Why should the new con-
ception of personality “make us pause,” if the
old view of our mental activities is comprehen-
sive enough to include, without readjustment,
all the new facts? To get any really logical sup-
port for his view, Mr. Myers is compelled to
rely upon what are denied to be facts by nearly
all serious psychologists, upon the alleged phe-
nomena of thought-transference, of “phantasms
of the living ” and of hallucinatory images of
the dying. It is surely a little premature to
base a theory of personal immortality upon
data which have not themselves gained the ac-
ceptance of even a respectable minority among
psychologists. It is a good rule to postpone
the construction of your theory until you have
established the facts upon which it must of ne-
cessity rest; enough of the facts, that is, to
afford a working foundation. This was the rule
that Darwin — to whom one of the author's es-
says pays generous tribute—followed with such
magnificent success.
Mr. Myers, in his opening essay, which bears
the title given the entire volume, expressly ex-
cludes from his discussion the “moral and
emotional arguments’’ by which belief in a fu-
ture life is usually supported. Yet he seems
to us to stand upon firmer ground when he
comes back to those arguments in a later chap-
ter. The essay on “Tennyson as Prophet,”
and the other essay, largely devoted to the
same theme, entitled “Modern Poets and Cos-
mic Law,” offer a plea more convincing than
any to be based upon the imperfectly appre-
hended phases of the abnormal consciousness,
or upon the ill-attested stories collected by the
Society for Psychical Research. The argument
from authority is always a dangerous argument
to invoke, yet surely the authority of a man like
Tennyson is not lightly to be set aside. The loft-
iest of the poets have always numbered among
their functions that of prophecy; their title to
enduring fame has rested chiefly upon their
character as seers, upon their insight, deeper
than that of their fellow men, into the things of
the spirit. Now Tennyson, who knew and un-
derstood as well as any man of his age the
work of later nineteenth-century science, pre-
served a faith, that grew stronger with his ad-
vancing years, in the doctrine of conscious per-
sonal immortality, a faith to which, in public
and in private, he frequently gave impas-
sioned and even vehement expression. This
fact will not mean to most thinkers as much as
it means to our essayist, who says: “We have
lost our head and our chief; the one man,
surely, in all the world to-day who, from a tow-
ering eminence which none could question, af-
firmed the realities which to us are all.” But
of it the most indifferent must take some ac-
count; the most unmoved by Tennyson's spir-
itual message must still be impressed by the
cento of passages bearing upon the destinies of
man, collected by Mr. Myers from the writings
of the poet. In this aspect of his thought,
“Tennyson is the prophet simply of a Spir-
itual Universe: the proclaimer of man's spirit
as part and parcel of that Universe, and in-
destructible as the very root of things.”
We may, however, accept this latter prop-
osition without putting upon it the narrow in-
terpretation claimed for it by Mr. Myers. He
would be the last to deny that the philosoph-
ical view of the universe broadens immensely
and even transforms the popular notion of im-
mortality. And he is not well advised to treat
with covert contempt the Positivist form of
that notion, comparing it with “the grin with-
out the cat of the popular fairy tale,” and
adding, with a touch of misplaced satire, that
“all in this sad world is well, since Auguste
Comte has demonstrated that the effect of our
deeds lives after us, so that what we used to
call eternal death — the cessation, in point of
fact, of our own existence — may just as well
be considered as eternal life of a very superior
description.” Most philosophic thinkers have
found themselves forced to substitute for the
narrow personal interpretation of the term im-
mortality some such interpretation as is em-
bodied in the Religion of Humanity, or is found
in the universal soul of the pantheistic philos-
ophies, or is logically implied in the idealism
of Berkeley and Schopenhauer. Indeed, many
of the Tennysonian passages collected by the
writer in support of the narrower view lend
themselves with little difficulty to the wider,
and thus illustrate afresh the fact that the
really great poet builds better than he knows
the structure of his song.
One point more, and we have done. In read-
ing a book like the one before us we cannot re-


1893.]
143
THE
frain from the question : This constant preoc-
cupation with a life to come—this insistent de-
mand which will be satisfied with nothing less
than the survival of memory after death, with
the unbroken continuation of our present series
of conscious states, is it helpful to the pursu-
ance of the life that now is, with its manifold
tasks and obligations? Goethe thought not
so; nor Emerson : nor Spinoza, whose splendid
phrase, “The free man thinks of nothing less
than of death,” gives, to those who have taken
its meaning to heart, a heightened sense of the
dignity of the life which is now unquestionably
ours, if only for a time. And we cannot ad-
mit, what the author seems to take for granted,
that the existence of a moral purpose in the
universe is in any way indissolubly linked with
the continuation of our individual series of
states of consciousness. What need of invok-
ing unknown forces and unseen powers to prove
that the universe is moral? Is not man a part
of the universe, and is there not a moral pur-
pose in human life? In what sense, even, can
we imagine a moral universe except as man
makes it such 2 To our mind, there is a more
profound conception of the essential meaning
of morality, a conception closer to the truth
than that for which Mr. Myers argues, in the
view of the greatest of our poets now living,
which the essayist formulates, only to reject as
inadequate, in the following impressive terms:
“There is another phase of thought which also
Mr. Swinburne has presented with singular
fire. That is the resolve that even if there be
no moral purpose already in the world, man
shall put it there; that even if all evolution be
necessarily truncated, yet moral evolution, so
long as our race lasts, there shall be; that even
if man's virtue be momentary, he shall act as
though it were an eternal gain.”
WILLIAM MoRTON PAYNE.
THE VEHICLE OF HEREDITY.”
While the majority of the biologists of the
present day are engaged in the attempt to un-
ravel the mysteries of cell life, including that
most mysterious phase of cytic life, reproduc-
tion, and are seeking as far as possible, with
the aid of the microscope, to see all the most
hidden circumstances of the act, there are also
a great many other students who are seeking
“THE GERM-PLAs.1: A Theory of Heredity. By August
Weismann. Translated by W. Newton Parker, Ph.D., and
Harriet Rönnfeldt, B.Sc. New York : Charles Scribner's
Sons.
to add reasoning to the methods of the labor
tory and thereby to look behind the scenes and
have a peep at mature's inmost secrets. Of all
the writers of this latter class, Professor Weis-
mann of Freiburg has probably attracted the
greatest notice. He has during the past ten
years been publishing articles of the utmost im-
portance on the general subject of the physical
structures and mechanisms of cell life and de-
velopment, the central problem in his series of
articles having been a mechanical statement of
the facts of heredity. Noticing the patent fact
that living creatures tend to produce their kind,
he has sought to discover among the now im-
mense mass of accumulated information bear-
ing on the subject the clue to the cause of this
so universal truth. A host of other writers
have also approached the subject, and many of
them have aided in the attempt at a solution
of the mystery. But no one of them all has
presented so completely elaborated and so
plausible a theory of heredity as that of the
author now engaging our attention. He has
written many articles, and they have for the
most part been translated into our tongue and
found their way into the hands of a great many
readers. His latest work constitutes the last
mumber of the very valuable “Contemporary
Science ’’ series entitled “The Germ-Plasm,
A Theory of Heredity.” The book is by no
means easy reading ; in fact, it is the most ab-
struse number of the series up to this date.
There is not, however, any lack of clearness
either on the part of the writer or the trans-
lators, though it is inevitable that a work on so
comparatively unusual a subject should not be
as instantly intelligible as more usual topics
are. The translators deserve great credit for
the way in which they have performed their
part in this most excellent production.
The cell is no longer, as of yore, to be con-
sidered the unit of biological structure, but is
itself a structure or organism consisting of vi-
tal units. The seat of the forces of the cell
is the nucleus, and the controlling factors in
cell-life are within the nucleus. Moreover, the
substance of the nucleus is not uniform and ho-
mogeneous, but is composed of various sorts of
elements, their variety being greater in cells
not yet mature than in those that have reached
their final form and can be called fully devel-
oped. From this it will be seen to follow
that the egg cell is the most complex cell in
the body of any animal; and this we can be-
lieve, as we reflect that the body is necessarily
the result of the development or unfolding of


144 THE DIAL
its contents. The nucleus has been proved to
be the controlling factor in cell development
by such observations as this one of Boveri, a
very expert embryological observer, who took
the nucleus out of a certain kind of sea ur-
chin's egg and then fertilized the egg with the
sperm of another species, whereupon the egg
developed not into the species of the mother
but into that of the spermatozoön. This proves
that the male nucleus has hereditary power,
and on other grounds it is shown that the fe-
male nucleus also has the same power. The
nucleus is thus shown to be the source of all
the hereditary influences which actuate the egg,
and it is likely that this is equally true of all
cells at all stages of their life. The structure
of the nucleus is then of the last importance
for a theory of heredity. It has long been
known that the nucleus is composed of two
sorts of substance, one the idioplasm—or, as it
is often called, the chromatin — and the other
a watery non-staining material called the achro-
matin. The chromatin or idioplasm exhibits
great differences in different kinds of cells and
eggs. It is, however, in general composed of
rods, loops, or coils of deeply stainable material,
the shapes and arrangement of which are very
different for different kinds of cells and very
fixed and constant for different cells of the same
kind. It is the opinion of Professor Weis-
mann that these rods of idioplasm are made up
of very definite elements of matter arranged in
a very definite way, and that these elements
are vital particles endowed with the properties
of living things, including the powers of repro-
duction and growth. He further thinks that
they can give rise to cells, or groups of cells,
by the mere unravelling, so to speak, of the
parts they are composed of. The simplest of
these compounds the author calls the “bio-
phore.” This is the primary vital unit, whose
structure cannot be further simplified without
destruction of its vitality. Biophores may con-
ceivably differ as to their number of compon-
ent molecules and as to the different kinds of
molecules that enter into them. It is uncer-
tain whether the biophores influence the cel-
lular activities from within the nucleus, or mi-
grate from the nucleus into the cell and thus
work directly on the cell protoplasm. The bio-
phore is further believed to be a definite en-
tity and to have its own powers of life, growth,
and reproduction, and to do its work through
the aid of the cell body. The number of bio-
phores in an animal body is further stated to
be equal to that of the independently variable
parts of that body, and not to the number of
the cells of that body; for in some cases many
cells are so far alike that we can suppose them
all derived from a single biophore. Thus all
the red or white corpuscles of the human blood
could be supposed to be derived from two bio-
phores, while on the other hand we should need
to assume a great number to produce all the
different kinds of tissues of the nervous sys-
tem. The biophore is thus regarded as a struc-
tural unit of the lowest order, and its develop-
ment is destined to produce all the cells of a
given kind that enter into the composition of
the body, and it cannot by any possibility pro-
duce any other kind of cells.
The second stage in Mr. Weismann's con-
ception of the physical structure of the nuclear
matter is the idea that the related biophores —
that is, those that are to form parts connected
in any of many different ways — are gathered
together in the cell to form a larger unit than
the biophore, for which the name “determi-
nant’ is employed. The determinant, with
all its contained biophores, can divide and thus
double the number of parts that can be de-
rived from it. These determinants play a most
conspicuous part in the author's theory of he-
redity. They are the agents called in to ac-
count for the facts in many cases. They are
not believed to be visible by any mode of mi-
croscopical analysis now attainable, but are
none the less of a certain definite size. The
fact that the nucleus can contain them all is
sought to be accounted for by the supposition
that they are very minute. The determinants
are further collected into related groups called
“ids,” and these in their turn into “idants.”
The ids are large enough to be seen in the nu-
cleus, and are the deeply staining spots, “mi-
crosomata,” that can be seen in the nuclear fil-
aments, and these latter are called the “idants.”
The egg cell is thus seen to be a microcosm in
which all the parts subsequently to come forth
from it are present in such wise that the ma-
turation of each of these prečxistent parts will
produce the adult body down to every remotest
kind of cell. It is a part of the conception
that the biophores are so arranged that they
will produce all the proper cells at the correct
time, and that these will fall, by reason of their
position in the idant, in exactly the proper
place, and thus all confusion be avoided. Ac-
cording to this notion, the egg cell is the most
complex of all the cells. In its earlier divis-
ions we should expect that the sorting out of
materials to form principal portions of the


1893.] THE DIAL 145
body would occur, and that later the lesser
parts would receive attention. And this is the
case in many instances. In some eggs the
earliest divisions of the egg separate one half
from all the other half of the body; in other
eggs all the ectoderm is separated from all the
endoderm in the earliest segmentation. The
development of an animal or plant can be
stated in the terms of this hypothesis as fol-
lows: The nuclear matter of the egg will re-
quire to be analyzed and its parts arranged
for distribution to the cells to be formed out
of it. For this the centrosome or nuclear spin-
dle exists. This, as its appearance suggests, is
a sphere of attraction whose forces analyze the
idants and arrange them for transmission to
the cells to be formed. At first the cell must
contain a very large number of different bio-
phores, and the task of sorting them must be
a very delicate one; but later the cells are not
so filled with heterologous biophores. As the
process continues, the cells will contain fewer
biophores, and at last only one or a few, from
which the final forms of cells will be derivable,
and no others. If a cell could become arrested
before it had parted with all its biophores, it
could subsequently at any time under certain
conditions produce all the sorts of cells that it
would have produced if it had not been ar-
rested. And —to press this reasoning to its
legitimate conclusion — if the egg should, be-
fore it had developed at all, set aside one half
of its substance to go down into the body to
be developed from the other half, and if the
half thus set aside should later develop in the
same way as the first half had done, then we
should derive from the first body a descendant
which would be just like it, for it would in
reality be its twin.
This is Professor Weismann's conception,
which he has called “The Continuity of Germ-
Plasm"; and it is the central idea of his theory
of heredity. The conception is not so much a
mere abstraction as it is the only notion of the
physical constitution of the idioplasm which is
possible in the light of our knowledge. The
value of an hypothesis depends on its power to
explain facts. In this regard this one is particu-
larly valid. Some of the proofs of this must be
given, even at the risk of encroachment on the
limits of our space. For example, so general
a fact of biology as the regeneration of lost
parts is understood in the terms of germ-plasm
to be due to the development of biophores that
had remained latent. Their production is con-
sidered to be a result of natural selection, as
they more often occur in parts where they are
useful. The common power of fission in the
lower orders of animals is accounted for in some-
what the same way by supposing a duplication
of the biophores that produce not a part but
the whole of the body. The effect of their gen-
eral development would be to produce two
bodies out of one. These two modes of de-
velopment, then, result from the further matu-
ration of already considerably developed bio-
phores, one producing a part only and the other
producing an entire body. One can be con-
ceived of readily as the phylogenetic result of
the other. Gemmation, on the other hand, an
equally general biological phenomenon, can be
regarded as the result of the development of
idants that had been arrested early in their
course, and reserved till a later date in the
life-history at which to come to their maturity.
And egg development is a mode of gemmation
in which the cell is arrested at the very outset
of its course; but we must note that true egg
development includes another event, the access
of the spermatozoön. Gemmation and egg de-
velopment are thus seen to be modes of repro-
duction that may have resulted from that ac-
tion of natural selection on the idioplasm.
But the central fact of biological science is
variety in the midst of unity, and the evolu-
tion of animals and plants from the simple to
the complex. How does this theory look in
the light of the facts of evolution ? Mere mul-
tiplication of living things can conceivably be
brought about through fission and gemmation;
and, in fact, in plants and the lower animals
these processes have a very great deal to do
with the operations of replenishing the earth.
Even egg development can be parthenoge-
netic ; that is, the unfertilized egg can, as we
should think it ought to be able to do on our
theory, reproduce its descendant generation,
and the male sex is unknown for many ani-
mals. Vacancies in the ranks of the living,
due to the sickle of the reaper death, could
then theoretically be made full through the
operation of the monogamic modes of reproduc-
tion. Why, then, does sexual development
have any existence? The older schools of bio-
, logical thought taught that the sexes were un-
like in regard to the part played by the egg
and the sperm in the egg development. Many
ideas on this point have prevailed ; thus, some
thought that the egg was inert, and that the
spermatozoön was needed to energize the other-
wise dull egg. Others thought that the sperm
gave to the egg certain elements that caused


146 THE DIAL [Sept. 16,
the variations from the racial type necessary
for the evolution of species. Weismann differs
from all other thinkers in holding that the egg
and the sperm are composed of almost precisely
identical idioplasm. I say “almost,” because
he now is inclined to think that there are slight
differences between the two, and that the mean-
ing of the fertilization of the egg is not to fur-
nish a stimulus to the egg but to unite the dif-
ferent idioplasms of the two parents so as to
bring about a slight variation in the idioplasm
of the offspring. Professor Weismann's theory
accounts beautifully for the facts of heredity,
but heretofore it has been defective on the
other equally important side of variation. He
has heretofore held that the germinal plasm is
invariable ; now he modifies that view and
states that they are not absolutely invariable,
but that the sundry influences which play upcn
the organism and affect the body at large play
also to some extent on the germinal matter,
and that these influences, while not sufficient
to destroy the construction of the idioplasm, do
impress slight differences on the idants strong
enough to divert them slightly from the exact
course of heredity. In the development of in-
sects from unfertilized eggs there are slight de-
viations from the maternal image; if there were
two variable hereditary elements there would
be a chance for still greater divergences from
the exact type of the parent. And he seeks to
prove that the result of the fusion of sperm and
egg-nucleus is a nucleus with the differences of
both. The fertilization of the egg is thus re-
garded as a device for the production of varia-
tions, and it is considered to be an acquired
character brought about in its great develop-
ment among the higher beings through the
operation of natural selection, by reason of the
great advantage it conferred on its possessors.
Considerable evidence is being collected to
prove that this is the real meaning of this pro-
cess, the data of which cannot be cited here.
It will be seen that this view of the meaning
of sexual reproduction, or “Amphimixis,”
leaves us in the same old difficulty. For it does
not show us how the germ-plasm is caused to
vary in the right direction and at the right
time, so as to produce such variations as nat-
ural selection can work on. The cases of Cope
and the Neolamarckians are all regarded by
Weismann as being of the utmost interest, as
showing us probable phyletic lines; but they
do not prove that use can affect the structure
of the germinal matter so as to produce an off-
spring on which the acquired character has been
–– ---
grafted. All the alleged cases of use-inherit-
ance are dismissed as not proved, and many
apparent cases are shown to be errors of con-
clusion ; so that, both on theoretical grounds
and on the results of experiment, Weismann
concludes that somatic variations cannot be
transmitted. The variation of the idioplasm
referred to as correlated with the somatic vari-
ations is not in any sense understood by him
as due to the results of those somatic varia-
tions, but having occurred, they can be seized
by natural selection. Such a view of the mat-
ter leaves us where Darwin left us in regard
to this point. On the side of heredity the the-
ory is a helpful working hypothesis, and is the
closest approximation to a clear statement on
the question that has as yet come to us; on the
side of variation and the origin of species, it
leaves us very much in the dark. The author's
method in these essays has been progressive,
and it is possible that he will later reach a
clearer ground on the latter question, which is
quite as important a biological truth as the fact
of heredity. HENRY LESLIE Osborn.
THE RECONCILIATION OF HISTORY AND
RELIGION IN CRITICISM.4
History and religion, the claims now current un-
der any one form of faith and the claims hitherto
current under many forms of faith, need reconcilia-
tion in one comprehensive statement which shall
find its authority in the entire unfolding of human
life. This reconciliation it is the office of sound
criticism to accomplish ; and with it, in one way or
another, almost all religious literature is occupied.
It is in this relation that we mark the bearings of
the several works before us.
The author of “Buddhism and Christianity” de-
fines in his preface the purpose of his work: “It
is the contention of this work that Christ was an
Essene monk; that Christianity was Essenism; and
that Essenism was due, as Dean Mansel contended,
* THE Isruurscº of BUDDHisM on PRIMITIVE CHRIS-
TIANITY. By Arthur Lillie. New York: Imported by Charles
Scribner's Sons.
AN INQUIRY INTo THE TRUTH of DogMATIC CHRISTIAN-
1TY. By William Dearing Harden. New York: G. P. Put-
nam's Sons.
THE NEwer RELIGIOUs THINKING. By Daniel Nelson
Beach. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co.
CHRIST AND CRITICIsM. By Charles Marsh Mead, Ph.D.,
D.D. New York: Anson D. F. Randolph & Co.
VERBUM DE1. Yale Lectures on Preaching, 1893. By
Robert F. Horton, M.A. New York: Macmillan & Co.
THE Gospel, AND Irs EARLIEST INTERPRETATIONs. By
Orello Cone, D.D. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
THEosophy, or Psychological RELIGION. By F. Max
Müller, K.M. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co.


1893.]
147
TIIK DIAL
to Ui* Buddhist missionaries 'who visited Egypt
within two generation* of the time of Alexander
the Great' " (p. v.). There it something very sur-
prising in the attitude of the mind of the author
toward evidence which this »tatement disclose*. He
unite* a very light antl slight estimate of the im-
mense atnuiint of knowledge and current convic-
tion* that has accumulated about the life of Christ
with an extravagant and overweening sense of what
can be done in a few page* to build up a new and
erratir theory. Such a position promises nothing of
any moment. Facta which need careful verifica-
tion, wide comparison, and cautious interpretation,
are hastily gotten together, as if they carried with
them at once the author'* opinions. The most one
will find in this work is. here and there, a useful sug-
gestion.
** An Inquiry into the Truth of Dogmatic Chris-
tianity" may lie briefly characterized as an old-
fashioned assault of unbelief on the defenses of or-
thodoxy,— defenses tliat rarely crumble in a degree
proportioned to the cannonade they undergo. Time
can alone deal adequately with them, softening them
down and refashioning them to suit new services of
light and life. 'Die author has a clear, vigorous,
unconcessive mind, and thinks himself candid, a*
doubtless in his inmost heart he intends to be. Hut
his confidence in his complete victory in his trial
of strength with the reverend archbishop of the
moat reverend church, and the still further confi-
dence with which he throws down his gauntlet to
all comers, show plainly that true diffidence and
fearfulness in the higher realms of truth are far
from him. His successes are those which usually
attend on the well-directed blows of unbelief. A good
deal aounds hollow under them; some things give
way; but they leave in the end a barrier nearly as
high and inaccessible as that which they first as-
sailed. The author belongs to those who liave a
supreme confidence in the steady strokes of logic,
thug following thug on the syllogistic anvil. This
is aeen by his definition of faith: •' Faith, I con-
ceive to lie a blind reliance on the views and asser-
tions of others, antl the utter suppression of rea-
son " (p. 1*8 ). Such men will see many things very
distinctly, ami many things not at all. When such
a mind professes a desire to be convinced by an
adversary, we seem to hear a rock exclaim: "I
would grow excellent corn if only some one. friend
or foe, could be found to plant it - plant it deep
in my very bosom."
- The Newer Religious Thinking" is a good an-
tidote to the "Inquiry." It is a fresh, popular,
and enthusiastic presentation, in a series of sermons.
of the vital, concessive forces of a living faith.
Without directly touching the burden of the "In-
quiry." it would lift it from most minds by an in-
sensible substitution of wider, more generous, and
more just thoughts. There would thus insensibly
take place that most needful transformation by
which dogma - - a rock-like wall of ice — dissolve*
away, becomes a running stream, anil once more
carries with it all the processes of life. This work
brings courage and hope to the reader, and makes
the world seem, what it truly is, an unfolding —
grace beyond grace, knowledge beyond knowledge
— of the divine mind. We escape the distress of
finding things completely wrong now, and also the
greater distress—the absolute hojiclessness of being
able to make tliem right hereafter. It is wonder-
ful that evolution should not seem to those who mi
readily entertain it a profound justification of the
paat aa well aa a limitless promise of the future.
"Christ and Criticism " aims, as its primary pur-
pose, to set forth •• how far the authority of Jesus
Christ should pro|H-rly be allowed to modify, or to
regulate, the process of Biblical criticism " (p. iv.).
The book is clear, candid, ami concise. It consider*
somewhat at length the theory of Kuenen and others
of the comparatively recent origin of the Jewish rit-
ual, and is well titled to make the mind more cau-
tious in its critical essay*. This, indeed, seems to lie
it* chief value. There is a boldness, not to say rash-
ness, aliout Biblical criticism that goes far to unhinge
the mind, to destroy the criticism itself in common
with all conclusions concerning the sacred record.
More weight must be attached to existing conclu-
sions, to historical testimony, to the slow determin-
ation of opinions and events by the ages themselves
in which they have been shaped, or there is no suf-
ficient basis for criticism. Criticism that pulls to
pieces with perfect freedom it* subject-matter can
only leave behind it ditjrrta membra. It* own pos-
itive result* will be far too weak to command respect
in presence of the general uulielief it has awakened.
Weight is the universal condition of solid work.
To show no reverence is to command no reverence.
Criticism can create nothing, and it must therefore
use sparingly and respectfully the material provided
for it. The renewing of this impression seems to
us the better purpose and result of the present work.
To bring the testimony of Christ in a direct way to
the support of any theory of interpretation i* not so
easy as the reverent mind regards it. The method
implies a universality in the words of Christ, the
full force of the thousand implication* involved
in hi* immediate purpose, that make of hi* teach-
ings, not simply a seed-bed, but the entire harvest
of later year*. Thus, again and again, from the
silence of Christ, or from an act, or from an asser-
tion of hi*, having wholly other end* in view, there
have been drawn conclusions wherewith to check
the moral and spiritual growth of the world. Wa
cannot enuecleate our spiritual world in it* entirety
from the teachings of Christ. His words are of
most value when they are allowed to flow most freely
into our words; when they are united most imme-
diately and vitally with their own condition*. Aa
a section of the river, a chapter in the book, they
come forward to us in a far more effective way
than when we undertake to regard them as a gen-
eral synopsis of all truth.
•• Verbum Dei " expresses in its title the prevail-
ing idea of the volume. The author, addressing


148
[Sept 16,
THE DIAL
young men in preparation for the ministry, returns,
under many forms of expression, to the supreme
consideration that they must deliver a message
which they have received from God. The author
in plainly sincere and earnest in his exhortation,
and will receive the hearty approval of the ordin-
arily devout mind. An important truth lies hack
of the enforcement—the need in one's calling of a
simple, devout, and devoted spirit; but the exhor-
tation, as the author puts it, seems to us tainted
with presumption, mysticism, pietism. The aver-
age young man. instead of finding in it a guide to
sincere and wise effort, might readily fall, by means
of it, into an unctuous and dogmatic temper entirely
alien to the intention of the writer. He states as
his theme: "Ever)- living preacher must receive
his message in a communication direct from (i.xl.
and the constant purpose of his life must be to re-
reive it uncorrupted. and to deliver it without addi-
tion or subtraction " (p. 17 ). Farther expressions
of the same thought are: "Language may be fer-
tilizing as well as charming if the tide of God is in
it." "Thus saith the Lord, tacitly introduce* all
that he teaches." "An utterance from the deep
cell of immediate revelation." "Is the won) of
God in it authenticate and immediate and real?"
"He is to climb Sinai with its ring-fence of death,
and on the summit speak face to face with Him
whom no one can see and yet live." These senti-
ments, taken from the first lecture, are enforced
in the lectures which follow, chiefly by a consid-
eration of the ctiaracter of the Bible ami of the
need of its study. One lecture is entitled, "The
Word of God Outside the Bible." In this there is
a passing mention of science, but no mention of
those large and urgent questions which touch the
relations of men to each other. Is there not here
a profound mistake on the part of the lecturer, in
spite of his earnest and liberal temper r Has any
young man any right to put his opinions, whatever
they may be, first upon God and then upon his fel-
low-men, as ultimate truths? Does not this idea
rest witli its entire weight on the dogmatism of the
pact? Is a young man likely to find a simple and
modest message and a true work in this way' How
shall he attain the earnest, consecrated, and also
wise temper, which the times and all times demand,
otherwise than by a daily inquiry into that very
theme, overlooked by the lecturer. Sociology — the
coming of the Kingdom of Heaven, here and now,
among men? It seem* to us-a great wrong to the
Bible to magnify it in this way, and at the same
time to separate it from its most immediate work,
the redemption of society. What young men su-
premely need is an earnest spirit in working with
men for men, in all lower and higher ways; and
this spirit must ever arise in immediate view of the
wants of men. We have no patience with a super-
naturalism that blinds a man to the spiritual world
he live* in.
"The tJosjM-1 and its Earliest Interpretations " is
a work well and clearly conceived, and executed with
fulness and care. Only a rigid notion of inspira-
tion can hide from us the diversity of outlook in
different portions of the New Testament; and the
artificial harmony we secure by otir narrow render-
ings is attended by grave losses. Our fellowship
with each writer will be stimulating in the degree
in which it is free. The foreground is assigned in
this book to the words of Christ: these are followed
by the view of his life given by his more immediate
Jewish disciples; then come what the author terms
the Pauline transformation and the secondary kin-
dred transformation, of which the Kpistle to the
Hebrews offers the most marked example. These
are followed by the Johannine, the anti-gnostic, and
the Apocalyptic interpretations. That there is ground
for distinguishing all these phases of thought many
would readily admit; and also that, in tracing these
distinctions, we come to a much better and broader
understanding of the very wide-reaching problem of
the formation of Christian faith. We think, how-
ever, that the process of discrimination, once en-
tered on. readily suffer* exaggeration. The truth
is that diverse things and contradictory things can
be said and done by the same person, and still carry
with them very little real division of thought. The
religious world has suffered immensely, both in ac-
tion and in interpretation, by magnifying wholly
secondary distinctions. In discussions of this char-
acter, <|uestions of authenticity and of interpreta-
tion are allowed to How into each other too readily.
The first set of inquiries are far less facile than the
second. We can interpret safely only when the
shore-marks of the text are well defined for us, and
we are not allowed to determine its authenticity by
the exigencies of our theory in rendering its word*.
If it is true, however, that the critic is especially
tempted to magnify differences, it is still more true
that the general reader of the New Testament
greatly obscures them. A very important service
is rendered by a work like the present in restoring
local color to the various writings of the New Tes-
tament.
The last volume on oar list is •• Theosophy, or
Psychological Religion." No English author has
done more than its author. Max Midler, to identify
tile necessary stejis of development in religious truth
with the historical growth of religions. The two
are essentially one. Whatever religion may owe to
the superior insight of gifted minds, to a revelation
of which they are made the prophets and a|Mistlc*
(and it owes very much to these personal points of
light ), none the less, the real test of religious truth.
— that by which it has been for the time being
saves), and later passes! on as a permanent term in
the development of the race.— has been its hold, as
an actual faith, on the minds of men. In discuss-
ing, therefore, the fumlamenlal conceptions of lite
various religions of the world, and the manner in
which they prepare the way for. support, and sup-
plement each other, we come, a* we cannot other-
wise come, both at the order of religions develop-
ment ami at the tremendous weight of proof whieh


1893.]
149
THE DIAL
attaches to the truths reached along this line of
race-unfolding. Skepticism is impossible if we truly
see and feel that these primary spiritual principles
are really the product of all the reason of the world,
acting both instinctively and rationally, individu-
ally and in all men collectively. The present vol-
ume is another most significant contribution in this
same direction. "These lectures contain the key
to the whole series, and they formed from the very
beginning my final aim. They are meant as the
coping-stone of the arch that rests on the two pil-
lars of Physical and Anthropological Religion, and
unites the two into the true gate of the temple of
the religion of the future. They are to show that
from a purely historical point of view Christianity
is not a mere continuation or even reform of Juda-
ism, but that, particularly in its theology or theos-
ophy, it represents a synthesis of Semitic and Aryan
thought which forms its real strength and its power
of satisfying not only the requirements of the heart,
but likewise the postulates of reason." (Preface,
viii.). These lectures, with much incidental dis-
cussion, cover a wide field in oriental and Grecian
eschatology and theosophy, and gather their con-
clusions together in connection with the church at
Alexandria and with the mysticism of Mediaeval
Christianity. A careful perusal of a book of this
order becomes an immediate requisite of every stu-
dent who is striving, at least in his own thought, to
unite history and religion in one universal develop-
ment; to make criticism subserve its real purpose
of uniting and consolidating all truth.
John Bascom.
Briefs ox New Books.
*r_ • ,1 Mr. Theodore Roosevelt's " The Wil-
Himtmg on the
Wirternplaint denies* Hunter (Putnam), a rather
<m momtmtu. sumptuous volume, profusely illus-
trated, is largely a narrative of the author's hunt-
ing experiences on and about his ranch on the Little
Missouri, and in the outlying mountainous region
of western Montana and northwestern Wyoming.
The business of " ranching" has, for some occult
reason, a special charm for the gilded youth of the
Eastern States; and Mr. Roosevelt seems to have
followed it, in a gentleman-amateurish sort of way,
for some years before his fancy led him into the
more precarious paths of politics. Dining these
years, he tells us. he "hunted much, among the
mountains and on the plains, both as a pastime and
to procure hides, meat, and robes for use on the
ranch; and it was my good luck to kill all the va-
rious kinds of large game that can properly be con-
sidered to belong to temperate North America."
No onej after reading Mr. Roosevelt's books, will
question his claim to having wrought a great deal of
havoc in the animal world. Bison, moose, elk, deer,
caribou, etc., have fallen in great numbers before
his conquering rifle. It is fair to say, too, that he
has carried on his warfare against the "native
burghers " of forest and plain, with some shadow
of justifiable end, and with a nice regard to the
dictates of the sportsman's code. No single elk,
deer, bison, or other victim on Mr. Roosevelt's list,
has had reason, so far as we can discern, to com-
plain that it was killed in other than a thoroughly
sportsmanlike way— a fact equally soothing, doubt-
less, to both parties to the transaction. But it is
not our purpose to chop morals with our author on
the point indicated. The book is thoroughly read-
able, and it contains, aside from matter of mere en-
tertainment, much that should prove of practical
value to the sportsman and of interest to the na-
turalist.
Mr. Nestor Ponce de Leon (No. 40
of Columbus Broadway, New York City) is both
literature. a„thor and publisher of two well-
printed and profusely-illustrated volumes of Co-
lumbus literature — "The Columbus Gallery " and
"The Caravels of Columbus." The former con-
tains an account of the portraits, monuments, stat-
ues, medals, and paintings of Christopher Columbus
now in existence in various countries. Its illus-
trations are of course an important feature, and
make of it a timely and useful volume. The sec-
ond work, "The Caravels of Columbus," contains
full descriptions; compiled from original documents,
of the vessels selected by Columbus and by the
brothers Pinzon. The author describes every de-
tail of the famous caravels, and shows that they
were stanch ships, properly fitted up; but when he
says they were "greatly superior to those dragons
in which the Normans [Norsemen] made wonder-
ful voyages through frozen and ice-packed seas, dis-
covering and colonizing Iceland, Greenland, and the
northern part of America, 500 years before the suc-
cessful enterprise of Columbus," we must refer him
to the Viking ship which has lately sailed across
the Atlantic and is now on exhibition at the Co-
lumbian Exposition. The grotesque caravels are
mere tubs as compared with the picturesque Viking
ship, and can in no wise be compared with the lat-
ter in seagoing qualities. In the art of shipbuild-
ing the Norsemen were farther advanced in the
tenth century than the navigators of Spain or Por-
tugal in the fifteenth. This criticism does not, of
course, impugn the general accuracy of Mr. Ponce
de Leon's work, which is in the main to be heartily
commended.
In a little book on "The Secret of
Character Building" (Griggs), by
John DeMotte, we have the attempt
of a religious nature to provide a scientific explana-
tion and authorization for a theory of morals and
religion. That what is called the spiritual life has
its basis in sensation and nerve-structure is a fact
that religious people are too apt to overlook, and
one which our author does well to emphasize. The
tedious process of eradicating bad habits (or nerve-
tracks leading upon stimulation to vicious action),
and of establishing good ones, is necessary before
The Secret of
Character Building.


150
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
the higher life can be considered a stable possession.
In the words (and capitals) of the book: "The
Physical Basis of a virtuous life is a network of
Trunk Lines, where the incoming waves of stimu-
lation, on reaching the cerebral hemispheres of the
brain, find there well-worn tracks, with switches
already set, leading to the God-given higher posses-
sions of the Soul •— holy memories, pure imagina-
tions, consecrated ambitions, righteous judgments,
and a Will whose nerve connection with these
higher faculties is so perfect that at once, unless
the line of duty presents complications requiring
consideration, the commands for right conduct are
flashed out through the outgoing nerve tracks, and
instantly obeyed." Despite a slight confusion in
the author's thought and metaphor, and a little
more parade of science than was necessary for the
enforcement of his thesis, he rightly concludes that
a sudden conversion, to secure a man from falling,
must be reinforced by patient continuance in well-
doing, that young converts need much more helpful
care and attention than they receive, and that it is
much better and easier to learn right habits at the
outset than to sow wild oats now and rely upon
making all. right by "getting religion" later on.
It is possible to cease from vicious action, but the
traces of it and the tendency to it always remain a
part of the physical basis of character. One can
pull out the nail; one cannot pull out the nail-
hole. "This book is the expressed conviction of
the writer that we shall never build the highest
types of Christian character until society feels a
deeper concern for the establishment in youth of
none but sound nerve-tracks in moral areas."
a F l ir i ^e we'come Ernest Redwood's
ngairut Alateriai- translation of "Youth" (Dodd), by
um in France. Charles Wagner, as an evidence that
Americans are beginning to realize that not all
Frenchmen are flippant and licentious, and are be-
ginning to take an interest in the serious thought of
France. The original book has aroused wide atten-
tion as one sign of a healthy reaction in France
against the prevalent materialism, utilitarianism,
realism, naturalism. AVagner points out the dan-
gers of exclusive devotion to positive science belit-
tling man in his own eyes, to the neglect of charac-
ter, culture, and training, and the dangers of that ex-
treme centralization which has given us our mon-
ster cities with pauperism on the one hand and lux-
ury on the other. All that is evil in these things
is opposed to the modern spirit, which he defines as
the " sum total of the best which man has derived
from all the mighty labors and sufferings of the
past." It is fairmindedness and breadth of view,
or the true scientific spirit; it is kindness and jus-
tice, or the true humanitarian spirit; it is solidar-
ity and altruism, or the true socialistic spirit.
Man's success, during the past century, in construct-
ing the machinery of a vast material civilization
has been splendid, but man himself is a failure.
He is overdriven and crushed by the Juggernaut he
has made. It is useless, or worse than useless, to
master the material forces of the universe if we can-
not master ourselves. Man is the basis of all civ-
ilization, and it is because man is weak that our
civilization threatens to crumble and fall about our
heads. To regain strength, our youth must return
to normal thinking and normal living, — to rever-
ence, to belief in something, to a feeling of responsi-
bility, to work, to chastity, to simplicity, to joy-
ousness, and—where possible — to country life, to
communion with nature. Such are some of the
points eloquently set forth in this very readable
book. ■
. „ In his "The Ancient Ways: Win-
'giiih School chester Fifty Years Ago" ( Macmil-
Fifly Year, Ago. j^ ^ Rey w Tuckwelli a„ „ld
Winchester boy, gives a lively picture of his life as
a pupil at that venerable foundation. In reading
this account of Winchester school one scarcely knows
which to wonder at most — the barbarity of the
boys, the indifference to it of the masters, the prac-
tical futility of the curriculum, or the affectionate
way in which the Rev. Mr. Tuckwell seems to look
back upon it all. The abominable custom of " fag-
ging "— which makes the smaller boy the lawful
drudge and victim of the larger — flourished in es-
pecial vigor at Winchester. The author himself
suffered grievously therefrom in mind and in body,
if not in estate; and he feelingly heads a chapter
on the subject with the familiar third line of the
Second Book of the iEneid. As to the school-work,
he says, "We were 'suckled on Latin and weaned
on Greek '; little else was cared for." Fifteen hours
a week were given to Latin composition — not to
translating into Latin, but to '•original" composi-
tion on a given theme. An incredible amount of
Latin was learned by Jieart, and once a year the
boys were publicly tested as to their proficiency in
this useful accomplishment. On these occasions
"the lines were said in eight lessons"; and once, as
the author records, a pupil "took up 2,000 lines a les-
son, 16,000 lines in all "— a parrot-like feat which
seems to have afforded the examiners much satis-
faction. A mild feint was made at French and
German, mathematics did not even count in the
school marks, and the fact that "very rarely in-
deed a theme was given for English writing" is not
altogether unattested in Mr. Tuckwell's own style.
In short, any branch remotely savoring of utility
was severely frowned down at Winchester, and the
pupil of the period left school, we opine, with the
mental equipment of a mediaeval monk, and about
as fit as Caspar Hauser for the real activities of life.
It is high commendation to say that
and judicial Mr. O'Connor Morris, in adding an-
lifc of Napoleon. other j;fe of Napoleon to the multi.
tude ("Heroes of the Nations" series, Putnam),
has not been carrying coals to Newcastle. He has
made a valuable book, in which the ever-fascinating
narrative of that wonderful life is told again with
appreciation yet with calm judgment. The fact


1893.]
151
THE DIAL
that Napoleon, like other men, grew under the in-
fluences of his circumstances is "too little recog-
nized, although such recognition is necessary to any
sane estimate of the man. Mr. Morris here em-
phasizes it. The genius of the soldier and general
is conceded by all, but we are here led to behold
also the consummate ability of the administrator.
This latest biographer, however, has to confess that
Napoleon was not a great statesman, that while
his domestic policy bore many rich and beneficent
fruits, it was the policy of a beneficent despot, and
that his imperial plans were the outcome of an in-
ability to account for nationality and of an ambi-
tion which was seldom in touch with the practical.
It must be conceded, however, by the careful stu-
dent of history, that much in the career of Napo-
leon was the result of forces he did not control.
When he came to the front, already had the wars
of the Revolution period engendered a universal
European distrust of French ambition, and already
were the hostile forces of a world gathered around
his camps. He could not go backward, and every
step forward led but to a final Waterloo. No bet-
ter summing up of Napoleon's policy and charac-
ter, and of his contribution to history, has ever been
written than the last chapter of this book, which we
commend to all students of the career of the man
of destiny.
Annouxcemexts of Fall, Books.
In presenting our annual list of books that are an-
nounced for the coming Fall and Winter by American
publishers, those principles of classification and arrange-
ment have been followed that have in the past been
found most convenient and helpful to our readers. The
division into departments of literature, obviously of
much practical advantage, has been attended with no
little difficulty, owing to the meagre information some-
times furnished us; and if an occasional book is wrongly
classified, the error is due to this cause alone. We be-
lieve, however, that few such errors have occurred, and
that the list as a whole will prove as trustworthy as it
is instructive. Some suggestive comments upon it will
be found in the leading editorial article in this number
of The Dial.
History.
Massachusetts: Its Historians and Its History, by Charles
Francis Adams.—A Sketch of the History of the Apostolic
Church, by Oliver J. Thatcher, $1.2.5.—Sam Houston and
the War of Independence in Texas, by Alfred M. Will-
iams, with portrait and map, 82.—Cartier to Frontenac, a
study of geographical discovery in the interior of North
America in its historical relations, by Justin Winsor, illus.
(Houghton, Mifflin & Co.)
The Jews of Angevin England, documents and records from
Latin and Hebrew sources for the first time collected and
translated, by Joseph Jacobs, $1.25. — New vols, in the
"Story of the Nations " series: The Story of Parthia, by
George Rawlinson; The Story of Vedic India, by Z. A.
Hagozin; The Story of Japan, by David Murray; The
Story of the Crusades, by T. A. Archer; each, 1 vol., illus.,
$1.50. (G. P. Putnam's Sons.)
A History of the Roman Empire, from its foundation to the
death of Marcus Aurelius, by J. B. Bury; illus., "Stu-
dent's Series." I Harper & Bros.)
A Half-Century of Conflict, by Francis Parkman, popular
edition, 2 vols., $3. (Little, Brown & Co.)
History of My Time: Memoirs of the Chancellor Pasquier,
edited by the Duke D'Audiffret-Pasquier, translated by
C. E. Roche; in 3 vols., illus. — Customs and Fashions in
Old New England, by Alice Morse Earle, 81.25. —Stelligeri,
and Other Essays concerning America, by Barrett Wen-
dell. — The Philosophy of History in Europe, by Robert
Flint, in 3 vols. I Chas. Scribner's Sons.)
Life in Ancient Egypt, described by Adolph Erman, trans-
lated by H. M. Tirard ; with illustrations and maps.—The
English Town in the Fifteenth Century, by Alice Stopford
Green, 2 vols. (Macmillan & Co.)
Russia and Turkey in the Nineteenth Century, by Elizabeth
W. Latimer, illus. (A. C. McClurg & Co.)
History of Illinois and Louisiana under the French Rule, em-
bracing a general view of French dominion in North Amer-
ica, by Jos. Wallace, indexed, $2.50. (Rober t Clarke &
Co. I
English History for American Readers, by T. W. Higginson
and Edward Channing, illus.—A First History of France,
by Louise Creighton, illus. I Longmans, Green & Co.)
The Pilgrim in Old England, the history, present condition,
and outlook of the Independent I Congregational) Churches
in England; Southworth lectures in 1802 at Andover, $2.
I Fords, Howard & Hulbert. I
History of the Expedition under Lewis and Clark, new lim-
ited edition, reprinted from original Philadelphia edition
of 1814. edited, with notes, etc., by Prof essor Elliott Coues;
in 4 vols., $12.50 net. I Francis P. Harper, N. Y. City.I
The Queens of England, by Agnes Strickland, new cabinet
edition. 8 vols., illus., 812. — Works of William H. Pres-
cott: History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V., 2
vols.; Biographical and Critical Miscellanies, 1 vol.; per
vol., $5., net (completing the (dition-de-luxe).—History of
the Consulate and the Empire of France under Napoleon,
by L. A. Thiers, 12 vols., per vol. $3. (J. B. Lippincott Co.)
Biography and Memoirs.
The Life and Writings of Jared Sparks, comprising selections
from his Journals and Correspondence, by Herbert B.
Adams; in 2 vols., with heliotype portraits, 85 net. —
James Russell Lowell, by George E. Wood berry; in 2 vols.,
with portrait, $2.50, " American Men of Letters."—George
William Curtis, by Edward Cary, with portrait, $1.25,
"Am. Men of Letters." — The Bench and Bar of New
Hampshire, brief biographical sketches, by Charles H.
Bell. — College Tom, the career of Thomas Hazard, of
Rhode Island, by Caroline Hazard. (Houghton, Mifflin
&Co.)
Women of the Valois and Versailles Court: Women of the
Valois Court. The Court of Louis XIV., The Court of
Louis XV., The Last Tears of Louis XV.; each, 1 vol.,
illus., $1.25. — Memoirs of Madame Junot, Duchesse
D'Abrantes; new revised edition, 4 vols., illus., $10.—The
Life and Correspondence of Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, late
Dean of Westminister, by R. E. Prothero; in 2 vols. —
Noah Porter, a memorial by friends, edited by George S.
Merriam, $2.—Men of Achievement; Explorers and Trav-
elers, by Gen. A. W. Greeley. Men of Business, by William
O. Stoddard, Inventors, by Philip G. Hubert. Jr., States-
men, by Noah Brooks; each, 1 vol., $2. (Chas. Scribner's
Sons.)
Autobiography, by Charles G. Leland.—Memoirs of Edward
L. Youmans, by John Fiske. — The Bronte Family, by
Dr. William Wright, illus. — Autobiography, by Werner
von Siemens.—The Story of Washington, by Elizabeth E.
Seelye, illus. — General Johnston, by Robert M. Hughes,
illus.. "Great Commanders," $1.50. — General Thomas,
by Henry Coppee, illus., "Great Commanders," $1.50.
(D. Appleton&Co.)
The Life and Work of Alexander Von Humboldt, by F.
Guillemard, $1.50. — New volumes in the " Heroes of the
Nations": Henry of Navarre and the Huguenots in
France, by P. F. Willert, illus.; Cicero and the Fall of the
Roman Republic, by J. L. Strachan Davidson; each 1 vol.,
illus., 81-50. (G. P. Putnam's Sons.)
The Life and Art of Edwin Booth, by William Winter, illus.
—The Life of Henry Edward Manning, by Edmund Sher-
idan Purcell; 2 vols., with portraits. (Macmillan & Co.)
Personal Recollections of John G. Whittier, by Mrs. Mary B.
Claflin, with portrait, 75 cts. (T. Y. Crowell & Co.)
The Life of Shakespeare, copied from the best sources with-
out comment, by Daniel Wilder, 81. (Little, Brown «fe Co.)
The Autobiography of Tommaso Salvini, with portrait, $1.50.
(Century Co.)


152
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
Life of General George H. Thomas, by Col. Don Piatt, with
concluding chapters by Gen. H. V. Boynton, S3. (Robert
Clarke & Co. i
Leonidas Polk, Bishop and General, by William M. Polk,
2 vols., illus.—Life of Edward Bouverie Pusey, D.D., by
H. P. Liddon, 4 vols., illus. I Longmans, Green & Co.)
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, by Arthur Waugh, new cheaper edi-
tion, with additions and revisions, illus. (C. L. Webster
«&Co.)
The Life of William Jay, by Bayard Tuckerman, $2.50.
(Dodd, Mead & Co.)
Heinrich Heine's Life told in his own Words, edited by Gus-
tav Karpeles and translated by Arthur Dexter. (Henry
Holt & Co. J
General Literature.
An Outline of the Development of the Early English Drama,
by Katharine Lee Bates.—English Prose Writers, passages
of English prose selected on the plan of " Ward's English
Poets," edited, with general introduction, by Henry Craik;
in 5 vols. (Macmillan & Co.)
Letters of James Russell Lowell, edited by Charles Eliot Nor-
ton; 2 vols., boxed, $7.50. — George William Curtis's
Works, edited by Charles Eliot Norton, 4 vols.—Harper's
American Essayists: By the Way, by C. D. Warner, As
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1893.]
153
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154
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1893.]
155
THE DIAL
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IG. P. Putnam's Sons.)


156
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
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1893.]
157
THE DIAL
The Boy Travellers in Southern Europe, by Thomas W.
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Elizabeth W. Champney, $1.50.—The History of a Bear-
skin, from the French of Jules D. Marthold, illus., $1.50.
— Elsie at Ion, $1.25. (Dodd, Mead & Co. I
An Archer with Columbus, by Charles E. Brimblecom, illus.,
$1.25. —Feats on the Fiord, by Harriet Martineau, illus.,
$1.50. — Miss Gray's Girls, by Jeanette A. Grant, il-
lus., $1.50. — Timothy Dole, by Juniata Salsbury Marcy,
illus., $1.25. (Joseph Knight Co.)
A Little Queen of Hearts, by Ruth Ogden, illus. by Harry
Ogden, $2.—Frankie Bradford's Bear, by Joanna H. Mat-
hews, illus., $1.25.—Book of Pets, verses by E.S. Tucker,
illus. in color by Maud Humphrey, $2.50.—Favorite Pete,
by E. S. Tucker, illus. in color, $1.25. (F. A. Stokes Co.)
Select Tables from La Fontaine, for the young, illus.— The
Thirteen Little Black Pigs, by Mrs. Molesworth, illus. in
color, $1.—Little Count Paul, by Mrs. E. M. Field, $1.50.
(E. & J. B. Young & Co.)
Story of Columbus for Young Folks, by Sarah H. Bradford,
75 cts. (A. D. F. Randolph & Co.)
The Doctor of the " Juliet," a story of the Sea, by Harry Col-
lingwood, illus., $1.50.— Dewdrops and Diamonds, by
Emma Marshall, 81.25.—Fair Women and Brave Men, by
Barbara Hutton, $1.25.—Heather and Harebell, by Emma
Marshall, $1.25.— Jill, a Flower Girl, by L. T. Meade,
$1.25.— The Paradise of the North, by D. L. Johnstone,
$1.25.—Pearla, a story for girls, by M. Betham-Edwards,
$1.25.— The Treasures in the Marshes, by Charlotte M.
Yonge, $1. (Thomas Whittaker.)
Miscellaneous.
Evening Dress, by W. D. Howells, illus., 50 cents;—My
Year in a Log Cabin, by W. D. Howells, illus., 50 cte.
(Harper's " Black and White Series.")
American Book Plates, by Charles D. Allen, illus. i Mac-
mil Ian & Co.)
Public Libraries in America, by W. I. Fletcher; in the " Co-
lumbian Knowledge Series," $1. (Roberts Bros.)
Through Blind Eyes, translated from the French of Maurice
de la Sizeranne, by F. Park Lewis. (G. P. Putnam's
Sons.)
Literary Notes and Miscej.laxy.
The Independent Theatre of London has issued its
programme for the coming season. It includes Herr
Strindberg's "The Father," Dr. Ibsen's "The Wild
Duck," and a comedy by M. Zola.
"The Sewanee Review," which lias recently com-
pleted its first year, will hereafter be conducted by Pro-
fessor W. P. Trent, author of the life of Simms in the
"American Men of Letters " series.
The New York Shakespeare Society has begun to re-
print in its " Bn.nk.sidu " edition the archaic texts of the
seventeen plays first printed in the Heminges and Con-
dell Folio of 1623. The first of these plays, " The Tem-
pest," will leave the press in a few days. Of these new
volumes but 500 copies are printed.
Germany has been having a Congress of Authors, the
place of meeting being at Munich. The principal ques-
tion discussed was the reform of the law of literary
property, with especial reference to the copyright treaty
between Germany and the United States, which is re-
garded as very unfavorable to the former. A committee
was appointed to prepare a memorial on this subject, to
be submitted to the Imperial Government and to be laid


158
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
before the Reichstag. The Convention adjourned to
meet next year in Hamburg.
An English publisher writes to " The Author " to put
ou record a novel experience. "This morning's post,"
he says, "brings an unasked-for and most acceptable
cheque towards recouping publishers' losses from one
whose book—a really good book that was much praised
— failed to 'catch on.' I want to place on record that
this is our first and only experience of the kind."
An extraordinary decision is reported from the French
courts. The newsdealing firm of Messrs. Brentano's in
Paris was sued for having placed on sale a New York
newspaper wherein was contained a libellous article
upon a former minister of France to Hayti. The court
decided that the offending firm should pay both costs
and heavy damages, as well as the expense of inserting
the judgment in a number of journals. Such a decision
as this must place the English booksellers of Paris in
a very peculiar predicament. If they are to be held
responsible for the contents of all the newspapers they
offer for sale, they may as well retire from business.
On November 8, Dr. Theodor Mommsen will cele-
brate his fifty years' "DoktorjubUaum." A great num-
ber of the friends and admirers of the eminent scholar
are of opinion that the day should be marked by some
substantial acknowledgement of his epoch-making work.
They have resolved to collect a sum of money, and pre-
sent it to the historian on the day of his jubilee as doc-
tor, in order that he may found a " Stiflung " for the
promotion of scientific studies in his own branch of la-
bor, the arrangement of the character and statutes of
this "Mommsen-fund" being left to his discretion.
Foreign scholars and friends who wish to subscribe may
remit to hud wig Delbriick, 61, Mauerstrasse, Berlin.
English Views of the Authors' Congress.
The London " Times " of recent date .contained an
extended article on the Authors' Congress at Chicago,
written by Mr. Walter Besant, who, as is well known,
was an active and influential member. He found the
Congress "a truly representative meeting," and " the
papers produced were written by those whose experi-
ence in the subjects treated and whose position in the
world of letters entitled them at least to a respectful
hearing." The most quotable portions of the article
are those addressed particularly to certain comments
on the Congress by that somewhat witty caviller Mr.
Andrew Lang and that somewhat wearisome caviller
Mr. Robert Buchanan. Referring to the former gen-
tleman, Mr. Besant pointedly says:
"What is the good of holding such a Conference?
A certain English man of letters has asked this ques-
tion, addiug, as his answer, that an author has nothing
to do but to sell his wares and have done with it. But
suppose he will not sell his wares and so have done with
it. Suppose he understands — what many men of let-
ters seem totally unable to understand—that his wares
may represent a considerable, even a great property,
which is going to yield a steady return for many years;
that he ought no more to sell this property 'and have
done with it' than he would sell a rich mine, or a mill,
or a row of houses, and have done with it, unless for a
consideration based on business principles. To such as
understand this axiom—i. e., to all who are concerned
in the material interests of literature — such a Confer-
ence may prove of the greatest possible use.
"For instance, among the questions to be considered
were, (1) all those relating to copyright, international
and domestic; (2) all those which relate to the admin-
istration of literary property; (3) all those which are
concerned with literature itself — its past, its present,
its tendency. ... It is manifest that the first two
branches may be most important to those concerned
with literary property — too often anyone but the pro-
ducer and creator of it. There is, however, another
point. It is greatly to be desired that those who be-
long to the literary profession should from time to time
gather together and recognise the fact that they do be-
long to a common calling. Hitherto the author, though
he calls himself a man of letters, has been too apt to
refuse the recognition of a profession or calling of let-
ters. He has sat apart—alone; nay, in many cases his
only recognition of his brethren has been a cheap sneer
or a savage gibe. To this day there remain a few of
those of whom Churchill wrote, who can never speak
of their brethren but with bitterness or derision. Such
a man at such a Conference is out of place; much more
important, his very existence comes to be recognised as
an anachronism: he will no longer be tolerated."
Mr. Lang's rather captious question, " How can a
hundred Congresses at Chicago secure the conditions"
of independence for the author, is thus answered in an-
other place:
"The author's independence will be secured for him
from the moment that his pay—the commercial side of
his work ■— is put, once for all, on such a footing of re-
cognized terms and proportions as will make him abso-
lutely independent of the publisher and dependent solely
on the public, as a physician, or a barrister, or an archi-
tect, or a solicitor, is independent. This can be done,
and will be done, by the arrival at an understanding be-
tween honorable publishers aud leading writers. What-
ever understanding this may be, it must rest upon the
basis of the demand for a book by the public. Our ef-
forts have been all along directed to showing the liter-
ary profession the meaning of their property so that
they may see the necessity of coming to such an under-
standing."
Mr. Besant expresses the hope that when next an
Author's Congress, or Conference, is held, Mr. Lang
will be there to see. Mr. Buchanan, however, who " does
his little best to darken counsel by prating foolishness
about Literature and Lucre," Mr. Besant hopes and
trusts "will not be present." The " literature and lu-
cre " argument is thus treated:
"Another kind of literary man is he who is continu-
ally inveighing against the baseness of connecting liter-
ature with lucre. He appears in this country, on an
average, once a year, with his stale and conventional
rubbish. Where this kind of talk is sincere, if ever it
is sincere—mostly it comes from those who have failed
to connect literature with lucre — it rests upon a con-
fusion of ideas. That is to say, it confuses the intellec-
tual, artistic, literary worth of a book with its com-
mercial value. But the former is one thing, the latter
is another. They are not commensurable. The former
has no value which can be expressed in guineas any
more than the beauty of a sunset or the colours of a
rainbow. The latter may be taken as a measure of the
popular taste, which should, but does not always, de-
mand the best books. No one, therefore, must con-
sider that a book necessarily fails because the demand
for it is small; nor, on the other hand, is it always just
or useful to deride the author of a successful book be-
cause it is successful. In the latter case the author has
perhaps done his best; it is the popular judgment that


1893.]
159
THE DIAL
should he reproved and the popular teste which should
be led iuto a truer way.
"A book, rightly or wrongly, then, may be a thing
worth money—a property, an estate. It is the author's
property unless he signs it away; and since any book,
in the uncertainty of the popular judgment, may be-
come a valuable property, it is the author's part to safe-
guard his property, and not to part with it without due
consideration and consultation with those who have con-
sidered the problem. And it is the special function of
such a Conference to lay down the data of the problem,
and so to help in producing, if possible, a solution. But
as for the question — is it sordid, is it base, for an au-
thor— a genius — to look after money? Well, a pop-
ular author is not always a genius. But even those who
are admitted to have some claim to the possession of
genius have generally been very careful indeed with re-
gard to the money produced by their writings. Scott,
Byron, Moore, Dickens, George Eliot, Thackeray, Trol-
lope, Tennyson, Wilkie Collins, Charles Reade, almost
every man or woman of real distinction in letters, can
be shown to have been most careful about the money
side of his books. It is left for the unsuccessful, for
the shallow pretenders, or for some shady publisher's
hack, to cry out upon the degradation of letters when
an author is advised to look after his property. Let us
simply reply that what has not degraded the illustrious
men who have gone before will not degrade those smaller
men, their successors."
Elsewhere in this interesting article, Mr. Besant in-
dulges in some optimistic observations on what he terms
the "new Literature of the West":
"The Congress of Literature was held at Chicago at
a fitting moment. It ma}' be taken as the inauguration
of a new Literature which has just begun to spring up
in the West; a Literature of which I for one was pro-
foundly ignorant until I learned about it on the spot.
At present it exists chiefly in promise; but if it is a
bantling, it is a vigorous bantling. In what direction
this new Literature of the West will develop it would
be quite impossible, even for one who kuows the condi-
tions of Western life, to predict. Enough to place on
record for the moment, the fact that there has sprung
into existence during the last year or two a company of
new writers wholly belonging to the West. All over
the broad valley of the Mississippi and on the Western
prairies there are farmers in vast numbers living for
the most part in solitary homesteads; their chief re-
creation is reading; there are also small towns and vil-
lages by the thousand; places whose population is be-
tween one and two thousand, in every one of which will
be found a ladies' literary society and a library. The
former holds meetings, receives papers, and is, gener-
ally, a centre of a certain intellectual activity; for the
latter, the ladies who manage it endeavor to procure as
many new books as possible."
Old Stanzas Worth Reprinting.
Thousands of visitors to Chicago this summer, and
other thousands of our citizens, have noticed, in passing
and repassing by railroad between the city and the Fair
grounds, the fine group of bronze statuary standing near
the lake front at Eighteenth street, on the line of the
Illinois Central Railroad. This group, the work of
Mr. Carl Rohl-Smith, a Danish sculptor who won dis-
tinction by his statue of Franklin that adorus the en-
trance to the Electricity Building at the Fair, was erected
through the generosity of Mr. George M. Pullman,
as a memorial to mark the spot of the Indian massacre
at Chicago in 1812, when the garrison of Fort Dear-
born, having evacuated the fort and started to march
to Detroit, was attacked after marching a few miles
and nearly exterminated. The dedication of the mon-
ument was naturally the occasion of a considerable out-
pouring of commemorative verse, some of the best of
which is given a place in Major Kirkland's very read-
able history of the massacre, lately published by Messrs.
Dibble & Co. To our mind, however, by far the best
verses on this theme are those written twenty years ago
by that brilliant Western poet, Benjamin F. Taylor, and
first published in " The Lakeside Monthly " for Octo-
ber, 1873. We subjoin the stanzas referred to;
"Bom of the prairie and the wave, the blue sea and the green,
A city of the Occident, Chicago lay between;
Dim trails upon the meadow, faint wakes upon the main,
On either sea a schooner and a canvas-covered wain.
"I saw a dot upon the map, and a house-fly's filmy wing —
They said 't was Dearborn's picket-flag when Wilderness was
king;
I heard the reed-bird's morning song—the Indian's awkward
flail -
The rice tattoo in his rude canoe like a dash of April hail, —
The beaded grasses' rustling bend—the swash of the lazy tide.
Where ships shake out their salted sails and navies grandly
ride!
"I heard the Block-house gates unbar, the column's solemn
tread,
I saw the Tree of a single leaf its splendid foilage shed
To wave awhile that August morn above the column's head;
I heard the moan of muffled drum, the woman's wail of fife.
The Dead March played for Dearborn's men just marching
out of life,
The swooping of the savage clond that burst upon the rank
And struck it with its thunderbolt in forehead and in flank.
The spatter of the musket-shot, the rifles' whistling rain,—
The sand-hills drift round hope forlorn that never marched
again!"
JUST PUBLISHED.
NAPOLEON: A Drama.
By Richmond Sheffield Dement. Second Edition. First-
Edition sold without advertising. Paper, 50c. j cloth, $1.50;
leather, $2.00; white crushed levant, $3.50.
"Mr. Dement has done honor to himself and to literature." —Inter
Ocean. "The rhythmic march of stately periods." — Commercial Ad-
verlUer. "Will be read with great interest and pleasure." — Outing.
"A drama in heroic mould." — Current Literature. "The conception
is elevated, the treatment fine."— National Tribune. "Worthy of our
attention and admiration."—Journal of Education.
ALL BOOKSELLERS.
THE NAPOLEON PUBLISHING CO., 2523 Grand Blvd., Cm. aqu.
A\AEQ1Cd\lA A History of the Indian Wars
C/llVILZl\l\^Sil\S1. with the First Settlers of the
United States to the commencement of the Late War; to-
gether with an Appendix containing interesting Accounts of
the Battles fought by General Andrew Jackson. With two
Plates. Rochester, N. Y., 182».
Two hundred signed and numbered copies have just been
reprinted at $2.00 each.
GEORGE P. HUMPHREY,
25 Exchange Street, Rochester, N. Y.
(A GUIDE FOR AMATEURS.)
HOW TO JUDGE A HORSE.
BY CAPT. F. W. BACH.
A concise treatise as to its Qualities and Soundness— Including
Bits and Bitting—Saddles and Saddling—Stable Drainage. Driving,
and Training.
l-.'mi), cloth, fully illustrated, $1.00. For sale by all booksellers,
or postpaid on receipt of price.
WILLIAM R. JENKINS,
Publisher or Veterinary Books.
851 and 853 SIXTH AVE. (48TH STREET), N. Y.


160
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
NOTABLE BOOKS.
The Law of Psychic Phenomena.
A Working Hypothesis for the Systematic Study of Hypnot-
ism, Spiritism, Mental Therapeutics, etc. By Thomson
Jat Hudson. 12mo, 81.50.
11 There cannot be too many books, ao honest, so faithful to a point
of view, so elevated and just in tone, so strong and able and compre-
hensive in reasoning, as this one is. It is the most far-sighted and
complete work yet issued on the subject.1'—Public Opinion, Wash-
ington.
Prance In the Nineteenth Century, 1830-1890.
By Elizabeth W. Latimer. Handsomely illustrated with
22 full-page, half-tone portraits. Crown 8vo, $2.50.
*' It is as absorbing as a work of Action. * * • Mrs. Latimer is
always picturesque. In her analysis of character she displays a
thorough mastery of her subject. * * * She has written an extremely
interesting book, which will be read with eagerness."— The Daily Ad-
vertiser, Boston.
Russia and Turkey in the Nineteenth Century.
A companion volume to " France in the Nineteenth Century,"
by the same author, to be published shortly. It is written in
the same brilliant style as the earlier volume, and will be
handsomely illustrated with half-tone portraits.
Sound and Music.
By the Rev. J. A. Zahm, C. S. C, Professor of Physics in
the University of Notre Dame. With 195 Illustrations.
8vo, 83.50.
"It is an extraordinary book by one of our foremost workers in
science. • * • It is a thoroughly scientific treatise, one which will
give the student a practical and theoretical knowledge of the subject.
* * * In no single volume can one find the same amount of valuable
information as is to be found in Prof. Zahm's new book."— The
Scientific American.
A History of Modern Philosophy.
From the Renaissance to the Present. By B. C. Burt, A.M.
2 vols, 12mo, 84.00.
"The accidental necessity of examining with more or less care a
number of current systems of philosophy has made it convenient to
compare Mr. Burt's synoptical abstracts with original works. The test
resulted very creditably for his book. • * * Wherever the test was
applied his method was found commendably accurate."—The Xew
York Tribune.
References for Literary Workers.
With Introductions to Topics and Questions for Debate. By
Henry Matson. Crown 8vo,|$3.00.
"Writers who have spent hours in public libraries seeking for just
the book needed to complete their knowledge of a certain subject, or
who have waded disconsolately through volumes in pursuit of a single
much-needed bit of information, will be glad to welcome this work. A
more complete reference book it would be hard to find."— The Boston
Timet.
The Best Letters of William Cowper.
Edited, with an Introduction, by Shirley C. Hughson.
Laurel-Crowned Letters, ltimo, gilt top, 81.00.
"Cowper might be called, with little exaggeration, the prince of
letter-writers, so elegant and classic are his epistles. Apart from their
literary charm, these letters give a more satisfactory picture of the
man than any "Life" of him that has yet been written."—The Daily
Advertiser, Boston.
Other volumes of the Laurel-Crowned Letters Series:
The Best Letters of Lord Chesterfield.
The Best Letters of Madame de Sevigne.
The Best Letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu.
The Best Letters of Horace Walpole.
The Best Letters of Charles Lamb.
The Best Letters of Percy Bysshe Shelley.
Other volumes to follow.
ROBERT CLARKE & CO.'S
NEW PUBLICATIONS.
For Sale by Booksellers generally, or will be sent, postpaid,
on receipt of the price by the publishers,
A. C. McCLURG & CO., Chicago.
WALLACE. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS AND LOU-
ISIANA UNDER THE FRENCH RULE. Embracing
a General View of the French Dominion in North America,
with some account of the English Occupation of Illinois.
By Joseph Wallace. 8vo, cloth, $2.50, net.
This is an authentic history of the Mississippi Valley from its earliest
exploration and settlement by the French until the final surrender of
Illinois to the English in 1765, and of Louisiana to the Spaniards in
I7i;: K together with a concise account of the English sway in Illinois till
1778. It includes many biographical and character sketches of the
early explorers and notices of the settlement and progress of many of
the towns and Tillages founded by the French in Canada and the Val-
ley of the Mississippi.
LIFE OF GENERAL GEORGE H. THOMAS.
By Col. Donn Piatt. With concluding chapters by Genl.
H. V. Boynton. Portrait. 8vo, cloth, $3.00, net.
Written in Colonel Piatt's well-known trenchant style, and is doubt-
less the most incisive of all his war criticisms. It presents at every
step the movement of other armies, and will interest the admirers of
other leading generals and lead to much discussion. Genl. Boynton
has finished the chapters relating to the Atlanta and Nashville Cam-
paigns, Genl. J. H. Wilson's wonderful cavalry expedition, etc., with
an outline of Genl. Thomas's career after the war.
DONN PIATT. HIS WORKS AND WAYS. By
Charles Grant Miller, his Private Secretary. Portraits
and Views. 12mo, cloth, $1.50.
An accurate account of Piatt's varied public services as a journalist,
jurist, diplomat, soldier, politician, and author. It is enlivened by
numerous incidents, illustrating bis sense of humor, brilliant wit,
crushing, remorseless sarcasm, cogent method of reasoning, and epi-
grammatic force of expression.
DONN PIATT. SUNDAY MEDITATIONS, SE-
LECTED PEOSE SKETCHES, and Critical Sketches of
Celebrated Public Men, including Washington McLean,
Robert C. Schenck, Henry Ward Beecher, Roscoe Conk-
ling, Charles Stewart Parnell, James A. Garfield, and Rich-
ard Realf. l'-'mo, cloth, $1.50.
DONN PIATT'S POEMS AND PLAYS. A selec-
tion of his Best Poems and Four Plays. I. Lost and Won;
II. A King's Love; III. Emotional Insanity; IV. Blen-
nerhassett's Island. 12mo, cloth, 81.50.
EASTWARD TO THE LAND OF THE MORNING.
By M. M. Shoemaker. Illustrated 12mo, cloth, SI.25.
This is an unusually readable book. Mr. Shoemaker not only knows
what to see, but how to describe what he sees better than nine travel-
lers out of ten, whose observations get into print. We have not for a
long time read a descriptive book which so set before us and lights up
to view the scenes in hand.—Literary World, Boston.
MELINE'S MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS and her
Latest English Historian. A narrative of the principal
events in the life of Mary Stuart, with some remarks on
Mr. Froude's History of England. By Jambs F. Melink.
12mo, cloth, $1.50.
An admirable critique on Froude. Mr. Meline's style is strong and
trenchant; and his sarcasm frequently admirable. He brings some
valuable new material into the discussion.
OSBORNE'S PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS.
The Satisfaction of Human Wants, in so far as their satis-
faction depends on material resources. By Grover Pease
Osbornjs. 12mo, cloth, §2.00.
Mr. Osborne holds that the only working definition of the subject is
"the satisfaction of human wants." His book will be read with inter-
est on account of the originality of its thought and outline and the
clearness of his statements.
Any of the above sent by mad, prepaid, upon receipt of the
price.
ROBERT CLARKE & CO., Publishers,
CINCINNATI.


1893.]
161
THE DIAL
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Corson's Introduction to Broivning. Retail price, $1.50.
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Also, a very comprehensive list of Modern Language Books, carefully selected and edited.
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MICHIGAN FEMALE SEMINARY. Kalamazoo, Mich.
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limited. Terras $250. Send for Catalogue. Opens Sep-
tember 14, 1893. Brick buildings, passenger elevator, and
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BINGHAM SCHOOL (FOR BOYS), Asheville, N. C.
1793.— Established in 1793.— 1893.
201st Session begins Sept. 1, 1803. Maj. R. Bingham, Supt.
ROCKFORD COLLEOE FOR WOMEN. Rockford, III.
Forty-fifth year begins Sept. 13,1893. College course and
excellent preparatory school. Specially organized departments
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Prepares pupils for College. Broader Seminary Course.
Room for twenty-five boarders. Individual care of pupils.
Pleasant family fife. Fall term opens Sept. 13, 1893.
Miss Eunice D. Sew all, Principal.
MISS GIBBONS' SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. New York City.
No. 55 West 47th st. Mrs. Sarah H. Emerson, Principal.
Will re-open Oct. 4. A few boarding pupils taken.
GIRLS' COLLF.GIATE SCHOOL, Chicago, III.
Nos. 479-481 Dearborn Ave. Seventeenth year. Prepares
for College, and gives special courses of study. For Young
Ladies and Children. Misg R s R A M ) -._,_. Miss M. E. Beedy. A.M..} Principals.
MISS CLAOETT'S HOME AND DAY SCHOOL FOR GIRLS.
Boston, Mass., 252 Marlboro' St. Reopens October 3.
Specialists in each Department. References: Rev. Dr. Don-
ald, Trinity Church; Mrs. Locis Aoassiz, Cambridge;
Pres. Walker, Institute of Technology.
NEW ENOLAND CONSERVATORY OF MUSIC, Boston, Mass.
Founded by Carl Faelten,
Dr. Eben Tourgee. Director.
THE LEADING CONSERVATORY OF AMERICA.
In addition to its unequaled musical advantages, excep-
tional opportunities are also provided for the study of Elocu-
tion, the Fine Arts, and Modern Languages. The admirably
equipped Home affords a safe and inviting residence for lady
students. Calendar free.
Frank W. Hale, General Manager,
Franklin Square, Boston, Mass.
fHE NEW YOBK BUBEAU OF REVISION. For
'Authors: The skilled revision, the unbiassed and com-
petent criticism of prose and verse; advice as to publication.
For Publishers: The compilation of first-class works of
reference. — Established 1880. Unique in position and suc-
cess. Indorsed by our leading writers. Address
DR. TITUS M. COAN, 70 Fifth Ave., New York.


162
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
IMPORTANT FALL BOOKS.
THE WRITINGS OF GEORGE
WASHINGTON.
Comprising his Diaries and bis Public and Private Corres-
pondence, including numerous letters and documents now
for the first time printed. Edited by Worthington C.
Ford. Volume XIV., completing the work,and including
an elaborate general index.
8vo, half leather, gilt tops. Limited edition, 750 copies,
printed from type. But fete sets remain. Price, $70.00.
THE WRITINGS AND CORRESPONDENCE
OF THOMAS JEFFERSON.
Edited by Paul L. Ford. Uniform with the set of the
"Writings of Washington." To be complete in 10 vols.,
8vo, half leather, gilt tops. Two volumes now ready. The
set, $60.00.
Limited edition, 750 copies, printed from type.
STUDIES OF TRAVEL.
By E. A. Freeman, author of " The History of Sicily," " The
Norman Conquest," etc.
I.—GREECE. | II- ITALY.
Each complete in 1 vol., with frontispiece. 16mo, 75 cents.
THE STORY OF PARTHIA.
By George Rawlinson, author of "The Story of Ancient
Egypt," etc. Being a new volume in the "Story of the
Nations" Series. Cloth, $1.50; half leather, $1.75.
THE EMPIRE OF THE TSARS AND THE
RUSSIANS.
By Anatolb Leroy-Beaulieu. Translated from the French
by Z. A. Ragozin, author of " The Story of Assyria," etc.
Three volumes, 8vo, with maps.
Part I. The Country and its Inhabitants. $3.00.
Part II. The Institutions. (Ready shortly.)
THE WILDERNESS HUNTER.
An Account of the Big Game of the United States, and Its
Chase with Horse, Hound, and Rifle. By Theodore
Roosevelt, author of "Hunting Trips of a Ranchman,"
"The Naval War of 1812," etc. With illustrations by
Remington, Frost, Sandham, Eaton, and others. 8vo,
$3.50.
A DICTIONARY OF FOREIGN PHRASES
AND CLASSICAL QUOTATIONS.
A Treasury of Reference for Writers and Readers of Current
Literature. Edited by R. D. Blackman. 8vo, $1.25.
This " Dictionary,1' comprising phrases and quotations from five lan-
guages, has run through twelve editions in England.
THE LIFE AND VOYAGES OF CHRIS-
TOPHER COLUMBUS.
By Washington Irving (condensed by the author from his
larger work). 12mo, fully illustrated. (No. 4 in the Li-
brary of American Biography.) $1.75.
*»* Notes on New Books, a quarterly bulletin, prospectus of
the Knickerbocker Nuggets, Heroes and Story of the Nations
Series, sent on application.
G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS,
NEW YORK:
27 and 29 W. 23d Street.
LONDON:
24 Bedford Street, Strand.
In tbe Wake of Columbus.
By Special Exposition Commissioner, F. A. Obf.r. El-
egant Library Edition, Royal 8vo, uncut edges, gilt
top, 500 pages, Spanish and American seals, and seal
of Commission on cover, with maps and 200 illustra-
tions, pen and inks, and photographs taken on the
spot. Dedicated to President Higinbothara and to
William Eleroy Curtis, Chief of Department that
sent Mr. Ober on the commission. $2.50. Delayed
in the press, this volume was issued the middle of July.
Edition-de-luxe Influenced by the advance sales
the publishers have yielded to many requests, and are
issuing an extra edition of two hundred and fifty copies
only, each one signed by the author and numbered by
the D. Lothrop Company.
This edition-de-luxe is on hand-made English paper,
elegant half-calf binding in red and yellow, and en-
closed in box. $10. (Just ready.)
Two other books of D. Lothrop Company's latest pub-
lications have leaped into instantaneous favor. These are
MARGARET SIDNEY'S
IVbittier with tbe Children.
Illustrated with full-page photogravure of " Whittier
with the Children," and sixteen exquisite cuts from
photographs and drawings made at the poet's homes
of his pets and favorite retreats. Written from in-
timate personal friendship and from choice family
reminiscences. Royal 8vo, uncut edges, gilt top,
bound in silver-gray cloth, with silver and gold orna-
ments, SI.50. And
Seaward.
By Richard Hovey, the remarkable elegaic poem on
Thomas William Parsons, together with the study
in the February "Atlantic" on Parsons, with full-
page photogravure portrait and exquisite illuminated
initials; is beautifully printed and bound. Royal
8vo, gilt top, uncut edges, in a box, $1.50.
Tbe c/lrtist Gallery.
A rare collection illustrative of famous and representa-
tive paintings of noted artists: Landseer, Millet,
Rosa Bonhenr, Sir Frederic Leighton, and Bougue-
reau. With interesting biographies of the artists
and comprehensive analysis of each painting. 8vo,
half-leather, $3.00; full leather, $5.00.
Guert Ten Eyck:
A HERO STOSY.
By W. O. Stoddard. Square 8vo, illustrated by Mer-
rill, $1.50.
A stirring story of real American boys and girls, and how
they helped on tbe Revolution. Washington, Hamilton, Aaron
Burr, and Nathan Hale appear in the story.
All Booksellers have them, or send your order direct to
D. LOTHROP COMPANY, Publishers,
BOSTON, MASS.


1893.]
163
THE DIAL
S. C. GRIGGS & CO.'S
T^ecent Important ^Publications.
A Syllabus of Psychology.
By William M. Bryant, author of "World Knergy and
its Self-Conservation." Second edition, paper, '1~> cents.
"The most immature student will not And it difficult to grasp the
ropositiou* laid down, and the Syllabus gives an entirely adequate out-
ine of the fundamentals of psychology. The list of books given at the
close is brief, but forms a sufficient and admirable course of Btudy."—
Aeic York Evangelist.
ll
The Secret of Character Building.
By John Dk Motte, A.M.. Ph.D. Cloth, illustrated, $1.00.
"Readers will here meet with a genuine surprise. The author finds
a novel opportunity in physiological psychology for a more complete
ethical training. The book is decidedly unique. With the pedagogic
instinct of a Luther the author considers it not only easier but more
profitable to try to form a new character than to reform a depraved
one. In this work lie has given clear and beautiful expression in popu-
lar form to profound scientific trui.li supporting his convictions.*'—
Edgar Dubs Shimer, University of City of New York, in Educational
Review.
Poetry and Philosophy of Goethe.
Edited by Marion V. Dudley. Cloth, $1.50.
"We have read many works on Goethe, but never one which has
thrown so much light upon his character, philosophy, and poetry as
this volume. The many sides from which he is reviewed, the familiar
character of the discussions, often colloquial, and those conducted by
specialists in the study of liis writings, furnish the reader with a mass
* of information of profound interest and rare value. The discussions
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retains the attention of the reader. To any one who would understand
Goethe as a man, thinker, and writer, we commend this volume as the
best with which we are acquainted.*'— The National Baptist, Philadel-
phia.
A Study of Greek Philosophy. •
By Ellkn M. Mitchell. With an Introduction by William
Rounheville Alger. Cloth, 81.25.
"This survey, with its analysis of the Greek schools, is the most clear
and inclusive, as far as my knowledge extends, that has been made in
our language within so compact a-spaco. It is of genuine value."—
Edmund Clarence Stedman.
"It is the best work for general students wo have ever read. It is a
popular treatise in which we find most charmingly presented a discus-
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is introduced to such master minds as Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Zeno,
and Epicurus. It Is clear, crisp, compact. To those who have a taste
for philosophy we can heartily recommend this admirable volume."—
The Arena, Boston, Mass.
England and Its Rulers.
A Concise Compendium of the Ilistory of England and Its
People. By H. Pomkroy Brewster and George H.
Humphrey. Cloth, 352 pages, $1.50.
"This will prove a reliable, helpful book for ready reference to the
main facts of English Royal, Constitutional, and Church history. It is a
well chosen, well arranged piece of compiling. The indexing is thor-
oughly done, especially in biography."—Review 0/Reviews, New York.
The Youth of Frederick the Great.
By Ernest Lavisse, of the Sorbonne, Paris. Translated by
Mary Bushnell Coleman. 450 pages, cloth, 82.00,
'* A masterly study of the rise of the most imperious figure of the
eighteenth century sovereigns. The pictures it portrays of life and
manners, of education and training, at the Prussian capital, are most
entertaining and instructive. The study is the more interesting be-
cause it is made by a modern French professor, who is attempting to
analyze the source of that tremendous expansion of German power
which made France herself bow in cruel defeat. "—Review of Reviews,
New York.
To the Orator, Lawyer, Preacher, and Student.
THE ELEVENTH EDITION OF
ORATORY AND ORATORS.
By William Mathews, LL.I). 1 vol., 456 pages.
Price, 82.00.
CONTENTS: The Power and Influence of the Orator.
— Is Oratory a Lost Art ?— Qualification of the Ora-
tor.— The Orator's Trials. — The Orator's Helps. — The
Tests of Eloquence. — Personalities in Debate. — Polit-
ical Orators: English.—Political Orators: Irish.—Polit-
ical Orators: American. — Forensic Orators. — Pulpit
Orators.— A Plea for Oratorical Culture.
This book contains information that would take half
a lifetime to gather elsewhere. Lawyers, politicians,
statesmen, clergymen, and all public speakers will find
it a mine of wealth, full of practical suggestions and
directions of great value, while the general reader will
be fascinated by the geins of thought, the vivid por-
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with which its pages abound.
From the New York Mail and Express: "This book should be read,
marked, and inwardly digested by every young man who expects at any
time to speak in public, either at a public meeting, in a deliberative
body, at the bar, in the pulpit, or even after dinner."
From the Philadelphia Inquirer: "No better idea of the great ora-
tors whose names are in all men's mouths can be found than from Dr.
Mathcws*s glowing pages. It is impossible to read them without gath-
ering new ideas and increasing knowledge while it is equally Impossible
to miss being entertained."
Other Volumes by Dr. Mathews:
Wit and Humor $1 60
Men, Places, and Things 1 60
Hours with Men and Books . ... 1 50
The Great Conversers 1 SO
Literary Style and Other Essays . . 1 50
Getting On in the World 1 50
Words: Their Use and Abuse ... 2 00
Monday-Chats of Sainte Beuve . . 1 60
"We say to young people who are accumulating a library full of
helpful suggestions order Dr. Mathews's series.*1— Bishop J. II. Vin-
cent, D.D., in the Sunday-School Journal, New York.
Price of The Nine Volumes $14.50, Express Paid.
DEMOSTHENES.
A Study of Political Eloquence in Greece, with extracts
from his orations and a critical -discussion of the
Trial on the Crown, from the French of Prof. L.
Bredif, of the University of France. Octavo, cloth,
gilt top, &2.50.
"This work on the illustrious Greek orator ought to be in the hand,
of all preachers, lecturers, actors, and politicians. Mr. McMahon's
translation of this remarkable book is admirable, and his editing ia
thoughtful and skillful." — London (England) M'anting Pout.
WITHOUT A RIVAL.
ROBERT'S RULES OF ORDER.
Pocket size. Cloth. Price, 75 cents.
THE STANDARD AUTH0R1TV.
There is no other work in our language of like character, so
thorough, concise, complete, and convenient for easy reference.
The above books may be had of any good Bookseller, or will be sent, postpaid, on receipt of price, by the Publishers,
S. C. GRIGGS & CO., 262 & 264 Wabash Ave., Chicago.


164
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
New Books and New Editions for
THE AUTUMN AND CHRISTMAS SEASON OF 1893.
THE VERDANT GREEN SERIES.
New and very attractive editions of these Famous College Stories, with all the original illustrations.
The Adventures of Mr. Verdant Green, an Oxford Freshman.
parts. Part I. The Adventures of Mr. Verdant Green.
III. Mr. Verdant Green Married and Done For.
the author. 2 vols.
Little Mr. Bouncer and His Friend, Verdant Green.
Vacation Vigil.
Part II. The Further Adventures of Mr. Verdant Green.
With 4 etched frontispieces and etched titles, and 180 illustrations by
II. “Aeger,” or Mistaken Identity. III. The Only Man Left in College on Christmas Day.
BERT BEDE. With etched title and etched frontispiece, and 78 illustrations by the author.
In three
Part
By Cuth BERT BEDE.
Also Tales of College Life. I. A Long
By Cuth-
1 vol.
Together, 3 vols. 12mo, cloth, extra, gilt top, $5.00; half calf, extra, gilt top, $10.00; half morocco, extra, gilt top, $10.00.
Also a limited large-paper edition of 250 numbered copies on Dickinson hand-made paper, with proofs of etchings on Japan
paper, 3 vols. 8vo, cloth, uncut, $15.00, net.
A Volume of Short Stories by the Author of “ With Fire and
Sword.” Daintily Bound and Beautifully Illustrated.
YANKO THE MUSICIAN, AND OTHER STORIES.
Translated from the Polish of HENRYk Sienkiewicz by
JEREMIAH CURTIN. Illustrated by EDMUND H. GARRETT.
16mo, cloth, extra, gilt top, $1.25.
None of the stories have ever before been translated into English, al-
though Yanko the Musician, the initial story of the volume, won the
author his fame. In a review of Sienkiewicz in Blackwood's Magazine,
this beautiful story, was fittingly described as a little poem in prose,
absolutely perfect of its kind. “Bartek the Victor” is the story of a
hero of the Franco-Prussian war.”
Xenophon's Art of Horsemanship.
THE ART OF HORSEMANSHIP. Translated from
the writings of XENOPHoN, with Preface by Dr. MoRRIs
H. MoRGAN. With several full-page plates, and numerous
illustrations from the antique. 12mo, cloth, gilt top, $1.50;
half calf, extra, or half morocco, extra, gilt top, $3.25;
limp morocco, gilt edges, $3.75.
This work has been translated into various languages, but the present
edition is, so far as known, its first publication as a separate work in
English.
Olympe de Clèves. A Romance of the Court of Louis XV.,
by Alerandre Dumas, never before translated. Uniform
with the Library edition of the Works of Dumas.
OLYMPE DE CLEVES. By ALExANDRE DUMAs, with
etched frontispiece and engraved portrait of the Comtesse
de Mailly, by PETITot. 2 vols., 12mo, cloth, extra, gilt
top, $3.00; half calf, extra, gilt top, or half morocco, ex-
tra, gilt top, $6.00.
“A Masterpiece.”— William Ernest Henley, the eminent critic, in
Chambers' Cyclopædia, new edition.
This remarkable romance, one of the greatest ever written by the
greatest of all romantic writers, has not previously been translated into
English. It deals with the Jesuit Novitiate at Avignon, and the French
Court during the early days of the reign of Louis XV.”
A new Historical Romance by Henryk Sienkiewicz, completing
“With Fire and Sword ” and “The Deluge.”
PAN MICHAEL. An Historical Novel of Poland, the
Ukraine, and Turkey. A sequel to “With Fire and Sword ”
and “The Deluge.” Translated by JEREMIAH CURTIN.
Crown 8vo, cloth, $2.00.
This great historical romance completes the remarkable series of his-
torical novels by Sienkiewicz, begun “With Fire and Sword ” and con-
tinued in “The Deluge.” These powerful works have been received
everywhere with enthusiastic commendation, and the publication of the
final story of the trilogy can only add too and continue their popularity.
The Popular Edition º Parkman's New Work, com-
pleting his Histories.
A HALF-CENTURY OF CONFLICT.
PARKMAN. Popular edition, with 3 maps.
cloth, $3.00.
“The characteristics that prove Mr. Parkman to be the first of living
American historians, and possibly of all American historians, living or
dead, are in this work strikingly manifest.”— The Critic.
By FRANCIs
2 vols. 12mo,
New Life of Shakespeare. Handy in Size, from best Sources.
The LIFE OF SHAKESPEARE. Copied from the
best sources without comment. By DANIEL W. WILDER.
16mo, cloth, $1.00.
There exists no brief and accurate Life of Shakespeare, notwithstand-
ing the many readers of his works. Most of these will prefer a book
which gives the known facts concerning Shakespeare's life, briefly and
accurately stated. To meet these requirements, the present volume
has been compiled. The material which it contains has been copied from
the best sources, and the compiler has inserted no opinions of his own.
New smaller edition of the holiday success, Elizabethan Songs.
ELIZABETHAN SONGS “ IN HONOUR OF LOVE *
AND BEAUTIE.” Collected and illustrated by EDMUND
H. GARRETT. With an introduction by ANDREw LANG.
Exquisitely printed at the University Press, with black-let-
ter headings, initial letters, etc., and illustrated with 4 vig-
nettes and 7 full-page photogravure plates from water-color
drawings, 50 headings and tail-pieces, and an etched title
with vignette portrait of Queen Elizabeth. 12mo, cloth,
extra, gilt top, $2.00; watered silk, gilt edges, $4.00; limp
morocco, gilt edges, $4.50.
This very beautiful volume includes the best of the many lovely
songs of the Elizabethan age. A selection of the exquisite illustrations
designed for the original edition by Mr. Garrett is included in the pres-
ent edition. In its new form and at so moderate a price, it will be one
of the most attractive holiday books of the present season.
The World's Best Hymns. New edition, with additional hymns.
The WORLD'S BEST HYMNS. With an introduc-
tion by Prof. J. W. CHURCHILL, Andover Theological Sem-
inary, and 40 beautiful pictures by Louis K. HARLow.
New edition. 16mo, decorated cloth, $1.50; China silk,
hand-painted, with designs of flowers, $2.50.
To the new edition of this admirable and very successful collection of
favorite sacred Poems and Hymns have been . “Crossing the Bar,"
by Lord Tennyson (sung at his funeral), “O God, our Hope in Ages
Past" (sung at the funeral of Bishop Brooks), together with selec-
tions from Wither, Thomas Campion, Martin Luther, Ignatius Loyola,
Dean Stanley, etc.
Potter on the Road and Roadside. New Edition.
The ROAD AND ROADSIDE. By BURtoN WILLIs
Potter. Third edition, revised, with 7 additional chap-
ters. 12mo, cloth, $1.50 net. (Ready.)
This little book has already attracted considerable attention from the
great and growing interest in the subject and the novel and delightful
manner of its treatment. It is a book by a lawyer, but he has dealt
with his theme in a manner which makes the book of interest to every
property-owner, traveller, equestrian, pedestrian, and bicyclist.
Governor Russell's Public Addresses.
THE SPEECHES AND MESSAGES OF WIL-
LIAM E. RUSSELL. Edited by CHARLEs THEoDoRE
Russell, JR., with an introduction by THoMAs WENT-
worth Higginson, and a portrait of Governor Russell.
Crown, 8vo, cloth, $2.50.
LITTLE, BROWN, & CO., Publishers, 254 Washington Street, Boston.
----- - -


1893.]
165
THE DIAL
FALL ANNOUNCEMENTS.
THE PRICE-MCGILL COMPANY.
IMPORTANT WEW 5NCO/ELS.
JOHN HOLDEN, UNIONIST.
By T. C. DE LEoN and ERwiN LEDYARD.
Illustrated by CHARLEs Edward Boutwood.
12mo, cloth, $1.50.
“An addition of merit to the literature of the war.”
— Chicago Times.
CENT SAMS’.
Stories of Metropolitan Life. By JULIAN
HAwthor NE. Illustrated by John HEN-
DERson GARNSEY. 12mo, cloth, $1.25.
“Bright, original, and interesting.”
— Public Opinion.
HOLIDAY STORIES.
Delightful Sketches.
12mo, cloth, $1.00.
“Simple, sweet, and natural.”—Detroit News.
SIX
By STEPHEN FiskE.
‘BOOKS FO
HONOR.
A Story of New York Society. By MAUD
Howe. Illustrated by CHARLEs Edward
Boutwood. 12mo, cloth, $1.25.
“It is a strong book.”— New York Recorder.
BROADOAKS.
A Romance of Virginia. By M. G. McCLEL-
LAND. Illustrated by CHARLEs Edward
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“The theme is wholly original and the story ranks
among the best of this author.”—Boston Transcript.
SYLVESTER ROMAINE.
A Dramatic Novel of our times. By CHARLEs
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“A story of special interest for its study of types.”
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THE YOUNG.
THE TALKING HANDKERCHIEF.
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ellers,” etc. Illustrated by John HENDERSON
GARNsey. 12mo, cloth, $1.50.
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A CLOSE SHAVE.
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“Young readers will find it a book to get their heads
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pages.”— New York Independent.
TOM AND THE MONEY KING.
By W. O. Stood ARD, author of “Dab Kinzer,”
“Saltillo Boys,” etc. Illustrated by CHARLEs
Edward Boutwood, 12mo, cloth, $1.50.
THE ROMANCE OF A SCHOOLBOY.
By MARY A. DENIsoN. Illustrated by John
HENDERson GARNSEY. 12mo, cloth, $1.50.
MARKING THE BOUNDARY,
By Edward E. BILLINGs, Illustrated by John
HENRY GARNSEY. 12mo, cloth, $1.50.
THE RIVER AND WILDERNESS SERIES.
12mo, cloth, 3 vols. in bor, $3.75.
Vol. I. THE RIVER FUGITIVES.
By Edward S. ELLIs, author of “Young Pio-
neer” series, etc. Illustrated.
Vol. II. THE WILDERNESS FUGITIVES.
A sequel to “The River Fugitives.” Illustrated.
Vol. III. LENA-WINGO, THE MOHAWK.
A s