rector of the Lick
Observatory.
Rev. R. A. Holland, St. Louis, Mo.
Charles S. Holt, Lake Forest, 111.
Prof. Williston S. Hough, Univ. of Minn.
Mrs. Sara A. Hubbard, Chicago.
Prof.W. H. Hudson, Stanford University
Capt. E. L. Huggins, U.S.A., Chicago.
Henry A. Huntington, Rome, Italy,
Dr. James Nevins Hyde, Chicago.
Edward S. Ishani, Chicago.
Prof. H. C. G. von Jagemann, Harvard
University.
* Hon. John A. Jameson, Chicago.
Rev. Kristopher Janson, Minnesota.
Prof. Joseph Jastrow, University of Wis.
Prof. J. W. Jenks, Cornell University.
W. L. B. Jenney, Chicago.
* Dr. J. S. Jewell, Chicago.
Edward Gilpin Johnson, Milwaukee, Wis.
Rossiter Johnson, New York City.
Prof.W. H. Johnson, Denison University
Pres. David S. Jordan, Stanford Univ.
Prof. F. W. Kelsey, University of Mich.
Capt. Charles King, U.S.A., Milwaukee.
Joseph Kirkland, Chicago.
Walter C. Lamed, Chicago.
Bryan Lathrop, Chicago.
Rev. William M. Lawrence, Chicago.
Henry D. Lloyd, Chicago.
Dr. H. M. Lyman, Chicago.
James MacAlister, Pres. Drexel Inst.
Franklin MacVeagh, Chicago.
Alexander C. McClurg, Chicago.
Prof. A. C. McLaughlin, Univ. of Mich.
Mrs. Anna B. McMahan, Quincy, 111.
E. G. Mason, Pres. Chicago Hist. Society.
Mrs. Mary M. Mason, New York City.
Mrs. Miriam P. Mason, Chicago.
Miss Kate B. Martin, Chicago.
Prof. Brander Matthews, Columbia Col,
Miss Marian Mead, Chicago.
Prof. A. C. Miller, Univ. of Chicago.
Miss Harriet Monroe, Chicago.
Miss Lucy Monroe, Chicago.
Mrs. A. W. Moore, Madison, Wis.
Prof. A. G. Newoomer, Stanford Univ.
Rev. Arthur Howard Noll, New Orleans.
James S. Norton, Chicago.
Mrs. Minerva B. Norton, Evanston, 111,
Rev. Robert Nourse, La Crosse, Wis.
• Rev. George C. Noyes, Evanston 111.
Prof. J. E. Olson, University of Wis.
James L. Onderdonk, Chicago.
Prof. Henry L. Osborn, Hamline Univ.
Eugene Parsons, Chicago.
Prof. G. T. W. Patrick, University of la.
William Morton Payne, The Dial.
Dr. S. H. Peabody, Late Pres.Univ. of 111
Norman C. Perkins, Detroit, Mich.
Prof. W. R. Perkins, University of la.
Egbert Phelps, Joliet, 111.
Hon. J. 0. Pierce, Minneapolis, Minn.
Dr. W. F. Poole, Librarian Newberry Li-
brary, Chicago.
• Rev. H. N. Powers, Piermont, N. Y.
•William H. Ray, Hyde Park High
School, Chicago.
Rev. C. A. L. Richards, Providence, R.I.
Prof. C. G. D. Roberts, King's College,
Windsor, N. S.
J. B. Roberts, Indianapolis, Ind.
John C. Ropes, Boston, Mass.
Prof. E. A. Ross, Cornell University.
James B. Runnion, Kansas City, Mo.
William M. Salter, Philadelphia, Pa.
Prof. M. W. Sampson, University of Ind.
• Thorkild A. Schovelin, New York City.
Clinton Scollard, Clinton, N. Y.
M. L. Scudder, Jr., Chicago.
Miss E. W. Shogren, Northneld, Minn.
Prof. Paul Shorey,University of Chicago.
Dr. Albert Shaw, Editor Review of Re-
views.
Prof. W. E. Simonds, Knox College.
George W. Smith, Chicago.
William Henry Smith, New York City.
Prof. D. E. Spencer, Universityof Mich.
Prof. H. M. Stanley, Lake Forest Univ.
Prof. Frederick Starr, Univ. of Chicago.
Frank P. Stearns, Boston, Mass.
Richard Henry Stoddard, N. Y. City.
Mrs. Margaret F. Sullivan, Chicago.
Rev. David Swing, Chicago.
Slason Thompson, Chicago.
Henry W. Thurston, La Grange, 01.
Henry L. Tolman, Chicago.
Miss Augusta Tovell, St. Louis, Mo.
Prof. F. J. Turner, University of Wis.
Prof. Herbert Tuttle, Cornell University.
Edward Tyler, Ithaca, N. Y.
George P. Upton, Chicago.
Rev. David Utter, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Horatio L. Wait, Chicago.
Charles Dudley Warner, Hartford, Conn.
Stanley Waterloo, Chicago.
W. Irving Way. Chicago.
• William H. Wells, Chicago.
Pres. D. H.Wheeler, Alleghany College.
•Prof. N. M.Wheeler, Appleton Univ.
Dr. Samuel Willard, Chicago High Sch.
Rev. E. F. Williams, Chicago.
R. 0. Williams, New Haven,Conn.
Gen. Robt.Williams,U.S.A.,Washington
Prof. Wood row Wilson, Princeton Univ.
• Dr. Alex. Winchell, University of Mich.
Prof. Arthur B. Woodford, N. Y. City.
J. E.Woodhead, Chicago.
Mrs. Celia P. Wooley, Chicago.
Prof. G. Frederick Wright, Oberlin, 0.
* Deceued.


240
[Oct. 16, 1893,
THE DIAL
To California and Back
'By the Santa Fe Impute. The most attractive ^American
tour. qA new descriptive book, with the above title, con-
taining over 150 pages and as many pen-and-ink Illus-
trations, sent free, on receipt of four cents in postage, by
JNO. J. "BYRNE,
701 Monadnock Building, Chicago, III.
THOMAS B. MOSHER,
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MEISTERSCHAFT SUPERSEDED
BY ITS OWN AUTHOR.
DR. RICHARD S. ROSENTHAL.
FALL ANNOUNCEMENT.
THE BIBELOT SERIES.
Mr. Thomas B. Moaher takes pleasure In announcing his new series of
poetical reprints, under the above general title, which he believes will
)>e found more than usually attractive to the book lover and buyer of
choice editions. For the season of 1893 the following will be ready early
in November:
I. Songs of Adieu.
A little book of recent English lyrics, compiled from sources that are
not generally known, or inaccessible in this country.
II. Old World Lyrics.
A little book of traiwlat ions from Villon. Da BeUay, Ronsard, ami Utter
poet*. It ie believed that such dainty specimens of book-making will
be welcomed by those who seek for themselves or as a gift to friends,
something that will teem more exclusively their own than the ordinary
booklet, pretty as it la—bnt seen and sold on every counter. To prove
that this is not only possible, but also attainable at a moderate price, the
BIBELOT SERIES has been planned, and the first two volumes put
to press.
The BIBELOT SERIE8 is modeled on an old style format, narrow
8vo, and beautifully printed on Van Gelder's band-made paper, uncut
edges; done up in flexible Japan vellum wrapper, with original deaign
in color, and each issue strictly limited to 725 copies.
Price per Volume, $1.00 Net.
W Advance orders solicited, and specimen page* sent on
application.
THOMAS B. MOSHER, Portland, Me.
Dr. Rosenthal's name has become a household word
wherever foreign languages are studied. A new work.
The Rosenthal Method of
Practical Linguistry,
has just been issued by him, which does not only super-
sede his former system, published twenty years ago, but
will be found superior to any method. It is the ma-
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abling anyone to learn to
SPEAK FLUENTLY AND CORRECTLY,
with scarcely an effort and without a teacher,
GERMAN, FRENCH, OR SPANISH,
within a marvellously short time.
"Next to living in a foreign country, this is undoubtedly
the best of all methods for learning; modern languages.''—
The Nation.
Exact pronunciation given. AH subscribers become
actual pupils of Dr. Rosenthal, who answers all ques-
tions and corrects all exercises free of charge. Terms
of membership, 85.00 for each language. Part I., each
language, 50 cts.
Polyglot Book Company,
34 Lafayette Building, Chicago. III.
in DIAL FUSS, CBICASO.



THE DIAL
Jt SEMI-MONTHLY JOURNAL OF
$ittrarg Criticism, gismssion, anb Information.
EDITED BT { 1
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i Volume XV.
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by Caravan.
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242
[Nov. 1,
THE DIAL
Macmillan & Co.'s New Publications.
Edition de luxe of
THE CAMBRIDGE SHAKESPEARE.
Edited by WILLIAM ALDIS WRIGHT.
NOW HEADY:
The Tempest. The Two Gentlemen of Verona.
The edition de luxe of the Cambridge Shakespeare will be comprised in 40 volumes Super Royal 8vo, each
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The first edition having been exhausted soon after publication, a sec-
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Just Published. Mr. Winter's Biography of Edwin Booth.
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eron.
Four hundred only printed, of which three hundred and fifty are for
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This volume contains four portraits of Tennyson — representing the
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the "Dirty Monk " portrait.
The group includes, moreover, photogravure portraits of the Prime
Minister, Arthur HaUam, Henry Irving, Longfellow, Browning, Carlyle,
and many others, most of whom afforded special sittings to Mr. Cameron.
The introductory, by the daughter of the author of "Vanity Fair,"
is luminous and entertaining.
Columbier folio. Bound in buckram, with gilt ornamentation. Price,
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Thb Works, complete in one volume, with portrait. 8vo, cloth extra,
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From the German of G. A. Scartazzini. By Arthur John
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Just Ready, Mr. Crawford's New Novel.
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A Story Without Comment. By F. Marion Crawford.
In the uniform series of Mr. Crawford's novels. 12mo, cloth,
price $1.00.
*0*Messrs. Macmillan fr Co. have removed to their new premises at 66 Fifth Ave.
MACMILLAN & CO., Publishers, .... No. 66 Fifth Avenue, New York.


1893.]
243
THE DIAL
LEE & SHEPARD'S NEW BOOKS.
I Have Called You Friends.
By Irene E. Jerome. Chastely illuminated in Missal style.
Exact facsimiles of the author's original designs in color
and gold. Printed in best style on fine paper. Beautiful
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Our Colonial Homes.
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The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.
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Also, she touches upon current topics and current literature, and shows
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The Maud Humphrey Ivorines.
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Recollections and appreciations of James Russell Lowell.
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The Poet and the Man.
Recollections and appreciations of James Russell Lowell.
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Father Brighthopes.
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LEE & SHEPARD, Publishers, Boston.


244 THE DIAL [Nov.l,
Reduced in Price. New Volumes Added.
THE
ROUNDABOUT BOOKS
A special line of Books of Travel, describing journeys and adventures in
all parts of the world, written by the most noted authors in the separate fields,
and made attractive to the outward eye by good print, innumerable illustra-
tions, and tasteful and attractive bindings.
1. Drifting Round the World. A Boy's Adventures by Sea and Land. By Capt. C. W. Hall.
2. A Voyage in the Sunbeam. By Lady Brassey.
3. Our Boys in India. The Wanderings of two Young Americans in Hindostan, with their Excit-
ing Adventures on the Sacred Rivers and Wild Mountains. By Harry W. French.
4. Our Boys in China. The Adventures of two Young Americans, wrecked in the China Sea on
their return from India, with their Strange Wanderings through the Chinese Empire. By
Harry W. French.
5. Young Americans in Japan; or, The Adventures of the Jewett Family and their Friend Oto
Nambo. By Edward Greey.
6. Young Americans in Tokio; or, Further Adventures of the Jewett Family and their Friend
Oto Nambo. By Edward Greey.
7. Young Americans in Yezo. Being the Further Adventures of the Jewett Family and their
Friend Oto Nambo. By Edward Greey.
8. The Fall of Sebastopol. A Tale of the Crimea. By G. A. Henty.
9. Fighting the Saracens. A Tale of the Crusades. By G. A. Henty.
10. The Young Colonists. By G. A. Henty.
New Volumes added this Year:
11. The Young Buglers. A Tale of the Peninsula War. By G. A. Henty.
12. The Ocean Rovers. By Louis Rousselet.
13. The Hero of Pine Ridge. By Lieut-Col. Butler.
14. Eddy's (Rev. D. C.) Travels in Europe.
15. Eddy's (Rev. D. C.) Travels in Asia and Africa.
In Press:
16. The Adventures of a Country Boy at a Country Fair. By James Otis, author of
"Toby Tyler," etc.
EACH OF THE ABOVE COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME. CLOTH, $1.25.
Sent postpaid, on receipt of price, to any part of the World, by the Publishers,
CHARLES E. BROWN & CO., No. 53 State Street, Boston, Mass.


1893.]
245
THE DIAL
LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO.'S
V^EW -BOOKS.
Life of Edward Bouverie Pusey.
By Henry Parry Liddon, D.D. Edited and pre-
pared for publication by the Rev. J. O. Johnston,
M.A., and Rev. Robert J. Wilson, M.A. In four
volumes. With two Portraits and seven Illustrations.
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HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., Boston.


246
[Nov. 1,
THE DIAL
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No. 33 East Seventeenth St., Union Square, New York.


1893.]
247
THE DIAL
PERFECT FREEDOM.
Bishop Phillips Brooks.
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Thought and tA£tion.
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A Study of His Life and Work.
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Professor Clinton Scollard will issue this fall a further de-
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No. fi7 Fifth Avenue, New York City.


248
[Nov. 1, 1893.
THE DIAL
D. Appleton & Co.'s New Books.
The Story of Washington.
By Elizaheth Eooleston Seelye. Edited by Dr. Ed-
ward Eooleston. With oyer 100 illustrations by Alle-
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This book will supply a demand for a life of Washington,
the man, of convenient size, popular, including the latest re-
sults of research, planned according to the methods of the
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every available subject which the story includes. Mrs. Seelye's
book is always interesting, and it is not encumbered with su-
perfluous details. It is uniform with " The Story of Colum-
bus," by the same author.
The Country School in New England.
By Clifton Johnson. With 60 illustrations from photo-
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edges, $2.50.
This volume is so delightfully novel, quaint, picturesque,
and so thoroughly infused with the fresh and unsophisticated
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preciation. The author describes successive periods of the
country school — the winter and summer terms; the scholars
in their classes and at the blackboard; their punishments;
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farm — in short, the every-day life of the boys and girls of
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Every phase of his subject is aptly illustrated with pictures
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Duffels.
By Edward Eooleston, author of " Roxy," "The Hoosier
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This new volume of fiction is certain of a cordial welcome.
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A concise and admirable exposition of the growth and de-
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Personal Recollections of Werner von
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THE DIAL
& &eim=J8ant[)lg Journal of Hiterarg Criticism, ©tecuggion, ano Enformatton.
THE DIAL {founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
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prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries
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on application. All communications should be addressed to
THE DIAL, No. 24 Adams Street, Chicago.
No. 177. NOVEMBER 1, 1893. Vol. XV.
Contents.
PAGE
ANONYMITY IN LITERAKY CRITICISM . . .249
THE WORLD'S CONGRESS AUXILIARY: Sum-
mary from President Bonney's Closing Address . 251
THE MASTER OF BALLIOL: Press Tributes ... 253
COMMUNICATIONS 254
The Improvement of Newspapers. C. K. Adams.
Mr. John Burroughs on Poe. Edward E. Hale, Jr.
The Decorative Sculpture at the Fair, and Its Pres-
ervation. A Travelling European.
A " Western Style " in Literature. A. H. M.
A Curiosity of Literary Style. W. H. Johnson.
THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS, AND ITS PRESI-
DENT. E.G.J 257
RECENT TENDENCIES IN ECONOMIC AND SO-
CIAL SCIENCE. Edward W. Bemis .... 260
LINCOLN: A CHARACTER STUDY. John J.
Ilalsey 203
RECENT BOOKS OF POETRY. William Morton
Payne 265
Gilder's The Great Remembrance.—Hale's For Fifty
Years. — Miss Guiney's A Roadside Harp. — Mrs.
Sangster's On the Road Home. — Madame Darmes-
teter's Retrospect.—Rawnsley's Valete.— Rhoades's
Teresa. — Barrow's The Seven Cities of the Dead.—
Selections from Augusta Webster.—Roberts's Songs
of the Common Day. — Campbell's The Dread Voy-
age. — Wetherell's Later Canadian Poems.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 269
Professor Huxley on evolution and ethics.— Charac-
teristic stories and sayings of Whittier.— The in-
fluence of Rnskin's work on modern life.— A text-
book of French literature in French. — A life of
Shakespeare copied from original sources.— Factors
in American civilization.— A new volume of essays
by Coventry Patmore.—A manual of physics for
high schools.—" Builders of American literature."—
Travel-sketches by Geo. W. Edwards.
BRIEFER MENTION 272
NEW YORK TOPICS. Arthur Stedman 273
LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY .... 274
A Rose from Omar's Grave.— The Late Mr. Free-
man's Opinion of Emerson and Browning. — M. Zola
and Mr. Oscar Wilde.— Progress of the Newspaper
Press.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 276
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 276
ANONYMITY IN LITERARY
CRITICISM.
The question of responsibility for criticism
is one of the most difficult with which the liter-
ary profession has to deal. Should it be signed
or unsigned, personal or impersonal; should it
express the opinion of an individual or of an
organ? The question has been ably and am-
ply discussed from both points of view, and
both systems (in English-speaking countries,
at least) have been found to work well in prac-
tice. In behalf of the principle of anonymity
it is argued, first, that criticism has increased
weight when put forth with all the authority of
a paper or review that has gained the confi-
dence of the public; second, that by this method
alone is untrammelled criticism, free from per-
sonal obligations or reservations, to be secured.
Upon these two leading arguments the case
for anonymity rests; others are occasionally
brought forward, but examination shows them
to be either of a derivative nature or of minor
importance.
In behalf of the criticism for which personal
responsibility is assumed, we are told, first,
that all such criticism really is the work of in-
dividuals, and that it is unworthy to pretend
that it is anything else; second, that inten-
tional unfairness is less likely to be displayed
when authorship is avowed than when it is con-
cealed; third, that injustice is done to the critic
himself when the periodical to which he con-
tributes assumes all the credit for his work,
and that this assumption reacts upon the work,
tending to make it colorless and weak.
It is hardly necessary for the editors of The
Dial to state that the arguments for personal
responsibility seem to them the weightier, since
they have, from the start, adhered to the prac-
tice of publishing signed criticisms of all the im-
portant works reviewed. While granting that
the impersonal system has some advantages, it
seems to admit of still more abuses. The nature
of these abuses has been succinctly set forth
by Mr. Besant in a recent article. He says:
"I should rejoice to see the custom of signing crit-
icisms in literature and art become general, for several
reasons. First, because it would instantly, I believe,
demolish the flippant smartness and insolence with which
some papers allow their columns to be disfigured —
smartness which disguises the fact that the critic knows


250
[Nov. 1,
THE DIAL
nothing of his subject; it would force the writer at least
to read the book; it would put an end to the reviewing
of books in the batch; it would make the young critic
anxious to advance his own name as a writer who can
deliver carefully considered judgment in the courteous
language of a gentleman; this language he would study
to preserve in his work, or to learn if he had never
learned it; and it would enormously raise the position
and status of a critic in the eyes of the editor, as well
as those of the reading public. That it would also rap-
idly advance the capable critic in his own profession
may be taken for granted."
For these reasons, and for others of a similar
character, we think it desirable that the au-
thorship of literary criticism should, as a rule,
be acknowledged.
There is, however, one abuse connected with
the system of signed reviews that requires a
moment's consideration. When this system is
in use, the temptation is strong to secure the
names of well-known writers, regardless of their
fitness for the work. We have far too much
of this misdirected effort, both in the sensa-
tional press of the day and of the month. Some
periodicals of this sort display title-pages or
tables of contents in which the names of their
contributors appear in heavy-faced type, while
the subjects of the contributions are printed
in the most modest and inconspicuous of char-
acters. In fact, one of the greatest vices of
our periodical press is this willingness to ap-
peal to the public ear by means of names rather
than by means of serious and competent dis-
cussion. When the subject considered is sub-
ordinated to the personality of the man who
writes about it, we have reached something
very like a reductio ad absurdum of the sys-
tem. At all events, we have shown how a sys-
tem, excellent in principle, may be condemned
by its own excesses. On the other hand, the
anonymous system too easily lends itself to con-
cealment of the poverty of the resources at the
command of a review. When criticism is to be
unsigned, there is an increased difficulty in ob-
taining criticism of the best quality, and edi-
tors will sometimes succumb to the temptation
afforded by the fact that, however inefficient
the work offered them may be, it must share
in the general prestige of the periodical in
which it appears. As regards the two abuses
just considered, the one appears to be no more
probable or dangerous than the other; in either
case, the abuse in question will not be charge-
able to any editor who accepts the responsibil-
ities of his position. In other words, the edi-
tor who is determined to present his readers
with serious and honest criticism will refuse
to publish incompetent work, whether it come
baited with a well-known name or bear no name
at all.
When we consider the influence upon the
writer himself (assuming him to be competent)
of the knowledge that his work is to be signed
or unsigned, it seems to us that the argument
for personally acknowledged criticism is much
the better. It is so easy for the anonymous
critic to be unfair, to allow his work to be col-
ored by a personal prejudice against which it
is impossible for the reader to be on his guard.
The best of the anonymous reviews show occa-
sional examples of very uncritical prejudice,
which, as a rule obvious enough to the expert
in such matters, is entirely unperceived by the
average reader. Sometimes, indeed, the preju-
dice is so deftly concealed as to impose upon
the very elect. That this evil is greatly lessened
when criticism is acknowledged should be ap-
parent enough. There are cases, no doubt, in
which the reviewer who is to sign his criticism
will fail, for personal reasons, to speak out his
whole mind, and an occasional work may, in
consequence, receive a more generous measure
of praise than it deserves. But this evil ap-
pears to us of minor importance when com-
pared with the evil of prejudice protected by
anonymity, and unrestrained by any sense of
personal responsibility. Without going as far
as Schopenhauer, when he calls anonymity the
"shield of all literary rascality," we may find
a certain satisfaction in his vigorous denuncia-
tion of the system.
"It was introduced under the pretext of protecting
the honest critic, who warned the public against the
resentment of the author and his friends. But where
there is one case of this sort there will be a hundred
where it merely serves to take all responsibility from
the man who cannot stand by what he has said, or pos-
sibly to conceal the shame of one who has been cowardly
and base enough to recommend a book to the public for
the purpose of putting money into his own pocket.
Often enough it is only a cloak for covering the ob-
scurity, incompetence, and insignificance of the critic.
It is incredible what impudence these fellows will show,
and what literary trickery they will venture to commit,
as soon as they know they are safe under the shadow
of anonymity."
There is much force in this, and there is pith
in the author's further suggestion that a man
should be answerable for what he writes, "at
any rate with his honor, if he has any; and if
he has none, let his name neutralize the effect
of his words."
Thus we see that one of the two leading ar-
guments for anonymity does not seem, upon
careful examination, to be well based. The
other argument — that criticism bearing the


1893-3
251
THE DIAL
authority of a review has greater weight than
that which bears but the authority of an indi-
vidual—might be dismissed with the question:
Why should criticism have any greater weight
than attaches to the authority of its writer?
But there is really more than this to be said
upon the subject. A critical periodical should
be more than a mere collection of essays. It
is a pitiful theory that regards a review as a
mere dumping-ground for all sorts of opinions.
A review should stand for something; it should
represent sane intelligence upon the subjects
with which it is concerned; it should march in
the vanguard of thought. M. Zola, who has re-
cently, in his address before the London Con-
ference of Journalists, stirred up the question
of anonymity, goes astray at this point. His
plea is for personal responsibility in criticism,
and is excellently urged, but he attempts to
make an unreal distinction between political
and literary criticism. He expresses the opin-
ion that political discussion should be imper-
sonal, and adds:
"At the same time, I confess that if I recognize the
necessity for anonymity in political matters, I am none
the less surprised that it can exist in literary matters.
Here I entirely fail to grasp the situation. I refer
especially to articles of criticism, judgments pronounced
upon the play, the book, the work of art. Can there
be such a thing as the literature, the art of a party?
That discipline, average opinion, should prevail in pol-
itics is certainly wise. But that a literary or artistic
production should be adapted to suit the views of a
whole party, that a scythe should be used to cut down
everybody to the same level, that all should be mixed
up in a common herd, in order to politely please your
public, this I consider to be dangerous to the intellec-
tual vitality of a nation. This sort of regimental crit-
cism, speaking in the name of a majority, can only end
in producing a mediocre, colorless literature."
The mistake here is in the assumption that im-
personal discussion, whether political or artis-
tic, must be partisan. But it cannot for a mo-
ment be admitted that either the one or the
other is necessarily partisan, except in the
sense that it must take the part of knowl-
edge against ignorance, of intelligence against
dulness, of sanity against eccentricity, of ra-
tionality against irrationality. We do not de-
cide against anonymous literary criticism be-
cause of its assumed tendency to become parti-
san, or to express average opinion — it cannot
well be the one, and ought not to do the other
— but for the far more cogent reasons above
set forth, and also recognized by M. Zola else-
where in his address. It must be remembered
that a critical review has to deal with all sorts
of subjects, not only with belles lettres, but
with history and science and philosophy as
well. The word partisanship has no meaning
when applied to so wide a range of interests.
Recurring once more to the main argument
for anonymity, we would say, finally, that the
criticism which is published in a review of high
character and recognized authority does receive
added weight from that very fact, if signed no
less than if unsigned. We do not believe that
the addition of a signature detracts from the
authority of the criticism, and we are sure that
it adds to the reader's confidence in the sincer-
ity of the writer. If the name of the writer is
well-known, his opinion comes with the added
authority of the review in which it appears;
if the name is not well-known, the importance
to be attached to the opinion will be measured,
not by the obscurity of the writer, but by the
confidence which the editorial conduct of the
review inspires. In a word, when critical arti-
cles are signed, there is at least no loss of
weight, and there may be a distinct increment
of gain. The last editions of the "Encyclo-
paedia Britannica" and of Chambers's " Ency-
clopaedia " are the better and the more author-
itative from the fact that their chief contribu-
tions are acknowledged. "The Fortnightly
Review," with its signed articles, quickly gained
a higher prestige than had been enjoyed by the
anonymous quarterlies. If " The Athenaeum"
and "The Saturday Review" and "The Na-
tion," following the example of "The Acad-
emy" and The Dial, were to adopt the sys-
tem of signed criticisms, they would probably
exert a deeper influence than they do at pres-
ent, and would certainly command a more un-
reserved confidence from their constituency.
THE WORLD'S CONGRESS
AUXILIARY.
The Chicago Congresses of 1893 were for-
mally closed on the 28th of October. On the
morning of this date a final meeting was held
at the Chicago Art Institute, attended by mem-
bers of the various Committees of Organiza-
tion, and presided over by President Charles
C. Bonney. A report by the Secretary of the
Auxiliary, Mr. C. E. Young, was read, and
brief addresses were made by a number of peo-
ple. President Bonney, whose nearly four
years' untiring labor as the originator and ac-
tive head of the Auxiliary has been crowned
with such signal success, gave, in his farewell
address, an elaborate review of its history and
of the work accomplished. There have been


252
[Nov. 1,
THE DIAL
held in all more than two hundred separate
Congresses, with a total of over twelve hundred
sessions, nearly six thousand speakers, and an
aggregate attendance of about seven hundred
thousand. Eminent men and women from all
parts of the world actively participated, and
among the papers read were many of lasting
value, whose importance can only be known to
the world at large by the permanent publica-
tion that is contemplated and is so much to be
desired. We have space only for a few of the
more significant passages of President Bonney's
address:
"The World's Congresses of 1893 were organ-
ized to establish fraternal relations among the lead-
ers of mankind; to review the progress already
achieved; to state the living problems now awaiting
solution, and to suggest the means of future ad-
vancement. To promote those high ends, the
World's Congress Auxiliary provided for the pre-
sentation of the intellectual and moral progress of
mankind, in connection with the World's Colum-
bian Exposition, in a series of World's Congresses
under the auspices of the Auxiliary, with the assist-
ance of the leaders in the various departments of
human achievement. The work of organization
commenced in October, 1889, was completed, and
the first Congress of the series opened, in May,
1893. The last Congress embraced in the great
scheme has just been held. That these Congresses
have been successful far beyond anticipation; that
they have transformed into enduring realities the
hopes of those who organized and conducted them;
and that they will exercise a benign and potent
influence on the welfare of mankind through the
coming centuries, has been so often, so emphat-
ically, and so eloquently declared by eminent rep-
resentatives of different countries and peoples, that
these statements may be accepted as established
facts. That the material exhibit of the World's
Columbian Exposition in Jackson Park is the most
complete and magnificent ever presented to human
view, is generally agreed; but a multitude of emi-
nent witnesses have declared, after attendance on
both, that the intellectual and moral exposition of
the progress of mankind presented in the World's
Congresses of 1893 is greater and more imposing
still. Thus the work of the World's Congress Aux-
iliary of the World's Columbian Exposition takes
its enduring place in human history."
After a few remarks upon the press reports,
the minor Congresses, and the serious charac-
ter of the audiences participating, the address
was continued as follows:
"Another feature of the Congresses deserves es-
pecial mention. It is their self-governing quality.
There has been little need for the enforcement of
rules and regulations. Few speakers have given
occasion for a call to order. The spirit of order, de-
corum, dignity, and peace has been sovereign dur-
ing the sessions of these Congresses. This ruling
spirit has so promptly rebuked any attempt to over-
step the limits of propriety as to leave little occa-
sion for presiding officers to exercise their author-
ity; little occasion to guard seats reserved for del-
egates, or to insist upon tickets or badges of ad-
mission. The machinery of organization and the
general regulations adopted for the government of
the Congresses have proved remarkably satisfac-
tory."
The following justly deserved tribute was
paid to the local committees, who had so es-
sential a share in the work of the Auxiliary:
"The time now at my command will not permit
me even to name the many Committees of Organiza-
tion by which the various Congresses were arranged.
It is, however, both my duty and my pleasure to
say of them that the fidelity, the patience and the
zeal, the ability, the discrimination and the execu-
tive skill with which the chairmen and members of
the more than two hundred committees of organi-
zation have conducted the correspondence, made the
arrangements and formed the programmes for the
more than two hundred Congresses which have been
held in the twenty departments of the Auxiliary,
constitute one of the marvels of the World's Con-
gress work. The discipline and subordination which
have attended the execution of the great and com-
plicated scheme would do honor to the best organ-
ized department of any government. So efficiently
and so silently have these committees done their
work that the great public they have served needs
to be reminded of their part in the splendid results
achieved. A publication which will present the full
membership of these and the other Committees of
the World's Congress Auxiliary is in contempla-
tion."
The question of publication of the proceed-
ings of the Congresses was thus further touched
upon:
"The extraordinary merit of the proceedings of
the whole series of Congresses renews our confidence
that the Government of the United States, which
sent our publications and communications through-
out the world, and gave the World's Congress Aux-
iliary an exalted position as the duly authorized
agency to organize and conduct the World's Con-
gresses of 1893, will furnish the means to publish
the entire proceedings in an enclyclopsedic form,
and send the same to the colleges, the universities,
and the leading libraries of the countries which
have participated in the World's Columbian Expo-
sition, as the most appropriate, enduring, and valu-
able testimonial of the appreciation by the American
people of the cooperation and aid of the other peo-
ples of the world in the great events of this quadro-
centennial year. To that end, let all who have been
interested in the Congresses exert their influence in
favor of such a publication and distribution."


1893.]
253
THE DIAL
THE MASTER OF BALLIOL.
When we wrote about the late Dr. Jowett in our
hist issue, we predicted that the comment of the
reviews would be largely personal in character. It
-could hardly be otherwise in the case of a man
whose personality was so striking, and who so
strongly impressed those who were associated with
him at Oxford. We have made a few extracts
from the notices elicited by the news of his death,
taking them mostly from English sources. The
Rev. H. D. Rawnsley, whom the death of no dis-
tinguished Englishman finds unprepared, promptly
sent the following sonnet to the "Academy":
"0 aged head! 0 never-aging face!
O cheery hand-shake, wise and twinkling eye!
Ours until memory of all good shall die,
Master, gone on before a moment's space!
Our hearts are all at Oxford, see thee pace
The green quadrangle, watch thee standing by
That oriel window, whence philosophy
Would pause to wonder at the chestnut's grace,
Or smile on young men's frolic. Thou art dead!
But never dead thy daring still to prove
The Truths men live by; one against the world I
Nor dead thy calm that met the tempest hurled,
The quiet following of the Christ thy head.
In deeds of pure self-sacrifice and love."
In the "Academy" appears also an article signed
"J. S. C.|" which comes to the following conclu-
sion:
"It was impossible to be in Jowett's company—even
if, as sometimes happened, he did not open his mouth—
without recognizing that he was a remarkable man.
That noble forehead with its nimbus of silver hair, that
mild eye and cherubic countenance, that beautiful soft-
ness of hand, that small rotund figure clad in old-fash-
ioned garb, that venerable bearing — all combined to
make up a picture which no painter has adequately re-
produced. Add the thin, small voice, the deliberate
intonations that could be either bitter or sweet, the
abrupt questionings that sometimes quivered like a dart,
the intervals of silence that were yet more formidable,
the wise maxims that come only from age and experi-
ence; and some part of the secret of Jowett's charm
will be understood. No Oxford don had a wider circle
of acquaintance in the outer world; none knew inti-
mately so many generations of undergraduates. He
possessed, in supreme measure, that power, invaluable
to statesmen and generals, of penetrating the character
of others at a glance. Of his exceeding kindness to in-
dividuals, and of bis munificence when such was needed,
it is not necessary to speak. His college stood to him
in the place of a wife, and he took a paternal interest
in the careers of its sons. Of the affection with which
they regarded him, some instances have been seen this
very week. But there is no Oxford man, however much
opposed he may have occasionally felt to Jowett's teach-
ing, who will not recognize, at tbe moment of his death,
that the university has lost its grandest figure."
The opinion of the "Saturday Review" is thus
non-committally given:
"Of Mr. Jowett's grout intellectual ability there
-could be but one opinion, and he combined with it a
knowledge of the world unusual in the case of a scholar
and a man of great reserve and shyness who lived all
his life in academic surroundings. By a combination
of personal influence over undergraduates, and of adroit
management of the patronage which was put in his
bands by governments (not, we believe, of one party
only), he raised his college to a position unequalled in
its peculiar way, or only equalled by Christ Church
under Dean Cyril Jackson long ago. Assisted by his
pupils, he gave to the common English reader as easy
an access to the two greatest prose authors of Greece —
Plato and Thucydides — as anyone can have without
Greek, and so gained that reader's ear and suffrage.
For the rest, his character and career, both public and
private, were regarded by different classes of persons
with respect, with disapproval, with affection, with dis-
like in a degree most unusual."
Another paragraph from the same paper dwells
upon the conservative aspect of his mind:
"His youth was passed among historical doubters,
and he did not change with the times. He never took
much interest in archaeology or anthropology as illus-
trative of history. Probably he did not actually disbe-
lieve that hieroglyphics had been interpreted, and cunei-
form texts deciphered, but there may have survived a
grain of doubt upon the actuality of such studies.
Epigraphy, tbe study of Greek inscriptions, he almost
publicly scouted, saying that inscriptions had much the
same interest as autographs. New pursuits were not
dear to him, and, while some of the erudite sneered or
marvelled, his friends only smiled to see how simple
and how conservative was the mind of this heresiarch.
The epigram about' what I know not is not knowledge'
was little more than a humorous exaggeration. His
'ply was taken long ago,' and the Master never knew
how antique some of his opinions really were. Yet
■gladly would he learn,' especially in conversation with
men who had seen and done great things, who had been
conversant with affairs and with adventures. The shy
college don knew how to war against his mood, how to
make and keep friends among men of the wide world,
statesmen, travellers."
The following comment is from the London
"Literary World":
"No man did so much to adapt the University to mod-
ern needs. From the time his replies helped to guide
the Commission of 1852 in their work of making the
colleges open to all instead of being a collection of
close clerical corporations, through the agitations for
strengthening the University at the expense of the col-
leges, enlarging the professoriate, establishing scholar-
ships, admitting unattached students, and recently
University Extension, he has always been protagonist
on the liberal side. His books are very variously esti-
mated by scholars, and perhaps are more useful to
reader and thinker than to a trained critic; but it is no
mean performance to have 'made Plato an English
classic,' as has been said. His direct influence on the
men, too many to enumerate, who have gone out from
his tuition to influence the world in politics, law, and
literature, is a surer monument; and we may say safely
that far more in our modern thought than one would
naturally ascribe to him is due to the influence of Ben-
jamin Jowett."
The progressive aspect of Jowett's mind is em-
phasized by the " Athenaeum " article, which explains
in some detail the nature of his work for the Uni-
versity.


254
[Nov. 1,
THE DIAL
"In the government of the University he played an
important part, and one which even those who widely
differed from him would allow was worthy of himself.
Liberalism has not in the University, any more than in
the political world, always meant the same thing or
moved in the same direction. But from the time of the
first Commission in 1852 down almost to that of Lord
Salisbury's Commission in 1877, the efforts of the Lib-
eral party in the University were mainly directed to-
wards opening wider the doors of the University to
classes, creeds, and studies hitherto excluded, and to
improving the educational machinery within it. With
this older Liberalism Jowett was heartily in sympathy.
No man had ever a keener sense of the duty which the
University owes to the nation, or was more anxious to
keep it in touch with the world outside; at the same
time nothing was more repugnant to him than ineffi-
cient or slack administration. Such movements as those
for the admission of non-collegiate students, for the
extension of University teaching in large towns, and for
the affiliation of local colleges found in him a warm
friend and powerful advocate. More recently he in-
terested himself actively in drawing closer the ties be-
tween Oxford and India by facilitating the training of
the selected candidates for the Indian Civil Service,
and by obtaining for Oriental languages a recognized
place among University studies. To one form, indeed,
which the movement for the expansion of the Univer-
sity assumed, to the proposal for admitting women to
University examinations, he was at first opposed; but
it was characteristic of him that when once convinced
that the demand was a genuine one, he withdrew his
opposition."
Recurring once more to the personal view of the
Master, we make our final - extract from the very-
interesting contribution of W. J. A. to the New
York "Evening Post":
"Jowett's person was, like his mind, dainty. An
irreverent writer once spoke of his face as of the tomb-
stone-cherub order; and the phrase was descriptive.
But cherubs too frequently have something gross in
their chubbiness; and everything about the Master was
delicate and fine. Perhaps it was his appearance which
helped to create the affection which mingled with our
awe and respect; he was the Doctor Seraphicus of the
college. Yet we trembled when we had to go and see
him, even at a breakfast party, to say nothing of less
agreeable occasions. In his clear little staccato voice
he could say such biting things. Many were the stories
of breakfast parties with long silences, broken by the
more adventurous, who suffered accordingly; of under-
graduates taken for walks and left to make the conver-
sation with painful results to themselves. What was
the explanation? we asked ourselves. Did the Master
enjoy discomfitting the shallow with his rapier thrusts?
or could it possibly be that after all these years, he was
still shy himself, and said what he did because lie could
not help it? Probably the last theory, if not complete,
was the truer. And certainly the undergraduate or
voung graduate who had anything really to say, how-
ever contrary it might be to the Master's opinion, and
was so interested in the subject that he forgot the mas-
tership and spoke out freely, was sure to win Jowett's
esteem. Such a conversation, which the young man
when he came to his ordinary self thought of with won-
der and a flushed face, was not seldom followed by an
invitation to dinner."
COMMUNICA TIONS.
THE IMPROVEMENT OF NEWSPAPERS.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
I have been an interested reader of the recent dis-
cussion, in The Dial and elsewhere, of what may be
called the newspaper problem. There is enough need of
a campaign for the improvement of our journals. The
fact, however, must not be lost sight of that the daily
papers are commercial enterprises, and we cannot hope
that as such they will rise higher than the demands of
their subscribers and readers. The commercial success
of a paper depends mainly upon a large advertising pa-
tronage and a large number of subscribers. The adver-
tising patronage depends upon the number of subscribers.
It is therefore necessary that the paper, in order to get the
largest financial return, should make itself acceptable to
the largest practicable number of readers. We are thus
brought to the moral and intellectual status of the com-
munity as the basis of determination as to what the nature
of the paper shall be. I have not myself much faith that
the newspapers will very greatly improve except through
what may be called the moralization of the commuuity
at large. When there is an outcry against the moral
tone of a paper sufficient to reduce its patronage, it is
likely to improve in order to regain or increase its pres-
tige. Further than this, it may be said that every edi-
tor probably desires to make his paper as good as he
thinks he can afford to make it. This desire comes from
the very general wish, on the part of editors as well as
others, to merit and receive the esteem of the better
class of their fellow-men. Through this fact there is
an unmistakable advantage to be gained from the crit-
icism of any particular paper which may seem to fall
below the requirements of the proper moral standard.
C. K. Adams.
University of Wisconsin, Oct. IS, 189S.
MR. JOHN BURROUGHS ON POE.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
Without taking up the cudgels for Poe and trying
to think of one real thing made more dear to us by his
matchless rhyme, without depreciating our New En-
gland poets and hinting that it might have been yet
better had they cared a little more for art, one may still
feel that all is not for the best in the remarks of Mr.
John Burroughs in your last number (unless, perhaps,
we at once turn the page and consider some of the ques-
tions put by Mrs. Woolley toward the beginning of her
communication). It is doubtless true that there are
many with whom the purely art value, so-called, is the
only thing to consider in a poem or a picture. But the
number of such is, on the whole, small. It is quite
right to say that with most readers this view is held
less and less in sight. We in America, at least, need no
incitement to value literature, or anything else, for its
practical worth, or for what may seem such. If we
need caution, it is on the other side. We do not need
to be told that thought is important,—we know it is, and
we are always on the lookout for it. But we do need
to be told that art or style is of value too, for, as a rule,
we are not so much on the lookout for that; or, if we
are, we don't know it so well when we see it.
The more we are told by critics whom we honor (like
Mr. John Burroughs) that thought is important and
that art counts for less, the more do we fall into the
error that thought is all-important and that art counts


1893.]
255
THE DIAL
for nothing,—and then we have poems like Miss Emily
Dickinson's, for example.
Now style, or form, or art, or whatever else one may
call it, is important. And, more to the point, style is
difficult. It is difficult to attain, and it is, on the whole,
difficult to appreciate. That it is difficult to appreciate
good style, may seem a hard saying; one may think
that if a thing be done in the best way everybody will
recognize it. It is not so. To appreciate style needs
training. And this training we in America will not
undergo, so long as we are told that art is unimportant.
One great use of the "full-blown professional liter-
ary critic " is that he is apt to insist on art for art's sake.
And one great good thing in a poet like Foe is that he
shows us what art for art's sake can do. There is small
danger that we shall go too far with either. There are
comparatively few so constituted by nature that they
ever could enjoy art for art's sake if they wanted to.
There is little danger that we shall go too far in that
direction. The important thing is that we go at all.
And go some way we must, or literature runs down-hill,
and at the bottom we have a horde of writers with
plenty of thought perhaps, with plenty of messages for
their time, with plenty of feeling for life, and with the
highest ethical or sociological aspirations, but no style
at all — because they don't know what it is.
Especially here in the West do we need to be con-
stantly reminded of the value of art, to be taught what
is style, to be told even (though it isn't so) that form in
art is everything. We are not likely to take it too much
to heart, and we may learn something from it. I some-
times almost wish that Mr. Oscar Wilde would come
out here again. He could hardly get us to be like Gil-
bert and Ernest and Cyril and Vivian, but he might
perhaps prevent us from becoming what we are likely
to become if we persist in binding it upon the tablets
of our hearts that good poetry is only a criticism of life.
Edward E. Hale, Jr.
State University of Iowa, Oct. 20, 1893.
THE DECORATIVE SCULPTURE AT THE FAIR,
AND ITS PRESERVATION.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
Of all that was grand at the World's Fair, the en-
semble of buildings, grouped as they were around the
courts and lagoons, and on the shore of the lake, was
undoubtedly the grandest. To my mind, it gave the
chief magnificence to the Exposition. When the archi-
tectural parts are poor they make such a fair only a
big " show," but no sesthetic display. At Chicago, how-
ever, the classical architecture imitated in the chief
halls of exhibit gave the whole complexity of crowded
busy life a most elevated, almost solemn, character, that
has certainly not been equalled since the days of Rome.
Next to the buildings, however, the sculptural work
— such as the decoration of the edges of the roofs, the
entrances, the borders of the lagoons — caught the eye
of the somewhat satiated traveller. Occasionally one
was too much reminded of foreign models, somewhat
distasteful to our more severe minds; for example, the
group at one of the entrances to the Horticultural
Building, where the background of the statuary is made
up of substantial plaster clouds. That is almost too
much in the line of the purely decorative. Other
groups, however, that were not connected with any
building, but were isolated and free, pleased the eye
as something original and truly monumental. Thus,
the statues flanking the staircase leading into the canal
from the Machinery Hall gave me a genuine pleasure.
They represent two young men returning from the field
with their horses. These statues certainly were among
the most vivid impressions received at the Fair. They
had, however, their pendants on the opposite side, in
virgins leading oxen to sacrifice. How flat those Vic-
tories were when compared with their counterparts!
There is a certain exaggeration in the imitation of clas-
sical style nowadays that does not contrast favorably
with the simple portrayal of real life. The latter has
all the freshness of what is seen and known; while those
maids with palms in their hands seem studied and ar-
tificial rather than original in sensation, and do not
move our imagination except by an effort. Perhaps one
reason is that the bull is too massive and the virgin too
lean. How much more should I have wished to see a
milkmaid as she appears abroad, in her national cos-
tume, leading her cow to grass, or resting her arms on
the back of the leader of the herd,— a strong-limbed
woman, with her hair bare, a kerchief around her neck,
and home-made shoes! But the American ideal of a
woman, even in the farming class, is not that of broad-
limbed health, but of slender physique and a certain
air de societe that bears no resemblance to the simple
child of nature. Thus, of a woman to match the splen-
did figure of a farmer such as the limitless stretches of
fertile soil produce in America, there is no representa-
tion,—only the high-stepped classical version of a wing-
less Nike, a compliment I hope no American woman
failed to see while passing the groups. In the groups
of plough-horses with their drivers, no effort is needed
to transport us into an atmosphere congenial to the mo-
tif represented. What we see, we see as a recollection
from nature, and it charms us as such chiefly because
it is in itself beautiful. The well-built horse is massive,
but not clumsy. What a power is latent in his strong
limbs, his broad breast! he bends his neck proudly, as
if knowing how much he can perform; with no broken
courage, ready to attempt whatever he is led to. And
the young man, with his straight well-developed body,
his energetic bearing, his healthy appearance, and loose
clothing, seems a fair representation of the strong sin-
ewy set that builds up the country and is the foundation
of all its welfare, — bred and grown under the lumi-
nous blue sky of America, hardened and strengthened
by work in the open air.
Another pair of statues to which I also took a great
liking were the two horsemen in front (if I am not mis-
taken) of the Transportation Building. They represent
an Indian and a Mexican, both in characteristic atti-
tudes. They seem the only ones that, besides the
ploughboys, could be said to be reproductions of Amer-
ican life. The Indian I think is in himself an excellent
object for statuary. His sinewy body, his partial naked-
ness, his picturesque buskins, the agility and nervous
fire shown by himself as well as by his animal, offer a
splendid illustration of primitive military spirit; while
the Mexican, with his more elegant attire, his proud
bearing, his superior degree of culture and native grace,
offers another illustration that is many degrees higher,
although both figures are interesting and original.
As I looked at these splendid pieces, I became ab-
sorbed with the thought: what a pity that such pic-
turesque groups will soon be a heap of plaster, and
disappear! What an acquisition to a park for the city,
if these monuments could be preserved, transformed into
a durable material like bronze! Perhaps the expend-


256
[Nov. 1,
THE DIAL
itcire of the Exposition has already proved too great, and
prevents the preservation of the buildings; but groups
like those of the ploughboys, and the Mexican and his
mate, would commemorate a new phase of sculpture in
America. At any rate, may it be pardoned, if, under
the recollection of their merits, their preservation is sin-
cerely wished by a Travelling European.
Champaign, lit., Oct. 82, 1893.
A "WESTERN STYLE" IN LITERATURE.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
The recent editorial in The Dial on " The Literary
West" was doubtless read with approval by very many,
but more especially, perhaps, by such as had recently
considered Mr. Walter Besant's views on the by him
newly discovered " Western Literature," as expressed in
his letter to the London " Times." The idea that" The
West" as a distinct province of the United States should
of right have a characteristic literature of its own is, I
suppose, new to many thoughtful persons, but is ap-
proved probably by very few.
It is true that, at present at least, a great part of the
literature produced by Western writers will have a dis-
tinctly local or sectional coloring. The present preva-
lence of the so-called dialect poem and the dialect story,
or, indeed, of realistic fiction of any kind, renders it
natural that in many cases Western writers should se-
lect particularly Western subjects.
But that there should ever be a style that could be
called characteristically "Western " is by no means to
be hoped for or desired. Some of the most markedly
Western qualities are such as would be ruinous to a good
style. In this matter the best authors are, and delight
to be, conservative: they recognize to a great degree con-
ventional usage and established authority. The free-
dom and individualism, the push and enterprise, of West-
ern life are qualities that have done a great deal for the
material growth of the West; but they will hardly accom-
plish so much in the production of a good style. On
the other hand, they will be apt to hinder it. And the
West has other characteristics by no means so admir-
able as these named and far worse in their effect on lit-
erature.
We must, I believe, hold tenaciously to the idea ex-
pressed toward the close of the article referred to, that
"Except in their relation to choice of subject matter
the terms Eastern and Western, Northern and South-
ern, have absolutely no literary meaning in a country
all of whose parts have a common speech."
St. Paul, Minn., Oct. 17, 1893. A- H- M"
A CURIOSITY OF LITERARY STYLE.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
The service which Dr. Fitzedward Hall has rendered
to the cause of good English is beyond estimation. The
writer is one of a large number who have read his con-
tributions to " The Nation " and The Dial with great
profit. This pleasure has not been enhanced, however,
by a peculiarity of style which the following quotations
may serve to exemplify:
"And here, not unfitly, I may quote De Foe and Sterne, as
having, with, presumably, many another, at least seemed"
etc.—("The Nation," xlvi., p. 215.)
"Most all, with most any, etc., may, in like manner, have
reappeared, in very late times, quite independently" etc.—
i Ibid., p. 342.)
"Having chanced on a parcel of notes, long ago mislaid, I
find that, taken with some recent memorandums, they enable
me to supplement, on several points, and those not unimpor-
tant, the details given, under these words, in the Nac En-
glish Dictionary."—(Ibid., liv., p. 10.)
"And, as were, with him, our forefathers, so, by the logic
of antipathy, were their descendants, down to the latest."—
{Ibid., p. 11.)
The broken character of these sentences is painful, even
to the eye; but its full effect can be realized only by
an attempt to read them aloud. In some cases, to be
sure, the difficulty is nothing more than the insertion of
the comma where there is no break in thought sufficient
to call for its presence. In The Dial of August 16,
1893, we read: "But, for all that, it chances, curiously
enough, that, in nearly all cases," etc. The first ten
words of this sentence embrace five commas, two of
which are of no apparent utility and are not sustained
by Dr. Hall's own usage in many similar cases.
The following sentence would surely be mnch im-
proved by the removal of commas, and the slight changes
in order which their removal might require:
"Accordingly, I doubt whether ' none but they' and ' no-
body but I,' which, in the diction of prose, were, already in
Gray's age, dropping out of literary currency, are, for us,
altogether faultless."— (The Dial, Oct. 1, p. 180.)
I am unacquainted with Dr. Hall's books, but a glance
at the preface of "Modern English " reveals the fol-
lowing:
"But, let Englishmen scorn us, and move onr just aver-
sion, as they may, the fact still stands, that, looking to their
superior culture, literary and social, we shall do wisely" etc.
Again:
"Yet, to risk a negative, expressed or implied, if perilous
in any case, is, above all, perilous, when it concerns an article
of language."—(Ibid., p. 96.)
And yet again:
"We are admonished, too, that, as to starve, because it
meant, with our remote forefathers, more than it now means,
namely, 'perish from cold, hunger, etc.,' we are ' inaccurate,'
in limiting its application;" etc.—(Ibid., p. 280.)
One has to penetrate no farther than the second sen-
tence of the treatise on English Adjectives in -able to find
ten commas embraced within a group of thirty-six words:
"Subsequently, however, on thinking over the matter, I
found, that, in order to treat, with desirable thoroughness, of
Reliable :and words similar, it was necessary to survey, in
connexion with them, our adjectives in -able generally."
While turning the pages of "Exemplifications of
False Philology," I noted the following:
"Long ago, it may be presumed, the reader has discovered,
in Mr. White, the peculiarity, that, when he employs lan-
guage which," etc.—(P. 70.)
These citations are surely sufficient in number, range,
and character, to indicate a persistent feature of the au-
thor's style. Perhaps, at a moment's notice, he might
fill a whole page of The Dial with parallels from the
writers of a half-dozen centuries. We venture the opin-
ion, however, that they would not be from writers who
have won any reputation for graceful expression of
their ideas.
We do not forget that the nature of Dr. Hall's work
required the frequent insertion of a long series of partic-
ulars separated by commas. Sentences affected by this
necessity have no connexion with the above discussion.
In closing, the writer desires to reiterate his grati-
tude to Dr. Hall for many and valuable lessons in the
use of words. w H Jqhnbon.
Johnt Hopkins Univertity, Oct. SO, 1893.


1893.]
257
THE DIAL
W$z Ncto Boofcg.
The Republic of Texas, and its
President.*
Mr. Williams's Life of Sam Houston is at
once a good piece of biography, and a concise,
lucid account of an historical event that is usu-
ally vaguely conceived and sometimes grossly
misstated. A typical instance of this miscon-
ception — as well as of the facility with which
the British mind contrives to read American
history to American disadvantage — is seen in
the following paragraph, touching the war of
Independence in Texas, from Mr. Goldwin
Smith's recent book on the United States:
"Houston, an American filibuster and an old comrade
of Jackson, with a body of intrusive Americans, had
planted himself in Texas, which belonged to the Repub-
lic of Mexico, and when the Mexicans took arms to put
him down and recover their province, had defeated them
at the battle of San Jacinto."
That is to say, the Texan war was simply an
effort on the part of the Mexican government
to oust a band of marauding Americans who
had been led over the border by Sam Houston.
As a matter of fact Houston did not set out for
Texas until about two years after hostilities had
virtually begun; and the Texan revolt was, as
our author shows, in its original character, not
a filibuster enterprise pure and simple, but an
uprising of recognized colonists against the
oppression of a revolutionary and illegitimate
government. That there was throughout the
war an accompanying element of filibustering
and intrigue is undeniable. The fact remains,
nevertheless, that Mr. Smith's "body of intru-
sive American^" resolves itself on inspection
largely into a body of established citizens who
represented about all there was in the province
of Texas of thrift, enterprise, and capacity for
developing its resources. The inhabitants of the
representative Mexican department of Bexar,
for example, were in a state of semi-barbarism,
shiftless and indolent, carrying on a rude agri-
culture, adding nothing to the progress of the
country, and really less civilized and prosper-
ous than under the Spanish rule in the early
part of the century. The moribund Mexican
towns in the interior, with their mongrel pop-
ulace whose worldly interests were sunk in the
fandango and the cock-fight, were, industrially,
beneath contempt. From the statistical report
of the Mexican Inspector, Almonte, quoted in
•Sam Houston and the War of Independence in Texas.
By Alfred M. Williams. With portrait and maps. Boston:
Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
some detail by Mr. Williams, it is manifest that
the real root of the growth and prosperity of
Texas was in the agricultural colonies (chiefly
that of Austin) founded under land grants from
the Mexican government to American empres-
arios or contractors. And it is in these colo-
nies that we are to look for the germs of the
Anglo-American occupation of Texas, and of
its final release from the titular sway of the
Hispano-Mexicans. Defensible or not, the sep-
aration was natural and inevitable. To argue
that Mexico should have been left undisturbed
in her purely nominal possession of a vast tract
which she could neither occupy, govern, nor
develop, and which, moreover, she had acquired
by revolting from a government whose own title
was founded in conquest, is to argue for a ten-
derness of international conscience that has
never been displayed in the world's history,
and must have proved a fatal bar to the world's
progress. If the title of the present occupants
of Texas be primarily illegitimate and founded
in theft (" public rapine," Mr. Smith calls it),
then there is not a single humanly-inhabited
square mile of the earth's surface in the hands
of legitimate owners to-day. Mr. Bryce has
noted the fact that England, while accustomed
to judge her own national behavior by the act-
ual standard, always applies the absolute stand-
ard to other countries, "and particularly to
America." She applied it to us very rigor-
ously in this Texas matter. The reproach of
"public rapine," however, coming from a pre-
eminently grasping and meddling nation that
has one hand on the throat of Ireland and the
other in the pockets of India, and whose " morn-
ing drum-beat" (thanks to her long arm and
elastic conscience) "circles the earth with one
continuous strain," is too hollow to rouse resent-
ment.
Owing to the political turmoils which fol-
lowed the revolution from Spain in 1822 (about
the time of the founding of Austin) the Amer-
ican colonists were left for some years to their
own devices. Mexico did nothing to protect,
or to govern her new settlers. Sturdy, holiest,
trained to habits of ^elf-government and self-
help, the best representatives of•» the hardy
pioneers who have led the van of civilization
across the Amer*an^B*inent, they made their
own laws, administered their own justice, and
organized^ militia for their own defence against
the Jiraians and outlaws. The ground was
cleared and planted; land titles were duly re-
corded ; cabins, schools, and churches were built;
and by 1834 Brazos, the central department



258
[Nov. 1,
THE DIAL
which included the colony of Austin, was ex-
porting yearly 5,000 bales of cotton and 50,-
000 hides, at a total valuation of $275,000,
besides large droves of live-stock of which no
estimate is given. We may state, by way of
comparison, that at this time the total exports
of the Mexican department of Brazos, with its
ancient towns and long-settled country, con-
sisted of a paltry total of some 8,000 to 10,-
000 skins and furs. The Anglo-Saxon race
were already writing their title to the soil of
Texas on its surface, and in the records of its
new growth and prosperity. To the honesty
and hospitality of the colonists there is a com-
mon testimony. Even Charles Hooten, a vitu-
perative Englishman who wrote a book on
Texas in 1840 and repaid his hosts by abusing
them, admits that " it was a common custom to
leave the doors unfastened when the house was
empty, and that seldom or never was anything
disturbed." Says our author:
"No man took another man's note for a loan, the ver-
bal promise of payment being considered sufficient, and
all transactions of business were conducted on a fully
warranted trust in the general integrity. Even those
who had left the States on account of pecuniary failure
or dishonesty came under the influence of the standard
of honesty about them, and remitted the sums due to
their distant creditors."
Hospitality was an impulse rather than an
obligation ; and the homely saying, " The latch-
string hangs out," expressed then, as it does
to-day, in Texas a fact of common life. The
chance traveller who rode up to the cabin door
was pressed to alight. The best that the rude
economy of the border home afforded was at
his disposal. The coffee-mill was set going,
the hopper in the hollow log to grinding the
corn, the venison or bear-meat was laid on the
coals, the ashcake was baked, and after the
meal and the evening chat the guest stretched
himself on a buffalo-robe on the floor with the
members of the family and slept the sleep of
security and fatigue. In the morning, inquiry
as to the charge was met with the reply, " You
can pay me by coming again." There is even
a tradition of an hospitable monomaniac who
used to waylay travellers and force them, at
the muzzle of a shot-gun, to visit him — a hu-
morous exaggeration, probably, of the general
tendency. These agricultural colonists, the real
founders of the Texan commonwealth, were a
law-abiding people—not only in respect of their
own local laws, but of their conduct toward the
general government, so long as that govern-
ment preserved a remnant of legitimacy and
fairness. In 1826, for instance, they sided
with the Mexican authorities against their own
countrymen in the emeute called "the Fre-
donian War."
It was of course inevitable that the prosper-
ity and the ominous increase of the American
colonies should arouse the jealousy of the Mex-
icans; and it may be admitted that it was
equally inevitable that the colonists, on their
side, should feel growing aspirations toward in-
dependence, and growing contempt for the
weather-cock government at the capitol, that
had become the prey of successive military
adventurers. In 1880 they were driven to
open revolt by the edicts of Bustamente, a
sanguinary tyrant representing the centralist
and anti-liberal party, who, among other abuses
of his spurious authority, began preparations
for Mexicanizing Texas by sending a thousand
soldiers, mostly criminals and convicts, to sta-
tions in the country. Bustamente was soon
overthrown by the irrepressible Santa Anna,
the stormy petrel of Mexican politics. But his
system of oppression was continued by his suc-
cessors; and it culminated in the tyrannical
decree of 1834, by which the Texan settlers
were ordered to give up their arms — about
tantamount, under the prevailing conditions,
to ordering them to give up their lives. To
such a demand there could be but one reply.
It was given in no equivocal terms; and the
issue between Mexico and her Anglo-American
citizens was finally decided in favor of the lat-
ter on the field of San Jacinto. That the flame
of revolt was fanned from the first by uneasy
spirits from over the border, men who, like the
Bowies, Crockett, and Travis, had no wrongs
to redress and no ends to serve but those of
personal ambition or thirst for adventure, there
is no doubt. As the trouble thickened, the fili-
bustering element increased. The vastness of
the prize at stake, an area of 268,684 square
miles, with almost boundless territorial possi-
bilities to the westward, made it impossible that
the quarrel should be confined to its relatively
insignificant principals. Sam Houston went
to Texas late in 1832, ostensibly on a mission
to the Comanche Indians. That he was really
a secret emissary of President Jackson, charged
with the duty of feeling the political pulse of
the incensed colonists, is evident in the follow-
ing letter to his chief written shortly after his
arrival:
"Having been as far as Bexar in the province of
Texas, where I had an interview with the Comanche
Indians, I am in possession of some information which
will doubtless be interesting to you, and may be calcu-
lated to forward your views, if you should entertain


1893.]
259
THE DIAL
any, touching the acquisition of Texas by the United
States Government. That such a measure is desired
by nineteen-tweutieths of the population of the province,
I cannot doubt. They are now without laws to govern
or protect them. Mexico is involved in civil war. The
Federal Constitution has never been in operation. The
Government is essentially despotic, and must be so for
years to come. The rulers have not honesty, and the
people have not intelligence. The people of Texas are
determined to form a state government, and unless
Mexico is soon restored to order, and the Constitution
revived and reenacted, the province of Texas will remain
separate from the Confederacy of Mexico. She has
already beaten and repelled all the troops of Mexico
from her soil, nor will she permit them to return. Her
want of money, taken in connection with the course
Texas must and will adopt, will render the transfer of
Texas to some power inevitable, and, if the United States
does not press for it, England will most assuredly ob-
tain it by some means. . . . England is pressing her
suit for it, but its citizens will resist, if any transfer is
made of them to any power but the United States. . . .
My opinion is that Texas, by her members in conven-
tion, will, by the first of April, declare all that country
[east of the Rio Grande] as Texas proper, and form
a State Constitution. I expect to be present at the
Convention, and will apprise you of the course adopted
as soon as the members have taken a final action. It is
probable that I may make Texas my abiding-place. In
adopting this course / will never forget the country of
my birth. . . ."
The real object of Houston's mission to Texas
did not long remain a secret. G. W. Feather-
stonehaugh, an English traveller who came
across him at the little village of Washington,
notes in his book, "A Journey through the
Slave States":
"General Houston was here, leading a mysterious
sort of life, shut up in a small tavern, seeing nobody
by day, and sitting up all night. The world gave him
credit for passing his waking hours in the study of
trente et quarante, and sept a lever, but I had been in
communication with too many persons of late, and had
seen too much passing before my eyes, to be ignorant
that the little place was the rendezvous where a much
deeper game than faro or rouge et noir was being played."
Upon the rich fund of characteristic stories
extant of Houston, our author has drawn lib-
erally. Many of these turn upon his fondness
for striking and histrionic effects, especially in
the matter of costume. When elected Gov-
ernor of Tennessee in 1827 the future Hero of
San Jacinto appeared at the polls in a garb that
would certainly call down popular vengeance
upon the most "magnetic " modern candidate.
He wore, says Col. Claiborne,
"A tall, bell-crowned, medium-brimmed, shining black
beaver hat, shining black patent-leather stock or cravat,
incased by a standing collar, ruffled shirt, block satin
vest, shining black silk pants gathered to the waistband
with legs full, same size from seat to ankle, and a gor-
geous, red-ground, many-colored gown or Indian hunt-
ing-shirt, fastened at the waist by a huge red sash cov-
ered with fancy bead-work, with an immense silver
buckle, embroidered silk stockings, and pumps with
large silver buckles. Mounted on a superb dapple-gray
horse he appeared at the election unannounced, and was
the observed of all observers."
As President of Texas, Houston is reported
to have worn a sort of state robe of velvet, ex-
changed, on minor occasions, for a " fancy vel-
vet coat and trousers " plentifully trimmed with
gold lace. He once presented himself to Sec-
retary of War Calhoun in Washington in the
garb of an Indian chief — and was very prop-
erly rebuked for the impropriety. The most
striking description of Houston is that given
by Oliver Dyer, who saw him in the Senate in
1848. He was then fifty-five years of age:
"He was a magnificent barbarian, somewhat tempered
with civilization. He was large of frame, of stately car-
riage and dignified demeanor, and had a lion-like coun-
tenance, capable of expressing the fiercest passions. His
dress was peculiar, but it was becoming to his style.
The conspicuous features of it were a military cap and
short military cloak of fine blue broadcloth with a blood-
red lining. Afterward I occasionally met him when he
wore a vast and picturesque sombrero and a Mexican
blanket — a sort of ornamental bed-quilt, with a slit in
the middle, through which the wearer's head is thrust,
leaving the blanket to hang in graceful folds around the
body. . . . His principal employment in the Senate
was whittling pine sticks. I used to wonder where he
got his pine lumber, but never fathomed the mystery.
He would sit and whittle away, and at the same time
keep up a muttering of discontent at the long-winded
speakers, whom he would sometimes curse for their in-
tolerable verbosity. . . . General Houston impressed
me as a lonely, melancholy man. And if the story of
his early life was true he might well be lonely and mel-
ancholy in spite of his success and his fame; for that
blow which smote him to the heart at the zenith of his
splendid young career, and dislocated his life and drove
him into the wilderness, must have inflicted wounds that
no political triumphs or military glory could heal."
Mr. Williams's story of the Texan war, of
the Alamo tragedy, the massacre at Goliad,
and the fight at San Jacinto, is extremely spir-
ited and graphic. We shall close our extracts
with the following account of the capture of
Santa Anna and his meeting with Houston
after San Jacinto.
"Houston had prophesied that Santa Anna would be
found making his retreat on all fours, and in the dress
of a common soldier. About two o'clock a little man
was brought in behind a soldier on horseback. His
restless eyes and pallid countenance indicated that he
was suffering from great fear. He was dressed in linen
trousers, a blue cotton jacket, a cap, and red worsted
slippers. The Mexican soldiers, on seeing him, ex-
claimed, 'El Presidente! El General Santa Anna!'
. . . Santa Anna was brought into the presence of
Houston, who was lying on his pallet in a doze, having
been kept awake during the night from the pain of his
wound. Houston was not much more distinguished in
dress than his captive. His dandyism had given way
to the exigencies of the campaign, and he wore an old


260
[Nov. 1,
THE DIAL.
black coat, a black velvet vest, a pair of snuff-colored
pantaloons, and dilapidated boots. His only badge of
authority during the campaign was a sword with a
plated scabbard, which he tied to his belt with buck-
skin thongs. Santa Anna stepped forward, and said,
with an impressive bow,' I am General Antonio Lopez
de Santa Anna, President of the Mexican Republic, and
I claim to be a prisoner of war at your disposal.' Hous-
ton waved his hand for him to be seated on an ammuni-
tion box, and Colonel Almonte was sent for to act as
interpreter. While waiting his arrival, Santa Anna
pressed his hands to his sides as if in pain or fear, and
his restless black eyes glanced round the camp. When
Almonte came up Santa Anna complained of pain, and
asked for a piece of opium. A piece of about five
grains was given him, and he regained something of
his composure. His first words were, 'That man may
consider himself born to no common destiny who has con-
quered the Napoleon of the West. It now remains for
him to be generous to the vanquished.' Houston replied,
'You should have remembered that at the Alamo.'"
It is almost with regret that one records that
this inhuman butcher and born scoundrel, with
his "Old Bailey countenance" and his worse
than Old Bailey record, was shielded by Hous-
ton from the fury of his captors.
Mr. Williams has given us a useful book—
a good historical monograph, and a discrim-
inating account of a public man whose memory
has suffered about equally from fulsome eulogy
and unjust detraction. E G j_
Recent Tendencies rN Economic
and Social Science.*
The rapidly growing interest in agricultural
conditions is very well illustrated by the ap-
pearance, within a short time, of four books
on the subject — entitled "The Old English
•The Old English Manor. By C. M. Andrews. Balti-
more: The Johns Hopkins Press.
The Agricultural Laborer. By T. E. Kebbel. New
Tork: Charles Scribner's Sons.
The Condition of the Western Farmer, as Illustrated
by the Economic History of a Nebraska Township. By
Arthur F. Bentley, A.B. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins
Press.
The Economics of the Russian Village. By Isaac A.
Hourwich. Columbia College Studies in History, Economics,
and Public Law.
English Economic History. The End of the Middle
Ages. By Professor Ashley. New York: Q.P.Putnam's Sons.
The Inheritance Tax. By Max West, Ph.D. Columbia
College, New York.
Philosophy and Political Economy. By James Bonar.
New York: Macmillan & Co.
Housing of the Poor. By M. T. Reynolds. Philadel-
phia: American Economic Association.
An Introduction to the Study of the Dependent,
Defective, and Delinquent Classes. By C. R. Hen-
derson, D.D. Boston: D. C. Heath & Co.
The New Reformation, and its Relation to Moral and
Social Problems. By Ramsden Balmforth. New York:
Charles Scribner's Sons.
Manor," by Prof. Andrews, of Bryn Mawr Col-
lege; "The Agricultural Laborer," by Mr.
Kebbel, which is but a reprint of the well-
known and valuable edition of 1887; "The
Condition of the Western Farmer," by Arthur
F. Bentley; and the " Economics of the Rus-
sian Village," by Dr. I. A. Hourwich, Instruc-
tor of Statistics at the University of Chicago.
Dr. Andrews's work has a valuable Introduc-
tion upon the conflicting theories of the origin
of the Marc System. He neither accepts the
theory of absolute democracy, with an elected
chieftain among the Anglo-Saxon immigrants
into Great Britain in the fifth century, nor
does he accept the opposite theory of the com-
munity being composed of a lord and his ten-
ants, but takes a quite sensible position that
the chieftainship was hereditary and the mass
of the community were free, while there were
also some slaves. The greater portion of the
book is occupied in an interesting detailed
study of the methods of land-holding, tillage,.
and home life of the Anglo-Saxon village as it
was in the tenth century, a little before the
Norman Conquest. The same conditions are
held, however, to have continued almost un-
changed for three or four centuries after the
Conquest. Anyone interested in this subject
will find the book an admirable guide, full of
references to original authorities.
The work of Mr. T. E. Kebbel, an English
lawyer, has been accepted by all parties of En-
gland, since the appearance of the first edition
in 1870 and the second edition in 1887, as
thoroughly reliable, but written from the Tory
standpoint. Mr. Kebbel holds, and others
generally admit, that compulsory education,
when continued until the child is twelve or
thirteen, has stimulated the ambition of the
agricultural population to seek better opportu-
nities or greater social pleasures in towns and
cities, and has left the English farmer with
only the unprogressive laborers. Thus, educa-
tion has not apparently thus far been any help
to the English farmer, while it has undoubt-
edly elevated the laborer. Mr. Kebbel shows
that English education, like much American,
might serve a more valuable purpose if it had
more of manual training and of relation to the
work of after life. It appears that while wages
have somewhat risen, yet four dollars a week
and a cottage is about all an English laborer
can secure for his work. But the earnings
of his wife, and children over twelve, supple-
ment this to a considerable degree. Wages,
measured in purchasing power, are somewhat


1893.]
261
THE DIAL
higher than in 1870; yet the attempt of Mr.
Arch to organize a trade-union of farm la-
borers has broken down, and some of the rise
in wages which he at one time helped to se-
cure has disappeared. Drinking appears to
be very common among the farm laborers and
also among the farmers. Mr. Kebbel agrees
with Prof. Marshall and many other English
investigators, that for England large farms are
probably better than small ones, but that the
artificial restrictions that now exist on the pur-
chase of small farms, because of the legal dif-
ficulties of securing a title, should be removed.
The general impression obtained from Mr. Keb-
bel's book is of the extreme unprogressiveness
of the English agricultural laborer as con-
trasted with our own.
"The Condition of the Western Farmer as
illustrated by the Economic History of a Ne-
braska Township" is a most valuable study of
a typical Nebraska farming community in the
central-eastern part of the state, where droughts
have not been very great. The economic his-
tory of every one of the nearly two hundred
families that have owned farms since the set-
tlement of the township, in 1872, has been
carefully investigated and is here presented.
It is shown that those who secured their land
almost free from the Government are fairly
prosperous, those that bought their land from
the railroad (the Union Pacific) are less so,
and those that bought their land from the first
private owners are scarcely able to make a liv-
ing; and that, on the whole, it seems harder
to get ahead now than it was years ago. With-
out entering upon the possible relation of the
money problem to the case, the author endeav-
ors to present such local and at least partial
causes as he finds. One cause is that early
settlers could sell their crops at good prices to
later settlers, while the latter were waiting for
their own crops to grow. The early settlers
could also sell at good prices to the workers
who were constructing railroads through that
part of the state. But now these demands
have fallen off, and the crop must be sold in
Chicago, in competition with many other lands,
and after paying freight rates for long dis-
tances. Then, too, the development of a set-
tled community makes it unpopular and almost
ignoble to live in the same kind of a dug-out
and with the same lack of the somewhat ex-
pensive comforts of civilization that the early
isolated settlers endured. Finally, the knowl-
edge of the changed conditions has not suffi-
ciently reached the would-be settler of the East,
who therefore pays more for land than the in-
come from it will justify. Such studies as this
by Mr. Bentley, who is a graduate student in
History and Political Science at Johns Hop-
kins University, should be made in hundreds
of places throughout the entire country.
Dr. Hourwich, a recent Fellow in Columbia
College, and now placed in charge of the De-
partment of Statistics in the University of Chi-
cago, has in his work on "The Economics of
the Russian Village " given us a careful study
of the results of a series of official censuses of
the industrial conditions of two districts con-
sidered typical in middle Russia, directly in
the neighborhood of the home of Leo Tolstoi',,
about two hundred miles south of Moscow, and
in the heart of the recent famine. The facts
quoted seem to show that instead of the Russian
mir, or village, being able to preserve its system
of communal land-holding, as was fondly hoped
by a large number of Russian writers, the mir
is gradually changing into a village of individ-
ual land-holders. The wage-system is fast de-
veloping, and the small peasant holders who
succeeded the serfs have such poor methods of
farming, and such wretched implements, that
they are being gradually driven to the wall, as
are the large land-holding nobles, by a new
class of large land-holding capitalists. These
latter are introducing improved ploughs, fertil-
izers, etc., and give promise of ultimately dom-
inating Russian agriculture, as has happened
in England. This will increase the ability of
Russia to compete with American agriculture.
It is only on these growing capitalists' estates
that the yield per acre to-day is equal to the
American. It would be helpful to the reader
if Dr. Hourwich had not assumed quite as much
knowledge as he does, on the part of his read-
ers, of Russian economic terms or modes of in-
dustrial activity, though it is not difficult in
most cases to follow him.
Professor Ashley, formerly of England and
now of Harvard University, has given us the
continuation of his first volume on English Eco-
nomic History, in a work much larger than the
former. This new work, covering the End of
the Middle Ages, together with Professor Cun-
ningham's "Growth of English Industry and
Commerce" and Mr. W. C. Taylor's "Mod-
ern Factory System," correct a very optimistic
view of the condition of the English Mediaeval
workman given by Thorold Rogers. It is now
considered very doubtful, certainly unproved,
that any eight-hour work-day was general in
England in the fourteenth and fifteenth cen-


262
[Nov. 1,
THE DIAL
turies. The idea that the acknowledged fall
in the condition of the English workman in
the sixteenth century cannot he traced to any
distinct conspiracy of the landlord class, or of
the king, has also met with a severe blow in
these works. Professor Ashley shows that the
confiscation of the revenues of the guilds did
not seriously entrench upon such revenues as
were set apart in the sixteenth century for the
actual economic needs of the members, but re-
lated almost entirely to funds devoted to relig-
ious uses, and confiscation of the monastery
funds somewhat hastened the need of a poor-
law; but it is shown that in all cases, both Prot-
estant and Catholic writers were becoming con-
vinced that the monasteries, by their indiscrim-
inate giving, pauperized quite as much as
helped, and that state supervision was an im-
provement over the monastery methods. This
book of Professor Ashley's gives the best ac-
count of the guilds, in the short compass of
a hundred pages, that has thus far appeared.
They are held, on the whole, to have been a
very beneficial institution. This is also true
of the considerable state activity that existed
in the Middle Ages. It is probable that if the
present tendency to form trusts and monopolies
continues we shall find ourselves forced to in-
troduce as much public supervision, if not of
precisely the same kind, as was had in the Mid-
dle Ages in all of Western Europe when the
State controlled wages, prices, and the quality
of goods, and even owned and managed flour-
mills.
"The Inheritance Tax," by Dr. Max West,
is one of the best economic monographs that it
has been the reviewer's good fortune to exam-
ine for a long while. At this time, when the
question of an inheritance tax is attracting so
much favorable interest, and so many of our
states are beginning to experiment with it, it
is of great public advantage to have presented,
in the clear way that Dr. West has done, a
brief history and the present condition of the
inheritance tax in all parts of Europe, Austral-
asia, and the United States. This is followed
by a discussion of the theory of the matter, and
of the decisions of our courts, in the main up-
holding the tax. The question is also consid-
ered as to whether the tax should be progress-
ive, increasing with the magnitude of the estate
and with the distance of relationship of those
inheriting. It may be said that Dr. West finds
that experience in general has been favorable
to the tax even in its progressive form, and that
it is probable that in time many of our Amer-
ican states will secure nearly, if not quite, their
entire state revenue in this way, and that the
national government also, as to some degree in
the Civil War, will fall back upon it in time
of crises, leaving to counties, townships, and
cities revenue from licenses and the taxation of
real-estate.
Mr. James Bonar, already favorably known
for his admirable little book on Malthus, has
in his "Philosophy and Political Economy"
shown the gradual development of philosoph-
ical conceptions which have greatly influenced
economic thought and activity. The goal now
reached is that every one born into this world
has the right to ask of society the opportunity
for the harmonious development of all his pow-
ers, while at the same time men will never sell
their liberty to purchase a compulsory equality
and fraternity. In More's "Utopia" is first
discovered the demand for the improvement of
the outward conditions, not of the few, but of
all. Krause, the German philosopher of the
first third of this century, is held to have first
clearly taught that natural right is a claim for
the conditions that make a rational human life
possible. Very truly is it declared that the
great work of socialism has been the emphasiz-
ing of this idea, and the proof that the major
portion of mankind do not now have, as they
should, this opportunity of developing what is
in them. Beginning with Plato and ending
with Mill, Kant, Fichte, Krause, Hegel, and
the socialists Marx, Engels, Lassalle, the wri-
ter sketches the development of the economic
view of history, and such theories as property,
natural rights, and the functions of the state.
This work, however, is in many places obscure,
and not equal to the author's other writings.
In his "Housing of the Poor," a prize essay
of the American Economic Association, Mr.
Reynolds gives a brief account of the leading
efforts of philanthropists in London, New York,
and Boston to build cheap yet good tenements
for the poor. Plans of model tenements are
given. The sanitary laws of New York, pro-
nounced the best in England or America, are
summarized; but the author, in referring to
the tendency of many of the poor to soon de-
grade even the best tenements, does not seem
appreciative of how efficient a remedy would
lie in a well-enforced requirement that every
tenement house containing over two tenements
should have a responsible janitor to see to such
matters. Just as in Boston no clothing can be
made in a tenement without a license, which is
given only on proof of excellent sanitary con-


1893.]
263
THE DIAL
■ditions, so there might be required a similar
license for residence. On the whole, however,
the monograph is a valuable study of the im-
portant subject treated.
In his " Introduction to the Study of the De-
pendent, Defective, and Delinquent Classes,"
Dr. Charles R. Henderson, of the Sociological
Department of the University of Chicago, pre-
sents a carefully chosen summary of the diverse
•opinions of scientific writers upon the causes,
nature, and remedies of pauperism, insanity,
•crime, and affiliated evils. The topical method
of presentation, and the full lists of authori-
ties on every point, joined to brief comments
by the writer, will make the book useful for
students — as all should be — of these social
problems.
In "The New Reformation," Mr. Ramsden
Balmforth, from somewhat the standpoint of
our ethical culture societies, makes a strong
appeal to us to follow out the ideas of Carlyle,
Ruskin, and Matthew Arnold, and find our
highest duty in securing juster and more equal
opportunities for true living to the humanity
about us. Whatever one may think of the au-
thor's views of orthodox Christianity, everyone
must admit the supreme duty and need, too
often as yet unrealized, of securing far greater
justice and humanity in social conditions.
It is an interesting evidence of the position
fast being taken by the new University of Chi-
cago, that of the ten writers in economic and
social science whose works are included in this
review, three—Messrs. Hourwich, Henderson,
and West — are now connected with this Uni-
versity. Edward W. Bemis.
:Lincol,x: A Character Study.*
No man more sincerely than Abraham Lin-
coln would have chosen for a biographer one
who would " nothing extenuate, nor set down
aught in malice." Yet it has not been his good-
fortune hitherto to find such a relator of his
life. Whilst he has escaped in a large degree
malicious misrepresentation, he has in the main
fallen into the hands of men lacking the his-
torical faculty, who have followed along the
lines of the " campaign " life. The most am-
bitious of these biographies — Hay and Nico-
lay's,—while full of valuable material, does not
oommend itself to the judgment of the histo-
* Abraham Lincoln. By John T. Morse, Jr. Two vol-
umes. "American Statesmen " series. Boston: Houghton,
Mifflin & Co.
rian as a true picture of the greatest American.
The state of mind of its makers is many times
as much like that of the famous Mason Weems
as can be possible to any mind in the nine-
teenth century. It has been reserved for Mr.
John T. Morse to write the first serious esti-
mate of the life and character of Lincoln; for
whilst he has not made the ideal book which
we all look for but never see, he has grasped
the personality of one of the most individual
men of any age. Mr. Morse sets forth in a
masterly manner the unique combination of
characteristics, so well known and yet so little
understood.
Nowhere does Mr. Morse show his phil-
osophic insight better than where he character-
izes as "the preeminently striking feature in
Lincoln's nature," "the extraordinary degree
to which he always appeared to be in close and
sympathetic touch with the people, that is to say
the people in the mass wherein he was im-
bedded, the social body amid which he dwelt,
which pressed upon him on all sides, which
for him formed ' the public'" And he adds:
"The very quality which made Lincoln, as a young
man, not much superior to his coarse surroundings, was
precisely the same quality which, ripening and expand-
ing rapidly and grandly with maturing years and a
greater circle of humanity, made him what he was in
later life. It is through this quality that we get con-
tinuity in him; without it, we cannot evade the insolu-
ble problem of two men—two lives—one following the
other with no visible link of connection between them;
without it we have physically one creature, morally and
mentally two beings. If we reject this trait, we throw
away the only key which unlocks the problem of the
most singular life, taken from end to end, which has
ever been witnessed among men, a life which many have
been content to regard as an unsolved enigma."
Speaking of the constitutional tendency to
gloom which afflicted Lincoln through life, the
author suggests a partial explanation of it when
he says:
"It is well known that the coarse and rough side of
life among the pioneers had its reaction in a reserved and
at times morose habit, nearly akin to sadness, at least
in those who frequented the wilderness; it was the ex-
pression of the influence of the vast, desolate, and lonely
nature amid which they passed their lives. The shud-
dering awe and terrible sense of fate, which the grandeur
of the Greek tragedies so powerfully expresses, come to
us when we contemplate this strange cloud which never
left Lincoln in any year after his earliest youth, although
some traits in his character seemed often incomprehen-
sibly to violate it, and, like rebellious spirits, to do out-
rage to it, while in fact they only made it the more
striking, picturesque, and mysterious."
In another fine passage in volume one we
have a diagnosis of that remarkable lack of
animosity in Lincoln's nature which makes pos-


264
[Nov. 1,
THE DIAL
sible the statement that although, in the dis-
cussion of slavery, "he was dealing with a
question which was arousing personal antag-
onisms as bitter as any that history records,
yet he never condemned anyone, nor ever passed
judgment against his fellow-men." The author
believes this a mental rather than a moral
trait, and finds its root " not so much in human
charity as in fairness of thinking." In any
event it marked him as the one man of large
magnanimity who, as a civilian, bore a con-
spicuous part in the Rebellion period. It lifted
him above the bickerings of party strife, and
enabled him to live calmly and serenely in the
daily presence of men of such virulent animos-
ities as Edwin M. Stanton, and finally to sway
all to his own unselfish purposes.
For another trait, equally conspicuous amid
those stormy days from 1850 to 1865, was " his
entire political unselfishness, the rarest moral
quality among men in public life." Out of a
time when selfish ambitions and place-seeking
and intrigue were too common for us to con-
template contentedly, and when slanders and
cruel aspersions were the lot of many who tried
to do their duty, the reputation of this man has
come as of one who rose above every unworthy
ambition and every personal meanness to the
one thought that filled his four years of office:
that the Nation was a trust in his hands, to be
saved from its enemies, even sometimes in spite
of the step-motherly efforts of its friends.
"Not the faintest shadow of self ever fell for an in-
stant across this simple purpose. He was intent to play
his part out faithfully, with all the ability he could
bring to it; but anyone else who could might win and
wear the title of savior. He chiefly cared that the
saying should be done. Never once did he manipulate
any court magnet to draw toward himself the credit or
the glory of a measure or a move. To bis own future
he seemed to give no thought."
This magnanimity was not only conspicuous
as regarded himself: it was manifested in all
his utterances of a personal nature. The au-
thor emphasizes the fact that seldom if ever in
his public career did he utter criticism of any
man's character or motives. No man stands in
the pages of history stained by his aspersions
or even pilloried by his just denunciations. Not
even when one like McClellan, writhing under
a sense of abandonment in the crisis of his
campaign, denounced him bitterly to his face,
did he strike back. He seemed to take hold
on the part of each man's conduct which ap-
proached nearest to his own patriotic endeavor,
and to put out of sight forever all that savored
of the earthy. Consequently he gathered out
of the great seething mass of mixed motives-
that surrounded him all that was worthiest and
noblest, and concentred it for the salvation of
the nation. Regardless of what a man's per-
sonal abuse of himself had been—as in the case
of Stanton—he took cordially every true effort
that came to him, and built it into the one con-
trolling purpose.
We have confined our review to that portion
of Mr. Morse's work which deals with Lin-
coln's personality, because we believe that this
is its distinct contribution to the literature of
the theme. Yet as much space might have
been given to the admirable treatment of some
of the historic controversies of the War period.
Mr. Lincoln's justification in the matter of
Fort Sumter is well set out. The McClellan
imbroglio is handled with clear discrimination,
which recognizes the many abilities of that ill-
starred general, while making manifest his ono
fatal weakness. The difficult subject of Re-
construction is discussed with a calm display of
the pros and cons of Mr. Lincoln's policy,,
which leaves one more than ever convinced
that only his large heart and clear brain could
have carried out such a policy.
It seems ungracious to say anything in way
of censure of so meritorious a work, but there
are errors of expression which mar somewhat
a very welcome narrative. To score a point
in favor of General Grant's modesty, it wa»
not necessary to impute to his predecessor*
"generally" words used only by one of them.
The narrative does not gain vividness by call-
ing Horace Greeley " woolly-witted." There is-
a small pedantry which surprises us in so phil-
osophic a historian, in more than once correct-
ing Mr. Lincoln's "would" to "[should]."
This is an indignity which will not help the
cause of correct grammar. There is a pecul-
iar atrocity in dressing out once more the dis-
carded petticoat-story about Mr. Davis for the
purpose of suggesting that by his tragic death
"Mr. Lincoln was robbed of the amusement
which he would have gathered from this ex-
ploit." Such cheap wit in the presence of the
mighty dead should be expunged from a later
edition- John J. Halsey.
Justizrat Dr. Bahr, who died at Dresden recently, is
said to have left a work ready for the press on Arthur
Schopenhauer, whose fellow student and intimate friend
he was. Dr. Bahr had carefully recorded the conversa-
tions he held with the pessimist philosopher, and these,
together with a number of reminiscences, form the con-
tents of the volume.


1893.]
265
THE DIAL
Recent Books of Poetry.*
The dainty little volumes into which Mr. Gilder
is wont to collect his poems have long been favor-
ites with the book-lover. There are five of them
now, and "The Great Remembrance" is by no
means the least of the five, although its contents
are chiefly poems of persons and occasions. The
title poem is certainly one of the best commemorat-
ive pieces that the inspiration of the Civil War has
■evoked. "So long ago it was," and yet the mem-
ory of it can still impel to such verse as this:
"So long: ago it was, so long ago,
All, all have passed; the terror and the splendor
Have turned like yesterevening's stormy glow
Into a sunset memory strange and tender.
How beautiful it seems, what lordly sights,
What deeds sublime, what wondrous days and nights.
What love of comrades, ay, what quickened breath,
When first we knew that, startled, quailing, still
We too, even we, along the blazing hill —
We, with the best, could face and conquer death."
There is a touch of Lowell in this fine passage:
"Dear Country! Thou
Art still our passion; still to thee we bow
In love supreme I Fairer than e'er before
Art thou to-day — from golden shore to shore
The home of freemen. Not one stain doth cling
Now to thy banner. Argosies of war
On thy imperial rivers bravely fling
Flags of the nations, but no message bring
Save of peace only; while, behold, from far
The Old World comes to greet thy natal star
That with the circling century returns,
And in the Western heavens with fourfold beauty burns."
Lowell himself is the subject of one of Mr. Gilder's
heartfelt personal tributes.
■*' Lover and laureate thou of the wide New World
Whose pines, and prairies, and people, and teeming soil,
Where was shaken of old the seed of the freedom of men,
* The Great Remembrance, and Other Poems. By Rich-
ard Watson Oilder. New York: The Century Co.
Fob Fifty Years: Verses Written on Occasion, in the
Course of the Nineteenth Century. By Edward E. Hale.
Boston: Roberts Brothers.
A Roadside Harp: A Book of Verses. By Louise Imo-
gen Gniney. Boston: Houghton, Mifllin & Co.
On the Road Home. By Margaret E. Sangster. New
York: Harper & Brothers.
Retrospect, and Other Poems. By A. Mary F. Robinson
{Madame James Darmesteter). Boston: Roberts Brothers.
Valete: Tennyson, and Other Memorial Poems. By H.
D. Rawnsley. New York: Macmillan & Co.
Teresa, and Other Poems. By James Rhoades. New
York: Longmans, Green, it Co.
The Seven Cities of the Dead, and Other Poems, Lyrics,
and Sonnets. By Sir John Croker Barrow, Bart. New York:
Longmans, Green, & Co.
Selections from the Verse of Augusta Webster.
New York: Macmillan & Co.
Sonos of the Common Da y, and Ave! By Charles G. D.
Roberts. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co.
The Dread Voyage. Poems by William Wilfred Camp-
bell. Toronto: William Briggs.
Later Canadian Poems. Edited by J. E. Wetherell.
Toronto: The Copp, Clark Co.
Thou didst love as a strong man loveth the maiden he woos,—
Not the woman he toys with, and sings to, and, passing, for-
gets,—
Whom he woos, whom he wins, whom he weds, his passion,
his pride.
Who no shadow of wrong shall suffer, who shall stand in his
sight
Pure as the sky of the evil her foeman may threat.
Save by word or by thought of her own in her whiteness un-
touched,
And wounded alone of the lightning her spirit engenders."
Few writers have Mr. Gilder's power to seize the
poetry of the mood or of the passing moment, and
to fix it with unpremeditated art. His verse-forms
are often wayward; their spontaneity must be the
excuse for their license. Another marked charac-
teristic is his command of the imagery of the skies,
recalling Shelley in its pervasive quality and haunt-
ing effect. How exquisitely he can use such imagery
may be shown by the lines to " Evening in Tyring-
ham Valley."
"What domes and pinnacles of mist and fire
Are builded in yon spacious realms of light
AU silently, as did the walls aspire
Templing the ark of God by day and night.
Noiseless and swift, from darkening ridge to ridge,
Through purple air that deepens down the day.
Over the valley springs a shadowy bridge.
The evening star's keen, solitary ray
Makes more intense the silence, and the glad,
Unmelancholy, restful, twilight gloom, —
So full of tenderness, that even the sad
Remembrances that haunt the soul take bloom
Like that on yonder mountain.
Now the bars
Of sunset all burn black; the day doth fail,
And the skies whiten with the eternal stars.
Oh, let thy spirit stay with me, sweet vale!"
This volume contains also Mr. Gilder's three poems
suggested by the Columbian Exposition, one of the
three, as our readers will remember, having made
its first appearance in The Dial, and another of
them having been included in its recent World's
Fair symposium.
"For Fifty Years" Dr. Edward Everett Hale
has been writing occasional verses, and some of his
friends have recently insisted upon having the scat-
tered pieces collected and printed. Dr. Hale pro-
vides the title-page with an appropriate motto from
the " Memoir of Frederic Ingham": "If it were
his duty to write verses, he wrote verses; to fight
slavers, he fought slavers; to write sermons, he
wrote sermons; and he did one of these things with
just as much alacrity as another." We have no
doubt that Dr. Hale's verses were written with
"alacrity"; they are sparks struck from a much
belabored anvil, and, like his sermons, histories, and
novels, reveal the warm-hearted and forceful person-
ality of their writer. There are some rough and spir-
ited ballads (which turn out to be pointed anecdotes
told in rugged rhyme), groups of college and war
pieces, a few translations, some versified conclusions
of sermons (following, we are told, the excellent ex-
ample of Dr. Doddridge), and a miscellaneous sec-
tion. Dr. Hale quotes a Spanish proverb to the
effect that " Every one who is not a fool has writ-


266
[Nov. 1,
THE DIAL
ten two sonnets," and to prove (quite unnecessarily)
that he is not a fool, he gives us three, one of which
we reproduce as a characteristic specimen of his
work. Its subject is "the ship which brought a
copy of Michael Angelo's statue of Christ from
Italy to America."
"Bark after bark has sunk in gales like these,
Facing the jealous West, as thou dost now.
Still thou must breast each wave, nor shun the seas,
Which beetle downward on thy westward prow.
The great'Christ-bearer' quailed not: he, as thou,
Left Italy to seek our Western shore;
And as another dove another olive bore.
Seeing across the waste another promise-bow.
Beat westward still! beat downward every wave!
The Christ who gave our New World to the Old,
E'en then his secret to his Michael told,
And to his eye the sacred vision gave.
Beat the waves down 1 let them his form behold
Who are his 'other sheep,' not of his early fold."
Three of these verses have superfluous feet, but Dr.
Hale does not mind a little thing like that, and las
countless friends and well-wishers would forgive far
more serious offences.
Miss Guiney's new volume of poems is thin only
as a matter of physical measurement. In quality
it is compact and exquisite, while imitative in but
slight degree. Its originality is sometimes gained
at the cost of a forced verbalism, and its compres-
sion sometimes results in obscurity; but we may well
put up with a few imperfections in verse that is so
much more than a mere echo. The author's qual-
ities (and their defects) are well illustrated in "The
Kings":
"A man said unto his angel:
'My spirits are fallen thro'.
And I cannot carry this battle;
O brother! what shall I do?
"' The terrible Kings are on me.
With spears that are deadly bright,
Against me so from the cradle
Do fate and my fathers fight.'
"Then said to the man his angel:
'Thou wavering, foolish soul.
Back to the ranks! What matter
To win or to lose the whole,
"' As judged by the little judges
Who hearken not well, nor see?
Not thus, by the outer issue.
The Wise shall interpret thee.
"' Thy will is the very, the only,
The solemn event of things;
The weakest of hearts defying
Is stronger than all these Kings.
"' Tho' out of the past they gather
Mind's Doubt and Bodily Pain,
And pallid Thirst of the Spirit
That is kin to the other twain,
"' And Grief, in a cloud of banners,
And ringletted Vain Desires,
And Vice, with the spoils upon him
Of thee and thy beaten sires,
"' While kings of eternal evil
Yet darken the hills about.
Thy part is with broken sabre
To rise on the last redoubt;
"' To fear not sensible failure,
Nor covet the game at all.
But fighting, fighting, fighting,
Die, driven against the wall!'"
A comparison of this poem with Arnold's "The
Last Word," not unlike it in theme, or even with
Sill's "Opportunity," will show that it loses some-
thing by such phrases as " the outer issue," "sen-
sible failure," and
"The very, the only.
The solemn event of things,"—
and something more, possibly, by over-elaboration/
of the allegory; but it remains an impressive piece-
of work. Miss Guiney's remarkable lyrical faculty
may be illustrated from the verses to " Hylas":
"Fathoms low, the naiads sing
In a birthday welcoming;
Water-white their breasts, and o'er him
Water-gray, their eyes adore him.
(There's a bird on the under bough
Fluting evermore and now:
'Keep — young!' but who knows how ?)"
or by these from "The Still of the Year":
"Sweet is cherry-time, sweet
A shower, a bobolink.
And the little trillium-blossom
Tucked under her leaf to think;
But here in the vast unborn
Is the bitterest place to be,
Till striving and longing
Shall quicken the earth and me.
What change inscrutable
Is nigh us, we know not well;
Gone is the strength to sigh,
Either to live or die.
Heigho! my heart's sick."
Miss Guiney's sonnets are as remarkable as her lyr-
ics and ballads. Here is the beautiful close of the
sonnet upon an old Italian Madonna:
"As up a wayside, after rain.
When the blown beeches purple all the height
And clouds sink to the sen-marge, suddenly
The autumn sun (how soft, how solemn-bright!)
Moves to the vacant dial, so is lain
God's meaning Hand, thou chosen, upon thee."
This simile might be matched (if there were any
use in matching things ) with some of the finer sim-
iles in Rossetti; and the group of London sonnets,
in their revelation of the poetic aspects of the Great
City, with Mr. Henley's recent verses upon that
perilous theme. Here is a picture of London by
gaslight:
"Full as a marsh of mist and winking light;
Heaven thickens over, Heaven that cannot cure
Her tear by day, her fevered smile by night."
Even a London fog has its poetry (as Mr. Henley-
also discovered):
"Like bodiless water passing in a sigh,
Thro' palsied streets the fatal shadows flow.
And in their sharp disastrous undertow-
Suck in the morning sun, and all the sky."
Miss Guiney's work tempts to quotation, but one
more example must suffice—the stanzas to the mem-
ory of Dr. Parsons:


1893.]
267
THE DIAL
"Friend who hast gone, and dost enrich to-day
New England brightly building far away,
And crown her liberal walk
With company more choice, and sweeter talk,
"Look not on Fame, but Peace; and in a bower
Receive at last her fulness and her power:
Nor wholly, pure of heart.
Forget thy few, who would be where thou art."
So graceful and touching a tribute is not often paid
to the illustrious dead.
Mrs. Sangster's verses are of the unpretentious,
old-fashioned, homely sort, smooth in measure and
wholesome in sentiment, mostly written in sincerely
pious vein. A couple of stanzas from " The Annun-
ciation" are fairly representative.
"With grave eyes rapt in dreams of prayer,
She sits alone within the room,
Unheeding if around her there
Be golden ray or deepening gloom.
Her heart uplifted, silent, sweet.
Her thought goes forth her Lord to greet.
"And thus attent before the King,
No sense of strangeness startles her
When one from heaven draws near to bring
A sign to Heaven's worshipper.
'Hail, Mary!' fills her soul with bliss.
Her tranquil years have waited this."
The verses in this volume have all been collected
from various periodicals.
Madame Darmesteter's new volume affords
glimpses of a life varied in experience, both object-
ive and subjective, of a mind that has borne the
full stress of modern thought, and of a heart that,
unchanged by new appeals, still recurs to the famil-
iar themes endeared by early association. There
are lyrics and ballads and sonnets; lyrics with a
touch of melancholy, ballads of terse dramatic force,
and sonnets of the life of culture and intellectual
preoccupation. The verses on "Le Roc-du-Chere,"
where Taine is buried, and the other verses bearing
""Veritatem Dilexi"—Kenan's motto — for a title,
pay rich and merited tribute to the two men whose
recent death has left the world so poor. We quote
the former piece:
"High on the heathery hill-brow o'er the lake,
White as a temple gleams the tomb afar.
Shine on, shine on even as a guiding star,
And let our souls be nobler for thy sake.
"He whom we leave amid the rocks and winds
Tower'd in onr midst, a conscience to us all.
We look'd at him and fought, and dared not fall,
But faced the truth in front with honest minds.
"0 passionate and loyal Spirit of Life
That spake so true and firm thro' doubt and pain.
O large and grand and simple soul of Taine,
Be to us still our standard in the strife:
"Pure as the welling waters of thy wave,
And mighty as the mountains of thy rest,
Indomitable as yonder eagled crest,
And lowly as these grasses round thy grave."
The beautiful sonnet called " Spring and Autumn"
well illustrates the tender grace of Madame Dar-
mesteter's best work:
"God in His heart made Autumn for the young;
That they might learn to accept the approach of age
In golden woods and starry saxifrage
And valleys all with azure mists o'erhung.
For over Death a radiant veil He flung,
That the inevitable heritage
Might come revealed in beauty, and assuage
The dread with which the heart of youth is wrung.
And for the consolation of the old
He made the delicate, swift, tumultuous Spring;
That every year they might again behold
The image of their youth in everything.
And bless the fruit-trees flowering in the cold,
Whose harvest is not for their gathering."
Mr. Rawnsley's "Valete" is a volume of per-
sonal poems (mostly obituary) to the number of more
than one hundred. The distinguished dead among
Englishmen of the last twenty years have supplied
the author with most of his subjects, and his verses
are grouped under such heads as " The Royal Dead,"
"Shepherds of Men," and "Singers among Men."
Tennyson alone has upwards of a score of these
tributes of song. Mr. Rawnsley is the son of the
Vicar of Shiplake, by whom Tennyson was, on June
13,1850, united in marriage to Miss Sellwood, and
to this fact the writer gracefully refers in the most
ambitious of his tributes to his old friend:
"Or leaving Thames I seek by chalky dell
My father's terrace-garden o'er the flood,
Where once a bride and bridegroom-poet stood,
And heard in June-tide air the marriage bell
Ring thro' the walnuts that' the hour is good
When noble man weds noblest woman-hood.'"
The sonnet on "The Poet's Death-Chamber "jde-
serves quotation.
"Not in the bright, nnsolitary noon,
When all the air with life and music rings,
Came the great hush of those archangel wings,
That gave the singer peace and endless boon;
But rather at the midnight hour of swoon
When Sleep, Death's prophet, unto Nature brings
Surcease of sense and outward communings
Beneath that world of loneliness, the moon.
And so he grew to marble — he who made
In hearts of stone the generous life-blood run.
But o'er him dead, Death's planet wheeling slow-
Flung down such splendour through the awful shade,
As made us feel his soul was with the Sun
And needed Death to give us back the glow."
A number of Mr. Rawnsley's tributes are paid to
our own countrymen, among them Whitman, Lowell,
Whittier, and Bishop Brooks. We select the son-
net inscribed to our beloved Quaker poet:
"We shall not see again the deep-set eyes,
Tight mouth, thought-furrows on the friendly face
That never disavowed the Quaker race.
His shock of years is garnered under skies
Well known, well sung of, for his soul was wise
With all the change of season, and the grace
Of Nature, stored afield in lonely place
To melt the labourer's heart with melodies.
His voice was clear because he saw the truth,
The simple truth that God would have men free.
On furrows red with war his seed was sown;
And loving right and hating tyranny.
He fashioned for a nation in its youth
Such music as its age shall not disown."
These sonnets are typical examples of Mr. Rawns-
s~


268
[Nov. 1,
THE DIAL
ley's work, which, although sinking occasionally
into commonplace, maintains, as a whole, an even
excellence. Although it rarely thrills, it rarely
fails to please, and the note of its sympathy never
seems forced.
In his verses on " The Public and the Poet," Mr.
James Rhoades remarks:
"Time was when a poet was deemed rara avis;
Now they babble on bough like the merle or the mavis.
One or two in a lifetime was all very well;
But who's to keep pace when some sixty break shell?"
"Who, indeed? will echo the reviewer to whom come
yearly two or three score volumes of minor verse.
The general public, in happier ignorance of the
gravity of the problem, may think of its old favor-
ites and smile; but the reader who keeps closely
cognizant of the current Muse cannot refrain from
a half-formulated fear lest a considerable amount
of good work be swamped by the swelling flood
poured forth by mediocrity. Mr. Rhoades, like
most of the other versifiers discussed in this article,
is a facile writer, and produces work very credita-
ble in form, and freighted with enough of thought
to interest and to please. His one-act tragedy,
"Teresa," has composition and dramatic force; his
songs and sonnets and translations display good
taste and serious feeling. Sometimes, as in this son-
net on "Norman Ne"ruda," he rises to a real height:
"She stood with lifted bow in aet to sweep
The strings: sound flashed; the silent air caught fire;
And, wave on wave upsurging high and higher,
The waters of our soul—one stormy heap —
Hung menacing. Anon she bade them sleep.
She woke the winds of Memory: dead desire
Revived; hope grappled with the eternal liar;
Love saw the end, and deemed the forfeit cheap.
She pierced the bounds of Being: with one breath
Of that prevailing strain she fell on fate
And slew it; back swung the adamantine gate,
Self-opening; there was no more time or death.
And then she ceased. And oh, how steep the fall
From heaven to that dark, disenchanted hall I"
"We commend also the verses to Gordon, and some
-other pieces of a memorial character.
Quod scripsi scripsi is the motto upon the title-
page of Sir John Croker Barrow's poems. The
•critic admits the fact, but wonders why. The au-
thor's Pegasus seems to be but a sorry nag, and
-shows no sign of wings.
"Some million star-worlds, it is said,
Are whirling round us overhead;
And maybe there are millions more
For future ages to explore."
This stanza illustrates the jog-trot of the noble
writer's verse. When he will be philosophical, his
discourse is after this prosaic fashion:
"She, though she breathes no word of ' Woman's Right,'
Yet looks on Man as her inferior,
And woe to him who rashly marries her!
For he must either slave by day or night,
Or else for liberty must firmly fight;
And lastly, whether he be conqueror
Or conquered, must in either case incur
The grave misfortune of a marriage blight."
Is Woman in general the subject of this atrocious
utterance? And if so, where, oh where, are the
avenging Thracian maidens? We are all the more
disposed to be frank in expressing an opinion of
this volume, because its author distinctly hints that
he is prepared for the worst. This is his envoy:
M Farewell, awhile, dear offspring of my mind!
On trial ye must pass through prison Press,
Before tribunal of a world not kind,
Nor caring whether critics curse or bless.
Farewell! Should rash reviewers shed your blood.
Weep not 1 your tears will not be understood."
We trust that verse like this will never be born into
any other than "a world not kind."
For many years Mrs. Augusta Webster has oc-
cupied a more than respectable rank among the
minor poets of contemporary England. She has
published in the neighborhood of a dozen volumes,
including some remarkable translations from iEs-
chylus and Euripides. But no minor poet can ex-
pect to live ( except for the memory of his friends)
in a dozen volumes; most are fortunate if they are
preserved in the anthologies. Yet the high excel-
lence of Mrs. Webster's verse is at least such as to
justify the volume of "Selections " from her writ-
ings which has just appeared, and which contains
examples of her best narrative and lyrical styles, as
well as a number of the dramatic monologues for
which her genius seems peculiarly fitted. These
monologues suggest the similar work of both Brown-
ing and Tennyson; of the former by their force
and penetration, of the latter by their grace and
finish. A fair example of Mrs. Webster's lyrics is
the following "Song," which is neither better nor
worse than fifty others:
"Dear love, good-night. And, tender sleep,
Seal up her lids like these drowsed flowers,
To make day fair when they unclose.
Be hushed around her, Night, and keep
Thy silent guard on her repose;
But speed thine honrs.
"Dear love, sleep on. This weary space
I wake and long for day and thee,
And count the slow stars from their west.
Sleep while I hunger for thy face,
Sleep, dearest, in unbroken rest;
But dream of me."
Mrs. Webster's strictly dramatic work is unrepre-
sented in this selection.
The new volume of poems by Professor Roberts
includes his ode for the Shelley Centenary (reviewed
by us at the time of its separate appearance), a
series of sonnets "dealing with aspects of common
outdoor life" (some of these reprinted from "In
Divers Tones"), and a number of new ballads and
lyrics. Once only, but once too often, the author
has attempted the form of dialect humor, and the
piece strikes the one discordant note of the collec-
tion. We like very much the verses on " Canadian
Streams":
"St. Lawrence, whose wide water laves
The shores that ne'er have nourished slaves!
Swift Richelieu of lilied fame!
Niagara of glorious graves.


1893.J
269
THE DIAL
"Dread Saguenay, where eagles soar.
What voice shall from the hastioned shore
The tale of Roberval reveal.
Or his mysterious fate deplore?
"And thou far tide whose plains now heat
With march of myriad westering feet,
Saskatchewan, whose virgin sod
So late Canadian blood made sweet."
This has the true patriotic ring, always a distinctive
element in the author's work. The following son-
net on "The Deserted City" is a beautiful occi-
dental echo of the passion of Dante, when he took
for his text Quomodo sedet sola civitas!
"There lies a little city leagues away.
Its wharves the green sea washes all day long.
Its busy, sun-bright wharves with sailors' song
And clamour of trade ring loud the live-long day.
Into the happy harbour hastening, gay
With press of snowy canvas, tall ships throng.
The peopled streets to blithe-eyed Peace belong,
Glad-housed beneath these crowding roofs of grey.
'T was long ago this city prospered so.
For yesterday a woman died therein.
Since when the wharves are fallen idle, I know,
And in the streets is hushed the pleasant din;
The thronging ships have been, the songs have been; —
Since yesterday it is so long ago."
Mr. Campbell's verses are characterized by an
imaginative grasp of nature, and especially of na-
ture in her sadder or sterner moods, that is often
singularly impressive. The approach of winter, the
sweep of the storm, and the majesty of the ice-
bound northern wastes, are themes to which the au-
thor frequently recurs, and which he continues to
associate with the corresponding phases of human
emotion. This interpenetration of the soul of man
and the soul of the physical world may be taken as
the predominant thought of Mr. Campbell's work.
When in quiet vein, he gives us tender verses like
these from "An August Reverie":
"The ragged daisy starring all the fields.
The buttercup abrim with pallid gold,
The thistle and burr-flowers hedged with prickly shields,
All common weeds the draggled pastures hold,
With shrivelled pods and leaves, are kin to me,
Like-heirs of earth and her maturity.
"They speak a silent speech that is their own,
These wise and gentle teachers of the grass;
And when their brief and common days are flown,
A certain beauty from the year doth pass: —
A beauty of whose light no eye can tell,
Save that it went; and my heart knew it well."
A deeper melancholy breathes from the stanzas to
"Autumn," which cannot fail to suggest the great
ode of Keats.
"On silent nights, grey mists creep near the ground,
And airs are keen and stars grow sharp and clear,
And phantom frosts steal in and make no sound
Down the long, haunted river, bleak and drear,
Biting with death the sedges dank and sere.
And ever the wan moon rises large and round
Over the woodlands, flooding with iced dream
Tlie far-hushed, ghostly face of wood and field and stream."
Another manner, one of infrequent occurrence, is
illustrated by the stanzas entitled "Love":
"Love came at dawn when all the world was fair,
When crimson glories, bloom, and song were rife;
Love came at dawn when hope's wings fanned the air,
And murmured, 'I am life.'
"Love came at even when the day was done,
When heart and brain were tired, and slumber pressed;
Love came at eve, shut out the sinking sun,
And whispered, 'I am rest.'"
A tribute to Robert Browning is one of the note-
worthy poems of the collection. Mr. Campbell's
chief defects are an occasional diffuseness, a use of
awkward inversions, and a certain waywardness in
his attitude toward the laws of rhythmical structure.
These notes upon the Canadian singers of to-day
may appropriately be closed by a few words about
the volume of " Later Canadian Poems " which Mr.
Wetherell has edited. It includes selections from
the two writers above mentioned, as well as from
Mr. Bliss Carman, Mr. G. F. Cameron, Mr. Archi-
bald Lampman, Mr. D. C. Scott, Mr. F. G. Scott,
and half a dozen Canadian women. All the poems
have been published within the last dozen years.
Excellent portraits are given of the seven men
whose work makes up the bulk of the collection.
Mr. Carman, we regret to say, is not represented
by the poem which is by far his best—his elegy on
the death of Matthew Arnold; and "The Isles"
should certainly have been given among the selec-
tions from Professor Roberts. The book, as a
whole, makes an excellent impression; it seems to
mark the rise of a distinctive school of Canadian
song, having for its leading motive the faithful in-
terpretation of nature, and for subsidiary motives
the pride of patriotism and the sense of Canada's
historical and legendary past.
William Mortox Payne.
Briefs ox JVew Books.
„ , „ , Professor Huxley's Romanes Lec-
Professor Huxley J. .
on Evolution ture on "Evolution and Ethics
and Ethic,. (Macmillan) has, of course, all the
familiar characteristics of the author's popular writ-
ings— the vigorous but not ungraceful style, the
acute logic, and the comprehensive outlook. The
significant thing about its matter is to be found in
its attitude toward the ultra-individualism of which
Mr. Spencer is the most distinguished representa-
tive. It is true, Mr. Huxley contends, that the
world has been shaped by the evolutionary process
(as most deep souls have seen for two or three
thousand years past), and that " the survival of the
fittest" is a formula useful in the solution of most
of the problems of development. But when we rise
to the ethical stage of development, the term "fit-
test" must be given a modified meaning; here, at
least, it means more than physical superiority. Civ-
ilization means, according to Mr. Huxley, the sub-
stitution of an "ethical process " for the "cosmic
process," the relation of the two being happily


270
[Nov. 1,
THE DIAL
illustrated by the relation of the "governor " to the
engine of which it is essentially a part. "The prac-
tice of that which is ethically best — what we call
goodness or virtue — involves a course of conduct
which, in all respects, is opposed to that which leads
to success in the cosmic struggle for existence.
In place of ruthless self-assertion it demands self-
restraint; in place of thrusting aside, or treading
down, all competitors, it requires that the individ-
ual shall not merely respect, but shall help his fel-
lows; its influence is directed, not so much to the
survival of the fittest, as to the fitting of as many
as possible to survive. It repudiates the gladia-
torial theory of existence." This is very effective,
but we fear that it is also a little rhetorical. Let
us look at the next sentence: "It demands that each
man who enters into the enjoyment of the advan-
tages of a polity shall be mindful of his debt to
those who have laboriously constructed it; and shall
take heed that no act of his weakens the fabric in
which he has been permitted to live." In these
last words is concealed the whole contention. Is
not that fabric weakened by some of the acts of
which approval is above implied? Mr. Spencer
would reply with an emphatic affirmative, and we
see no escape from the conclusion that Mr. Huxley
has, after all, begged the question. In other words,
to the argument fairly and squarely stated by Mr.
Spencer in "The Man vs. the State," Mr. Huxley
has given an evasive reply. What is needed in this
discussion is a careful analysis of the acts done
by philanthropic people in the name of altruism,
in order to determine which of those acts really
strengthen the social fabric, and which of them tend
ultimately to weaken it. Such an analysis Mr.
Huxley fails to give us. Certainly, "the fitting of
as many as possible to survive" (taking for granted
that survival implies reproduction) is a social rule
that can only result in a weakening of the social
fabric on its physical side. And it remains to
be shown that the ethical gain is sufficient to com-
pensate for the physical loss. We do not say that
this may not be shown; we only assert that Mr.
Huxley makes no attempt to show it, and that he
leaves the question precisely where it was left by
Mr. Spencer's trenchant polemic.
CaaracUrUUc *»? R 9^'' ." PerS°Dal ReCo1-
storitt and say- lections of Whittier (Crowell), a
<w* v pretty booklet of ninety-five pages,
is solidly packed with matter of the sort that forms
the right pith and essence of biography. Mrs.
Claflin knew Whittier intimately, and is thus ena-
bled to supply a stock of characteristic stories and
sayings that give a clearer idea of the poet's per-
sonality than could be gained from volumes of the
spongy and labored dissertation which average crit-
icism sheds about the memory of departed (and
therefore defenceless ) eminence. Whittier—a clear-
seeing, genuine soul, to whom conventionalism was
a farce and cant an abomination—was annoyed and
embarrassed by the gushing expressions of silly ad-
mirers. "He said to me," says the author, "' What
does thee think women make such silly speeches to
me for? It makes me feel like a fool. A woman
said to me yesterday, "Mr. Whittier, your smile is
a benediction." As I was walking across the floor
at the Radical Club a woman stopped me in the
middle of the parlor among all the folks and said,
"I've long wished to see you, Mr. Whittier, to ask
you what you thought of the subjective and the ob-
jective." Why, I thought the woman was crazy,
and I saicI, "I don't know anything about either of
'em "'"—which was a solution worthy of Mr. Dick.
One shudders to think of the Orphic answer which
A. Bronson Alcott would have made to this all too-
tempting query. Mr. Whittier was always reluctant
to meet strangers —■ especially on formal occasions.
"On one occasion," says Mrs. Claflin, "I invited
some of his old acquaintances to an afternoon tea.. .
He was so shy that he could not be counted upon,
and often, if he suspected company had been invi-
ted to meet him, he would slip away. With his
keen perception and insight, he discovered that
something a little out of the ordinary course was
going on, and he said, 'What is thee going to do?
I think thee is going to do something.' I replied,
'Why do you think so, Mr. Whittier?' 'Oh, I
know thee is going to have some kind of a fandan-
go.'" When the guests came, however, the poet
received them cordially, and the "fandango " passed
off without friction. The volume contains two por-
traits of Mr. Whittier, and a poem by Miss Edna
Dean Proctor embodying "his almost life-long plaint
of sleepless nights, and the gladness with which he
hailed the dawn."
_ . , , "The Work of John Ruskin," in
The influence of . .'
Rwkin't work "its influence upon modern thought
on modem life. ^ life„ {g ^ large mh^t fl^
Dr. Charles Waldstein has sought to compass in a
small volume recently published (Harper). He
discusses in successive chapters the work of Mr.
Ruskin as an art-critic, as "the founder of phe-
nomenology of nature," as "a writer and prose-
poet," as a student of social and economical ques-
tions, and as an opponent of the sporting element
in English life. Each of these subjects is treated
in a scientific manner, and with evident conscien-
tiousness. Upon one or two of them Dr. Waldstein
is peculiarly competent to pass judgment, and upon
all of them his opinion is deserving of respectful
attention. Yet the note of the entire book seems to
us one of defective sympathy, of penetration to a
certain depth only, and of obtuseness to all that
lies beneath that depth. His critique of Mr. Ras-
kin's work as a social reformer is the most accept-
able part of the study, although there are some ex-
cellent observations in the chapter on English sports
and pastimes. But justice has hardly been done
to Mr. Ruskin's attitude towards the latter subject;
the spirit of his writings upon this theme is not as
antagonistic as the author would have us believe.
As a critic of art we still prefer Mr. Ruskin to Dr.


1893.]
271
THE DIAL
Waldstein, for the latter sees only the technical
aspect of art, while the former takes into account
the spiritual and ethical aspects as well. Mr. Ras-
kin's dictum that art has a moral no less than an intel-
lectual message has always been a stumbling-block
in the way of most of his critics, yet we are inclined
to think that he has in no other way done greater
service to his fellows than by his insistence, in sea-
son and out of season, upon this fundamental tenet.
a text-took of ^'le mstory °* French literature,
French literature studied in the French language,
ought to be an essential part of the
French course in our high schools. When that
course covers the full period of four years, the
last of the four may suitably be devoted to this
subject. An excellent text-book for such study is
provided by Madame Delphine Duval's "Petite
Histoire de la Literature Francaise" (Heath),
which is written in a simple and attractive style,
and covers the entire period of French literary
history. Such a book as this has long been needed,
and we give it a cordial welcome. One or two points
which have attracted our attention while reading
the book may be briefly mentioned. It is a little
curious to be told, in a comparison of the "Chanson
de Roland" with the "Iliad," that the former poem
is the loftier in thought. We should hardly char-
acterize Celimene as "une coquette maligne," nor
should we describe "Le Systeme de la Nature" as
"logiquement absurde." Still less should we say
that Gautier had "ni ide*es, ni sensibility, ni imagi-
nation." A few positive errors may be noted. The
date of Moliere's birth is given as 1652 instead of
1622. The writer says that it is not known exactly
why Voltaire took his nom de guerre.. On the con-
trary, it is perfectly well known that Voltaire is the
anagram of Arouet I. j. (lejeune). We are told
that Voltaire's works are about equally divided be-
tween prose and verse. Really there is five or six
times as much prose as verse. Finally, " Le Gendre
de Monsieur Poirier" is the work of Sandeau and
Augier, not of Sandeau and Scribe.
a iite ot simket- Pr0^e88e^ lives ot Shakespeare are
peart copied from so numerous that a person taking up
original«mrce,. Mr wilder.g «, Life of Shakespeare"
(Little, Brown, & Co.) may feel some surprise at
the statement in his Prefatory Note that "no brief
and accurate biography of Shakespeare is now be-
fore the public." But on reflection, the statement is
seen to be strictly true. Many indeed there are which
are neither brief nor accurate, many more which are
brief but not accurate, while only one — Halliwell-
Phillips's " Outlines " — can be said to be strictly
based on evidence; and that, containing as it does a
large amount of illustrative and collateral matter, is
so far from being brief that it extends to two immense
volumes. While this monumental work is greatly
valued by Shakespeare students, its bulk and great
inclusiveness of minute details unfit it for the uses of
the average reader of Shakespeare wishing the sim-
ple facts of the poet's life. Mr. Wilder's plan has
been to copy and combine from the best sources—
Halliwell-Phillips being of course the chief — only
the proven facts, and to present them in due order
without comment. The first twenty pages are de-
voted to John Shakespeare, the poet's father, and
begin with the year 1551, when he left the parental
home and settled in Stratford-on-Avon. There, in
1564, the baptismal register records the birth of
the son afterwards to make the name so illustrious.
The details in the life of William Shakespeare are
limited almost entirely to records of his business
transactions, dates of the presentation of certain of
his plays or of their publication. Of his manner of
daily life, his methods of composition, his tastes
and interests, we know absolutely nothing; the
books which aspire to describe these may be highly
entertaining but are absolutely untrustworthy. The
present work does not profess to supply a connected
narrative ; this would be a task now forever impos-
sible to any diligence ; but it does give compactly the
results of the best scholarship and most careful scru-
tiny applied to the collection of all that can now be
gathered concerning the life of the most distin-
guished of all English poets.
Factor* in
American
Civilization.
A social and economic philosophy
based on the doctrine of evolution
has not yet been completely formu-
lated. But numerous books, pamphlets, and mono-
graphs are constantly appearing dealing with one
phase or another of these questions, and seeking to
apply scientific evolutionary principles to the de-
tailed problems of sociology and economics. The
Brooklyn Ethical Society, having directed its studies
of the past winter in this direction, now issues a
volume of essays and discussions — the fifth of its
series — called "Factors in American Civilization"
(Appleton). The papers are fourteen in number,
each by a different author, consequently not all
equally valuable. Among the best are Prof. De
Garmo's "The Nation: its Place in Civilization,"
in which he advocates a spiritual conception of the
duties of the State, in opposition to the police idea;
Rev. John C. Kimball's "Natural Factors in Amer-
ican Civilization," discussing the influence of geol-
ogy, geography, natural scenery, and the human
factor; "The Social and Political Status of Wo-
man," by Rev. John W. Chadwick, treated with his
usual wit and wisdom; "The Labor Problem," by
that special student of the subject, Nicholas P. Gil-
man, and "The Philosophy of History," by E. P.
Powell, who, in his book "Our Heredity from God,"
has done more than almost any American writer to
popularize the teachings of evolution.
"Religio Poetse," etc. (Geo. Bell &
A new volume \ , . ,. , , ,
of Eisayi by oon), a choice little volume of essays
Coventry Patmore. by Coventry patmore, will be en-
joyed by readers whose tastes are scholarly and
whose standards, social, political, and religious, are
conservative. There are twenty-eight papers in all,


272
[Nov. 1,
THE DIAL
most of them reprinted from the "Fortnightly Re-
view." The following extract from an astonishing
little treatise on "The "Weaker Vessel" indicates,
in a way, Mr. Patmore's general attitude toward
modern views and tendencies: "To maintain that
man and woman are equals in intelligent action is
just as absurd as it would be to maintain that the
hand that throws a ball and the wall that casts it
back are equal. The woman has an exquisite per-
ception and power of admiring all the man can be
or do. She is the glory of his prowess and nobility
in war, statesmanship, arts, invention, and manners;
and she is able to fulfil this, her necessary and de-
lightful function, just because she is herself nothing
in battle, policy, poetry, discovery, or original intel-
lectual or moral force of any kind." Mr. Patmore
seems to have fallen into the error of mistaking
woman as he would like to see her, for woman as
she is. That the sex is not wholly made up of
"Amelia Sedleys," the people of Chicago, at least,
have had ocular and aural demonstration in this year
of Columbian "Congresses."
A Manual <^le " ^igb School Laboratory Man-
o/p/tytict/or ual of Physics" (Ginn), prepared by
Mich achod.. Megsrs. Dudley G. Hay8; Charles D.
Lowry, and Austin C. Rishel, is the best book of
the sort that we have yet seen. It is the work of
three experienced teachers, and the 113 exercises
it prescribes cover the entrance requirements in
physics of Harvard University, which are probably
higher than those of any other institution. The
following prefatory statement is admirable in its
good sense: "The authors are not so visionary as
to suppose that boys and girls can, unaided, redis-
cover the laws of physics; but we know that, if suf-
ficiently careful directions are given to pupils in the
performance of experiments, and definite instruc-
tion is given them as to the manner of studying
results obtained, they will learn from Nature first-
hand many of her great laws." Our only quarrel
with the book is that it begins with the subject of
magnetism, for very inadequate reasons displaced
from its proper position.
"Builders of
American
Literature"
A book of two hundred and eighty-
five pages which attempts to give
biographical sketches of one hundred
and eleven different persons cannot be much more
than a mere catalogue of names and dates. Hence,
Mr.Underwood's "Builders of American Literature"
(Lee & Shepard) arouses little expectation of serious
literary value. Yet even that little is hardly satisfied
by these barren and lifeless sketches of some of the
most interesting figures in American literature.
The book begins with Jonathan Edwards and in-
cludes only authors born previous to 1826; a sec-
ond series is promised in order to bring the list
down to date. Let us hope that a little more ex-
clusiveness in selection will reduce the number of
names and afford more opportunity for doing jus-
tice to those that remain.
"Thumb-nail Sketches" (The Cent-
GeTw^al u'y C°- )> a ^inty booklet that may
be handily slipped into the waistcoat
pocket, contains five brief travel-sketches, with
drawings, contributed by Geo. Wharton Edwards to
the Century Magazine. Mr. Wharton's touch, pic-
torial and descriptive, is light and suggestive, and
his vein of whimsical humor and turn for bizarrerie
pleasantly recall Mr. Stockton. The little book,
with its full gilt edges and dainty cover of stamped
sheep, makes a pretty and suitable holiday souvenir.
BRIEFER MENTION.
One who wishes to learn about the management of
horses may do worse than turn back to Xenophon,
whose treatise on " The Art of Horsemanship" (Little,
Brown, & Co.) has just been put anew into English, this
time by Professor Morris H. Morgan. Professor Mor-
gan's translation is accompanied by an original essay
upon " The Greek Riding-Horse," by horse-talk from a
number of classical authors other than Xenophon, by
copious notes, and by illustrations from the Parthenon
frieze and other sources. The book is one that no lover
of horses will wish to do without.
Sefton Church in Lancashire is a structure whose
beginnings are thought to date from the early twelfth
century, and which, although rebuilt, retains many an-
tique features of historical and architectural interest.
To the painstaking industry of the Rev. Engelbert
Horley, and to Messrs. W. D. Caroe and E. J. A. Gor-
don, who have collected and arranged the materials left
by Mr. Horley, we owe a very large and handsome vol-
ume upon the subject of Sefton Church and town.
More than half the volume is devoted to the curious
history of the Mock Corporation of Sefton. The work
is prefaced by a plea for the restoration of the church,
but in a sense of which, we think, Mr. Ruskin would ap-
prove. The work has many illustrations, nearly a score
of them being full-page plates. (Longmans).
Mr. Clinton D. Hiobv'b "A General Outline of
Civil Government" (Lee & Shepard) is a very small
book. We are not quite sure that so small a book upon so
large a subject is to be justified. However, Mr. Higby,
within his limits, has made a good selection of facts,
and has stated them clearly. His chapters on local
government are particularly to be commended, although
they now and then contain startling statements, such as
this: "The New England town, however, has no En-
glish prototype, it is from Holland." Great contro-
versies are not to be thus briefly disposed of.
Esqcemeling's famous work on "The Buccaneers
of America," which was reprinted in a popular series of
the classics of adventure not long ago, now comes to
us in another and far more pretentious form of repro-
duction (imported by Scribner). It is edited by Mr.
Henry Powell, and includes the text of 1684, and Basil
Ringrose's Fourth Part of the following year. It con-
tains a map and facsimiles of the original engravings.
Mr. Powell contributes a somewhat extended descriptive
introduction. The work is a handsome octavo of five
hundred pages.
A new edition of the "Index to Harper's New Monthly
Magazine" (Harper) carries that useful work through
the eighty-flfth volume — that is, all the way from


1893.]
273
THE DIAL
June, 1850, to November, 1892. The last edition of
this index, which comprised seventy volumes, is here
reprinted unchanged upon the odd-numbered pages.
Upon the even-numbered pages are the entries referring
to the subsequent fifteen volumes. While this is slightly
less convenient than a single alphabetical arrangement
would be, it is still an easy matter to find what the mag-
azine has had upon any subject, and the publishers
would hardly have been justified in going to the expense
of new plates for the sake of the later volumes.
The "Men of Achievement" series (Scribner) has
received two accessions. Mr. Noah Brooks has writ-
ten character sketches of a round dozen of "States-
men," from Clay and Webster to Garfield and Mr.
Cleveland—sketches too colorless to be impressive, and
too laudatory to be accepted as serious history. Mr. W.
O. Stoddard's "Men of Business " are sixteen in num-
ber, and include J. J. Astor, Cornelius Vanderbilt,
Cyrus W. Field, Peter Cooper, Messrs. P. D. Armour,
Marshall Field, and George M. Pullman, and the unique
Mr. Depew. Both of these volumes have simple illus-
trations.
Mr. E. S. Martin's "Windfalls of Observation"
(Scribner) are pleasant little essays that may be classi-
fied somewhere between " The Reveries of a Bachelor"
and "Virginibus Puerisque." There are sixteen of
them, on such subjects as "Courtship," " College," "Di-
vorce," and "Death." We find in them shrewd obser-
vation, pointed anecdote, and a subdued but ready wit.
They are of the sort of literature to take up at odd mo-
ments, and lay aside with but a momentary regret.
One who is reading them feels himself in good society,
and is likely to be the better for their wholesome pre-
cepts.
As a supplement to the "Annals of the American
Academy of Political and Social Science" (Philadel-
phia) we have a pamphlet monograph on " Inland Water-
ways: Their Relation to Transportation," by Dr. Emory
R. Johnson. The author discusses English and Amer-
ican canals in their influence upon the development of
a country and in their effect upon railway tariffs, gives
an account of the waterways now in operation or pro-
cess of construction, considers their economic bearings,
and contrasts their execution by public and private en-
terprise, with decision in favor of the State. There is
a special chapter on the Nicaragua Canal.
The Rev. James Wood has compiled a " Dictionary
of Quotations" (Warne) of 30,000 entries, including
proverbs and pithy sayings from the principal ancient
and modern languages. The quotations are all in a
single alphabet, but the compiler does not seem to have
the most rudimentary notion of what alphabetical ar-
rangement means. We find entries under the articles,
definite aud indefinite, in all the languages represented,
and such entries as " a belief" between "ab alio " and
"abends." This fundamental and unpardonable error
is partly remedied by an extensive topical index. In
spite of its faults, literary workers will find the book
useful.
Signor F. Tarducci's work on "John and Sebas-
tian Cabot" has been put into English by Mr. Henry
F. Brownson (Detroit: The Author), who also trans-
lated Tarducci's life of Columbus. This translation is
authorized, even in its occasional departures from the
original. Signor Tarducci has fixed the date of John
Cabot's discovery of our continent as June 24, 1494.
He has also established the Venetian nationality of both
the Cabots. The work is a minute and painstaking
study, based upon many newly unearthed documents,
and modifies in several respects the current estimate of
the two navigators. The work makes a volume of more
than four hundred pages.
New York Topics.
New York, Oct. 25, 189S.
Mr. George Haven Putnam, for so many years the
head of the publishing house founded by his father, has
long been known as a frequent contributor to the peri-
odicals, in articles concerning copy right and the relations
of publishers and authors. With other Americans he
was decorated with the Cross of the Legion of Honor
for his services in getting the International Copyright
bill through Congress, and he has been active in all mat-
ters connected with the writing and publishing of books.
It can hardly be said that literary men generally look
upon him as au advocate of their peculiar interests, but
in all cases where the mutual interests of publishers and
authors are at stake Mr. Putnam can be found vigor-
ously maintaining the struggle. This being the case, it
has been somewhat of a surprise that Mr. Putnam has
not collected his extensive store of information on these
subjects in permanent book form. He has edited "The
Question of Copyright" in the "Questions of the Day"
series, and has written a little book, "Authors and Pub-
lishers: a Manual of Suggestions for Beginners in Lit-
erature," which, I take it, is quite as useful for begin-
ners in publishing as for beginners in literature. These
have been his only volumes of the kind. I am now glad
to announce that Mr. Putnam has been engaged for
some years upon a work of great importance, being " A
Sketch of the History of Literary Property from the
Invention of Printing to the Berne Convention." A vol-
ume introductory to this work, by Mr. Putnam, " Au-
thors and Their Public in Ancient Times," has already
been announced to appear this fall. Its chapters deal
with the very beginnings of literature in Chaldea,
Egypt, China, Japan, India, and Judea, and with the
subject as presented in the literatures of Greece, Alex-
andria, Rome, and the Byzantine Empire, down to the
invention of printing. There will also be an interesting
chapter on " book terminology in ancient times." When
our universities East and West are each the happy pos-
sessor of a "school of letters," no doubt these volumes
by Mr. Putnam will form the standard text books on
their subject. There is no question that they will prove
the most important contributions yet made to the his-
tory of literary property.
M. Paul Blouet, that citizen of the world, has reached
London again, having travelled around the globe dur-
ing his lecture tour of the last two years. The final
series of lectures was delivered in South Africa, and
was the most successful in his experience. His Amer-
ican agents wish him to lecture here this winter, but
he prefers to indulge in a period of rest and recreation.
He has taken a charming little cottage on the Acacia
Road, a few minutes' ride from Regent's Park, in a
neighborhood where many of his friends and acquaint-
ances have their homes. Mr. Henry Harland (" Sidney
Luska") has also returned to London, having spent
an idyllic summer, with his wife, at a small village on
the northern coast of France, near Dieppe. With six of
their friends, young English painters, they occupied a
cottage at Varengeville, one of Normandy's most pic-


274
[Nov. 1,
THE DIAL
turesque places, and devoted themselves about equally
to work and to pleasure. There is no prospect of the
Harlands returning to New York in the near future.
They have probably become permanent members of our
literary colony abroad. In recent work Mr. Harland
seems to have given up his realistic studies of Jewish
life in the metropolis, and to have joined the ranks of
the French symbolists.
The Maeterlinck movement is upon us at last, in the
shape of a production of this writer's play, " The In-
truder" (Vlnlrute), by students of Mr. Franklin H. Sar-
gent's Academy of the Dramatic Arts. Ibsen has so
quickly succeeded Browning, and now Maeterlinck seems
so likely to displace Ibsen, in the estimation of our lit-
erary furorists, that one cannot help wondering who and
what will succeed Maeterlinck and his work. Mr. Henry
M. Alden, editor of " Harper's Magazine," than whom
there is no more subtle philosopher in our country,
has said the best word about "the new Shakespeare."
In an interview he expresses himself as follows: " Maet-
erlinck is interesting. He has based his plays, 'Les
Aveugles,' 'L'Intruse,' and 'Les Sept Princesses,' on
primitive sensations of fear and apprehension. The at-
traction which this fear of fear has always had for man
contains the spirit of adventure. Maeterlinck would do
his work better if he were better acquainted with the
nature of the law under which he is working almost un-
consciously."
Mrs. Lucy Gibbons Morse, whose novel of anti-slavery
times in New York is soon to be published by Messrs.
Houghton, besides being a granddaughter of Isaac T.
Hopper, the Quaker philanthropist, is the daughter of
the late James Sloan Gibbons, who wrote the popular
war lyric, " We are coming, Father Abra'am, three hun-
dred thousand more," and the wife of Mr. James Her-
bert Morse, a well-known litterateur and educator of
this city. The Quaker speech is still used in the family
life of the Morses. They are very hospitable, and their
home on Madison avenue has been the scene of many
entertainments in honor of distinguished literary visitors.
Word comes from Newnham College that the women's
colleges in America are held in small esteem there; in
fact, that no American girl has taken successfully the
highest examinations in the leading English colleges.
It is asserted that American girls cannot pass them, even
after graduation at home followed by three years at
Newnham. I hear that a society of " granddaughters
of Yassar " has recently been formed by daughters of
graduates who are themselves students at Yassar. Per-
haps these statements are worthy of their attention.
Arthur Stedman.
Literary Notes and Miscellany.
A new biography of Charles Dickens is announced as
in preparation by Mr. Thomas Wright, the author of a
life of Defoe.
It is said that Lord Bowen may undertake to write
the life of Jowett, from the materials left by the Mas-
ter in the hands of his executors.
M. Zola and Mr. William Nye have just been made
honorary life members of the London Authors' Club.
Authorship is like misery, in that it makes us acquainted
with strange bedfellows.
Hazlitt's grandson is about to put on the market a
parcel of five hundred letters, manuscripts, rare presen-
tation copies, and first editions representing Lamb, Cole-
ridge, Leigh Hunt, and others.
Dr. William Smith, editor of the familiar Classical
Dictionaries, the Dictionary of the Bible, and other sim-
ilar reference works, died on October 7, at the age of
eighty. Since 1867 he had beeu the editor of "The
Quarterly Review."
M. Zola is reported to have expressed surprise at the
number of English journalists who can speak correct
French, and to have said that there are but four French
journalists of the present day who have a thorough
knowledge of English.
The forthcoming " Letters of Sir Walter Scott," to
be published by Houghton, Mifflin & Co., will fill nearly
a thousand pages. They range from 1797 to 1825,
when the "Journal" begins. As they were written to
Scott's most intimate friends, they will prove hardly
second to the "Journal " in interest.
The new Norwegian law of copyright provides for
ownership during the author's lifetime and the fifty
years following. Anonymous and pseudonymous works
secure copyright for fifty years from the date of their
publication. This clearly puts a premium upon the ac-
knowledgement of authorship, and is a step in the right
direction.
Herr Theodor Graf's unique collection of ancient
Greek portraits, unearthed in the Fayoum a few years
ago, has been on exhibition, during the summer, in Old
Vienna, at the Columbian Exposition, and, during the
past month, in one of the galleries of the Chicago Art
Institute. The original find included nearly a hundred
portraits; of these, about a score have been sold, a few
are hung in the Exposition art gallery, and the remain-
der, to the number of sixty-five, are on exhibition as
above stated. The collection is of extraordinary inter-
est, and it is to be hoped that a part of it, at least, may
be secured for this country.
Mr. Huxley prefaces a recent autobiographical sketch
with the following hypothetical explanation of how a
man may come to write such an account of himself:
"An importunate person informs him that his portrait
is about to be published, and will be accompanied by a
biography which the importunate person purposes to
write. The sufferer knows what that means; either
he undertakes to revise the 'biography' or he does
not. In the former case, he makes himself responsible;
in the latter, he allows the publication of a mass of
more or less fulsome inaccuracies, for which he will be
held responsible by those who are familiar with the
prevalent art of self-advertisement. On the whole, it
may be better to get over the 'burlesque of being em-
ployed in this manner,' and do the thing himself."
One of the most active spirits of the World's Con-
gress Auxiliary was Lieut. Fletcher S. Bassett, U.S.N.,
who died in Chicago on the 19th of October, at the age
of forty-three. The Folk-lore Congress, which was
among the most important of the summer's gatherings,
was mainly planned and organized by him, and to his
disinterested and untiring zeal its great success was
chiefly due. Lieut. Bassett served in the navy seven-
teen years —1865 to 1882,— loss of health compelling
his retirement from active service. Afterwards he de-
voted himself chiefly to literary and scientific work. He
was especially interested in folk-lore, and was one of
the founders of the Chicago Folk-lore Society and edi-
tor of the "Folk-lorist " Magazine. He was a contrib-
utor to The Dial and to various literary and scientific
periodicals.


1893.]
275
THE DIAL
A ROSE FROM OMAR'S GRAVE.
Mr. Edmund Gosse has inscribed the following grace-
ful verses to the rose-tree brought by Mr. W. Simpson
from Omar's tomb in Naishapiir, and planted October 7
on the grave of Edward FitzGerald at Boulge:
14 Reign here, triumphant rose from Omar's grave,
Borne by a fakir o'er the Persian wave;
Reign with fresh pride, since here a heart is sleeping
That double glory to your Master gave.
"Hither let many a pilgrim step be bent,
To greet the rose re-risen in banishment;
Here richer crimsons may its cup be keeping
Than brimmed it ere from Naishapiir it went.'
The same subject has elicited from Mr. Theodore
Watts the following sonnet, entitled "Prayer to the
Winds":
"Hear us, ye winds!
From where the North-wind straws
Blossoms that crown * the King of Wisdom's' tomb,
The trees here planted bring remembered bloom
Dreaming in seed of Love's ancestral rose
To meadows where a braver North-wind blows
O'er greener grass, o'er hedge-rose, may, and broom,
And all that make East England's field-perfume
Dearer than any fragrance Persia knows:
Hear us, ye winds, North, East, and West and South!
This granite covers him whose golden mouth
Made wiser ev'n the Word of Wisdom's king:
Blow softly o'er the grave of Omar's herald
Till roses rich of Omar's dust shall spring
From richer dust of Suffolk's rare FitzGerald 1"
THE LATE MR. FREEMAN'S OPINION OF EMERSON
AND BROWNING.
From an entertaining article on the late E. A. Free-
man, in "Scribner's Magazine " for November, we ex-
tract the following characteristic utterances of the great
historian on two of the most distinguished of his con-
temporaries, Emerson and Browning:
"Among essayists, he also failed to appreciate Emer-
son, partly for the occasional lack of clearness in his
writings, and partly for his poetical way of treating
some historical events, which roused Mr. Freeman's im-
patience. 'I took up a thing of his the other day,' he
wrote, 'and his notion of the Norman Conquest was that
"twenty thousand thieves founded the House of Lords!"
He seemed to come into England not knowing anything
whatever about anything.'
"As to poetry, his fondness for a clear, direct style
made him unable to appreciate such a poet as Browning.
'Bother Browning and Emerson and all people who write
not to be understood!' he wrote, in one of his letters.
I well remember his enjoyment of the amusing incidents
which we saw on Commemoration Day in Oxford in
1882, when Browning received his honorary degree. Of
all the witty and absurd sallies which came from the
students in the upper galleries of the Sheldonian theatre
that morning, none evoked so much laughter as those
which met Robert Browning as he stood in his scarlet
doctor's robe, during his presentation to the Vice-Chan-
cellor. From the gallery a red cotton nightcap fastened
to a string (referring to his 'Red Cotton Night-Cap
Country') was dangled over the heads of the Vice-Chan-
cellor and other dignitaries, as they sat in all their mag-
nificence below, and was at last skilfully landed on the
head of Browning himself. At the same time a huge
cartoon was also let down, on which was a comical car-
icature of the poet with an enormous head on a very
little body, and beside him a similar figure of a member
of the Browning Society, imploring him in a rhymed
couplet to show him how to understand his poetry. Mr.
Freeman sympathized heartily with that member of the
Browning Society, for he could not get hold of Brown-
ing's poetry, though personally he liked him. In April,
1884, he wrote:
"'At that dinner I sat opposite to Browning, and
found that in private life he was much like another man.
I had thought that his Comitatus, the Browning Society,
would follow him everywhere to explain what he said.
But if a man can talk to be understood, why can't he
write to be understood? But those things are not in
my line — Homer and Macaulay for me — them I can
understand.'"
M. ZOLA AND MB. OSCAR WILDE.
The following amusing incident of M. Zola's visit to
London is reported by the newspaper correspondents:
"On the night of his arrival in London M. Zola was re-
covering from the fatigue of the journey under the be-
nign influence of the Savoy cuisine, and had just reached
the stage when a cup of coffee and a cigar put a fin-
ishing stroke on the soothing process of digestion, when
the door opened and a waiter entered, bearing a mag-
nificent basket of flowers. The gratified guest supposed
at first that this was but another token of the manager's
kind attention, but he had not time to express his thanks
before the attendant delivered the following message:
'Mr. Oscar Wilde, sir, sends these flowers and asks if
you will receive him for a few minutes.' The words
were roughly translated to M. Zola, who still seemed
puzzled and shook his head, exclaiming: 'Oseawoile!
Oscawoile 1 Je ne le connais pas.' 'Qu' est-ce que e'est
done que cette espece d'animal, Oscawoile ?' inquired
a famous journalist, equally ignorant of English pro-
nunciation. 'Qu'on lui rende ses legumes et qu'on le
mette a la porte,' cried another. At last the personal
conductor of the party got a hearing and explained that
the unknown donor was the apostle of British sestheti-
cism — a recommendation which failed to touch the
hearts of his audience. Finally M. Zola bethought
himself of looking at the gentleman's card, and at once
a smile of intelligence lit up his expressive features as
he gasped out in repentant accents: 'Mais, Nom de
Dieu, e'est Monsieur Oscarre Veelde, l'auteur de "Sa-
lome"," que nous connaissons tous. Faites-le monter de
suite.' 'Oscarre Veelde !' shouted all the others,'pour-
quoi ne pas l'avoir dit d'abord?' And so the two mas-
ter spirits of the age were brought into contact."
PROGRESS OF THE NEWSPAPF.R PRESS.
The following figures are from a report of Mr. J. A.
Stratum's paper on " The Progress of the Newspaper
Press," recently read before the British Association:
"In 1712—the year when the stamp tax on newspapers was
first imposed—-the yearly circulation of newspapers in En-
gland was about 2,000,000. In 1755 it was about 7,400,000, in
1767 about 11,300,000, in 1801 about 16,000,000, in 1811 about
25,500,000, in 1820 about 29,500,000, in 1831 about 37,700,000,
in 1836 about 39,400,000. In 1837 the stamp tax was reduced
from 3 1-4<1. net to a penny, and the circulation that year rose
to nearly 54,000,000. In 1841 it had increased to about 60,-
000,000. In 1854 — the last year of the stamp tax — it stood
at 122,000,000. Since 1854 estimates of circulation must be
largely conjectural and approximate; but the great increase
in the number of newspapers, from 493 in 1840 to 1817 in 1882,
and to 2200 in 1893, and the even more marked increase in
the number of persons connected with journalism, as shown
by the census—for example, of' authors, editors, and writers,'


276
[Nor. 1,
THE DIAL
from 1528 in 1861 to 3434 in 1881, and of reporters from 636
in 1861 to 2677 in 1881—show that newspaper production moat
have increased enormously. Other figures point the same
way. There are now twenty-nine daily papers—morning and
evening—in London. Taking the average daily circulation
of each as about 100,000 oopies, the annual circulation of the
London dailies alone must approach 1,000,000,000. The 170
provincial dailies must have at least an equal circulation.
The yearly circulation of daily papers alone then must reach
2,000,000,000."
Topics in Leading Periodicals.
November, 1893 (First List).
American Aboriginal Names. M. V. Moore. Pop. Science.
Americans, Early. G. N. Richardson. Californian.
Anonymity in Literary Criticism. Dial.
Arbitration in America. Nicolay Orevstad. Atlantic.
Balliol, The Master of. Din!.
Bayou Teche. Illus. Julian Ralph. Harper.
Books, Tennyson, and Maurice. Sir E. Strachey. Atlantic.
Brahmins, Among the. J. H. Gilmour. Californian.
Breton, Jules. Illus. Garnet Smith. Magazine of Art.
California at the Fair. C. E. Markham. Californian.
Catholicity in Musical Taste. Owen Wister. Atlantic
Church and People. C. A. Briggs. Forum.
Devon, A Pilgrim in. Alice Brown. Atlantic.
Dresel, Otto. W. F. Apthorp. Atlantic.
Economic and Social Tendencies. E. W. Bemis. Dial.
Electricity at the Fair. IUus. C. M. Lungren. Pop. Science.
Evolution and Ethics. T. H. Huxley. Popular Science.
Fair's Picturesque Side. Illus. F. H. Smith. Scribner.
Fish, Hamilton. Adam Badeau. Forum.
Freeman, Prof. E. A., at Home. Bins. D. L. Porter. Scribner.
French-Canadians on Annexation. L. H. Frechette. Forum.
French Illustrators. Illus. F. N. Doubleday. Scribner.
Girls' Education in France. Katharine de Forest. Scribner.
Greehlings, The Hungry. Emily James Smith. Atlantic.
Hillsborough, Along the. Bradford Torrey. Atlantic.
House of Commons. Augustine Birrell. Scribner.
Houston, Sam, and the Texan War. Dial.
Immaterial Science. E. S. Moser. Popular Science.
Indian Commonwealth, An. Illus. R. W. McAdam. Harper.
Irrigation in California. W. A. Lawson. Californian.
Katchins, The. Illus. H. E. Colvile. Scribner.
Lincoln: A Character Stndy. J. J. Halsey. Dial.
Lincoln's Nomination. Isaac H. Bromley. Scribner.
London in the Sea. Bins. R. H. Davis. Harper.
Medieval Mathematicians. M. V. Brandiconrt. Pop. Sci.
Mexican Village Life. Illus. A. Inkersley. Californian.
Michelangelo. Bins. Chas. Whibley. Mag. of Art.
Moral Drift in French Literature. Paul Bourget. Forum.
Nature at Sea. Illus. F. H. Herrick. Popular Science.
Newspaper, What It Might be Made. W. M. Payne. Forum.
Notre-dame and Mediaeval Symbolism. Illus. Mag. of Art.
Old Book about Poetry, An. J. V. Cheney. Californian.
Oyster Conservation. Bins. R. F. Walsh. Popular Science.
Parks and Reservations. Maurice Newman. Californian.
Perpetual Moonlight. Daniel Kirkwood. Popular Science.
Pestalozzian System. G. S. Boutwell. Popular Science.
Poetry, Recent. W. M. Payne. Dial.
Reform, Source of. R. H. MacDonald, Jr. Californian.
Roland, Madame. Bins. Ida M. Tarbell. Scribner.
Riders of Turkey. Bins. T. A. Dodge. Harper.
School Libraries. H. E. Soudder. Atlantic.
Scientific Teaching. H. L. Clapp. Popular Science.
Sculpture of the Tear. Bins. Claude Phillips. Mag. of Art.
Senate Filibustering. Dr. H. Von Hoist. Forum.
Southern Sentiment and Mob Law. Forum.
Spectacled Schoolboys. Ernest Hart. Atlantic.
Tabreez and Ispahan. Illus. E. L. Weeks. Harper.
Vertical Handwriting. Illus. J. V. Witherbee. Pop. Science.
Vegetable Diet. Lady Walb. Paget. Popular Science.
World's Congresses of 1893. Dial.
L.ist of New Books.
[The following list, embracing 90 titles, includes all books
received by The Dial since last issue.j
HISTORY.
The Making of Virginia and the Middle Colonies : 1578-
1701. By Samuel Adams Drake. Bins., 16mo, pp. 228.
Chas. Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
The Pilgrim in Old England : A Review of the History
and Outbreak of the Independent Churches in England.
By Amory H. Bradford, author of "Spirit and Life."
8vo, pp. 362, gilt top. Fords, Howard & Hulbert. $2.
The Story of Parthia. By George Rawlinson, M.A., au-
thor of "Ancient E«ypt." Bins., 12mo, pp. 432. Put-
nam's "Stories of the Nations." $1.50.
A History of the Roman Empire, from its Foundation to
the Death of Marcus Aurelius (27 B.C. to 180 A.D.).
By J. B. Bury, M.A. Illus., 12mo, pp. 638. Harper's
"Student's Series." $1.50.
Florentine Life during the Renaissance. By Walter B.
Scaife, Ph.D., author of "America." 8vo, pp. 248.
Johns Hopkins Press. $1.50.
Glimpses of the French Court: Sketches from French
History. By Laura E. Richards, author of "Captain
January." Illus., 12mo, pp. 200, gilt top, uncut edges.
Estes & Lauriat. $1.50.
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
Personal Recollections of Werner Von Siemens. Trans-
lated by W. C. Coupland. With portrait, large 8vo, pp.
416, uncut. D. Appleton & Co. $5.
College Tom : The Life of Thomas Hazard of Narragan-
sett, in the XVIIIth Century. By his grandson's grand-
daughter, Caroline Hazard. Dins., 8vo, pp. 325, gut top.
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $2.
The Life of Shakespeare, copied from the Best Sources,
without Comment. By Daniel W. Wilder. 16mo, pp.
206. Little, Brown, & Co. $1.
The Builders of American Literature : Sketches of Amer-
ican Authors Born previous to 1826. By Francis H. Un-
derwood, LL.l).. author of "Quabbin." First series,
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Memoirs of Madame Junot, Duchess of Abrantes. New
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ner's Sons. $10.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
The English Religious Drama. By Katharine Lee Bates.
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$1.50.
An Old Master, and Other Political Essays. By Woodrow
Wilson, author of "Congressional Government." 16mo,
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Sub-Ccelum: A Sky-Built Human World. By A. P. Rus-
sell, author of " A Club of One." lOmo, pp. 267, gilt top.
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25.
The Writings of Henry David Thoreau. New Riverside
edition in 10 vols. Vols. I. and II., with portrait, 12mo,
gilt top, uncut edges. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Per
vol., $1.50.
Helpful Words. From the Writings of Edward Everett
Hale. Selected by Mary B. Merrill. Bins, 16mo, full
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POETRY.
Pastorals of France and Renunciations. By Frederick
Wedmore. 16mo, pp. 219, uncut, gilt top. Chas. Scrib-
ner's Sons. $2.50.
Where Brooks Go Softly. By Charles Eugene Banks.
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&Co. $1.
Barabbas: A Dream of the World's Tragedy. By Marie
Corelli, author of " Corelli." 16mo, pp. 317. J. B. Iip-
pincott Co. $1.
In Dreamland, and Other Poems. Bv Thomas O'Hagan.
llinio, pp. 84, gilt edges. Toronto: Williamson Book Co.SI.
Immortelles in Memory of England's Poet-Laureate. Se-
lected, by Rose Porter, from the writings of Tennyson.
18mo, pp. 181. D. Lothrop Co. $1.


1893.]
277
THE DIAL
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Yanko the Musician, and Other Stories. By Henryk Sien-
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The Boy Travellers in Southern Europe : Adventures of
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Ivar the Viking: A Romantic History based on authentic
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Robin's Recruit. By A. G. Plympton, author of "Dear
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Woodie Thorpe's Pilgrimage, and Other Stories. By J.
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American Boys Afloat; or. Cruising in the Orient. By
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278
[Nov. 1,
THE DIAL
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1893.]
279
THE DIAL
THE DIAL'S CONTRIBUTORS.
The following list, which includes all the names that have been signed to articles in The Dial since its begin-
ning, is published for the purpose of showing how varied are the intellectual interests represented by the review,
and how serious and authoritative its contents. It will be noticed that the institutions of higher learning have
furnished The Dial with a large proportion of its contributors, and that our most important universities, with
hardly an exception, are represented in the list. The Dial feels that it has reason to be proud of a list that
includes the chief justice of the United States, presidents or professors of some thirty colleges and universities,
and many of the most distinguished private scholars in the country.
Pres. C. K. Adams, University of Wis.
Prof. H. C. Adams, University of Mich.
Prof. H. B. Adams, Johns Hopkins Univ.
•Prof. W. F. Allen, University of Wis.
Prof. E. P. Anderson, Miami University.
Prof. M. B. Anderson, Stanford Univ.
Prof. R. B. Anderson, late U. S. Minis-
ter to Denmark.
Dr. Edmund Andrews, President Chicago
Academy of Sciences.
"Hon. Isaac N. Arnold, Chicago.
•Walter R. Barnes, Stevens Point, Wis.
Elwyn A. Barron, Chicago.
Prof. John Bascora, Williams College.
"Lieut. Fletcher S. Bassett, Chicago.
Rev. George Batchelor, Lowell, Mass.
Prof. Geo. Baur, University of Chicago.
Dr. R. O. Beard, Minneapolis, Minn.
Prof. E. W. Berais, Univ. of Chicago.
Pres. W. M. Blackburn, University of
North Dakota.
Rev. J. Vila Blake, Chicago.
Louis J. Block, Chicago.
Charles C. Bonney, Pres. World's Con-
gress Auxiliary, Chicago.
Lewis H. Bontell, Evanston, 111.
Prof. H. H. Boyesen, Colombia College.
Francis F. Browne. Editor The Dial.
John Burroughs, West Park, N. Y.
Mary E. Burt. Chicago.
George W. Cable, Northhampton, Mass.
F. I. Carpenter, Chicago.
Prof. H. S. Carhart, University of Mich.
Mrs. Mary H. Catherwood, Hoopston, 111.
Prof. T. C. Chamberlin, Univ. of Chicago
•Pres. A. L. Chapin. Beloit College.
•James F. Claflin, Chicago High School.
H. W. S. Cleveland, Minneapolis, Minn.
Dr. Titus Munson Coan, New York City.
Mrs. H. A. F. Cochrane, Chester, N. H.
Rev. Robert Collyer, New York City.
Prof. Albert S. Cook, Yale University.
Hon. Thomas M. Cooiey, Univ. of Mich.
Prof. C. H. Cooper, Carleton College.
Dr. Elliott Coues, Smithsonian Institu'n.
Rev. Joseph H. Crooker, Helena, Mont.
Prof. E. L. Curtis, Yale University.
W. P. Cutler, Columbus, 0.
Clarence L. Dean, Marshall, Mich.
VanBuren Denslow, New York City.
Mrs. Anna Farwell DeKoven, N. Y. City.
Eugene L. Didier, Baltimore, Md.
Prof. D. K. Dodge, University of Illinois.
Col. Theo. A. Dodge. U. S. A., Boston.
Prof. M. L. D'Ooge, University of Mich.
Prof. J. G. Dow, Univ. of South Dakota.
Pitts Duffield, Mackinac Island, Mich.
Prof. Louis Dyer, Oxford, England.
Dr. Carl H. Eigenmann, Academy of Sci-
ences, San Francisco, Cal.
Prof. Richard T. Ely, University of Wis.
Prof. 0. F. Emerson, Cornell University.
Edgar Fawcett, New York City.
C. Norman Fay, Chicago.
H. W. Fay. Westborough, Mass.
Walter T. Field, Chicago.
James E. Foreman, Chicago.
William Dudley Foulke, Richmond, Ind.
Mrs. Mary H. Ford, Kansas City, Mo.
Prof. N. C. Fredericksen, late of the Uni-
versity of Copenhagen.
Miss Alice French (Octave Thanet), Da-
venport, la.
•Deceased.
Chas. W. French, Chicago High School.
W. M. R. French, Director of Art Insti-
tute, Chicago.
Hon. Melville W. Fuller, Chief Justice
of the United States.
Henry B. Fuller. Chicago.
William Elliott Furness, Chicago.
Prof. C. M. Gayley, Univ. of California.
Frank Gilbert. Chicago.
Rev. Simeon Gilbert. Chicago.
Richard Watson Gilder, New York City.
Rev. Washington Gladden, Columbus, 0.
Frederick W. Gookin, Chicago.
Mrs. Genevieve Grant, Chicago.
Prof. Edward E. Hale, Jr., Univ. of Iowa
Dr. Fitaedward Hall, Marlesford, Eng.
Prof. Newton M. Hall, Iowa College.
Prof. J. J. Halsey, Lake Forest Univ.
Rev. Leon A. Harvey. Des Moines, la.
Prof. C. H. Haskins, University of Wis.
Prof. J. T. Hatfield, Northwestern Univ.
Prof. George Hempl, University of Mich.
Mrs. Ellen M. Henrotin, Chicago.
Rev. Brooke Herford, London, England.
James L. High, Chicago.
Prof. Erail G. Hirsch, Univ. of Chicago.
Prof. E. S. Holden, Director of the Lick
Observatory.
Rev. R. A. Holland, St. Louis, Mo.
Charles S. Holt, Lake Forest, 111.
Prof. Williston S. Hough, Univ. of Minn.
Mrs. Sara A. Hubbard, Chicago.
Prof ,W. H. Hudson, Stanford University
Capt. E. L. Huggins, U. S. A., Chicago.
Henry A. Huntington, Rome, Italy.
Dr. James Nevins Hyde, Chicago.
Edward S. Isham, Chicago.
Prof. H. C. G. von Jagemann, Harvard
University.
•Hon. John A. Jameson, Chicago.
Rev. Kristopher Janson, Minnesota.
Prof. Joseph Jastrow, University of Wis.
Prof. J. W. Jenks, Cornell University.
W. L. B. Jenney, Chicago.
• Dr. J. S. Jewell, Chicago.
Edward Gilpin Johnson, Milwaukee, Wis.
Rossiter Johnson, New York City.
Prof.W. H. Johnson, Denison University
Pres. David S. Jordan, Stanford Univ.
Prof. F. W. Kelsey, University of Mich.
Capt. Charles King, U.S.A., Milwaukee.
Joseph Kirkland, Chicago.
Walter C. Lamed, Chicago.
Bryan Lathrop, Chicago.
Rev. William M. Lawrence, Chicago.
Henry D. Lloyd, Chicago.
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James MacAlister, Pres. Drexel Inst.
Franklin MacVeagh, Chicago.
Alexander C. McClurg, Chicago.
Prof. A. C. McLaughlin, Univ. of Mich.
Mrs. Anna B. McMahan, Quincy, 111.
E. G. Mason, Pres. Chicago Hist. Society.
Mrs. Mary M. Mason, New York City.
Mrs. Miriam P. Mason, Chicago.
Miss Kate B. Martin, Chicago.
Prof. Brander Matthews, Columbia Col.
Miss Marian Mead, Chicago.
Prof. A. C. Miller, Univ. of Chicago.
Miss Harriet Monroe, Chicago.
Miss Lucv Monroe, Chicago.
Mrs. A. W. Moore, Madison, Wis.
Prof. A. G. Newcomer, Stanford Univ.
Rev. Arthur Howard Noll, New Orleans.
James S. Norton, Chicago.
Mrs. Minerva B. Norton, Evanston, 111.
Rev. Robert Nourse, La Crosse, Wis.
• Rev. George C. Noyes, Evanston 111.
Prof. J. E. Olson, University of Wis.
James L. Onderdonk, Chicago.
Prof. Henry L. Osborn, Hamline Univ.
Eugene Parsons. Chicago.
Prof. G. T. W. Patrick, University of la.
William Morton Payne, The Dial.
Dr. S. H. Peabody, Late Pres.Univ. of 111
Norman C. Perkins, Detroit, Mich.
Prof. W. R. Perkins, University of la.
Egbert Phelps, Joliet, 111.
Hon. J. 0. Pierce, Minneapolis, Minn.
Dr. W. F. Poole, Librarian Newberry Li-
brary, Chicago.
•Rev. H. N. Powers, Pierraont, N. Y.
•William H. Ray, Hyde Park High
School, Chicago.
Rev. C. A. L. Richards, Providence, R.I.
Prof. C. G. D. Roberts, King's College,
Windsor, N. S.
J. B. Roberts, Indianapolis, Ind.
John C. Ropes, Boston, Mass.
Prof. E. A. Ross, Cornell University.
James B. Rnnnion, Kansas City, Mo.
William M. Salter, Philadelphia, Pa.
Prof. M. W. Sampson, University of Ind.
• Thorkild A. Schovelin, New York City.
Clinton Scollard, Clinton, N. Y.
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Prof. Paul Shorey,University of Chicago.
Albert Shaw, Ed. Review of Reviews.
Prof. W. E. Simonds, Knox College.
George W. Smith, Chicago.
William Henry Smith. New York City.
Prof. D. E. Spencer, University of Mich.
Prof. H. M. Stanley, Lake Forest Univ.
Prof. Frederick Starr, Univ. of Chicago.
Frank P. Stearns, Boston, Mass.
Arthur Stedman, N. Y. City.
Richard Henry Stoddard, N. Y. City.
Mrs. Margaret F. Sullivan, Chicago.
Rev. David Swing, Chicago.
Slason Thompson, Chicago.
Henry W. Thurston, La Grange, 111.
Henry L. Tolman, Chicago.
Miss Augusta Tovell, St. Louis, Mo.
Prof. F. J. Turner, University of Wis.
Prof. Herbert Turtle, Cornell University.
Edward Tyler, Ithaca, N. Y.
George P. Upton, Chicago.
Rev. David Utter, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Horatio L. Wait, Chicago.
Charles Dudley Warner, Hartford, Conn.
Stanley Waterloo, Chicago.
W. Irving Way. Chicago.
• William H. Wells, Chicago.
Pres. D. H.Wheeler, Alleghany College.
•Prof. N. M.Wheeler, Appleton Univ.
Dr. Samuel Willard, Chicago High Seh.
Rev. E. F. Williams, Chicago.
R. 0. Williams, New Haven. Conn.
Gen. Robt.Williams.U.S.A., Washington
Prof. Woodrow Wilson, Princeton Univ.
• Dr. Alex. Winchell, University of Mich.
Prof. Arthur B. Woodford, N. Y. City.
J. E. Woodhead, Chicago.
Mrs. Celia P. Wooley, Chicago.
Prof.G. Frederick Wright, Oberlin, 0.


280
[Nov. 1, 1893.
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282 THE DIAL [Nov. 16,
MADE FOR THE WHOLE WORLD
AND
Unparalleled.
RIDPATH'S
History of the
United States.
With over 800 Pages and 300 Illustrations.
Every
Family, School, Library, Student, in
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One Volume, 8vo, Cloth, $3.75.
The United States History Company.
CHAS. E. BROWN, 53 State Street, Boston.
WH. B. PERKINS, Clinton Hall, New York.


1893.]
283
THE DIAL
CHOICE HOLIDAY BOOKS.
TALES FROM SHAKESPEARE.
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284
[Nov. 16, 1893.
THE DIAL
Macmillan & Co.'s List of New Books.
Just Published.
LETTERS TO MARCO.
Being Letters written to H. S. Marks, R. A. By Gforge
D. Leslie, R.A., author of " Our River." With il-
lustrations by the author. Extra crown 8vo. $1.50.
Being t
SEVENTY YEARS OF IRISH LIFE.
; the Recollections of W. R. Le Fanu. One vol.,
demy 8vo. $1.75.
These Recollections of Mr. Le Fanu cover a period of over sixty
Sears, and are replete with interesting sketches of Irish character,
rely anecdotes, and amusing stories. The value of the volume is en-
hanced by the author's reminiscences and anecdotes of his brother,
Sheridan Le Fanu, the novelist, of whose life no account has hitherto
been given.
A YEAR AMONGST THE PERSIANS.
By Edward G. Browne, M.A., M.B., Fellow of Pem-
broke College, Cambridge, and Lecturer on Persia to
the University of Cambridge; Translator of " A Tra-
veller's Narrative Written to Illustrate the Episode
of the Bab," and of the New History of Mirza Ali
Muhammad the Bab. With map, 8vo. $6.
THE DIVINE COMEDY OF DANTE
ALIGHIERI.
A Version in the Spenserian Stanza. By Georoe Mus-
Grave, M.A., St. John's College, Oxford, and Bar-
rister-at-Law. Part I., Hell. 12mo, cloth.
11 There is an energy and variety in Mr. Musgrave's translation, and
a power of seising the spirit of the original, that will make it specially
welcome to readers ... as a poem which will realize for them its
general purport and intention." — Literary World (London).
POEMS BY WILLIAM WATSON.
NEW EDITION.
Revised and rearranged, with additions and new photo-
gravure portrait. Edition de Luxe, limited to one
hundred copies, printed on John Dickinson & Co.'s
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BALLADS AND BARRACK-ROOM BALLADS
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THE HUMOURS OF THE COURT,
and Other Poems.
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%* Also, Large-paper Edition, limited to one hundred
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Price, $3.00.
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ESSAYS ON QUESTIONS OF THE DAY.
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By Goldwin Smith, D.C.L. 12mo. $2.25.
THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT AND
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By Henry B. Orr, Ph.D. (Jena), Professor of Biol-
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By Professor Alexander Ziwet of the University of
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Part II., STATICS. $2.25.
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A New Story for the Young. By Mrs. MOLES WORTH.
MARY. 12mo, cloth, $1.00.
A New Uniform Edition of MRS. MOLESWORTWS Stories for Children, in Ten Volumes.
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TELL ME A STORY, and HERR BABY.
"CARROTS," and A CHRISTMAS CHILD.
GRANDMOTHER DEAR, and TWO LITTLE WAIFS.
THE CUCKOO CLOCK, and THE TAPESTRY ROOM.
CHRISTMAS TREE LAND, and A CHRISTMAS POSY.
"US," and THE RECTORY CHDLDREN.
THE CHILDREN OF THE CASTLE, and FOUR-WINDS FARM.
LITTLE MISS PEGGY, and NURSE HEATHERDALE'S STORY.
ROSY, and THE GIRLS AND I.
MARY.
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MACMILLAN & CO., Publishers, 66 Fifth Avenue, New York.


THE DIAL
a Stmt^iKontljIg Journal of ILitrrarjj Criticism, Biantaaum, ano'Information.
No. 178. NOVEMBER 16, 1893. Vol. XV.
Contexts.
nos
ENDOWMENTS OF CULTURE IN CHICAGO . . 285
FRANCIS PARKMAN 287
ART AND LIFE ONCE MORE. John Burroughs . 287
BALLADE TO A BOOKMAN. Francis Howard
Williams 289
COMMUNICATIONS 290
Concerning Literary Art. D. H. Wheeler.
Newspapers and their Constituencies. Geo. Henry
Cleveland.
A Worthy Journal. Frederick Starr.
LOWELL'S LETTERS. E.G.J. 291
AMERICAN PUBLIC SCHOOLS. G. T. W. Patrick 293
BOOK-HUNTERS AND THEffi VAGARIES. W.
Irving Way 29ti
SALVTNI'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY. James B.Bunnion 298
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 300
Germanic criticism of Dante.— The new Provencal
Troubadours.— An entertaining literary medley.—
Tales from Shakespeare, new and old.— A pictur-
esque narrative of the Chicago massacre. — Fifty
years of good fishing.— Pen and pencil in Gipsyland.
— A book of " Drolls."
BRD3FER MENTION 302
NEW YORK TOPICS. Arthur Stedman 302
LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY .... 303
A fragment from Austin Dobson.— The Wagner cult
in Paris. — The versatile and insatiate Mr. Lang. —
Newly-printed letters of Mrs. Browning.— New uses
of the university library.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 305
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 306
THE ENDOWMENTS OF CULTURE
IN CHICAGO.
Mr. Marshall Field's magnificent gift of a
million dollars, for the establishment of a pub-
lic museum in Chicago, will add one more to
the lengthening list of the city's endowed in-
stitutions. It is true that the gift is made con-
tingent upon certain conditions, but they are
not onerous, and it is already practically cer-
tain that they will be fulfilled. Mr. Field's
offer is made upon a plan that has found much
favor with recent philanthropists. He stipu-
lates that half a million dollars more shall be
raised by subscription, and that a further con-
tribution of Exposition stock, to the nominal
amount of two millions, shall be made by its
holders. As the probable value of this stock
will be from ten to fifteen per cent, of its nom-
inal value, the Columbian Museum will have
a total endowment of one and three-quarters
millions. It is probable that the Museum will
acquire the most beautiful of the Exposition
structures—the Art Building, designed by Mr.
Atwood — for its permanent home; and thus,
placed in the midst of an attractive park, eas-
ily accessible, yet far from the bustle of busi-
ness life, it will be ideally situated, and will
stand as the worthiest possible memorial of the
great Exposition once held at its doors. An
incidental advantage of this situation will be
found in its proximity to the University of
Chicago, a proximity which will considerably
enhance the educational possibilities of both
institutions.
It will, of course, be many years before the
collections that go to make a great museum
can be brought together, but probably no insti-
tution of the sort ever had so much material
to start with as is already assured the new en-
terprise. Great liberality in this matter is be-
ing displayed by the governments and individ-
uals represented in the Exposition that has just
closed its gates, and valuable offerings from
many such sources have already been accepted
by the trustees of the Museum. American an-
thropology and archaeology will be richly illus-
trated by the collections already owned by the
Exposition Company, and to be transferred to
the custody of the Museum. The natural re-
sources of this country, especially in woods and
minerals, will also be abundantly displayed.
Art will be represented by valuable collections
of casts and photographs, at least; as for orig-
inal works, we must be content to wait awhile.
The collection will, of course, be very incom-
plete and unbalanced for some years, but a ju-
dicious expenditure of the income from the en-
dowment fund will accomplish wonders. But
we must still remember that a museum, like a
library, is not to be had for cash, and Chicago
must be content, for a century or so, to be over-
shadowed by the British Museum and a few
other European institutions.
It may be well to glance for a moment at
the provision already made in this city for what


286
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
may be called the endowment of culture. The
new Museum is but the last of a long series of
efforts, on the part of generous philanthropists,
to place education, research, and art within
easy reach of the people. The part played by
the municipal government itself is of no mean
importance. It ungrudgingly supports a very
extensive and complete system of common and
high school education, as well as a public li-
brary system probably the most efficient in the
whole country, and costly in proportion to its
efficiency. A city which does these things does
about all that is permitted by the spirit of
American institutions, a spirit which has pos-
sibly gone too far in its reaction against old-
world paternalism, but which is the vital prin-
ciple of our social organization. Fortunately,
private generosity has not been lacking to carry
on the work from the point where the public
leaves it off, and nowhere else in the United
States has private generosity done so much for
the higher public welfare as in Chicago. Our
great private endowments for public purposes
offer the most conspicuous illustration of that
"civic pride" which is rightly held to be a
marked characteristic of this city, of that qual-
ity which makes of Chicago a true social organ-
ism in a sense not to be predicated of New
York, hardly to be predicated of any other
great American city.
The endowment of our higher education is
represented by the new University of Chicago,
which, in means, strength of faculty, and ele-
vation of standard, already ranks among the
foremost of American institutions of the higher
learning. This endowment we owe, primarily,
to Mr. Rockefeller, who is not a Chicagoan,
but also in large measure to those of our
wealthy citizens who have so abundantly sup-
plemented his gifts. Next in importance must
be ranked the Armour Institute for second-
ary and technical training, named from its
founder, who has devoted from one to two mil-
lion dollars to its purposes. The two manual
training schools now in operation, and the
Lewis polytechnic school soon to be established,
are important additions to our endowed insti-
tutions of education. The Newberry and Cre-
rar Libraries, with their endowments of from
two to four millions each, will provide Chica-
goans of the near future with opportunities for
research unequalled elsewhere upon the West-
ern Continent. The Art Institute of Chicago,
with its beautiful new building upon a public
site, with its choice and rapidly increasing col-
lection of original masterpieces and reproduc-
tions, and with its well-organized schools, pro-
vides the art-life of the community with a cen-
tre, and offers excellent opportunities for art
education.
The Chicago of the future is thus certain
to be well supplied — to a considerable extent
it is already supplied—with the means of cul-
ture represented by libraries and museums, art
collections, and institutions of the technical and
higher learning. The rapid survey above made
shows us of what the community is already as-
sured. The question still remains of what fur-
ther endowments of culture are desirable, of
what new outlet may be suggested for the ener-
gies of the philanthropist, of what is needed to
make the community in a sense complete in re-
spect of the means whereby its intellectual and
aesthetic wants may be satisfied. We would sug-
gest in this connection, as both practicable and
desirable, the endowment of three more insti-
tutions — a theatre, an orchestra, and a news-
paper. Each of these three objects is worthy
the attention of the philanthropist; either of
them would prove of incalculable value to the
spiritual life of the community.
The endowed, or at least subsidized, theatre
is so well known in Europe that there would
be nothing experimental in such an undertak-
ing. But what is done in this direction by
state authority in the old world must be done
by private generosity in the new. It is a cu-
rious coincidence that both of the distinguished
actors — Mr. Irving and Mr. Willard — who
have addressed the Twentieth Century Club
during the present year should have made a
common point of urging the importance of an
endowed theatre in Chicago, and even of pre-
dicting its establishment. When we think
what an influence has been exerted by the three
National Theatres of France, by the Court The-
atres of a number of the States of Germany,
or by the Royal Danish Theatre, upon the life
and thought of their respective nations, we
cannot escape the conclusion that such a school
of good manners, of correct diction and pro-
nunciation, of artistic stage presentation, and
of literary art in one of its most important man-
ifestations, would prove a force making in no
slight degree for refinement and elevation, both
intellectual and moral. And what is thus said
of dramatic art applies with almost equal force
to the art of music, the art that turns from
treasons, stratagems and spoils the thoughts of
men, to fix them upon worthier objects and
higher aspirations. What the generosity of
one gentleman of Boston has done for that city


1893.]
287
THE DIAL
might surely be done for this much larger com-
munity by one of its far wealthier citizens.
The endowment of a newspaper, for the two-
fold purpose of providing a dignified and trust-
worthy record of contemporary happenings, and
of showing the public, by means of a convinc-
ing object-lesson, what journalism ought to be,
has been suggested more than once in the pages
of The Dial. A recent article in "The Fo-
rum " says: "A great newspaper might be es-
tablished and maintained by endowment, just
as great universities are so established and
maintained. The analogy between the two un-
dertakings is very close ; with a suitable endow-
ment forthcoming, there appears to be no reason
why a Delane should not be found to accom-
plish for a newspaper what President Jordan
and President Harper have accomplished for
the great new universities of the West." With
this repetition of a suggestion that is likely
sometime to bear fruit, we may close our dis-
cussion of the endowment of culture. No mil-
lionaire, oppressed by the responsibilities of his
wealth, need despair of putting it to beneficent
uses as long as such opportunities as we have
above hinted at remain ungrasped.
FRANCIS PARKMAN.
For many years past, the popular consciousness
has placed Bancroft and Prescott, Motley and Park-
man, in a class by themselves, and assigned to them
the highest rank among American historians. They
are now all numbered with the dead; for Francis
Parkman, the last of the quartet to remain with us,
succumbed to a sudden illness on the eighth of this
month. We have only space upon this occasion for a
brief note upon his life and work. Born in 1823, he
celebrated his seventieth birthday a few weeks ago.
He was graduated from Harvard in 1844, and two
years thereafter made an extensive trip to the
Rocky Mountains. The result of this trip was "The
Oregon Trail," his first book, published in 1847.
In 1851 appeared "The Conspiracy of Pontiac."
His third book was "Vassall Morton," a novel now
forgotten, published in 1856. The next ten years
of his life were spent in the collection of material
for his great historical work on "France and En-
gland in North America." The seven parts of this
work appeared at intervals between 1866 and 1892.
They are entitled: "The Pioneers of France in
the New World" (1866); "The Jesuits in North
America in the Seventeenth Century" (1868); "La
Salle and the Discovery of the Great West" (1869);
"The Old Regime in Canada" (1874); "Count
Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV."
(1877); "Montcalm and Wolfe" (1884); and,
last of all, "A Half Century of Conflict" (1892).
A "Book of Roses" (1866) illustrates his interest in
horticulture. The New York " Evening Post" pays
the following tribute to the man and his works:
"His series of historical monographs are among the
glories of American literature. They have Macau-
lay's charm with far more than Macaulay's accu-
racy. They were produced in the midst of great
physical suffering and disability, which never seemed
to abate his powers of research or mar the sweet-
ness of his temper. He belonged to a generation
of Boston litterateurs of whom Lowell was facile
princeps, who never forgot that they were gentle-
men as well as literary men, and upheld under all
circumstances the tradition of personal dignity which
came down from an earlier generation."
ART AND LIFE ONCE MORE.
There may not be much profit in discussing this
question of style, form, art, as they are related to lit-
erature, because very few persons seem to attach the
same meaning to these words.* By style Matthew
Arnold evidently means some subtle grace or gloss,
that even great writers do not attain to. He says
Wordsworth had no style; Emerson, Carlyle, Goethe,
lacked style; yet the works of these men he con-
sidered the most important this century had to show.
Arnold himself doubtless had style, in his own mean-
ing of the term,— a delicate distinction about his
work, prose and verse, like that of cut glass. If
Emerson and Goethe lacked style, and Swift and
Gray and Arnold had it, the coming literature can
get along very well without it. But it cannot get
along without that fresh, vital, and fragrant expres-
sion, so aptly referred to by a recent writer in these
pages.t
Is it not true that the moment a man begins to
take thought of his style as such — as something
apart, to be looked after on its own account,—that
moment he is lost? With all true writers the mat-
ter and the manner are one. The style is vital, and
not something that can be put on at will. I like
exceedingly a remark of Whitman's upon this sub-
ject. He says, as regards style, form, art, etc., he
has asked of them nothing but negative advantages
—" that they should never impede me, and never
under any circumstances, or for their own purposes
only, assume any mastery over me." Such masters
of expression as Froude and Huxley say they take
no thought of style. What they take thought of is
the matter in hand. I once heard a woman who
had written many books say to a well-known author,
"What I so much admire in your writing is that
•Mr. Hale, in The Dial for November 1, in commenting
upon my view of Poe, in the preceding number, cautions us
against the error we are likely to fall into if we neglect the
study of style. His point is exceedingly well put, and his let-
ter is itself as good as a specimen of simple and lucid style as
one is likely to meet in many a day. It says the right thing
— right from his point of view — in the best way.
tMrs. Celia P. Woolley, in The Dial for October 1G.


288
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
wonderful style." "I never think about my style,"
he replied; "I let that take care of itself." "That
is why I so admire it," she said.
One of the latest stylists, Mr. Walter Pater, ev-
idently takes thought of wherewith his thought shall
be clothed; he does not consider the lilies of the
field. "He" (the literary artist), he says, " moves
slowly over his work, calculating the tenderest
tones and restraining the subtlest curves, never let-
ting hand or fancy move at large, gradually enforc-
ing flaccid spaces to the highest degree of expres-
sionship." This quotation from Mr. Pater may
serve to point the discontent I am going to give
vent to in this paper ; namely, with the tendency, so
marked in current criticism, to exalt the art of lit-
erature above the function of literature, and in gen-
eral to make a fetich of what is called Art with a
big A. To me the function of literature is to
deepen our enjoyment of life and to strengthen our
mastery over its elements; and this end is defeated
or interfered with if we keep our attention so
strongly fixed upon the art phase of the subject.
It is doubtful if literature as an art was ever before
so much studied and discussed as now. Writers
were never before, it seems to me, so intent upon
making an artistic impression, and making that an
end in itself. Four-fifths of the poetry in the cur-
rent magazines seems to have no other reason for
its existence than art — to make the impression of
faultless art. The lesson of art as it relates to lit-
erature, says Mr. Pater, is that " whatever becomes
of the fruit, make sure of the flower and the leaves."
Art is not even to stimulate to noble ends; it has
no end outside of itself. Why does not nature
rest with flowers and leaves alone? Because she
abhors a barren fig tree; and is not the poem or
other work that seeks the flower of art alone a bar-
ren fig tree? I doubt if the old writers and poets
thought of literature at all in its artistic aspects;
they thought of it as a medium of communicating
life and power, or the truth of nature. The art-
feeling, or art-spirit, seems to me of modern growth
and the result of long ages of literary culture. It
is in our time a kind of disease. In the older
writers the attention is fixed upon life and the
truths that relate to life; in the new men the atten-
tion is fixed upon art and the considerations that
relate to art. Our poets are more in love with
poetry than with things. There is a morbid crav-
ing for the beautiful as it is known to art, instead of
a wholesome love for it as it appears in the total
scheme of things. "It is the true breath of human-
ity," says Renan, " and not literary merit, that con-
stitutes the beautiful." But we are more and more
fixing our attention upon the literary merit, and
making that an end in itself. The human note
first, the art note second, seems the proper order.
The fulness with which the poet speaks the common
feeling and experiences of mankind is what finally
tells. "Unless the heart is shook," says Landor,
"the gods thunder and stride in vain"; and the
heart is only shook by heart power.
In our day it seems much easier to strike the in-
tellectual or the artistic note in poetry than the
j purely human note. The poets are more as schol-
I ars and craftsmen than they are as men. Seldom
do we get a whiff, in current poetry, to say nothing
of a full draught, of the simple, unadulterated, un-
sophisticated human qualities. There may be art
I in escaping from art, and in moving the soul as na-
ture does. Literature may appeal to our art-sense
—our sense of form and proportion, our sense of
the polished and highly wrought; it may appeal
also to our life-sense—our sense of real things, and
our power to deal with them, our religious sense,
our cosmic sense, our sense as simple human beings.
There seems to be a tacit agreement among current
critics that the appeal to our art-sense is the main
matter; if the poem pleases, like a beautiful statue
or a piece of delicate carving, that is enough. And
perhaps it is enough, for that kind of poetry—the
poetry of art; but may there not be a larger kind,
a poetry that shall have the flavor of life and real-
ity? We have in this country some exquisite art-
poets—verse-makers who are like master workmen
in ivory: such delicate, such beautiful verbal carv-
ing, such grace, such lightness and sureness of touch.
The verse seems almost fragile from its exquisite
workmanship. I have great pleasure in it, but it is
purely the pleasure I have in art, and is not akin
to the pleasure I have in life and in real things. It
pleases like a perfume, and not like the breath of
the fields or the woods or the shore.
There is little recognition in current criticism of
the legitimacy and value of work like Whitman's,
that aims to minimize, or escape entirely from,
conscious exterior art—the visible, palpable archi-
tecture of verse—and to tally the spirit of out-door
nature, of growths, currents, cosmic and dynamic
forces, and which in its form follows only the law
of the inherent forms of organic nature. Such work
is said to be without art, or to be outlawed of art;
as if to give the impression of the natural were less
than to give the impression of the artificial; as if
to titillate our sense of form and measure were more
than to quicken our sense of life and of things. It
is interesting to note the strictures of Whitman's
critics and expounders in treating his attitude toward
art. One of his most friendly and thorough-going
champions, Mr. William Clarke, says the effect of
Whitman's work is to "stir our emotions, widen our
interests, and rally the forces of our moral nature";
and yet he charges him with want of art, with lack
of literary culture, etc. By what name, then, shall
we call the gift, or power, that enables him to pro-
duce these effects from a printed poem? If a writer
"endows us with the gift of life rather than with
literature," has he not, after all, art of the most
precious kind? The true artist is seen in his atti-
tude of soul—his attitude of loving and impassioned
contemplation of nature and man. It is not simply
the attitude of the man who would know things or
the reason of things—the scientist,—but of the man
who would have an emotional and spiritual enjoy-


1893.]
289
THE DIAL
merit of things and make others share in that en-
joyment. It may be questioned if any great work
of any kind sprang alone or primarily from the art
impulse. Gothic and medieval art had their root
in the religious impulse. In Dante there was a
burden of love and sorrow which the art impulse
came to relieve. The ancient sculpture forever sur-
passes the modern because those men were stirred
by some deeper impulse than the art impulse—the
desire merely to copy the human body in stone; a
whole world of emotion, a whole phase of life, of
which we know little, lies back of that matchless
carving.
Mr. Edmund Gosse lately, in lecturing upon the
Poetry of Women, said that woman had fallen
short of the highest achievements in poetry, because
she was lacking in the art impulse. But it seems
to me the art impulse—the desire to realize in con-
crete form some ideal—is just as marked in George
Eliot, or George Sand, or Mrs. Browning, as in any
masculine genius; and if these women failed, as Mr.
Gosse says they did, to attain to the highest results,
it was from some deeper cause than feebleness of the
art impulse. The mentality of woman is undoubt-
edly stamped with her character, her limitations as
woman—her passive and receptive character, as op-
posed to the aggressive and initiating character of
man. It is not hers to beget or originate. Her
work in literature rarely or never has the fertilizing,
the kindling and quickening power of man's. The
creative, the generative principle is not hers, at
least only in a very limited measure. Her artistic
instincts are keen, but she rarely has the same pas-
sionate grip of her subject that a man has of his.
The self-constituted guardians of the popular
taste always assume that the principles of art and
poetry are forever fixed and settled. They talk
authoritatively of the poet's way or the artist's way
of doing things, as if there were a way for all poets
and all artists. Given a new man, and there is a
new way. Art follows the master, and does not
lead him. He makes free with her, takes his will
of her, and she bears him offspring in his own im-
age. Art is not something arbitrary and despotic,
to be set up over genius. It is what the poet makes
it. There is, of course, good art and bad art; but
the principle I am contending for is the relativity
of all art — that the standards are of no authority,
that the final tests are in the soul to-day, that that
which tastes good to the soul to-day is good no mat-
ter how much it diverge from the authorities of the
past. The final justification of any work is to be
sought in the soul and personality of the artist, and
not in a set of rules deduced from other works. Is
the work consistent with itself—with the man and
his aim? does it exist for worthy ideal ends? does
it give us a fresh and vivid impression of reality?
is it plastic and creative? does it unfold out of an
inherent principle like a plant or tree? that is, is it
vital and characteristic? What distinguishes the
artist in letters from the mere thinker? It is, as
Scherer says, that vigorous sensuousness, that con-
crete and immediate impression of things, which
the former gives us, and which we never get from
the latter. The modern growth in religion is meas-
ured by our revolt against the standards —against
creeds and formulas; and we shall match it in art
when art ceases to be a fetich and becomes a life—
when we seek our tests within and not without.
The dogmatic method in criticism and in religion
has had its day. Poetic truth is not a fixed quan-
tity, and a great poet may arise—in fact, has arisen
— who is poet on new terms, and in apparent op-
position to the standards. Jqhn Bureoughs.
BALLADE TO A BOOKMAN.
Crotchety delver in books,
Hater of all that is new,
Seeker of cosiest nooks
Known to the favorite few,
Why should you ever ask who
Fateward defiance hath hurled?
Delver in books, it is you —
You who have conquered the world.
Snuffy old fellow whose looks
Hint of a wig and a queue,
Scorning the cates of the cooks
For a pewter of ale and a stew,
Why should you ever be blue,
Seeing that runnels have purled,
Since the beginning, for you —
You who have conquered the world?
Intimate friend of Home Tooke's,
Chum of the Wandering Jew,
Rating reformers as "crooks"
And lovers as enfants perdus,
Why should you ever pursue
Ways of the folk who are swirled
Into the popular view,—
You who have conquered the world?
Envoy.
Dream, as you ruminate through
Smoke into canopies curled;
Dream, for you 've nothing to do,—
You who have conquered the world.
A RONDEAU IN REPLY.
In fallow fields I long to lie —
A bookman lost in Arcady;
Or, steeped in grasses to the knees,
To follow fast where fancy flees,
Though musty lore and legend die.
I 'd give my conquered world to sigh
An answer to the lullaby
Hot-humm'd by honey-laden bees
In fallow fields.
A-dream 'neath circumambient sky,
To list the crow's remoter cry,
The while the love-begetting breeze
Flutters the leafy hearts of trees,
And turns the heads of foolish rye
In fallow fields.
Francis Howard Williams.


280 THE DIAL
[Nov. 1, 1898.
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young American of the present day.
The Copperhead. By HARold FREDER1c. 12mo, $1.
NEW VOLUMES OF ESSAYS.
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Young and the Solace of Others. By E. S. MARTIN.
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An Old Master, and Other Political Essays. By Wood-
Row Wilson, Ph.D., LL.D. 12mo, $1.00.
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 743-745 Broadway, New York.


282 THE DIAL [Nov. 16,
MADE FOR THE WHOLE WORLD
AND
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RIDPATHS
History of the
United States.
With over 800 Pages and 300 Illustrations.
Every
Family, School, Library, Student, In
fact Everybody, Should Own a Copy.
One Volume, 8vo, Cloth, $3.73.
The United States History Company.
CM AS. E. BROWN. SJ StaU Slrwt. Boctoai.
WM. B. PERKINS. CHatoa Hall. New York.


1893.] THE
DIAL
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The twenty tales from the plays of Shakespeare by Charles
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HISTORICAL TALES.
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“The Romance of Reality,” the sub-title of the work, ad-
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HISTORY OF THE CONSULATE AND
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By L. A. THIERs, Ex-Prime Minister of France. Translated
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pany, of London. Illustrated with etchings by HERBERT
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This edition comprises Poems, Plays, Vicar of Wakefield,
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BARABBAS.
A DREAM of THE WoRLD's TRAGEDY. A new copyright
novel by MARIE CoRELLI, author of “Wendetta,” etc.
12mo. Cloth, $1.00.
This remarkable novel, introducing many of the characters,
incidents, and scenes in the great tragedy of the crucifixion,
is the latest work from the pen of a writer who has won great
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of the book is in all respects deeply reverential, taking no
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A DOG OF FLANDERS,
AND OTHER Stories, by OUIDA, is a collection of four charm-
ing sketches for young readers. Illustrated with engrav-
ings after drawings by EDMUND H. GARRETT. Small 4to.
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SEVEN CHRISTMAS EVES.
The Romance of a Social Evolution. By seven authors. With
illustrations by DUDLEY HARDY. 12mo. Cloth, $1.00.
A story of the lives of two little waifs picked up from the
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$1.50.
TWENTY LITTLE MAIDENS.
By AMy E. BLANCHARD. Illustrated by IDA WAUGH. Small
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An attractive book for the little folks. It contains twenty
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The above new publications are for sale by all Booksellers. Mailed by the Publishers on receipt of price.
5New Holiday Catalogue sent free to any address.
J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY, Nos. 715 & 717 Market Street, Philadelphia.


284 THE DIAL
[Nov. 16, 1893.
Macmillan & Co.'s List of New Books.
Just Published.
LETTERS TO MARCO.
Being Letters written to H. S. MARKs, R.A. By GEORGE
D. LESLIE, R.A., author of “Our River.” With il-
lustrations by the author. Extra crown 8vo. $1.50.
SEVENTY YEARS OF IRISH LIFE.
Being the Recollections of W. R. LE FANU. One vol.,
demy 8vo. $1.75.
These Recollections of Mr. Le Fanu cover a period of over sixty
ears, and are replete with ºniº: of Irish character,
vely anecdotes, and amusing stories. e value of the volume is en-
hanced by the author's reminiscences and anecdotes of his brother,
Sheridan Fanu, the novelist, of whose life no account has hitherto
been given.
A YEAR AMONGST THE PERSIANS.
By Edward G. BRowNE, M.A., M.B., Fellow of Pem-
broke College, Cambridge, and Lecturer on Persia to
the University of Cambridge; Translator of “A Tra-
veller's Narrative Written to Illustrate the Episode
of the Báb,” and of the New History of Mirza Ali
Muhammad the Báb. With map, 8vo. $6.
THE DIVINE COMEDY OF DANTE
ALIGHIERI.
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rister-at-Law. Part I., Hell. 12mo, cloth.
“There is an energy and variety in Mr. Musgrave's translation, and
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POEMS BY WILLIAM WATSON.
NEW Edition.
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THE DIAL
1 SrmifHontliltj Journal of litrrarj; Criticism, SisniMum, ano Information.
No. 178. NOV EM HER 16, 1898. Vol. X V.
COXTKNT*.
rui
ENDOWMENTS OF CULTURE IN CHICAGO . . 383
FRANCIS PARKMAN 387
ART AND LIFE ONCE MORE Jekn Bmrromjkt . 287
BALLADE TO A BOOKMAN, fro.ru Howard
William* 2tt»
COMMUNICATIONS H*3
Concerning Literary Art. D. H. Wkttltr.
Newspapers and their Cisiosifsnniee. Oto. Htnty
CUtmlemd.
A Worthy Journal. Fnderiek Starr.
LOWELLS LETTERS. X.G.J 291
AMERICAN PUBLIC SCHOOLS. O. T. W. Patrick 2K»
BOOK-HUNTERS AND THEIR VAGARIES. IT.
Irving Wat 2WJ
SAL VIM'S AUTOBIOGRAPHT. Jam,, B. Runmiom 288
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 300
Germanic criticism of Dante. The new Provencal
Troubadours. An entertaining literary medley.—
Tale* from Shakespeare, new and old.— A pirtur-
eat|ue narrative of the Chicago massacre. Fifty
year* of good fishing.— Pen and pencil in (Jipsyland.
-A book of "Droit."
BRIEFER MENTION 302
NEW YORK TOPICS. Artkar SuJman 30Q
LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY . ... TOO
A fragment from Austin Dobaoa.— Tbo Wawawrsalt
ta Pari*. — The versatile and inaatiat* Mr. Lang. —
Newly-printed letters of Mm. Browning. New uses
of the university library.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS *»
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 306
THE ENDOWMENTS OF CULTURE
IN CHICAGO.
Mr. Marshall Field's magnificent gift of a
million dollars, for the establishment of a pub-
lie museum in Chicago, will add one more to
the lengthening list of the city's endowed in-
stitutions. It is true that the gift is made con-
tingent upon certain conditions, but they are
not onerous, and it is already practically cer-
tain that they will be fulfilled. Mr. Field's
offer is made upon a plan that ha* found much
favor with recent philanthropic. He stipu-
lates that half a million dollars more shall be
raised by subscription, and that a further con-
tribution of Exposition stock, to the nominal
amount of two millions, shall be made by its
holders. As the probable value of this stock
will be from ten to fifteen per cent, of its nom-
inal value, the Columbian Museum will have
a total endowment of one and three-quarters
millions. It is probable that the Museum will
acquire the most beautiful of the Exposition
structures—the Art Huilding, designed by Mr.
Atwood — for its permanent home; and thus,
placed in the midst of an attractive park, eas-
ily accessible, yet far from the bustle of busi-
ness life, it will lie ideally situated, and will
stand as the worthiest possible memorial of the
great Exposition once held at its doors. An
incidental advantage of this situation will be
found in its proximity to the University of
Chicago, a proximity which will considerably
enhance the educational possibilities of both
institutions.
It will, of course, he many years before the
collections that go to make a great museum
can lie brought together, but probably no insti-
tution of the sort ever had so much material
to start with as is already assured the new en-
terprise, (treat lilierality in this matter is be-
ing displayed by the governments and individ-
uals represented in the Exposition that has just
closed its gates, and valuable offerings from
iiiauv such sources have already l>een accepted
by the trustees of the Museum. American an-
thropology and archa-ology will be richly illus-
trated by the collections already owned by the
Exposition Company, and to be transferred to
the custody of the Museum. The natural re-
sources of this country, esjiecially in woods and
minerals, will also be abundantly displayed.
Art will be represented by valuable collections
of casts and photographs, at least; as for orig-
inal works, we must In? content to wait awhile.
The collection will, of course, be very incom-
plete and unbalanced for some years, but a ju-
dicious cx|M>ii(litiirc of the income from the en-
dowment fund will accomplish wonders. Hut
we must still remember that a museum, like a
library, is not to be had for cash, and Chicago
must be content, for a century or so, to be over-
shadowed by the British Museum and a few
other KtirojH'an institutions.
It may be well to glance for a moment at
the provision already made in this city for what


286
[Nor. 16,
THE DIAL
may lie called the endowment of culture. The
new Museum is but the last of a long series of
efforts, on the part of generous philanthropists,
to place education, research, and art within
easy reach of the people. The part played by
the municipal government itself is of no mean
importance. It ungrudgingly sup|*>rts a very
extensive and complete system of common and
high school education, as well as a public li-
brary system probably the most efficient in the
whole country, and costly in proportion to its
efficiency. A city which does these things does
about all that is |>ermitted by the spirit of
American institutions, a spirit which has pos-
sibly gone too far in its reaction against old-
world paternalism, but which is the vital prin-
ciple of our social organization. Fortunately,
private generosity has not Wen lacking to carry
on the work from the point where the public
leaves it off, and nowhere else in the United
States has private generosity done so much for
the higher public welfare as in Chicago. Our
great private endowments for public purjioses
offer the most conspicuous illustration of that
"civic pride" which is rightly held to Ik? a
marked characteristic of this city, of that qual-
ity which makes of Chicago a true social organ-
ism in a sense not to lie predicated of New
York, hardly to lie predicated of any other
great American city.
The endowment of our higher education is
represented by the new University of Chicago,
which, in means, strength of faculty, and ele-
vation of standard, already ranks among the
foremost of American institutions of the higher
learning. This endowment we owe, primarily,
to Mr. Rockefeller, who is not a Chicagoan,
but also in large measure to those of our
wealthy citizens who have so abundantly sup-
plemented his gifts. Next in importance must
be ranked the Armour Institute for second-
ary and technical training, named from its
founder, who has devoted from one to two mil-
lion dollars to its purposes. The two manual
training schools now in operation, and the
Lewis polytechnic school soon to lie established,
are important additions to our endowed insti-
tutions of education. The Newberry and Crc-
rar Libraries, with their endowments of from
two to four millions each, will provide Chica-
goan s of the near future with opportunities for
research unequalled elsewhere upon the West-
ern Continent. The Art Institute of Chicago,
with its beautiful new building upon a public
site, with its choice and rapidly increasing col-
lection of original masterpieces and reproduc-
tions, and with its well-organized schools, pro-
vides the art-life of the community with a cen-
tre, and offers excellent opportunities for art
education.
The Chicago of the future is thus certain
to be well supplied —- to a considerable extent
it is already supplied—with the means of cul-
ture represented by libraries and museums, art
collections, and institutions of the technical ami
higher learning. The rapid survey above made
shows us of what the community is already as-
sured. The question still remains of what fur-
ther endowments of culture are desirable, of
what new outlet may lie suggested for the ener-
gies of the philanthropist of what is needed to
make the community in a sense complete in re-
spect of the means whereby its intellectual and
avsthetie wants may be satisfied. We would sug-
gest in this connection, as Uith practicable and
desirable, the endowment of three more insti-
tutions — a theatre, an orchestra, and a news-
paper. Each of these three objects is worthy
the attention of the philanthropist: either of
them would prove of incalculable value to the
spiritual life of the community.
The endowed, or at least subsidized, theatre
is so well known in Kurope that there would
lie nothing exjierimental in such an undertak-
ing. But what is done in this direction by
state authority in the old world must be done
by private generosity in the new. It is a cu-
rious coincidence that both of the distinguished
actors — Mr. Irving and Mr. Willard — who
have addressed the Twentieth Century Club
during the present year should have made a
common point of urging the iui|Hirtance of an
endowed theatre in Chicago, and even of pre-
dicting its establishment When we think
what an influence has been exerted by the three
National Theatres of France, by the Court The-
atres of a number of the States of Germany,
or by the Royal Danish Theatre, ujton the life
and thought of their respective nations, we
cannot escape the conclusion that such a school
of good manners, of correct diction and pro-
nunciation, of artistic stage presentation, and
of literary art in one of its most imjiortant man-
ifestations, would prove a force making in no
slight degree for refinement and elevation, both
intellectual and moral. And what is thus said
of dramatic art applies with almost equal force
to the art of mimic, the art that turns from
treasons, stratagems and spods the thoughts of
men, to fix them upon worthier object* and
higher aspirations. What the generosity of
one gentleman of Boston has done for that city


1893.]
287
THE DIAL
might surely be done for this much larger com-
munity by one of it* far wealthier citizens.
The endowment of a newspajHT, for the two-
fold purpoM> of providing a dignified and trust-
worthy record of contemjMtrary happenings, and
of showing the public, by means of a convinc-
ing object-lesson, what journalism ought to he,
has In-en suggested more than once in the pages
of The Dial. A recent artick* b "The Fo-
rum " says: •• A great newspaper might be es-
tablished and maintained by endowment, just
as great universities are so established and
maintained. The analogy between the two un-
dertakings is very close : with a suitable endow-
ment forthcoming, there appears to lie no reason
why a Delane should not lie found to accom-
plish for a newspaper what President Jordan
and President Har]>er have accomplished for
the great new universities of the West." With
this re|>ctition of a suggestion that is likely
sometime to War fruit, we may close our dis-
cussion of the endowment of culture. No mil-
lionaire, oppressed by the responsibilities of his
wealth, need despair of putting it to beneficent
uses as long as such opportunities as we have
above hinted at remain ungrasped.
FRA XCIS PA K KM A N.
For many years past, the popular consciousness
has placed Bancroft and Prescott, Motley and Park-
man, in a class by themselves, anil assigned to them
the highest rank among American historians. They
are now all numbered with the dead; for Francis
Park man, the last of the quartet to remain with us,
succumbed to a sudden illness on the eighth of this
month. We have only space upon this occasion for a
brief note upon his life and work. Born in 1823, he
celebrated his seventieth birthday a few weeks ago.
He was graduated from Harvard in 1844, and two
years thereafter made an extensive trip to the
Rocky Mountains. The result of this trip was "The
Oregon Trail," his first book, published in 1847.
In 18.">1 appeared "The Conspiracy of Pontiac."
His third l>ook was "Vassal! Morton," a novel now
forgotten, published in IcVTiO. The next ten years
of his life were spent in the collection of material
for his great historical work on "France and En-
gland in North America." The seven parts of this <
work appeared at intervals between I860 and 1802. <
They are entitled: "The Pioneers of France in I
the New World" ( 18C>6 |; -The Jesuits in North'
America in the Seventeenth Century" (18f>8); "La ,
Salle and the Discovery of the Great West" (18011);!
"The Old Regime in Canada" (1874): "Count
Fronteuac and New France under Louis XIV." i
(1877). "Montcalm and Wolfe" (1884 I: and, .
hut of all. "A Half Century of Conflict" (18<tt). I
A " Book of Roses" (1866) illustrates his interest in
horticulture. The New York " Evening Post" pays
the following tribute to the man and his works:
"His series of historical monographs are among the
glories of American literature. They have Macau-
lay's charm with far more than Macaulay's accu-
racy. They were produced in the midst of great
physical suffering and disability, which never seemed
to abate his powers of research or mar the sweet-
ness of his temper. He belonged to a generation
of Boston litterateurs of whom Lowell was facile
jirinrrjn, who never forgot that they were gentle-
men as well us literary men, and upheld under all
circumstances the tradition of personal dignity which
came down from an earlier generation."
ART AND LIFE ONCE MORE.
There may not be much profit in discussing this
question of style, form, art, as they are related to lit-
erature, because very few persons seem to attach the
same meaning to these words.* By style Matthew
Arnold evidently means some subtle grace or gloss,
that even great writers do not attain to. He says
Wordsworth had no style; Emerson, Carry le, Goethe,
lacked style; yet the works of these men he con-
sidered the most important this century had to show.
Arnold himself doubtless had style, in his own mean-
ing of the term,— a delicate distinction about his
work, prose and verse, like that of cut glass. If
Emerson and Goethe lacked style, and Swift and
Gray and Arnold had it, the coming literature can
get along very well without it. But it cannot get
along without that fresh, vital, and fragrant expres-
sion, so aptly referred to by a recent writer in these
pages, t
Is it not true that the moment a man begins to
take thought of his style as such — as something
apart, to be looked after on its own account,—that
moment he is lost? With all true writers the mat-
ter and the manner are one. The style is vital, and
not something that ran be put on at will. I like
exceedingly a remark of Whitman's upon this sub-
ject. He says, as regards style, form, art, etc., he
has asked of them nothing hut negative advantages
—" that they should never impede me. and never
under any circumstances, or for their own purposes
only, assume any mastery over me." Such masters
of expression as Froude and Huxley say they take
no thought of style. What they take thought of is
the matter in hand. I once heard a woman who
had written many books say to a well-known author,
"What I so much admire in your writing is that
•Mr. Hal*, in The Dial for November 1, in commenting
npoa my riew of Po», in the pr»*< toting number, cautions us
against tit* *rror w* art likely to fall into if w* neglect tie
study of sty W. His point is exceedingly well put. sod his Ut-
ter is ttaolf as food as a specimen of simple and lucid slyl* as
on* is likely to m**t in many a day. It says the right thing
— right from his point of riew — in the beat way.
t Mis. (elia P. Woolley. in The I)ul for October 10.


288
[Not. 16,
THE DIAL
wonderful style." "I never think about my style,"
he replied; "I let that take care of itself." "That
in why I ao admire it," she said.
One of the latent stylists, Mr. Walter Pater, ev-
idently taken thought of wherewith his thought shall
be clothed; he does not consider the lilies of the
field. "He" (the literary artist), he says, '• moves
slowly over his work, calculating the tenderest
tones and restraining the subtlest curves, never let-
ting hand or fancy move at large, gradually enforc-
ing flaccid spaces to the highest degree of expres-
sionship." This quotation from Mr. Pater may
serve to point the discontent I am going to give
vent to in this paper ; namely, with the tendency, so
marked in current criticism, to exalt the art of lit-
erature above the function of literature, and in gen-
eral to make a fetich of what is called Art with a
big A. To me the function of literature is to
deepen our enjoyment of life and to strengthen oar
mastery over its elements; and this end is <lrfeut<-<l
or interfered with if we keep our attention so
strongly fixed upon the art phase of the subject.
It is doubtful if literature as an art was ever before
so much studied and discussed as now. Writers
were never before, it seems to me. so intent upon
making an artistic impression, and making that an
end in itself. Four-tifths of the poetry in the cur-
rent magazines seems to have no other reason for
its existence than art — to make the impression of
faultless art. The lesson of art as it relates to lit-
erature, says Mr. Pater, is that '• whatever becomes
of the fruit, make sure of the flower and the leaves."
Art is not even to stimulate to noble ends; it has
no end outside of itself. Why does not nature
rest with flowers and leaves alone? Because she
abhors a barren tig tree; and is not the poem or
other work that seeks the flower of art alone a bar-
ren fig tree? I doubt if the old writers and jioets
thought of literature at all in its artistic aspects;
they thought of it as a medium of communicating
life and power, or the truth of nature. The art-
feeling, or art-spirit, seems to me of modern growth
and the result of long ages of literary culture. It
is in our time a kind of disease. In the older
writers the attention is fixed upon life and the
troths that relate to life; in the new men the atten-
tion is fixed upon art and the considerations that
relate to art. Our poets are more in love with
poetry than with things. There is a morbid crav-
ing for the beautiful as it is known to art, instead of
a wholesome love for it as it appears in the total
scheme of things. "It is the true breath of human-
ity." says Kenan. " and not literary merit, that con-
stitutes the beautiful." But we are more and more
fixing our attention upon the literary merit, and
making that an end in itself. The human note
first, the art note second, seems the proper order.
The fulness with which the poet speaks the common
feeling and experiences of mankind is what finally
tells. "Unit-** the heart is shook," say* Landor.
"the gods thunder and stride in vain"; and the
heart is only shook by heart power.
In our day it seems much easier to strike the in-
tellectual or the artistic note in poetry than the
purely human note. The poets are more as schol-
ars and craftsmen than they are as men. Seldom
do we get a whiff, in current poetry, to say nothing
of a full draught, of the simple, unadulterated, un-
sophisticated human qualities. There may be art
in escaping from art. and in moving the soul as na-
ture does. Literature may appeal to our art-sense
—our sense of form and proportion, our sense of
the polished and highly wrought; it may appeal
also to our life-sense-—our sense of real things, and
our power to deal with them, our religious sense,
our cosmic sense, our sense as simple human beings.
There seems to be a tacit agreement among current
critics tliat the appeal to our art-sense is the main
matter; if the poem pleases, like a beautiful statue
or a piece of delicate carving, that is enough. And
perhaps it is enough, for that kind of poetry—the
poetry of art; but may there not be a larger kind,
a poetry that shall have the flavor of life and real-
ity? We have in this country some exquisite art-
poets—verse-makers who are like muster workmen
in ivory: such delicate, such beautiful verbal carv-
ing, such grace, such lightness and sureness of touch.
The verse seems almost fragile from its exquisite
workmanship. I have great pleasure in it, but it is
purely the pleasure I have in art, and is not akin
to the pleasure I have in life and in real things. It
pleases like a perfume, and not like Uie breath of
the fields or the woods or the shore.
There is little recognition in current criticism of
the legitimacy and value of work like Whitman's,
that aims to minimize, or escape entirely from,
conscious exterior art—the visible, palpable archi-
tecture of verse—and to tally the spirit of out-door
nature, of growths, currents, cosmic and dynamic
forces, and which in its form follows only the law
of the inherent forms of organic nature. Such work
is said to be without art. or to be outlawed of art;
as if to give the impression of the natural were less
than to give the impression of the artificial; as if
to titillate our sense of form anil measure were more
than to quicken our sense of life and of things. It
is interesting to note the strictures of Whitman's
critics and expounders in treating his attitude toward
art. One of his most friendly and thorough-going
champions. Mr. William Clarke, says the effect of
Whitman's work is to "stir our emotions, widen oar
interests, and rally the forces of our moral nature";
and yet he charges him with want of art, with lack
of literary culture, etc By what name, then, shall
we call the gift, or power, that enables him to pro-
duce these effects from a printed poem? If a writer
'•endows us with the gift of life rather than with
literature." has he not, after all. art of the most
precious kind? The true artist is seen in his atti-
tude of soul—his attitude of loving and impassioned
contemplation of nature and man. It is not simply
the attitude of the man who would know things or
the reason of things— the scientist.— but of the man
who would have an emotional and spiritual enjoy-


1898.]
289
THE DIAL
merit of thing* and make others share in that en-
joyment. It may be questioned if any great work
of any kinil sprang alone or primarily from the art
inipuU«'. Gothic and medieval art ha<l their root
in the religious impulse. In Dante there was a
burden of love and sorrow which the art impulse
rame to relieve. The ancient sculpture forever sur-
passes the modern because those men were stirreil
by mme dee|>er impulse than the art impulse—the
desire merely to copy the human body in stone; a
whole world of emotion, a whole phase of life, of
which we know little, lies back of that matchless
carving.
Mr. Kdmund Gosse lately, in lecturing upon the
Poetry of Women, said that woman had fallen
short of the highest achievements in poetry, because
she was lacking in the art impulse. But it seems
to me the art impulse—the desire to realize in con-
crete form some ideal—is just as marked in George
Kliot, or George Sand, or Mrs. Browning, as in any
masculine genius; and if these women failed, as Mr.
Gosse says they did, to attain to the highest results,
it was from some deeper cause than feebleness of the
art impulse. The mentality of woman is undoubt-
edly stamped with her character, her limitations as
woman—her passive and receptive character, as op-
posed to the aggressive and initiating character of
man. It is not hers to )>cget or originate. Her
work in literature rarely or never has the fertilizing,
the kindling and quickening power of man's. The
creative, the generative principle is not hers, at
least only in a very limited measure. Her artistic
instincts are keen, bat she rarely has the same pas-
sionate grip of her subject that a man has of his.
The self-constituted guardians of the popular
taste always assume that the principles of art and
poetry are forever fixed and settled. They talk
authoritatively of the poet's way or the artist's way
of doing things, as if there were a way for all poets
and all artists. Given a new man, and there is a
new way. Art follows the master, and does not
lead him. He makes free with her, takes his will
of her, and she bears him offspring in his own im-
age. Art is not something arbitrary and despotic,
to be set up over genius. It is what the poet makes
it. There is, of coarse, good art and bad art; bat
the principle I am contending for is the relativity
of all art — that the standards are of no authority,
that the final tests are in the soul to-day, that that
which taste* good to the soul to-day is good no mat-
ter how much it diverge from the authorities of the
past. The final justification of any work is to be
sought in the soul and personality of the artist, and
not in a set of rules deduced from other works. Is
the work consistent with itself—with the man and
his aim? does it exist for worthy ideal ends? does
it give us a fresh and vivid impression of reality?
is it plastic and creative? does it unfold oat of an
inherent principle like a plant or tree? that is, is it
vital and characteristic? What distinguishes the
artist in letters from the mere thinker? It is, as
Sche'rer says, that vigorous sensuousness, that con-
crete and immediate impression of things, which
the former gives us, and which we never get from
the latter. The modern growth in religion is meas-
ured by our revolt against the standards — against
creeds and formulas; and we shall match it in art
when art ceases to be a fetich and becomes a life—
when we seek oar tests within and not without.
The dogmatic method in criticism and in religion
has had its day. Poetic truth is not a fixed quan-
tity, and a great |>oet may arise—in fact, has arisen
— who is poet on new terms, and in apparent op-
position to the standards. - „ D. __
'John Bukuchuiih.
BALLADS TO A BOOKMAN.
Crotchety delver in books.
Hater of all that is new,
Seeker of cosiest nooks
Known to the favorite few,
Why »liould you ever ask who
Fate ward defiance bath hurled?
Delver in books, it is you —
You who have conquered the world.
Snuffy old fellow whose looks
Hint of a wig and s queue,
Scorning the catis of the cooks
For a pewter of ale and a stew,
Why should you ever be blue,
Seeing that runnels have purled,
Since the beginning, for you —
You who have conquered the world?
Intimate friend of Home Tooke's,
Chum of the Wandering Jew,
Hating reformers as "crooks"
And lovers as rnfanU perdu*.
Why should you ever pursue
Ways of the folk who are swirled
Into the |Mi|iul*r view,—
You who have conquered the world?
Envoi/.
Dream, as you ruminate through
Smoke into canopies curled;
Dream, for you 've nothing to do,—
You who have conquered the world.
A BOX DEAL' DC UTLT.
In fallow fields I long to lie —
A bookman lost in A ready;
Or, steeped in grasses to the knees.
To follow fast where fancy flees,
Though musty lore and legend die.
I 'd give my conquered world to sigh
An answer to the lullaby
Hot-bumm'd bv honev-laden bees
In fallow fields.
A-dream 'neath circumambient sky,
To list the crow's remoter cry,
The while the love-begetting breeze
Flutters the leafy hearts of trees,
And turns the beads of foolish rye
In fallow fields.
Francis Howard Williams.


290
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
COMMUNICA TIONS.
CONCERNING LITERARY ART.
(To the Editor of The Dial. )
The remarks of Mr. John Burroughs and Mrs. Celia
Parker Woolley, in The Dial for Oct. 16, are whole-
some and instructive, and I do not appear here as a
critic of either of them; hut there is a word still to be
said, and I make this attempt to say it.
There is some legitimate reason for a debate always
going on over the value of art as such, or art as an end
—especially in literature. The debate arises out of the
challenge to our admiration by an art which is only
form, proportion, rhythm. It is bare justice to say that
such art is rare. The poems of the English Swinburne
and the American Poe are marked examples of this
kind of art, wherein the claims of the letter are exalted
above those of the spirit. But surely Shakespeare and
Milton are as perfect in form, as rich in music; and
yet no one thinks of their art as defective in humanity
or empty of thought and emotion.
Art is an end in itself; nothing within the scope of
human achievement is better worth living and dying for.
But art cannot be mere form and music. The form and
music express the human soul, or they fall short; and
of course the soul of the artist must be capable of living
the sound thought and emotion which require perfect
form and perfect music for their adequate expression.
Still, on the other hand, a poet may have a sound hu-
man heart, large, manly, and consecrated, and by sing-
ing false just miss the highest achievement. Surely
Whittier's grammatical and orthoepical shortcomings
mar the effect of his richly emotional conceptions. Nor
can we accept in any case evidence of high thought and
strong feeling, however true both may be, as proof of
great artistic powers. We want both—the form and the
content, the letter and the spirit, the feeling and its lyr-
ical body. It would be an immense misfortune if a
generation should arise to flout and neglect the forms
of good art. I think it is a saying of Wordsworth that
the matter of writing comes very much out of the manner
of it. Literature cannot " be real and strong and vital"
except within the fences of sober and graceful form.
We are not yet healed of wounds inflicted by some con-
spicuous violations of the formal demands of art. "New
ideals " are always old ideals re-born. Homer, Dante,
Virgil, Milton, Longfellow, all worked in the harness
of their art, and they live on unforgettable because they
said better than forgotten men could say the everlasting
truth of life and action. Let us hope that we are not,
in the West, to be tortured by a replica of the old cant
about new art, or by an apostolate of noble writing
without correct writing, or by appeals to our admiration
for lame verse or ungrammatical prose.
To express both the mind and heart of man—that is
the purpose of literary art. And such expression, in prose
or verse, is an end — whenever the thought and feel-
ing have soundness and universality. What Clara Jane
feels is worthy of literary expression only when her feel-
ing is broadly human. If it were only Clara Jaue laugh-
ing or crying, no one would care for the story of it.
And if this maiden's joy or grief is worth expressing,
it is worth expressing in the best possible form. In the
strict sense of things, no new expression of it is possible:
whoever does it in the best way, the immortal fashion,
will do it as Shakespeare would have done it.
With all this, I affirm that human service, the further-
ance of righteous euds, the practical helping of men and
women, must follow from the creation of good art in
letters. I count Shakespeare in the front rank of ben-
efactors. He enlightens and consoles all who really
know him; and that may be a higher service than se-
curing votes for any cause. £) h. Wheeler.
Chicago, October S5, 1893.
NEWSPAPERS AND THELR CONSTITUENCIES.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
With President Adams, whose pertinent communica-
tion appears in your latest issue, and no doubt with
many others, I have watched with interest the com-
ments and discussions appearing in your columns of late
anent the deplorable level of the newspaper of to-day.
I believe I get the best Chicago daily print — yet I
am not at all proud of it! I am ready to commend the
spirit of energy—the wonderful force and activity—de-
monstrated in the issuance of the progressive paper of
to-day; but I regret that this energy is not more directed
toward the better ethics of a higher humanity.
President Adams's apology is all very true—humiliat-
ingly so, it seems to me—that the cosmopolitan press is
as high as its constituency, and no higher. And do we not
here find a sufficient reason for the lost "power of the
press "?
An intellectual leader must be above those he leads;
the moment he is not, he ceases to be a leader.
Granting that the newspaper of the period is a true
index of the intellectual and moral tone of the masses,
is it meet that such a standard should obtain, even
though strongly upheld by the powerful influences of
commercialism? Are there not still, in Anglo-Saxon
blood, the virtues of honorable example, high impulse,
and a spirit of progressive emulation? And if so, must
they ever be subverted to, and hidden by, pennyism
and poundism?
I cannot think a wisely-conducted movement in the
better direction would be cheerless.
Geo. Henry Cleveland.
Chicago, November 2, 189S.
A WORTHY JOURNAL.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
The Internationales A rchivfilr Ethnographie, now clos-
ing its sixth year, is the only undertaking of its kind. Truly
international in character, it prints articles in any one of
the four languages — English, French, German, Dutch.
It has been under an able editorial committee of ethno-
graphers of many countries, with Mr. J. D. E. Schmeltz
as active editor. The articles published have been
written by authorities and possess great value, while
the illustrations have been extremely fine. As it was
never self-supporting, the publisher, Mr. Trapp, of Ley-
den, Holland, decided to discontinue the publication at
the end of this year. Ethnographers of all countries,
however, have urged its continuance, and the firm of
E.J. Brill — also of Leyden — will probably undertake
the work. The Editorial Committee, through Mr. J.
D. E. Schmeltz, appeal for assistance. An encouraging
response has been made by governments, societies, and
private individuals. The Archiv is but little known in
America, but it deserves our help. It is desirable that
all our public libraries should subscribe for it ($5. per
year), and that a few at least of our wealthy men may
become patrons (810. per year for five years). Some
help from us is properly asked for such an international
work. Frederick Starr.
The University of Chicago, Nov. 4, 1893.


1893.]
291
THE DIAL
Efje Iffeto Books.
TjOAVELI/S TjETTERS.*
Professor Norton's edition of "The Letters
of James Russell Lowell" is at last before us,
and our rather rapid inspection of the work
serves to confirm its a-priori claim to rank as
the leading book of the year. That it has
been put forth comparatively unheralded is a
fact not perhaps unworthy of note. There have
been no preliminary flourishes of newspaper
trumpets, no advance tributes from known bell-
wethers of opinion, no unworthy lures in the
form of hints as to "disclosures" or other
"racy" matters to be looked for in the inti-
mate correspondence of our leading man of let-
ters. Merit, in short, has been trusted to win
its own way with a public too lightly held to
be pecuniarily proof against it.
Professor Norton's work is an admirable
piece of literary construction — a model of
painstaking and strictly impersonal editing.
The letters are divided into eleven chapters,
each marking in a general way an epoch in
Mr. Lowell's life; the arrangement of the
whole is chronological, and editorial writing is
confined to the briefest of notes and to the sup-
plying, in the first four chapters, of leading
biographical facts. It has been the editor's
aim, in making his selection from the great
mass of Mr. Lowell's letters, "to secure for it,
so far as possible, an autobiographic charac-
ter." In this he has been eminently success-
ful. No similar collection with which we are
acquainted comes so near to being a complete,
satisfactory "Life" of the writer. We need
scarcely say that Professor Norton has made
no editorial concessions to mere vulgar curios-
ity. "There was," he says, "nothing in Mr.
Lowell's life to be concealed or excused. But
he had the reserves of a high and delicate
nature, reserves to be no less respected after
death than during life, and nothing will, I hope,
be found in these volumes which he himself
might have regretted to see in print."
The series of letters extends from 1827 to
1891, beginning with the artless essay of the
child of eight, and closing with the half humor-
ous plaint of the failing man with whom life
is a retrospect, and whose chief concern seems
to be to husband out its taper at the close.
They form, as we have said, a remarkably corn-
* Thb Lettkkm of James Russell Lowell. Edited by
Charles Eliot Norton. In two volumes, with portraits. New
York: Harper & Bros.
plete biographical record; yet in one point
they seem curiously lacking. Rich as they are
in criticism of men, of letters, of current events
and issues, we find little in them of the deeper
criticism of life, little to indicate that the
writer gave (as we all know he did give) its
gravest problems a serious thought. It may
be partly with reference to this reserve that
Professor Norton says in his preface:
"Mr. Lowell, indeed, made to the public in his po-
etry such revelation of his inward experiences and emo-
tions as he alone had the right to make, and such as
may well suffice to satisfy all legitimate interest in the
spiritual development of the poet and in the nature of
his most intimate and sacred human relations. Read
together, his poems and his letters show him with rare
completeness as he truly was."
Perhaps Mr. Lowell thought speculations as to
the " woher, wozu, undwohin" out of place in let-
ters to one's friends; but the fact remains that
the impression one gets from the letters, taken
by themselves, is that of a man whose interests
were, in the best sense, of the world worldly.
The present collection cannot perhaps be bet-
ter characterized than by saying that it fulfils
anticipation. Since its announcement by the
publishers, expectancy has been on the qui-
vive; and no one, we think — that is, no one
whose tastes are wholesome and whose opinion
counts—is likely to be disappointed. In range
of topic, richness of literary criticism and allu-
sion, and in penetration and large-mindedness
of political judgments, the letters are such as
no American save Mr. Lowell himself could
have written. The aim of this review will be
best served, and our remaining space be most
profitably filled, by letting the letters speak, so
far as possible, for themselves.
The references to Poe, in a letter written in
1845 to C. F. Briggs of " The Broadway Jour-
nal," are interesting:
"... Poe, I am afraid, is wholly lacking in that ele-
ment of manhood which, for want of a better name,
we call character. It is something quite distinct from
genius—though all great geniuses are endowed with it.
... As I prognosticated, I have made Poe my enemy
by doing him a service. In the last * Broadway Jour-
nal' he has accused me of plagiarism, and misquoted
Wordsworth to sustain his charge. . . . Poe wishes to
kick down the ladder by which he rose. He is welcome.
But he does not attack me at a weak point. He proba-
bly cannot conceive of anybody's writing for anything
but a newspaper reputation, or for posthumous fame,
which is but the same thing magnified by distance. I
have quite other aims."
The nature of Mr. Lowell's aims and his
ideal of the poet's function are indicated in the
following noble passage in a letter written early
in 1846:


292
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
"... My calling is clear to me. I am never lifted
up to any peak of vision—and moments of almost fear-
ful illumination I have sometimes — but that, when I
look down in hope to see some valley of the Beautiful
Mountains, I behold nothing but blackened ruins; and
the moans of the down-trodden the world over — but
chiefly here in our own land — come up to my ear, in-
stead of the happy songs of the husbandmen reaping
and binding the sheaves of light; yet these, too, I hear
not seldom. Then I feel how great is the office of poet,
could I but even dare to hope to fill it. Then it seems
as if my heart would break in pouring out one glorious
song that should be the gospel of Reform, full of con-
solation and strength to the oppressed, yet falling gently
and restoringly as dew on the withered youth-flowers of
the oppressor. That way my madness lies, if any.
Were I to hang my harp (if we moderns may keep the
metaphor, at least, of the old poets after losing their
spirit) on a tree surrounded only by the very sweetest
influence of summer nature, and the wind should breathe
through its strings, I believe they would sound with a
warlike clang."
Brave words! — though, it must be confessed,
words of very moderate fulfilment. It is scarcely
as the Tyrtaeus of down-trodden humanity that
we are accustomed to think of the writer. That
reputation—even " newspaper reputation," the
despised ideal of characterless Poe — was not
indifferent to him, is manifest in an earlier series
of letters to G. B. Loring:
"... I am going to write a tragedy. I have the
plot nearly filled out. I think — I know it will be good.
It will be psycho-historical. I think also of writing a
prose tale, which perhaps will appear in chapters in the
('Southern Literary) Messenger'—if White will pay
me. ... If I do n't die, George, you will be proud of
me. I will do somewhat. ... I shall print my volume.
Maria wishes me to do it, and that is enough. I had
become tired of the thought of it. 'Irene' has gath-
ered good opinions from many. I am beginning to be a
lion."
"My book does as well as can be expected. All the
notices of it have been very favorable except that of
your honest friend and fellow-politician, the editor of
the 'Post,' who blackguarded me roundly."
In a letter to the editor, dated 1867, Mr.
Lowell gives his impressions of Emerson:
"Emerson's oration" (before the Phi Beta Kappa
Society) "was more disjointed than usual, even with
Aim. It began nowhere and ended everywhere, and
yet, as always with that divine man, it left you feeling
that something beautiful had passed that way — some-
thing more beautiful than anything else, like the rising
and setting of stars. Every possible criticism might
have been made on it but one — that it was not noble.
There was a tone in it that awakened all elevating asso-
ciations. He boggled, he lost his place, he had to put
on his glasses; but it was as if a creature from some
fairer world had lost its way in our fogs, and it was our
fault, not his. It was chaotic, but it was all such stuff
as stars are made of, and you could n't help feeling that,
if you waited awhile, all that was nebulous would be
whirled into planets, and would assume the mathemat-
ical gravity of system. All through it I felt something in
me that cried 'Ha, ha, to the sound of the trumpets 1'"
Emerson once told Mr. Lowell a droll story
of Alcott:
"He (Emerson) asked the Brahmin what he had to
show for himself, what he had done, in short, to justify
his having been on the earth. 'If Pythagoras came to
Concord, whom would he wish to see?' demanded the
accused triumphantly."
In a letter to James B. Thayer, dated 1883,
Mr. Lowell, after noting Emerson's singular
insensibility to the harmony of verse, says of
his prose:
"I liked particularly what you say about his mastery
of English. No man, in my judgment, ever had a
greater, and I greatly doubt whether Matthew Arnold
is quite capable (in the habit of addressing a jury as
he always is) of estimating the style of one who con-
versed with none but the masters of bis mother-tongue.
Emerson's instinct for the best word was infallible.
Whenever he found one he froze to it, as we say in our
admirable vernacular. I have sometimes found that he
had added to his cabinet the one good word in a book
he had read. ... I think that Matthew Arnold, like
Renan (who has had an evil influence over him), is apt
to think the superfine as good as the fine, or even bet-
ter than that."
The letters are rich in personal allusions and
characterizations, and the only case in which
the writer's good temper seems to desert him
is in a note on Margaret Fuller:
"She is a very foolish, conceited woman, who has got
together a great deal of information, but not enough
knowledge to save her from being ill-tempered."
President Hayes and his wife fare better:
"... Mrs. Hayes also pleased me very much. She
has really beautiful eyes, full of feeling and intelligence,
and bore herself with a simple good-humor that was
perfectly well-bred. A very good American kind of
princess, I thought. Do n't fancy I am taken off my
feet by the enthusiasm of contagion. You know I am
only too fastidious, and am too apt to be put at a dis-
advantage by the impartiality of my eyes. No, I am
sure that both the President and his wife have in them
that excellent new thing we call Americanism, which I
suppose is that 'dignity of human nature' which the
philosophers of the last century were always seeking and
never finding, and which, after all, consists, perhaps, in
not thinking yourself either better or worse than your
neighbors by reason of any artificial distinction. As I
sat behind them at the concert the other night, I was
profoundly touched by the feeling of this kingship with-
out mantle and crown from the property-room of the
old world. Their dignity was in their very neighborli-
ness, instead of in their distance, as in Europe."
Regarding President Cleveland, Mr. Lowell
wrote, in 1887, to Mr. R. W. Gilder: "To me
his personality is very simpatico. He is a
truly American type of the best kind—a type
very dear to me, I confess." Another refer-
ence to the President, in a letter written
shortly after the writer's political " decapita-
tion" in 1885, is worth quoting:
"Cleveland I liked, but saw only for half an hour.
I told him that I came to him like St. Denis, with the


1893.]
293
THE DIAL
head be bad cut off under my arm, at which piece of
humor he laughed heartily—and I think, on the whole,
was not sorry he should be represented in England by
somebody else."
A letter to Professor Norton from London,
1888, contains a very characteristic passage
touching the famous Sackville incident:
"The Sackville squall has amused me a good deal,
bringing out so strangely as it did the English genius
for thinking the rest of mankind unreasonable. One is
reminded of the old story of the madman who thought
himself alone in his sanity. I seldom care to discuss
anything — most things seem so obvious,— least of all
with the average Briton, who never is willing to take any-
thing for granted and whose eyes are blind to all side-
lights. Yes, there is one thing they always take for
granted, namely, that an American must see the supe-
riority of Englaud. They have as little tact as their
totem the bull. I have come to the edge of my temper
several times over the Sackville business — always in-
troduced by them. 'All Europe is laughing at you,
you know,' said Sir to me genially the other
day. 'That is a matter of supreme indifference to us,'
I replied blandly, though with a keen temptation to pull
a pair of ears so obtrusively long. But with all that
there is a manliness about them I heartily like. Tact,
after all, is only a sensitiveness of nerve, and there, is
but a hair's-breadth between this and irritability."
As an example of the lighter vein in which
many of the letters are written, we subjoin a
note written from Dresden, in 1856, to Dr.
Estes Howe:
"The greatest event that has recently taken place
here I will relate. There are Court Balls once a fort-
night which Dr. Reichenbach is expected to attend, and
also to attend in uniform. This uniform (Madame be-
ing a wonderful housekeeper) is packed carefully as soon
as he comes home, to await its next day of service. The
trousers are of white broadcloth, and these are care-
fully turned inside out. Now, you must know, that if
our dear Doctor gets to thinking of any point in Natural
History — particularly if he has heard of a new hum-
ming-bird — he becomes wholly unconscious of the out-
ward world. For this reason he is obliged to pass in
review before Madame when he is going anywhere — a
ceremony he is a little impatient under and tries to es-
cape from in a blind, blundering kind of way, like one
of his own beetles. On the occasion in question he was
interrupted by Madame, just as he was triumphantly
setting forth with his cocked hat under his arm, his ra-
pier at his side, and —. his trousers on wrong side out,
the pockets fluttering on each hip as if the herald Mer-
cury had buckled his talaria on too high up! Fancy his
arrival at the palace and his obeisance to majesty!"
Having given the reader a foretaste of the
"Letters," it remains to say that the publish-
ers have given them a suitable setting — two
noble octavos that, in point of print, paper, and
general finish and appearance, are up to the
standards of the best foreign book-making. The
three portraits in photogravure of Mr. Lowell
are excellent examples of the process.
E. G. J.
American Public Schools.*
The reputation of the public-school system
of the United States has hitherto received no
such damaging blow as that dealt by Dr. J. M.
Rice in a series of articles published in "The
Forum " from October, 1892, to June, 1893.
These articles were received with much sur-
prise by a large part of the public, naively con-
fident until now that American schools, like
American pork and sewing-machines, were
the best in the world. In public-school circles
they created no little indignation, together with
a certain amount of consternation. The arti-
cles have now appeared in book form, with the
addition of a second part illustrating some of
the excellent work done by pupils in the schools
of Minneapolis, La Porte, Indianapolis, and in
the Cook County (111.) Normal School; these
schools, even in the author's critical judgment,
being really good.
Dr. Rice, who is a specialist in pedagogy and
has personally inspected the schools of Ger-
many and other European countries, undertook,
with the support of "The Forum," a tour of
visitation of the schools in the principal cities
of this country. Thirty-six cities in all were
visited, the tour consuming twenty-four weeks,
during which, with few exceptions, every school
hour was spent in school-rooms. In his pub-
lished review of these schools, Dr. Rice is
severe where severe criticism is necessary, laud-
atory where praise is possible, and always con-
structive as well as destructive. When the
schools are bad he shows us where in his opin-
ion the source of the evil lies and how it may
be remedied. He found that a surprisingly
large proportion of the cities which he visited
have poor schools. A poor school is one in
which the present happiness of the child is not
considered; where purely mechanical and mem-
oriter methods are permitted; and where mere
familiarity with words and forms and facts is
accepted for education. A good school is one
where the child is taught to observe, to think,
and to do; where reading, writing, and arith-
metic are taught interestingly in connection
with natural science; where the child is happy
and the teacher enthusiastic; where discipline
is by love; and where the child is allowed
physically and mentally to expand. To the first
class belong for the most part the schools of
New York City, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Buf-
falo, Cincinnati, Chicago, St. Louis, Milwau-
• The Public-School System of the United States .
By Dr. J. M. Rice. New York: The Century Co.


294
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
kee, Worcester (Mass.), the primary schools
of Boston, and a few others. To the second
class belong the schools of La Porte, Indian-
apolis, Minneapolis and St. Paul, and the
grammar-schools of Boston. Of intermediate
character are the schools of other cities visited
but reported less in detail. The author sup-
ports his opinion of the above schools by a
convincing array of his actual observations.
Instances of unscientific and even barbarous
teaching that he cites cannot be excused as ex-
ceptions,— first, because there are too many of
them; and, second, because "the degree of
excellence of a school system is represented, not
by what is done by those teachers who are suf-
ficiently interested to do more than is required
of them, but by the degree of inferiority that
the teaching may reach and yet be accepted as
satisfactory."
A school in New York City, whose principal
has been marked uniformly "excellent" every
year for the last twenty-five years, is described
in part as follows:
"The principal of this school has pedagogical views
and a maxim peculiarly her own. She believes that
when a child enters upon school-life, his vocabulary is
so small that it is practically worthless, and his power
to think so feeble that his thoughts are worthless. She
is consequently of the opinion that what the child knows
and is able to do on coming to school should be entirely
disregarded; that he should not be allowed to waste
time, either in thinking or in finding his own words to
express his thoughts, but that he should be supplied with
ready-made thoughts as given in a ready-made vocabu-
lary. She has therefore prepared sets of questions and
answers, so that the child may be given in concise form
most of the facts prescribed in the course of study for
the three years of primary instruction. The instruction
throughout the school consists principally of grinding
these answers verbatim into the minds of the children.
The principal's ideal lies in giving each child the ability
to answer without hesitation, upon leaving her school,
every one of the questions formulated by her. In order
to reach the desired end, the school has been converted
into the most dehumanizing institution that I have ever
laid eyes upon, each child being treated as if he pos-
sessed a memory and the faculty of speech, but no in-
dividuality, no sensibilities, no soul.
"So much concerning the pedagogical views on which
this school is conducted; now as to the maxim. This
maxim consists of three short words —' Save the min-
utes.' The spirit of the school is, ' Do what you like
with the child, immobilize him, automatize him, dehu-
manize him, but save, save the minutes.' In many
ways the minutes are saved. By giving the child ready-
made thoughts, the minutes required in thinking are
saved. By giving the child ready-made definitions, the
minutes required in formulating them are saved. Every-
thing is prohibited that is of no measurable advantage
to the child, such as the movement of the head or a
limb, when there is no logical reason why it should be
moved at the time. I asked the principal whether the chil-
dren were not allowed to move their heads. She answer-
ed, 'Why should they look behind when the teacher is
in front of them ? '•— words too logical to be refuted.
"During the recitations many minutes are saved.
The principal lias indeed solved the problem of how the
greatest number of answers may be given in the small-
est number of minutes. In the first place, no time is
spent in selecting pupils to answer questions, every reci-
tation being started by the first pupil in the class, the
children then answering in turn, until all have recited.
Secondly, time is economized in the act of rising and
sitting during the recitations, the children being so
drilled that the child who recites begins to fall back
into his seat while uttering the last word of a definition,
the next succeeding child beginning his ascent while the
one before him is in the act of descending. Indeed,
things appear as if the two children occupying adjoin-
ing seats were sitting upon the opposite poles of an in-
visible see-saw, so that the descending child necessarily
raises the pupil next him to his feet. Then, again, the
minutes are saved by compelling the children to unload
their answers as rapidly as possible, distinctness of ut-
terance being sacrificed to speed, and to scream their
answers at the tops of their voices, so that no time may
be wasted in repeating words inaudibly uttered. For
example, the principal's definition of a note — 'A note
is a sign representing to the eye the length or duration
of time' — is ideally delivered, when it sounds some-
thing like < Xotsinrcpti length d'ration time.'"
Truly, in such processes the minutes are
saved, but the soul of the child is lost. The
above is typical of many schools visited in New
York and other cities. In New York City the
cause of the inferiority of the schools is appar-
ent. The appointment of teachers is a matter
of political " jobbery," and a teacher once in,
be she good or evil, is in to stay. If she pos-
sesses any kind of "pull" at all, her removal
is practically impossible. Then the supervis-
ion is very scanty — one superintendent with
only eight assistants to supervise the work of
four thousand teachers. Finally, the people
at large take no active interest in their schools.
In Baltimore things were worse. Rhyth-
mical concert recitations of abstract numbers
passed for instruction in arithmetic. Heading
was purely mechanical, often without expres-
sion, inflection, or even a pause at a comma or
period. Here are two gems from this city:
"I asked one of the primary principals whether she
believed in the professional training of teachers. 'I do
not,' she answered emphatically. 'I speak from expe-
rience. A graduate of the Maryland Normal School
once taught under me, and she was n't as good a teacher
as those who came from the High School.'
"One of the primary teachers said to me: 'I for-
merly taught in the higher grades, but I had an attack
of nervous prostration some time ago, and the doctor
recommended rest. So I now teach in the primary, be-
cause teaching primary children does not tax the mind.'"
And yet the citizens of Baltimore glory in the
fact that their schools are among the best in
the country.


1893.]
295
THE DIAL
From the several accounts of irrational teach-
ing at Buffalo and Cincinnati, we quote only a
part of a spelling-lesson at Buffalo:
"The teacher here remarked,' We will now write the
words.'
"This announcement was followed by a considerable
amount of bustle and confusion on the part of the chil-
dren, and order was not restored until slates, pencils,
and rulers had been placed in position. When all was
quiet one of the pupils called out:
"' I ain't got no ruler.'
"In answer to this, the teacher, without correcting
or even paying the slightest attention to the incorrect
language that had been used by the child, said to him:
"'You don't need a ruler. Do it the way you done
it yesterday.'
"Then the words of the oft-repeated list were slowly
dictated by the teacher. When the word 'steal' was
reached, she remarked:
"' Spell the " steal " you spelled this morning, not the
"steel" you spelled yesterday.'
"When the word 'their' was reached, the teacher
asked, 'How do you spell "their "?'
"' T-h-e-i-r—their,' sang the children.
"' What kind of a "t" do you use in their f'
"' Capital " t,"' one of the pupils answered.
"' That's right,' said the teacher.
"One of the children here remarked, melodiously:
^^
-X-
'/ can't make no cap - i • tal

=S2I
'■ / kin"
sang another.
"Here the teacher said to me,'They do n't use capi-
tal letters regularly in this class; I only let them use
capitals when they write proper names and proper
things.'"
That the schools of America have not yet
wholly passed out of the stage of barbarism,
the following from St. Louis will show:
"During several daily recitation periods, each of which
is from twenty to twenty-five minutes in duration, the
children are obliged to stand on the line, perfectly mo-
tionless, their bodies erect, their knees and feet together,
the tips of their shoes touching the edge of a board in
the floor. The slightest movement on the part of a
child attracts the attention of the teacher. The recita-
tion is repeatedly interrupted with cries of < Stand
straight,' ' Do n't bend the knees,' ' Do n't lean against
the wall,' and so on. I heard one teacher ask a little
boy,' How can you learn anything with your knees and
toes out of order?' The toes appear to play a more
important part than the reasoning faculties. The teacher
never forgets the toes; every few moments she casts her
eyes 'toe-ward.'"
Although the schools of Chicago belong to
the mechanical and unscientific order, and al-
though in some of them the author found the
most absurd teaching and pedagogical " meth-
ods of the most ancient type," yet under the
present superintendent he sees promise of bet-
ter things. The principal cause of the low
standard of the Chicago schools is a lack of
professional strength on the part of the teach-
ers. As remedies, he suggests professional
training-schools for the preparation of new
teachers, and educational supervision for the
three thousand teachers at present employed.
Of the Chicago schools in general, Dr. Rice
says:
"The amount of objective work is extremely limited,
even in the lower grades, and the sciences are not in-
cluded in the curriculum. In the lowest primary grade
the work is particularly dry and mechanical. With the
exception of a little singing, the pupils during the first
six months do nothing but read, write, and cipher all
day long. There is not even a recess to break the mo-
notony. Owing to lack of accommodation in the rap-
idly-growing districts, a number of the primaries have
been converted into half-day schools, some of the pu-
pils attending in the morning, while others attend in the
afternoon. In some of the half-day schools the pupils
do not even cipher during the first six months, all their
time being devoted to reading and writing. The busy-
work consists largely of copying words either from a
book or from the board. The methods employed in
teaching reading vary in the different schools. In some
instances the pupils are taught by the word method, in
others by the sentence method, and in still others by a
variety of methods, including phonics and word build-
ing. As a rule, I found the reading and the writing in
the lower grades poor, in spite of the fact that so much
time had been devoted to these subjects."
The schools of St. Paul are described, to
show how quickly good schools may be built
up when the superintendent is acquainted with
modern pedagogical methods and is enthusias-
tic, and when the school management is sep-
arated from politics. The course of study here
is based on the principle of unification, by
which is meant such a combination of the
branches pursued at one time that each shall
contribute to the interest and understanding of
the other. The following example will serve as
an illustration: The young child, upon entering
the primary department, begins, not the study
of reading and writing, but some natural sci-
ence, say botany, in a simple and interesting
way; and in connection with this, apparently
as an incident, learns to read, and write, and
draw, and to use numbers. He counts the
flower's petals, he draws its form upon paper,
he describes it in oral and written words, and
he reads its printed description. At the same
time the child is encouraged to observe objects
of nature and their changes and to report his
observations, to think about them and to re-
cord his thoughts. The following composition,
written by a child who had attended a St. Paul
primary school only seven months, is one of


296
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
many equally good. The observations were his
own.
"I have a pasque flower. The stamens are yellow.
The stem is short. There are many stamens. My
flower wears an overcoat."
In the schools of Minneapolis it is shown
how a child may be educated without putting
him in a straight-jacket or depriving him of
his natural rights. Here, too, it is shown how,
with enthusiastic teachers and interested pu-
pils, the number of subjects taught in the pri-
mary grades may be greatly enlarged, and yet
at the end of a given time the children be more
proficient in the three It's than by the old nar-
row mechanical method. It is further shown
in Minneapolis how the children of poor immi-
grants may, by joining love and sympathy with
a little pedagogical science, be taught to speak
and read without the contortions and grimaces
practised in some of the Bohemian schools in
Chicago. One of the problems of the primary
teacher is what to have the children do while
she is engaged with other children. In the
mechanical schools the "busywork" consists
in the drudgery of copying over and over a set
form of words, or in writing again and again
such nonsense as QO + 000 = 00000, or in the
soul-deadening process of "studying" when
eyes and lips are following the printed page
with interest and attention absent. In the few
good schools which Dr. Rice discovered, the
busywork was not of this kind, but the child was
engaged in something to awaken his thought, to
sustain his interest, or to train his hand.
In a word, the trouble with the schools of
the United States seems to be poorly qualified
teachers. And the cause of this trouble is three-
fold: first, a lack of active interest in the pub-
lic schools on the part of the public; second,
political considerations in the appointment of
teachers; third, the want of adequate super-
vision. In any city these causes may be re-
moved. In some cities this has been accom-
plished, and the result has been an improve-
ment that was wonderful indeed. In recent
times the science of education has so far ad-
vanced that it needs only favorable objective
conditions to vindicate its power. The board
of education must be severed from politics;
the superintendent — who, it is hardly neces-
sary to say, must be a scientist in pedagogy —
should have power to secure the election of
qualified teachers and the dismissal of unqual-
ified ones; he must, furthermore, have assist-
ants enough to provide for thorough supervis-
ion of all the schools and teachers, a part of
this supervision to be educational,— that is, the
teachers themselves must, by means of teach-
ers' meetings, classes, and clubs, be brought up
and kept up to a high educational standard.
We have nothing but praise for Dr. Rice's
book. It is healthfully stimulating throughout.
It is true that a still more radical standard of
criticism of our prevalent educational principles
is needed, but at present we are not far enough
along to profit by such criticism. Could we
lift ourselves up to the standard set forth in
this work, we might get strength of mind to
look farther. Then a new prophet will be timely,
who shall ask us hard questions about some of
the fundamental articles of our orthodox peda-
gogical faith. Perchance he shall ask us why
we ever considered that the first and chiefest
studies in our school curriculum should be read-
ing, writing, arithmetic, and geography; by
what authority we made instruction in music,
morals, conversation, natural science, and phys-
ical and manual training subordinate to these;
why we took it for granted that the great ma-
jority of public-school teachers must be women;
why we never doubted that the little ones must
sit for consecutive hours in straight rows,
pinned in between a wooden seat and desk;
why we believed that a school should be con-
ducted wholly indoors; and why, finally, we
approved mainly of the plan of learning les-
sons from a printed book and reciting them to
a teacher. Before such a prophet, perchance,
we shall stand with fear and trembling, unable
to give a reason for the faith that is in us.
G. T. W. Patrick.
BOOK-HUNTERS AND THEIR VAGARIES.*
"Books about books" are multiplying so
rapidly in England that it can hardly be said
there much longer that twenty such works come
from France for every one produced at home.
One of the most entertaining and perhaps
useful of its class is the pretty volume enti-
tled " The Great Book Collectors," written by
Charles and Mary Elton, who, if we mistake
not, are themselves among the most intelligent
and indefatigable book-collectors in England
to-day. So Mr. and Mrs. Elton bring much
practical knowledge, as well as a ready sympa-
thy, to their subject; and very scholarly do
they make their book — too much so, perhaps,
for the young American book-hunter, who cares
* The Great Book Collectors. By Charles and Mary
Elton. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, & Co. (Im-
ported by Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.)


1893.]
297
THE DIAL
little for books or names dating back of the
present century: but it is not for him alone
that the book has been written.
"Mighty Book-Hunters," Dr. Burton called
his little clan; and "mighty" collectors are
marshalled in the Elton clan. We find here
scarcely any mention of the present-day Glad-
stones and Locker-Lampsons, but of those clas-
sic fellows who "found time to discuss the mer-
its of the authors before the Flood" we have a
plenty. The great libraries once at the breast of
the Sphinx and in the House of Serapis, and
those on the site of Cairo and at Alexandria, as
well as the one sent by Antony as a gift to Cleo-
patra, are, with their founders, like the ladies of
Villon's ballad, "gone with last year's snow."
But of all these, and of many others besides, Mr.
and Mrs. Elton give us much pleasant and in-
structive gossip. "It pleased the Greeks to
invent traditions about the books of Poly-
crates," the tyrant of Samos who usurped the
royal power about 532 B.C.; but the splendors
of the private library began only about 100
years B.C., in the days of Lucullus. Seneca,
though a millionaire, complained bitterly of
the pomp of Lucullus, and rejoiced at the de-
struction of Alexandria's treasures. "Our idle
book-hunters," he said, "know about nothing
but titles and bindings; their chests of cedar
and ivory, and the book-cases that fill the bath-
room, are nothing but fashionable furniture,
and have nothing to do with learning." The
Roman stoic would doubtless throw up his
hands in holy horror at the contents of a Sher-
aton Shrine, or M. James Rothschild's hun-
dred books worth -$200,000, yet find solace in
our "bulged and bruised octavos" of to-day.
Mr. and Mrs. Elton have grouped the great
collectors of England, Italy, France, and Ger-
many under several headings, and have brought
together various schools, classified as "Royal
Collectors," "Grolier and his Successors,"
"De Thou — Pinelli — Peiresc," and the like.
In the dark ages, when learning was at a low
ebb, there were not many great collectors of
books. "The knowledge of books might al-
most have disappeared in the seventh century,
when the cloud of ignorance was darkest, but
for a new and remarkable development of learn-
ing in the Irish monasteries." But the books
of the monks, like those that had preceded
them, were few and costly; and although the
collectors who lived and conducted their pious
enterprises of hoarding the sacred memorials
of their ancestors, from the seventh century
down to the beginning of the sixteenth — fifty
years after the dawn of the art of printing —
are brought together with scrupulous care by
Mr. and Mrs. Elton, we do not find among
them many names great from the point of view
of a collector of to-day, with a signal excep-
tion here and there, such as Richard de Bury,
"who had more books than all the other Bish-
ops of England," until we reach Maioli and
Grolier and De Thou, who are still the patron
saints of those who love books for books' sake.
When Pope Nicholas V., who came into
power in 1447, founded the Vatican Library
and endowed it with five thousand volumes,
books were still worth their weight in precious
stones. He opened his Greek treasure-house
to the Western World, and gathered about
him a set of scholars who were kept busy en-
riching the world's store of knowledge. He
obtained the "Commentary upon St. Mat-
thew," of which Erasmus made use in his Par-
aphrase, and of which Aquinas wrote that he
"would rather have a copy than be master of
the city of Paris." Wanting to read Homer
in Latin verse, and "to get a version of the
Iliad and Odyssey, he gave a large retaining
fee, a palazzo, and a farm in the Campagna,
and made a deposit of ten thousand pieces of
gold to be paid on the completion of the con-
tract." Another great Italian collector was
Antonio Magliabecchi, whose portrait has been
engraved for Mr. and Mrs. Elton's book. Early
in life a jeweller's shop-boy, who never left
Florence, he in time became renowned through-
out the world for his knowledge of books. His
memory was so trustworthy and his information
so exact that he was believed to know the hab-
itat of all the rare books in the world; yet he
has been despised as " a man who lived on titles
and indexes, and whose very pillow was a folio."
He left to the library that bears his name about
30,000 volumes of his own collecting.
Germany had its early collectors also, among
whom, to mention only two, were Pirckheimer
(whose book-plate was engraved by Diirer)
and Henri Estienne's friend Ulric Fugger,
whose library was "said to contain as many
books as there were stars in heaven."
Among the great collectors in England are
names more or less familiar to us from the
libraries they founded — Bodley, Harley, Sel-
den, Cotton. But in France bibliophiles and
collectors have, since the time of Grolier, been
as numerous as the books in Ulric Fugger's
library. One great French name seems to have
fallen out of Mr. and Mrs. Elton's galaxy —
that of the Comtesse de Verrue, who, what-


298
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
ever may have been her shortcomings morally,
deserves to be mentioned along with the de
Pompadours and other royal book-lovers. This
lively dame left an epitaph on herself, thus
rudely translated by Mr. Andrew Lang:
"Here lies, in sleep secure,
A dame inclined to mirth,
Who, by way of making gore,
Choae her paradise on earth."
No book-collector has left behind him a name
more revered in all ways than Jean Grolier,
whose fame is due, however, not more to his
love of literature than to his delicate and re-
fined taste in the decoration of the covers of
his books. "They looked," said one enthusiast,
"as if the muses had taken the outsides into
their charge, as well as the contents, they
were adorned with such art and esprit, and
looked so gay, with a delicate gilding quite
unknown to the bookbinders of our time."
The collectors of Spain embrace one great
name of pertinent interest to our readers, that
of Don Ferdinand, the son of Christopher Co-
lumbus and Donna Beatrix Enriquez. He
was one of the most celebrated bibliophiles in
Europe, and the founder of the library at Se-
ville, "La Columbina." This library is still
in existence, and contains some of the books of
the great admiral, which bear his marginal
notes — one of especial interest and value, the
Imago Mundi, in which he wrote, anent the
Portuguese discoveries, "in all which things I
had my share."
In Mr. and Mrs. Elton's scholarly book there
is so much to praise that we hesitate to point
out such small defects as typographical errors,
but these (pp. 32 and 84) should disappear
from subsequent editions; and on pages 219
and 220, Nicholas Jarry's name should be
properly spelled. W- IrvIng Way>
Salvini's Autobiography.*
More than ordinary interest attaches to the
publication of the autobiography of a contem-
poraneous artist like Tomasso Salvini, cele-
brated alike in the old world and the new. The
appearance of this volume first in the English
language, and its issue from an American pub-
lishing house, attest Salvini's recognition of
America's appreciation of the classic drama as
interpreted by the foremost actor of his time.
The dramatic art has overcome all obstacles
and prejudices since the time of Shakespeare;
• Leaves from the Autobiography of Tommaso Sal-
yijji. New York: The Century Company.
and in Salvini's case it has risen superior even
to the limitation of language, for nowhere has
he found more intelligent consideration than
among the American people, to the mass of
whom the language he speaks is entirely un-
familiar. Of this he himself testifies through-
out his book, which he practically closes with
the following eloquent tribute:
"As I left that hospitable land [America] behind
me, and saw the great statue of Liberty fade gradually
from my sight, I felt a pang in my soul, and, if my
eyes were dry, my heart wept. I made a salute to that
country whose people are so full of vigor, industry, and
courage, and who lack neither culture nor understand-
ing nor feeling. May the United States receive the
salutation of a humble artist who while his heart beats
will feel for that nation respect and love."
There is perhaps a feeling of disappointment
that Salvini's autobiography should follow so
closely the form of a diary; but probably this
could not have been otherwise. Salvini is an
actor, not a writer. At the same time, there is
much compensation in the fact that this style
reveals the characteristics of the man, which
include notably vanity, generosity, persistence,
concentration, and, above all, a spirit of justice
to himself and others. "I have the conscience
to confess," he says, "that I have not always
risen to the height of my own conception. I
have never had a more severe critic than my-
self in matters pertaining to my art." Yet he
recounts his numerous triumphs with an in-
genuous glow of language which brings a smile
to the lips of the reader. But as an insight
into the character of the man who writes his
own biography is the greatest favor he can con-
fer upon his readers, Salvini's candor is rather
commendable than blameworthy. It should
also be noted that he writes of other great art-
ists whom he has seen—Ristori, Rossi, Rachel,
Irving, Edwin Booth, and others—in the same
spirit of enthusiasm.
He has kept in mind the purpose of doing
some good with his book, for in many passages
there is valuable advice to members of his pro-
fession; and in one place he says:
"The chief object of these memoirs is to make it
known to anyone whom it may aid, how a young man,
without inherited resources, and constrained to look out
for himself from very early years, can, by upright con-
duct, firm resolution, and assiduous effort, acquire in
time some renown and the means for enjoying the com-
forts of life in his old age without being dependent on
anybody."
Among the most interesting parts of Sal-
vini's book are those which relate to his own
methods of study and delineation of character
on the stage, to the various characteristics of


1893.]
299
THE DIAL
the different schools of acting, and to the chief
characteristics of the audiences he has met in
remote parts of the globe. In speaking of his
first attempts in the composite experiment of
presenting his plays—he speaking Italian and
the others English — he says:
"The exactitude with which the subsequent rehears-
als of « Othello ' and those of ' Hamlet' proceeded was
due to the memory, the application, and the scrupulous
attention of the American actors, as well as my own
force of will, and to the natural intuition which helped
me to know without understanding what was addressed
to me, divining it from a motion, a look, or a light in-
flection of the voice."
Perhaps this and other testimonials to the mer-
its of American actors, coming from such an
exacting artist as Salvini, may persuade Amer-
ican audiences to estimate more highly the
American efforts in the dramatic art. Of
American audiences in general, he says:
"The theatrical audiences are serious, attentive to
details, analytical—I might almost say scientific,— and
one might fancy that such careful critics had never in
their lives done anything but occupy themselves with
scenic art. ... It is surprising that in a land where in-
dustry and commerce seem to absorb all the intelligence
of the people there should be in every city and district,
indeed in every village, people who are competent to
discuss the arts with such high authority. . . . The
taste and critical faculty of the public are in their ful-
ness of vigor. Old Europe is more bound by traditions,
more weary, more blase, in her judgment, not always
sincere or disinterested."
Of the conscientious devotion which Salvini
brought to his art, some notion may be formed
from his treatment of a part which he had al-
ready mastered as to words, character, and ac-
tion. He says:
"I wished, however, to avoid fixing an immature con-
ception in my mind, and I let it lie for several months,
so that I might form fresh impressions upon taking it
up again. There is no better rule in art than not to
permit one's self to be carried away by a first impulse.
When time is taken for reflection, one's conceptions are
always more correct."
Again he says:
"While I was busying myself with the part of ' Saul,'
I read and reread the Bible, so as to become impreg-
nated with the appropriate sentiments, manners, and
local color. When I took up 'Othello' I pored over
the history of the Venetian Republic and that of the
Moorish invasion of Spain; I studied the passions of
the Moors, their art of war, their religious beliefs; nor
did I overlook the romance of Giraldi Cinthio, in order
the better to master that sublime character."
In referring elsewhere to the Moor of Venice,
he says:
"It is very seldom that I have attained satisfaction
with myself in that rule; I may say that in the thou-
sands of times I have played it, I can count on the fingers
of one hand those when 1 have said to myself, 'I can
do no better.'"
These brief extracts will be sufficient to reveal
to the uninitiated that a great dramatic repre-
sentation, which they enjoy for two or three
hours of an idle evening, is frequently the re-
sult of serious application for years on the part
of the actor who entrances them.
Salvini's accounts of the different receptions
he has had at the hands of various audiences
are very interesting. Of an Italian audience
on a certain occasion, he writes:
"Then came a tempest of cries and plaudits, and
countless summonses before the curtain. When the
demonstration was ended, the audience passed out amid
the indistinct murmur of voices, and collected in groups
of five, eight, or twelve, everywhere in the neighbor-
hood of the theatre; then, reuniting as if by magnetic
force, they came back into the theatre, demanded the
relighting of the footlights, and insisted that I should
come back on the stage again, though I was half un-
dressed, to receive a new ovation."
Of a South American public he writes:
"When I reached the street two bands struck up,
and a great shout of 'Viva Salvini!' arose from the
throats of a crowd numbering thousands. The streets
through which I was to pass were strewn with flowers,
the windows were hung with draperies, and filled with
ladies and children, who threw down flowers; as to the
men, they were either in the procession or standing at
the doors of their houses, holding their hats in the air
and shouting."
But these wild manifestations are not confined
to the Latin races. Of a Russian audience
Salvini says that it demands the appearance
of a successful actor before the curtain " fifteen,
twenty, or even thirty times," and he adds:
"Not content with that, they wait for you at the door,
no matter how long it may take you to dress, and stand
in lines before you for you to pass between, begging a
look, or a touch of your hand; and, if you live so near
by as not to need a carriage, they accompany you on
foot to the door of your lodgings, with open manifesta-
tions of sympathy."
All of which is very strange to the more
phlegmatic American audience, even at the
greatest height of enthusiasm. But there is
much significance in Salvini's further observa-
tion: "The Russian is courteous, hospitable,
liberal to the actor; but, like all those whose
enthusiasm exceeds due bounds, he forgets eas-
ily." No American who has once seen Tom-
maso Salvini in "Othello" or "Civile Morte"
can ever forget him. Jame§ r Runnion.
Mr. Charles Dexter Allen proposes to prepare for
publication a "Handbook to American Book-Plates,"
and asks the assistance of collectors and other interested
persons. Interesting information and examples of rare
plates are particularly desired. Mr. Allen's address is
Box 925, Hartford, Conn. ^ _, ^ ^ ( „■ -;,j


300
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
Briefs on New Books.
Germanic
criticism 0/
Dante.
Mr. Arthur John Butler, favorably
known for his edition (with English
prose translation) of "The Divine
Comedy," now presents to English readers "A Com-
panion to Dante" (Macmillan), translated from the
German of Herr G. A. Scartazzini. We say Herr
Scartazzini, not merely because the author lives in
a German commonwealth and writes in German as
freely as in Italian, but also because his scholarship
is distinctly of the German type, often pedantic and
over-destructive in its criticism. It is surely a Ger-
man who thus comments upon a certain theory of
Father Gietmann: "Being a German, however, he
was too honorable to contest unconditionally the
personal reality of Beatrice." Surely, also, it is a
German who thus argues for Dante's lengthy stay
in Lucca (an argument based upon Purg. xxiv. 43
sqq.): "Further, if the city pleased him for a lady's
sake, he must have stayed for some time there; for
one does not in a couple of days fall in love with a
lady, and, for her sake, with the place in which she
lives." This "Companion to Dante" must not be
confused with the " Manuale Dantesco" of the same
author. That work, published in Milan, was put
into the hands of English readers some years ago
by Mr. Thomas Davidson, with the title "A Hand-
book to Dante." Mr. Butler's translation is of the
"Dante-Handbuch" (Leipzig) of 1892, which is
Herr Scartazzini's revision of his own earlier "Pro-
legomeni della Divina Commedia." All serious stu-
dents of Dante must, of course, reckon with Herr
Scartazzini, whom the death of Witte left at the
head of Continental Dante scholarship. But few
will be willing to accept all the results of his "neg-
ative dogmatism," however they may derive instruc-
tion from his labors. With Dante as with Homer,
German criticism has discredited itself by its own
excesses, and the best English scholarship is the
safer guide in both cases. Mr. Butler, who well
represents this scholarship, gives us a number of
notes corrective of the wilder vagaries of his author,
besides sounding a prefatory note of warning. One
monumental instance of Herr Scartazzini's method
of pleading may be given. Quoting (V. N. § 41)
the words, "Where this most noble lady was born,
lived, and died," the author tells us that "to every
unprejudiced mind " this sentence implies that Bea-
trice "had never left her parents' house." But,un-
fortunately for the theory, the antecedent to this
phrase is "the city," and nothing more is meant
than that Beatrice lived and died in Florence. So,
in spite of Herr Scartazzini, many of us will cling
to our old notions about Dante, although reasoning
akin to that just quoted may have persuaded our
critic to reject them. We may even, perhaps, con-
tinue to believe in the "Letter to a Florentine
Friend," although it is styled "a rhetorical exercise
of later date, which was innocently accepted as a
letter of Dante's." But Herr Scartazzini's book is
really useful as "a companion to Dante," and those
who read no German should be grateful for it. Its
chapters are arranged in five groups, " Dante in His
Home," " Dante in Exile," " Dante's Spiritual Life,"
"Dante's Smaller Works," and "The Divina Corn-
media." Mr. Butler has taken the liberty of omit-
ting the bibliographies, which was perhaps wise,
and of condensing the final chapters, which was
perhaps not so wise.
_. Mr. Thomas A. Janvier's "An Em-
lne new ,m «
Provencal bassy to Provence (The Century
iiim ,../„», qo ^ .g ^e pjeasantiy whimsical rec-
ord of a sentimental journey, mainly by carriage,
from Marseilles to Avignon. The trip may be
made by the rapide in two hours; but the "Em-
bassy," true to diplomatic usage and tradition, man-
aged to consume three months and four days on
the journey. The object of the "mission "— a
visit to the Avignon nest of Provencal poets, the
founders of the Felibridge brotherhood — was hap-
pily accomplished. Roumanille, Mistral, Mathieu,
Gras, leaders of the tuneful choir, were found in
their charming homes; there was much good-fellow-
ship and cordiality, with the due admixture of " Pro-
vencal song and sunburnt mirth "—echoes of which
linger pleasantly in Mr. Janvier's pages. Rouma-
nille's story of the beginning of his life-work is
touching: "He was but a lad of seventeen, a teacher
in the school at Tarascon, when—writing in French
—he first began to dabble in verse. One Sunday,
when he was at home in Saint-Remy, his mother
said to him, 'Why, Jouse, they tell me thou art
making paper talk!' 'Making paper talk, mother?'
'Yes, that is what they tell me. What is it thou
art putting on the paper? What dost thou make
it say?' 'But it is nothing, mother.' 'Oh, yes,
my handsome Jouse, it is something. Tell thy
mother what it is.' But when he recited to her his
French verses she shook her head sorrowfully, and
sorrowfully said to him, 'I do not understand!'
'And then,' said Roumanille, 'ray heart rose up
within me and cried, "Write thy verses in the beau-
tiful language that thy dear mother knows!" That
very week I wrote my first poem in Provencal,
"Jeje"; and, being at home again the next Sunday,
I recited it to her. When she wept, and kissed me,
I knew that my verses had found their way to her
heart; and thenceforth I wrote only in Provencal.'"
Such was the germ of the poetical brotherhood of
the Felibridge — now a great society with branches
in various parts of France and Spain. The volume
contains a portrait of Mistral, and Mr. R. W. Gil-
der has contributed a fine sonnet to "The New
Troubadours."
Sir W. Fraser's "Hie et Ubique"
An entertaining ,« . j 1 o »i \ •
literary medley. (imported by Scribner) is so various
in matter and in manner as fairly to
beggar description. The book is a unique medley
of stories of eminent people, striking personal ex-
periences, curiosities of literature, ingenious deriva-
tions (too ingenious, mostly), obiter dicta, and what
not,— the club-corner chat of a genial man of the


1898.]
301
THE DIAL
world, who has seen much, read widely, and re-
flected moderately. The author has a good deal to
say, incidentally, about Shakespeare (he even peers
cautiously into the Baconian mare's-nest), and
among other questions he starts the following amus-
ing one: "Have the lovers of Shakespeare ever
asked or answered this question? The stage direc-
tion towards the end of that most beautiful scene
between Hamlet and his father's spirit is, 'Cock
crows.' Can it be possible that at any period since
the immortal William's work was first produced an
imitation of a cock crowing was given? can there
have been a time when it would not have produced
a roar of laughter? The very notion of a 'cock-a-
doodle-doo' coming immediately upon the pathetic
utterances of the phantom is quite beyond my be-
lief." This dubious "stage direction" gives rise to
other reflections. Why, for instance, has it not
served as a practical hint to enterprising managers?
Here is a chance for a bit of stage realism that
would throw Mr. Vincent Crummles's "pump and
tub scene" hopelessly into the shade. The public,
we are given to understand, wants "veritism" and
does not care sixpence for the literary and artistic
standards of an effete phase of culture. We have
had real horses, real fire engines, real waterfalls in
our plays, and real bores in our novels. Then why
not the tragedy of "Hamlet" with a real crow from
a real cock? The public would be gratified, man-
agerial coffers would be filled, and the behests of
the immortal bard would be carried out. "Hie et
Ubique" is an altogether capital book to while away
a winter evening.
Uniform in size and form with his
two aeries of last year—" Tales from
Ten Poets" and "Tales from the
Dramatists,"—Mr. Harrison S. Morris now issues
the famous "Tales from Shakespeare " by Charles
and Mary Lamb, with additions by himself to make
them inclusive of the whole number of Shakespeare's
plays (Lippincott). Owing either to the personal
taste of the Lambs, or to the wishes of the original
publisher, or to some other practical consideration,
only twenty of the Shakespearean plays were taken
up by the "Tales" as already known to us, and
these constitute Volumes I. and II. of the present
edition. The remaining sixteen plays, which include
the whole series of English histories and all the Ro-
man plays, occupy Volumes III. and IV., and until
the present time have not been rendered into prose.
They are some of the most difficult of adaptation
to this plan of treatment, yet Mr. Morris has been
very successful, even though his work is brought
into such close juxtaposition with that of the inim-
itable " Elia " and his gifted sister. Each volume con-
tains four illustrations; these are particularly well-
chosen, and are thus in marked contrast to some
that disfigure the numerous cheap and ugly editions
of this classic work which have been thrown on the
market during the eighty-six years since 1807, when
the book was first published.
Tola from
Shakespeare,
New and ad.
A picturesque
narrative of the
Major Joseph Eirkland is the accred-
ited historian of Chicago, having
Chicago massacre. {tMj won ^ ^ ^ h;g fasc;nat_
ing "Story of Chicago." The special episode in
the city annals known as "The Chicago Massacre
of 1812," already conspicuously treated in the larger
work, has recently been made the subject of a spe-
cial volume (Dibble), wherein it is narrated at
greater length, and in the light of newly unearthed
facts. The strictly new matter contained in this
volume is based upon the recollections of Mr. Da-
rius Heald, still living, the son of the Captain Heald
who commanded the white soldiers on the day of
the massacre. Mr. Heald has heard the story from
his parents many times, and thus his evidence, al-
though at second hand, is of great historical value.
Mr. Kirkland has gleaned, more carefully than any
of his predecessors, the facts relating to the massa-
cre, and the record as it stands in his book is prob-
ably as complete as we can ever hope it to be. The
style of the narrative is picturesque and vivid, as
was to be expected of a successful novelist turned
historian, and the numerous illustrations add mate-
rially to the attractiveness of the work.
Fifty years of
good fishing.
Lovers of the contemplative man's
recreation will find both technical
lore and matter of entertainment in
Major F. Powell Hopkins's "Fishing Experiences
of Half a Century" (Longmans). The Major's
piscatorial exploits have been confined chiefly to
England and Ireland, though he has practised the
"gentle art" in Ceylon and southern Spain, where
he was quartered for a time with his regiment.
The book is full of good humor and good stories,
and the special chapter on "The Fast Reel" will
be approved by amateurs. There are a number of
illustrations, of varying merit, by the author.
In their new volume, "To Gipsy-
fnmGiP%lanTa land" (The Century Co.), Mr. and
Mrs. Pennell present their usual
combination of good drawing and flimsy writing.
The text is essentially a rhapsodic tale of the writer's
various encounters with and impressions of the
Romany folk, beginning with the members of a
Gipsy band at an up-town Philadelphia beer-garden,
and ending with the less sophisticated types of
Hungary and Transylvania. Mr. Pennell's strong
drawings — some of which have suffered in the
printing — form the substance of the book and its
sufficient raison d'etre.
A book of
"Drolls."
Mr. J. H. Pearce's "Drolls from
Shadowland" ( Macmillan ) are not
unlike his "Pastels in Prose," at
least in brevity. Mr. Pearce's name is compara-
tively new, though he may be remembered by many
as the author of "Inconsequent Lives." Some of
his crystals of thought on occult problems come
dangerously near the uncanny. "The man who
coined his blood into gold," "The man who could


302
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
talk with the birds," "The man who desired to be a
tree," and the man who parted with his soul for a
kiss and died a gray-haired bishop,— with these
and the other "Drolls" to haunt us, our dreams
need not be devoid of spectral interest. Crisp and
"Frenchy," Poesque and poetical, artful and artis-
tic, are these strays from shadowland, and we may
safely commend them as an antidote against som-
nolency. For so weird a book, a cover design by
Mr. Aubrey Beardsley had been in keeping; but it
is pretty as it is, with its light-blue ribbed cloth,
etched frontispiece, and rubricated title.
BRIEFER MENTION.
The new " Riverside " edition of Thoreau, to be com-
pleted in ten volumes, gives to our philosophical natur-
alist his deserved place among the classical writers of
the country. "A Week on the Concord and Merrimack
Rivers " is the opening volume of this edition, and has
a fine portrait of the author. The other volumes now
issued are "Waldeu," "Cape Cod," and "The Maine
Woods." Each volume has a prefatory bibliographical
note and a separate index. The green cloth covers of
this edition, as well as the other mechanical features,
are in the good taste that the publishers (Houghton,
Mifflin & Co.) have led us to expect.
The uniform and neatly gotten-np edition of Mr.
Cable's novels which the Messrs. Scribner have just is-
sued will be welcome to the purchasers of sets. There
are five volumes — " Old Creole Days," "The Grand-
issimes," "Dr. Sevier," " Bona venture," and "Strange
True Stories of Louisiana." However Mr. Cable may
be without honor among the Creoles whom he has with
such subtle art depicted for us, he has, and is not likely
soon to lose, a large following among the readers of good
literature, wherever they may be found.
Messrs. Scribner have just published a new edition,
in four volumes, with many portraits, of "The Auto-
biography and Recollections of Laura, Duchess of
Abrantes." The work has been scarce for some years,
and the text has been carefully revised for the new edi-
tion. The world does not seem willing to forget the
Napoleonic story, and this history of the inner life of
Napoleon's court will always rank among the most en-
tertaining works upon the Napoleonic era.
"Our Great West" is a volume made up of maga-
zine articles by Mr. Julian Ralph (Harper). It is de-
scribed as "a study of the present conditions and future
possibilities of the new commonwealths and capitals of
the United States." It is of the civilized West that
Mr. Ralph has written, and his book makes little men-
tion of Indians, or of cowboys, or of wild game. In-
stead, he gives us the politics, the society, and the com-
mercial development of such cities as Chicago and San
Francisco, such states as Colorado and the Dakotas.
Mr. Ralph's descriptions are superficial, but picturesque
and sensible. Anecdotes and statistics, standing side
by side, give variety to his animated chapters.
Too late for use as a guide, but not too late to have
a certain value for purposes of reference, we have a
little pamphlet upon " The Publishers' and Other Book
Exhibits at the World's Columbian Exposition," made
up of articles that have been appearing from time to
time in "The Publishers' Weekly." Whoever is re-
sponsible for these articles has made a careful search
for the book exhibits in the Exposition, and has un-
earthed some of them from out-of-the-way corners.
He seems to have missed one or two small exhibits of
Scandinavian books, but with this exception the record
is complete, and gives us intelligent criticism, from the
manufacturing and trade standpoints, of the collections
displayed.
"The Tenant of Wildfell Hall," in two volumes, com-
pletes the tasteful Deut edition of the Bronte sisters,
and the twelve volumes may now be placed in a row.
To the edition of Fielding which Mr. Saintsbury is editing
for the same publishers (Macmillan & Co.), there has
just been added " Amelia " in three volumes. Mr. Saints-
bury's introduction discusses the characters of the novel,
and gives a brief sketch of critical opinion concerning its
relative merits. "It cannot be denied," he says, "that
the book, now as always, has incurred a considerable
amount of hinted fault and hesitated dislike." The
editor is himself inclined to think that "Amelia" is as
good as "Joseph Andrews" or "Tom Jones," although
even he seems a trifle hesitant in the opinion.
New York Topics.
New York, Nov. 9, 189S.
I learn that Prof. Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen spent last
summer at" The Moorlands," his beautiful new home at
Southampton, Long Island, engaged in putting the fin-
ishing touches to " A Commentary on the Writings of
Henrik Ibsen," on which he has been at work during
spare moments for several years, and which I am at
liberty to announce. Prof. Boyesen's long personal ac-
quaintance with Ibsen, as well as his remarkable lin-
guistic abilities, particularly adapt him to be the Nor-
wegian's interpreter. Most of the English reviews of
Ibsen's work and philosophy have been clearly wide of
the mark, while but little criticism worthy of the name
has as yet appeared in this country. Prof. Boyesen's
book will be published here and in England, by the
Macmillans, some time in January or February. The
opening chapters will deal with Ibsen's early or histor-
ical plays as a whole, the later or philosophical plays
receiving a chapter each. Ibsen's poems will also re-
ceive separate attention. The translations of the poems
which Prof. Boyesen has made preserve the metre and
the rhyme of the originals, as in the case of Taylor's
"Faust." He has also translated directly many pas-
sages from the dramas illustrative of the philosophical
propositions considered — existing translations not be-
ing very available in this respect. Altogether, stu-
dents of Ibsen's writings are likely to find this "Com-
mentary" a valuable assistance in their investigations,
while it will be of interest to the general reader as an
interpreter of the text. The articles on Ibsen which
Prof. Boyesen has contributed to The Dial will reap-
pear in this volume.
Mr. Gilbert Parker, the young Canadian novelist who
has come into notice so rapidly during the past year,
has returned to America from London, in order to ar-
range for the serial publication of his new novel, "The
Trespasser," and to obtain a little rest after a year of
very hard work. He is planning trips to Canada and
to Mexico, and will probably spend a month or two in
New York before leaving for England. In spite of the
professed object of his visit he is already working out
the scheme of his next romance, which will deal with


1893.]
303
THE DIAL
ante-Revolutionary times, and will introduce George
Washington as a British officer in the French and In-
dian wars.
The editors of " Harper's," "Scribner's," and the " Cen-
tury " magazines have made extraordinary efforts in the
direction of brilliant Christmas numbers this year. A
glance at the advanced sheets of all three publications
shows almost unparalleled excellence in the engravings
and reproductions, to say nothing of the lists of distin-
guished contributors. Particularly notable are Mr. T.
Cole's engravings after Rembrandt, the first in the series
of old Dutch masters to appear in the " Century." The
expression of color values by plain black and white is
quite marvellous. In "Scribner's," Mr. Allan Mar-
quand's account of his search for della Robbias in Italy
is illustrated by half-tone reproductions in tint, which
render the values of the old paintings in almost as re-
markable a way. It is very clear, however, that, al-
though process-work is rapidly approaching perfection,
we shall not be able to dispense with the wood-engraver
yet awhile.
Another notable instance of artistic process-work is
shown in the illustrations of Mr. Charles A. Piatt's
forthcoming book, " Italian Gardens." It has only been
necessary for the artist-author to select the point of
view in each case, the camera, the process man and the
printer supplementing his work with their own. The
book itself is a thorough exposition of that formal style
of landscape architecture which came into existence
during the Renaissance, and it will be found very help-
ful by our constantly increasing class of villa-dwellers
in summer resorts and the suburbs of great cities.
Mention of Mr. Piatt's book reminds one of the great
number of artists who have recently commenced work
as authors also. It is no longer possible to count them
on the fingers of both hands. The series of " American
Artists' Adventures " and of "Artists' Impressions at
the Fair," now running in two of the magazines, are de-
veloping literary talent in several unsuspected quarters.
The artists, too, have a great advantage over their lit-
erary brethren, for they illustrate their own articles,
and hence the illustrations are always satisfactory. The
second of the two series just mentioned will shortly be
published in book form by Messrs. Charles Scribner's
Sons as "Some Artists at the Fair." I am informed by
the firm that each of the artist-authors approaches the
subject from a different point of view, and gives his im-
pressions, both of the human spectacle and of the aes-
thetic aspects of the Fair, with characteristic candor and
individuality.
World's Fair books multiply apace. Some of them
have been written and printed with surprising rapidity.
Mr. Ellsworth and Mr. Tudor Jenks, of the Century
Company, were delegated to prepare this firm's
"World's Fair Book" for children as late as the last
week in September. Mr. Jenks had completed his
manuscript by October 10, and the last form, illustra-
tions and all, was on the press two weeks later.
The death of Francis Parkman is announced as I
write, and I am reminded of several pleasant interviews
with the historian at New Castle, Portsmouth Harbor,
New Hampshire, where his daughter and artist son-in-
law, Mr. and Mrs. J. Templeman Coolidge, have their
summer home in the old Wentworth mansion. Mr.
Parkman passed a number of summers at New Castle,
and seemed to take much pleasure in the quiet life of
the place. Until his health gave way entirely he could
often be seen rowing about the creeks and inlets, or
sailing in Mr. Coolidge's wherry, with its red-colored
lateen sail. Another of the New Castle literary colony,
Mr. John Albee, has just come to New York for a
month's visit. Mr. Albee was the pioneer of the col-
ony, so to speak, having purchased the Governor Jaffrey
cottage and farm nearly twenty-five years ago. I no-
ticed last summer that he had newly decorated the old
dining-room, and, looking closely, observed that the
border of the wall-paper was composed of a row of
stereotyped plates extending clear around the room.
On inquiring the reason of this strange decoration, Mr.
Albee informed me that these were the plates of his
first book, and that this was his method of getting peo-
ple to read it. All this is changed now, however, for
I learned some time ago from Messrs. Houghton, Mif-
flin & Co. that Mr. Albee's "Prose Idyls," published
by them last year, has gone into a third or fourth edi-
tion.
Among books not yet announced is a new volume of
travels by Dr. Henry M. Field, entitled " The Barbary
Coast," to be published this season by the Scribners.
Dr. Field's warm-hearted individuality always finds its
way into his volumes, and has created for him an in-
creasing class of readers who look for his successive
books with deep interest.
The library of two hundred best or most popular books
which Messrs. J. Selwin Tait & Sons have been so
long preparing will soon begin to appear. It will be
remembered that one hundred and fifty of them are
works of fiction, chosen by a comparison of lists of most
popular novels supplied by libraries throughout the
country. The other fifty volumes have been selected
from general literature. Messrs. Tait & Sons have kept
fifty of the young artists of the Art Students' League
employed in preparing illustrations for these books for
over six months. An article concerning this series and
the librarians' reports will be published in the next num-
ber of the "Forum."
Mr. Willis O. Chapin, author of "Masters and Mas-
terpieces of Engraving," one of Messrs. Harper &
Brothers' most important books of the season, resides at
Buffalo, N. Y., and is a lawyer by profession. He has
made a deep study of the history and theory of the
engraver's art, and is an acknowledged authority on the
subject. Mr. William J. Linton and Mr. Frederick
Keppel have aided him with their advice and assistance.
Arthur Stedman.
Literary Notes and Miscellaxy.
The New York Shakespeare Society will begin, on
January 1, 1894, the publication of "The Bankside
Quarterly," a quarterly magazine devoted to Shake-
speariana and the Contemporary Drama. The editorial
conduct will be assumed by members of the society, and
the magazine will be published by the Shakespeare
Press, a new printing concern, incorporated under the
laws of the state of New Jersey, but doing business in
the city of New York, for the purpose of printing edi-
tions of Shakespeare and books of Shakespearian and
dramatic literature.
The " Anthropological Series," to be edited by Pro-
fessor Frederick Starr, is announced by Messrs. Apple-
ton. The books in this series will treat of ethnology,
prehistoric archaeology, ethnography, etc., and the pur-
pose is to make anthropology better known to intelli-


304
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
gent readers who are not specialists and have no desire
to be, although the series will be one which no special
student can afford to ignore. While these books will
be of general interest, they will be written by authori-
ties, and scientific accuracy will not be sacrificed to pop-
ularity. The first book in this series will be " Woman's
Place in Primitive Culture," by Professor O. R. Mason
of the Smithsonian Institution.
The meeting of the Association Litte'raire et Artis-
tique Internationale, held at Barcelona during the clos-
ing days of September, was reported for the New York
"Nation " by the only American present. The writer
signs only his initials, but we assume them to stand for
the name of Mr. Theodore Stanton. His account of the
conference, which was mainly devoted to copyright, is
very interesting, particularly from the fact that the del-
egates seemed to favor the eventual establishment of
perpetual rights in intellectual property. As a tempo-
rary measure, the uniform term of one hundred years
from publication was recommended. Spain already
does about as much as this — possibly more,— her term
being eighty years beyond the life of the author.
A FRAGMENT FROM AUSTIN HUDSON.
The New York "Times" recently printed an anni-
versary note on Mr. Edmund Clarence Stedman and
his library, written, we understand, by Mr. Henri Pene"
Da Bois, who tells a pretty story about Mr. Austin Dob-
son's " Vignettes in Rhyme," a book that was edited by
Mr. Stedman for the American publishers, and reviewed
in The Dial in its earliest number (May, 1880). "In
his dedication of the book to Oliver Wendell Holmes,"
says Mr. Du Bois, "Austin Dobson had written the
phrase, < made me very pleased and proud.' Stedman,
objecting to the use of 'very' before a participle,
changed the phrase to ' made me proud and very happy.'
[Mr. Du Bois is in error here, as the exact wording in
the dedication is 'made me very proud and happy.']
He advised Dobson, and received from him the follow-
ing neat reply:
"Dear S .• The error is allowed:
'T is clear I can't be ' pleased' and 'proud';
So, if it give your scruples ease.
Let me be ' proud' — and what you please.
Indeed, I 'm rather glad I said it;
It shows how carefully you edit.
And if I break the head of Priscian,
I hope you '11 always be physician.
Since yon so cleverly can cut
A plaster for his occiput —
Making it plain how close you follow,
In all his attributes, Apollo,
Who, with a musical degree,
Like Holmes, was also an M.D.!"
THE WAGNER CULT IN PARIS.
The Parisians having been at last induced to take
their Wagner, the manner of their taking him becomes
of interest, especially as it reproduces certain phases of
the Wagner-Kampf in Germany a generation ago. The
following notes are from the New York " Evening Post":
"If Wagner could have lived as long as Verdi, he
would have been surprised to find that in 1893 the chief
seat of the Wagner cult would be, not at Bayreuth or
Munich, but at Paris. There the 'Walkiire ' has in a
few months reached its fortieth performance, and the
repertoire of the Grand Opera reads week after week,
'Valkyrie,' relache, 'Lohengrin,' 'Lohengrin,' relache,
'Valkyrie.' Parodies of these operas are now in order.
Many years ago Suppe1 wrote the music to a ' Lohen-
gelb,' but the Parisians are to have a parody of their
own this winter, entitled 'The Little Lohengrin.' A
parody of the 'Valkyrie' has already appeared in a
Boulevard theatre. Its name is an atrocious pun on
'La Valkyrie'-—' La V'lakyrit' (la voila qui rit). As
a specimen of the fun, the sword scene may be men-
tioned. Siegmund soliloquizes and wonders where Wo-
tan has put the sword: Oil diable Pa-t-il cachef At
that moment he sees the glowing hilt in the tree, and
exclaims, ' Tiens, Us onl VelectricUe!' Sieglinde taunts
him: 'Have you any muscle?' Whereupon he spits
in his hands and pulls out the sword."
THE VERSATILE AND INSATIATE MR. LANG.
An English writer thus rhymingly bewails Mr. An-
drew Lang's annexation of a large proportion of the
attractive literary territories:
"Lang-syne I loved a ' Fairy Book'
That since I 've seldom seen,
Unprefaced, of a homely look,
And clad in sober green.
Now every 'myth' that e'er was bred
In Europe or Penang
Is 'edited'— in blue or red —
(Of course I by A w L g!
'Sir Walter's' novels never pall —
For strange editions new
The public tireless seems to call:
I turn the cover — Phew!
What, can't we buy our Northern Mage
(Let scholiasts go hang !)
Without, upon his title-page.
The name of A w L g?
Adown the envenomed ' D—ly N—ws'
Each morn I joy to note
How lettered culture doth infuse
A soothing antidote.
And stumbling on some well-worn tag
Of academic slang—
Ah! do n't I know the learned wag,
My blithesome A w L g 1
I 've often wished this critic sound
Would make a slight faux pas.
Some frantic theory propound,
And fall a prey — Aha! —
To Censure's fang: (This rhyming phrase
I kindly throw away)
Confound the man 1 he always says
Just what I want to say.
I'll straight take 'ship ' for foreign shore
(But for that hateful'sign 1' J
And ne'er of sage or classic more
I 'U read another line.
No matter what he says or sings
I close it with a bang,
For over every mortal thing's
The spoor of A w L g!"
NEWLY-PRINTED LETTERS OF MRS. BROWNING.
"The Bookman" (London), in its issue for October,
1893, contains selections from the catalogues of auto-
graph sales during 1892-3; and among other interest-
ing items are extracts from two letters written by Eliz-
abeth Barrett Browning to R. H. Home. The first of
these is dated January 30, 1841, and is as follows:
"I think from a far remembrance that Mrs. Norton's
first poem was called 'The Undying One.' Her chief
poem, that is, the principal one in her last volume, is
'The Dream.' Have you read these? to be of opinion
still, as said the 'Quarterly,' that she is a modification
of Byron? The only poems which could have suggested
such a likeness are the personal ones, I fancy, and they,


i893.]
305
THE DIAL
with some intensity and much pathos, are very unlike
Byron. Do you, too, call Byron vindictive? I do not.
If he turned upon the dark, it was by the instinct of
passion, not by the theory of Vengeance, I believe and
am assured. Poor, poor Lord Byron! How would I
lay the Sun aud Moon against a tennis-ball that he had
more tenderness in one section of his heart than Mrs.
Norton has in all her's—though a tenderness misunder-
stood and crushed, ignorantly, profanely, and solely by
false friends and a pattern wife. His blood is on our
heads, on us in England—even as Napoleon's is. Two
stains of the sort have we in one century — and what
will wash them out?"
The second letter is dated Feb. 20, 1844, and with
reference to the influence on the mind of Charles Dick-
ens of the French School of imaginative literature, says:
"Since I went through the romances of the gifted
Frenchman (Victor Hugo) my admiration for our coun-
tryman has paled down, paler and paler." And again:
"George Sand is the greatest female genius the world
ever saw — at least since it saw Sappho, who broke off
a fragment of her soul to be guessed by — as creation
did by its fossils."
NEW U8E8 OF THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY.
Mr. Edwin H. Woodruff, Librarian of the Leland
Stanford, Junior, University, has printed his address,
given before the Librarians' Congress of last July, upon
"Some Present Tendencies in University Libraries."
The following paragraphs are among the most signifi-
cant:
"The administration of the university library has
been compelled, and will be compelled still further, to
adapt itself to the new methods of university work. In
beginning the study of some special topic, professor and
student wish to make their own preliminary bibliog-
raphy, and then, and afterwards, carry on their investi-
gation by moving from foot-note to foot-note, from ref-
erence to reference, from allusion to allusion, and from
one bibliographical aid to another. It is, therefore, im-
portant that the freest possible access to the books them-
selves should be had — that is, ideally, the freedom of
access of a scholar to his private library, — access that
is regulated by such care as (to express it in the lan-
guage of the law) an ordinarily prudent student would
exercise in his own library of equal value. It is not un-
likely that the university librarian will be forced to take
an entirely new point of view, namely, that the collec-
tion is to be considered as the private working library
of the university student, even of the freshman.
"Perhaps most of the administrative changes pro-
posed to meet these new conditions will find the library
authorities objecting with an 'impossible'; but if the
new method is the correct one, then the modifications
must be made in one way or another, — for the whole
internal polity of a university cannot be made to con-
form to the old library regulations. In these days of
the extension of the elective franchise it will not do to
say that a man is to be deprived of his vote because he
is not fit to vote. The way to make him fit is not by
perpetuating the restriction, but by giving him the right
to vote. It is not too much to hope that, even in the
largest university libraries, all students before very long
may be accorded the freest access to all books in the
department in which they are working.
"Access to the shelves requires that the shelf nota-
tion, whatever else it may be, should be the simplest
possible. As men do not ordinarily think in decimals,
an effort should be made to avoid decimals; as the tem-
per of the investigator should be calm, it must not be
ruffled by too strange a mingling of symbolical letters
and figures. As to classification: One cannot fail to
admire the genius of the creators of all the elaborate
schemes for the amelioration of shelf arrangements.
But one must sometimes feel perplexed to choose among
them, and will echo the exclamation of the Scotch peas-
ant to his companion when, with awe, they looked for the
first time over the prospect from the top of Ben Lomond:
'Ah, Mon Jock, but arna the warks o' the Lard deevil-
ish!' However, each kind of library must adopt that
classification which suits it best. Our modern univer-
sity library is a workshop, and, as in any other work-
shop, the tools must be arranged subordinate to the con-
venience of the worker. The professor and student
move along, not so much from one class of books to an-
other as from one author reference to another."
Topics in Leading Periodicals.
November, 1893 (Second List).
American Notes. Walter Besant. Cosmopolitan.
American Public Schools. G. T. W. Patrick. Dial (Nov.16).
Art and Life Once More. John Burroughs. Dial (Nov. 16).
Artist Adventures. Illus. Walter Shirlaw. Century.
Bacon and Shakespeare. R. A. Proctor. Arena.
Belgian Constitution, Revision of. North American.
Bismarck at Friedricksruh. Bios. Mrs. Kiunicutt. Century.
Book Hunters and Their Vagaries. W.I. Way. Di'af (Nov.16).
Celtic Saints and Romantic fiction. B.W.Wells. Sewanee Rev.
Civil Service Reform. Chas. Leyraan. North American.
Education at Stanford Univ'y. Earl Barnes. Educat'l lieu
Endowments of Culture in Chicago. Dial (Nov. 16).
Fifth Avenue, N. Y. Illus. Mrs. Van Rensselaer. Century.
Gothenburg System and Liquor Traffic. Rev. of Reviews.
Great Northwest. Illus. S.A.Thompson. Rev. of Reviews.
Inland Waterways for the N.W. E. R. Johnson. Rev. of Rev.
Invitation-Forms, English Nobility. Adam Badeau. Cosmopol.
Knowledge and Purity. Laura E. Scammon. Arena.
Lion-Killing. Illus. Mr. Seton-Carr. Century.
Lobengula, King. Illus. Review of Reviews.
Lowell's Letters. Dial (Nov. 16).
Magic among the Indians. H. Kellar. North American.
Map, Walter, First English Essayist. A.W. Colton. Poet-Lore.
Memories and Letters of Booth. Illus. Wm. Bispham. Century.
Mental Defect and Disorder. Josiah Royce. Educational Rev.
Michel, George. Illus. Century.
New York's Wealth. Mayor Gilroy. North American.
Obermann and Matthew Arnold. W.N. Guthrie. Sewanee Rev.
Orphan Asylum, Thoughts in an. Rabbi Schindler. Arena.
Paine, Thomas. E. P. Powell. Arena.
Pool Rooms. Anthony Comstock. North American.
Productivity of the Individual. W. H. Mallock. No. Am.
Railroad Highwaymen. W. A. Pinkerton. No. American.
Richter, Jean Paul. J. F. Wallace. Poet-Lore.
Road Improvement. Gov. Flower. No. American.
Salvini's Autobiography. J. B. Runnion. Dial (Nov. 16).
Sectionalism in Finance. W. P. G. Harding. Sewanee Review.
Senate, Misrepresentation of the. W. M. Stewart. No. Am.
Senate Obstruction. H. C. Lodge. North American.
Silver Production, Future of. £. B. Andrews. Rev. of Rev.
Slave Power and Money Power. Arena.
Smith, Goldwin, on the United States. Sewanee Review.
Social Relations of Insane. H. S. Williams. No. American.
Supernatural in Shakespeare. Annie R. Wall. Poet-Lore.
Teaching Ethics in High Schools. John Dewey. Educat'l Rev.
Teaching Language, A New Method. W.Victor. EducaVl Rev.
Teaching Literature. H. E. Shepherd. Sewanee Review.
Teaching Mathematics. Simon Newcomb. Educational Rev.
Tramp Life in America and England. Illus. Century.
Women as Musicians. T. L. Krebs. Sewanee Review.
Women's Costumes. Illus. Mrs. R. A. Pryor. Cosmopolitan.


306
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
List of New Books.
[The following list, embracing 89 titles, includes all books
received by The Dial since last issue.]
ILLUSTRATED GIFT BOOKS.
The Century Gallery: Selected Proofs from the "Century
Magazine " and "St. Nicholas." Each picture on heavy
plate paper, 13 x 17 inches. The Century Co. $10.
Vathek: An Arabian Tale. By William Beckford. Ed-
ited by Richard Garnett, LL.D., with notes by Samuel
Henley. IUus. with etchings by Herbert Nye, large 8vo,
pp. 255, gilt top, uncut edges. Macmillan & Co. $7.50.
The Life of Marie Antoinette. By Mazime de la Roche-
tei'ie; trans, by Cora H. Bell. In 2 vols., Svo, gilt tops.
Dodd, Mead & Co. $7.50.
The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table. By Oliver Wen-
dell Holmes. In 2 vols., illus., 12mo, gilt tops. Houghton,
Mifflin & Co. $5.
The Christ-Child in Art: A Study of Interpretation. By
Henry Van Dyke. Illus., large 8vo, pp. 236, gilt top, un-
cut edges. Harper & Bros. $4.
Deephaven. By Sarah Orne Jewett. Illus. holiday edition,
12mo, pp. 305, gilt top, uncut edges. Houghton, Mifflin
& Co. $2.50.
Letters From My Mill. By Alphonse Daudet; trans, by
Frank H. Potter. Illus., 8vo, pp. 263, gilt top. Dodd,
Mead & Co. Boxed, $4.
The Rivals: A Comedy. By Richard Brinaley Sheridan.
Illus. with 5 aquarelles and 38 drawings, large 8vo, pp.
184, gilt top, uncut edges. Dodd, Mead & Co. Boxed,
$3.50.
Old Court Life in France. By Frances Elliot, author of
"Diary of an Idle Woman in Italy." In 2 vols., illus.,
8vo, gilt top, rough edges. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Boxed, $4.
Woman in France during the Eighteenth Century. By Julia
Kavanagh. author of "Madelaine." In 2 vols., illus.,
Svo, gilt top, rough edges. G. P. Putnam'sSons. Boxed, $4.
The History of a Bearskin. From the French of Jules
de Marthold. IUus., 12mo, pp. 190. Dodd, Mead &
Co. $1.50.
Miniatures from Balzac. Translated and compiled by
Samuel Palmer Griffin and F. T. Hill. 32mo, pp. 104,
gilt edges. D. Appleton & Co. 50 cts.
A Good Cheer Calendar, 1894. By Mary A. Lathbnry.
12 designs in color. De Wolfe, Fiske & Co. 50 cts.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Letters of James Russell Lowell. Edited by Charles
Eliot Norton. In 2 vols., with portraits, large 8vo, gilt
top, uncut edges. Harper & Bros. Boxed, $8.
The Letters of Asa Gray. Edited by Jane Loring Gray.
In 2 vols., illus., 12mo, gilt tops. Houghton, Mifflin &
Co. $4.
Journal of Colonel George Washington, 1764. With
an Appendix supplying an account of the Battle of the
Great Meadows, and other matters. Edited, with notes,
by J. M. Toner, M.D. Square Svo, pp. 273, uncut. Al-
bany: Joel Munsell's Sons. Boards, $5.
A Companion to Dante. From the German of G. A. Scar-
ta/.zini, by Arthur John Butler. 12mo, pp. 503, uncut.
Macmillan & Co. $3.
The Country School in New England. Text and illus-
trations by Clifton Johnson. Small 4to, pp. 102, gilt
edges. D. Appleton & Co. Boxed, $2.50.
Within College Walls. By Charles Franklin Thwing, au-
thor of "American Colleges." 16mo, pp. 184. Baker &
Taylor Co. $1.
Manual of Linguistics: A Concise Account of General and
English Phonology. By John Clarke, M.A. Svo, pp.
320, uncut. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.
The Process of Argument: A Contribution to Logic. By
Alfred Sidgwick, author of " Fallacies." Kimo, pp. 235.
Macmillan & Co. $1.25.
The Significance of Names. By Leopold Wagner. 12mo,
pp.287. Thomas Whittaker. $1.75.
The Ethics of Literary Art: The Carew Lectures for 1893.
By Maurice Thompson, author of "A Talahassee Girl."
Kimo, pp. 89, gilt top. Hartford Seminary Press. $1.
Paragraph-Writing. By Fred N. Scott, Ph.D., and J. V.
Denney, A.B. Kimo, pp. 259. Allyn & Bacon. 80 cts.
Thoreau's Works: New Riverside edition, Vols. 3 and 4,
The Maine Woods, and Cape Cod. 12mo, gilt top.
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Per vol., $1.50.
BIOGRAPHY.
Life of Edward Bouverie Pusey. By Henry Parry Lid-
don, D.D. Edited by the Rev. J. 0. Johnston,'M. A.,
and the Rev. Robert J. Wilson, M.A. In 4 vols. Vols.
I. and II., illus., large Svo, uncut. Longmans, Green, &
Co. $9 net.
Life and Art of Edwin Booth. By William Winter. Il-
lus., pp. 308, gilt top. Macmillan & Co. $2.25.
The Story of Washington. By Elizabeth E. Seelye: ed-
ited, with introduction, by Edward Eggleston. Bins,
by Allegra Eggleston, 12mo, pp. 382. Appletons' "De-
lights of History." $1.75.
Life of John Greenleaf Whittler. By W. J. Linton.
12mo, pp. 202, uncut. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.
William Blake: His Life, Character, and Genius. By Al-
fred T. Story, author of "The Life of John Linnell."
With portrait, ISnio, pp. 160. Macmillan & Co. 90 cts.
William Jay and the Constitutional Movement for the Abol-
ishment of Slavery. By Bayard Tiickerman. Illus.,
8vo, pp. 185, gilt top. Dodd, Mead & Co. $2.50.
Explorers and Travellers. By General A. W. Greeley,
U.S.A. Illus., 8vo, pp. 363, gilt top. Scribner's "Men
of Achievement." $2. net.
Inventors. By Philip G. Hubert, Jr. Illus., 8vo, pp. 300,
gilt top. Scribner s "Men of Achievement." $2. net.
Dictionary of National Biography. Edited by Sidney Lee.
Vol. XXXVI., Malthus — Mason. Large Svo, pp. 447.
Macmillan & Co. $3.75.
HISTORY.
Massachusetts, Its Historians and its History: An Object
Lesson. By Charles Francis Adams. 12mo, pp. 110, gilt
top. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.
The Pilgrim in Old England: A Review of the History,
Present Condition, and Outlook of the Independent (Con-
gregational) Churches in England. By Amory H._ Brad-
ford, author of "Spirit and Life." 8vo, pp. 362, gilt top.
Fords, Howard & Hulbert. $2.
Stelligeri, and Other Essays concerning America. By Bar-
rett Wendell. Kimo, pp. 217. Chas. Scribner's Sons.
$1.25.
Customs and Fashions in Old New England. By Alice
Morse Earle. 12mo, pp. 387. Chas. Scribner's Sons. $1.25.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
Riders of Many Lands. By Theodore Ayrault Dodge.
Profusely illus., large Svo, pp. 486, uncut edges. Harper
& Bros. $4.
The Land of Poco Tiempo. By Charles F. Liimmis. Illus.,
8vo, pp. 310. Chas. Scribner's Sons. $2.50.
Where Three Empires Meet: Travel in Kashmir, Western
Tibet, etc. By E. F. Knight, author of "The Cruise of
the Falcon." Third edition, illus., 12mo, pp. 528, uncut.
Longmans, Green, & Co. $2.50.
The Realm of the Habsburgs. By Sidney Whitman. 12mo,
pp. 310, gilt top. Lovell. Coryell & Co. $1.25.
POETRY.
Italian Lyrists of To-day. Translations from Contemporary
Italian Poetry, with biographical notices, by G. A. Greene.
12mo, pp. 232, gilt top, uncut edges. Macmillan it Co.
$2.25.
An Old Town by the Sea. By Thomas Bailey Aldrich.
16mo, pp. 128, gilt top, uncut edges. Houghton, Mifflin
&Co. $1.
Mercedes: A Drama in Two Acts. By Thomas Bailey Al-
drich. (As performed at Palmer's Theater.) Kimo, pp.
71, gilt top. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.
FICTION.
Tom Sylvester: A Novel. By T. R. Sullivan, l'-'mo, pp.
428. Chas. Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
To Right the Wrong. By Edna Lyall, author of " Dono-
van." Dins., 16mo, pp. 510. Harper & Bros. $1.50.


1893.]
307
THE DIAL
The Bow of Orange Ribbon : A Romance of New York.
By Amelia E. Ban, author of "Jan Vedder's Wife."
Dlus., 12mo, pp. 370, gilt top. Dodd, Mead & Co. $2.50.
Marion Darche : A Story without Comment. By F. Ma-
rion Crawford, author of "Saracinesca." 12mo, pp. 309.
Macmillan & Co. $1.
The Copperhead. By Harold Frederic. 12mo, pp. 197.
Chas. Scribner's Sons. $1.
Duffels. By Edward Eggleston, author of " The Faith Doc-
tor." 12mo, pp. 202. D. Appleton & Co. $1.25.
Drolls from Shadowland. By J. H. Pearce, author of
"Esther Pentreath." Illus., Kimo, pp. 166, uncut. Mac-
millan & Co. $1.25.
Short Stories. Edited by Constance Cary Harrison. 18mo,
pp.220. Harper's " Distaff Series." $1.
What Necessity Knows. By L. Dougall, author of " Beg-
gars All." 12mo, pp. 445, Longmans, Green, & Co, $1.
Relics. By Frances MacNab. author of " No Reply." 16mo,
pp. 214. D. Appleton & Co. $1.
Queechy. By Elizabeth Wetherell, author of " The Wide,
Wide World." New edition, illus., 12mo, pp. 642. J.
B. Lippinoott Co. $1.
Evening Dress : A Farce. By W. D. Howells. Illus., 24mo,
pp. 59. Harper's "Black and White Series." 50 cts.
BEPRINT8 OP STANDARD FICTION.
Amelia. By Henry Fielding, in 3 vols., illus., 16mo, gilt
top, uncut. Macmillan & Co. $3.
The Tenant of Wlldfell Hall. By Anne Bronte. In 2
vols., illus., gilt tops. Macmillan & Co. $2.
The Pirate. By Sir Walter Scott. New Dryburgh edition,
illus., 8vo, pp. 480, uncut. Macmillan & Co. $1.25.
Ivanhoe. By Sir Walter Scott. Illus., 12mo, pp. 449, gilt
top. CroweU's " Standard Library." $1.
NEW VOLUMES IN' THE PAPEB LIBRARIES.
Harper's Franklin Square Library: The Burden of Isa-
bel, by J. MacLaren Cobban; 8vo, pp. 330. 50 cts.
Appletons' Town and Country Library: A Comedy of
Masks, by Ernest Dowson and Arthur Moore; liimo, pp.
304. 50 cts.
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Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, New York.


314
[Dec. 1,
THE DLAL
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1893.]
315
THE DIAL
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316
[Dec. 1,
THE DIAL
T. Y. Crowell <5c Co.'s New Publications.
CROWELL'S NEW ILLUSTRATED LIBRARY.
Twenty-six volumes, 12mo, printed on fine paper. Illustrated by Garrett, Merrill, Copeland, and other
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1893.]
317
THE DIAL
Houghton, Mifflin & Co.'s Holiday Books.
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Translation of Dante.
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A Native of Winby, and Other Tales.
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An Old Town by the Sea.
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Polly Oliver's Problem.
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The Growth and Influence of Classical Greek
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Greek Lines, and Other Architectural Essays.
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Complete Works of Henry D. Thoreau.
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••• For sale by all Booksellers. Sent by mail, postpaid, upon receipt of price, by the Publisher*,
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., Boston.


318
[Dec. 1,
THE DIAL
Little, Brown, & Co.'s New Publications.
Popular Edition of Francis Parkman's New Work, com-
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*A HALF-CENTURY OF CONFLICT.
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"A Masterpiece." — William Ernest Hbnlet.
A New and Beautiful Edition of the Holiday Success,
"Elizabethan Songs."
ELIZABETHAN SONfiS "IN HONOUR
OF LOVE AND BEAUTIE."
Collected and illustrated by Edmund H. Garrett. With
an introduction by Andrew Lang. Exquisitely printed
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A Volume of Short Stories by the author of'
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With Fire
YANKO THE (MUSICIAN, AND OTHER
STORIES.
Translated from the Polish of Henryk Sienkiewicz by
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1893] THE DIAL 319
THE NOVELS AND ROMANCES OF LORD LYTTON.
<A U^EW AND 'BEAUTIFUL LIBRARY EDITION of Vulwer, with 40 etched frontispieces
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LITTLE, BROWN, & CO., Publishers, 254 Washington St., Boston.


320
[Dec. 1,
THE DIAL
D. APPLETON & COMPANY'S NEW BOOKS.
In the Track of the Sun.
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Toems of U^ature.
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The Country School in New England.
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Louisa OAuhlbacVs Historical Shovels.
New edition, 18 vols. Illustrated, 12mo, cloth, per
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The Story of Washington.
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peasantry; and it pictures Charlotte Bronte's uncle as he prepared a new
blackthorn and crossed to England to wreak Irish vengeance upon a
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The Romance of an Empress.
Catharine II., of Russia. By K. Waliszewski. 1*2 mo.
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There has been no more extraordinary figure In Russian history than
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and presents some fresh aspects of European history.
A Friend of the Queen.
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This is the true and intimate life history of the Swedish soldier,
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wretchedly at Vareunes, the grand marshal of Sweden, and finally the
victim of mob fury, killed like a mad dog with sticks and stones in
Stockholm, make a career to which history offers few counterparts.
The tArt of {Music. -
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D. APPLETON & CO., Nos. 1, I & 5 Bond Street, New York.


1893.]
321
THE DIAL
D. APPLETON & COMPANY'S NEW BOOKS-Continued.
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Camp-Fires of a Naturalist.
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322
[Dec. 1,
THE DIAL
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JOHN HOLDEN, UNIONIST.
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THE ROMANCE OF A SCHOOL BOY.
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