and the charm
of his reading is decreased. Then his primitive interest
must be supplanted by something further. The later
process of studying the isolated fact is good in its time;
but if premature, it causes the student to regard his
study of literature as a de-naturalizing, unbeautifying
process, and he will look in later years with a horrified
remembrance on the classics that suffered such a pro-
cess at the hands of his teachers.
I wish to speak of an objection to the study of liter-
ature, which, as it meets every student, must be met by
the teacher. As the student enters his second or third
year in college he is confronted by lines of elective study.
He is called on, to a certain extent, to shape the growth
of his own mind. He is eager to make the best of his
college course; he wishes to choose wisely, that he may
make the most of himself. Nine students out of ten in
this situation say to themselves on first thought: "I can
study literature for myself after leaving college; I must
not let work that can be accomplished then stand in the
way of what must be done now or not at all; the study
of literature would be delightful, but it would require
a good deal of time, and under the circumstances would
be an indulgence." This, I repeat, is the thought of
many students at the critical moment of their college
lives. I must take for granted that many readers of
The Dial have already answered this objection for
themselves. Yet it is an objection that the teacher must
carefully answer to those who enter at all on his elect-
ive work,— not with an ex-cathedra answer, but the
silent, satisfactory answer of skilfully conducted work.
As the Latin and Greek classics were made the instru-
ments of culture by the instructors of English youth
during the past centuries, so our English classics, with
less intervention of the merely technical, can be made the
instruments of culture for the American youth. These
English classics were, primarily, the education of James
Russell Lowell; and they must be the education of the
American Chancers and Miltons and Wordsworths who
will yet come. Let the teacher convince the student of
this, as every good teacher of literature does, and he
will have the choicest students of the college in his elect-
ive courses.
The student, in consequence, makes certain require-
ments of his teacher in this department. He expects a
living, cultured personality, not a fact-hopper warranted
to grind and sift a certain quantum of knowledge in
a given period of recitation hours. The life in the
teacher which adds real zest to the study is helpful in
any line; personal enthusiasm can modify even a prop-
osition in Euclid, though the fact that the "sum of the
angles of a triangle is equal to two right angles " may be
demonstrated by an automaton. But to the successful
teaching of literature, such life is absolutely indispens-
able; for the study of literature is more directly a study
of life in its wide relations, and life only can interpret
life. The teacher needs natural and manly sentiments
and thoughts, not technical apparatus; and these can
find origin only in the essential character.
The student also has his opinions as to what the teach-
er's purpose with a student should be. It is an almost
universal trait of young minds to rebel against being
reduced to a means. They are still idealists in life;
nothing presents itself to them as more worthful than
their own life and its prospects. Hence, while they are
willing to do almost any amount of work for their own
growth, they are very slow to make of themselves stones
for the temple of learning. They are still possessed by
the thought that a whole is greater than its parts—that
the individual life is greater than learning; they are
still in what some lament as a state of primitive egoism.
The successful teacher must adapt himself to this state
of the young mind. He must bring some real contribu-
tion to that self-treasured life; he must make the stu-
dent feel that he considers that life worth working for,
and must shape his methods and choice of masterpieces
to that end. And to do this, the student must be made
to feel that he is a man, or at least has the promise of
manhood; that his natural sentiments are right in gen-
eral, and need training and direction, rather than nox-
ious weeds to be extirpated and replaced by flowers
transplanted from the teacher's mind. Thus the pur-
suit of his own ambition and his natural interest in good
reading will lead him on to the most serious efforts for
a literary education.
Facts leave us, faculties never. No student who has
reached the junior year doubts this. He has forgotten
the tables for compound numbers, he is unable to name
the figures of speech. But he knows that he himself,
his essential manhood, in its intellectual and moral as
well as its physical self, has been developing thews, has
gained power to grapple with problems of much more
importance. He even goes at times to the dangerous
extreme of nonchalance for fact. In his studies, includ-
ing his study of literature, he will appreciate an effort
on the part of the teacher to form proper tastes and
develop powers of doing within him. He will travel
laboriously through disjointed facts of literary history
and literary origins with an inward protest; but he will
eagerly labor for the literary taste which he sees can
interpret whatever literature is presented to it; for he
is really anxious to get that invaluable secret of which
Mr. Edward Dowden speaks — the interpretation of
one good book, and by it the power over many. Hence
he will be ready to study that in literature which has
essential worth, but will be less moved by historical,
technical, or other adventitious interest. He will wel-
oome his Shakespeare, but care little for Shakespeare's
antecedents. He will care less for origins than for life.
And so the great treasure for which his teacher will
ever be held in grateful remembrance will be the sound


1894.]
149
THE DIAL
judgment and sympathetic heart so necessary for en-
trance into the kingdom of intellectual and moral life.
I do not wish to be understood as attacking the in-
vestigation of the historical and adventitious. I simply
speak from the standpoint of the growing young mind.
Once let it arrive at its proper maturity, and it will see
these things in their right relations and work for them
accordingly. But let no teacher hasten this time unad-
visedlv- Charles W. Hodell.
Shady Side Academy, Pittsburg, Pa., Sept. IS, 1894.
A WORD UNFITLY SPOKEN.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
Many of your readers besides the personal friends of
Professor Ely must have read with satisfaction the let-
ter in your issue of Sept. 1, headed "The New York
'Nation' and Its 'College Anarchist.'" The writer is
clearly very much in earnest, and he does his theme jus-
tice so far as he chooses to go. He omits, however, to
note a material point upon which he as well as others
who have canvassed the matter might well have en-
larged in the interests of sanity and precision in current
economic discussion. It is surely high time that news-
papers which assume to instruct people and even to
gpeak ex cathedra on social questions should themselves
grasp such elementary facts as that "socialist" and
"anarchist" are not interchangeable terms of political
philosophy. To urge this is certainly not to stickle for
any metaphysical nicety of definition. Whatever social-
ism may mean, it does not mean anti-socialism; and to
style a man of Dr. Ely's views an " anarchist" is to be-
tray a looseness of thinking and a vagueness of element-
ary conceptions not very consistent with special preten-
sions to accuracy. No friend of "The Nation" will
willingly admit that, in the case in point, it stooped to
the methods of " The Rowdy Journal," and called Pro-
fessor Ely "anarchist," instead of socialist, simply be-
cause the former term is the more abusive and vitriolic
of the two. We prefer to ascribe the use of the unfor-
tunate epithet to passing inadvertence rather than de-
liberate scurrility. Inadvertence, however, in a journal
of standing, may prove to be a serious matter to the
victim of it. One does not expect much in the way of
technical precision from the ordinary newspaper, which
is admittedly made, like the razors in the ballad, "to
sell." Neither its readers nor its victims take its epi-
thets in other than a very Pickwickian sense; but when
a journal like " The Nation " styles this or that teacher
or preacher an "anarchist," the public justly assumes
that it means to characterize and not merely to abuse
him—in short, that it means what it says. For instance,
when the good people of Wisconsin learned through its
columns that the Director of the School of Economics
in their State University was, presumably, moulding the
young gentlemen in his charge into embryo Mosts and
Bakounines, they promptly proceeded to investigate him.
Probably the next cry of " Wolf !" from the same quar-
ter will receive less attention. To lump socialists and
anarchists together, as is sometimes done, on the ground
that both schools are dissatisfied with existing civil ar-
rangements, seems a poor quibble. The classification
simply makes a socialist, or an anarchist, or both, of
every man of us whom nature has favored with the nor-
mal capacity for thinking and feeling. Even the hardiest
exponent of newspaper " cocksureness" wonld hesitate
to rank, say, Professor Huxley with the "dangerous
classes"; yet we find him saying: "Even the best of
modern civilizations appears to me to exhibit a condi-
tion of mankind which neither embodies any worthy/
ideal nor even possesses the merit of stability. I do
not hesitate to express the opinion, that, if there is no
hope of improvement of the condition of the greater
part of the human family. ... I should hail the ad-
vent of some kindly comet, which would sweep the whole
affair away, as a desirable consummation." If there be
anything in the writings of even our 11 College Anarch-
ist" savoring more strongly of the gospel of discontent
than this, I have failed to see it. \y. R. k.
Pittsfield, Mats., Sept. 4, 1894.
"THE FREEDOM OF TEACHING."
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
The editorial in your last issue discussing the recent
heresy trial in our State University, and incidentally
the freedom of teaching, meets my cordial approval in
the main. I cannot agree, however, that it is an "out-
rage " to question the teaching of any person employed
by the State in a proper case. Indeed, I believe it to
be the paramount duty of the board of management of
every educational institution to know that no instruc-
tion is given subversive to the power which employs it.
To decline to do this, the governing body would, in my
judgment, be recreant to the important trust reposed
in it. I do not wish to be understood that there should
be any attempt at dictation on the part of governing
boards. No teacher worthy the name would tolerate
that. But I insist that teachers of whatever experience
should not" be practically unassailable," and should not
"be absolutely free to do their own work in their own
way." In other words, I hold that teachers, like all the
rest of the great army of the employed, should be al-
ways accountable to some authority or power greater
than they, yet freely granting to them the largest lati-
tude and freedom in matters of detail and routine. I
hold that in matters in which the State is concerned,
the State, through its appropriate officers, ought to be,
as a matter of right, consulted. So in the sense here
indicated there should be a supervisory power and con-
trol somewhere, not to interfere with "untrammelled
research and the unbiased pursuit of truth," but to make
impossible the instruction and advocacy of the wild and
untried theories, systems, and notions of mere partisans,
whose erudition is not above suspicion. We want the
fullest freedom of teaching. But let that teaching be.
always subject to the scrutiny of the power which em-
ploys it, not for the purpose of unreasonably placing
the brakes on intellectual progress, not to hamper meth-
ods of teaching, not to prevent the right of personal in-
vestigation of any question, but because there should he-
accountability to some authority. I feel certain that
in this position I am sustained by many members of the
teaching profession. Duanb Mowry.
Milwaukee, Wit., Sept. If, 1894.
[The question at issue in the editorial referred
to is precisely that of what constitutes a "proper
case " for State interference. Such interference, wa
contended, would only be justified by an " offense of
the grossest sort" The time for inquiry and vigil-
ance is when a man's appointment to an important
university post is in question; that time is past, except
for some extraordinary emergency, when he has be-
gun to perform the duties of bis professorship. —
Ebb. Dial].


150
[Sept. 16,
THE
DIAL
2flje Iffeto Boofts.
A Sunbeam from the Thirteenth
Century. *
M. Paul Sabatier's " Life of St. Francis of
Assisi" is not an easy volume to review. The
author confesses that it was hard to write. The
translator would perhaps acknowledge that
it was hard to put into English. If Gallic
measure and precision seemed unsuited to
the expression of expansive Italian emotion,
perhaps certain delicate shades of French
sentiment were difficult to transfer into their
English equivalents. Some question of rival
editions is said to have hurried the translator's
pace and allowed small opportunity of revis-
ion. We have not the original at hand, but
there must be something wrong on page 445,
where several most legendary authorities are
said to "sin only by excessive critical scru-
ples." The context suggests that for "sin
only " we should read "hardly err." A single
such lapse may be forgiven in so long a labor.
Mrs. Houghton's English is in the main clear
and simple, telling the story without compelling
attention to the fact that it is a translation.
M. Sabatier is not a novice in the art of bi-
ography. His masterly volume upon St. Paul,
a few years since, prepared a welcome in ad-
vance for any of its author's subsequent writ-
ing. There is a wide gap between the first
century and the thirteenth, between the Apos-
tle to the Gentiles and the founder of the Fran-
ciscans; but each period and each character
unfolds its secrets under one method of labo-
rious investigation, sound judgment, and sym-
pathetic vision. The author looks out of his
own eyes and suffers no mists of tradition to
befog him. Yet he is no iconoclast. He rev-
erences the essential humanity of his heroes.
They may be shadowed by the hood of the
monk or transfigured by the halo of saint or
apostle, but they are still men, to be helped
down from their pedestals and restored to life
and motion.
It is not strange if they seem cramped at
first, and if they limp a little. M. Sabatier is
less clear and logical in his narrative than we
could desire. It is not always easy to see how
far he is leading us. Perhaps his position
makes him cautious and induces him partially
to veil his results. Perhaps, in protracted grop-
* The Life of St. Francis of Assisi. By Paul Sabatier.
Translated by Louise Seymour Houghton. New York:
Charles Scribner's Sons.
ing among mediaeval chronicles, he has blunted
the edge of his French instinct for form and
order, or perhaps he has approximated too
closely to the nature of his subject. St. Francis
was a great heart rather than a logical intelli-
gence. He had the " vision" rather than the
"faculty" divine. Shall we say that his bi-
ographer seems rather to feel him than pre-
cisely to comprehend or clearly interpret him?
After all, M. Sabatier cannot be expected to
be altogether of the thirteenth century. His
book attracts and vexes you. You love the
writer and are out of patience with him through
alternate pages and paragraphs. He inserts a
parenthetic moral or rhapsody in the midst of
a dispassionate examination of contemporary
authorities. You are not in the mood for it
and resent the abrupt transition.
M. Sabatier has critically dealt with his am-
ple materials. He tells us that few lives in
history are so abundantly provided with docu-
ments as that of St. Francis. They consist of
his well authenticated writings; of contempo-
rary or early memoirs ; of numerous papers of
Cardinal Ugolini (afterwards Gregory IX.),
the man who, "without perhaps excepting St.
Francis, most profoundly fashioned the Fran-
ciscan institutions"; of pontifical bulls relating
to the order during the critical years of its in-
fancy; of chronicles penned by its first asso-
ciates, including that volume of fairy tales, the
Fioretti, in which we behold things not as they
were but as they seemed to that imaginative
and childlike generation ; and of other records
by those not connected with the order, but
brought within the range of its founder's magic
influence, writings which still "vibrate with
enthusiasm," while often " absolutely fantastic"
as to the details which they relate.
The first life of St. Francis, by Thomas of
Celano, is a party pamphlet, to be entitled
"The Legend of Gregory IX." It was written
soon after the death of its subject, in the midst
of an eager struggle between those members
of the Franciscan order who wanted only what
St. Francis had wanted, and those who were
bent on remoulding his work into closer har-
mony with the ecclesiasticism of the period.
At least five years before his death the Papacy
had prevailed; the laic and popular elements
of the work had been suppressed ; Francis had
been gently set aside from any practical con-
trol of affairs, and transfigured into a remote
glory as saint and founder. Twenty years
later Thomas of Celano, becoming better in-
formed of the meaning of the struggle, wrote


1894.]
151
THE
DIAL
a revised and corrected biography, in which,
however, the strife of factions still occupies the
foreground, "history becomes the vehicle of a
thesis, and instead of a poem we have a cleverly
constructed catalogue."
The memoir of the " Three Companions,"
the near associates of the founder through the
formative period of the order, is very precious,
and though in its present condition but a mu-
tilated fragment, is still "the finest piece of
Franciscan literature." The legends of the
Fioretti convey the spirit of the saint, and
"while charming as literature, are not value-
less as history." You smile at the incidents
and inhale with gratitude the atmosphere.
Such things never happened, perchance, yet
the coloring is vivid and true. Better than
any cool daylight is the light that never was
on sea or land.
It was in 1260, a generation after the death
of St. Francis, that St. Bonaventura, in the
supposed interest of his order, prepared a new
biography. It was voluminous but lifeless, a
compilation with a purpose, meant to steer a
safe middle course between "the Scylla of
Yes and the Charybdis of No," and so satisfy
at once the Zealots of the old Rule and the
Liberal Constructionists who had explained it
away into something quite different from the
intention of St. Francis. This biography was
declared the one authorized version, and all
other lives were ordered to be destroyed as
unofficial and conflicting. From these varied
sources, with many sidelights from other quar-
ters, M. Sabatier has constructed his picture.
It is a portrait by an impressionist of a winning
and simple and wise-hearted lover of mankind.
That was his distinction. The hero of Charles
Lamb's tragedy of "John Woodvil" describes
himself as "in some sort a general lover."
Being asked to specify " What is it you love "?
he answers —
"Simply all things that live.
From the crook'd worm to man's imperial form
And God-resembling likeness. The poor fly
That makes short holiday in the sun-beam
And dies by some child's hand. The feeble bird,
With little wings, yet greatly venturous
In the upper sky. The fish in the other element
That knows no touch of eloquence."
That was St. Francis. He loved simply all
things that live. They were his brothers, his
sisters,—from the insects, the birds, the fishes,
to the wolf of the Appenines or the hardly less
predatory inhabitant of the Umbrian plain.
Nay, to him sun, moon, and stars were of the
one great family, and He that made them was
loved no less simply and naturally than they.
And just here the life of Francis becomes ob-
scure, and to men of colder frame and less child-
like spirit, scarcely intelligible. What gush-
ing nonsense all that talk about his brother,
the sun — those sermons to the birds and the
fishes, the rabbits and the wolves! It is com-
paratively easy to guess at the processes of a
large intellect, but who can trace and measure
the pulse-beats of a great throbbing heart?
Even in his lifetime those nearest to him mis-
conceived and misinterpreted him. They were
dull as the disciples about our Lord. They
meant to echo him, but lost the key and changed
the tone. They refracted his white light even
in transmitting and reflecting it. He, a spir-
itual troubadour,"God's juggler," gay as a min-
strel, soaring and singing as a lark, went, " in
a rapture of love, from cottage to cottage, from
castle to castle, preaching absolute poverty,"
absolute freedom from wordly care, nothing for
self, everything for others ; and the sweet dar-
ing strain charmed the ear and touched the
soul, but perplexed the timid judgment. "That
buoyant enthusiasm, that boundless idealism,
could not last." The order was open to every-
one; and everyone, after the manner of men,
fashioned it in his own likeness and wore his
rue with a difference. For the unsystematic
mind of St. Francis had been averse to any
elaborate organization. He, and those drawn
to him in spirit, undertook the simplest follow-
ing of Jesus, the reproduction of that holy life
under the changed conditions of their time. It
was a monastic age, and the pallor of the clois-
ter touched even the healthiest cheek. It was
an ascetic age, and it was hard to esbape its
influence and not despise and maltreat the body
in the interest of the soul. It was an eccle-
siastical age, and it was hard to see that the
laity were indeed the Church, and the clergy
but its working officials. It was a dogmatic
age, and men lived under a pressure of author-
ity that cramped all independent thinking. But
in spite of his time, not by virtue of an extra-
ordinary intellect but of a great heart, hardly
conscious of his departure from the mood of
his period, Francis went out for himself into a
large liberty, and sought to enfranchise others.
His Rule was little more than a brief extract
from the words of Jesus in the Gospels. Catch
that spirit, he seemed to say, and all the rest
will follow. It was enough indeed for him, and
for those who stood nearest him. But pres-
ently the dense environment encroached upon
this first childlike simplicity. The mood and
fashion of the age stole over it. The little un-


152
[Sept. 16,
THE
DIAL
worldly group of brothers were speedily com-
pacted into a drilled group of mendicants. The
Rule, which the worn saint with his dying
breath conjured the brethren never to change
by gloss or comment, soon was authoritatively
interpreted into more definite conclusions, and
subtly explained away, with wire-drawn dis-
tinctions between the founder's counsels and
his commands, "until poverty, as St. Francis
understood it, became a memory." Men "for-
got the freshness, the Italian gayety, the sunny
poetry " of his conception. Admiring, rever-
ing, canonizing him, they thought to give body
and force to his somewhat vague and ineffect-
ive dreams. They magnified and distorted the
image of their saint. They lost sight of what
he was, and praised him for what he was not
and never sought to be. They made dull prose
out of all his poetry. The institution grew as
the impulse which originated it dwindled. There
was a new order in the Roman Church, a new
saint on the Roman Calendar; but the fine
dream of St. Francis had been dissipated. It
had fled to the limbo of dreams that were
dreamed too soon, of fond ideals of which the
world was still unworthy. Meanwhile, the peo-
ple, with their unsophisticated hearts, cherished
the memory of the dreamer, loved this "gen-
eral lover," and so came dimly to know him, to
love and know him as the chiefs of his order
never loved or knew. The popular imagina-
tion of Italy retains his image, while grave his-
torians, biased by preconceptions, unfamiliar
with childlike genius touched with heavenly
radiance, have fumbled over their records and
missed the meaning of such gracious, guileless
sainthood. M. Sabatier, by sheer sympathy of
spirit, has caught the clue, and put it into his
reader's hands. If its windings seem some-
times obscure and labyrinthine, it is yet well
worth their following. For character of this
large-hearted sort is rare. The pilgrims that
are minstrels, the saints that can laugh and
sing, the indiscriminate lovers of God and man
and every living thing in earth and heaven,
are a scant company—a precious possession of
the race, not to be forgotten through the ages.
The mitred bishops and the hooded doctors
pass, and the dust settles upou their footprints.
But Love, the buoyant, wayward, blundering
child, goes singing on his way, and is immor-
tal.
St. Francis, in an age " when men had all
the vices except triviality and all the virtues
save moderation," when Nature was a realm of
magic, and all imaginations were peopled with
visions of heaven and hell, was " not born with
nimbus and aureole." He could say with the
chief Captain, "With a great sum obtained I
this freedom." At his own grave cost he en-
tered upon his mission. He was a man of the
people, yet at home with the privileged classes.
He was loyal to the Church, which he persisted
in beholding in its evangelical ideal, while im-
patient with the actual faltering reality. He
was a poet-prophet, no mere founder of an or-
der. He claimed from the Papacy the privi-
lege of owning nothing, which proved to be
more than the Roman Curia could grant. The
poverty he sought and sang was not a disabil-
ity but a power,— the bird's careless freedom
on its bough, the flower's fragrant joy in the
sunshine. The religion of the time could con-
ceive of no such glad liberty. It brooded over
its own soul, and sadly shrivelled from inac-
tion. It tried to love God without serving man,
and found in a God so loved a Moloch, stern
and awful. St. Francis caught the secret of
Jesus. He gave himself to the right hand and
the left, gave his best to the neediest. His aim
was to awaken love by loving, and transform
character through self-consecration. It was an
innocent, a beneficent, a Christlike aim. Such,
however, was the unripeness of the time that
his work was wrested from his hands and
warped from his purpose. It was an effort
after an ideal even now unattained, for while
"the Revolution made us all kings, neither the
Revolution nor the Reformation was able to
make us all priests." That is the task that
lies before the leader of souls to-day, and M.
Sabatier has bravely forwarded it.
C. A. L. Richards.
A IjIbkaby of History.*
To the present writer, as doubtless to most
literary workers, the need of an encyclopaedia
of purely historical information has long been
apparent; and he once began, in a somewhat
desultory way, to collate material for a work
of that nature. He proceeded far enough to
learn something of the amount of labor involved
in such a work, and thus to appreciate the ex-
tent of this labor when performed by another.
A cursory glance at the first two volumes of
* History fob Ready Reference, from the best Histo-
rians, Biographers, and Specialists. By J. N. Lamed. With
numerous historical maps from original studies, and drawings
by Alan C. Reiley. In five volumes. Sold only by subscrip-
tion. Volume I., A to Elba. Volume II., Eldo to Grea.
Springfield, Mass.: The C. A. Nichols Co.


1894.]
153
THE
DIAL
Mr. J. N. Larned's "History for Ready Ref-
erence and Topical Reading" is sufficient to
discover that they represent years of patient
labor and exhaustive study. That Mr. Larned
is President of the American Library Associa-
tion and Superintendent of the Buffalo Public
Library implies that he has had unsurpassed
facilities for carrying out to a satisfactory con-
clusion his conception of a cyclopaedia and
index of history. The work is not a mere dic-
tionary of dates. It recognizes history as em-
bracing far more than chronology or narratives
of events. In its preparation the entire field
of historical literature has been laid under con-
tribution. The articles are composed of ex-
tracts from recognized historical experts, to
whom due credit is given. References are
freely given by which the study of the various
topics can be still further extended. Abund-
ant opportunity is found to judge of the edit-
or's discriminating judgment and critical skill
in an examination of the following important
articles in the first two volumes, ranging from
twenty to two hundred pages in length : Amer-
ica ; American Aborigines; Athens ; Austria;
Balkan and Danubian States ; Barbary States;
Canada; China; Christianity (down to the
tenth century) ; Education ; Egypt; England;
Florence; France; and Germany. The editor's
only original contribution to either of these vol-
umes is a historical review of Europe, covering
seventy-four pages. This is sufficient, how-
ever, to illustrate his ability to handle lucidly
a complex subject.
It is difficult to give in brief space a clear
idea of the comprehensiveness of the work. But
it is partially indicated by the fact that, the
above-named important papers being set aside,
each volume contains about eight hundred sub-
jects fully treated, though in length varying
from a single paragraph to several pages; and
about twenty-four hundred titles introduced as
cross references. Biographical and geograph-
ical names are thus treated. The wide scope
of the work is further indicated by its treat-
ment of such subjects as Education (an im-
portant review of the history of education
brought down to include the University Ex-
tension movement), Electrical Discovery, Fac-
tory Legislation, Debt Legislation, and Civil.
Service Reform in England and America; by
its giving, in extenso, the constitutions of thir-
teen existing nations, as well as cross references
to at least ten others ; and by explaining many
terms of historical significance (e.g."Bossism,"
"Sherman's Bummers," "Contraband," and
"Creole"), for whose origin and meaning fu-
ture generations will undoubtedly inquire. Ap-
parently the editor is more willing to incur the
fault of including too much than too little.
The two volumes now ready are to be fol-
lowed by three others at intervals of about three
months. The paging is continuous throughout
the volumes. The work has reached page 1564.
The maps, supplied by Alan C. Reiley, are new
and valuable. A. H. Noll.
Recent Studies in Sociology.*
The table of contents of the " Introduction to the
Study of Society," by Professors Small and Vin-
cent, is, to a student of sociology, a most appetiz-
ing menu. Here we find discussed, in pure and
strong English, the origin and scope of sociology,
the natural history of society, social anatomy, phy-
siology, pathology, and psychology. By Descriptive
Sociology the authors mean " the organization of all
the positive knowledge of man and of society fur-
nished by the sciences and sub-sciences now desig-
nated or included under the titles Biology, Anthropol-
ogy, Psychology, Ethnojogy, Demography, History,
Political and Economic Science, and Ethics." By
Statical Sociology is meant "a qualitative and ap-
proximate account of the society which ought to be.
Social Statics is, in brief, social ethics." It is de-
clared that a distinction should be made, in the
interest of clearness of thought and of practical
efficiency, between Statical and Dynamic Sociology.
This last " proceeds to investigate means of employ-
ing all the available forces of society in the interest
of the largest human welfare." The present vol-
ume does not attempt to go beyond Descriptive So-
ciology. It is a " laboratory guide " for sociological
observation and investigation. It directs attention
upon significant facts and to the essential relations
•An Introduction to the Study of Society. By A.
W. Small and G. E. Vincent. New York: American Book
Company.
A Traveler from Altrubia. By W. D. Howells. New
York: Harper & Brothers.
Social Evolution. By Benjamin Kidd. New York: Mac-
millan & Co.
The Aoed Poor in England and Wales. By Charles
Booth. New York: Maomillan <ft Co.
The Theory of Sociology. By Franklin H. Giddings.
Philadelphia: American Academy of Political and Social
Science.
Random Roaminos. By Augustus Jessopp. New York:
G. P. Putnam's Sons.
The English Peasant. By Richard Heath. London:
T. Fisher Unwin.
The Unemployed. By Geoffrey Druge. New York:
Macmillan & Co.
Social Reform and the Church. By John R. Commons.
New York: T. Y. Crowell & Co.
Handbook of Sociological Information with Espe-
cial Reference to New York City. By W. H. Tolman
and W. I. Hull. New York: The City Vigilance League.


154
[Sept. 16,
THE
DIAL
of facts to each other. The reading of Book One
will require the closest attention of trained students.
In Book Two, "The Natural History of a Society,"
we have an account of the growth of a city from
the time a single settler took his homestead on the
prairie, through the stages of village and town and
the transition stage, to the hour when a highly com-
plex commercial centre comes into existence. Every
statement is illustrated by concrete examples. The
effort is made to hold attention to social reality, just
as in a physical or biological laboratory the teacher
seeks to keep the student's eyes fastened upon the
matter of investigation. In the later Books the au-
thors return to exposition of social doctrine. With-
out slavish imitation of Schaffle, we have here the
essential elements of his exposition for the first time
in intelligible English; but there is original treat-
ment with local illustrations. In this work we have
the pioneer text-book for college classes and begin-
ners in sociology. It does not claim to offer con-
tributions to the science, and yet so clear an expo-
sition of so complicated a subject may legitimately
be regarded as an actual addition to the discussion.
The chapter on the scope of sociology will provoke
a debate which will promote the settlement of the
vexed question of the place of sociology in the cir-
cle of the sciences and in a course of study.
The romance of Mr. Howells, " A Traveler from
Altruria," belongs in the same general category with
Plato's " Republic," More's "Utopia," Campanella's
"City of the Sun," and Bellamy's " Looking Back-
ward." Every man creates for himself a picture
of a future perfect society in his imagination, but
once in many years some poetic mind embodies the
vision in a description. No harm is done, so long
as the dream is not seriously regarded as a working
programme to be carried out in details. Fortunately
these visions are contradictory, and one illusion cor-
rects another. This prophetic spirit, hovering over
those who toil along the dusty way of pain-bought
progress, cheers the pilgrims and keeps up heart-
courage for the journey and the strife. This seems
to be the social function of those who write novels
and romances. The humiliating contrast between
our own ideals and conduct awakens the conscience
and sets us upon immediate correction of obvious
evils. Mr. Howells's Altrurian traveller leaves us
angry at his rebukes, but reflecting on our deeds.
Not in vain has he visited this green earth; not
in cruelty and wrath has he rudely shocked our
apathetic complacency.
In Mr. Benjamin Kidd's " Social Evolution " we
have a work whose popular form, earnest spirit, and
bristling paradox insure a wide reading. Buckle
taught that the intellectual factor is dominant in
social progress, and that morality is stationary.
Draper represented that religion, as embodied in the
Church, was the foe of advance. Marx and many
other socialists look to materialistic and economic
interests for their revolutionary forces. Here is a
writer who regards the intellectual factor as a sub-
ordinate element, religion as the mainspring. But
the teachers of religion must beware of the Greeks
who bring such gifts, for religion is not " rational,"
it is distinctly "irrational." The doctrine is so
startling that it must be stated in the author's own
words (pp. 185-186):
"The most essential conclusions to which we have
been led . . . are as follows. First, that the process
of social development which has been taking place, and
which is still in progress in our Western civilization, is
not the product of the intellect, but that the motive force
behind it has had its seat and origin in that fund of al-
truistic feeling with which our civilization has become
equipped. Second, that this altruistic development, and
the deepening and softening of character which has ac-
companied it, are the direct and peculiar product of the
religious system on which our civilization is founded.
Third, that to science the significance of the resulting
process of social evolution, in which all the people are
being slowly brought into the rivalry of existence on
equal conditions, consists in the single fact that this
rivalry has tended to be thereby raised to the highest
degree of efficiency as a cause of progress it has ever
attained. The peoples affected by the process have been
thereby worked up to a state of social efficiency which
has given them preponderating advantages in the strug-
gle for existence with other sections of the race. . . .
The intellect continues to be a most important factor in
enabling the system to which the individual belongs to
maintain its place in the rivalry of life; but it is no
longer the prime factor."
These positions will not be read without strong
protests. The author emphasizes the radical and
inevitable conflict between social and individual
interests. But the other side of social progress is
slightly treated: the increase in numbers and sat-
isfactions in society as it exists; the improved con-
dition even of paupers and criminals; and the fact
that all this advance is due to that social order which
gives security to the weak. It is not altogether
"irrational" for the strong and rich to serve the
commonwealth, since in its prosperity alone they
are prosperous. And as for the weakest members
of society, they owe existence itself to this progress.
Other questions naturally arise. Will society con-
tinue to obey an "irrational" impulse? If the
sanction of an order cannot be found in human life
itself, whence can it originate? Is it a wise use of
language to call that alone " rational" conduct which
secures the immediate individual satisfaction? Was
the death of Socrates " irrational"? Was the hero-
ism of those who fell at Gettysburg insane? Can
there be a permanent conflict between reason and
conscience, intellect and altruism? Many such prob-
lems and paradoxes will present themselves to the
reader of this interesting and suggestive book.
Mr. Charles Booth gives the world another mon-
umental study of the depressed classes, in a work
entitled "The Aged Poor in England and Wales."
The object of this book is "to make more possible
and profitable a study of the six hundred and forty-
eight separate lessons in administration which the
conduct of the Poor Law Unions of England and


1894.]
155
THE DIAL
Wales affords." We have here something more than
a careful and complete description of facts. The
method of collecting the material is very instructive.
The causal relations between the facts of depend-
ence in old age and the domestic, economic, educa-
tional and ecclesiastical conditions are distinctly
brought out. The various results of the diverse
methods of administration are disclosed and tabu-
lated. The book is more than a political study, more
than an economic study; it is a social study. The
entire social system, so far as it bears on the prob-
lem of the aged poor, is analyzed, and its working
explained by reference to fundamental and univer-
sal social forces. It is a truly sociological method,
fruitful and comprehensive. Mr. Booth is a busi-
ness man who has the outlook of the man of science.
He gives means and time to the pursuit of social
inquiries. We stand in need of such men in this
country. If our National Conference of Charities
and Corrections could secure the services of such a
man its lame and imperfect inquiries into the facts
of out-door relief could in a few years be set for-
ward to satisfactory condition. A few illustrations
of results may be set down. Taking a census of a
single day in 1892:
"While only 5 per cent, of the population are paupers,
taking all ages together, and not half of that proportion
taking the active years of life alone, the rate is about
10 per cent, between GO and 65, 20 per cent, between
05 and 70, 30 per cent, between 70 and 75, and not
much less than 40 per cent, over 75."
These figures would be confirmed by the similar
inquiry of Dr. Victor Bohmert in seventy-seven Ger-
man cities. To see the full force of such statistics
we must separate the " working classes " from others,
and then we find that amongst these and small
traders "the rate of pauperism for all over 65 is
not less than 40 to 45 per cent." That means that
nearly half the working people of England must
look forward to public support if they reach old age.
It is such facts as these which demand some better
method of providing for the last years of life than
any hitherto discovered.
Professor Giddings, whose transfer to the chair
of Sociology in Columbia College marks distinct
progress in the new study, gives us, in his work on
"The Theory of Sociology," a brief sketch of "the
theoretical positions that will be more fully described
and defended in a work on the Principles of Sociol-
ogy, which is now well advanced towards comple-
tion." This treatise, which embodies the substance
of previous publications, discusses the sociological
idea, the promise, problems, and method of sociology.
It is of exceeding interest to all students who are
seeking to define the field of sociological investiga-
tion.
In "Random Roamings," by the Rev. Augustus
Jessopp, we have the leisurely description of a culti-
vated Anglican clergyman who finds time to inves-
tigate the archaeology, history, and contemporary
conditions of rural England. The aristocratic clergy-
man's point of view is by no means concealed in
the chapters on "A Scheme for Clergy Pensions"
and " Something about Village Almshouses." He
feels like patronizing the poor, and is not sanguine
about free schools.
"The English Peasant," by Mr. Richard Heath,
is a book of a different kind, written by a man with
the descriptive powers of an artist and the sympa-
thies of a modern layman, deeply religious but not
sectarian. The author has travelled on foot over
much of England, and delivers the testimony of an
eye-witness. He can appreciate the value of free
schools, of agricultural trades-unions, of voluntary
efforts of church and chapel, of kindly patronage
of rich squires, and of the narrow and fanatical, but
morally earnest, denominational preachers.
The able Secretary of the English Labor Com-
mission gives the public in a volume of 277 pages
a complete survey of contemporary schemes, Brit-
ish and Continental, for caring for tbe unemployed.
The services of trades unions, labor bureaus, news-
papers, labor colonies, municipal agencies, and many
associations, are here described and their relative
values weighed. The book should be read by those
who will this winter have to face the problems of
want in our cities.
Professor John R. Commons has collected several
papers on the relation of the church to social re-
forms into a neat volume, which he entitles " Social
Reform and the Church." He urges that the mighty
emotional forces of religion should be utilized for
the amelioration of human life on this planet. Pau-
perism, politics, temperance movements, municipal
monopolies, and proportional representation are dis-
cussed from this standpoint.
The "Handbook of Sociological Information"
prepared by the City Vigilance League of New York
will furnish a convenient list of books and articles,
and accounts of typical beneficent institutions in the
metropolis. In preparing the bibliography, the edit-
ors have sought the assistance of specialists in many
lines of investigation and experience. It is not in-
tended to be a complete bibliography, but a selected
list for immediate use of busy social leaders.
The works here noticed are typical of the various
methods by which the study of society is to be ad-
vanced. We need the broad study of fundamental
principles revealed in historical investigation, the
minute study of contemporary facte in a limited
field, and even the inspiring ideals of romance. It
is important to determine the limits of each special
social science, and the theory of the relation of
science to art. It is also essential to progress that
all the conscious and unconscious experiments of so-
ciety be investigated and their results revealed. This
investigation may yield a fragmentary product and
yet be conducted by a scientific method. It is some-
times objected to sociology that its ability to direct
social action falls far short of completeness. But
this is true of each special social science, even of


156
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
those whose simple character made an earlier de-
velopment possible. Sociological literature shows
the effort to consider all the facts of all classes, an
attempt at coordination of all factors in thought and
in practical action. Most of the works here exam-
ined are "sociological " only so far as they supply
fragments of raw material for scientific treatment.
C. R. Henderson.
Extremes of Faith.*
Mr. Knox Little's treatise on Sacerdotalism is a
book chiefly fitted to interest those in the Church
of England who are striving to maintain and re-
store its current beliefs and usages, and those who
would subject them to the modification of advanc-
ing thought. The controversy lies in a single Church
between a conservative and a radical or reformatory
tendency. The interest of the book, outside of this
narrow relation, is in leading the liberal mind to a
more cheerful recognition of the great variety of
ways in which a true spiritual development is open
to men. The book is very positive and exact in its
belief, and yet one feels that this force of assertion
and precision of method simply express the idiosyn-
crasies of a certain class of minds -— idiosyncrasies
which we do well to respect, and well to disregard.
The author is a warm advocate of sacerdotalism.
"I, my dear friend, as you know, am a sacerdotalist
from head to heel. It is difficult for me to under-
stand how a Christian can be anything else " (page
2). Some of the points included in sacerdotalism
are given in the preface: "There are objective truths
which must never be forgotten—the fact of the vis-
ible church, the truth of a spiritual succession of the
ministry, the necessary office of bishops, the real
functions of the priesthood, the effectual force of
sacraments, the practical value of the penitential
system" (p. x.). The book is made up of four let-
ters on Confession and Absolution; Fasting, Com-
munion and Eucharistic Worship; the Real Pres-
ence and the Eucharistic Sacrifice; the Apostolic
Ministry. As the volume is drawn out by the pres-
ence in the Church of England of a strong tendency
to regard these beliefs as outworn, it is necessarily
controversial. This contention is but a small por-
tion of that universal conflict which lies between the
•Sacerdotalism. By W. J. Knox Little, M.A. New
York: Longmans, Green, *fe Co.
The Meaning and the Method of Life. By George M.
Gould, A.M., M.D. New York: G. P. Putnam's Song.
The Question of Unitt. Edited by Amory H. Brad-
ford, D.D. New York: The Christian Literature Co.
An Historical Sketch of the Unitarian Movement
since the Reformation. By Joseph Henry Allen, D.D. New
York: The Christian Literature Co.
The Apostolic Aoe of the Christian Church. By
Carl Von Weirsacker. Translated by James Millar, B.D.
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
The Natural History of the Christian Religion.
By William Mackintosh, M.A., D.D. New York: Macmillan
& Co.
old and the new. The more coherent and consist-
ent temper may be found with those who maintain
the old, but the more profoundly penetrative and
constructive thought is with those who see and seek
the new. The reader will find in the volume an
earnest and comparatively compact statement of the
attitude of those who cling to the old, walk in it,
and live by it. The defense is essentially that of
the more conservative branch of the Tractarians,—
that the Thirty-nine Articles are directed against the
abuses, not the uses, of the earlier forms of belief.
There is a very striking contrast between the
attitude of mind indicated in this volume, and that
which gave rise to the one on "The Meaning and
the Method of Life." The author of "Sacerdotal-
ism" adheres tenaciously — many would say ser-
vilely — to the positions in faith which have long
been held. The author of "The Meaning and
Method of Life" goes forth quite by himself, and
in a path in which very few are likely to follow
him. A discrepancy so wide as this seems to re-
flect discredit on human faculties. Reason is not
nearly so dominant — oftentimes least dominant,
when thought to be most dominant—in the action
of mind as the forms of discussion seem to imply.
We fling and catch the ball in groups, but each
group has its own ball and its own game. "The
Meaning and the Method of Life" is a book not
easily read, nor will it reward most minds for the
labor. The author regards matter as eternal and
of infinite extension. It makes no revelation of any
supreme intelligence. Life, personified as a single
energetic and intelligent agent, is in contention with
these physical conditions, and slowly subjects them
to itself. This often baffled but steadily conquer-
ing intelligence is God, whose struggles and vic-
tories we share. "The God we see daily at work
all over the globe is primarily and essentially Life"
(p. 15). The difficulties and ills and blessings of
the world lie along the pathway of this slow evolu-
tion of life. Here is found the promise of victory.
These ideas are capable in their treatment of much
poetry and pathos, and these the author liberally
bestows on them. His convictions are as positive
as if half the human race stood by his side. Many
of the principles by whose aid he so boldly inter-
prets the world are sound, but he grades the facts
to them rather than ascends and descends by means
of them, and winds in and out in fellowship with
the infinitely variable things about him.
The third volume in our list, "The Question of
Unity," is made up of an expression of opinion by
leading men, chiefly in the Presbyterian, Congre-
gational, Episcopal, and Baptist churches, concern-
ing Christian Unity. These opinions were called
out by a paper of Dr. Shield on the Historic Epis-
copate—a discussion of a possible unity of churches
on the basis of the Chicago-Lambeth Articles. The
writers agree quite generally, both as to the great
desirability, and also as to the present impossibility,
of Church Unity. The trouble would seem to be


1894.]
157
THE DIAL
that the notion of Church Unity, secured on the
basis of a creed narrowed and sifted in its terms,
is embarrassed by precisely the same difficulty which
has given rise to existing divisions — to-wit, attach-
ing too much relative importance to the intellectual
formal® of faith. A unity restored by a new form-
ula, a unity resting on a formula, is of very secondary
moment. The intellectual discussions and dissen-
sions of the past have played a part in the devel-
opment of Christian thought. They cannot be
wiped out. Farther consideration is as likely to
extend and deepen divisions as to efface them. The
evil does not lie in these discrepancies of thought,
but in the false position given to them. Unity is
before the Church, not behind it. It is to be found
in its action, in the objects it pursues, and not in
its speculations. Of the papers in this volume, Dr.
Ecob's seems to us the most faithful and just. He
discards a unity of creeds, and counsels a unity of
effort. Those who urge a formal unity in faith,
will find that they are simply reviving old conflicts;
blowing the ashes off the burning embers.
Our fourth volume is " An Historical Sketch of
the Unitarian Movement." Unitarianism stands,
and has stood from its origin, quite as much for a
movement as for a faith. It has not so much ex-
pressed a new type of faith, of belief, as a disposi-
tion to secure a new liberty — changeable and per-
sonal terms in belief. It has at no time been able
to restrain its own movement, and settle down in
firm outlines of faith. Many would regard this in-
capacity to say anything final, as its weakness;
others, more justly, would accept it as its chief ex-
cellence. This characteristic of free movement gives
to its history wide affiliations and a less definite
outline. The work before us is a comprehensive
and concise tracing of that movement of which mod-
ern Unitarianism is the most distinct expression.
Wherever the correction of reason begins to find its
way freely in Christian faith, elements allied to
Unitarianism make their appearance. The history
is thoroughly interesting, and the more so in its
later portions as dealing with events with which the
author has been personally familiar. It will give
pleasure and instruction to all who look on this gain
of thoughtfulness in religion as truly regenerative.
"The Apostolic Age " is the product of liberal,
earnest, thoughtful scholarship. After a brief dis-
cussion of the Resurrection and the first collective
action of the Church, it dwells chiefly on the Apos-
tle Paul, his calling, his theology, and the churches
founded by him. As the work emanates from a
very independent and therefore self-confident mind,
it needs to be read with something like the same
breadth of view and freedom of interpretation.
Studied in this temper, it is well fitted to give clear-
ness, accuracy, and mastery to our apprehension of
the apostolic age. As we cease to accept an author-
itative and conventional rendering of the Biblical
narrative — whose wise study must give us almost
exclusively our knowledge of the facts in the early
history of the Church—we must put in its place the
mutual correction of many considerations, and the
reciprocal outlook of diverse minds. If we fail of
this, we shall find ourselves substituting for the
somewhat blind consensus of the Church the impres-
sions which happen to have come uppermost in a
single person. The volume is not so much argu-
mentative as presentative, and is liable, in its posi-
tive and confident movement, which has the advan-
tage of directness and simplicity, to sweep along
unduly those of less scope of knowledge. As a
thoughtful book, it calls for a thoughtful handling.
The style is somewhat obscure.
The author of " The Natural History of the Chris-
tion Religion" expresses his purpose and method
very distinctly:
"In few words, let it here be said, summarily, that the
negative or ' destructive ' criticism which we propose to
direct against orthodox Christianity is based on the anti-
supernatural view of the divine government, and that
our positive but undogmatic construction of Christianity
is based on the teaching of Jesus. In this section, we
shall seek to define and to defend the anti-supernatural
view, and to draw the inferences in regard to dogma
- which seem to flow from it. In several of the follow-
ing sections we shall seek to show that the doctrine
of Jesus is the doctrine of the absolute religion, or of
that form of religion which answers to the religious
idea; and, also, that the path by which Jesus was led
to his great discovery was by the way of historical de-
velopment. In the remaining sections, we shall en-
deavor to trace the steps by which the dogma in its ca-
nonical form grew up out of the doctrine and the life of
Jesus" (p. 19).
This purpose is pursued very fully. There is noth-
ing to object either to the intention or spirit of the
work. The labor is undertaken in behalf of truth
as the author conceives it, and is carried forward in
an earnest, and also, so far as the conditions of the
effort will allow, in a constructive temper. It is by
no means made up of simply destructive criticism.
Those who share the author's disbelief in the super-
natural will be likely to find in the book much that
will strengthen them. It proceeds on the ground,
not only that miracles do not, but that they cannot,
happen. It is sustained throughout by the assump-
tion that the instruction of science is complete and
final on this point. So strong an h priori position
—h priori in reference to most of the grounds and
proofs of faith—must necessarily close the mind to
the considerations which sustain the supernatural.
If science, with explicit proof, precludes the super-
natural, there is an end. There is much antecedent
work which needs to be well done before this book
can fairly enter on its undertaking. We need to
know what we mean by science,— the breadth of
the ground covered by it, the nature and force of its
affirmations touching the natural and supernatural.
We need to know exactly what we mean by the su-
pernatural, and the relation of the miracle to it.
The connection of the miracle, in the form in which
we either accept it or reject it, with the physical and
spiritual mechanism of the world, must also be dis-


158
[Sept. 16,
THE
DIAL
tinctly pat. If we assume it to be an arbitrary
ab-extra act, we have thrown it out in advance.
What we mean by philosophy as contrasted with
science, and what it has to say as to the ultimate
terms of the universe, must also be present with us.
These inquiries, which are preliminary to most of
what the author has written, will, we believe, en-
tirely turn his position, and leave it untenable. A
strictly and exclusively natural world is unmanage-
able to thought. Reason, in its own supernatural
relations, must be saved in order that the world, as
a product of thought, may remain to us. Fatalism
is a gulf in which all things finally go down. Ideas
involved in the above points are treated briefly in
the second chapter. As they are, however, so fun-
damental as to determine the value of most that is
to follow, they demand a much more searching pre-
sentation. The governing power of the universe
must — so it seems to us — be at once natural and
supernatural. The two elements must hold each
other in equal, even, constant interpoise. The au-
thor destroys the truly greater notion by swinging
the world forcefully over to the side of physical
law; as if the physical world could stand by itself,
or hold in itself its own tendencies. The author's
contention is chiefly successful as directed against a
crass notion of the supernatural. The work is able,
candid, and instructive; one that calls out much
assent and dissent.
These books collectively indicate how wide are
the yet unexplored fields of spiritual thought, and
the very diverse conclusions, therefore, which must
still crown our quests. We are very slow to accept
our wealth as wealth, and tear it into fragments in
our analysis of it jOHN Bascom.
Briefs on \kw Books.
Maepttertm While the Ossian problem has proved
and the Ouianic much knottier than the Rowley prob-
P0"^- lem, competent critics, on both sides
of the Tay, have pretty generally put down " Os-
sian" Macpherson as an impostor. Some of them,
zealous for the honor of literature, have even re-
gretted that Dr. Johnson's oak twig, "six feet long,
with a knob as big as an orange," was not put to
its intended use. The case, however, is admittedly
one in which there is still, to quote Sancho Panza,
"a great deal to be said on both sides." We do not
ourselves believe that Macpherson was all impostor,
and that his work was, as his harsher critics allege,
a mere patchwork of plagiarisms and forgeries.
The first Ossianic fragments, the ones shown by
Macpherson to " Douglas " Home in 1759, and pub-
lished in 1760, were probably actual translations
from Gaelic originals of considerable antiquity; and
it was in all likelihood the prodigious and unex-
pected vogue of these early pieces, backed by the
patriotic importunities of the Edinburgh literati,
that started the ambitious tutor on his career of de-
ception. While Macpherson in his longer poems
flagrantly abused the poet's and the translator's
license, inserting long passages of his own, supply-
ing chasms, and omitting and shortening incidents,
there can now be little doubt that even these poems
have a basis, however frail, of genuineness. Later
researches—notably those of the Highland Society's
committee in 1805, and of Dr. Waddell in 1875—
tend to show that the "epic" (" foolishly so called,"
as Gray properly said) of "Fingal" consists largely
of fragments and episodes for which there were au-
thentic originals. Macpherson's ascription, how-
ever, of his originals to a Gaelic bard of the third
century seems, aside from its antecedent incredibil-
ity, fairly thrown out of court by the verdict of the
best Gaelic scholars, that the language of Ossian is
a modern and mutilated form of Erse that did not
exist five hundred years ago. Caledonian faith,
however, where Caledonian honor is concerned, is
strong; and it may be that there are still, as even Mr.
Gosse admits, " some persons north of the Tay who
indulge the pleasing supposition that Fingal fought
and Ossian sang." It has remained for Mr. Bailey
Saunders, the author of a comely volume entitled
"The Life and Letters of James Macpherson"
(Macmillan), to give a full biographical account of
the translator (or fabricator, if the reader please)
of the "misty songs of Ullin," and to review the
whole controversy in a really critical and liberal
spirit The facts of Macpherson's life, hitherto
vaguely known, really form, or should form, an im-
portant factor in the dispute; for, as Mr. Saunders
justly observes, the question of authenticity largely
turns on his actual proceedings, and his personal
character and attainments. In the present volume,
which is in itself an altogether charming piece of
biography, the reader will find an exhaustive account
of Macpherson, and of the controversy of which he
was the central figure. A number of extracts from
the Ossianic poems are given, and there is a fine
portrait, after Romney, of Macpherson.
a help to the ^e **^e pleasure m calling attention
student of to Professor William Henry Hud-
Berbert Spencer. gon>g compact "Introduction to the
Philosophy of Herbert Spencer" (Appleton). The
need of a simplified outline-map of Mr. Spencer's
complex system has often occurred to us, and Pro-
fessor Hudson is the first, we think, to meet it sat-
isfactorily. No better book could be placed in the
hands of the tyro about to face the difficulties of
the Synthetic Philosophy, nor can we point to one
more likely to prevent him turning back disheart-
ened before his unsentimental journey is fairly be-
gun. Professor Hudson has not attempted an ex-
haustive or a critical exposition; still less does he
hold out to the student any illusory hopes that his
book is a royal road that does away with the need
of a first-hand study of Mr. Spencer himself, or
even renders such first-hand study a light and easy
task. Still, he modestly claims, "something may
be done to smooth the way for untrained and un-


1894.]
159
THE
DIAL
wary feet," and to make the approach to the Syn-
thetic Philosophy "less thorny and toilsome than it
would otherwise be." The beginner may be helped
to a general conception of Mr. Spencer's ground-
idea, and to a knowledge of its genetic history; and
he may be shown its relation to current intellectual
tendencies, and its influence upon current practical
problems. It is fair to say that Professor Hudson,
unlike too many expositors, performs rather more
than he promises. Possessed of a clear and agree-
able style, he has succeeded admirably, where feas-
ible, in smoothing the asperities, without losing the
sense, of the Derby philosopher's rather alarming
phrase and terminology; and he has added, more-
over, a good deal in the way of citation and orig-
inal comment and illustration, that will commend
his book to more advanced Spencerians. Of the
lighter citations, it is worth while to note in passing
Goldwin Smith's pregnant witticism on the world-
famous formula of evolution—a point where, in the
matter of style at least, Mr. Spencer may fairly
claim to have out-Kanted Kant himself. "The
universe," observed Mr. Smith, must have heaved
a sigh of relief when this explanation of her pro-
cesses was given to an astonished world through the
cerebration of a distinguished thinker." Perhaps
Mr. Smith, like some others, thinks the reduction
of the phenomena of the universe to a single dy-
namic principle more satisfactory as a proof of Mr.
Spencer's powers of generalization than as a solu-
tion qua solution. Professor Hudson discusses in
separate chapters " Spencer's Earlier Work," " The
Synthetic Philosophy," "The Spencerian Sociology"
(considered chiefly in its logical connection with
the general scheme), "The Ethical System," and
"The Religious Aspects of the Synthetic Philos-
ophy." A chronological list of Mr. Spencer's works
is appended, and there is a biographical sketch that
should prove specially welcome to American readers.
Few in their generation have added
i£ £ra*w more to"the world's 8tock °f harm-
less pleasures" than those cheery
inseparables, Messrs. Gilbert and Sullivan; and we
are glad to find their lives and performances so well
chronicled in Mr. Percy Fitzgerald's " The Gilbert
and Sullivan Operas" (Lippincott). The book is
not too big, and it gives what most readers will ask
of it. Mr. Fitzgerald has collected about every-
thing worth knowing of the Savoy operas, authors,
and players, and his book is a pretty and acceptable
souvenir of the days when "Patience" and "Pin-
afore" were sung, quoted, whistled, and barrel-
organed from unique popularity into relative dis-
use. A separate chapter is given to the history
and analysis of each opera, and criticism, musical
and dramatic, is duly mingled with quotation and
stage gossip and anecdote. Mr. Fitzgerald's abili-
ties as a dramatic writer are well known. He clearly
explains the rationale of the Gilbertian play, and
pays a just tribute to the genuine quality of Mr. Sul-
livan's music — really good music in its way, crisp,
spontaneous, wholesome, and seldom savoring of the
"Varieties" and the CafS Chantant. It is amus-
ing to learn that the early bent of the composer of
"Little Buttercup" was strongly in the direction
of oratorio. There are many illustrations, most of
them portraits of well-known Savoy Thespians in
favorite roles.
*cre number, "The Book of the Fair" (Bancroft
of m Book 0/ Co.), which we have more than once
the Fair. na(j oeca8;on to commend, is making
rapid progress. Parts twelve to sixteen, inclusive,
are now issued, leaving but nine more to complete
the work. The first of these five parts concludes
the description of the Agricultural, Horticultural, and
Forestry exhibits, and starts the chapter on " Mines,
Mining, and Metallurgy." This subject is con-
cluded in the second part, and the Fisheries Build-
ing is taken up. Some of the plates well illustrate
the characteristic and genial decoration of that
charming structure. In the third of these parts
comes the Transportation Building, with its loco-
motives, palace cars, and other objects of interest.
A fine plate of the Viking Ship occurs in this con-
nection. The Columbus Caravels, the U. S. Battle-
ship, and the Moving Sidewalk also find illustration
here. The subject of Transportation is thus carried
through the fourth part and into the fifth, where it
finally gives place to "The Live Stock Department."
Many fine portraits of horses, sheep, and cattle ac-
company this chapter. Anthropology is next taken
up, and there the tale ends for the present. The
plates that go with these chapters are, we need
hardly repeat, exceptionally fine examples of pho-
tographic process, and the selection of subjects is
admirably judicious and comprehensive. We shall
await with interest the concluding instalments of
this praiseworthy publication.
The changing seasons, the birds, the
flowers, the trees, sea and shore, are
themes which never fail to inspire
the pen of the true nature-lover. A dainty little
volume of short papers on such themes, by Miss
Mabel Osgood Wright, comes with the title " The
Friendship of Nature" (Macmillan). The writer
has a sympathetic eye and touch for every face that
nature wears in her New England home. Begin-
ning with" A New England May-Day " and " When
Orchards Bloom," these graceful sketches reflect
the changing aspects of the blooming and the wan-
ing year, and convince us that the author, though
writing prose, is a true poet in the Emersonian sense,
namely, in the power to see the miraculous in the
common.—From the same publishers comes another
delightful book with nature for a theme, but with
considerable of the human interest added, "The
Garden that I Love," by Mr. Alfred Austin. Poet,
story-teller, and gentle humorist, as Mr. Austin has
frequently shown himself to be, he shines in all
three characters in this volume. A brother and a
sister in an old English country-house, with their
guests—the "Poet," who recites dainty verses, and
Books about
Nature.


160
[Sept. 16,
THE
DIAL
"Lamia," a brilliant young woman with a rich con-
tralto voice, who sings them — are the personages
in this setting of "The Garden," where from May
to November all is light and bloom and fragrance.
The charm of the text is increased by the illustra-
tions, which are many and choice.
New French
rmding-books.
"Select Specimens of the Great
French Writers in the 17th, 18th,
and 19th Centuries," edited by M.
G. E. Fasnacht (Macmillan), is one of the best
French reading-books with which we are acquainted.
It has the great merit of being large enough to pre-
sent extracts of considerable length, and to allow
the teacher wide latitude in its use. The selections
are all from the "Great Writers who tower head
and shoulders above their contemporaries." With
each writer appears a selection of "appreciations"
from the best French critics, and the whole is pre-
ceded by a historical sketch of French literature,
abridged from MM. Vinet and Faguet. There are
nearly six hundred pages of rather small type.—A
much smaller reading-book, intended for beginners,
is Mr. A. N. Van Daell's "Introduction to French
Authors" (Ginn). It includes simple pieces in
prose and verse from nineteenth century writers, a
resume of French history, based upon a book by M.
Lavisse, and a sketch of the government of the pres-
ent Republic. There is also a vocabulary, so that
the book may be used before the dictionary pur-
chasing stage has been reached.
BRIEFER MENTION.
Dr. John T. Prince is the author of a new system of
"Arithmetic by Grades " (Ginn), which is differentiated
into a "Teachers' Manual" and eight booklets for the
uses of the pupil, corresponding to the accepted grading
of lower school work. The special features of the sys-
tem, besides the above differentiation, are a careful
gradation of work, frequent reviews, a great amount
and variety of oral work and problems, and the practi-
cal character of most of the examples. The books for
the seventh and eighth grades introduce a small amount
of elementary work in algebra and geometry, a partic-
ularly praiseworthy feature of the series.
"A Laboratory Manual of Physics and Applied Elec-
tricity," edited by Professor Edward L. Nichols, is to
consist of two volumes, the first of which is now pub-
lished (Macmillan). The sub-title of this instalment is
a " Junior Course in General Physics," and it is the work
of Messrs. Ernest Merritt and Frederick J. Rogers.
All the persons named are teachers at Cornell Univer-
sity. This first volume, intended for beginners (in the
college sense) gives explicit directions for work, to-
gether with demonstrations and occasional elementary
statements of principles. The forthcoming volume will
take more for granted. The use of this work presup-
poses some knowledge of physical principles, as well as
of analytical geometry and the calculus.
"The Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow, Lieutenant-Gen-
eral of the Horse in the Army of the Commonwealth of
England, 1625-1672," edited by Mr. C. H. Firth, comes
to us in two volumes, with the beautiful typography of
the Oxford Clarendon Press (Macmillan). Ludlow's
"Memoirs " were first published in 1698-9. The title-
page of the original edition pretends that the work was
printed at Vevay, in Switzerland, but this pretence is
disproved by contemporary evidence. They have been
several times reprinted—in 1721,1751,1771, and 1807.
"The justification of the present edition lies in the fact
that it is the first to restore a number of passages sup-
pressed by Ludlow's editor, and the first containing crit-
ical and explanatory notes, and adding the letters of
Ludlow."
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF FALL, BOOKS.
Following our annual custom, we give herewith a
list of the books that are announced for publication in
this country during the present season. The publishers
have responded freely and promptly to our requests for
information, and probably few if any important omis-
sions will be found. The avalanche of material has
been sifted and the list of titles classified and arranged
with the greatest care; and though errors in such work
are of course inevitable, it is believed that these are in-
significant, and due to meagre or misleading informa-
tion. The books in the list are presumably all new
books — new editions not being included unless having
new form or matter. The fulness and comparative ex-
cellence of the list are matters for general congratula-
tion, and some comments upon its more interesting fea-
tures may be found in the leading editorial article of
this issue.
History.
Continental History, a series including: France Under the
Regency, by James Breck Perkins; The Eve of the French
Revolution, by E. J. Lowell: The First Napoleon, by John
C. Ropes; The Dawn of Italian Independence, by William
R. Thayer (2 vols.); The Reconstruction of Europe, by
Harold Murdock; per vol., $2: the set, boxed, $12.—
Side Glimpses from the Colonial Meeting House, by Will-
iam Root Bliss.—Following the Greek Cross, memories of
the Sixth Army Corps, by Gen. T. W. Hyde, with por-
trait*. (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.)
History of the United States, by E. Benjamin Andrews, D.D.,
2 vols.— The Mogul Emperors of Hindustan, by Edward
S. Holden, LL.D., illus. (Chas. Scribner's Sons.)
The Story of the Civil War in America, by John Cod man
Ropes, 3 vols., illua., with maps, etc., per vol., $1.50.—
Social England, from earliest times to the present day, by
various writers, edited by H. D. Traill, D.C.L., 6 vols.,
$3.50.—New vols, in the Story of the Nations " series.—
The Story of tint Crusades, by T. S. Archer and C. L.
Kingsford; The Storyof Venice, by Alethea Wiel; each,
1 vol.. illus., $1.50.—The Winning of the West, Vol. III.:
The Founding of the Trans-Alleghany Commonwealths,
1784-1790, by Theodore Roosevelt, $2.50. (G. P. Putnam's
Sons.)
The Marquis de La Fayette in the War of the Revolution,
with some account of the attitude of France toward the
War of Independence, by Charlemagne Tower, Jr., 2 vols.
—Henry of Navarre and the Religious Wars, by Edward T.
Blair, profusely illus.—Colonial Days and Dames, by Anne
Hollingsworth Wharton, limited edition de luxe. (J. B.
Lippincott Co.)
A History of the United States Navy, Vol. II., 1775 to 1894,
by Edgar S. Maclay, A.M., illus., $3.50. (D. Appleton
&Co.)
Mediaeval Europe, 800 to 1300 A.D., by Prof. Ephraira Eraer-
ton. — A History of Greece, by Prof. P. V. N. Myers.
(Ginn & Co.)
The Jesuit Relations, limited edition, in exact facsimile from
originals, 64 vols., per vol., $2.50. (George P. Humphrey.)


1894.]
161
THE
DIAL
Short History of English Commerce, by W. Cunningham, D.D.
—Stories from English History, by Rev. Alfred J. Church.
—The Meaning of History, and other historical pieces, by
Frederic Harrison.—Western Europe in the Fifth Century,
by E. A. Freeman.—Greek History from its Origin to the
Destruction of the Independence of the Greek People, by
Adolf Holm, 4 vols.—Handbook of European History, by
Arthur Hassall.—The British Fleet, the growth, achieve-
ments, and duties of the Navy of the Empire, by Com-
mander Robinson, R. N., illus.— History, Prophecy, and
the Monuments, by J. F. MoCurdy, Vol. X, To the Fall of
Samaria, $3. I Macmillan & Co.)
The French Revolution Tested by the Career of Mirabeau. a
series of lectures by Dr. H. Von Hoist, 2 vols., with por-
trait, S3.S0. (Callaghan & Co.)
History of Antiquity, by Prof. Max Duncker, in 6 vols., $30.
(Chas. H. Sergei Co.)
A History of the Commonwealth and the Protectorate, by
Samuel Rawson Gardiner, M. A., Vol. I.— Records of the
Infantry Militia Battalions of the County of Southampton,
from 1757 to 1894, by Col. G. H. Lloyd-Vemey, with por-
traits, $10. (Longmans, Green, & Co.)
Biography and Memoirs.
Edwin Booth, recollections by his daughter, Edwina Booth
Grossmann, with Booth's letters to her and to his friends,
illus., $3. (Century Co.)
Lney Larcom, life, letters, and diary, by Rev. Daniel D. Ad-
dison, with portrait.—George William Curtis, by Edward
Cary, with portrait, $1.25.— The Life of Frances Power
Cobbe, by herself, illus., 2 vols.— Bishop Andrewes, by
Rev. K. L. Ottley. with portrait, $1.—Life and Letters of
John Greenleaf Whittier, by Samuel T. Pickard, 2 vols.,
illus. (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.)
Three Score Years and Ten, by W. J. Linton, with portrait,
$2.— Life and Letters of Erasmus, by James Anthony
Froude, $2.50. — William Shakspere, a study of Eliza-
bethan Literature, by Barrett Wendell, $2.—The Life of
Charles Loring Brace, chiefly told in his own letters, edited
by Emma Brace, with portraits. (Chas. Scribner's Sons.)
Our Presidents, 1789-1894, by George Bancroft, John Hake,
and others, with portraits on steel and other illustrations.
(D. Appleton & Co.)
The Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, comprising his
letters, speeches, etc., edited by Charles R. King, M.D.,
5 vols., Vol. II., $5.—The Life and Genius of Jacobo Ro-
busti, called Tintoretto, by Frank Preston Stearns, illus.
—Napoleon, by Alexandre Dumas, trans, by John B. Lar-
ner. — Lives of Twelve Bad Men, original studies of emi-
nent scoundrels, by various hands, edited by Thomas Sec-
combe, illus. (G. P. Putnam's Sons.)
Life of Henry Edward Manning, Cardinal Archbishop of
Westminster, by Edmund Sheridan Purcell, 2 vols., illus.
—Biographies of Atterbury, Bunyan, Goldsmith, Johnson,
and Pitt, by Lord Macaulay, 50 ots.—Life and Letters of
R. W. Church, late Dean of St. Paul's.—Life of Sir A. C.
Ramsay, by Archibald Geikie, F.R.S., illus.—Life and Art
of Joseph Jefferson, together with some account of his
ancestry, etc, by William Winter, illus., $2.25. — Life
of Swift, by Henry Craik, C.B., new edition in 2 vols.,
with portraits.—More Memories of Dean Hole, by the Very
Rev. S. Reynolds Hole, $2.25. (Macmillan & Co.)
Napoleon at Home, the daily life of the Emperor at the Tuil-
eries, by Frederick Masson, 2 vols., illus. by de Myrbach.
—Napoleon and the Women of his Court, by Frederick Mas-
sou, illus.—Around a Throne: Catherine II. of Russia, her
friends and favorites, by K. Waliszewski, 2 vols. (J. B.
Lippincott Co.)
Arthur O'Shaughnessy, his life and work, with selections
from his poems; by Louise Chandler Moulton, with por-
trait, 81.25. (Stone & Kimball.)
Life and Inventions of Thomas A. Edison, by W. K. L. Dick-
son and Antonia Dickson, with 250 illustrations, $5.— Fa-
mous Leaders Among Men, by Sarah K. Bolton, illus.,
$1.50. (T. Y. Crowell & Co.)
Memoirs of the Verney Family during the Civil War, compiled
by Lady Verney, Vol. III., illus.— Life of Edward Bou-
verie Pusey, D.D., by Henry Parry Liddon, D. D., edited by
Rev. J. O. Johnston, Vol. III. (Longmans, Green, & Co.)
Character Studies, with some personal recollections, by Fred-
erick Saunders. (Thomas Whittaker.)
Memoir of Henry Jacob Bigelow, A.M., M.D., with portraits,
$3. (Little, Brown, <fe Co.)
The Empress Eugenfe, by Pierre de Land, trans, from seventh
French edition, $1.25. (Dodd, Mead & Co.)
Napoleon, Lover and Husband, trans, from the French of
Frederic Masson by J. M. Howell, with 5 gravnre plates,
$1.50. (Merriam Co.)
General Literature.
Chronological Outlines of American Literature, by Selden L.
Whit comb, with preface by Brander Matthews. — Essays
of Joseph Mazzim, trans, from the Italian, edited by Bol-
ton King, M.A., illus. — English Prose, selections, with
critical introductions by various writers, edited by Henry
Craik, Vols. III. and IV., each $1.50.—Syriac Literature,
by William Wright.— Letters of Matthew Arnold, edited
by G. W. E. Russel, M.P.—" Nouveaux Essayes," Critique
of Locke, trans, by A. G. Langley. — Essays and Studies,
by J. Churton Collins. — The Production of Ex-Libris, by
John Vinycomb.—The Uses of Life, by Sir John Lubbock,
D.C.L. — History of the English Language, by Oliver
Farrar Emerson.—The Jataka, trans, from the Pali, Vol.
I., trans, by Robert Chalmers, $3.25. (Macmillan & Co.)
Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, edited by Ernest Hart-
ley Coleridge, 2 vols., with 16 portraits. — The Diary of
Anna Green Winslow, a Boston school girl of 1771, edited,
with preface and notes, by Alice Morse Earle, illus., $1.25.
—The Great Refusal, Letters of a Dreamer in Gotham, by
Paul E. Moore.—In the Dozy Hours, and other papers, by
Agnes Repplier, $1.25.—Childhood in Literature and Art,
with some observations on literature for children, by Hor-
ace E. Scudder.—The Life of the Spirit in Modern English
Poets, by Vida D. Scudder. — Talks at a Country House,
by Sir Edward Strachey. — Familiar Letters of Henry
David Thoreau, edited, with introduction and notes, by
Frank B. Sanborn, $1.50. — Latin Poetry, by R. Y. Tyr-
rell, $1.50.—Studies in Folk-Song and Popular Poetry, by
Alfred M. Williams, $1.50. (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.)
Books and Plays, by Allan Monkhouse, $1.50. — My First
Book, the experiences of Walter Besant, James Payn, W.
Clarke Russell, Grant Allen, and others, with introduction
by Jerome K. Jerome, illus. (J. B. Lippincott Co.)
The Sherman Letters, correspondence between General Sher-
man and Senator Sherman, from 1837 to 1891, with por-
traits, $3.—A Shelf of Old Books, by Mrs. James T. Fields,
illus. with portraits, autograph facsimiles, etc.—The En-
glish Novel, by Professor Raleigh. (Charles Scribner's
Sons.)
The Plays of Maeterlinck, comprising: Princess Maleine, The
Intruder, The Blind, The Seven Princesses; trans, by
Richard Hovey, $1.25.—Vistas, by William Sharp, $1.25.
— The Land of Heart's Desire, a play, by W. B. Yeats,
SI.—Complete Writings of Edgar Allan Poe, edited by E.
. Stedman and George E. Woodberry, 10 vols., with por-
traits and illustrations by A. E Sterner, $15. (Stone &
Kimball.)
Letters of Emily Dickinson, from 1847 to 1886, edited by
Mabel Loomis Todd, with portrait, 2 vols., $2. (Roberts
Bros.)
The Writings of Thomas Paine, Vol. H., collected, edited,
etc., by Moncure D. Conway, $2.50. — Piers Plowman,
1363-1399, by J. J. Jusserand, $3.50. (G. P. Putnam's
Sons.)
English History in Shakespeare's Plays, by the Rev. Bever-
ley E. Warner. — The Oracles Mentioned by Papias of
Hierapolis. a contribution to the criticism of the New Tes-
tament.—Papers and Addresses by Lord Brassey, K.C.B.,
comprising: Papers and Addresses, 2 vols., and Work and
Wages, 1 vol.—Wandering Words, by Sir Edwin Arnold,
with numerous illustrations. — The Hulsean Lectures for
1894, by the Right Rev. Mandell Creighton, D.D. (Long-
mans, Green, & Co.)
Corrected Impressions, essays by George Saintsbury, $1.50.—
My Study Fire, second series, by Hamilton Wright Mabie,
illus., $1.50.— New edition of the works of H. W. Mabie,
4 vols., each, illus., $1.50. — Shylock and Others, eight
studies by G. H. Radford, $1.50. (Dodd, Mead & Co.)
An Introduction to the Study of Tfr»gH«b Fiction, by W. E.
Simonds. — The Literary Study of the Bible, by R. G.
Moulton.— Coleridge's Principles of Poetry, edited, by A.
J. George. I D. C. Heath & Co.)
Meditations in Motley, a bundle of papers imbued with the
sobriety of midnight, by Walter Blackburn Harte. (Arena
Co.)
Hieroglyphic Bibles, Their Origin and History, an unwritten
chapter of Bibliography, by W. A. Houston, with 30 fac-
similes, 50 old wood-cut illustrations, and hundreds of
small colored pictures, limited edition, $9. (F. A.Stokes
Co.)


162
[Sept 16,
THE DIAL,
Paiicoast's Representative Literature, the historical awl crit-
ical parts, modified sad somewhat amplified. Henry
Hx.lt* Co.,
PoETHY.
Unguarded Gate* and Other Poems, by Thomas Bailey Al-
3rich.— English and Scottish Popnlar Ballads, part IX.,
edited by Prof. Fraocis J. Child, edition de luxe, 85.—Nar-
ragansett Ballads, with Songs and Lyrics, by Caroline
Hazard.—A Victorian Anthology, selected and edited by
E. C. Stedman, ooiform with the "Cambridge" Longfel-
low, $2. —Poems, New sad Old. by William Roscoe
Thayer, SI.—In Sunshine Land, by Edith M. Thomas,
illns., $1 JO. I Hooghton, Mifflin <fc Co.)
Tire Books of Song, by Richard Watson Gilder, Ulna., $1.50.
'Century Co.)
A June Romance, by Norman Gale, 1st American edition.
$1. — Poems of Paul Verlaine. trans, by Gertrude Ball,
illns.. 81.25.—Sonnets of the Wingless Honrs, by Eugene
Lee-Hamilton, $1.—Lincoln's Grave, by Maurice Thomp-
son, 81.—Sonnets and Other Poems, by George Santayana,
second edition. $1.25.—When Hearts are Trumps, by Tom
Hall. 81.25. i Stone 4 Kimball. I
Madonna and Other Poems, by Harrison S. Morris, illns.,
82.- Early English Ballads, with 200 illustrations, 4 rols.,
85. I J. B. Lippincott Co.)
Translation of the Odes of Horace, and the Carmen Sssculare,
by Wm. K. Gladstone.— Select Poems of Sidney Lanier,
edited, with notes, etc., by Morgan Callaway, Jr., Ph.D.
I Chas. Scribner's Sons.)
Wayside Poems, by Wallace Brace, illns. i Harper & Bro-
thers.)
The End of Elfinland, by Jane Barlow, illns. < Macmillan &
Co.;
Felise, a book of lyrics, chosen from the works of Algernon
Charles Swinburne, limited edition on handmade paper,
$1. —The Growth of Lore, by Robert Bridges, 81.30.
I Thomas B. Mosher, Portland, Me.)
A London Rose and Other Rhymes, by Ernest Rhys, 81.50.
—A Little Child's Wreath, by Elizabeth Rachel Chapman,
81.25.—Eighteenth Century Vignettes, second series, by
Austin Dobson, illns. in photogravure, 82. (Dodd, Mead.
A Co.)
American Song, a collection of representative American
rma, with critical studies of their writers, edited by A.
Simonds.— Verses and Flyleaves, by Charles Stuart
Calverley.— Imitations of the Beautiful, by Madison J.
Cawein, >l.v>.—The Flute Player, and other poems, by
Francis H. Williams, 81—A Patch of Pansies, by J. Ed-
mund V. Cooke, 81.— Vashti, by John Brayshaw Kaye,
SI .20.—Songs from the Woods of Maine, by Julia H. May.
IG. P. Putnam's Sons.)
The White Tzar, and Other Poems, by Henry Bedlow, illns.,
82.50. (J. Selwin Tait & Sons.)
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164
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1894.]
165
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by Rev. A. Foster-Melliar, illus. — Wundt's Lectures on
Human and Animal Psychology, trans, by J. £. Creighton
and E. B. Titchener.—Wild Animals in Captivity, or, Or-
rheus at the Zoo, by J. E. Cornish, illus.—The Theory of
light, by Thomas Preston, M.A., second edition, revised.
—The Planet Earth, an astronomical introduction to geog-
raphy, illus. — Aquatic Insects, by L. C. Miall, F.R.S.,
illus. — Molluscs, by Rev. A. H. Cooke, M.A. — Weather
and Flood Forecasting Methods, by Thomas Russell.—
Theoretical Chemistry, by Prof. Nernst, trans, by Charles
S. Palmer. Ph.D.— Lessons in Practical Bacteriology, by
Dr. A. A. Kanthack.— Rise and Development of Organic
Chemistry, by C. Schorlemmer, F.R.S., trans, and edited
by Prof. Smithells. (Maomillan & Co.)
Race and Language, by Andre1 Lefevre, $1.50. (D. Appleton
& Co.)
A Primer of Evolution, being an abridged edition of "The
Story of Creation," by Edward Clodd, illus. -British But-
terflies and Moths, by W. Fnrneauz, F.R.G.S., illus.—
Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes, by Rev. T. W.
Webb, M.A., 5th edition, revised and enlarged, 2 vols.,
illus.—Micro-Organisms in Water, their significance, iden-
tification, and removal, by Percy Frankland, Ph.D., and
Mrs. Percy Frankland, illus. (Longmans, Green, & Co.)
The Birds About Us, by Charles Conrad Abbott, M.D., illus.,
$2. (J. B. Lippincott Co.)
Wild Beasts, by John Hampden Porter, illus.. 82. — The
Birds' Calendar, by H. E. Parkhurst, illus., $1.50. — Sea
and Land, by Prof. N. S. Shaler, illus. (Cbas. Scribner's
Sons.)
From Blomidon to Smoky, and other papers, by Frank Bolles,
$1.25.—Riverby, by John Burroughs, $1.25.—Land Birds
and Game Birds of New England, by Henry D. Minot,
illus. — The Silva of North America, by Charles Sprague
Sargent, Vol. VII., illus., $25.—Notes on the Forest Flora
of Japan, by Charles Sprague Sargent, illus. (Houghton,
Mifflin & Co.)
The Diseases of Personality, by Th. Ribot, new edition, re-
vised, 75 cts.—Post-Darwinian Questions, by Prof. G. J.
Romanes, edited by Prof. C. Lloyd Morgan. (Open
Court Publishing Co.)
Twenty-five Years of Scientific Progress, a series of lectures
by Wm. North Rice, 75 eta. (T. Y. Crowell & Co.)
Popular Astronomy, by C. Flammarion, $5. (Chas. H. Ser-
gei Co.)
Stars and Telescopes, a handy book of Astronomy, by David
P. Todd, $1. I Roberts Bros.)
The Psychology of Childhood, by Dr. Frederick Tracy, new
and enlarged edition. ID. C. Heath & Co.)
Mechanics and Engineering.
On the Development and Transmission of Power from Cen-
tral Stations, being the Howard Lectures for 1893, by
William Cawthorine Unwin, F.R.S., illus.— Engineering
Construction in Iron, Steel and Timber, by William Henry
Warren, illus.—Longman's Civil Engineering Series, com-
prising: Tidal Rivers, by W. H. Wheeler, M.I.C.E., illus.j
Notes on Dock Construction, by C. Colson, M.I.C.E.; Cal-
culations for Engineering Structures, by T. Claxton Fid-
ler, M.I.C.E.; Student's Course of Civil Engineering, by
L. F. Vernon-Harcourt, M.I.C.E.; Railway Construction,
by W. H. Miller, M.I.C.E.; Principles and Practice of
Harbor Construction, by W. Shield, M.I.C.E. (Longmans,
Green, & Co.)
The Marine Steam Engine, by John Yeo, illus.—The Mechan-
ics of Pumping Machinery, authorized translation, by Karl
P. Dahlstroro, from the German of Weisbach and Herr-
mann, illus.—An Elementary Treatise on Theoretical Me-
chanics, by Alexander Ziwet, Part III., Kinetics. I Mac-
millan & Co.)
The Electrical Transmission of Energy, a manual for the de-
sign of electrical circuits, by A. V, Abbott.—Armature
Windings of Direct Current Dynamos, by E. Arnold, trans,
by F. B. De Gress, M.E.— The Practical Management of
Dynamos and Motors, by F. B. Crocker and S. S. Wheeler,
third edition, revised and enlarged, illus., $1.— Electric
Lighting: a text-book for colleges, engineers, architects,
etc., by F. B. Crocker, illus.—Lettering of Working Draw-
ings, by J. C. L. Fish, 13 plates, with descriptive text, $1.
— Armature Windings of Electrical Machines, by H. F.
Parshall and H. M. Hobart, illus.— A Treatise on Indus-
trial Photometry specially applied to Electric Lighting, by
M. Palaz, trans, by G. W. Patterson, Jr., and M. R. Pat-
terson, B.A., illus.—Electrical Instruments and Measure-
ments, by E. S. Wilyoung and N. H. Genung, 2 vols., illus.
(D. Van Nostrand Co.)
Medicine and Hygiene.
Medical Papers and Essays, by Henry Jacob Bigelow, A.M.,
with a memoir of his life, 4 vols., illus., $12. (Little,
Brown, & Co.)
Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis, and Treatment of Diseases
of the Eye, by A. E. Adams, M.D. (G. P. Putnam's Sons.)
A History of Epidemics in Great Britain, by Charles Creigh-
ton, M.D., Vol. II. — The Senile Heart, by George W.
Balfour, M.D.—Physiology for Beginners, by Michael Fos-
ter, M. A., and L. E. Shore, M.A.—Text-book of Anatomy
and Physiology for Nurses, compiled by Diana Clifford
Kimber, illus.—A Text-book of Pathology, systematic and
practical, by Prof. D. J. Hamilton, Vol. II.—A Text-book
of Comparative Anatomy, by Dr. Arnold Lang, trans, by
H. M. Bernard, M.D., Vol. II.—Human Anatomy, by Prof.
Wiedersheim, trans, by H. M. Bernard, revised by G. B.
Howes, D.Sc., illus.— A Text-book of Physiology, by
Michael Foster, new edition, abridged and revised from
the larger work, illus. (Macmillan & Co.)
Reference.
A New and Complete Concordance to Words, Phrases, and
Passages in the Dramatio Works of Shakespeare, by John
Bartlett, A.M., boxed, $14.—A Dictionary of Classical
Mythology, Religion, Literature, Art, and Antiquities, new
and cheaper edition. — Atlas of Classical Antiquities, by
Theodor Schreiber, edited for English use by Prof. W. C.
F. Anderson. (Macmillan & Co.)
The Century Cyclopedia of Names, a pronouncing and ety-
mological dictionary of names in Geography. Biography,
Mythology, Ethnology, Art, Archaeology, Fiction, etc.:
edited by Benjamin E. Smith, M.A., uniform in size and
typography with the "Century Dictionary," $10. (Cen-
tury Co.)
Riverside Reference Library, comprising: Bent's Familiar
Sayings of Great Men; Dr. Clarke's Events and Epochs
in Religious History; Wheeler's Course of Empire ; Wheel-
er's Noted Names of Fiction; Wheeler's Familiar Allus-
ions: each, $2; the set, boxed, $10. (Houghton, Mifflin
& Co.)
Chambers's Concise Gazeteer of the World, topographical,
statistical, and historical, $2.50. (J. B. Lippincott Co.)
Royal English Dictionary and Word Treasury, by Thomas T.
Maclagan, M.A., $1. i Thos. Nelson's Sons.)
Games and Sports.
Archery, by C. J. Longman and Col. H. Walrond, illus.—The
Evolution of Whist, by W. Pole, F.R.S. (Longmans,
Green, & Co.)
Fagots for the Fireside, games and amusements for evenings
at home and social parties, by Lucretia P. Hale, new and
enlarged edition, illus., $1.25. (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.)
The Minor Tactics of Chess, a treatise on the deployment of
foroes in obedience to strategic principle, by F. K. Young
and E. C. Howell, $1. (Roberta Bros.)
A Sporting Pilgrimage, by Caspar W. Whitney, illus. (Har-
per & Bros.)
Sketches in Sport and Natural History, by George Kingsley.
M.D. (Macmillan & Co.)
Curb, Snaffle, and Spur : a method of training yonng horses,
by Edward L. Anderson, illus., $1.50. (Little, Brown,
& Co.)
New Editions of Standard Literature.
Popular Editions of Standard Authors: Boswell's Life of
Johnson, edited by Mowbray Morris; Carlyle's French
Revolution: The Count of Monte Cristo, by Dumas; each,
1 vol., with frontispiece, $1.25.—Two Volume Half Leather
Sets, a complete library of 40 vols, of the best works of lit-
erature ; each set in 2 vols., with frontispieces, boxed, $3.
— Westminster Edition of Poets, in 25 vols., each vol.,
boxed, $1.25.— Crowell's Standard Library, comprising
the best works in fiction, history, biography, and poetry;
25 new vols., each $1.—Portrait Edition of Poets, in 17
vols., each with frontispiece portrait and numerous full-
page illustrations, each $1.75.—Astor Library of standard
literature, 8 new vols., each 75 eta. (T. Y. Crowell & Co.)


166
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
Cabinet edition of Poets, including Burns, Bret Harte, Long-
fellow, Tennyson, etc., each with portrait, 81.— Tuscan
Cities, by W. D. Howells, uniform with his novels, $1.50.
—Complete Poetical Works of Whittier, Cambridge edi-
tion, uniform with the Cambridge Longfellow^with por-
trait, $2.— New Handy-Volume edition of Whittier's
poems, 4 vols., with portraits, boxed, $5. (Houghton, Mif-
flin & Co.)
The Canterbury Tales, edited by A. W. Pollard, 2 vols.—
Froissart's Chronicles, trans, by John Bourehier, edited by
G. C. Macaulay, $1.25.—A new and complete edition of
the works of Robert Browning, 9 vols., with notes, eto.—
Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, illus. by Hugh Thom-
son, $2.25.— Selected Poems of Sir Walter Scott, uniform
with the " Dryburgh" edition of the Waverley novels.—
Selected Poems of Aubrey De Vere, with introduction by
George E. Woodberry.— Homer's Iliad, edited in accord-
ance with modern criticism, by Arthur Piatt, M.A.—New
volumes in the Popular edition of Dickens: Little Dorrit
and Bleak House; each, illus., $1. (Macmillan & Co.)
Thiers's History of the French Revolution, new edition, illus.
with 41 steel engravings, 5 vols., each $■'*•—Carlyle's Trans-
lations, uniform with the Ashburton edition of his works,
3 vols., $7.50.—The Works of Laurence Sterne, edited by
George Saintsbury, illus., 6 vols., $6.— Burns's Complete
Poetical Works, chronologically arranged, with notes, etc.,
by W. Scott Douglas, 3 vols., $2.25.— Devotional Books,
edited by Canon Farrar, comprising: Thomas A'Kempis's
Imitation of ChriBt. and Keble's Christian Year; each,
illus., $1.50—Irving's Sketch Book, illus. with engravings
on wood, 2 vols., $4. (J. B. Lippincott Co.)
The " Edinburgh " Waverley, a new edition of Scott's novels,
in 25 and 12 vols.— Cameos of Literature from Standard
Authors, a series containing half-hour readings from stan-
dard authors, 12 vols., in a case, $7.50.—The Lansdowne
Handy Volume Shakespeare, on India paper, 6 vols.—Al-
bion Edition of the Standard Poets, new vol.: Iliad and
Odyssey, trans, by Pope, illus., $1.50. (F. Warne & Co.)
Moliere's Dramatic Works, trans, by Katherine Prescott
Wormeley, Vols. III. and IV., $1.50 per vol.—Catherine
de'Medici, by H. de Balzac, trans, by Katherine P. Worme-
ley, $1.50. (Roberts Bros.)
Library edition of Victor Hugo's Romances, concluding vols.,
Hans of Iceland, Bug-Jargal, Claude Gueuz, and Last Day
of a Condemned; each, illus., $1.50. (Little, Brown,& Co. J
The Napoleon Romances, by Alexandre Dumas, trans, by
Katherine P. Wormeley; comprising: The First Republic,
2 vols.; The Company of Jehu, 2 vols.; The Last Vendee,
2 vols.; with 28 plates in photogravure and half-tone, boxed,
$7.50.— Masterpieces of English Literature, a new series
of handsome editions, comprising: David Copperfield,
Pickwick Papers, Vanity Fair, The Newcomes, Adam
Bede, Guy Mannering; each. 2 vols., illus. with 10 full-
page plates, boxed, $2.50. (Estes & Lauriat).
Paul and Virginia, by Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, illus. by Le-
loir. (D. Appleton & Co.)
Hypatia, by Charles Kingsley, illus. by W. M. Johnson, 2 vols.
(Harper & Bros.)
The Rubaiyatof Omar Khayyam, rendered into English verse
by Edward Fitzgerald, limited edition on hand-made paper,
(Thomas B. Mosher.)
Illustrated Holiday Books.
Raphael's Madonnas, and Other Great Pictures, reproduced
from the original paintings, with a life of Raphael and an
account of his chief works, by Karl Karoly, with 9 photo-
gravures and 44 other illustrations. — Pen Drawing and
Pen Draughtsmen, their work and methods, by Joseph
Pennell, new and enlarged edition, with over 400 illustra-
tions, $15.—The Stickit Minister, and Some Common Men,
edition de luxe, on hand-made paper.— New vols, in the
Cranford Series : Old English Songs, with introduction by
Austin Dobson ; Gnlliver s Travels, introduction by Henry
Craik, C.B.; iEsop's Fables, told anew by Joseph Jacobs;
each, illus., $2. — Love in Idleness, by F. Marion Craw-
ford, illus., $2. (Macmillan & Co.)
The Sketch-Book, by Washington Irving, "Van Tassell"
edition, uniform with "The Alhambra"; 2 vols., illus.
and with special borders, $6. — Memoirs of the Reign of
George IIL, by Horace Walpole. 4 vols., illus. with Hi por-
traits in photogravure, 818. — Holland and Its People, by
Edmondo de Amicis, " Van Dyke " edition, illus., $2.25.—
Spain and the Spaniards, by Edmondo de Amicis, " Van
Dyke" edition, illus., $2.25. (G. P. Putnam's Sons.)
Trilby, by George du Maurier, edition de luxe, illus. in sepia,
bound in vellum. (Harper & Bros.)
The Three Musketeers, by Alexandre Dumas, 'edition de luxe,
250 illustrations by Leloir, $12. (D. Appleton & Co.)
The Reign of Queen Anne, by Mrs. Oliphant, with colored
portraits, in special binding, $0. (Century Co.)
Crowell's New Illustrated Library, new vols.: The Alhambra
and Sketch Book, by Washington Irving; Boswell's Life
of Johnson, edited by Mowbray Morris; The Count of
Monte Cristo, by Alexandre Dumas; The Three Musket-
eers, by Alexandre Dumas, with new introduction by his
son; Scott's Complete Poetical Works, with introduction
by Charles Eliot Norton; Milton's Complete Poetical
Works, with introduction by David Masson, and bio-
graphical sketch by N. H. Dole; each, 2 vols., with photo-
gravure frontispieces and many other illustrations, $3. —
Handy Volume Classics, new vols.: Childe Harold's Pil-
grimage, by Lord Byron; Favorite Poems, selected from
English and American authors; Light of Asia, by Sir Ed-
win Arnold; Nature, by Ralph Waldo Emerson; Repre-
sentative Men, by Emerson ; Tartarin on the Alps, by Al-
phonse Dandet, new translation; each, 1 vol., photograv-
ure frontispieces and other illustrations, 75 cts. — Faber's
Hymns, with 50 illustrations by L. J. Bridgman, $1.25.
(T. Y. Crowell&Co.)
Three Heroines of New England Romance, by Harriet Prescott
Spofford, Alice Brown, and Louise Imogen Guiney. with
80 illustrations by E. H. Garrett, $2. (Little, Brown, & Co.)
Holland, by Edmondo de Amicis, trans, by Helen Zimmern)
new edition, 2 vols., with 44 photogravures, boxed, $5.
(Porter & Coates.)
A Tale of Two Cities, by Charles Dickens, with more than 50
drawings by E. H. Garrett, 2 vols., $3.50. — Memoirs of
Madame de Content, trans, from the French by Mrs. J. W.
Davis, with 12 portraits in photogravure, $5. — Goethe's
Faust, from the German by John Anster, LL.D., with 10
full-page photogravures and 19text drawings by Frank M.
Gregory, $3.50.—Tennvson's Becket, illus. by Frederic C.
Gordon, $2. (Dodd, Mead & Co.)
Baschet's New Paris Salon of M94, with 100 magnificent pho-
togravure plates, limited edition, $10.— Modern Painters,
by John Ruskin, new edition, with 85 full-page plates and
numerous text drawings, 5 vols., boxed, $10. — Stones of
Venice, by John Ruskin, new edition, illus. with 70 full-
page plates, including 17 photogravures, 3 vols., boxed, $6.
—Kenilworth, by Sir Walter Scott, with introductory es-
say and notes by Andrew Lang, with 20 full-page etchings
and photogravures, 2 vols., $6. — The Heart of Mid-
lothian, by Sir Walter Scott, with 20 full-page etchings and
photogravures, 2 vols., $6.— America's Godfather.'or the
Florentine Gentleman, by Virginia W. Johnson, illus. with
20 plates in half-tone, $2.50.—Naples, the city of Parthen-
ope, and its environs, by Clara Erskine Clement, illus. with
20 plates in photogravura, $3.—Hernani, by Victor Hugo,
with etchings and photogravures, $5. (Estes & Lauriat.)
The Story of a Bad Boy. by Thomas Bailey Aid rich, illus.
by A. B. Frost, $2. — Holiday 8vo edition of standard po-
ems, including Childe Harold, Lucile, Marmion, and
others, with engraved frontispiece and title-page and many
illustrations, each, $2.50.—Holiday lGino editions of stand-
ard poems, including Childe Harold, Marmion, The Prin-
cess, and i others, each, illus., $1.25.—The Last Leaf, by
Oliver Wendell Holmes, illus. by F. Hopkinson Smith and
Geo. Wharton Edwards, $1.50.—Their Wedding Journey,
by W. D. Howells^illus. by Clifford Carleton, artistically
bound, $3. — The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, rendered
into English verse by Edward Fitzgerald, with biograph-
ical sketches and notes, illus. by Elihu Vedder, $5.— The
Favorite Series, comprising Aldrich's Marjorie Daw,
Harte's Luck of Roaring Camp, Warner's Backlog Stud-
ies, and Miss Jewett's Tales of New England; each, with
etched title and frontispiece, $1.25; the set, boxed, $5.
(Houghton, Mifflin & Co.)
Liber Amoris, by William Hazlitt, new edition, with a repro-
duction of William Bewick's chalk drawing of Hazlitt,
and other illustrations, limited edition, $6, — Corinne, or
Italy, by Madame DeStael, new translation, illus., 2 vols.,
$2. (J. B. Lippincott Co.)
I Have Called You Friends, by Irene E. Jerome, illuminated
in Missal style, new edition, boxed, $2.—Our Colonial
Homes, by Samuel Adams Drake, illus. with 20 half-tone
engravings, new edition, boxed, $2.50. (Lee & Shepard.)
[Owing to the great length of this list, and the large num-
ber of titles remaining for "Books for the Young," it is
found necessary to carry the latter category over to our next
issue.— Edr. Dial.]


1894.]
167
THE DIAL
New York Topics.
New York, September 8, 1894-
The publication, by Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co., of
a new and handsome edition of Mrs. Trollope's amus-
ing impressions of American life, first issued in 1832,
recalls to mind her friendship with an American lady,
the writer's ever-youthful grandmother, the late Mrs.
Elizabeth C. Kinney. Their acquaintance began at
Florence in the early fifties, whither Mrs. Kinney re-
moved with her husband at the expiration of his term
as American minister at Victor Emmanuel's court.
There they found the Brownings, the Trollopes, Hiram
Powers, and a number of other literary and artistic
celebrities then resident in Florence. Mrs. Kinney, in
addition to her more formal literary work, preserved a
record of her Florentine experiences in a journal, por-
tions of which are incorporated in her as yet unpub-
lished autobiography. Various anecdotes, descriptions,
and characterizations of the group are given which can-
not see the light these many years. There is, however,
a lively little passage concerning Mrs. Trollope and her
"Domestic Manners of the Americans" which will bear
present quotation.
'"Mrs. Trollope,' gays my journal, 'is another of these
off-hand writers; but certainly, in spite of this, a remarka-
ble one, having published one hundred volumes. What are
they? Novels, and they sell! In her first book of travels
she served up us Americans with piquant sauce; but we for-
give her; for, as her speculations in the West fell to naught,
so did the froth of her ill-humor evaporate. Besides, she
now [in 1855] affects Americans greatly, as she does cards and
other amusements: she finds tongues in green-ones, sermons
in grave-ones, and good in every one, i. e., good subjects for
pen portraits. The old lady lives freely, and has free means
to live on, thanks to her wits, or her industry.' At the date
I wrote that, Mrs. Trollope was an unbeliever in the Chris-
tian religion, and indeed in any future state; had been all
her life a materialist. Soon after, as she was Hearing 80, her
mind became uneasy on religious subjects, and she became
convinced of a soul through the doing and teachings of the
so-called Spiritualist, Daniel Home."
Almost everyone will now agree with Prof. Harry
Thurston Peck, the editor of this edition of Mrs. Trol-
lope's book, that it was written with an honest purpose,
and not of malice aforethought, and that its unfavora-
ble survey of our conditions at that time was largely
due to the fact that most of the period of her residence
here was passed in " a little, raw, backwoods settlement,
the Ultima Thule of civilization, among men who drank
"whiskey, chewed tobacco, and kept their hats on in her
parlor, and among women who entered her house unin-
vited, and who habitually spoke of her as 'the English
old woman.'" And yet, her extensive literary labors
were all performed after this period.
The death of Mrs. Edward L. Youmans, a " figure
of the past" in our own literary circles, has passed
almost without comment here. She had been spending
the summer as usual at Ridgefield, Conn., and died
there on August 29, after a short illness. Some of
those who attended her funeral at that place were
Prof. John Fiske, Mr. John Bigelow, Mr. Donald G.
Mitchell, and Dr. Henry M. Field of the " Evangelist."
Among her more intimate friends may l>e included Dr.
Titus Munson Coan, who first met her in his boyhood,
when she was the wife of Chief Justice William L.
Lee, of the Hawaiian Islands, to which place she sailed,
after an extremely romantic courtship, in 1819, and
was there married, Mr. Lee having preceded her. Dr.
Coan tells me that she was a favorite in the small but
refined and cultivated circle of American and English
society at Honolulu, attracting all who knew her by
her great social charm and personal vivacity. On the
death of Judge Lee, she returned to New York in
1857, and a few years afterward married the late Pro-
fessor Youmans. As already mentioned in this cor-
respondence, Professor and Mrs. Youmans were for
many years prominent in New York literary circles,
and their home in the old Haight house was the resort
of the group of which Mrs. Anne Lynch Botta was a
central figure. Since her husband's death, in 1887,
Mrs. Youmans has taken an active part in the affairs
of the XlXth Century Club, a social-literary organiza-
tion for men and women.
Philadelphia ten years ago was, I fear, a byword
among Boston and New York writers as a city practi-
cally destitute of literary impulse and production. Mr.
Boker, Dr. Furness, and Mrs. Davis were then, as two
of them are now, active contributors to American schol-
arship and literature ; but there seemed to be no pros-
pect of any succession. It was about this time that a
small band of literary enthusiasts, most of them en-
gaged in material occupations, began to assemble and
encourage each other in efforts to overcome the exist-
ing inertia. Among them were the late Charles Henry
Ltiders and John A. Henry, S. Decatur Smith, Jr.,
Francis Howard Williams, Charles Leonard Moore, and
two or three others. The first fruits of this literary
comradeship were two thin little volumes of verse, " A
Duet in Lyrics," by Messrs. Morris and Henry, and
"Hallo, My Fancy!" by Messrs. Lttders and Smith.
Later on, these gentlemen formed themselves into the
Pegasus Club, of which I have written in a former let-
ter. Grad\ially the impulse extended itself, and besides
those mentioned, Miss Repplier, Mr. R. H. Davis, and
Mr. Owen Wister have won new laurels for the city
which was really the birthplace of American letters.
The text of this little sermon on literary Philadelphia
is based on the advance sheets of Mr. Harrison S. Morris's
forthcoming volume, " Madonna and Other Poems," to
be published by the J. B. Lippincott Company next month.
This is the first collective edition of his poems, and con-
tains those which he wishes to preserve in permanent
form. There are reminiscences of Keats and Lowell in
some of the poems, but they strike original notes in the
main, and the volume is marked by a sustained eleva-
tion of tone somewhat unusual in first books of poetry.
The title piece, " Madonna," which readers of the " Cen-
tury Magazine " will remember, a fine medieval ballad
entitled "A Garden Quest," "To a Comrade" (John
A. Henry)," Winds and Leaves," and sonnets to Homer,
Walt Whitman, and Thoreau, may be marked for spe-
cial notice. There is also a section of landscape verse,
in which Mr. Morris excels.
It is announced that Mr. F. Marion Crawford, hav-
ing acquired a fine piece of property near Hanover,
N. H., his wife's birthplace, will shortly erect upon it
"a magnificent summer residence " commanding an ex-
cellent view of the Connecticut river for miles. He will
hereafter spend his summers in this ideal retreat, which
is some fifty miles north of Mr. Kipling's home at Brat-
tleboro', and on the opposite side of the river. It is
due west of Lake Winnipeseogee, and is a short distance
from the Shaker village at Lebanon. I have observed
that Mr. Crawford has always asserted his American
oitizenship, in spite of his foreign birth and residence.
The place of his birth cannot well be changed, but he
evidently intends to become a resident of his country in
fact as well as in theory. Arthur Stedman.


168
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
Literary Notes and Miscellany.
The Revue de Paris " has secured as serials the new
novels of MM. Daudet, Bourget, and Hale'vy. Their
respective titles are "Quinze Ans de Mariage," " Une
Idylle Tragique," and "Deux Jeunes Filles."
We are glad to learn that Judge Gayarre', the ven-
erable historian of Louisiana, who has been seriously ill
during the summer, is now restored to his usual health.
Judge Gayarre1 will be ninety years old on the fifth of
next January.
The Dial's articles on the Teaching of English in
American Colleges and Universities have aroused a hope-
ful degree of interest in this important subject, and this
will be continued by the publication of the articles in
book form, by Messrs. D. C. Heath & Co.
Dr. Elliott Cones, who has nearly completed his new
edition of " Pike's Expedition," has just returned from
a canoe trip of over four hundred miles to the sources
of the Mississippi River. He reports finding many im-
portant facts and interesting items that will be added
to his extensive notes.
We have been awaiting with much interest the arrival
in this country of three distinguished English men of
letters, Dean Hole, Dr. Conan Doyle, and the Rev. Stop-
ford Brooke, who have all been announced for lectures
during the autumn. We now learn that Dr. Brooke
has been compelled by illness to postpone his visit.
The other two, however, may be expected at an early
date, and will appear under the management of the vet-
eran Major Pond. Dr.-Doyle will be entertained soon
after his arrival by the Twentieth Century Club of Chi-
cago.
In response to frequent inquiries we wish to say that
the volume of " Proceedings of the International Con-
gress of Education of the World's Columbian Exposi-
tion" may be purchased from Dr. N. A. Calkins, 124
East Eightieth street, New York, for two dollars and
fifty cents. We may also mention the fact that the fa-
mous " Report of the Committee of Ten " has been re-
published on behalf of the National Educational Amo-
tion by the American Book Co., 808 Broadway, New
York, from whom it may be had for the nominal price
of thirty cents.
Thomas Dunn English, M.D, LL.D., the author of
the once popular song "Ben Bolt" (interest in which
has recently been revived by Du Maurier's story of
"Trilby ") still lives in Newark, N. J., and is now com-
pleting his second term in Congress. "Ben Bolt" was
written in 1843. At the request of many friends, the
poet's daughter, Miss Alice English has collected and
edited, for publication by private subscription, about
240 of his poems. The volume will be entitled "The
Select Poems of Dr. Thomas Dunn English," and will
not include the " Battle Lyrics " published by Messrs.
Harper & Brothers several years since.
The encouraging prospects of the book trade, shown
in the unexpectedly profuse announcements of Fall books
in this issue of The Dial, are confirmed by a New
York publisher, Mr. J. Selwin Tait, who summed up
the situation in a recent interview: "I think that pub-
lishers generally feel that, accident aside, they have be-
gun a period of prosperity which will last them through
the century. The period of depression through which
we have passed has not been an unmixed evil for the
publishing business, since it has resulted in the clearing
out of enormous stocks of standard publications held by
bankrupt concerns, the result of the reckless manufac-
ture of previous years."
The "Athenteum " states that the slab that is to cover
the grave of Robert Browning in Westminster Abbey
is almost completed, and will be sent to England quite
shortly from Venice. Owing to the limitations of the
allotted space, it was not easy for Mr. Barrett Brown-
ing to decide upon a design. The gravestone will be
of Oriental porphyry, of which the poet was particularly
fond. It was difficult to find a piece sufficiently large,
but finally Mr. R. B. Browning met with one at Rome.
It has been put into a frame of Siena marble, and the
whole, though rich, is of the greatest simplicity, and in
accordance with what would have been the poet's taste.
The inscription will consist of only the name and date
of birth, with an English rose at the head and a Flor-
entine lily below. .
Mrs. Augusta Webster, the news of whose death was
cabled on the sixth of this month, occupied an hon-
orable position among the minor Victorian poets. A
daughter of Admiral Davies, and born about 1840, she
made her first appearance in literature under the nom
de guerre of "Cecil Home," publishing two or three
novels. Her first volume of poems was the "Dra-
matic Studies" of 1865, which appeared in her own
name. Other volumes of verse were "A Woman Sold
and Other Poems " (1866), "Portraits" (1870), "The
Auspicious Day" (1872), "Disguises" (1880), and
translations of the "Prometheus Bound" of ^Eschylus
and the "Medea " of Euripides. A volume of selec-
tions from her poems appeared last year.
The Comte de Paris, who died in exile in London on
the eighth of September at the age of fifty-six, belongs
rather to politics than to letters, yet Americans should
not be forgetful of the fact that he served in the Army
of the Potomac as an aide-de-camp of McClellan, and
that his " History of the Civil War in America " is one
of the most substantial and meritorious accounts of
that great subject that have yet been written.
The eighth of this month also brought the sad news
that Professor Helmholtz had succumbed to a second
stroke of paralysis, just as he was fairly recovering
from the first stroke of some weeks ago. Baron Her-
mann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz, to give him
his full title, was born at Potsdam, August 31, 1821,
and had thus completed his seventy-third year. He
studied medicine at Berlin, and took his degree in
1842. His dissertation upon the nervous system of the
Invertebrata was followed in 1843 by a memoir on Pu-
trefaction, and that by a series of physiological papers.
In 1847 he read before a learned society of Berlin his
epoch-making paper on "The Conservation of Force."
In 1848 be was made an assistant in the Anatomical
Museum of Berlin, and in 1849, Professor Extraordi-
nary of Physiology in the University of Konigsberg.
In 1851 he invented the ophthalmoscope, and began
his investigations in electrodynamics. His promotion
to a regular professorship in the University followed
in 1852, and his inaugural address, upon the subject of
sensations and their physical basis, outlined the doc-
trines which were to be further developed in his great
works upon Light and Sound. In 1855 he became a
professor at Bonn, and in 1858 at Heidelberg. This
latter year also gave the world his great memoir on
Vortices. The treatise on Physiological Optics was
published in sections between 1856 and 1866, while
1862 was the date of the equally important "Tonemp-
findungen." In 1871 he went back to Berlin, this


1894.]
169
THE DIAL
time as Professor of Physics. His last quarter-century
was one of untiring activity, and witnessed the produc-
tion of memoirs too numerous to be here specified.
His visit to America last year, and his participation in
the Electrical Congress at Chicago, are events fresh in
the memory. His name is the greatest in nineteenth-
century physical investigation; one of the greatest,
also, in mathematics and physiology.
Another German scholar, Heinricb Karl Brugscb, died
on the tenth of the month. He was born in 1827 in
Berlin. His interest in Egyptology, which remained
almost undivided throughout his life, began when he
was a student of twenty at the gymnasium. He first
visited Egypt in 1853. The following year he became
Keeper of the Egyptian Museum at Berlin. After-
wards he became a professor at Gottingen, and in 1869
went to Egypt and succeeded M. Mariette as custodian
of the Boulak collections. His works include a widely-
read " History of Egypt," and numerous contributions
to Egyptian philology, archaeology, and literature.
Topics in Leading Periodicals.
September, 1894 {Second Ltst).
Addison, the Humorist. M. 0. W. Oliphant. Century,
Agnosticism, The Roots of. James Seth. New World.
Animals, Humanity to. Albert Letnngwell. Arena.
Animism and Teutonic Mythology. New World.
Arctic Temperatures and Exploration. Popular Science.
Barberries. Illus. F. LeRoy Sargent. Popular Science.
Books of the Coming Season. Dial I Sept. 16.)
City School Administration. A. P. Marble. Educational Rev.
City School Playgrounds. Illus. J. A. Kiis. Century.
Charities of New York, The. Social Economist.
Chicago Strike of '94, The. W. B. Harte. Arena.
Chinese Music. Mary A. Simms. Music.
Color at the Far North. F. W. Stokes. Century.
Composite Photographs. Illus. McClure's.
Discipline, Formal. B. A. Hinsdale. Educational Review.
Dredging on the Pacific Coast. Overland.
Dost, The Work of. P. Leonard. Popular Science.
Education, Scientific. H. E. Armstrong. Pop. Science.
English in the Univ'y of Penn. F. E. Schelling. Dial (Sept.16.)
Faith, Extremes of. John Bascom. Dial (Sept 16.)
Foods in the Year 2000. H. J. W. Dam. McClure's.
German School Excursions. Illus. J. M. Rice. Century.
Gorman Law, The. Social Economist.
History, A Library of. A. H. Noll. Dial (Sept. 16.)
Humming Birds of Chocorua. Frank Bolles. Pop. Science.
Lilienthal's Flying Machine. Illus. McClure's.
Minerology, The New. G. Perry Grimsley. Pop. Science.
Municipal Reform. Thomas E. Will. Arena.
Music and Education. E. M. Wakefield. Music.
Music in Norway. A. Von Ende. Music.
Niagara, Commercial Power Development at. Pop. Science.
Oregon Campaign of '94. E. Hoper. Overland.
Pre-natal Influence. M. Louise Mason. Arena.
Pulque, the Drink of Mexico. Illus. Overland.
Religion, Universal. J. W. Chad wick. New World.
Resurrection of Jesus, The. Albert Reville. New World.
Saint Francis of Assisi. C. A. L. Richards. Dial (Sept. 16.)
San Francisco, Early Journalism in. Illus. Overland.
Sociology, Recent Studies in. C. R. Henderson. Dial (Sept. 16.)
Whitman, Walt, Religion of. M. J. Savage. Arena.
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170
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
Longmans, Green, & Co.'s New Books
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1894.]
171
THE DIAL
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[Sept. 16,
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178
[Oct. 1,
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1894.]
179
THE
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180
[Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
E. & F. B. YOUNG & CO.'S | PORTER AND COATES,
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1894.]
181
THE DIAL
Macmillan & Co.'s New Books for October.
JUST BEADY: F. MARION CRAWFORD'S NEW STORY,
LOVE IN IDLENESS. A Tale of Bar Harbour.
By F. Marion Crawford, author of " Katharine Lauderdale," "Saracinesca," "Pietro Ghisleri," etc. With
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THE LIFE AND ART OF JOSEPH JEFFERSON.
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History of the English Language.
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the great advance
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Chronological Outlines of American Literature.
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182
(Oct. 1, 1894.
THE DIAL
D. APPLETON & CO.'S NEW BOOKS.
THE SECOND EDITION OF
The Manxman.
By HALL CAINE, author of “The Deemster,"«Capt'n Davy's Honeymoon,” « The Scapegoat,” etc. 12mo, cloth, $1.50.
"A wonderfully strong study of character; a powerful analysis of those elements which go to make up the strength and
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e to the story and yet with hardly a page in it all where
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this recalls the days of the immortals. There have been other phenomena of the same kind in recent years, to be sure, but
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A SECOND VOLUME OF
A History of the United States Navy, from 1775 to 1894.
By EDGAR STANTON MACLAY, A.M. With Technical Revision by Lieut. Roy C. SMITH, U.S.N. In two volumes.
Vol. II. With numerous Maps, Diagrams, and Illustrations. 8vo, cloth, $3.50 per vol.
In this volume Mr. Maclay depicts the closing scenes of the War of 1812, and recounts the events of consequence in the
history of the navy down to the civil war. The larger part of the volume is naturally devoted to the war, and in view of the
author's exhaustive researches and the collaboration of many officers who were actors in this great drama, the publishers
feel justified in emphasizing the importance of the succinct but comprehensive naval history of the civil war presented in this
volume. The concluding chapters relate to the naval happenings of importance since the war down to the launching of the
Columbia, and the building up of the new navy is fully described.
City Government in the United States. ' Woman's Share in Primitive Culture.
By ALFRED R. CONKLING. 12mo, cloth, $1.00. | By OTIS TUFTON Mason, A.M., Curator of the Department
The awakening of the American citizen indicated in the revolts of Ethnology in the United States National Museum. With
against boss and ring-rules, and the formation of organizations for non numerous illustrations. 12mo, cloth, $1.50.
partisan and pure municipal government, render the appearance of this This is the first volume in the “Anthropological Series," edited by
book peculiarly timely. The author has learned his subject by actual
Prof. Frederick Starr, of the University of Chicago. The series is un-
experience as an Alderman of New York, a member of the Assembly,
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come better known to intelligent readers. While the books are intended
ments for conducting the city's business, the methods, and the abuses,
to be of general interest, they will in every case be written by authori-
and his clear presentation of his theme is illustrated by references not
ties who will not sacrifice scientific accuracy to popularity. In the pres
only to the various American cities but also to Paris, London, Glasgow,
ent volume is traced the interesting period when with fire-making began
Birmingham, and Berlin, which he has visited and studied in the pre-
the first division of labor-a division of labor based upon sex-the man
paration of this book. Strangely enough, in view of the value of such
going to the field or forest for game, while the woman at the fireside
a work to every citizen, there is no book of equal scope.
became the burden-bearer, basket-maker, weaver, potter, agriculturist,
and domesticator of animals
Schools and Masters of Sculpture.
By Miss A. G. RADCLIFFE, author of Schools and Masters
Race and Language.
of Paintings." With 35 full-page illustrations. 12mo, cloth, By ANDRE LEFÈVRE, Professor in the Anthropological School,
$3.00.
Paris. No. 72, International Scientific Series. 12mo, cloth,
Those who know Miss Radcliffe's previous work will require no-com $1.50.
mendation of the grasp of subject and thoroughness of treatment shown Prof. Lefèvre has written in full sympathy with modern scientific
in this. In addition to her popular but thorough survey of the history|| research and in full possession of its latest results; moreover, he has
of sculpture in all countries, Miss Radcliffe sketches the various Amer made a book that is adapted to the needs of educated persons who are
ican collections of casts, and explains the opportunities for study which not advanced students of philology. He describes first the evolution of
we have at hand.
language, then the geographical distribution of languages and races, and
Round the Red Lamp.
closes with a somewhat comprehensive account of the Indo-European
group of tongues.
By A. Conan Doyle, author of "The White Company,"
*Adventures of Sherlock Holmes," etc. 12mo, cloth, $1.50.
A Flash of Summer.
The "Red Lamp," the trade mark, as it were, of the English country
By Mrs. W. K. CLIFFORD, author of “Love Letters of a
surgeon's office, is the central point of these dramatic stories of profes Worldly Woman," " Aunt Anne," etc. 12mo, cloth, $1.50.
sional life. There are no secrets for the surgeon, and a surgeon himself The mere announcement of a new novel by the author of " Love Let-
as well as a novelist, the author has made a most artistic use of the mot ters of a Worldly Woman" will attract those who seek the most brilliant
ives and springs of action revealed to him in a field of which he is the contemporary fiction. The new novel will be certain to add to the au-
master.
thor's reputation.
Recent Issues in Appletons' “ Town and Country Library."
Each, 12mo. Price, paper, 50 cents; cloth, $1.00.
The God in the Car. A Novel. By ANTHONY HOPE, A Victim of Good Luck. By W. E. NORRIS, author of
author of “The Prisoner of Zenda," etc.
“Matrimony,” “Mademoiselle De Mersac," etc.
A Mild Barbarian. By EDGAR FAWCETT, author of " An
Timar's Two Worlds. By MAURUS JOKAI.
Ambitious Woman," "The House at High Bridge," etc.
The Trail of the Sword. By GILBERT PARKER, author
George Mandeville's Husband. By C. E. RAIMOND.
of “The Trespasser," "The Translation of a Savage," etc. | Dr. Janet of Harley Street. By ARABELLA KENEALY,
Vashti and Esther. A Story of Society To-day. I author of “Molly and her Man-o'-War," etc.
For sale by all Booksellers; or will be sent by mail on receipt of price by the Publishers,
D. APPLETON & COMPANY, .... 72 Fifth Avenue, New YORK.


THE DIAL
A Semi-fionthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
PAOB
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of THE ART OF THE SHORT STORY.
each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage
prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries Although the arts of design, color, and tone
comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must
be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the
have long been reduced to something like a
current number. REMITTANCES should be by check, or by express or scientific system of underlying principles and
postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and
methods of procedure, and while schools for
for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application;
and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished
the inculcation of these principles and methods
on application. All communications should be addressed to
have long held a secure place among educa-
THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago.
tional institutions of the higher sort, the va-
rious forms of the literary art have hitherto
No. 199. OCTOBER 1, 1894. Vol. XVII. kept out of the hands of the schoolmaster, and
their pursuit has been left to such eager and
confident aspirants as have had the courage to
CONTENTS.
clear paths for themselves. Literary art is, of
course, made a subject of study in every school
THE ART OF THE SHORT STORY . .... . 183 and college of the land, but rather as provid-
THE RISE AND THE FALL OF THE “THREE
ing a means of æsthetic gratification than as
DECKER." Walter Besant . . . . . . . . 185
opening the way to a professional career in lit-
erature. It is admitted that exercises in verse
ENGLISH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN.
and prose composition are common enough in
David B. Frankenburger ......... 187
educational programmes ; but this is a very
THE CHANGELESS BARD (Poem). W. P. Trent . 188 different thing from the deliberate attempt to
master some form of the literary art for the
COMMUNICATION. ............ 188
purpose of finding in its pursuit the work of
A Working Shakespeare Library. A. J. H.
a lifetime. Even the French, who might nat-
JAPAN – KOREA - CHINA. E. G. J. ..... 189 urally be expected to take the lead in such a
BARTLETT'S CONCORDANCE TO SHAKE-
matter, and who have their special schools and
SPEARE. Hiram Corson. ........ 193
their Prix de Rome in painting and sculpture,
in architecture and music, have never thought
SOME RECENT STUDIES IN ETHICS. Frank
of stimulating poets and novelists except by
Chapman Sharp ..... ...... . 196
approving of them, by the bestowal of a meta-
Bosanquet's Civilization of Christendom.--Vaughan's
Questions of the Day.--Sterrett's The Ethics of He-
phorical crown, when they are already arrivés.
gel. - Bryant's A Syllabus of Ethics. — Bryant's The reason why literary art is thus left to
Ethics and the New Education.
shift for itself — the Cinderella of the sister-
hood — is not far to seek. The conviction is
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS .......... 198
An admirable school history of the United States.-
very widespread that literature is too elusive
A year of reading for Chautauquans.-Centennial of to be made the subject of instruction, that the
Bowdoin College.- Additional Napoleonic Memoirs. most successful of poets or novelists could by
-Poultry-killing as a fine art. - Second number of
no possibility impart to anyone else his secret,
“The Yellow Book." — Popular Science by Profes-
sor Huxley.
or even a respectable share of it. Possibly
there may be added to this the other convic-
BRIEFER MENTION : ........... 200 tion that there is far too much scribbling in
NEW YORK TOPICS. Arthur Stedman ..... 201
the world as things are, and that he would be
no friend of mankind who should seek to en-
LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY .... 202
courage still greater numbers to a reckless ex-
FALL ANNOUNCEMENTS OF BOOKS FOR THE
penditure of ink and a wanton defacement of
YOUNG ............... 204 good white paper.
There are some people, however, so consti-
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS ..... 203
tuted as to be uninfluenced by the fact that a
LIST OF NEW BOOKS. .......... 205 | thing is generally accounted impracticable, pro-


1»4
[Owe L
THE DIAL
ee the way to its aceom-
p'.jshment. Of sach is the anonymous aathor
of a treatise upon - The Art of Short Story
Writing."" now modestly pot forth through
the Riverside Literary Bureau, not published
in any regular form, bat issued in facsimile of
the type-written manuscript, and limited to a
very small number of copies. This carious pro-
duction professes to be 44 a practical course of
instruction after the French method of Man-
passant." The author clearly believes that the
art of this particular form of literature with
which be is concerned, at least, is capable of
being imparted to persons of fair talent and
education, and he sets about his task with a
confidence that proves fairly contagious while
one is reading his pages, although doubts may
afterwards intrude.
After some introductory remarks about the
scientific method in fiction, the author begins
the systematic treatment of his subject by a
classification of short stories. There are five
species: the tale, the fable, the study, the dra-
matic artifice, and the complete drama. The
tale deals with adventure or incident, and is
illustrated by Mr. Stevenson. The fable is a
tale with a direct moral, and Hawthorne was
preeminent in its composition. The study is
illustrated admirably by Miss Wilkins, and
the dramatic artifice by Mr. Richard Harding
Davis. The complete drama "combines all
the elements found in the other kinds of stories
into a single effective story. It tells a tale, it
has a moral, although one usually more remote
than the allegory, it has a study of character,
and it usually suggests some problem of life,
or has some clever turn, or unexpected episode,
or climax." This, the most consummate type
of the art of the short story, is illustrated by
Maupassant. After setting forth this acute
and reasonably exhaustive classification, the
author gives some sensible general directions
about methods and materials, and then pro-
ceeds to an analysis of the thirteen stories by
Maupassant accessible to English readers in
the volume entitled " The Odd Number." From
this time on, these stories are used by the au-
thor to point his morals, and to illustrate the
r\U» which he lays down for the guidance of
to whom the book makes a practical ap-
,r* should be as far as possible from doing
*o the writer of this book if we gave the
that he represented the art of story-
** rm*s easy of attainment. It is no
444 * •* .^weV-Writing in Six Lessons," no
•• Meistersehaft«y*tem
level path to the height that he poms
44 The writer must understand the iii-t he w
about to the very roots. He muse hare i
and vivid knowledge of the prmerc [e» :c
chology, of the actions and reactions <jc'
feeling—in short he most know pneceally ail


dent occurs." 4'If<
worth knowing about life, something of
or suggest! veness. something new s
ful, he has no material out of
a soul." Such are the
and over again, until, whatever <
novice may get from these pages, he b sore to
get a deepened sense of the old truth that art
is long. Possibly the principle is <
unnecessary, as it certainly is to a
ing, extent, in such a passage as the following:
44 Every writer ought to formulate for himself
more or less completely a philosophy of life-
He should arrange his thought about the uni-
verse into a system, so that be will feel dear as
to what God is, what love is, what the mean-
ing of life is, what is to be looked into and
known and what is to be left untouched by the
human mind." Doubtless the great story tell-
ers have done all this, but it can hardly be
claimed for many others who have yet had a
large measure of success. But such precepts
are wholesome, even if they are forbidding, for
they apprise the writer that he cannot set his
ideals too high. Of the greatest importance,
also, is the closing reminder that the most dil-
igent study of rules and principles must have
for its ultimate aim the relegation of those very
rules and principles to the domain of the sab-
conscious. 44 While one is actually writing a
story, rules are the most fatal thing to have in
mind. Self-consciousness during the actual
feat of writing a story is the most dangerous
thing in the world; but there is no surer way
of escaping it than by submitting first to a rig-
orous course of self-conscious preparation."
The strictures we are inclined to make upon
the system set forth in this book are few in
number and of no great importance. We think
the writer goes too far when he says that44 the
subject of literature is almost solely the emo-
tional side of life." It is doubtless true that
to be successful, 44 you must coin your heart's
blood into the universal coin of the realm of
heart," but why not also coin your ripest
thought (with its proper emotional associa-
tions) into the mintage of the intellectual prov-
ince? The suggestion that a good story should


[1894.
185
THE DIAL
have an unexpected end is not a principle of
the highest art, even in the short story. Rather
should the inevitableness of the end be fore-
shadowed from the beginning. This is, to our
mind, one of the ultimate differences between
art and artifice. We must also question the de-
sirability of advising " all young writers to be-
gin by being humorists," and must regard as
anything but a counsel of perfection the recom-
mendation of journalism as a collateral pursuit
helpful to literary achievement. There is even
something ludicrous in one device of the writer
—the use of diagrams to illustrate the charac-
ter-relations of the Maupassant stories taken
for texts throughout. We fancy, also, that the
principles so neatly deduced from the practice
of the French story-teller would require con-
siderable modification if a systematic attempt
were made to test them by the practice of two
or three others, say of Hawthorne and Poe, or
of Tourguenieff, the greatest of all artists in
this kind.
But we have no doubt that a young writer
may get a good deal of real help from this hand-
book of the art of fiction, provided, of course,
he is the kind of person who can be helped by
anything. His attention will be called to many
things which he ought to avoid, and he will
find many hints about the right way to set
about his tasks. Fiction has its technique al-
most as fully as has the drama, and our writer
has evidently tested his methods by practice,
although he modestly avers that " he is not the
author of very many great short stories." And
we could forgive greater inadequacies than any
we have pointed out for the sake of his un-
equivocal repudiation of the sort of realism that
has played such havoc with latter-day fiction.
He never forgets that story-writing must be
the work of creative imagination, and the issue
is not often so well put as in the following
words: "It would seem preposterous to let any
outside circumstance determine for a writer of
music the selection of chords, much less the ad-
mission of discords; but that is exactly what
a writer of fiction does when he tells a story
just as it happened in real life. His object
should have been to play upon the heart of the
reader a beautiful tune of life ; instead, he pro-
duces a jangle of discords."
A correspondent asks the pertinent question why
Professor Drummond has been allowed to appropriate,
without a protest, the title of Miss Mathilde Blind's
book called "The Ascent of Man." It is one of those
peculiar " coincidences " which certainly seem worth ex-
plaining.
THE RISE AND THE FALL OF THE
« THREE DECKER."
There are three institutions in this country which
pass the understanding of the American. Since
we are able to understand them very well, some of
our insular conceit is accounted for. If you think
of it, indeed, that level of intelligence which enables
us to understand anything which your people can-
not understand is something to be proud of. These
three institutions are the House of Lords, the Es-
tablished Church, and the Three Volume Novel —
the "Three Decker." The first two of these, in
spite of long continued and determined attacks, are
stronger than ever. The last of these, with which
I have been intimately connected for five and twenty
years, has just received a blow which threatens to
be mortal. Often assailed, long derided, much
abused, the Three Volume Novel has been stabbed
at last in a vital part and by the hand of its oldest
friend. It is not dead: it will, perhaps, partly re-
cover; but it is doomed to carry on a languishing,
lame, and limp existence for the future. The his-
tory of the Three Decker and the curiously artifi-
cial character of its publication and price forms a
little chapter in our branch of English literature that
may not be without interest to American readers.
At least, one may explain the genesis and the mean-
ing of an institution which is full of absurdity;
which exists in no other country; which will shortly
be numbered among the things of the past.
The English novel in its popular form, as an ar-
ticle of daily or constant consumption, was born
and grew up in the last century. It appeared in
one, two, or more volumes, as the author chose;
there was no rule or practice as to length. "The
History of Tom Jones " took three or four times
as much space and time in the telling as that of
"The Vicar of Wakefield." The woes of Clar-
issa could not be contracted in the narrow limits
which contained the adventures of Rasselas. But
the volumes themselves were generally of equal
length, forming a small octavo containing from
twenty to thirty thousand words. And between the
years 1750 and 1800 these volumes were priced at
three shillings each, so that a novel in three volumes
was sold for nine shillings and one in four volumes
for twelve shillings. The reading (and purchasing)
public of that time was mostly found in the towns:
in every large town, in every cathedral town, and
in many smaller towns, there were literary coteries,
clubs, and societies, a few of which were important
enough to occupy a place in the history of literature.
The literary circles of Norwich, Lichfield, Exeter, for
instance, cannot be neglected by the historian of the
last century. London, of course, provided the greatest
demand for new books; and there were the two Uni-
versities of Oxford and Cambridge. In the country,
in the quiet houses of squire and parson, there was
as yet very little reading and very little demand for
books. But the circle of readers went on widening
year after year, steadily, though as yet slowly. And


186
[Oct. 1,
THE
DIAL
the habit of reading, as the most delightful form of
recreation, went on growing. People read faster as
well as more ; they devoured books. No purse was
long enough to buy all the books that one could
read; therefore they lent to each other; therefore
they combined their resources and formed book
clubs; therefore the circulating libraries came into
existence. It was not that we ceased to buy books:
it was that we could no longer afford to buy a tenth
part of the books we wanted to read, and that we
clubbed together and passed on the books from
hand to hand.
All this took place in the latter half of the last
century. Then followed a long war—a war of three
and twenty years, nearly a quarter of a century —
when Great Britain stood in arms for a time against
the whole of Western Europe, the one undefeated
enemy of military despotism. I fear we are forget-
ting, as a nation, that long conflict: what it meant
for the liberties of the world; the sacrifices which
we made to maintain it. These sacrifices fell with
the greatest weight upon the professional classes,
those in which were found the reading public. They
could no longer afford to buy books at all; the book
clubs increased in number: so did circulating libra-
ries. The booksellers, finding that their buyers were
growing fewer, had to raise the price of their books.
And from 1790 to 1850 the price of novels (not to
mention other branches) ran up from three shillings
a volume to ten shillings and sixpence a volume. At
the same time the number of volumes gradually
became limited to three at the most, and was sel-
dom under three. For forty years or so this arbi-
trary rule has prevailed. The novel has had to
be in three volumes; the price has been, nominally,
thirty-one shillings and sixpence; the only pur-
chasers have been the circulating libraries.
Other changes have occurred: the book clubs,
with very few exceptions, have been dissolved ; the
circulating libraries, for practical purposes, have
been reduced to two—Mudie's and Smith's: these
two have long since refused to pay the nominal price
of thirty-one shillings and sixpence, and have ob-
tained the novels at fifteen shillings a copy, and in
some cases at very much less.
Again, forty years ago the reprint of a novel in
a cheap form was a rare event; only the most pop-
ular novelists were so honored, and then after a
long interval. It is now the custom to bring out
a new and cheap edition of every novel the least
above the average. This edition appears about nine
months after the first; the price varies from three
shillings and sixpence to six shillings.
We have, therefore, this remarkable custom in
the publishing of novels. We bring out the first
edition exclusively for the readers of Mudie's and
Smith's libraries. These number about 250,000,
reckoning about four to each subscribing family.
That is to say, in a home population of 37,000,000,
and a colonial population of 15,000,000, without
counting India, whose educated natives read our
literature extensively, we keep everybody waiting
for our best works of fiction until this lucky quar-
ter of a million has had a nine months' run among
them. Of late, there have been revolts here and
there. Two or three of our best and most popular
writers have refused to recognize the Three Vol-
ume rule. Mr. Louis Stevenson is one; Mr. Rudyard
Kipling is another. And now the two libraries them-
selves—supposed to be the props and pillars of the
old system — have announced to the trade that in
future they will only give eleven shillings a copy
instead of fifteen shillings for the Three Volume
novel, and they will make it a condition that they
shall have the exclusive use of it—i. e., that there is
to be no cheap edition—for twelve months after first
publication. I dare say American readers have heard
of the storm which during the whole summer has
raged about this question. The Society of Authors,
taking counsel of its novelist members, have de-
clared against the Three Volume system altogether.
Some of the publishers have advertised that they
will issue no more novels in that form. Those of
our novelists who are already engaged ahead for
the old form — I am myself one of these — will
break away from it as soon as they can. And
although the old form will linger on for some time,
its tyranny is now past. Henceforth, in this coun-
try as in the States, we shall appeal to the whole
reading public at the very outset; and we shall ask
them, for the present, to buy our stories in one vol-
ume at the price of six shillings. And here again
—because we really are a most illogical race—the
six shillings means four shillings and sixpence, for
the retail bookseller has to take off twenty-five per
cent from the nominal price.
It is often advanced in newspapers that this re-
volt means a demand for shorter stories. The state-
ment is made in ignorance. The Three Volume
novel ranges from one hundred thousand words to
three hundred thousand words in length. The one
volume novel has exactly the same range. For in-
stance, Mr. Louis Stevenson will be found, as a
rule, somewhat under one hundred thousand words.
"Marcella," on the other hand, now in one volume, is
nearly three hundred thousand words. The only de-
mand, in fact, for a shorter story— I do not mean
the "short story," which is another thing—is raised,
so far as I can see, by those who write reviews for
London papers. Readers, when they get hold of a
good novel, care not how long it is. Who would
wish " Vanity Fair " to be reduced by a single page?
When we are in good company we are loth to leave
them: there are even characters with whom one
would like to live for years. A long novel which
is also tedious is, indeed—but then I, for one, never
allow myself to be bored by a tedious novel.
And this—if you have had patience to read so far
— is the history of the rise, the growth, the great-
ness, and the fall, of that mysterious institution, the
Three Volume Novel. Walter Besant.
Devonshire, England, Sept. S, lS9Jf.


1894.]
187
THE
DIAL
ENGLISH AT THE UNIVERSITY
OF WISCONSIN*
The work in English in the University of Wisconsin
is done in the two departments,—Rhetoric and Oratory,
and English Language and Literature. The combined
instructional force is two professors, two assistant pro-
fessors, and three instructors,— seven in all.
For many years the required work in rhetoric and
composition consisted of one term's work in formal
rhetoric, and of weekly rhetorical exercises throughout
the course. The growth of the University has led to
concentration. Rhetoric is now required twice a week
through the Freshman and Sophomore years. There
are eleven courses in the department, nearly all running
longer than one term. In the Freshman year the aim
is thoroughly to ground the students, by precept and
by steady practice, in the fundamentals of composition;
the emphasis is constantly thrown on rhetoric as an art.
Analysis of themes, paragraph formation, the study of
the fundamental qualities of style and of great literary
types, with much practice in writing both within and
without the class-room,— such, briefly stated, are the
aim and method of the Freshman's rhetorical training.
Much attention is paid to the mechanics of composition.
The unevenness of the entrance preparation in English
compels this.
Although rhetoric is now required in our accredited
high schools, still the preparation is very inadequate.
In some of the schools the study is merely formal, not
looking to the production of anything; usually too much
work is required of the instructor, and not seldom the
work is assigned to those teachers who have little or no
special preparation for it; helpful criticism is therefore
rare. The course in English composition as laid down
in the catalogue of the schools is seldom carried out even
in the letter.
With our Freshmen, all written work is inspected;
most of it is carefully criticised, and much of it is re-
written. We try to lighten the burden of criticism
somewhat by massing the faults, and then treating
them before the class. Typically defective essays are
type-written, reproduced on the mimeograph, and crit-
icised in the class-room. Some of the faults common
to beginners arise from ignorance, or carelessness, or
* This article is the seventeenth of an extended series on the
Teaching of English at American Colleges and Universities,
of which the following have already appeared in The Dial:
English at Yale University, by Professor Albert S. Cook
(Feb. 1); English at Columbia College, by Professor Bran-
der Matthews (Feb. 1G); English at Harvard University, by
Professor Barrett Wendell (March 1); English at Stanford
University, by Professor Melville B. Anderson ( March 16);
English at Cornell University, by Professor Hiram Corson
(April 1); English at the University of Virginia, by Professor
Charles W. Kent (April 16); English at the University of
Illinois, by Professor D. K. Dodge (May 1); English at La-
fayette College, by Professor F. A. March I May 161; English
at the State University of Iowa, by Professor E. E. Hale, Jr.
(June 1); English at the University of Chicago, by Professor
Albert H. Tolman (June 16) ; English at Indiana University,
by Professor Martin W. Sampson (July 11; English at the
University of California, by Professor Charles Mills Qayley
(July 16); English at Amherst College, by Professor John P.
Genung I Ang. 1); English at the University of Michigan, by
Professor Fred N. Scott (Aug. 16); English at the University
of Nebraska, by Professor L. A. Sherman I Sept. 1); and
English at the University of Pennsylvania, by Professor Felix
E. ScheUing (Sept. 16.)— [Edb. Dial.]
general inexperience, while some are due to lack of cul-
ture and of mental training. Persistent criticism may
profitably be applied to the former group of faults,
while a kindly patience may often note the disappear-
ance of the latter group. The division may not be ex-
act, yet it holds true that something may be left to the
general development of the student. Over-criticism is
as bad as under-criticism or no criticism. Facility in
expression may, at times in the student's course, count
for more than mere conformity to rhetorical principle.
Criticism that freezes the currents of invention is always
of doubtful utility. It is apt to lead to mere perfunctory
work, just as no criticism leads to such work; and per-
functory work is the bane of the rhetorical class-room.
In the Sophomore year the essay-writing is continued.
The application of tbe principles of the paragraph are
more strongly insisted upon; the great problems in ex-
pression are pushed to the front. The writing of essays
in description, narration, argumentation, and exposition
proceed with the study of brief extracts of literary
masterpieces. Milton and Macaulay, Addison and De
Quincy, Ruskin and Huxley, are critically studied for
diction, adaptation, and mastery of materials. The
great webs are pulled just enough apart that the stu-
dent may see with what pains and skill the weaving has
been done. We aim not at the production of literature,
but in some little degree to arouse and cultivate the lit-
erary spirit; not that spirit that simply enjoys litera-
ture, feeling what is good, but the artist spirit that re-
joices in creation, in the perfect embodiment of an idea,
—the critical spirit as Matthew Arnold understood the
term. At this stage of the work, the criticism of essays
is largely personal. Many of the essays are read be-
fore the class. The other influences in the University
that help the Freshmen and Sophomores to the attain-
ment of some degree of proficiency in English composi-
tion I shall speak of later.
The required work in rhetoric ends with the Sopho-
more year. The advanced courses in rhetoric, as well
as the courses in elocution, are optional. The principal
advanced course in rhetoric is given three times a week
throughout the year, and is open to those students who
have completed the required work. The method of in-
struction is by text-book and lectures, and by wide aux-
iliary reading. The aim is to cultivate the literary taste.
Minto's " Manual " and Lessing's " Essays on Criticism"
are read by the class. The text-book furnishes mate-
rial for lectures or talks by the students. Orations,
speeches, and debates are delivered before the class,
then carefully written out and criticised. Essays of the
Freshmen or of the Sophomores are corrected by mem-
bers of this advanced class, who then look over the cor-
rected work with the instructor.
The above work in English is done in the academical
courses. In the College of Engineering, the Freshmen
are required to take Rhetoric and Composition three
times a week during the year. The work is similar to
that required of the Freshmen in the literary courses,
except that special stress is laid upon scientific and tech-
nical description aud exposition. This is further carried
out in an elective course in the same departments, open
only to Engineering students, where the training is purely
practical, intended to aid the student clearly to express
himself on scientific and professional subjects.
An article on English at the University of Wisconsin
would be incomplete that did not give some account of
the work of the literary societies. They form a great
practice department in English composition and elocu-


188
[Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
tion. The work is so certain, and so uniform in quality,
that it may be looked upon as part, and not an unim-
portant part either, of the students' training. Freshmen
and Sophomores, while carrying on the work in English
composition in the class-room, are listening to or en-
gaging in weekly debates in the society halls. There
are in all eight general literary societies; and in all of
them, I believe, essay writing and oration writing is sub-
sidiary to debating. The competition runs high even
within the societies. The Sophomores of each society
bold annually a public exhibition; those who appear are
chosen for the excellence of their work in the society.
The most important literary event of the college year,
not excepting commencement, is the joint debate be-
tween two of the several literary societies that consti-
tute the Joint Debate League. The joint debaters are
usually chosen from those who have made a good record
in the Sophomore public debate. No labor or expense
is spared in preparation.
The relation of the department of Rhetoric and Ora-
tory to the other departments of a college or university
is peculiar. It should be in close alliance with them; a
sharp insistence by all departments upon correctness in
the composition of themes and topics, and upon correct
pronunciation and correct speech in the recitation room,
would add greatly to the efficiency of the English de-
partment. A graduate's English should be the result
of all university work; and by English I mean both
spoken and written English.
The department of English Language and Literature
offers twenty-one courses; a few of these are given only
every second year. Anglo-Saxon and Middle English
as an introduction to the historical study of English are
required of students in the English course. This is fol-
lowed by an elective course in Anglo-Saxon poetry and
a survey of Anglo-Saxon literature, and this by a course
in Beowulf as an introduction to the study of Old Ger-
manic life. A general course in the history of the En-
glish language is given every second year. A general
survey of English literature is a prerequisite to all other
courses in English literature, and is required of the
Sophomores in the English course. All other courses
in the department are elective.
The method of instruction is scientific. Little atten-
tion is paid to text-books; the works under consideration
are studied, commented upon, interpreted. Long lines
of reading are assigned, and the results are embodied
in a paper which is read and discussed before the class.
In the Literature Seminary meeting, once a week for
two hours, the general principles of literary criticism
are expounded and applied.
The scope of instruction in the department is suffi-
ciently broad. After the general survey required for en-
trance upon the elective courses, the students may study
the history of literature of the fourteenth century, the
literature of the Elizabethan period, the literature of
the eighteenth century with special reference to the so-
cial and intellectual life of the period, the English Ro-
mantic movement, and the Victorian era. There is a
group of courses on the Drama, beginning with the an-
cient classical drama in translation, going to the history
of the English drama, and the interpretative readings of
selected plays of Shakespeare, with themes and discus-
sion. Epic poetry is studied in translations of Virgil,
Homer, and Dante, leading to the great English lyric
poets. The development of the novel and the develop-
ment of English prose are each given a place. The En-
glish essayists, from Dryden to the present day, are fol-
lowed by the English and American prose masterpieces,
and those by the English Literary Seminary on the his-
tory and theory of literary criticism; the subject for
study in the seminary for the present year is Robert
Browning. The courses in English literature are, I
think, the most popular courses in the University.
David B. Frankenburger.
Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory, University of Wisconsin.
THE CHANGELESS BARD.
(Written on a jiy-leaf of Mr. Andrew Lang't "Homer and the Epic.")
It is an age that knows thee not, I fear,
Child of the Dawn, which, kissing, smit thee blind;
Or else could any lover cease to find
Thy presence in thy works? Doth not the year
That rolls, show Nature's face? Yea, full as clear
Thine rises still before the adoring mind,
O Bard serene with love of human kind
And favor of the gods. What! could the sheer
Blank fall of Time engulf thee, eldest born
Of the Elect? Nay, sooner had wide space
Swallowed the pristine stars that sang the birth
Of this new world, what time the first glad morn
Showed o'er the eastern hills her gracious face,
And made for men a habitable earth.
W. P. Trent.
COMMUNICA TIONS.
A WORKING SHAKESPEARE LIBRARY.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
The appearance of that monumental work, Bartlett's
Shakespeare Concordance, suggests the question of what
constitutes a good working Shakespeare Library. The
veterau Shakespeare teacher, Professor Corson, believes
that the absolutely needful apparatus for Shakespearean
study may be supplied by a very few works, and re-
commends, as constituting an excellent working Shake-
speare Library, the following: The Cambridge Shake-
speare, edited by W. Aldis Wright, nine volumes. (The
student is presented, at the foot of the page, with a col-
lective view of all the various reading of the Quartos
and Folios, 16th and 17th centuries, Octavos, 18th cen-
tury, and all subsequent editions, together with all the
more important conjectural emendations that have been
proposed but not adopted into any text. In the case of
Plays of which there are Quarto editions differing from
the received text to such an extent that the variations
cannot be shown in foot-notes, the texts of the Quartos
are printed literatim in a smaller type after the received
text.) The Globe Shakespeare, for line numbering;
Abbott's Shakespearean Grammar; Dowden's Shake-
speare Primer; Dr. Schmidt's Shakespeare Lexicon;
Charles and Mary Cowden-Clarke's Shakespeare Key;
and Bartlett's Concordance. The student who has all
these works at hand, Professor Corson thinks, is not
badly off for aids to his study of Shakespeare; he is
better off, perhaps, than if he had a great Shakespearean
library at his command, which would tempt him to
browse around and thus have his mind distracted with
an excess of material. It would be interesting to have
expressions on the subject from other Shakespeare stu-
dents- A. J. H.
Ithaca, N. Y., Sept. 24, 1894.


1894.]
189
THE DIAL
Eije Tffeto Books.
J apax—Korea—China. *
Mr. Curzon's book on "Problems of the
Far East" comes in the nick of time, and has
scarcely a rival in the field it covers. The eyes
of the Western world are intently fixed on the
international drama now enacting in Korea,
in which Japan and China are the protagon-
ists ; and there is an eager demand for precisely
the sort of information that Mr. Curzon gives.
Of the Oriental " impressions " of the globe-
trotter we have had enough and to spare—save
in the case of Korea, which floats in the minds
of most of us chiefly as a land of white clothes
and miraculous hats. Japan we know (or fan-
cied we knew) pretty thoroughly. Pilgrims in-
numerable, from sugary Sir Edwin Arnold f to
"breezy " Miss Duncan, have journeyed thither
as to a traveller's paradise, bent on seeing a
fairy-land of tea-gardens and bric-a-brac, pa-
per lanterns and tea-tray landscapes, with in-
habitants to match; and, naturally, they saw
what they were predisposed to see. But of
Japan, the land of aspiring statesmen and de-
finite ambitions ; the potent factor in the loom-
ing Pacific Question ; the scheming, far-seeing
rival of China and Russia for the tongue of
land the mastery of which will go far in deter-
mining the maritime supremacy of the Pacific;
the country that is bridging with such mar-
vellous celerjty the gulf between feudalism and
democracy, and between Oriental stagnation
and Western progress,—of this, the actual and
all-important Japan, travellers heretofore have
told us relatively little. Painting pictures is
no part of Mr. Curzon's main design, though
he shows on occasion that he can wield the
brush with brilliancy and effect. His stand-
point is that of the political student, and his
view throughout is broad and statesmanlike.
The volume is the outcome of two journeys
round the world, in 1887-8 and in 1892-3,
and it is essentially a comparative study of the
political, social, and economic conditions of
Japan, China, and Korea. What is the part
* Problems of the Fab East: Japan — Korea — China.
By the Hon. George N. Curzon, M.P. With Maps and Fifty
Illustrations. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co.
t "I conceive that no worse service conld have been ren-
dered to Japan than the publication of the last work in En-
glish which has been dedicated to her charms by a well-
known writer and poet. These overloaded encomiums not
merely clog the palate; they foster a growing vanity against
which the Japanese require to be on their guard, and which
may, unless abated, both provoke and deserve the chastise-
ment of some smart rebuff."—Author.
they are now playing, or are capable of play-
ing, on the international stage? What is the
political future that may, without foolhardiness
of prediction, be anticipated for them? These
are the leading questions Mr. Curzon attempts
to answer. His treatment of Japan is purely
political, and his picture of Japanese home pol-
itics is not, on the whole, a bright one. After
a twenty years' travail, Japan has given birth
to a Parliamentary Constitution, and the two
chambers created under it are rapidly intro-
ducing the people to the amenities of parlia-
mentary methods — obstruction within doors
and demagogism without — to the phenomena
of Radical and Conservative parties, and to
the familiar palmstra of begging and refusing
supplies. The Diet approximates to the Prus-
sian model. There is a House of Peers (270
members) which is partly hereditary, partly
nominated, and partly elected. The members
of the first two classes sit for life, those of the
third class for seven years. The Lower House,
which contains 300 members, and sits for four
years, being bound to meet at least once a year
for a three months' session, is wholly elective,
and is composed of the representatives of the
principal prefectures and towns, returned in
the proportion of one to every 128,000 of the
people, upon a tax-paying, residential, and age
franchise. The Japanese have acquired the
routine of parliamentary conduct with their
usual facility, and the new regime has had its
natural effect upon the people at large. There
is a prodigious growth of mushroom journals
of the " organ " variety; and we read of polit-
ical clubs, of agitations for an extension of
the franchise, of mass-meetings, of "silver-
tongued" orators and "scathing" speeches;
and we realize that in far Japan, Demos, hav-
ing found belated utterance, is being flattered,
cheated, and cajoled by his natural mentors in
the good old way. Happily, with a limited
franchise, the Japanese "boss" is still below
the political horizon. The Lower House, says
Mr. Curzon, is by its constitution afflicted with
the vices of an irresponsible opposition; and
so far it has combated successive governments,
impeding their measures and defeating their
budgets, with a persistency worthy of Irish ob-
structionists. Of the many "rocks ahead"
pointed out by our author which threaten con-
stitutional rule in Japan, the most menacing
by far is the question of the relations of the
Chamber with the Government, which repro-
duce, though in different form, the controver-
sial impasse presented from time to time in


190
[Oct. 1,
THE
DIAL
England between a Radical majority in the
House of Commons and a Conservative one in
the House of Lords. Japan has parties, but
no party government. The Ministers are re-
sponsible, not to the Diet, but to the Emperor,
retaining office during his pleasure. There is
no a priori reason why the dangerous situation
presented by a majority hostile to the Exec-
utive, in both Houses, should not exist and be
indefinitely prolonged.
"The theory of the Japanese Constitution, therefore,
being the rule of a Government legislating through two
Chambers, but not responsible to either, and treating
their representatives with comparative indifference, it
may be readily understood that the popular Chamber,
at any rate, which rests solely upon election, though on
a narrow franchise, becomes an almost automatic ma-
chine of opposition."
Frequent dissolutions are obviously a dan-
gerous expedient; and should the present at-
tempt of Count Ito's Ministry to tide over do-
mestic dissensions by means of foreign war
prove disastrous (and Mr. Curzon seems to
think it must, eventually) Japanese politicians
may look for interesting times in the near fu-
ture. Broadly stated, the main questions in
the three-fold problem with which Japanese
statesmen have to deal are these: the ances-
tral conflict between democratic and oligarchi-
cal theories of government; the role of the
sovereign in a so-called constitutional polity;
and the relation of ministerial responsibility
to a parliamentary system. They are essen-
tially the issues over which European states
have been battling for centuries; and it is to
be hoped that here again Japan may profit by
the experience of the Occident.
Of especial interest at present is a con-
sideration of the military and naval forces of
the Mikado's Empire. Born sailors, and con-
scious of an extensive and vulnerable seaboard,
the Japanese are peculiarly sensitive to criti-
cism of their navy; and while the administra-
tion of the department excites acrimonious
party strife, there is no dispute as to the crown-
ing need of a policy of liberal naval outlay.
When in 1893 the government placed the stan-
dard of national requirement at 120,000 tons,
extreme radicals proposed an increase to 150,-
000. An order amounting to £2,000,000 is
now undergoing execution in Europe; and re-
cent events more than justify Count Ito's boast
to our author, that "the Japanese fleet is the
next strongest to that of China in the North-
ern Pacific, and is far more serviceable for ac-
tion." Not less satisfactory is the condition of
the army.
"With a mobilized peace-footing of between 50,000
and 60,000 men, with a reserve of 113,000, and a Land-
wehr of 80,000, armed, equipped, and drilled according
to the highest standard of nineteenth-century require-
ment, and, moreover, honestly and economically admin-
istered, the Japanese army need not shrink from the
test of comparison, in point of efficiency, with the forces
of European states."
The Japanese soldier has, unquestionably, dis-
cipline, perseverance, and endurance. "Has
he valor also?" is the question recently put
by an English military authority. The annals
of the nation, teeming with the records of per-
sonal valor and patriotic devotion, certainly re-
turn an affirmative answer. The high ideal of
Japanese feudal and national loyalty is fitly
expressed in the old verses current for a thou-
sand years among the people:
"Is my path upon the ocean yonder?
Let the waves my shipwrecked body hide!
Must I over plain and mountain wander?
Let my slain corse 'neath the grass abide!
Where'er I cease,
For me no peace
Of last release,
I shall perish by my liege-lord's side!"
We gather from Mr. Curzon's reports that,
despite the heavy draughts on the national
capital implied by her war establishments, the
trade and manufactures of Japan are exceed-
ingly prosperous—to the British apprehension
rather alarmingly so. Surprising advances
have been made, notably in the manufacture
of cotton clothing, Japan's export of the pro-
duct of her own looms having quadrupled in
the last five years. With the great increase
in the import of raw material, there has been
a corresponding decrease in that of manufac-
tured goods. Especially, thinks Mr. Curzon,
will she profit in her export of manufactured
cottons to China.
"Both are silver-standard countries, and in both
wages are paid in silver; and when her superior prox-
imity, her low rate of wages, and the cheapness of coal,
are taken into account, Manchester and Bombay alike
should find in her a most formidable competitor."
What will be the effect of the present war upon
this promising industrial outlook, remains to
be seen.
Having glanced at Mr. Curzon's account of
Japan's army, it may be interesting to learn
his opinion of her rival's. While China has
made some improvements in her military or-
ganization, especially since the French war of
1884-5, it is, as a whole, little less antique and
no less rigid than its civil counterpart. Its
first main division is the Army of the Eight
Banners, a close coiys forming a sort of hered-
itary body or caste maintained at the expense


1894.]
191
THE DIAL
of the Crown, and, like the Roman legionaries
of the outlying provinces, holding military
lands. The nominal strength of the Eight
Banners varies from 230,000 to 330,000 men;
but of these, not more than 80,000 are on a
respectable war footing. The Imperial Guard
at Peking, drawn from the Banner Army, con-
sists of eight regiments ; and side by side with
them is the National Army, a sort of militia,
nominally 540,000 to 660,000 strong, about
one-third of whom are usually called out, " and
the whole of whom are never organized, and
are probably incapable of being organized, for
war." The only really formidable contingent
of the National Army is the Tientsin army
corps (mobilized strength 35,000), a compact
troop armed with modern rifles and Krupp
guns, and drilled and organized on the Prus-
sian model. The total land army of China,
called on to garrison an Empire whose area is
half as large again as Europe, and whose popu-
lation is equivalent to that of all Europe, is,
on a war footing, about 1,000,000 men. When
we approach the question of discipline, train-
ing, and personnel, the true value of the Chi-
nese army appears. The men have many ex-
cellent qualities — good physique, wonderful
endurance, natural docility and sobriety, and
considerable intelligence; of discipline, in the
proper sense, they have none.
"No arms in the world, shuffled out from the arsenal
upon the declaration of war, like cards from a pack, and
placed in untrained hands, can make them follow lead-
ers who are nincompoops, or resist an enemy whose tac-
tics, except when it comes to getting behind a mud ram-
part themselves, they do not understand."
Their ordinary weapons are lances, spears, bat-
tle axes, tridents, ancient rifles bought second-
hand or third-hand in Europe, with a plentiful
accompaniment of banners and gongs. The
arm of the majority, however, is an archaic and
(to the bearer) formidable matchlock, which
requires two men to fire it. Bows and arrows
are common; and European Dugald Dalgettys
in Peking are every day scandalized by seeing
the garrison at archery practice, shooting " at
a straw doll stuck up in a ditch." In fighting
the French at Tonking, men of the same regi-
ment had different rifles, and there was even
a larger confusion of cartridges.
"To a Chinaman all cartridges are alike; and what
with those that were too large and those that were too
small, and those that jammed and could not be extracted,
it may be judged what amount of success attended the
firing."
All military drawbacks, however, sink into
insignificance compared with the final and fatal
handicap of the native officer. In China, the
pedant's paradise, where distinction is identi-
fied with proficiency in the classics, the mili-
tary profession is regarded with contempt, and
attracts only inferior men.
"In the bulk of the army an officer still only requires
to qualify by passing a standard in archery, in fencing
with swords, and in certain gymnastic exercises."
Oddly enough, even for China, where every-
thing seems to go, as it were, stern-foremost,
and where a sense of practical fitness, like the
verb in a German sentence, usually comes last,
the study of the theory of war is relegated to
civilians, as a branch of polite learning. When
we learn, however, that the standard military
works are some three thousand years old, and
that the chief authority (one Sun-tse) recom-
mends such manoeuvres as — " Spread in the
camp of the enemy voluptuous musical airs, so
as to soften his heart" — the practical loss to
the profession seems inconsiderable. Summar-
izing his impressions of the Chinese officers,
Mr. Curzon concludes:
"It cannot be considered surprising that, so recruited
and taught, destitute of the slenderest elements, either of
military knowledge or scientific training, they should earn
the contempt of their followers. Their posts are usually
acquired either by favoritism or purchase. When it is
added that they are also, as a rule, both corrupt and
cowardly; that they stint the men's rations and pilfer
their pay; and that when an engagement takes place
they commonly misdirect it from a sedan chair in the
rear, we have the best of reasons for expecting uniform
and systematic disaster."
As to the employment by China of European
officers, Mr. Curzon observes that she is ready
enough to enlist them and to pay them liber-
ally, in the initial stages of a policy of recon-
struction—and to cast them aside, unrewarded
with gift or preferment, as soon as she has
sucked them dry.
"She kowtows to the foreigner as long as she has
something to gain from him; but her inordinate conceit
presently reasserts itself, and a Chinaman is appointed
to continue, one might rather say to take to pieces, the
laborious efforts of his predecessors."
In the light of Mr. Curzon's account it is
manifest that, despite its great numerical supe-
riority, the ill-armed, ill-disciplined, and worse-
led horde, by courtesy called the Chinese Army,
must go down in the field before Japan's thor-
oughly modern and efficient fighting-machine.
It is a corps of regulars against a rabble of
tramps; and the issue of the first onset is not
doubtful. But what of the issue of a long sus-
tained struggle ?—or of a conflict renewed after
China, profiting by her disasters and eager to
avenge them, shall have taken the field with an


192
[Oct. 1,
THE DIAL,
army numerically far beyond the resources of
the Island Empire, and equipped, drilled, and
officered in some conformity with modern stand- i
ards? A defeat by Japan seems not unlikely
to prove the rude jog needed to startle China
from her sleep of centuries, and to bring about
that real " awakening" predicted by Marquis
Tseng.
Mr. Curzon's graphic and comprehensive ac-
count of Korea can only be touched upon here.
Korea's new-born prominence in international
politics is largely due to the bearing of her
geographical position upon the maritime and
commercial ambitions of China, Russia, and
Japan. The opening of the Canadian Pacific
Railway and Trans-Pacific route on the east-
ern side; the probable completion of the Nic-
aragua or some other inter-oceanic canal to the
south ; the Siberian Railway, and the ominous
meddling of foreign states in the affairs of the
isles of Oceania,—all foreshadow a future Pa-
cific Question to the vital importance of which
the three Powers named are fully alive. Rus-
sia, already dissatisfied with her base at ice-
bound Vladivostock and thirsting for a Pacific
commerce and a Pacific armament, is quietly
pushing her outposts into the coveted penin-
sula; and, as against her, the interests of China
and Japan would seem to coincide. Says Mr.
Curzon:
"That the true policy for Japan, ignoring tradition
and history and burying national antipathies, is a friendly
understanding with China, interesting herself in keeping
at a distance the common peril—namely, the advance of
the Muscovite from the north—appears to me self-evi-
dent, and is, I believe appreciated by her own statesmen."
Every Japanese minister has, however, in
shaping his course now, to reckon with a large
and aggressive body of his countrymen, who,
when their "patriotic" instincts are touched,
"are apt to respond by going stark mad." To
the latter phenomenon Mr. Curzon ascribes the
present conflict in Korea; and he adds:
"In the event of open war Japan cannot, in my judg-
ment, escape the blame of provocation, and will, in the
long run, be the sufferer by the issue."
Touching the merits of the Korean dispute,
it may be said, broadly, that while Japan's
claims, technically surrendered but popularly
held to, to ascendancy in the peninsula are
supported by priority in time, China's rest on
the firmer ground of community of language,
of manners, and of religion, as well as on ter-
ritorial connection. Japan's claim dates back
to the third century a. d., when an Amazonian
Empress-Regent (appropriately named Jingo)
led an expedition into Korea, and received its
submission. Up to the end of the fourteenth
century Korea remained tributary; and there
thus grew up in most Japanese minds the abid-
ing conviction that to give up this suzerainty
meant an indelible stain on the national honor.
The substantial results of the feudal relation
dwindled away, however, in time, into a barren
exchange of compliment; and in 1876 Japan,
exhausted by her civil wars, prudently closed
a treaty with Korea, in which was embodied
the pregnant statement that " Chosen, being
an independent State, enjoys the same sover-
eign rights as does Japan "—-an admission fool-
ishly winked at by China "from the mistaken
notion that by disavowing her connection with
Korea she could escape the unpleasantness of
being called to account for the delinquencies
of her vassal." By the Convention of Tient-
sin (1885), following the revolution in Soul,
the rival nations agreed for the future not to
send an armed force to Korea to suppress do-
mestic disorder, without giving previous notice
to each other. Says our author:
"This document was a second diplomatic triumph
for Japan; for, whilst it was safe to aver that neither
Power would ever be seriously deterred thereby from
hostile action, it yet involved the very admission of sub-
stantial equality of rights as regards Korea, which Japan
had all along been laboring to reassert, and which China,
except in the moments when she had been caught nap-
ping, had as consistently repudiated."
It should be noted that while Japan, in 1876,
formally relinquished her shadowy feudal claim
(born of aggression and weakened by time)
upon Korea, she has since pursued with unflag-
ging energy the more substantial goal of com-
mercial and fiscal control in the peninsula. Her
colonists and merchants, possessed of capital
and understanding the use of it, have fastened
a grip upon the unwary and indolent Koreans
that will be hard to shake off. The mint and
the banks are in their hands, and the Govern-
ment is in their debt; and (leaving the pos-
sible fruits of the war out of the count) every-
thing seems to indicate that in a few years'
time the Japanese will have obtained a mastery
of the resources of Korea that will render, as
Mr. Curzon thinks, "her political dependence
upon China a constitutional fiction which the
wisdom born of accomplished facts may ulti-
mately allow to expire." Japan has definite
ambitions; and it may be that the recent ad-
vance on Korea is as much a bold move in the
line of her general policy as a mere piece of
ministerial finesse calculated for home effect.
The role she aspires to play in the Far East is
determined by her geographical situation.


1894.]
193
THE DIAL
"Placed at a maritime coign of vantage upon the
flank of Asia, precisely analogous to that occupied by
Great Britain on the flank of Europe, exercising a pow-
erful influence over the adjoining continent, but not nec-
essarily involved in its responsibilities, she sets before
herself the supreme ambition of becoming, on a smaller
scale, the Britain of the Far East. ... If she can
but intimidate any would-be enemy from attempting a
landing on her shores, and can fly an unchallenged flag
over the surrounding waters, while from her own re-
sources she provides occupation, sustenance, clothing,
and wages for her people, she will fulfil her role in the
international politics of the future."
To readers interested in the more serious side
of Eastern life, and in its political problems,
Mr. Curzon's book is indispensable. His treat-
ment of Japan is, as said, purely political.
The excellent chapters on Korea and on China
are more pictorial; but here also, as the author
says, "the trail of politics is over all." Mr.
Curzon's vaticinations as to the destinies of the
Far East, and the probable share of Great
Britain therein, are full of interest, and they
have the decided advantage over Mr. Pearson's
melancholy "Forecast" of being founded on
direct observation. The volume is a handsome
one externally, and it is liberally illustrated.
E. G. J.
Bartxett's Concordance to
Shakespeare.*
The Works of Shakespeare have been, per-
haps, more completely laid open, in respect to
his vocabulary, his phraseology, every feature
of his language-shaping, his every thought and
sentiment, than those of any other modern au-
thor ; it may, indeed, be quite safe to say, than
those of any ancient classic, Greek or Roman.
Before noticing the work whose title heads this
article, a cursory glance at previous works of
the same class seems to be called for.
More than a hundred years ago—namely, in
1790—was published, as a companion volume
to an edition of Shakespeare's Dramatic Works
in two volumes royal octavo, published by John
Stockdale, London, " An Index to the remark-
able Passages and Words made use of by Shake-
speare. . . . By the Rev. Samuel Ayscough,
F.S.A. and assistant librarian of the British
Museum." (There was a Dublin edition in
1791, and there were London editions in 1807,
1827, and 1842.) The references in this Index
are to the play, act, and scene, and to page,
* A New and Complete Concordance, or Verbal Index,
to Words, Phrases, and Passages in the Dramatic Works of
Shakespeare. With a Supplementary Concordance to the
Poems. By John Bartlett, A.M., Fellow of the Academy of
Arts and Sciences. New York: Macraillan & Co.
column, and line, of Stockdale's Shakespeare.
The passages given in connection with the
index-word generally make complete sense in
themselves. There are in all somewhere be-
tween forty and fifty thousand references. Ays-
cough was a skilled and experienced index-
maker; and this Shakespeare Index is a very
creditable piece of pioneer work. It was, at
the time, up to the demands of Shakespearean
study.
In 1805 - 7 was published, in two octavo
volumes, in London, " A Complete Verbal In-
dex to the Plays of Shakespeare: adapted to
all editions. Comprehending every substan-
tive, adjective, verb, participle, and adverb,
used by Shakespeare; with a distinct refer-
ence to every individual passage in which each
word occurs. By Francis Twiss." This is now
a scarce work, as, according to Thimm's Shake-
speariana, 542 copies of an impression of 750
were destroyed by the fire at Bensley's, the
printer, in 1807. A curious fact in connection
with it, especially curious to Shakespeareans of
the present day, is the ill-natured opinion ex-
pressed in "The Eclectic Review" for Jan-
uary, 1807, in regard to the homage to Shake-
speare implied in such an Index. The compiler
is reprehended for "the misapplication of his
time and talents to that blind devotion which
fashion requires to be paid at the shrine of
Shakespeare by everyone who makes the slight-
est pretensions to refinement of taste." I have
never seen a copy of this work, and cannot
speak of its merits. But it probably does not
even approach a realization of what is set forth
in the title.
In 1845, Mrs. Mary Cowden-Clarke pub-
lished her "Complete Concordance to Shake-
speare : being a verbal index to all the passages
in the dramatic works of the poet." This Con-
cordance was the result of " sixteen years' as-
siduous labour," as stated by the author in the
preface, "the twelve years' writing, and the
four more bestowed on collating with recent
editions and correcting the press." This was
regarded at the time of its publication, and
long after, as a final work. It was not sup-
posed that Shakespearian study would ever de-
mand anything more complete. If there had
been, when Mrs. Cowden-Clarke entered upon
her long labor, a standard numbering of the
lines of scenes, as has since been established
by the "Globe" Shakespeare, and had she
given the latter in connection with act and
scene, very little more could ever have been
desired in a concordance. The omission of


194
[Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
erewith, resultate in the iwden.
certain particles, which the progress of English In 1879 was published “ The Shakespeare
philology has brought into importance, might Key: unlocking the treasures of his style, elu-
have been supplied ; but it would hardly have cidating the peculiarities of his construction,
been necessary to do the whole work over. and displaying the beauties of his expression ;
In 1874 was published by J. B. Lippincott forming a companion to The Complete Con-
& Co., of Philadelphia, “ A Concordance to cordance to Shakespeare.' By Charles and
Shakespeare's Poems : an Index to every word Mary Cowden - Clarke."* This work aptly
therein contained. By Mrs. Horace Howard closed the long and indefatigable Shakespear-
Furness.” This is the completest concordance ean labors of Charles and Mary Cowden-
ever prepared to any work. Every word, with Clarke. It forms, as they state in their pre-
out a single exception, and every passage in face, the condensed result of these loving
which it occurs in the several poems, is given. labors, “ Wherewith, affectionately and grate-
Even the prepositive to of infinitives is re fully, we take our leave." Charles Cowden-
corded as a separate word. That nothing Clarke died, at a very advanced age, before
may be wanted to the convenience of the stu the work was committed to the press ; and in
dent, the Poems themselves are reprinted at an “ Added Preface,” by the survivor of the
the end. As a justification of her recording author-pair, dated Villa Novello, Genoa, 1879,
every word, and every passage in which it oc she states that during the suspension imposed
curs, the author says in her preface : “ As it upon its production in print, by illness and
is impossible to limit the purposes for which death, a comprehensive Lexicon was brought
the language of Shakespeare may be studied, out (she alludes to Dr. Schmidt's “ Shake-
or to say that the time will not come, if it has speare Lexicon "), which included many ver-
not already, when his use of every part of bal points discussed in their work; and she re-
speech, down to the humblest conjunction, will solved to sacrifice these points, amounting to
be criticised with as much nicety as has been no fewer than 630 pages of the manuscript,
bestowed upon Greek and Latin authors, it and to make the Key a work of reference
seems to me that, in the selection of words to strictly to Shakespeare's style. But a hasty
be recorded, no discretionary powers should be glance over the book will show that, while it
granted to the harmless drudge' compiling a presents all the wondrously magnified features
concordance."
of Shakespeare's diction, with quite exhaust-
In 1874-'75 appeared in Berlin, in two vol ive illustrations of each, drawn from the en-
umes royal octavo, what was at the time, and
tire body of his dramas and poems,-a diction
continues to be, the most valuable contribution this completeness deserves any praise, and why it is not
of German scholarship to Shakespearean study: enough, for the purposes of criticism, to know only what is
namely, Dr. Alexander Schmidt's “ Shake-
Shakespearean, without knowing what is un-Shakespearean.
Indeed, completeness, absolute completeness, is the highest
speare Lexicon ; a complete dictionary of all praise that such a work can possibly earn, and if mine should
the English words, phrases, and constructions
really deserve it, I should confidently hope that it would be
in the works of the poet." No student could
*ære perennius ' in spite of never so many deficiencies of de-
tail which have been pointed out and complacently dwelled
use this work long without an ever-increasing on by some critics.
wonder at its thoroughness, at the sagacity of
"A complete and thorough knowledge of all the peculiar-
ities of an author's language will always afford the best se-
the author, at his susceptibility, as a foreigner, curity against that spirit of innovation, that practice of 'cut-
to the varied forces and colorings of words, the ting and slashing,' in which the editors of Shakespeare have
definitions of which are as exact as definitions
hitherto indulged, and which is contrary to all true principles
of criticism. If I am not wholly mistaken, there begin to ap-
can well be; and the passages cited from the pear some signs indicating that a better state is at hand."
Plays, and those simply referred to, abundantly *The MS. of this work is now in the library of Cornell Uni-
illustrate all the varied forces and colorings versity, having been presented to the University by Mrs.
defined.*
Cowden-Clarke, when I was on a visit to her, at the Villa
Novello, in 1889. The presentation inscription reads:
*A letter written me by Dr. Schmidt, nearly eighteen years
"This fair copy of our 'Shakespeare Key' (including the
ago (5th October, 1876), so admirably sets forth one impor numerous pages that were cancelled when the Work was
tant aim of such a work as his, that a passage from the letter printed), written by the loved hand of Charles Cowden-Clarke,
may well be quoted here :
is presented to the Cornell University (through my kind and
“Your kind letter gave me the greatest pleasure, . . . as
valued friend, Professor Hiram Corson) by Mary Cowden-
it was the first proof of a full and clear perception and appre-
Clarke.
ciation of what my Shakespeare - Lexicon was intended to
" Villa Novello: Genoa, October, 1889."
be, namely, 'an approach toward a science of interpretation The MS. consists of several thousand large pages, in the
and emendation.' All the reviews of the book that I have beautiful “round hand” of Charles Cowden-Clarke, which
seen in English and German periodicals praise it, to be sure, Lamb described as “the clear, firm, impossible-to-be-mis-
for its completeness, but apparently without being aware why | taken schoolmaster text-hand."


1894.]
195
THE DIAL
which, in the contriving spirit of its eloquence, may, and their tenses, and the auxiliary verb
is without a parallel in the world's literatures, to let ; of the adjectives, much, many, more,
-it does far more than this; and the student most, and many adverbs; and of pronouns,
may consult the work and find answers to num- prepositions, interjections, and conjunctions."
berless questions that may arise in his study But (and these omissions are somewhat to be
of the plays, outside of its professed scope. regretted) “ the definite and indefinite articles,
In 1881 was published, in 1034 octavo pages, the, a, an ; the words, a', ah, an [if], and, ...
“ The Shakespeare Phrase Book,” by John are not included among the index-words.” A
Bartlett, author of the new Concordance,- an reference to these words in Dr. Schmidt's
admirable piece of work of its kind. As stated “Shakespeare Lexicon” will show uses in many
in the prefac•r, “ this book is intended to be an instances more or less distinct from the present.
index of the phraseology of Shakespeare ; a It would have been well, also, to give, as a sep-
concordance of phrases rather than of words.” arate index-word, the prepositive to of infini.
We now come, at last, to the magnum opus tives, with all the passages wherein its force in
which is destined to supersede all other pre- Shakespeare's English differs from that of the
vious works of the kind, and to maintain its present; e. g., “ To fright you thus methinks
preëminence in the remote future: Bartlett's I am too savage” (Macbeth, IV., 2, 70), To
Concordance. As stated in the prefatory Note, being the exponent of the direction of sav.
“this Concordance, begun in 1876, was pre age. (See its various forces as presented by
pared from the text of the Globe' edition of Abbott.)
Shakespeare (1875); but as new readings have There are several uses of as in Shakespeare,
since been introduced into the text of the later and in Elizabethan English generally, of which
issues, the manuscript has been revised and col. it would have been well to give all the exam-
lated with the latest edition (1891).” As a ples which occur in the Plays and Poems; to
monument of labor, of “patient continuance in note one only, its use before adverbs, and ad-
well doing,” it equals, if it does not surpass, the verbial phrases, of time, as it is still used be-
great folio “ Concordantiæ Bibliorym vtrivs fore yet. Bartlett gives two examples, under
qve Testamenti, Veteris et Novi, ... Editio the word, of this use : “one Lucio as then the
Novissima. Lvgdyni, M.DC.XVI.” No ac- messenger ” (Meas. for Meas., V., 1, 74); " I
knowledgment of help is made in Mr. Bart writ to Romeo, that he should hither come as
lett's prefatory Note, in which he states that this dire night” (R. and J., V., 3, 247). But
" the work has been prepared chiefly in the there are numerous others. There is one in
leisure taken from active duties, and from - The Tempest,” where some editors put a
time to time has been delayed by other avoca comma after as, and thus make a non sequitur
tions.” But the dedicatory inscription reveals of the expression: “as at that time through
a kind of help which every literary man who all the signories it was the first.” This use is
has been blessed with it knows to be the most represented as redundant. But it is not re-
encouraging and sustaining : “ Affectionately dundant. It imparts a precision to the idea
inscribed to my wife, whose ever-ready assist- of time which it qualifies, and is about equiv-
ance in the preparation of this book has made alent to “ just ”; e. g., "as now "=" just now”;
my labour a pastime.”
" as then "=" just then.” There are “many
This Concordance is superior to all previous such-like as’es of great charge” which it would
works of the kind, in that it gives : (1) Pas- have been well to include. (See Schmidt's
sages in which the head-words occur, of such “Shakespeare Lexicon," 8. v.) Again, there
length, for the most part, as make them inde are numerous instances, in Shakespeare, of the
pendent of the context. The narrower columns use of the article a or an, to express definite
of Mrs. Cowden-Clarke's Concordance (they unity, as opposed to the indefinite unity which
being but one-fourth the width of a royal oc it usually expresses, and all these it would have
tavo page), and the passages being always con been well to include in such a Concordance ;
fined to one line, do not generally admit of this. e. g., “ An two men ride of a horse one must
The passages given in Bartlett often run over ride behind” (Much Ado, III., 5, 40); “ For
into the following line of a column almost dou in a night the best part of my power, ...
ble the width. (2) Along with act and scene, Were in the Washes all unwarily Devoured
the number of the line in the scene, according by the unexpected flood” (K. John, V., 7, 61);
to that of the “ Globe” edition. (3) “Select "you, or any living man, may be drunk at a
examples of the verbs to be, to do, to have, I time, man" (Othello, II., 3, 310) ;.“ Hear me
"Lexicon". Shakespeare definite


196
[Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
one word: Beseech you, tribunes, hear me but
a word" (Coriolanus, III., 1, 266).
Sed k<BC hactenus. To call attention to any
deficiencies in a work of such magnificent ful-
ness may be regarded as captious, as demand-
ing " better bread than what is made of wheat."
Mrs. Cowden-Clarke's Concordance consists
of 2,578 columns, containing 309,000 lines and
the same number of references, one line and
no more being invariably devoted to each pas-
sage and a, designation of the play, the act, and
scene to which it belongs. Bartlett's Concord-
ance consists of 3,820 columns, of 110 lines
each, with the exception of those of the first
and the last page which have 77 and 82 lines
respectively, the whole number of lines being
420,078. But the number of references does
not, as in Mrs. Cowden-Clarke's Concordance,
correspond with the number of lines, for the
passages given often run over into the follow-
ing line. The references in Bartlett's Con-
cordance may safely be said to exceed those in
Mrs. Cowden-Clarke's by a hundred thousand.
Hiram Corson.
Some Recent Studies in Ethics.*
It is now many years since Carlyle wrote his
well-known words:
"Cease, ray much-respected Herr von Voltaire. Suf-
ficiently hast thou demonstrated this proposition, consid-
erable or otherwise: That the mythus of the Christian
religion looks not in the Eighteenth Century as it did
in the Eighth. But what next? Wilt thou help us to em-
body the divine spirit of that Religion in a new mythus,
that our souls, otherwise too like perishing, may live?
Thou hast no faculty in that kind? Take our thanks
then — and thyself away."
This appeal has not passed unheeded. Direct at-
tacks upon existing religious views, after the man-
ner of "The Age of Reason," are becoming less
and less frequent, while an increasingly large amount
of energy is being devoted to the study of the posi-
tive problem, how to make life richer, nobler, bet-
ter worth living. It is in such a spirit that Mr.
Bosanquet's latest work, "The Civilization of Christ-
•The Civilization of Christendom, and Other Studies.
By Bernard Bosanquet, M.A. I Oxon.), Hon. LL.D. (Glas-
gow j. New York: Macmillan it Co.
Questions of the Day. By David James Vaughan. M.A.,
Honorary Canon of Peterborough Cathedral. New York:
Macmillan & Co.
The Ethics of Hegel. Translated Selections from his
"Rechtsphiloeophie," with an Introduction. By J. Mac-
bride Sterrett, D.D., Professor of Philosophy in the Colum-
bian University, Washington, D.C. Boston: Ginn & Co.
A Syllabus of Ethics. By William M. Bryant. Chi-
cago: S. C. Griggs & Co.
Ethics and the New Education. By William M. Bry-
ant. Chicago: S. C. Griggs & Co.
endom," is conceived; and both those who sympa-
thize with his general attitude towards Christianity
and those who do not will be alike interested in
hearing what he has to say. The keynote of the
book is struck in the answer to the question, Are
we Agnostics? No, is the emphatic reply. Man
must be fed upon affirmations, not negations.
Whatever knowledge may be otherwise denied us,
this is certain: the difference between right and
wrong is fundamental, and the service of society
is the highest form of human life. For himself,
therefore, the author rejects the name Agnostic,
which calls attention to what we do not know, and
if he must wear a label, prefers the use of the ad-
jective ethical, which indicates the nature of his
practical ideals. These latter are summed up in
the words which he twice quotes from Tourguenieff:
"My faith is in civilization, and I require no other
creed." This civilization may properly be called
Christian, because the essence of Christianity, he
tells us, is the belief in a divine (i. e., supersensuous)
element in man, and in the establishment of the fu-
ture golden age on earth. And these are truths
that can never perish. Our author holds, with not
a few good churchmen, that Humanity is sufficient
unto itself; that is to say, man has the seeds of
virtue as well as of vice within himself. For the
process which the Church calls regeneration, set the
intelligent and patient culture of the emotions and
the will; in place of the prayer for grace, "open-
ness to all influences which help the spiritual frame
of mind." Above all, never doubt that what is best
in life can be other than a permanent element in
human nature, let creeds and systems crumble as
they will. Evil there undoubtedly is in the world,
enough of it and to spare ; and more particularly in
the presence of suffering the " mere moralist" often
finds himself at a loss for words of comfort which
would flow readily from Christian lips. But while
this cannot but be depressing, he looks forward to
the possibilities of the prevention of most forms of
evil with a faith unknown to the past. "We look
to moral prevention rather than to moral cure."
Man, then, is thrown back upon himself for the
realization of his ideals. And yet he does not work
all unaided. Through and under all the phenomena
of human life Mr. Bosanquet finds traces of the
workings of "the power, not ourselves, that makes
for righteousness." "The world is friendly and
kindred to ourselves . . . and whatever fate may
be in store for the race, we can yet do, in spite of
it, something worth doing." In no part of the book
will be found a set presentation of the author's creed
as a whole. The very meagre outline just given is
put together from remarks for the most part dropped
by the way, in his discussion of various concrete
problems of practical life. Some of these discus-
sions are devoted to problems which concern more
particularly the Ethical Society which be himself
represents. Other discussions deal with subjects
we all have to think upon, ranging from the rela-
tion between liberty and legislation to training in


1894.]
197
THE DIAL
the art of enjoyment. Whatever the attitude to-
ward the author's confession of faith, no reader can
fail to carry away with him a profound impression
of the intensity of Mr. Bosanquet's moral earnest-
ness and the depth of his moral insight. Earnest-
ness and enthusiasm, in fact, form the dominant
note throughout, and the written word owes much
of its power to the character it all unconsciously
reveals.
The volume entitled " Questions of the Day," by
the Rev. David James Vaughan, consists of twenty-
four sermons delivered in Leicester, England. The
subjects discussed are mainly the old social prob-
lems which seem to cling to the back of the age
with the tenacity of Sinbad's Old Man of the Sea.
The church is gradually losing its " otherworldliness,"
and is learning that the kingdom of God is some-
thing to be established here on this earth of ours,
and that the Christian is called upon to work for
its coming. This view we find clearly enunciated
by the author in his chapter on the City of God.
But that is about all that can be said for the book.
No use is made of this conception in the solution of
concrete present-day problems. And the reader
who is only moderately acquainted with the litera-
ture of social reform will not merely find nothing
new in this volume, he will even fail to discover
any traces of the thought and the observation of
others. For instance, in his discussion of the rela-
tions of labor and capital, the author does not be-
tray the slightest acquaintance with the profound
principle which was enunciated by Comte and might
be so impressively urged by the representative of
him who taught" Love thy neighbor as thyself,"—
the principle, namely, that every person who lives
by useful labor should be habituated to regard him-
self as a public servant, working not merely for
himself but for the benefit of society. The only
light our author seems to be able to shed upon these
vexed problems is that wealth does not necessarily
imply happiness and honor, nor does work imply
misery and degradation. Unimpeachable truths
these. But one does not pay a dollar and a half
for a book merely to have this sort of information
ladled out to him.
"The Ethics of Hegel" is not a new work on the
famous German philosopher, but a translation into
English of his most important contributions to the
theory of morals, accompanied by the necessary in-
troductory and expository matter. The body of the
book consists of an abridgment of the " Philosophy
of Rights," comprising about one-half of the orig-
inal work, together with a few scattered selections
from other writings. This work of abridgment has
been done with excellent judgment Sometimes
several successive paragraphs are summarized in a
few brief sentences, while details which are not
necessary to an understanding of the general move-
ment of thought have simply been omitted. The
former expedient, however, has been resorted to
with great caution, and for the most part the reader
has Hegel's own words before him. We can only
regret that what for the beginner is the most valu-
able part of the entire Phttosophie des Rechts,
namely, the Introduction, should have been com-
pressed into so small a space. Very great difficul-
ties have of course been experienced in the work of
translation. The result is worthy of all commenda-
tion. The number of Germanisms is surprisingly
small, considering the nature of the original; and
while a few sentences come out obscure in the trans-
lation which are clear in the German, the general
tendency is decidedly the other way. To such a
degree is this the case that even the student well-
trained in reading German will find it advantageous
to have a copy of this book by his side when work-
ing through the Phttosophie des Rechts for the first
time. One slight change would have made the book
far more valuable to the student who does not hap-
pen to be able to refer to the original. The ex-
pressions an sich, fttr sich, and an und fur sich,
representing as they do successive phases in the de-
velopment of the concept, have for Hegel a very
definite signification. But in translating it has been
found impossible to find for them any single equiv-
alent, so that they are translated now by one word,
now by another. The consequence is that some one
of these phases is frequently referred to without
there being any mark by which it could possibly be
recognized as such. Objectionable as the practice
ordinarily is, and much as it disfigures the page,
the student would have been saved a great deal of
labor if in these cases the German equivalents had
been placed in brackets in the text. The Introduc-
tion, which occupies almost a third of the book, is
not as satisfactory as the other parts. It must be re-
membered that the volume under review announces
itself as especially intended for college students,
and the Introduction, we are told, " has been made
sufficiently popular for all persons interested in
ethical thought." And yet, after this noble declara-
tion of principles, little care seems to have been
taken to avoid technical terms and formulae. For
instance, the constantly recurring phrase " universal-
ization of the will" is unintelligible to anyone but
a student of Kant or of his successors. Consider
the state of mind of an average youth of twenty-
one, who, on making his first bow to the Kantian
system, should be informed, in order to remove his
natural feeling of shyness, that " Kant considers the
will of subjective man in unattainable identity with
the universal will of the transcendent intelligible
world." The entire introductory portion seems to
us to show the most extraordinary ignorance of what
the college student—or, for that matter, the begin-
ner in ethics, whatever his age—is prepared to un-
derstand. It is therefore in large part useless; for
whoever is capable of understanding it does not re-
quire it, and he who is not—well, he can read and
wonder. There is, however, one oasis in the desert.
A list is given of the Hegelian key-words that will
appear in the text, together with the translation
adopted and an explanation of their significance.
The student will find this of a great deal of value.


THE DIAL
[Oct. 1,
To have been complete, the list should have con-
tained an exposition of the meaning of the term
freedom as used by Hegel. As here found, it is
sore to mislead the student who is familiar with it
only as he has met with it in the writings of English
moralists.
What has been said in criticism of the introduc-
tory portion of the "Ethics of Hegel" applies —
only "more so " — to Mr. Bryant's "Syllabus of
Ethics." We have here presented us a brief out-
line of the Hegelian theory of morals, written ap-
parently for young people, certainly for beginners.
The book represents, we are told in the Preface,
the outgrowth of work done during several years in
the St. Louis High School. For our part, we should
gay the book represents the period in educational
practice when the pupil was introduced to the mys-
teries of the English language under the gentle
guidance of Gould Brown, and when the study of
geography was begun by an examination of the
principal political divisions of the Eastern Conti-
nent. We do not mean that it is impossible to com-
municate to young students the fundamental con-
ceptions of the Hegelian ethics. But in so doing it
is absolutely necessary to begin with those elements
of their moral experience which are, so to speak,
most familiar to them, and which lend themselves
most easily to analysis. These must be dealt with
at such length and in such simple language that at
the conclusion every abstract term stands with the
student for one or more concrete facts. And where
space is limited, completeness in treatment must be
ruthlessly sacrificed to this principle. How much
is expected from the hapless American youth may
be gathered from the fact that he is earnestly ad-
vised to begin by making a careful study of Schweg-
ler's " History of Philosophy," in order that he may
become acquainted with the various philosophical
positions. As well expect a schoolboy just grad-
uated in algebra to get an understanding of qua-
ternions by the perusal of a history of mathematics.
The "Syllabus of Ethics" is chiefly valuable as
supplying one more proof of the undeniable supe-
riority of the primary school of to-day, in all that
concerns methods, over the average department of
philosophy.
"Ethics and the New Education," another pam-
phlet by the same author, is a rather more satisfac-
tory production. It is the reproduction of an ad-
dress originally delivered before the St. Louis
Society of Pedagogy. It may be taken as a state-
ment of such portions of his creed as the writer—
himself a teacher ■— feels will be of most interest
and value to those engaged in the work of educa-
tion. The most important point made is that since
man is " made perfect through suffering'' and through
suffering alone, it is a great mistake on the part of
the leaders of the "new education" to suppose that
all school-work can or should be made wholly pleas-
urable. This idea seems well worthy of considera-
tion. In its reaction from the harsh and unsym-
pathetic rigime of the past, the present is in danger
of rushing to the other extreme. The vast majority
of people are so situated that they cannot be "car-
ried to the skies on flowery beds of ease," and if
the school-boy and school-girl are to be prepared
for life, their power to endure must not be left wholly
undeveloped. Frank Chapman Shabp.
Briefs ox New Books.
An admirable J°hn Fiske has deserved well of
School History his fellow-countrymen for his contri-
ojthe t ne«rf Sto/«. bntjOM to scientific investigation in
several fields, historical and philosophical. His sev-
eral volumes upon American history have both
scholarly breadth and charm, and fairly entitle him
to be ranked with the four or five great American
historians. But we are inclined to think that he
has done a still greater service to knowledge, al-
though a more unobtrusive one, in the preparation
of two text-books for the common schools — the
"Civil Government" of two or three years ago, and
the " History of the United States for Schools" now
published (Houghton). Of the former work we
may say that it has been everywhere recognized as
so much the best treatment of its subject for the
purposes of elementary instruction that it stands
without a rival in helpfulness. Much the same sort
of praise must be given to the present "History."
It is such easy reading that it may seem at first to
have been equally easy writing, and only a trained
eye will realize the amount of nice discrimination,
of careful selection, and of sound generalization
compressed into its pages. The general reader will
find it fascinating, and the practiced teacher will
recognize in it a tool of the finest temper and the
most perfect adjustment. Aside from this general
praise, which we cannot make too ungrudging, we
must give special commendation to some of the spe-
cial features of the book. The illustrations are of
such a nature as really to illustrate the text; adven-
titious adornment of the page has been as far as pos-
sible from the aim of the author in their selection.
The selection and execution of the maps is such as
to entitle them to a share of this praise. The ap-
paratus of "Topics and Questions," contributed by
Dr. Frank A. Hill, at least doubles the value of
the work to a teacher who has any business to be
teaching the subject at all. The suggestions for
collateral reading are judicious, and draw upon a
collection of books not beyond the reach of any
modestly-equipped school. Finally, the appendix
contains just the documents and tables most useful
in such a book. The list of novels and poems re-
lating to American history, for example, supplies
an adjunct for which students and teachers will
alike be thankful. Our praise of the book in all its
main features is so cordially intended that we hes-
itate to mar it by pointing out a few minor defects.
The following points, however, have occurred to us


1894.]
199
THE
DIAL
as deserving momentary attention. We read (p. 60 )
that "slaves were brought here from Africa until
the year 1808." This misleading statement is sup-
plemented later (p. 347), but should not have been
allowed to stand in the first instance. To say that
the Pocahontas story is " doubted by some people"
(p. 68) is hardly adequate, after Dr. Poole's con-
vincing exposure of the mendacity of the narrator.
We regret to see that Mr. Fiske gives countenance
to the San Francisco Vigilants by saying: "Honest
citizens were obliged to organize vigilance commit-
tees to deal quickly and sharply with criminals"
(p. 329). The statement (p. 399) that the Fif-
teenth Amendment " guaranteed to all adult male
negroes the right of voting " is of course inaccurate,
and the statement (p. 406) that in 1884 the Inde-
pendent Republicans supported Mr. Cleveland " be-
lieving that the cause of civil service reform would
not prosper with Blaine" is at least inadequate.
Last of all, we note the inaccuracy of saying (p. 409)
that the Sherman Act of 1890 made "the coinage
of not less than $4,000,000 in silver each month
compulsory." These matters are trifling, but they
should be corrected in the next edition.
The reading required for the coming
jXLa^l. yef of the Chautauqua Literary and
Scientific Circle has just been issued
from the Chautauqua-Century Press (Flood & Vin-
cent), in a series of five neat volumes. Professor
W. H. Goodyear is the author of a treatise on "Ren-
aissance and Modern Art," in which a rapid survey
is taken of schools and tendencies from the early
fifteenth century to the present time. This volume
is printed on smooth paper, and the illustrations are
many, although their reproduction leaves much to
be desired. The history is certainly up to date, for
it includes the art of the Columbian Exposition.
Science is represented in this series of manuals by
a new edition, revised by Professor Frederick Starr,
of Alexander Winchell's "Walks and Talks in the
Geological Field." Dr. Winchell wrote this book
for Chautauquans, and their demand for a new edi-
tion shows that it found an appreciative circle of
readers. "From Chaucer to Tennyson," by Pro-
fessor Henry A. Beers, affords a basis for the strictly
literary study of the year. One can hardly be other
than conventional within the narrow limits of such
a volume, made even narrower by devoting a third
of the space to selections. The author has made a
compact but readable little book. A history of
•• The Growth of the English Nation " has been un-
dertaken by Miss Katharine Coman and Miss Eliz-
abeth Kendall, both of Wellesley College. The re-
sult is a good compilation, based upon good author-
ities, although the closing pages are marred by a
too pronounced radicalism. As for the cuts, we are
inclined to think the book would have done better
with no illustrations than with such abortive sketches
as disfigure its text. The best of these five books,
on the whole, and the most needed by the general
reader, is Professor H. P. Judson's " Europe in the
Nineteenth Century." It covers much the same
ground as Mr. Mackenzie's admirable book upon
the same subject, but the new treatment is more up
to date, and has classifications and differentia of
its own that quite justify its existence. We might
question a few minor points, such as the misleading
statements as to the meaning of Irish Home Rule,
the tendency to Gladstone-worship, and the assump-
tion that the sensational view of Russian despotism
is in all respects valid. We miss also the note of
indignation which should not be spared in such a
matter as the Napoleonic usurpation of 1851, or the
German spoliation of the French provinces twenty
years later. But for a book which raises nearly all
the great European "questions. of the day" it ex-
hibits a more than usual degree of judiciousness.
On the 24th of June, 1794, Bowdoin
Centenniaiof College received its charter, signed
Botcdom College. » . . , ' f
by Governor Samuel Adams, from
the General Court of Massachusetts. The present
year is consequently the centennial of the institu-
tion, and the event is commemorated by expansion
of the catalogue into a portly volume, containing a
history, full lists of faculties and alumni, and other
matter of interest to those connected with the insti-
tution. Librarian George T. Little is the writer of
the history, and the editor of the volume as a whole.
Mr. Little's historical sketch makes very interest-
ing reading. It is curious, in this age of magnifi-
cent educational foundations, to read of a profes-
sorship of modern languages being endowed with the
modest sum of one thousand dollars, and of a mathe-
matical chair endowed with only three thousand. But
it was the day of small beginnings, and few colleges
have shown as clearly as Bowdoin how fruitful small
endowments may become. The honorable record
of Bowdoin, together with the many distinguished
names found in its class and faculty lists, afford elo-
quent testimony to the usefulness of the small col-
lege in American life. Of Bowdoin professors may
be named Alpheus S. Packard. Henry W. Longfel-
low, and Mark Hopkins, among the dead; Profes-
sors E. S. Morse, G. T. Ladd, and C. C. Everett,
among the living.
In our issue of September 1 was re-
viewed at length the opening instal-
ment of "The Memoirs of the Baron
de Me"neval" (Appleton). Volume III., now ready,
bears out our characterization of the work as "one
of the fullest, freshest, and, in point of narrative,
most trustworthy" records of Napoleonic times.
Opening with an account of the Emperor's visit to
Dresden, in 1812, and of the Russian campaign, the
author sketches broadly yet suggestively such lead-
ing events as the battles of Lutzen, Dresden, Leip-
sic, and Waterloo, the return from Elba, and the
attendant diplomatic transactions; and he closes
with a touching retrospect of the closing days at St.
Helena. Summarizing, Mdneval finds two primary
causes which prevented the consolidation of Napo-
Additional
Napoleonic
Memoirs.


200
[Oct. 1,
THE
DIAL
leon's empire: first, the hatred of the old dynasties
for the French Revolution, after they once clearly
discerned its propagandist tendencies; and, second,
England's victories on the sea. Auxiliary to these
main causes were: the execution of d'Enghien ; the
reverses in Spain; the campaign in Russia; and,
finally, treachery at home —" treachery, timid and
underground at first, but hardy in the end, and
stalking abroad with uplifted head." In the front
rank of the traitors were Talleyrand and Fouche"
— the former, the last representative of the grand
seigneurs, supple, insinuating, circumspect, always
master of himself, grown gray in political perfidies;
the latter, the once fiery demagogue who had ex-
changed the Jacobin red cap for a coronet, "a fool-
hardy marplot who needed intrigue as he needed
air to breathe." It is especially against these men,
concludes Meneval, that Napoleon launched his
anathema, when, on leaving for the last time the
shores of France, he cried out: "Farewell thou
land of heroes . . . farewell thou dear France; a
few traitors the less and thou wouldst still be the
great nation, the mistress of the world." The vol-
ume contains a portrait of Marie Louise, and sev-
eral interesting letters, in facsimile, are appended.
The second volume in the pretty
PouUryMHng „Fur and Feather" series (Long-
Gi a fine art. , v . . 6
mans) is devoted to that patrician
game-bird, "The Grouse." The Rev. H. A. Mac-
pherson treats of its "Natural History," and the
chapters on "Shooting " and "Cookery" are done
by Messrs. A. J. Stuart - Wortley and George
Saintsbury, respectively. While Mr. Stuart-Wort-
ley's quota is well written (notably a graphic de-
scription of a night's trip on the " Scotch Mail "),
it does not strike us as at all likely to add to the
repute of the British sportsman — who appears
therein in the light of an arrant pot-hunter, without
the pot-hunter's excuse for his atrocities. Much of
the space is given to a peculiarly aggravated form
of bird-butchery known as "driving." We cannot
follow the writer into the details of this organized
mode of slaughtering the innocents, but its essen-
tials are simple enough: a line or so of "butts"
(ramparts of stone and turf, breast-high, to conceal
the shooters), and a gang of "drivers," provided
with flags, to drive the game, or rather the poultry,
the birds being preserved and presumably half-tame,
up to the muzzles of the guns. Snugly ensconced
in his coign of vantage, and provided with a small
arsenal of breech-loaders and a lackey to load them,
our British "sportsman" bangs away ingloriously
at successive clouds of grouse, "from morn till
dewy eve," until the heath about him is a shambles
and the wagon-train arrives to cart away the slain.
The slaughter of a successful "drive " is something
tremendous. We learn, for instance, in the chapter
on Records, that, on Lord Walsingham's " great
day," 1,056 grouse were killed in 449 minutes. His
lordship, who seems to be actually proud of the
bloody performance, certifies that "once I killed
three birds at one shot, and three times I killed two
at one shot, each time intentionally." At Mr. Rim-
ington Wilson's place, near Sheffield, we have a rec-
ord of 4,251 birds killed in two days; while on the
moor of High Force the record of 1872 shows a
total of 15,484 birds for nineteen days' shooting.
The book is acceptably illustrated.
The bits of genre which largely serve
Sec^numb*of for fiction in l( Th Yellow Book"
"I he Yellow Book." -,..«—»*
(Copeland & Day) are not, as a rule,
very attractive or stimulating. They are often ama-
teurish in their impressionism, and have too marked
a flavor of preciosity. But we must make an ex-
ception (in the case of this second number of the
book-magazine) of Mr. Kenneth Grahame's alto-
gether subtle and exquisite sketch entitled "The
Roman Road." So charming a bit of writing is not
often met with in a periodical. The seventy-page
novelette which Mr. Henry James contributes to
this number is of course the piece de resistance.
The other prose contents include an essay by Mr.
Frederick Greenwood on " The Gospel of Content,"
a study of Bizet, by Mr. Charles Willeby, and a de-
tailed criticism of the first" Yellow Book," requested
of Mr. Philip Gilbert Hamerton for insertion as a
special feature of the second. The editors are out
for novelty, and they are getting it. The poetry of
the number is quite insignificant, but the art in-
cludes many striking things, of which we may men-
tion Mr. Crane's "Renaissance of Venus," Mr.
Hartrick's " Lamplighter," Mr. Beardsley's "Gar-
cons de Cafe"," and Mr. MacDougall's "Idyll."
Altogether, this issue seems a distinct advance upon
its predecessor.
The "Discourses Biological and Geo-
S^/ifSlS. lo«i(iaX" that are "eroded in ^
eighth volume of Professor Huxley's
collected essays (Appleton) are dated all the way
from 1861 to 1876. Among them are such models
of popular scientific exposition as the lectures " On a
Piece of Chalk," "Yeast," and " A Lobster." It is
not easy to be a popular lecturer and remain strictly
scientific, but there can be no question of Professor
Huxley's accomplishment of the two-fold task. But
success in this field has its perils, as our essayist,
with a touch of humor, suggests. "The people who
fail take their revenge, as we have recently had oc-
casion to observe, by ignoring all the rest of a man's
work and glibly labelling him a mere popularizer.
If the falsehood were not too glaring, they would
say the same of Faraday and Helmholtz and Kelvin."
BRIEFER MENTION.
"The Life and Times of James the First, the Con-
queror, King of Aragon, Valencia, and Majorca, Count
of Barcelona, and Urgel Lord of Montpellier" (Mac-
millan) is the somewhat formidable title of a historical
monograph by Mr. F. Darwin Swift, an Oxonian. The
work is a prize essay, enlarged from its original dimen-


1894.]
201
THE DIAL
sions by the results of two years' labor spent in the ar-
chives of Aragon at Barcelona and other Spanish libra-
ries. The book is a piece of unusually thorough and
painstaking workmanship, copiously annotated, and pro-
vided with many extracts from unpublished Spanish and
Latin documents. There is a map, a bibliography, a
chronological conspectus, and all other needful appa-
ratus.
A new edition of "Grimms' Fairy Tales" (Warne)
—and there cannot be too many—-is translated by Mrs.
H. B. Panll and Mr. L. A. Wheatley for the popular
and inexpensive collection of good literature known as
"The Chandos Classics." The translation is close and
acceptable, and the collection is, as far as we are aware,
complete. A brief introduction provides youthful read-
ers with a few of the elementary facts and principles
of the science of folk-lore.
It will probably surprise most readers to learn that
British India includes, besides the territory of a million
square miles under the rule of the Queen-Empress, no
less than 688 native states, with an area of about two-
thirds of a million square miles, still under the rule of
their own princes. These states are not strictly auton-
omous, but they enjoy a large measure of independence.
In " The Protected Princes of India " (Macmillan) Mr.
William Lee-Warner discusses this complex subject, and
gives a fairly clear idea of the status of these Indian
dependencies. The discussion is philosophical in spirit,
avoids tiresome details, and is clearly the work of a man
thoroughly familiar with his theme.
Volume XXXIX. of the "Dictionary of National
Biography" (Macmillan) extends from Morehead to
Myles, completing the letter M. The Morgans, the Mor-
rises, the Mortons, and the Murrays share the honors, get-
ting among them nearly a third of the total contents.
Roger de Mortimer, first Earl of March, is the subject
of the longest article found in this volume. Few names
of literary interest occur, and none of any considerable
importance.
Mr. R. W. Moore, of Colgate University, publishes in
pamphlet form a "History of German Literature"
(Hamilton: Grant), consisting of eight lectures given at
the Bay View summer school, and first printed in the
"Bay View Magazine." The accuracy and critical abil-
ity of the author may be illustrated by his character-
ization of Herr Heyse's "Im Paradiese," the title given
to a collection of short stories, the chief "one of which
is little more than the justification and glorification of
adultery." In his treatment of recent German novel-
ists, the author claims to indicate by an asterisk the
works that have been translated into English. On a
single page we notice the titles of half a dozen works,
unstarred, of which English translations have to our
knowledge been published.
Captain Conder has just published (Macmillan) a
new edition of "Maccabasus and the Jewish War
of Independence," which first appeared in 1879. Dur-
ing the past fifteen years, he tells us, " I have revisited
many of "the scenes described; have lived in Moab, and
have ridden through the oak woods of Gilead." In spite
of these outings, however, and of later Palestinian dis-
coveries, he has found little to correct in the earlier edi-
tions of the work. The chief authorities remain what
they were in 1879, Josephus and the first Book of Mac-
cabees.
"Libraries in the Mediaeval and Renaissance Periods"
(Macmillan & Bowes) was delivered as the Rede Lec-
ture of last June by Professor J. W. Clark. Although
a small book of only sixty-one pages, it contains a con-
siderable amount of explanation in detail of old library
methods and appliances, and, aided by a number of
copies from old prints, conveys quite a satisfactory idea
of the surroundings in which our forefathers read and
wrote, thereby giving us fresh reason to congratulate
ourselves on our improved facilities and conditions for
literary labors in these modern days.
Mrs. Alice B. Gomme has collected, and Miss Win-
ifred Smith has charmingly illustrated, a series of
"Children's Singing Games" (Macmillan), giving also
the traditional tunes to which they are sung. The col-
lection is interesting as a contribution to folk-lore, and
may be turned to helpful account by the kindergartner.
In fact, these traditional games would be a desirable
substitute for the artificial games devised by teachers
of the kindergarten system. The publishers promise
a second series for next Christmas.
New York Topics.
New York, September S5, 1894.
Many New Yorkers retain pleasant recollections of
the two visits to this country of the English poet, nov-
elist, and critic, William Sharp, whose collected poems,
under the title "Flower o' the Vine," were published
by an American firm not long after his second trip to
America. He is also remembered as the collaborator
of Blanche Willis Howard in the novel " A Fellow and
His Wife," as the author of fine working biographies of
Rossetti, Shelley, and Browning, and as the editor of
the popular " Canterbury Poets" series. For some time
Mr. Sharp's friends have been observing with interest
a succession of dramatic sketches in the decadent man-
lier, which have appeared in one or another esoteric pe-
riodicals here and in England. Indeed, if I am not
mistaken, Mr. Sharp was the first writer of English to
take up this field. It was something of a surprise, there-
fore, to read a paragraph in a New York literary jour-
nal to the effect that the announcement of an American
edition of William Sharp's "Vistas " was the first inti-
mation that journal had ever had that Mr. Sharp be-
longs to the decadent movement. "Vistas" was regu-
larly published last Spring, and was placed on the mar-
ket in England at that time, receiving a brief notice in
this correspondence. Its sale in America was reserved
for the fall season, and this delay has enabled the au-
thor to add to its contents. I hear also that this Amer-
ican edition will contain a four-page Dedicatory Intro-
duction to Mr. Henry M. Alden, the editor of " Har-
per's Magazine " and author of "God in His World,"
whose fine analysis of " l'Intruse " I quoted a few months
ago. Probably there are not many authors in this coun-
try or England who have "arrived," who do not owe
something to Mr. Alden's helpful sympathy, thorough
sifter of literary chaff that he may be.
Mr. Paul Bourget's impressions of American life are
receiving general commendation here. I am reminded by
them that there is talk of collecting and publishing in an
English translation the letters which M. Georges Clemen-
ceau, the former leader of the Extreme Left in the
French Chamber of Deputies, sent to the Paris Temps
during his residence here shortly after our Civil War.
He sent regular letters on American affairs to the lead-
ing French daily, and they are said to contain many


202
[Oct. 1,
THE
DIAL
curious appreciations of the politics and public men of
the stormy times succeeding the War. Coming from a
man of M. Clemenceau's position and parts, they would
be sure to command attention, aside from the interest in
comparing them with M. Bourget's impressions.
Much local interest is felt in regard to Mr. Edward
Cary's forthcoming biography of George William Cur-
tis in the "American Men of Letters series. As one
of the editorial staff of the New York "Times," Mr.
Gary has, in addition to his signed articles, for a long
time performed a large amount of scholarly work, the
knowledge of whose authorship has been confined to the
journalistic profession. He was the intimate friend and
associate of Mr. Curtis, and understood, perhaps better
than anyone else, the latter's motives and ambitions.
A striking pieoe of impudence is about to be carried
into execution by the publication of what purports to
be a sequel to Mr. Edward Bellamy's " Looking Back-
ward " by another hand. The son of the hero of that
romance is to be carried into the twenty-second cen-
tury, and a study of its social order is to be made. I
do not know whether this is to be another " answer " to
"Looking Backward," or a romance on the same theme;
but such literary charlatanism is justly detested by all
right-minded men.
There is interest in the announcement that Miss Kath-
arine Frescott Wormeley, the translator of Balzac, is
engaged in translating the works of Moliere for Messrs.
Roberts Brothers. She has, I believe, translated more
than twenty of Balzac's books alone, and perhaps may
now be looked upon as the leading translator of this
country. Miss Wormeley's father was a British ad-
miral, but he was a Virginian by birth, and she has re-
sided in this country since before the Civil War, so
that we may fairly claim her as our own.
Arthur Stedman.
IiiTEiiARY Notes and Miscellany.
"Old European Jewries," by Dr. David Philipson, is
announced by the Jewish Publication Society of America.
M. Alexandre Dumas has spent the summer upon his
comedy," La Route de Thebes," which is to be brought
out at the Francais in November.
The London " Author," beginning with November or
December, is to have a monthly letter from New York
on " American literature and literary folk."
Professor H. Morse Stephens, of Cambridge, En-
gland, the historian of the French Revolution, has been
chosen to succeed the late Professor Tuttle at Cornell
University.
Uerr Bjornstjerne Bjornson, who is at present staying
in Tyrol with his family, intends to winter in Rome.
There he hopes to finish "a great social drama" upon
which he has been for some time at work.
According to " The Athenaeum," a new volume of let-
ters by James Russell Lowell will shortly appear under
the title of "Mr. Lowell in England : a series of Famil-
iar Letters." The book will be edited by Mr. George
Washburn Smalley, who will write an introduction.
Mr. Walter Besant is said to have three books in
course of preparation: a three-volume novel called " Be-
yond the Dreams of Avarice"; some essays on social
subjects entitled "As We Are : As We May Be"; and
"In Deacon's Orders." The last is a collection of short
stories.
The twenty-sixth of September was a gala day for
the Northwestern University of Evanston, that being
the date for the formal dedication of the Orrington
Lunt Library Building, recently built at a cost of over
one hundred thousand dollars. The exercises, which
filled both afternoon and evening, were largely attended,
and included the usual variety of speeches. The spe-
cial feature of the exercises was an address by Dr. Jus-
tin Winsor, who was invited from Cambridge for the
purpose. The University Library contains 25,000 vol-
umes, and the uew building provides space for five times
that number, besides rooms set aside for seminary work.
All lovers of Tennyson will be delighted to see—and
such of them as can, to own — the splendid etched por-
trait of him made by the great French etcher Paul Ra-
jon, whose companion portrait of Darwin is already fa-
mous. The Tennyson portrait was made from life, and
represents the poet apparently at his best, although at
the age of seventy. The hair and beard are but partly
gray, and the expression is one of great force and dig-
nity. The likeness is said, by those who knew Tenny-
son, to be one of wonderful fidelity. The head is about
half life-size. Impressions from this magnificent plate,
in several styles and degrees of expensiveness, are pub-
lished by Messrs. Frederick Keppel & Co., at No. 1
Van Bureu street, Chicago. The establishment here of
a permanent branch of this house, so long known and
highly esteemed in art circles in Paris and New York,
is a matter for congratulation to lovers and patrons of
art.
Thousands who attended the Parliament of Religions
last year will recall, as perhaps the most impressive
figure among the assembled prelates, the venerable
Dionysios Latas, Archbishop of the Greek Church, which
he represented at the Parliament. The Archbishop's
death, at Zante, occurred early in September. Aside
from his high position in his church, of which he was
regarded as one of the brightest ornaments, and from
his well known philauthropic work such as that in con-
nection with the earthquake disaster at Zante in 1892,
he was eminent for his learning and for his contribu-
tions to theological literature. A writer in the London
"Academy " says of him: " A greater breadth of thought
—acquired probably from his long studies in Germany
—brought him closer to the intellectual classes in mod-
ern Greece than most of his brethren. Whenever he
preached in the Metropolitan Church of Athens, the
building was closely packed. When it was my privilege
to hear him, his restrained yet burning eloquence and
the but half suppressed applause of his hearers brought
to my remembrance the accounts that are extant of the
effect of the preaching of the Golden-mouthed at Con-
stantinople, fifteen centuries ago."
The difference between an "author's edition" and a
"privately printed " book is one not always recognized,
although the distinction seems clear enough—the "au-
thor's book" being understood in the trade as one pub-
lished at the cost and risk of its author, while the " pri-
vately printed " volume is really not" published " (made
public) at all, but is issued by an author or his friends
for his and their gratification. Mr. James T. Fields,
himself a veteran publisher, made the distinction very
neatly by putting on the title-page of his modest vol-
ume of poems the legend "Printed, not published."
Not every poet, it is needless to say, can afford this lux-
ury of private printing, or the greater luxury of reject-
ing the offers of publishing houses to bring out his works.


1894.]
203
THE DIAL
Yet there are such fortunate ones. Mr. Harry B. Smith,
for instance, whose privately printed volumes, "Lyrics
and Sonnets " and " Will Shakspeare, a Comedy," have
attracted attention much beyond the circle of friends
for whom they were issued, has had several offers of
publication from Eastern firms; but he prefers to grat-
ify his taste for privacy in the printing of his more
meritorious writings, aud this he is lucky enough to be
able to do through the substantial income derived from
his very successful comic opera books.
WALTER PATER'S MESSAGE.
A very interesting article iu the London " Bookman,"
devoted to Walter Pater, ends in this fashion:
"And what, after all, was Walter Pater's message to
his age? He had given it to the world in the early chapters
of1 Marius the Epicurean '; he uttered it again but a few
weeks before he died. Someone in his company, with rem-
nants of ill-digested Positivism yet strong upon him, had
asserted that men lived by the memory of the great names
du temps jadis, such names as Caesar and Leonardo, and
that it was by the study of their deeds and sayings that
one required strength of character. But Walter Pater
struck it strongly: 'No, that should not be your ideal.
Men who lived in times past, however great, cannot be
to you what those around you can be. You should learn
to live in the men and women of your own immediate
surroundings; their words, their looks, their very dress
should be to you the very thing that really absorbs your
interest. Learn to live in and with your entourage, so
that it may become to you vivid and real. To be alive
to every influence around you is better far than the ex-
ample of anyone in the past, however great.' This was
only another way of expressing the ideal that Marius
set before himself,' to be perfect with regard to what is
here and now,' only a re-statement of the conclusion of
his ' Renaissance.' If Walter Pater possessed anything
so bourgeois as a mission or a message, assuredly this is
what it was — philosophy interpreted by one's fellow
men. < Philosophy without effeminacy,' was the boast
of Pericles concerning his native city. 'Philosophy by
and through a love of youth,' was the reply and corollary
of Plato, and this, or something very near thereto, was
the conclusion of his loving interpreter of our own day,
Walter Pater."
AUGUSTA WEBSTER.
(In Memnriam, September 7, 2894.)
Calm after storm, and after pain comes peace:
By pain, full-purchased peace is now with thee,
And surely sense of high serenity,
That in Death's kindly arms thou hast release.
Sweet singer, woman true, who ne'er didst cease,
In midst of lofty thinking, still to be
Helpmate of those in suffering, poverty.
Nor soughtest honors and ignoble ease.
We were the poorer that thou richer art.
Did we not know that spirits do not die;
But thro' their high aspirings still have part
In all the world's aspirings, chaste and high.
Thy genius quick and loving, must impart
High impulse till all song can be put by.
—Alexander H. Japp in " The Academy."
THE PROSPECT FOR MINOR POETS.
Mr. Theodore Watts contributes to " The Athenseum"
some interesting reflections concerning the present pros-
pects of minor poets in general, from which we quote
the following:
"I confess to being one of those 'cheery pessimists'
who believe that the time has gone by when English
poets, save a very few, need hope to write for any other
generation than their own. But surely that is enough:
there are a good many English-speaking people about,
and they do not all write verses. An audience scat-
tered over Great Britain and all the new worlds of the
entire temperate zone ought to be quite enough for the
ambitious bard, who must needs, I fear, leave posterity
to take care of itself. Our English poetic growths, from
Chaucer downwards, are so rich that even the specialist
—the poetical student—is overwhelmed by them. To
be read for a few years by one's contemporaries is a
great compliment to any poet at a time when two-thirds
of the letters of the world are written in English.
What room will there be when the best literary ener-
gies of the English-speaking race in North America, the
Australias, and South Africa shall exercise themselves
in the production of poetry, as the best literary ener-
gies of England were exercised in the time of Elizabeth
and James I.? For, of course, the poetry of the United
States, good as some of it is, does not in any way rep-
resent, as yet, the literary endowment of that great peo-
ple as English poetry represents our own. From the
latest romantic revival of Rossetti, Mr. W. Morris, and
Mr. Swinburne, down to the present moment, a mass of
true poetry has been produced which in quality far sur-
passes all the poetry that the eighteenth century pro-
duced between the time of Pope and the time of Words-
worth and Coleridge; but where is the room for it?
A poet like Sydney Dobell or Alexander Smith, or a
poet like Arthur O'Shaughnessy, rises, makes a consid-
erable reputation, and seems likely to pass into litera-
ture; he dies, and in a few weeks his very name is for-
gotten. The infirmity of our contemporary criticism is
not lack of intelligence—far from it—but lack of knowl-
edge of the literature that has gone before. They who
have to write have no time to read. Nothing is more
common than to see half a column of generous praise
given to verses which are taken, both as to substance
and as to form, from some dead bard over whose grave
the daisies have scarcely begun to grow. I wonder how
many of our contemporary critics have read a line of
that 'poem of the age's hope'—that marvellous drama,
of which Tennyson expressed his unbounded admiration,
'Festus '— or that 'greatest poem of the age,' 'The
Roman,'—or that greater than the greatest poem of the
age ' A Life Drama.' In order to be forgotten, indeed,
it is not necessary for a poet to die; let him cease to
write for five years, and he will pass out of memory,
while a dozen ' greatest poets of the age ' will have been
boomed in succession, and in succession forgotten, over
his head. The names of most of the poets who were
the contemporaries of Mr. Philip James Bailey, and the
names of most of the poets who were the contempo-
raries of Mr. John Payne, so familiar at those two dif-
ferent periods, are now as entirely forgotten as though
their songs were sung in Nineveh or Babylon. But it
cannot be helped. Art is short and life is long. The
astronomers tell us that a good many years—a million?
—will run before 'heaven's candles are all out'— be-
fore the sun loses his power of keeping the earth hab-
itable by the British poet, and ' there's husbandry in
heaven.' In that time sonnets may have gone out of
fashion, as ballades and rondeaus have gone; nay, even
Shakespeare and Milton may be used at the Board
schools as specimens of the 'latest form of intelligible
English.' Poetical immortality is, therefore, a relative
term."


204 THE
DIAL C°ct-1.
Fall. Announcements of Books for
the Young.
Piocino and Other Child Stories, by Mrs. Burnett, UIus. by
Birch, — The Wagner Story Book, firelight tales of the
great music dramas, by William Henry Frost, illus., SI .SO,
—In the Heart of the Rockies, a story of adventure in Col-
orado, by O. A. Henty, illus., 81.60. — When London
Burned, by G. A. Henty, illus., 81.50.— Wulf the Saxon,
a story of the Norman Conquest, by 0. A. Henty, illus.,
81..r>0. — The Butterfly Hunters in the Caribbees, by Dr.
Eugene-Murray Aaron, illus., 82. — Czar and Sultan, a
story of the Rnsso-Turkish War of 1877-7H, by Archibald
Forbes, illus., 82. — Norm-land Tales, by H. H. Boyesen,
illus., 81.25.—Things Will Take a Turn, by Beatrice Har-
raden, illus., 81. — Making of the Ohio Valley States, by
Samuel Adams Drake, illus., 81.50. — Olaf the Glorious,
by Robert Leighton, illus., $1.50.—A North Pole Expedi-
tion, by Gordon Stables, 81.50. (Chas. Scribner's Sons.)
The Land of Pluck, by Mrs. Mary Mapes Dodge, illus., 81.50.
—When Life is Young, by Marv Mapes Dodge, illus.. 81.25.
— Artful Anticks, by Oliver flerford, illus., $1.— Topsys
and Turvys Number 2, by Peter Newell, illus., 81.—The
Century Book for Young Americans, the story of the Gov-
ernment, by Elbridge S. Brooks, illus., $1.50. — Toin-
ette's Philip, by Mrs. C. V. Jamison, illus. by Birch, 81.50.
— Imaginations, truthless tales, by Tudor Jenks, illus.,
81.50.—The Man Who Married the Moon, Tee Wahn folk
stories, by Chas. F. Lunimis, illus., $1.50.—The Brownies
Around the World, by Palmer Cox, illus., 81.50. (Cen-
tury Co.)
My New Home, by Mrs. Molesworth, 81.— Maurice, or. The
Red Jar, a tale of magic and adveuture, by the Countess
of Jersey, illus.—Andersen's Fairy Tales, a selection trans,
by Mrs. Edgar Lucas, illus. — The Children's Library,
comprising: Robinson Crusoe, Magic Oak Tree, Pope s
Mule, Little Glass Man, Finished Legends, Once Upon a
Time, The Pentaraeron. (Macraillan & Co.)
The Farmer's Boy, by Clifton Johnson, illus. — Chris, the
Model-Maker, a story of New York, by W. 0. Stoddard,
illus., 81.50.—The Patriot Schoolmaster, by Hezekiah But-
terworth, illus., 81.50. — Madeleine's Rescue, by Jeanne
Schultz, illus.—Decatur and Somen, by Molly Elliot Sea-
well, illus.. $1— The Golden Fairy Book, illus. by H. R.
Millar. (D. Appleton & Co.)
Little Mr. Thimblefinger and his Queer Country, by Joel
Chandler Harris. — Three Boys on an Electrical Boat, by
John Trowbridge. — When Molly was Six, by Eliza Orne
White, illus.—Timothy's Quest, by Kate Douglas Wiggin,
new edition, illus. by Oliver Herford, 81.50. (Houghton,
Mifflin 4 Co.)
Stories from the Diary of a Doctor, by Mrs. L. T. Mead,
illus., 81.25.—The Double Emperor, by Wm. Laird Clowes,
illus.. 81.25.—Two Girls, by Amy E. Blanchard, illus. by
Ida Waugh, 81.25. — Olivia, by Mrs. Molesworth, illus.,
81.25. I J. B. Lippinoott Co.)
Stirring Tales of Colonial Adventure, by Skipp Borlase,
81.50.—The Shield of Faith, a new painting book of scrip-
ture texts, 50 cts.—The Star of Hope Library, a new series
for the Sunday-School, 10 vols., 82.50. — The Animal Ob-
ject Book, in colors, 81.50. (F. Warne & Co.)
Not Quite Eighteen, by Susan Coolidge, illus., $1.25. — Jolly
Good Times To-day, by Mary P. Wells Smith, illus., 81.25.
—Another Girl's Experience, by Leigh Webster, illus.,
81.25.—Penelope Prigg and Other Stones, by A. G. Plyrop-
ton, illus., 81.—Rags and Velvet Gowns, by A. G. Plymp-
ton, illus., 81.—The Little Lady of the Horse, by Evelyn
Raymond, illus., 81.50.—Voyage of the Liberdale, by
Capt. Joshua Slooum, illus., $1. — Father Gander's Melo-
dies, by Adelaide F. Samuels, illus., $1.25.—Last Words,
a final collection of stories, by Mrs. J. H. Ewing, new edi-
tion, illus., 50 cts.—The Kingdom of Coins, by John Brad-
ley Gilman, new edition, illus., 50 cts. (Roberts Bros.)
Bible Stories for Young People, by Rev. John Hall, Rev.
William M. Taylor, and others, illus.—Twilight Land, by
Howard Pyle, illus.— The Boy Travellers in the Levant,
adventures of two youths in Morocco, Algeria, Greece,
etc., by Thomas W. Knox, illus., S3. (Harper & Bros.)
Sons of the Vikings, an Orkney story, by John Gunn, illus.,
81.—Mopsie, by Dorothy Walrond, GO cts.—Step by Step
through the Bible, a scripture history for little children,
by Edith Ralph, 3 vols., each, illus., $1.-The A. L. O. E.
l Sunday-school Library, a selection of 35 of the best books
by the late A. L. 0. E., 35 vols., illus., boxed, 820. (Thus.
Nelson's Sons.)
Sailor Jack the Trader, by Harry Castlemon, illus., 81.25. —
Oscar in Africa, by Harry Castlemon, illus., $1.25.— Only
an Irish Boy, by Horatio Alger, Jr., illus., $1.25. — Vic-
tor Vane, or the Yonng Secretary, by Horatio Alger, Jr.,
illus., $1.25.—The Great Cattle Trail, by Edward S. Ellis,
illus., $1.25.— The Honest Endeavor Library, by Lucy C.
Lillie, comprising: A Family Dilemma, Ruth Endicott's
Way, Alison's Adventures; 3 vols., illus., $3.75. (Porter
& Coatee.)
Brother Against Brother, or, the Civil War on the Border,
by Oliver Optic, illus., $1.50.—Up and Down the Nile, by
Oliver Optic, illus., $1.25. — Asiatic Breezes,or, Students
on the Wing, by Oliver Optic, illus., $1.25.—Wee Lucy, by
Sophie May, illus., 75 cts. — Little Miss Faith, by Grace
LeB illus., 75 cts.—Mollie Miller, by Effie W. Merri-
man, illus., $1.25. — Jean Belin, or the French Robinson
Crusoe, by Alfred de Brehat, illus., $1.25. (Lee &
Shepard.)
The Parson's Miracle, Christmas in America, by Hezekiah
Butterworth, illus., 50 cts.—Zigzag JourneyB in the White
City, by Hezekiah Butterworth. illus., 82.— Dan of Mill-
brook, by Charles Carleton Coffin, illus., $1.50.—The Boy's
Revolt, a story of the street Arabs of New York, by James
Otis, illus., $1.25.—Ruby at School, by Minnie E. Paull,
illus., $1. — Chatterbox for 1894, with 200 full-page illus-
trations, $1.25.— Our Little Ones' Annual for Christmas,
1894, edited by Oliver Optic, illus.. $1.75. — The Nursery
for Christmas, 1804, illus, $1.25.—Oliver Optic's Annual,
1894, illus., $1.25. —The Chatterbox "Zoo." edited by
Laurence H. Francis, illus., $1.25. — Through the Wilds,
a record of sport and adventure in New Hampshire and
Maine, by Capt. C. A. J. Farrar, illus., $1.75. — Young
Folk's Menagerie, and Animal Stories, 'J vols., illus.. each,
$1.25. — Hildegarde's Neighbors, by Laura E. Richards,
illus., $1.25. (Estes & Lauriat.)
Elsie at the World's Fair, by Martha Fmley, 81.25. — The
Sherburne Cousins, by Amanda M. Douglas, $1.50.—First
in the Field, a story of New South Wales, by Geo. Man-
ville Fenn, illus., 81.50.—Where Honour Leads, by Lynde
Palmer, 81.25. — Gypsy Breynton, by Elizabeth Stuart
Phelps, illus., 81.50. — Witch Winnie at Shinnecock. or,
a King's Daughter at the Summer Art School, by Mrs.
Champney, illus., $1.50.—Bible Steps for Little Pilgrims,
illus., $1.25. — The Half Hour Series, comprising: Half
Hours at the Far North, With the Tiny World, In the
Great Deep, In the Far East; each, illus., 75 cts.—Chosen
Stories, a series of ten capital stories for boys and girls,
each, 50 cts. (Dodd, Mead & Co.)
Hope Benham, by Nora Perry, illus., $1.50. (Little, Brown,
& Co.)
Blanche, a story for girls-by Mrs. Molesworth.—A Salt Water
Hero, by Edward A. Rand.—A Bag of Farthings, l>y C. R.
Coleridge.— The Land of the Golden Plume, by David L.
Johnstone.— The Cook and the Captive, by Charlotte M.
Yonge.—Their Father's Wrong, by M. Bramston.— The
Mavis and the Merlin, by Mary H. Debenham. — Miss
Coventry's Maid, by M. and C. Lee.— More Bed-Time
Tales, by Mrs. Geo. A. Paull.—Grizzley's Little Pard, by
the author of " Little Heroine of Poverty-Flat."—Nature's
Gentleman, by Emma Marshall.— A Matter of Honor, by
Barbara Yechton.—Two Knights-Errant and Other Stories,
by Barbara Yechton.—" Splendid Lives " series, compris-
ing: Story of the Life of Sir Walter Scott, by Robert
Chambers, LL.D.; Story of Howard and Oberlin: Story
of Napoleon Bonaparte; 5 vols. (Thomas Whittaker.)
The Brave and Honest Series, by Edward S. Ellis, compris-
ing: Brave Tom, Honest Ned, Righting the Wrong; each,
illus., $1.25.—The Lost Army, by Thomas W. Knox, illus.,
$1.50.—The Captain's Boat, by William O. Stoddard, illus.,
$1.50.— The Castle of the Carpathians, by Jules Verne,
illus., $1.50.—Richard Dare's Venture, by Edward Strate-
meyer, illus., $1.25.— The Last Cruise of the Spitfire, by
Edward Stratemeyer, illus., $1.25.—Boy's Illustrated An-
nual, containing serial stories by G. A. Henty, George
Manville Fenn, Henry M. Stanley, and others, with 13 full-
page colored plates and other illustrations, $3.50. (Mer-
riani Co.)
Andersen's Fairy Tales, new edition, with 4 half-tone illus-
trations, $1.50.—Colonial Books for Children, comprising:
Children of Colonial Days, Rhymes and Stories of Olden
Times, and Tales and Verses of Long Ago; each, illus. by
Percy Moran and Miss Tucker, $1.50.— Comic Military
Alphabet, by DeWitt C. Falls, consisting of 20 piotures in
color, $1.25.— Treasury of Stories, Jingles, and Rhymes,
by Maud Humphrey, with 150 sketches by Maud Hum-
phrey, $1.50. I Frederick A. Stokes Co.)


1894 ] THE DIAL
205
Topics in Leading Periodicals.
{October, 1894.)
Bolton Abbey. Illns. Aaron Watson. Magazine of Art.
Bookbindings, International Exhibition of. Illns. Mag. of Art.
British Empire, Stability of the. F. H. Qeffcken. Forum.
British Parliament, The. J. W. Burgess. Chautauquan.
China-Japan War in Korea, The. W. E. Griffis. Chautauquan.
Church, The, and Economic Reforms. Arena.
College Debating. Carl Vrooman. Arena.
Disraeli's Place in Literature. Frederic Harrison. Forum.
Ely's " Socialism and Social Reform." A. T. Hadley. Forum.
English at the University of Wisconsin, Dial.
Ethics, Recent Studies in. F. C. Sharp. Dial.
Football Situation, The. E. L. Richards. Popular Science.
Funeral Customs. J. H. Long. Popular Science.
Germans, The. Sidney Whitman. Chautauquan.
Golf in the Old Country, lllus. C. W. Whitney. Harper.
Haif-Blood Indian, The. F. Boas. Popular Science.
Horses, Blooded, of the Coast. Overland.
Iberville and the Mississippi. Grace King. Harper.
Japan-China War, Significance of the. Forum.
Japan — Korea — China. Dial.
Kossuth and Hungarian Nationality. Chautauquan.
Lahore and the Punjaub. Illns. E. L. Weeks. Harper.
Land Question, The: A Woman's Symposium. Arena.
Lenox. Illus. G. A. Hibbard. Scribner.
Lloyd, Henry D. Henry Latchford. Arena.
Mountain Art. Bins. H. L. A. Cnlmer. Overland.
Naval Needs of the Pacific. I. M. Scott. Overland.
Newspaper Press of Europe, The. Chautauquan.
Oratory, Decline of. Henry L. Dawes. Forum.
Paris, the Streets of. Bins. R. H. Davis, Harper.
Poetry and Science. W. H. Hudson. Popular Science.
Porcelains, Japanese and Chinese. Saburo Arai. Lippincott.
Prenatal Influence. S. B. Elliot. .AVena.
Railroad Travel. Bins. H. G. Front. Scribner.
Railway War, The. H. J. Fletcher. Atlantic.
Repnblic, Endurance of the. C. W. Eliot. Forum.
Rivalries of Women, Famous. Gertrude Atherton. Lippincott.
Russian Holy City, A. Isabel Hapgood. Atlantic.
Shakespeare, the Great Concordances on. Hiram Corson. Dial.
Short Story, Art of the. Dial.
Stanton under Johnson, Recollections of. Atlantic.
Sterne, The Philosophy of. H. C. Merwin. Atlantic.
Tarahumari Dances and Plant-Worship. Bins, Scribner.
Teachers, Training of. M. V. O'Shea. Popular Science.
Telegraphy Up to Date. G. J. Varney. Lippincott.
Three-volume Novel, The. Walter Besant. Dial.
Vigilance Committee of '56, The, A. B. Paul. Overland.
Virtue, Localized. Felix L. Oswald. Lippincott.
West African Folklore. A. B. Ellis. Popular Science.
List of New Books.
[The following list, embracing 110 titles, includes all books
received by The Dial jince last i*«ue.]
HISTORY.
Social England: A Record of the Progress of the People.
By various writers; edited by H. D.Traill, D.C.L. Vol.
II., From the Accession of Edward I. to the Death of
Henry VII.; 8vo, uncut, pp. 587. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
$3.50.
History, Prophecy, and the Monuments. By James Fred-
erick McCurdy, Ph.D. Vol. I., To the Downfall of Sa-
maria; illus., 8vo, unout, pp. 425. Macmillan & Co. $3.
The Story of South Africa and all other territory south of
the Zambesi. By George M. Theal. Illus.. 12mo, pp.
397. Putnam's "Story of the Nations." $1.50.
In Old New York. By Thomas A. Janvier, author of " The
Aztec Treasure-House." Bins., 12mo, pp. 285. Harper
& Bros. $1.75.
The Making of the Ohio Valley States, 1660-1837. By
Samuel Adams Drake. Illus., 12mo, pp. 269. Chas.
Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
A History of Rome to the Battle of Actium. By Evelyn
Shirley Shuokburgh, M.A., author of "A Translation of
Polybius." With maps, etc., 12mo, pp. 809. Macmillan
& Co. $1.75.
The Growth of the English Nation. By Katherine Coman
and Elizabeth Kendall. Bins., 12mo, pp. 300. Flood &
Vincent. $1.
Europe In the Nineteenth Century. By Harry Pratt
Jndson. LL.D. Bins., 12mo, pp. 343. Flood & Vin-
cent. $1.
English Institutions and the American Indian. By James
Alton James, Ph.D. 8vo, nncut, pp. 59. Johns Hopkins
University Studies. 25 cts.
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
The Sherman Letters: Correspondence between General
and Senator Sherman from 1837 to 1891. Edited by Ra-
chel Sherman Thorndike. Illus., 8vo, gilt top, uncnt,
pp. 398. Chas. Scribner's Sons. $3.
Familiar Letters of Henry David Thoreau. Edited, with
introduction and notes, by F. B. Sanborn. With por-
trait, 12mo, gilt top, pp. 483. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
$1.50.
Lives of Twelve Bad Men: Original Studies of Eminent
Scoundrels by Various Hands. Edited by Thomas Sec-
combe. Bins , 8vo, gilt top, nncnt, pp. 373. G. P. Put-
nam's Sons. $3,50.
Lord Amherst and the British Advance Eastwards to
Burma. By Anne Thackeray Ritchie and Richardson
Evans. Bins., 12mo, uncut, pp. 220. Macraillan's " Rulers
of India." 60 cts.
Memoirs Illustrating the History of Napoleon from
1802 to 1815. By Baron Claude-Francois de Meneval;
edited by his Grandson, Baron Napoleon Joseph de Men-
eval. Vol. III., illns., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 541. D.
Appleton & Co. $2.
The Life and Correspondence of Hufus King. Edited
by his grandson, Charles R. King, M.D. Vol. I., 1755-
1794; with portrait, gilt top, nncut, pp. 624. G. P. Put-
nam's Sons. $5.
Memoirs of Chancellor Pasquler. Edited by the Due
D'Audiffret-Pasquier ; trans, by Charles E. Roche. Vol.
III., 1814-1815. 12mo, pp. 461. Chas. Scribner's Sons.
$2.50.
General Joseph Martin and the War of the Revolution in
the West. By Prof. Stephen B. Weeks. 8vo, uncut,
pp. 477. Washington: Government Printing Office.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer. Edited by
Rev. Walter W. Skeat, LL.D. The House of Fame, Le-
gend of Good Women, etc.; 8vo, uncut, pp. 504. Mac-
millan & Co. $4.
Chronological Outlines of American Literature. By
Selden L. Whitcomb, A.M., with an Introduction by
Brander Matthews. 12mo, pp. 285. Macmillan & Co. $1.25,
American Authors: A Handbook of American Literature
from Early Colonial to Living Writers. By Mildred
Rutherford. Illus., 8vo, pp. 749. Atlanta, Ga.: The
Franklin Printing and Pnb^g Co. $2.
From Chaucer to Tennyson. By Henry A. Beers. With
portraits, 12mo, pp. 313. Flood & Vincent. $1.
POETRY.
Songs from Vagabondia. By Bliss Carman and Richard
Hovey. 16mo, uncut, pp. 55. Copeland & Day. $1.
Roses and Thistles. By Rufus C. Hopkins. With portrait,
12mo, gilt top, pp. 480. San Francisco: William Doxey. $2.
The Aztecs. By Walter Warren, author of " Columbus the
Discoverer." 8vo, pp. 126. Arena Pub'g Co. $1.25.
FICTION.
Trilby. By George du Maurier, author of " Peter Djbetson."
Illus., 12mo, pp. 464. Harper & Bros. $1.75.
The Manxman. By Hall Caine, author of " The Deemster."
12mo, pp. 529. D. Appleton & Co. $1.50.
Highland Cousins. By William Black, author of "A
Princess of Thule." Illus., 12mo, pp. 444. Harper &
Bros. $1.75.
Lord Ormont and His Aminta. By George Meredith,
12mo, pp. 442. Chas. Scribner's Sons. $1.50.


206
[Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
Mad Sir Ucbtred of the Hills. By S. R. Crockett, author
of " The Raiders." 16mo, gilt top, pp. 195. Macmillan
& Co. $1.25.
The Silver Christ, and A Lemon Tree. By Ouida, author
of " Under Two Flags." 16mo, gilt top, pp. 235. Mac-
millan & Co. $1.25.
My Lady Botha: A Romance. By Stanley J. Weyman, au-
thor of " Under the Red Robe." Ulus., 12mo, pp. 384.
Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.25.
Marsena, and Other Stories of the War-time. By Harold
Frederick. 12mo, pp. 210. Chas. Scribner's Sons. SI.
Micah Clarice: His Statement. By A. Conan Doyle, author
of " The Refugees." Bins., 12mo, pp. 471. Harper &
Bros. 81.75.
The Water Ghost and Others. By John Kendrick Bangs,
author of " Coffee and Repartee." Illus., 16mo, pp. 296.
Harper & Bros. $1.25.
Vignettes of Manhattan. By Brander Matthews. Ulus.,
12mo, pp. 180. Harper & Bros. $1.50.
The Thing: That Hath Been; or, A Young Man's Mistakes.
By Arthur Herman Gilkes. 12mo, uncut, gilt top, pp.
329. Longmans, Green, ife Co. $1.50.
The Unbidden Quest. By Ernest William Hornung. Bins.,
12mo, pp. 304. Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.
David's Loom: A Story of Rochdale Life in the Early Tears
of the 19th Century. By John Trafford Clegg, author of
"Heartstrings." 12mo,pp. 276. Longmans, Green, &
Co. $1.
On Cloud Mountain. By Frederick Thickstun Clark, au-
thor of " A Mexican Girl." 12mo, pp. 230. Harper &
Bros. $1.
George Mandeville's Husband. By C. E. Raimond. 12mo,
pp. 219. D. Appleton & Co. $1.
Peak and Prairie, from a Colorado Sketch-book. By Anna
Fuller, author of "A Literary Courtship." Illus., lGmo,
pp.391. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.
"My Pretty Jane." By Effie Adelaide Rowlands. With
frontispiece, 12mo, uncut, pp. 344. J. B. Lippinoott Co. $1.
A Scarlet Poppy, and Other Stories. By Harriet Preacott
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THE DIAL
Contents of
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VoL V. A QUARTERLY MAGAZINE. No. 1.
Ooght the United States Senate to Be Abolished?
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[Oct. 16,
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1894.]
211
THE DIAL
Dodd, flead & Company's New
THREE IMPORTANT BOOKS FROM THE FRENCH.
MEMOIRS OF THE DUCHESSE DE GONTAUT.
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212
[Oct. 16,
THE DIAL
S. C. GRIGGS AND COMPANY'S
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THE DIAL
213
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214
[Oct. 16, 1894.
THE DIAL
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No. 200. OCTOBER 16, 1894. Vol. XVII. meant so much to Americans as that now ended,
its years so nearly those of the century which
it adorned. As the intellectual associates of
CONTENTS.
the gentle Autocrat went to their own places
PAGE one by one, the affection in which they were
OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES (with Biography and held seemed to be transferred to the ever-les-
Bibliography) ............. 215 sening group of those who yet remained, until,
in concentration of grateful recollection, it was
DAVID SWING .............. 217
all heaped upon one beloved head. Now, there
INADEQUACY (Poem). Edith M. Thomas . . . .217 | remain but memories to which we may cling;
ONE STEP SHORT. S. R. Elliott ....... 217
the last leaf has fallen from “ the old forsaken
bough,” and we smile, as he bade us do, but
ENGLISH AT WELLESLEY COLLEGE. Katharine
through our tears.
Lee Bates. .............. 219
The love which Americans have felt, and
COMMUNICATIONS ............ 222
always will feel, for the group of our distinc-
The Public Appreciation of Books. W. R. K.
tively national poets, including Bryant and
The Hebrew as a Sailor. Adolphe Cohn.
Longfellow, Whittier and Lowell, besides the
The Teaching of English in Preparatory Schools. one whose loss we now mourn, has had few par-
John M. Clapp.
allels in other nations for either depth or sin-
THE “EMINENT SCOUNDREL” IN LITERA cerity. We knew that they were not great
TURE. E. G. J.. ..... ...... 223
poets, as the world measures poetic greatness ;
we knew that their voices were not of those
THE SHERMAN LETTERS. B. A. Hinsdale . . . 226
that for all ages speak to all mankind ; but
THOREAU'S LETTERS. Louis J. Block .... 228 they have had for us so many endearing asso-
WEALTH AGAINST COMMONWEALTH. William
ciations, their names have been so indissolubly
Henry Smith. ............. 230
linked with whatever was best and noblest in
our history and our aspirations, that we could
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS .......... 233 not wholly measure them by the cold standards
The Ethics of Citizenship. — Domestic life in the
of objective criticism. The indigenous nature-
Army.-A surprising collection of American authors.
- University Extension addresses. — Outlines of
lyrics of Bryant, Longfellow's delicate treat-
American literature.— Early New York history.- A ment of the romantic aspects of American his-
students' Anglo-Saxon dictionary. - More of Pas tory, the passion that fired Whittier's songs of
quier's Memoirs.
freedom, and the ethical fervor and downright
BRIEFER MENTION ............ 236
manliness to which Lowell gave such varied
utterance, — all these things meant something
NEW YORK TOPICS. Arthur Stedman ..... 237
to us, something very precious, very personal,
LITERARY NOTES ............ 238
and altogether incommunicable to the alien. So
we did not mind it very much when the amia-
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS ..... 239
ble foreign critic told us that most of our poets
LIST OF NEW BOOKS ........... 240 | were either mocking-birds or corn-crakes. We


216
[Oct. 16,
THE
DIAL
knew that it would be useless to explain or to
remonstrate; we knew, in fact, that his lan-
guage and his tests were not ours, nor ours his.
The work of Holmes, besides having qualities
peculiarly its own, shares also in the special
appeals indicated above. There is no lack of
lyrical or romantic effect, of patriotic or ethical
passion, in the long series of volumes that be-
gan with the " Poems " of 1836 and ended with
"Before the Curfew " in 1888. And how much
there is that falls without the categories thus
summarily designated!
"What shapes and fancies, grave or (fay,
Before us at his bidding come!
The Treadmill tramp, the One-Horse Shay,
The dnmb despair of Elsie's doom!
"The tale of Avis and the Maid,
The plea for lips that cannot speak,
The holy kiss that Iris laid
On little Boston's pallid cheek!"
And then Holmes was so much more than a
mere singer. The very fact that we most fre-
quently call him the Autocrat rather than the
poet suggests something of his versatile ability.
With one aspect of his life-work we are not
here concerned. As a medical practitioner, as
a teacher of anatomy, and as a writer in the
special field of his profession, he had a full
and honorable career, and we may fancy that
he more than once said to the physician Holmes,
This is what I really am, the rest is trifling; just
as Lamb said of his India House folios, " These
are my real works."
But we may put all this aside, and the man
of letters remains, not sensibly diminished in
stature. For to his credit stand many entries.
There are the three novels, and of them we
must say that they have few equals in our
American fiction. "A Mortal Antipathy " we
might perhaps spare, but we would not will-
ingly lose "Elsie Venner,"even if science frown
upon its thesis, or " The Guardian Angel," even
if it do not in all respects fulfil the require-
ments of the Active art. We should say that
no reservations need be made when it is a ques-
tion of praising the four volumes of Table-Talk,
which begin with the breakfast-table and end
with the tea-cups. And besides these gifts, he
gave us the sympathetic and beautiful memoirs
of Motley and Emerson, and the many prose
miscellanies that are only less charming than
his more famous works.
As a poet — and in the final settlement the
poet will outweigh the writer of prose—Holmes
preserved for us the spirit of the classical age
at a time when romanticism was in full cry.
But, as Mr. Stedman happily suggests, his work
was a survival rather than a revival. It is
curious, indeed, as the same acute critic re-
marks, to note how persistently he remained
an artificer upon the old-fashioned lines, al-
though ever alert to seize the new occasion and
the new theme. We have had no other so ex-
pert in personal and occasional verse, no other
who could so distil the very quintessence of
Yankee humor, or of the other and finer qual-
ities of the New England intellect, into the
most limpid of song. And when he was en-
tirely serious, how exquisite was his touch, how
pure his pathos, how clear his ethical sense!
Let "The Voiceless," "Under the Violets,"
and " The Chambered Nautilus " bear witness.
And, since no one knew so well as he the word
most fit to be spoken upon any solemn occa-
sion, let us write in his own words his epitaph:
"Say not the Poet dies I
Though in the dost he lies,
He cannot forfeit his melodious breath,
Unsphered by envious death!
Life drops the voiceless myriads from its roll;
Their fate he cannot share,
Who, in the enchanted air
Sweet with the lingering strains that Echo stole,
Has left his dearer self, the music of his soul!
"He sleeps; he cannot die!
As evening's long-drawn sigh,
Lifting the rose-leaves on his peaceful mound.
Spreads all their sweets around,
So, laden with his song, the breezes blow
From where the rustling sedge
Frets our rude ocean's edge
To the smooth sea beyond the peaks of snow.
His soul the air enshrines and leaves but dust below!"
BIOGRAPHY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Oliver "Wendell Holmes was born August 29,
1809, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in a house just
across the street from the buildings of Harvard Col-
lege. He entered Harvard in 1825, and was grad-
uated in 1829. He studied law for a year, then
medicine, the latter both at home and abroad. In
1836, after his return to America, he took his de-
gree in medicine, and published his first volume of
"Poems." Some of these pieces had been published
long before in newspapers and elsewhere, "Old Iron-
sides" dating from 1830. In 1839 he accepted a
chair at Dartmouth, remaining two years. He was
married to Amelia Lee Jackson in 1840. Return-
ing to Boston, he settled down to the practice of
medicine until 1847, when he accepted the Harvard
professorship of anatomy, then offered him, a chair
which he held actively until 1882, and as professor
emeritus until his death. In 1842 he published
"Homoeopathy and Its Kindred Delusions," and vol-
umes of " Poems " in 1846,1849, and 1850. "The
Atlantic Monthly" was started in 1857, and " The
Autocrat of the Breakfast Table" began with it,
making the new magazine famous at once. This
work appeared as a volume in 1858, and was fol-


1894.]
217
THE
DIAL
lowed by the " Professor " in 1860, and the " Poet"
in 1872. Meanwhile the following volumes were
published: "Currents and Counter - Currents in
Medical Science" (1861), "Elsie Venner" (1861),
"Songs in Many Keys " (1861), " Soundings from
the Atlantic" (1863), " Humorous Poems " (1865),
"The Guardian Angel" (1867), and " Mechanism
in Thought and Morals" (1871). "Songs of Many
Seasons" (1874), a "Memoir of Motley" (1878),
"The Iron Gate" (1880), "Pages from an Old
Volume of Life" (1883), "Medical Essays"
(1883), "Ralph Waldo Emerson" (1884), "A
Mortal Antipathy" (1885), "Our Hundred Days
in Europe " (1887 ), " Before the Curfew " (1888),
and "Over the Tea-Cups" (1890), complete the
list of his works, excepting a few ephemeral or
technical publications. The visit to Europe de-
scribed in one of these later volumes was made in
1886. In 1893, he acted as chairman of the East-
ern Committee of Arrangements for the Chicago
Congress of Authors, and took much interest in the
project. He died on the seventh of this month, of
heart failure, at his home in Boston.
DA VIP SWING.
David Swing, who died at his home in Chicago
on the third of October, was one of the most widely
known of Chicago preachers, and enjoyed also a
certain reputation, albeit a slender one, as a man of
letters. In the latter capacity, he was the author of
three or four volumes of essays—sermons and liter-
ary club papers—which are characterized by grace
rather than forcefulness, and by a certain languor
of manner equally characteristic of their author as
a public speaker. These books exhibit the workings
of a mind given to much reading of good books,
one whose mental process remotely suggests that of
Emerson. As a preacher, David Swing stood for
the forces that have done so much to liberalize re-
ligious thought during the past quarter of a century,
and in his sermons, dogma, which most theologians
offer to their public in solid lumps, had gone com-
pletely into solution. Still, it was his instinct rather
than his logical faculty that thus placed him in the
van of religious thought, for he was always more of
a rhetorician than a thinker. He was too good-
natured to be critical, and he sometimes scattered
his praise of men and books in a way to make the
judicious grieve. His great professional reputation
was due in large measure to the celebrity of his
trial for heresy about twenty years ago. The result
of that trial was a technical acquittal, but soon there-
after he severed his relations with the Presbyterian
organization, and entered upon the independent ca-
reer which he has since pursued. Opinion has been
divided upon the question of his justification in this
step. Those who stood by him during the trial, and
labored to secure the verdict that was given in his
favor, were naturally aggrieved when he afterwards
abandoned them. But his friends claimed that he
could not have continued in the church without in-
justice to himself, and that his sphere of usefulness
was much widened by the separation. Readers of
The Dial, especially in its earlier years, will re-
member him as an occasional contributor to its pages.
INADEQUACY.
Thy palace walls were founded well,
And well its courses thou didst lay;
One tower defied the genie's spell,
And stands a ruin to this day.
The Land of Flowers thou didst attain,
And see the spring's immortal jet;
Thy staff-worn hand was reached in vain —
Thy lips that crystal never wet!
With pains the altar thou didst dress,
And the burnt sacrifice prepare,
And call upon the God to bless —
All but the Fire from Heaven was there!
Thou shak'st thy lance on hard-fought field,
Thou sleep'st, the tingling stars above;—■
Pity and praise sweet eyes can yield,
But ne'er vouchsafe the Light of Love!
What dost thou lack? 'T is almost naught
That parts thee from thy Heart's Desire,—
A step — a span — an airy thought,
A pulse-beat more, thou didst require!
Edith M. Thomas.
ONE STEP SHORT.
It was remarked of a gentleman who was one of
the most accomplished flutists of his day, that his
performance was almost maddening—because it was
so good! His execution was brilliant, his tone
superb, his interpretation and shadings admirable,
but alas! he was always a little out of tune, so very
little out of tune, that his accompanists, whether or-
chestral or those of the piano, declared that it would
have been a positive relief had he but been a little
more out of tune! Persons who could listen with
equanimity to that musical monstrosity, a tune
played in two different keys at once, felt for this
gentleman's playing a degree of abhorrence which
"fairly made the flesh crawl." This provoking qual-
ity affected the player himself, who seemed con-
scious of his defect, although unable to correct it;
and he finally gave up music in despair. I have
learned that this failing is by no means an uncom-
mon one among musicians otherwise able; and it
has been my misfortune to hear some of the leading
soloists of an orchestra play so out of tune that the
water would come into their own eyes, as well as
into those of the audience. I also remember that
the great Julien brought over with his band of Con-
tinentals an English musician whose business it was
to "raise the note," as it were; this Englishman


176
(Sept. 16, 1894.
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