constant pressure of the Church; and in support of this conclusion the author quotes freely from the anti-Jewish legislation of the Church councils and the repressive secular ordinances that grew out of the demands of the Church. "The Church, in its efforts to arouse the popular hatred, was powerfully aided by the odium which the Jews themselves excited through their ostentation, their usury, and their functions as public offi- cials." This hatred soon showed itself in per- secution and bloodshed, especially in the mas- sacres of 1391, the history of which is told in detail by Dr. Lea. This changed attitude of their neighbors struck terror into the hearts of the Jewish people, and multitudes of that race sought re- fuge in baptism. But the Catholic priest soon discovered that in many cases the conversion was merely a superficial change; and he trem- bled at the thought that a large, wealthy, and influential section of his church was infected with heresy, which to the mediaeval mind was the greatest of all crimes, the vilest of all sins. It was to remove this new danger to the faith that the Spanish Inquisition was established. The statement of the historian Motley that " it was originally devised for Jews and Moors," and was afterwards " extended from pagans to heretics," is clearly an error. Dr. Lea shows conclusively that the non-Christians were en- tirely beyond the jurisdiction of any ecclesias- tical tribunal; until they became converts the Inquisition could not reach them. He also rejects the recent belief that the Inquisition was" a political engine for the conversion of Spain from a mediaeval feudal monarchy to one of the modern absolute type." This change was effected by other means, especially by the employment of the Santa Hermajidad, or Holy Brotherhood. It is true, however, that the tribunal at times gave valuable aid to the cause of absolute monarchy, particularly in the colonies, where it was found extremely con- venient to treat insurrectionary teachings as heresies. The author is careful to bring out the differ- ence between the earlier Inquisition and the new Spanish tribunal. The fact that the latter had its own organization, framed its own rules, could call all the forces of the State to its assistance, and was subject to no power but the sovereign, gave it tremendous opportunities for aggrandize- ment, especially when the throne was occcupied by a weak monarch. "At times it was the instrument of his will; at others it seemed as though it might almost supplant the monarchy; it was constantly seeking to extend its awful authority over the other departments of state, which struggled with varying success to resist its encroachments, while successive kings, auto- cratic in theory, sometimes posed as arbitrators, sometimes vainly endeavored to enforce their pacificatory commands, but more generally yielded to its domineering spirit." That a tribunal composed of practically irre- sponsible judges would often exercise its power in a tyranical manner, is to be expected; and the author finds that such was too often the case. A notable instance is the case of Arch- bishop Carranza, which occupied the attention of Christendom for seventeen years, and of which the author gives a detailed account. In this case are illustrated not only the vindictive and persecuting spirit of the inquisitorial au- thorities, but also their cupidity, their jealousy of papal control, and their willingness to serve the Spanish monarch. The charge of cruelty is considered in the sixth and seventh books, which are devoted to practice and punishments. Dr. Lea finds that the tribunals of the Holy Office often did carry the use of torture to a terrible extreme; but his general conclusion is that " the popular impression that the inquisi- torial torture-chamber was the scene of excep- tional refinement in cruelty, of persistence in extorting confessions, is an error due to sensa- tional writers who have exploited credulity." 294 [Nov. 1, THE DIAL The Spanish Inquisition, in the application of torture, was less cruel, we are told, than the secular courts or the Roman Inquisition. But this does not mean that the inquisitorial pro- cedure was considerate or mild; the tribunal was determined to gain its ends, and where the usual means failed (which they did but rarely) the inquisitors had no scruples about the use of torture. Still, so long as the Inquisition busied itself with matters of faith and heresy, the people endured without much complaining. And yet, Dr. Lea concludes that the Holy Office came to be hated and detested "by all classes, — laymen and ecclesiastics, noble and simple." This hostility resulted from the attempts of the inquisitors to interfere in purely secular matters; especially did the people resent their efforts to establish commercial monopolies. In a most instructive chapter on the Privileges of the Holy Office, the author shows how this institution, because of its exemption from taxes, tariff dues, and the like, was able to corner markets and crush competitors almost as effectively as a modern trust. Such perversion of spiritual authority to secular and often unholy uses appears to have become quite common and frequent. As to the effects of inquisitorial activity on national life and progress, the author speaks in terms of unqualified condemnation. "It is impossible not to conclude that the Inquisition paralyzed both the intellectual and the economic development of Spain. . . . Material progress became impossible, industry languished, and the inability to meet foreign competition assisted the mistaken internal policy of the government in prolonging and intensifying the poverty of the people." At the same time he acquits the author- ities of intentional guilt in the following striking sentences: "Yet who can blame Isabella and Torquemada or the HapBburg princes for their share in originating and maintaining this disastrous instrument of wrong? The Church had taught for centuries that implicit acceptance of its dogmas and blind obedience to its commands were the only avenues to salvation; that heresy was treason to God, its extermination the highest service to God and the highest duty to man. This grew to be the universal belief, and, when Protestant sects framed their several confessions, each one was so supremely confident of pos- sessing the secret of the Divine Being and his dealings with his creatures that all shared the zeal to serve God in the same cruel fashion." Dr. Lea's latest history has all the virtues of his earlier studies: it is written in clear un- adorned English; the discussion is temperate, calm, and judicial; every statement is fortified with documentary proofs; and the more import- ant matters are treated with careful presentation of details. At the venerable age of four score and three years, the author is apparently as strong and keen and vigorous as ever; and this, his latest work, ranks easily with his strongest and best. Laurence M. Larson. Recent Fiction.* A story opening which never fails of its appeal is that which pictures a boy born to poverty but hav- ing within him the capacity to lift himself above his native surroundings and achieve success by his own unaided efforts. No one can fail to follow sympa- thetically the steps in such a career—particularly the early steps — as the boyish soul gradually awakens to its predestined heritage and as the years of dawning manhood bring the first flush of success to the toilsome life. It is such a boy that Miss Mary Johnston brings to our attention in the opening pages of "Lewis Rand," and her book bears the name of her hero. The scene is Virginia, and the period is that of the very beginning of the Ameri- can Republic, when people still have fresh memories of Valley Forge and Yorktown, and when "The Federalist" offers a more controversial subject than the sacred scriptures. The boy, ignorant and ragged, is befriended by no less a personage than Mr. Jefferson, then newly entered upon his duties as Washington's Secretary of State. The real action of the story begins a dozen or more years later, when Lewis has become a successful lawyer and Re- publican politician, and his patron, firmly seated in the Presidential chair, has shown himself no mere doctrinaire by the act of statesmanship which with a stroke of the pen doubled the area of the United States. By this time, we know fairly well what is coming, as far as the external machinery of the novel is concerned. Burr's dream of empire fills the minds of those who share the vision with him, and we regretfully follow our hero, the prey of inor- dinate ambition, as he deserts the leader to whom * Lewis Rand. By Mary Johnston. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. The Broken Snare. By Ludwig Lewisohn. New York: B. W. Dodge & Co. Heabtbreak Hill. A Comedy Romance. By Herman Knickerbocker Viele. New York: Dnffield & Co. The Last Voyaob op the Donna Isabel. A Romance of the Sea. By Randall Parrish. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. The Castle of Dawn. By Harold Morton Kramer. Boston: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co. The Ihhoktal Moment. The Story of Kitty Tailleur. By May Sinclair. New York: Donbleday, Page & Co. Colonel Gbeatheabt. By H. C. Bailey. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co. The Statue. A Story of International Intrigue and Mys- tery. By Eden Phillpotts and Arnold Bennett. New York: Moffat. Yard & Co. By Right op Purchase. By Harold Bindloss. New York: The Frederick A. Stokes Co. Long Odds. By Harold Bindloss. Boston: Small. Maynard & Co. 1908.] 295 THE DIAL every tie of gratitude should have kept him bound, and plots secret treason against his country. The bursting of the bubble saves him from the commis- sion of the overt act, and Jefferson, who has held in his hands the threads of the conspiracy all the time, is magnanimous enough to spare the ingrate from public exposure. But a proud and rebellious nature of Lewis Rand's type is bound to work its own de- struction in some way, and the man who has just escaped being a traitor in the open becomes a mur- derer in private in a moment of uncontrollable pas- sion. His conscience, and the urgency of his high- minded wife, finally compel him to make confession, and the story closes when he gives himself up to justice. Although the curtain then falls, there can be but one possible sequel, for the murder was most wanton, and the victim a very noble gentleman. This sombre outcome is not what we are led to anti- cipate in the earlier chapters, and it is something of a shock to learn that the admiration due to a Lucifer is all that we are permitted for our hero in the end. Byron's "Manfred" supplies the words which ex- actly fit him. "This should have been a noble creature; he Hath all the energy which would have made A goodly frame of glorious elements, Had they been wisely mingled; as it is It is an awful chaos — light and darkness, And mind and dust, and passions and pure thoughts Mixed, and contending without end or order." But the story is a strong one, richly furnished forth with the accessories of historical fact and of the manners of Virginians a- century ago. It pro- vides a vivid presentation of a deeply interesting period in our national annals, and it throbs with a very real life, albeit a life romantically tinged. Miss Johnston is to be warmly congratulated, for "Lewis Rand" is a better book than she has here- tofore written. It is not often that we come upon a novel written with the conscious artistic purpose of Mr. Lewisohn's "The Broken Snare," in which the imperative demands of technique — both verbal and architectonic—are never ignored, and which yet has no lack of rich human substance. The author has taken Flaubert for his model, and has shown himself a not unworthy disciple of the master. More than most works of fiction, this is the story of a man and a woman, to the exclusion of all other personalities; of their love and its consequences, to the exclusion of all other interests. The woman is an ardent creature, cramped by the conditions of a peculiarly mean and sordid existence; the man has the artist's temperament, and what he imagines to be deep convictions concerning the futility of the marriage-bond. The two agree to join their lives without the usual legal proceedings, and set out for a honeymoon in the South. For a short time all is idyllic with them, and then the inevitable break comes, to which we are led through the gradual stages of sub-concious unrest, growing irritation, jarring mutual revelations of character, and the clash of fundamentally opposed ideals. Then there is separation, and a long term of suffering for both; finally, the sex-duel sees the woman the victor, the man's intellectual pride is abased, and they are reunited upon the terms that have been decreed by the wisdom of the ages as the only possible foundation for the family and for human society. It will thus be seen that the book, despite its boldness of speech and conception, is ethically wholesome. It does not seek by means of false sentiment to incline us to the acceptance of evil, and its moral emphasis is not misplaced. It is not a book for the young person to read, but it is one from which the mature mind can get nothing but good, and one which offers a singular satisfac- tion to the artistic perceptions. At discreet intervals, Mr. Herman Knickerbocker Viele* projects a new romantic invention into the sphere of publicity, and thereby occasions much joy to the knowing. There have been three of these projections heretofore, and the fourth is now at hand, alluringly entitled "Heartbreak Hill." The Hill is described by the heroine as "an incorrigible amorphic orphan, abandoned to the mercies of a self-satisfied Upper Silurian family," which means that it lifts its shaggy form above the surrounding flatness of field and meadow, and tries to make up in picturesqueness what it lacks in utility. It is the joint property of two cousins — a boy and a girl — having come into the family through an ancestral dicker with the Indians. That the pioneer who bought it for a jug of rum had a long head becomes apparent as the story progresses, because numerous persons make efforts to secure its ownership with- out disclosing any apparently adequate motives. The secret of the matter is that the Hill hides a rich vein of copper which is destined to enrich the cousins when they have thwarted various efforts on the part of outsiders to come into possession. By a singular coincidence, these young people also join their fortunes in another and more intimate relation. This is pleasant, because they are nice young people, and quite deserving of each other. Such is the substance of a story which is written in the vein of light-hearted comedy for which Mr. Viele" has prepared us by his earlier books, and which is a work of delicate art in its every detail. Sentiment and humor are nicely balanced in its pages, and the transcript of New England life and character is both truthful and charming. "The Last Voyage of the Donna Isabel" is a brave tale of a young American hiding in Val- paraiso, who is tricked into stealing an English- man's yacht, and finds himself in nominal command of a crew of pirates. They have lured him into this compromising position because they have need of his seamanship, but he is otherwise completely at their mercy. Their objective point is in the Antarctic Ocean, whence strange report has come of a treasure-ship — a Spanish galleon—held fast in the ice for a century and a half. Unwittingly, they have not only stolen the yacht but have also abducted the owner's wife, whose presence on board was not 296 [Nov. l, THE DIAL suspected. Thus a heroine is provided for our hero, for Lady Darlington is young and charming, and does not love her aged husband overmuch. However, the conventions are respected until the final discovery, after the yacht has returned from its perilous voyage, that its owner has been conven- iently assassinated in the meantime. As for the Donna Isabel — a Spanish ship despite its un- Spanish name — that also is discovered, filled with gold and corpses, but the treasure goes to the bot- tom of the sea, together with most of the pirates. This is evidently the outline of a "rattling" story, and it must be reckoned among the most successful of Mr. Randall Parrish's inventions. "The Castle of Dawn" is the alluring title of Mr. Harold Morton Kramer's tale of the Ozarks. The castle is a palatial mountain residence, no longer inhabited by the builder whose tastes it embodies, bat become the refuge of certain conspirators against the stability of a Spanish-American repub- lic. To this retreat a newspaper reporter from Chicago and the daughter of a purse-proud million- aire find their way, being, in fact, kidnapped by the conspirators, who mistakenly fancy these innocent young people the enemies of their patriotic cause. The period of captivity is long enough for propin- quity to do its deadly work, and the two, entire strangers to each other at first, develop after a few weeks into a pair of romantically interesting lovers. Of their exciting adventures and thrilling escape we will say naught in detail; these particulars are eminently satisfying to the romantic mood. We may say a word in commendation of the crisp dia logue and humorous touch which are features of the author's literary equipment He has clothed an es- sentially imaginative story-skeleton in the garb of reality, and has just escaped the obvious danger of lapsing into melodrama. It is all very trifling, but it is also very diverting. "Kitty Tailleur" in England, "The Immortal Moment" in the United States — these are the titles chosen, to the confusion of both librarians and readers, for Miss May Sinclair's latest novel. The reprehensible practice here indicated should never be allowed to go without a sharp word of censure. The story is of the flimsiest texture, and consists largely of frothy dialogue, which, however, does produce its effect in illuminating the characters of the two persons mainly concerned. These are the charming Kitty and the simple-minded man whom she captivates. They meet in a seaside hotel, and it takes less than two weeks to bring them into re- lations which mean acute misery for the man and self-destruction for the woman. For Kitty, who is nice, is also naughty, or at least has been naughty to a quite unpardonable degree. And when the man, to whom the very thought of such evil as her life has embodied is almost inconceivable, has the truth thrust in his face, tragedy ensues. For he has championed her against the gossippers, has be- lieved in her, and has asked her to be his wife. Her "immortal moment" is ironically so called, for it is the moment in which her higher nature asserts itself, and she makes the confession which she knows must end her dream. It is a delicate subject, but we must add that it is handled with delicacy. As a faint reflex of the Camille story this one must be set down as essentially immoral, simply because its intention is to throw a sentimental glamor over the ugly outlines of depravity. But we cannot dis- pute its literary art or its emotional subtlety. We have not had a story of the Civil Wars in England for some time, and Mr. H. C. Bailey's "Colonel Greatheart" is a particularly good one. The title is fanciful, as indicating the quality rather than the actual cognomen of his hero. One Colonel Stow, it seems, returning to England after service in the Thirty Tears' War, finds King and Par- liament at odds. Strife has begun, the court is at Oxford, Rupert is the man of the hour on one side, while on the other the genius of one Oliver Crom- well has not yet made itself manifest. Our hero is urged by the lady love of his youth to espouse the royalist cause, which he does, being a romantic idealist, although eyen then to the eye of a trained soldier that cause is foredoomed. The tale runs from Marston Moor to Naseby, and our hero gives a good acccount of himself personally, although his side is steadily losing. But worse than the defeats of the royalist forces are his personal and moral de- feats, for he is doubly betrayed, by the woman whom he loves, and by his dearest companion-in-arms. Nevertheless, his honor is engaged, and he fights on in a cause which no longer means aught to him, and nearly loses his life in a desperate effort to save the King from his own weakness. In the end, he for- sakes the field, and finds balm for his wounded af- fections in the love of a puritan maid. This is the outline of the story, but certain other things remain to be said. The historical figures — Charles and Rupert, Cromwell, Fairfax, and Ireton, are no more than sketched, but the strokes are masterly. The puritan jargon is reproduced with astonishing vividness and force. And the wild passions at play are relieved by certain interludes of comedy pro- vided by the hero's two French serving-men, Alci- biadeand Matthieu-Marc-Luc, whose activities pro- vide us with the most amusing Sancho-contrasts to the deeds of our Greatheart Quixote. Again we have a story which is produced by the joint efforts of Mr. Eden Phillpotts and Mr. Arnold Bennett, and again we are puzzled to know where Mr. Phillpotts comes in. For of that strong and serious writer, with his love of wild nature and his deep comprehension of the primitive passions of the Dartmoor peasantry, we find no trace in these collaborative inventions. His own distinctive work- manship is not to be discovered in "The Statue," which is no more than a melodramatic tale of ingen- ious intrigue, of mysterious orime, and of detection and retribution. Taking it upon this low level, the story is effective; the secret is kept well in hand until the end, and proves satisfying when at last revealed. 1908.] 297 THE DIAL Mr. Harold Bindloss is a writer who repeats him- self unduly, and yet one whose hooks we always read with interest. Just now he offers us two of them, " By Right of Purchase " and " Long Odds." The former of these two is little more than a replica of his earlier stories of life in the Ameri- can Northwest. It has its beginnings in England, to be sure, for its farmer-hero is there upon a vaca- tion, and there he wins the bride who accompanies him back to the prairies. It is his bank account and his acres that really win her and the conquest of her heart remains to be achieved. Meanwhile, she makes the sacrifice for the sake of her indolent and improvident family. Once fairly established in Canada, we have again the story that Mr. Bind- loss has told so often (and so well) before, the story of hard toil for uncertain harvests, woven in with the story of the strong, good man and his foes. These foes in the present instance are whiskey- smugglers and cattle-rustlers, and are a particularly desperate gang of scoundrels. Of course they are routed in the end, and equally of course the market goes up just in time to save the hero from bank- ruptcy. And slowly, as these matters progress toward their logical conclusion, the hero's wife learns to love him for his manly strength and single-hearted devotion, and gives herself to him in fact as well as in name. "Long Odds" represents the other of the two interests thus far exploited by Mr. Bindloss in his novels — the interest which transports us to Latin countries and their peoples, to Spaniards in Cuba and to Portuguese in the Canaries. Of course, the hero is still an Englishman. This time he is an Englishman broken by false accusations, and self- exiled upon the west coast of Africa. After some years, fortune and good name come back to him, and at this point the story opens. He is recalled to the Canaries, where the woman is sojourning whom he had once expected to make his wife, and is given to understand that the old relation may be resumed. Accepting the situation, he makes per- functory love to her, but is all the time conscious that their ideals are hopelessly at variance. He has lived with grim realities, and she knows and feels nothing beyond her narrow circle of petty social conventions. His stay in the Canaries is not for long, however, for he has duties which soon take him back to Africa. He is pledged to rescue a native girl from a scoundrelly trader, and to re- store to their village a number of boys who have been enslaved. Since he is the kind of English- man who does things, both these aims are achieved, and in the achieving of them is the adventurous substance of the tale. Its sentimental substance is provided by his relations with the fascinating daughter of a Portuguese officer, whom he knows to be the woman really meant for him, and with whom we leave him after the Englishwoman has found an even more eligible parti, and been suitably dis- posed of without hard feelings on either side. Mr. Bindloss shows himself well acquainted with the conditions of existence in the African littoral, and gives us clear descriptions of natives and of such European types as the trader, the missionary, and the government official. He has not a little of the incisive power of Mr. Conrad in dealing with this tropical material. William Morton Payne. Briefs on New Books Editorial Marked by his customary geniality ettavsfrom of temper and lightness of touch, "The Atlantic." w;tn just en0Ugh 0f artistic detach- ment to lend grace and freedom to his style with- out rendering it too coldly impersonal, Mr. Bliss Perry's "Park-Street Papers" (Houghton Mifflin Co.) maintain the high standard of their author's work as essayist and literary critic. The ten chap- ters of the book are gathered from the ten years' issues of " The Atlantic " that have appeared under Mr. Perry's editorial supervision. The first five, styled collectively "Atlantic Prologues," are brief "toastmaster addresses," such as have in recent years introduced each January number of the magazine. They reveal the author in his pleasant- est and most gracefully humorous vein, and at the same time throw light on the ever-fascinating art and mystery of magazine editing. The remaining five selections treat of four famous early contribu- tors to the "Atlantic," — Hawthorne, Longfellow, Aldrich (both contributor and editor), and Whit- tier, — and of that half-forgotten New England man of letters who never quite "arrived," who in fact was "the editor who was never the editor," Francis H. Underwood. Centenary celebrations prompted three of these papers, while the death of Aldrich gave sad occasion for the excellent appre- ciation of his character and work. In recalling some of his personal characteristics, the author writes: "One of the most pleasant traits of Mr. Aldrich's comments upon men of letters was his unfailing respect and admiration for the well-known group of New England writers whose personal friendship he had enjoyed. His gift for witty de- rogation found employment elsewhere; towards Emerson, Longfellow, Whittier, and Lowell his at- titude was finely reverent, as befitted a younger associate." Not always so reverent, however; as witness his comment on Lowell's letters, published in his biography, — " How good and how poor they are! Nearly all of them are too self-conscious. Emerson and Whittier are about the only men in that famous group who were not thinking about themselves the whole while." Although its con- tents are of so "occasional" a nature, the book is worthy of a permanent place in one's library. A good Nature-book for home read- iZXZ&Z™ «g » "ally difficult to find. It may be more difficult to write; but in "The Lay of the Land" (Houghton) Mr. Sharp has written one without apparent effort. In his youth the author was driven from the laboratory 298 [Nov. 1, THE DIAL by a professor who thought the "revelation" of a dissected dog's nervous system ought to take "all the moonshine about the beauties of Nature" out of him. But persisting in "an unscientific love for live dog," Mr. Sharp abandoned the scalpel for the fields. He retained enough of the scientific temper to keep him accurate and safe from undue romancing, but not enough to kill sentiment. "The botanist who is never poet," he says, "misses as much in the out-of-doors as the poet who is never botanist." One might say that it is the at-home feeling which distinguishes Mr. Sharp among Nature-writers. He believes in staying at home, provided home is not all brick and mortar, and "getting the honey" there. "To go to the seashore for one June, to the mountains for a second, to the farm for a third, is not a good way to study the out- of-doors. A better way is to spend all three Junes at this shore or upon this same farm. The first necessity for interesting Nature study is an intimate acquaintance with some locality. It does not matter how small, how commonplace, how near the city, — the nearer the better, provided there are trees, water, fences, and some seclusion. U your own roof-tree stands in the midst of it all, then that is ideal." Following this primrose path of home-staying, Mr. Sharp has made his little Massachusetts farm a centre of delight for himself and his many readers. The present volume has some pleasant summer records of birds-nests and blossoming flowers, but for the most part it tells of the out-door joys of winter — the muskrat's snug house, the Christmas woods, the song of the chickadee. Indeed, the volume might well have been named from its best chapter, "A Cure for Winter." Great movement. The need for a satisfactory historical ami leaden in account of the progress of discovery biologic .Hence. ^ thought in biology has for a long time been keenly felt, particularly by teachers of the subject and by workers in related subjects, such as sociology or psychology. In the case of certain special biological sciences, there are excellent his- tories— Carus's valuable (though almost unread- able) "Ge8chichte der Zoologie," and Foster's "Lectures on the History of Physiology," which are not only of great scientific merit, but also have a real literary charm. Professor Locy, in his "Biology and its Makers" (Holt), has as his aim "to bring under one view the broad features of biological progress, and to increase the human in- terest by writing the story around the lives of the great Leaders." While such a plan seems likely to leave something to be desired in the way of com- pleteness and comprehensiveness, it has much to recommend it from the standpoint of those likely to use such a book in connection with the teaching of the biological sciences, or for the purpose of gaining a birdseye view of the scope and development of these sciences. Nothing is better calculated to catch and stimulate the interest of one beginning the study of a science than an entertaining account of the personality and ideas of its founders. Professor Locy discusses his material in two group- ings. The first part of the book is devoted to the discussion of the development of important bio- logical ideas and lines of work other than those cen- tering about organic evolution. This part of the book includes, among other topics, discussions of the rise and progress of histology, comparative anatomy, taxonomy, physiology, embryology, the cell theory, bacteriology, and paleontology. The second part deals with the history of evolution work in the strictly biological fields. Such separation of the material makes necessary more or less repeti- tion, and appears to have no particular justification other than that of convenience. The greater part of the book deals with the zoological side of biology. The history of botanical ideas and dis- coveries gets relatively little attention. The book is mainly a compilation from rather well-known sources of information. There is little evidence that the author has made much detailed study of original sources, the work standing in this respect in marked contrast to Foster's "History of Physi- ology." Practically, the only subject that receives really critical treatment is the history of the cell theory. While such matters as have been alluded to, together with an unacountably persistent ten- dency to misspell proper names, will cause the specialist to feel some disappointment in the book, they do not essentially mar it for the purpose and the audience for which it was written. For this purpose and audience it is on the whole admirably suited. It is entertainingly written, and, better than any other existing single work in any language, gives the layman a clear idea of the scope and de- velopment of the broad science of biology. Memoir, of a Jn these days of personal reminiscen- businets man, ... . toidier. and ces 'written on the smallest provoca- dipiomat. tion, some prefatory self-exculpation is not out of place in a new candidate for autobio- graphic honors. Gen. William Franklin Draper, in presenting his "Recollections of a Varied Career" (Little, Brown & Co.), says that he began to write simply with the view of leaving a record for his descendants. "But as I wrote," he continues, "it seemed to me that few lives had covered as wide a field as my own. My public experience, — as a soldier in time of war, a member of Congress while great questions were under consideration, and a diplomat, also in war time, —would be hard to equal in variety; and my private life covers invention in important lines, and a business career, commencing as an employee and closing as the head of a large industrial establishment, perhaps the largest in Mas-' sachusetts that is owned by its managers." Very fittingly, in an etymological sense, General Draper's paternal ancestors for generations back were en- gaged in cloth-manufacture, and he himself, in his cotton-mill experience, has maintained the tradition. His connection with the Draper Co. machinery works at Hopedale renders appropriate and welcome his 1908.] 299 THE DIAL account, from personal recollections and other authoritative sources, of the Hopedale Community, which flourished (if such enterprises can ever be said to flourish) in the middle of the last century, when, as Emerson wrote to Carlyle, we were "all a little wild here with numberless projects of social reform," and every reading man had a draft of a new community in his waistcoat packet. The author's narration of his New England upbringing, his active service as an ardent volunteer in the Civil War, his two terms in Congress, his ambassadorship at Home, his subsequent travels, and his business and social and domestic interests from first to last, makes good reading. It is an unvarnished tale compact of unembroidered reality. Nine illustra- tions and a full index add to the completeness of this substantial octavo volume. That men are swayed in practical concealed appeals to their mental nature, gives Psychology a voice in the conduct of life, from ethics and politics to fashion anH adver- tising. The psychology of the great modern and great American industry of advertising has attracted the attention of Professor W. D. Scott, of North- western University, and there results a second volume by him on this topic (Small, Maynard & Co.). The thesis and consequently the plan of the book are alike simple. The advertisement addresses itself to the senses, feelings, prejudices, and mental peculiarities of the prospective purchaser; some com- prehensible account of these mental procedures will furnish a basis for the preparation of commercial heraldings, and illustrations from "current litera- ture " will furnish examples of good and bad types of the art. It is well that the task, when done, should be as well done as Professor Scott does it. But the thesis and the book arouse the obvious com- ment that this kind of application is peculiarly complex: that the psychology of the text-book and the psychology of the market-place are not built alike. To find a reason for doing what you will decide to do without that reason, may be a pleasing exercise; but it is not much more. Particularly the psychology of the responsive public is altogether too slightingly treated. Advertisements do not have the same effect in London, Paris, New York, and Chicago, and the psychology of Fifth Avenue is not that of the Bowery. It may happen that the future reader of the back pages of magazines will be so weary of advice as to resolve to boycott all adver- tised commodities; and the psychology of advertis- ing will have to be in part rewritten, and commer- cial talent find pastures new. Agronomical °™ °f the astronomers of reference! in the Greenwich Observatory is Dr. the Scriptures. jj, Walter Maunder, whose latest excursion into the field of popular astronomy is an explanation of "The Astronomy of the Bible" (Mitchell Kennerley). There are many such allu- sions in the Scriptures, which in the author's opin- ion have not received satisfactory treatment at the hands of commentators because these have not pos- sessed a technical acquaintance with the science of astronomy. The author does not attempt to find out the astronomical system of the ancient Hebrew na- tion, as the material is too scanty. He first dis- cusses the various Scriptural references to single celestial objects and to constellations, and afterwards studies their use by the Hebrews for measuring time. At the close of the book are short studies of three astronomical marvels — Joshua's long day, the dial of Ahaz, and the star of Bethlehem. The standpoint of the author is that of a believer in Holy Writ, who is free from those notions of inspiration that modern science has rendered untenable, and is to be classed as a devout man well acquainted with the latest teachings of science and eager to use them in classifying obscurities in the Scriptures. In the field of philological criticism — which Mr. Maunder necessarily enters — there is much of uncertainty, and the reader often has a feeling of doubt as to the soundness of some of the writer's conclusions. But on the whole one lays down the book with a feeling that he has gained much of permanent value. The attitude of the sacred writers toward the various dis- plays made by the heavenly bodies is shown to be one of intellectual saneness and spiritual exaltation, in marked contrast with that of the heathen nations surrounding the people of Israel, who used these bright objects for purposes of divination or of idola- trous worship. The book closes with a closely printed table of nearly five hundred references to Biblical passages, chiefly in the Old Testament, the astronomical allusions to which have been touched upon. The new Rug book. The excellent book by Rosa Belle Holt on "Rugs, Oriental and Occi- dental, Antique and Modern" (McClurg), which appeared originally in 1901, is now reissued in a revised and greatly improved form, having been rewritten in part and entirely reset, thus making it virtually a new work. In this edition the author has incorporated the results of further painstaking study, and investigations made not only in the United States and Europe but also in the Orient. The descriptions of the various weaves have been largely extended and amplified, thus adding much to the usefulness of the book, which now assumes the proportions of an authorita- tive work. Naturally, where there are so many weaves to be described, and specimens of some of them are so rarely seen, the information given varies considerably in extent. But it is more important that what is supplied should be accurate than that statements drawn from doubtful sources should be incorporated when only meagre details can be gathered. To the care taken to print only what is verifiable, the new edition owes much of its value. Two added features are drawings showing clearly the three distinctive forms of knotting used by the 300 [Nov. 1, THE DIAL rug weavers, and a few of the designs found in rugs. This section of the hook might with advantage have been considerably extended,—a pictorial guide, so to speak, as an aid in the identification of the differ- ent weaves, being much needed. To some extent this is furnished by the full-page illustrations, which are notable examples of reproduction, giving most faithfully the color and even to some extent the texture of the fabrics represented. For the present edition the number of plates has been augmented by three, — one from an early Italian painting showing oriental rugs decorating a balcony; one of a remark- able sixteenth century English rug owned by the Earl of Verulam; and one of an antique Persian rug of distinguished pattern. An anaivu While the general reader (a genus of Attention not quite so extinct as is commonly and Feeling. assumed) is not expected to follow the several devotees of the several sciences in their more professional pursuits, he has an interest in knowing where the hunting-ground lies and who are the redoubtable guides. Professor Titchener has once more earned the gratitude of the student of psychological problems, by an able presentation of "The Psychology of Feeling and Attention" (Macmillan). The volume consists of a course of lectures delivered at Columbia University; and the treatment suitable to a general audience is equally suitable to the general reader. The book discusses analytically the ultimate mode of conceiving the nature of the fundamental psychological processes. For current usage as coins of the intellectual realm, the value of such terms as feeling, sensation, atten- tion, is sufficiently understood; but an accurate essay is indispensable when technical definition and analysis are to be reached. As an example of the clarification of concepts, as a contribution to the mode of extracting the metal from the crude ore, the work may be strongly recommended to the student analyst. BRIEFER MENTION. "Valladolid, Oviedo, Segovia, Zamora, Avila, and Zaragoza" are the six cities described in the latest volume of Mr. Albert F. Calvert's " Spanish Series," published by the John Lane Co. As in other volumes of this series, more space is given to pictures than to text, and in the present instance we have upwards of four hundred full-page plates. "Songs from the Operas for Mezzo Soprano," edited by Mr. H. E. Krehbiel, is the latest volume of the "Musicians' Librarj," published by the Oliver Ditson Co. The selection begins with Caccini and Monte- verde, and ends with Bizet and Massenet, with a score of composers between. Most of the composers are represented by a single selection each. Mr. Krehbiel's prefatory text is scholarly, and more nearly adequate than might be expected when two dozen musicians are discussed in as many pages. A group of nine portraits forms the frontispiece. Notes. Lady Ritchie, better known as Anne Thackeray Ritchie, has in press with the Messrs. Putnam a volume of essays to be called "The Blackstick Papers." A new edition of Rev. Joseph H. Crooker's notable little volume, "Jesus Brought Back," is announced for immediate issue by Messrs. Sherman, French & Co. Mr. Henry Taylor Parker, musical critic of the Boston "Transcript," has in press with Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. a volume entitled "The Opera Since Wagner." The third volume of Signor Guglielmo Ferrero's "Greatness and Decline of Rome" will appear this month coincidently with the author's visit to this coun- try as Lowell Lecturer. "The Complete Poems of Edgar Allan Poe." with an extensive critical introduction by Professor Charles F. Richardson, is published by Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons. The volume is strikingly illustrated. The J. B. Lippincott Co. publish a pretty edition, with portrait, of "The Love Letters of Mary Woll- stonecraft to Gilbert Imlay," edited by Mr. Roger Ing- pen, and furnished with a prefatory memoir. "The Ideal of a Gentleman: A Mirror for Gentle- folks" is the interesting title of a volume by the English philologist, Dr. Smythe Palmer, which will be published shortly by Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co. Mary Cowden-Clarke's "Shakespeare Proverbs," first published in 1847, is now reissued by the original American publishers, the Messrs. Putnam, with an intro- duction and notes supplied by Mr. William J. Rolfe. Mr. Gilbert K. Chesterton's " Orthodoxy," published by the John Lane Company, is reported as being the best-selling book in London. The first edition has already been exhausted, and a second is coming from the press. In addition to his novel "The Spitfire," published a few weeks ago, Edward Peple will issue this autumn a second book under the title of "The Mallet's Master- piece." This is a story built around the mystery of the Venus of Milo. Last year one of the most popular Christmas books was The Gentlest Art," Mr. E. V. Lucas's collection of entertaining letters. This year there is to be a similar collection of American letters, edited by Elizabeth Deering Hanscom and published under the title," The Friendly Craft." "An Algebra for Secondary Schools," by Professor E. R. Hedrick, and an " Elements of Physics," by Pro- fessor George A. Hoadley, are recent school publica- tions of the American Book Co. The same publishers send us " Teaching a District School," a pedagogical manual for young teachers, the work of Professor John Wirt Dinsmore. "The Taming of the Shrew," " The Two Gentlemen of Verona," and " Coriolanus " are three new volumes in the "First Folio Shakespeare," edited by the Misses Porter and Clarke, and published by the Messrs. Crowell. From Messrs. Duffield & Co. we have "The Winter's Tale" in the "Old-Spelling Shakespeare," edited by Mr. F. J. Furnivall. Mr. Arthur Ransome is the editor of a series of small volumes called "The World's Story Tellers," of which Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co. are the publishers. 1908.] 301 THE DIAL Poe, Hoffman, and Gautier is the cosmopolitan selec- tion offered us in the three volumes now at hand. Many others, from Boccaccio to Tolstoy, are to follow. Each volume has a frontispiece and an introductory essay. A new text-book of "Economics," rather original in plan and method of presentation, but embodying no theoretical novelties, has been written by Messrs. Scott Nearing and Frank D. Watson, and is now published by the Macmillan Co. The vogue of M. Rene" Bazin's "The Nun," "The Coming Harvest," and other novels has revived the inter- est in this versatile author's "Italians of To-day" to such an extent that its publishers are reprinting it in Mr. William Marchant's translation. The Gyldendal Publishing House, Copenhagen and Chicago, announce a " Mindendgave " of the collective writings (thirty-one in number) of the late Jonas Lie. The edition will fill about about seventeen parts of about two hundred pages each, to be published monthly. Two volumes of "Essays by Mark Pattison" are now published in the "New Universal Library" by Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co. This publication will, no doubt, serve to make the author a personality to a large circle of people who have hitherto known him as little more than a resounding name. The recent excellent translation of " The Elegies of Tibullus " by Dr. Theodore C. Williams, headmaster of the famous Roxbury Latin School, has been added to the Houghton Mifflin Company list. Dr. Williams's new translation of Virgil's "iEneid" will be brought out this month by the same house. The second volume of Mr. George Saintsbury's " His- tory of English Prosody from the Twelfth Century to the Present Day" has just been published by the Mac- millan Co. From Shakespeare to Crabbe is the exten- sive range of this volume, which seems to indicate that one more will complete the work. Three recent school-books published by the Mac- millan Co. are the following: "A French Grammar," by Messrs. Hugo P. Thieme and John R. Efnnger; a "First Course in Biology," by Messrs. L. H. Bailey and Walter M. Coleman"; and an edition of " Selected Essays of Seneca," edited by Dr. Allan P. Ball. The first of Mr. Lang's famous Fairy Book Series, "The Blue Fairy Book," was issued in 1889, and every year since has seen a successor. The volume for the coming Christmas will be entitled " The Book of Princes and Princesses," and will be written by Mrs. Lang, though Mr. Lang edits the volume and contributes a preface. Mr. William Somerset Maugham, the play-writer, is a most prolific worker, no less than three plays and a novel having been produced by him last year in England. His play, "Jack Straw," is attracting much attention from New York audiences. His novel," The Explorer," will be published early in 1909. The chief character in the novel is said to have been drawn from Cecil Rhodes. One of the principal books that Messrs. Longmans & Co. will publish during the present season will be " The Journal of Elizabeth Lady Holland," edited by the Earl of Ilchester. Lady Holland is known to the readers of memoirs and historical biographies of her time as the domineering leader of the Whig circle; as a lady whose social talents and literary accomplishments drew to her house the wits, the politicians, and the cognoscenti of the day. As yet, however, little has been written of her earlier years, and on these her Journal will throw much light. The Poetical Works of George Crabbe are about to be added to the "Oxford Poets " series, published by Mr. Henry Frowde. The editors are the Rev. A. J. and Mrs. Carlyle, who have reproduced the author's own text, with additions and the notes that Crabbe him- self made. The arrangement of the poems is chrono- logical, and the volume contains a photogravure por- trait of the poet. Two new autumn novels not hitherto announced will be published in a few weeks. One of these is "The Elusive Pimpernel," by Baroness Orczy, author of " The Scarlet Pimpernel." The new story will continue the adventures in the life of the Scarlet Pimpernel, the scene of the story being laid during those exciting years of the French Revolution. The other book is "Mirage," by Mr. E. Temple Thurston, author of "The Apple of Eden." Two supplementary volumes of the "Classified Cata- logue of the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh " give us the accessions from 1902 to 1906. The classification is that used in the three-volume catalogue published over a year ago, and nearly one hundred thousand vol- umes are listed, and, what is more practically interest- ing, annotated in this extension of the foundation catalogue. The work is thus made widely useful for general bibliographical reference. Mr. Henry William Elson's "History of the United States of America" has been widely and favorably known for several years. We may realize how much matter was contained in the single volume when it comes to us expanded into five, and sizable volumes at that. Some of the matter is new, but only a small fraction of the whole. A large number of illustrations is a feature of the expanded edition which adds greatly to the value of the original unadorned text. The Linschoten Society, recently organized at The Hague, proposes to do for the early Dutch travellers what the Hakluyt Society has done for the history of English exploration. Linschoten's "Itinerario" heads the list of the proposed issues, which will appear at the rate of two volumes a year. The annual fee for ordi- nary membership is four dollars, which will entitle to all publications of the Society. The secretary is Mr. Wouter Nijhoff, 18 Nobelstraat, The Hague. Last season President Nicholas Murray Butler, of Columbia University, visited the University of Copen- hagen and delivered there a series of lectures which attracted much attention. These Lectures are shortly to be published by The Macmillan Company under the title "The American as he Is." Among the special topics with which .President Butler deals are "The American as a Political Type," "The American Apart from his Government," and "The American and the Intellectual Life." The third volume of the " Collections of the Illinois State Historical Library" is the first volume of a "Lincoln Series," and gives us, carefully edited by Dr. Edwin Erie Sparks, the full text of the Lincoln-Douglas debates, enriched by a large amount of material gleaned from various newspaper files of the period concerned. This liberal supply of local color, in the form of both text and picture, provides the present edition with its 802 [Not. 1, THE DIAL most distinctive feature, and makes it highly valuable for the student of American political history. There are interesting sections upon the humor of the campaign and upon campaign poetry, besides a collection of trib- utes to both debaters, and a bibliography of the subject. Dr. Sparks is to be congratulated upon this informing and scholarly work. The headquarters of the American Library Associa- tion will remain in Boston for another year, or at least until September 1 next. At the meeting of the Asso- ciation, at Lake Minnetonka, last summer, there was a unanimous vote in favor of transferring the headquarters to Chicago, as being more central and otherwise more suitable. It has been found impracticable, however, to secure quarters in connection with either of the great Chicago libraries, as was desired by the Association; and so the project of removal has been deferred, although not abandoned. Topics in Leading Periodicals. November, 1908. American Art. The Case for. Christian Brinton. Century. American Navy, Story of the — II. Robley D. Evans. Broadway. American, The Absentee. Mary C. Eraser. Scribner. Anthropomania. Wilbur Larremore. A tlantic. Arnold, Matthew, as Poet. W. C. Wilkinson. North A merican. Automobile Selfishness. S. K Humphrey. Atlantic. Baedeker. The New — V., Rome. Bookman. Balkans, Men Who Count in the. E. A. Powell. Rev. of Rev. Bank Deposits. Guaranteeing. World'i Work. Barrymore. Ethel: Her Following. James L. Ford. Appleton. Bear Hunt. A Chromatic. Rex Beach. Everybody'!. Booth. John Wilkes. The LaBt of. Otis Skinner. A merican. Border Town. Stealing a. Eleanor Gates. Cosmopolitan. Boston Post Road. The Old. S. M. Arthurs. Scribner. British Governing Capacity. The. Britannicus. North Amer. Business, Unjust Attacks on. Albert J. Beveridge. Appleton. Oaine, Hall, Autobiography of—III. Appleton. Cairo. Old. Robert Hichens. Century. Cambridge History of English Literature. A tlantic. Camel-trader of the East. The. Norman Duncan. Harper. Campaign, Fighting a National. J. R. Winchell. Metropolitan. Campaign Funds, Legitimate. Harold Bolce. Appleton. Castro's Country. Henry Seidel Canby. A tlantic. Catholic Church's Organization. Thos. F. Meehan. No. Amer. Chemical Invention.The Trend of. Robert K. Duncan. Harper. Chicago: How She is Finding Herself. I. M Tarbell. American. Churchill. Lady Randolph. Reminiscences of—XII. Century. City of Dreadful Height. The Joseph B. Gilder. Putnam Civic Duty, Our. Charles E. Russell. Everybody's. College Men as Farmers. L. H. Bailey. Century. Colleges of Discipline and Freedom. H. 8. Pritchett. Atlantic. Coriolanus. Harold Hodge. Harper. Country Boy, The Fetish of the. Lyman B. Stowe. Appleton. Country Home, Closing the. Zephine Humphrey. Atlantic. Critics, A Plea for. Eugene W. Harter. Putnam. Dantzic: City of Romance. R. H. Schauffler. Century. Democracy and the Expert. Joseph Lee. Atlantic. Doctrinaire. On Being a. S. M. Crothers. Atlantic. Dooley, Mr., on Uplifting the Farmers. F.P.Dunne. American. Drama. The Trend of. in London. Alan Dale. Cotmopolitan. Dramatized Novel. Earnings of the. G. Middleton. Bookman. Dreams. My. Helen Keller. Century. Education and Helpless Youths. W. L. Howard. American. Executive Aggression. George W. Alger. Atlantic. Ferdinand I.. "Czar of the Bulgars." A. Stead. Rev. of Rev: Fire: An American Extravagance. F. W. Fitzpatrick. McClure. Fire. Are You Really Insured Against Y World's Work. Flaubert, Gustave. Pearce Bailey. Bookman. Flesh-eating: Should it be Abandoned 1 Irving Fisher. Muntey. Football. Porter Emerson Browne. Broadway. Foreign Tour at Home. A: A Postscript. Henry Holt. Putnam. Forest Fire. Meaning of a. F. J. Dyer. World's Work. France's Vanishing Population. F. C. Penfield. No. American. Fremstad. Olive, as Isolde. James Huneker. Century. French Stage Traditions. Mrs. J. Van Vorst. Lippincott. Friesland Memories. Florence C. Albrecht. Scribner. Genee. Mile. Emily M. Burbank. Putnam. Oilman, Daniel C. Nicholas Murray Butler. Review of Reviews. Oilman, Daniel Coit. Harry Thurston Peck. Bookman. Guides I Have Known. H. C. Wood. Lippincott. Home. The Wreck of the. Rheta C. Doit. Broadway. Horse Breeding. John Gilmer Speed. Century. Immigrants. Successful Southern. R.W.Vincent. World's Work, Inkerman, A Hero of. Robert Shackleton. Harper. International Council of Women. Ida H. Harper. No. A mer. Ireland, The New — VIII. Sydney Brooks. North A merican. Japan Winning the Pacific. E. G. Bogart. World's Work. Jury, The Grand. John P. Ryan. Appleton. Kaiser. The. as Restorer of old German Castles. Munsey. Labor Movement in England, The. Wm. Mailly. Munsey. Labor, Organized: Its Wants. Samuel Gompers. McClure. Lincoln-Douglas Debates, The. F. T. Hill. Century. Lions that Stopped a Railroad. J.H.Patterson. World's Work. London " Times " and our Civil War. G. H. Putnam. Putnam. Mansfield. Richard —III. Paul Wtlstach. Scribner. Meat Inspection, Government. G.E.Mitchell. Rev. of Rett. Medical Fees. A. C. Heffenger. North American. Millennium, Man's Machine-made. H. Maxim. Cosmopolitan. More of More. Charles Battell Loomis. Putnam. Motor Boat. Across Europe by —VII. H.C.Rowland, Appleton. Musical Outlook. The Season's. Lawrence Oilman. Rev.of Revs. Music-Lover Self-Revealed, The. Annie N. Meyer. Putnam. Navy, The Fight for a New. McClure. New York a Hundred Years Ago. Munsey. Occult Forces. Our Usable. Lida A. Churchill. Cosmopolitan. Ocean Supremacy. The Contest for. L. Perry. World's Work. Paderewski on Music. D. G. Mason. Century. Panama and the Canal. Hugh C. Weir. Putnam. "Paradise Lost." Another Source of. N.Douglas. Atlantic. Party Government. Goldwin Smith. North American. Patagonian Explorations. Charles W. Furlong. Harper. Peace Conference of 1885. The. Jefferson Davis. Century. Philippines. Independence of the. William H. Taft, William J. Bryan, and E. F. Egan. Everybody's. Pittsburg. Charles Henry White. Harper. Plague War. San Francisco's. A. C. Keane. Rev. of Reviews. Play. The, and Plain People. Brander Matthews. Metropolitan. Playhouse Revisited. The. F. M. Colby. Bookman. Playwright's Strange Adventures, A. I. S. Cobb. Munsey. Presidents' Sons. Lyndon Orr. Munsey. Pretender, The Carllst, to Spain's Throne. Munsey. Problem Play, Moral Aspects of the. L. W. Flaccus. Atlantic. Problems of the Past and Present. Charles de Kay. Putnam. Prosperity. Foundations of. Gilford Pinchot. North American. Railroads and Prosperity. Katherine Coman. Rev. of Reviews. Raphael's Greatness. Kenyon Cox. Scribner. Rest, The Way to. Eustace Miles. Metropolitan. "Restoring " Works of Art. Frank J. Mather. Atlantic. Rockefeller, John D. Alfred Henry Lewis. Cosmopolitan. Rockefeller, John D., Reminiscences of. World's Work. Sietersdal, The. H. H. D. Peirce. Metropolitan. Saint-Gaudens, Augustus, Familiar Letters of. McClure. Sea and Music. The. Lawrence Oilman. Harper. Seine, The. Marie Van Vorst. Harper. Self-Government in Public SchoolB. Bertha H. Smith. Atlantic. Senators. Popular Election of. Emmet O'Neal. North A merican. "8hadow World" Prizewinners. Hamlin Garland. Everybody's. Shoshone Mountains, Hunting in the. W. T. Hornaday. Scribner Skies, Men Who Work Near the. Ernest Poole. Everybody's. Sky-scrapers and their Problems. H. T. Wade. Rev. of Revs. Snuff-boxes. Holbrook White. Atlantic. South American Presidents. Two. C. M. Pepper. Rev of Revs. Speech. Gentle. Price Collier. North American. Speed on Land, on Sea, in Air. C. H. Cochrane. Metropolitan. Sultan of Turkey, The. N. C. Adossides. American. Sunday. Right and Wrong Use of. Chas. F. Aked. Appleton. Supreme Court and the President. The. Theodore Roosevelt and William H. Taft. Broadway. Telephones on the Farm. Harris Dickson. Broadway. Thanksgiving, The "Truly." E. L. Sabin. Lippincott. Town Building, Mutual, in England. W. Miller. World's Work. Vanderbilt Fortune, The. Burton J. Hendrick. McClure. Walker, Horatio. The Art of. Charles H. Caffin. Harper. Wall Street Nuisance, The. H. N. Casson. Broadway. War Devices, Newest. A. B. Reeve. Broadway. War with Flying Machines. Frederick Todd. World's Work. Washington: Its Seamy Side. J. C. Welliver. Munsey. West. Old Days in the. C. B. Bronson. McClure. Whitman, Walt, Letters of. Putnam. Widows, Investing for. World's Work. Woman Movement In England, The. C. F. Aked. No. Amer. Woman's Choice.The. in Recent Novels. F.T.Cooper. Bookman. Woman's Dress, The Psychology of. W.I.Thomas. American. Women Who Work. Wm. Hard and R. C. Dorr. Everybody's. Write, Learning to. Havelock Ellis. Atlantic. 1908.] 303 THE DIAL List of New Books. [The following list, containing 219 titles, includes books received by The Dial since its last issue.] BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES. The Life of Henry Irving. By Austin Brereton. In 2 vole.. Svo. illus. in photogravure, color, etc. Longmans, Green, ft Co. 18.60 net. Two English Queens and Philip. By Martin Hume. Illus. in photogravure, etc., Svo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 496. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $4.50 net. My Life. By Josiah Flynt. With portrait, 12mo. uncut, pp 366. Outing Publishing Co. $2. net. Chaucer and His England. By G. G. Coulton. Illus.. 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 321. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.75 net. Rousseau and the Women He Loved. By Francis dribble. Illus. in photogravure, 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 443. Charles Scribner's Sons. $3.76 net. The Holland House Circle. By Lloyd Sanders. Illus.. Svo. gilt top, uncut, pp. 884. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $3.50 net. Madame da Pompadour. By H. Noel Williams. With por- trait. Svo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 430. Charles Scribner's Sons. $3. net. Lincoln. Master of Men: A Study in Character. By Alonto Rothschild. Anniversary edition; with portrait in photo- gravure, Umo, pp. 581. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.50 net. HISTORY. The Making of the English Constitution. By Albert Beebe White. 8vo, pp. 410. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2. net. The Story of the Pharaohs. By James Baikie. Illus., 8vo, gilt top, pp. 380. Macmillan Co. $2.50 net. The Story of the New England Whalers. By John R. Spears. 12mo, pp. 418. Macmillan Co. $1.60. The Constitutions and Other Select Documents Illus- trative of the History of France. 1789-1907. By Frank Maloy Anderson. Revised edition; 12mo. pp. 693. Minne- apolis: H. W. Wilson Co. $2.60 net. Minnesota: The North Star State. By William Watts Falwell. With map, 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 383. "American Commonwealths." Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25 net. GENERAL LITERATURE. Magazine Writing and the New Literature. By Henry Mills Alden, with portrait, l2mo. gilt top, uncut, pp. 320. Harper It Brothers. $2. net. At Large. By Arthur Christopher Benson. 12mo, gilt top, pp. 425. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50 net. First and Last Things: A Confession of Faith and a Rule of Life. By H. G.Wells. 12mo, pp.807. O. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50 net. A History of English Prosody from the Twelfth Century to the Present Day. By George Salntsbury. Vol. II.. Shake- speare to Crabbe. Svo, uncut, pp. 582. Macmillan Co. $3.75 net. An Incarnation of the Snow. Translated from the Hindu by F. W. Bain. 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The selections in M GOLDEN POEMS " are classi- fied according to their subjects: By the Fire- side; Nature's Voices; Dreams and Fancies; Friendship and Sympathy; Love; Liberty and Patriotism; Battle Echoes; Humor; Pathosand Sorrow; The Better Life; Scattered Leaves. "GOLDEN POEMS." with its wide appeal, at- tractively printed and beautifully bound, makes an especially appropriate Christmas gift. In two styles binding, ornamental cloth and flex- ible leather. Of booksellers, or the publishers, A. C. McCLURG & CO., CHICAGO. Price, fz.SO. .GOLDEN 308 [Nov. 1, THE DIAL Some Bargains in Sets HEINRICH HEINE WORKS OF HEINRICH HEINE. Translated from the German by Charles Godfrey Leland (Hans Breitmann). In 12 volumes, 12mo, with photogravure portraits. London: William Heinemann. Rednoed from $25. to $12.60. EDGAR ALLAN POE TALES AND POEMS OF EDOAR ALLAN POE. With biographical essay by John H. Ingram, and 26 etchings and photogravures. 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Tutus of Subscription, 82. a year In advance, postage prepaid in the United Slates, and Mexico; Foreign and Canadian postage 50 cents per year extra. Remittances should be by check, or by express or postal order, payable to THE DIAL COMPANY. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions wilt begin with the current number. When no direct request to discontinue at expiration of sub- scription is received, it is assumed that a continuance of the subscription is desired. Advertising Rates furnished on application. All com- munications s/tould be addressed to THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago. Entered as Second-Class Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post Office at Chicago, Illinois, under Act of March 3,1879. No. 588. NOVEMBER 16, 1908. Vol. XLV. Contexts. PAGE PRESIDENT ELIOT 331 THE BACON TERCENTENARY AT GRAY'S INN. Mary Augusta Scott 333 CASUAL COMMENT 335 A "national language" for the United States. — The shameful estate of the English novel. — A comedy from a librarian's pen. — A wholesome decline in book-circulation. -— The sublime confi- dence of genius. — The children's story-hour at the public library. — The delivery of library books to the public. — Two vacant niches in England's Hall of Fame. COMMUNICATIONS. Have we a National Anthem'? Mary B. H. Williams 337 Chicago's Four Great Libraries 337 THE JOURNAL OF AN AMATEUR VAGABOND. Percy F. Biclcnell 338 MODERN PAINTING, CHIEFLY BRITISH. Walter Cranston Larned 340 THE DRAMA OF JOHN KEATS. W. E. Simonds 341 ESSAYS AT LARGE. Jfunson Aldrich Havens . . 342 THE MAKING OF A GREAT POEM. Anna Benneson Mr Malum 344 BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 346 Great campaigns of the Spanish Peninsula. — Helen Keller and her world.—The religion and philos- ophy of an agnostic. — A new fimd of Chestertonic paradoxes. — Openings into the Infinite. — The open door to Chaucer study. — Realities and Ideals of a Positivist. — Great leaders and heroes of modern Italy. — Needed reforms in criminal pro- cedure. — The period of mental virility. BRIEFER MENTION 360 NOTES 350 LIST OF NEW BOOKS 351 PRESIDENT ELIOT. It is something of a coincidence that the day which determined the result of the recent Presi- dential election should also have been the day upon which the President of Harvard Univer- sity announced his resignation of the office which he has so long and so honorably held. When he assumed it, General Grant had just entered upon his duties as the official head of the nation, and during President Eliot's incumbency the country has felt the throes of ten Presidential campaigns, torn each time by passions more or less violent. Meanwhile, during all these forty years Harvard has pursued its even course, its development free from recurrent seasons of unrest, and has known the benefits of firm and wise administration, of a progressive policy steadfastly pursued. Here is a contrast indeed, and one that offers matter for reflection. The parallel of microcosm and macrocosm often proves instructive, and has rarely proved more so than in the instance now offered. The man- agement of a great and rapidly growing institu- tion of learning presents, in little, many of the problems involved in the government of a people; the political republic and the republic of scholars have many features in common. Both must react upon the pressure of the Zeitgeist, and shape themselves to an ever-changing environment; both are required, as a condition of their self- perpetuation, to adhere to certain fundamental principles of action, and to oppose a conservative resistance to the onslaughts of radicalism. In meeting the difficulty thus common to the two re- publics, it seems to us that Cambridge, as com- pared with Washington, has found the better way. Harvard is now well along toward the comple- tion of its third century, and " the college " of the Bay Colony — first fruit of the sifted grain wherewith this Western world was planted — has grown into the great university of our own time. Of its twenty-two presidents, Mr. Eliot has had the longest term, and to find another of approximate duration we must go back an exact century from the date of his appointment; for it was in 1769 that Edward Holyoke ended a presidential term of thirty-two years. But merely to say that Mr. Eliot's term has been the longest of all, would be a very inadequate statement of its comparative importance. In almost every respect to which the test of figures 332 [Nov. 16, THE DIAL may be applied, its accomplishment may be fairly put in the balance against all that had been accomplished during the two centuries, more or less, that preceded it. The mass of its product outweighs all that came before; and if this were the only test to be applied, the argu- ment would be quickly ended. But we should be the last to admit that educational achieve- ment is a matter of statistics alone, and upon the more delicate question of the spiritual bal- ance much may be urged in behalf of the earlier and less pretentious periods of the college his- tory. For strenuous devotion to an austere ideal, the Harvard of the Mathers does not suffer in comparison with any Harvard of more recent years, and the Harvard that sent forth into the service of the imperilled nation "Her wisest scholars, those who understood The deeper teaching of her mystic tome, And offered their fresh lives to make it good," realized an ethical standard which the future Harvard may emulate, but will hardly improve upon. President Eliot's administration has fallen in pleasanter times that those of puritan combats with " that old deluder Satan," or than those of ensanguined civil strife; but who shall say that Harvard has ceased to do resolute bat- tle with the powers of evil that still subtly men- ace our civilization? We may fittingly answer that question by recalling the gentle and heroic spirit that forsook its earthly tenement a few days ago at Shady Hill. We wonder how many of the men who were teaching chemistry twenty or thirty years ago, and making use of Eliot and Storer's admirable elementary text, were conscious of the fact that the book was chiefly written by the Presi- dent of Harvard. For it was as a chemist that Mr. Eliot won his early reputation for scholar- ship; and when he succeeded Hill in 1869, at the age of thirty-five, his only certain academic title was that of a successful teacher of science, trained in the best foreign schools, although it was shrewdly suspected that he might possess other qualifications for his new post. The appointment was a break with tradition in more respects than one. It is true that Harvard had long before forsaken the belief that a college president must be a clergyman, but it had at least maintained that he should be a man of distinction in the field of the humanities, and that he should have reached a reasonable if not a venerable age. Many heads wagged solemnly when the long line of precedent was broken, and the most important collegiate presidency in America entrusted to a youth whose specialty was a subject only just beginning to be recog- nized as having any claims at all to serious consideration in a college curriculum. The bones of Increase Mather must have become restless in their grave at such a perversion of a stately office. Four decades have passed since then, and the young man whose career was yet to make has more than justified the confidence of those who were responsible for his selection. His influence has grown more and more com- manding, until now, at the time of his retire- ment from active work, he is clearly seen to have been for many years past the leader of the educational profession in America. Of all the changes brought about by Presi- dent Eliot's influence, the most important has been that of the introduction of the elective sys- tem into his own college, and its general exten- sion to other institutions. It was a greatly needed reform, for the attitude of professional education toward the new subjects, which forty years ago were clamoring for adequate recogni- tion in college courses, was not generous. The traditional curriculum was hidebound and its application Procrustean. New light and fresh air were brought into college life when science came to its own, and when the student began to be treated as an individual, for whom the best mental sustenance was not necessarily that which was best for some other individual. When the reform once got headway, it went too far, as all reforms tend to go, and the new men teaching the new subjects grew arrogant in their bear- ing. As we have frequently urged of late years, the reform now chiefly needed is one that shall take the direction of a reaction from the pres- ent undue preponderance of the new subjects. The demand that the humanities should be again exalted, and that science should be "shown its place," is now something other than a recrudes- cence of old-fogyism; it is rather the expression of the sanest and best poised educational thought. But for all this, the pioneer work begun at Harvard forty years ago was neces- sary and altogether admirable in its intention. We believe, however, that Mr. Eliot has come dangerously near to making a fetish of his theory that all subjects are potentially equal in educational value. This theory bears about the same relation to practical conditions that is borne by the theory of the philosophical anar- chist. Men might become virtuous enough to dispense with all repressive government; the teaching of engineering or sociology might be made as pedagogically effective as the teaching of literature or the classics. But neither con- 1908.] 333 THE DIAL. dition is now even approximately realized, or gives signs of becoming realizable in any near future. Mr. Eliot entered upon bis career as a special- ist in the ordinary sense; be made himself a specialist in general ideas. By this paradoxical statement we mean that he developed an extra- ordinary capacity for grasping the essential con- tent of many systems of ideas, and acquired at the same time an extraordinary power of clean- cut and logical expression. His great admin- istrative abilities were the chief source of his strength in Harvard University, but they alone could not have given him the position which he occupied in the thought of the general public. It was because he could talk, simply and per- suasively, to almost any kind of an audience upon almost any subject of large general inter- est, because what he said was free from false notes, logically ordered, and characterized by sanity of judgment, that he gradually came to be, what all now know him to be, a real leader of opinion, not only in the educational field, but also in those of economics and politics, of religion and ethics,—all those fields, in short, with which man is deeply concerned as a social and spiritual being. And this leadership, we trust, he will still exercise for many years to come; for it need be in no way affected by the fact that he has chosen to transmit to other hands his particular work of university administration. THE BACON TERCENTENARY AT GRAY'S INN. The 300th anniversary of the election of Francis Bacon as Treasurer of Gray's Inn was celebrated in that Inn of Court on Saturday, October 17. There was a luncheon at which the Benchers entertained many distinguished guests; there were speeches by the present Treasurer and by the American Ambas- sador; and there was a loan exhibition of Baconiana in the Benchers' Library. Francis Bacon became an "Ancient" of the Honourable Society of Gray's Inn towards the end of his fifteenth year, and maintained the connection for the rest of his life. His father, Sir Nicholas Bacon, the Lord Keeper, was a member, and so also were all of his four brothers, Nicholas, Nathaniel, Edward, and Anthony, his uncle William Cecil the Lord Treasurer, and his cousin Robert Cecil. Sir Nicholas Bacon had been Treasurer fifty years before his most famous son was elected to that office, and it was during his Treasurership that the quaint Elizabethan hall was built where the Bacon anniver- sary took place. When the death of Sir Nicholas Bacon, in 1579, closed Francis Bacon's diplomatic career, and left him dependent upon his own exertions, he returned from France and took the place of Anthony Bacon in his father's old chambers, in Coney-court, near the hall, where No. 1 Gray's-inn-square now stands. Dr. William Rawley, Bacon's chaplain and first biographer, says: "He seated himself, for the commodity of his studies and practice, amongst the Honourable Society of Gray's Inn; of which House he was a member: where he erected that ele- gant pile or structure, commonly known by the name of The Lord Bacon's Lodgings, which he inhabited, by turns the most part of his life (some few years only excepted) unto his dying day." The Pension Book (minutes) of Gray's Inn rec- ords many incidents of Bacon's life there as Bencher, Reader, and Treasurer. In his 25th year, "10 Feb: 28 Eliz:" he was admitted to the Readers' table, two years before he actually became Reader; he was elected Reader in 1588, and Double Reader in 1600. In 1589 he served as Dean of the Chapel, and in 1594 as Deputy Treasurer. His Treasurer- ship seems to have lasted from 1608 to his elevation to the Great Seal in 1617, an unusually long term. It was from his Lodgings in Gray's Inn that the new Lord Keeper set out in state for Westminister Hall on the first day of Trinity term, 1617, "with the Lord Treasurer on his right hand, the Lord Privy Seal on his left, a long procession of students and ushers before him, and a guard of peers, Privy Councillors, and judges following in his train." In Gray's Inn he found refuge five years later, after his fall from place and power. His high offices had separated him for a time from his brothers of the Inn, but they received him again gladly. The Pension Book shows that they extended the grant of the lodg- ings he had built upon the late chambers of his father, so that he might have a saleable interest in them. "Myself for quiet, and the better to hold out," Bacon wrote in 1622, to Sir Francis Coltington, "am retired to Gray's Inn, for when my chief friends were gone so far, it was time for me to go to a cell." From that cell during those busy last five years there came five books. He composed his Historie of the Raigne of King Henry the Seventh in the first summer of his enforced retire- ment. In 1623 he published the Latin version of The Advancement of Learning, now issued in nine books with the title De Augmentis Scientiarum. The poet George Herbert is said to have helped him with the translation. His Apophthegmes New and Old, 1624, can only be said to have been the occupation of a morning in the sense that he may have arranged the order of the stories in one morn- ing. The last three years were spent in writing his Sylva Sylvarum; or A Natural History, and in editing the third and final edition of his Essays. This edition, published in 1625, contains the fifty- eight essays of all subsequent editions, and was entitled Essayes or Counsels Civill and MoraU. Bacon's chambers overlooked the gardens of Gray's Inn, and we learn from the Pension Book that it was he who laid out gardens where before his time there had been walks only. "Pension, 5 Feb: 334 [Nov. 16, THE DIAL 33 Eliz:" reads: "Ordered that a brick wall shalbe erected to enclose parts of our back field, but how much thereof & where the wall shalbe sett & for the tyme when the same shalbe done, it is referred to the survey & direction of Mr. Anger, Mr. Stanhope, Mr. Daniell, and Mr. Bacon, & they to make report of their doings therein." In 1597 it is ordered that £7 15s. 4d., "due to Mr. Bacon for plantynge of trees in the walkes shalbe payde next ternie, as soone as money commeth in." The following year a "new rayle and quicksett hedge " was to be "set uppon the upper long walke at the good discretion of Mr. Bacon and Mr. Wilbraham." April 29, 1600, it was voted "that there shalbe payed and allowed unto Mr. Bacon for money disbursed about the garnishinge & furnish- inge of the walkes as by & upon his account," £60 6s. 8d. Pepys speaks of Gray's Inn gardens as a " fashion- able lounge," and 200 years after Bacon's time Charles Lamb thought them the best gardens of any of the Inns of Court. In the essay Of Gardens, Bacon says he wishes "in the very middle " of the main garden " a fair mount," " and the whole mount to be thirty foot high; and some fine banqueting- house, with some chimneys neatly cast, and without too much glass." On the present site of Raymond- buildings, down to Lamb's time, there was such a mound in Gray's Inn gardens, and on it a summer- house which bore an inscription to the effect that it was built in 1609, by Francis Bacon, Solicitor- General to the King, in memory of Jeremy Betten- ham. Of Bettenham, who had been both Reader and Treasurer, the Pension Book says frankly, he "hath gained little profit by the law," but Bacon, his executor, describes him as " a man innocent and con- templative." Jeremy Bettenham lives to-day in two of Bacon's Apothegms, both dealing with gardens: "Mr. Bettenham used to say: That riches were like muck; when it lay upon an heap, it gave but a stench and an ill odour; but when it was spread upon the ground, then it was cause of much fruit." This thought Bacon epitomizes in the essay Of Seditions and Troubles, into "Money is like muck, not good except it be spread." So again, in Of Ad- versity, the figure, "Virtue is like precious odours, most fragrant when they are incensed or crushed," is Jeremy Bettenham's saying, " That virtuous men were like some herbs and spices, that give not their sweet smell, till they be broken and crushed." Bacon says he would have "whole alleys " in his garden set with burnet, wild-thyme, and watermints, because they "perfume the air most delightfully," "being trodden upon and crushed." "I trust," Lady Anne Bacon wrote to her son Anthony, in 1594, "that they will not mum nor masque, nor sinfully revel at Gray's Inn." First and last they revelled a good deal at Gray's Inn, and their best maker of masques was Lady Anne Bacon's younger son, who was the author or " chief contriver" or "chief encourager" of no less than six Eliza- bethan masques, an experience of writing in lighter vein that produced the essay Of Masques and Tri- umphs. Bacon's first Gray's Inn " device " was for a revel in the very year of his pious mother's letter. In 1613 he was the "chief contriver" of Francis Beaumont's masque, The Marriage of the Thames and the Shine, which was performed by the gen- tlemen of the Inner Temple and Gray's Inn before the King and Court at Whitehall, in honor of the marriage of the Princess Elizabeth with the Count Palatine. On Twelfth Night in the following year, January 6, 1614, the gentlemen of Gray's Inn pre- sented The Masque of Flowers, in celebration of the marriage of the Earl of Somerset and Lady Francis Howard. Sir Francis Bacon, the new Attorney- General, was the "chief encourager " of this masque, which is said to have cost him £2000. We even hear of the Lord Chancellor dining at Gray's Inn on Candlemas Day, "to give countenance to theyre Lord or Prince of Purpoole and to see theyre revells." On a cold raw day in the early spring, April 2, 1626, during a drive from Gray's Inn to dine with the King's Scotch physician, Dr. Witherborne, Bacon made his last experiment, an early attempt in refrigeration. He was seized with a chill, and, unable to get home to Gray's Inn, he died a week later at Highgate, the involuntary guest of the Earl of Arundel. It is announced that the Benchers propose here- after to observe the first night of term, November 2, as a Bacon Anniversary, and that they will place a permanent memorial of the Lord Chancellor in one of the open spaces of the Inn — probably South- square. This memorial is to be a marble statue of Bacon by Mr. F. W. Pomeroy, A.R.A. A sketch model of it was on view at the Tercentenary, together with a collection of Baconian MSS. and printed books, some owned by the Benchers and some loaned for the occasion. Among the distinguished guests were Sir Frederick Pollock, Sir Robert Ball, Mr. Augustine Birrell, M.P., Canon Beeching, Canon Hensley Henson, Lord Strathcona, Dr. A.W. Ward, Master of Peterhouse, Sir S. Evans, Solicitor- General, Sir W. S. Robson, Attorney-General, the Earl of Verulam, and many others. After toasts to "The King" and " Domus," the Treasurer, Mr. Duke, responded to the sentiment "The Immor- tal Memory of Francis Bacon." His speech was an interesting account of Bacon's long life among them — forty-six years. Ambassador Reid spoke for "The Guests." He told the Benchers that if Bacon's whole connection with the legal profession was left out of account, his fame would stand be- fore the world practically the same. Mr. Reid might have quoted, but did not, Bacon's own almost divine satisfaction with his work as very good. Dedicating the third edition of his Essays to the Duke of Buckingham, in 1625, he wrote: "For I do conceive that the Latin volume of them (being in the universal language) may last as long as books last." Maby Augusta Scott. Northampton, Massachusetts. 6th November, 1908. 1908.] 335 THE DIAIj CASUAL COMMENT. A "NATIONAL LANGUAGE" FOR THE UNITED States seems a wild notion now, but it was the dream of Noah Webster, our foremost lexicog- rapher, and a writer of widely-used school text- books, whose sesqui-centennial was appropriately celebrated last month in his native state, Connecti- cut, where he was born (at Hartford) October 16, 1758. It was fitting that the public schools and the university that graduated him should hold com- memorative exercises for this worker in the cause of popular education. How much else besides writing spelling-books and grammars and dictionaries he turned his hand to, as a typical Connecticut Yankee, it would take considerable space to relate. He fought, under his father's captainship, in the Revo- lutionary War; he studied and practised law, and sat on the judicial bench for a brief period; he edited a succession of periodicals, none of which, however, contributed greatly to his fame or fortune; he put forth political and philological and miscel- laneous writings in great number and variety; he helped to found Amherst College, and was for sev- eral years the president of its board of trustees; he travelled and studied abroad in preparing his mag- num opus, his " American Dictionary of the English Language"; and, in a moment of extraordinary hardihood, and inspired by patriotic impulses, he undertook to reform the spelling of our mother tongue to accord with our independence of the mother country. "Now is the time," he proclaims to his compatriots in issuing his Dictionary, "and this the country, in which we may expect success in attempting changes favorable to language, science, and government. . . . Let us then seize the present moment and establish a national language as a national government." The sort of reforms proposed by this sedulous patriot may be inferred from the following examples of tentative forms that make strange the pages of the first edition (1828) of his Dictionary: ake, aker, groop, tung, wo, crum, maiZffether, steddy, ribin, skain, porpe*s. It must needs be that offenses come, but woe to that man by whom the offense cometh. Most of these affronts to language were scoffed and hooted into inglorious retreat in later issues. But of the orthographic ills that were to follow, in the next century, from his example, he can have dreamed as little as that his work would develop into that monument of Ameri- can scholarship, the great International Dictionary. • • • The shameful estate of the English novel is pitilessly exposed to view in a recent magazine article on "The Censorship of Fiction," by Mr. Bram Stoker, who has already elicited a word of comment from us by his zealous and somewhat sur- prising advocacy of a muzzle for the novel-printing press. And now he puts the question again, vehe- mently and in words that burn, — " Are we or are we not ultimately to allow fiction to be put forth with- out any form of restraint whatever? The question is not merely a civic or national one. It is racial, all-embracing, human. Fiction is perhaps the most powerful form of teaching available. It can be most potent for good; and if we are to allow it to work for evil we shall surely have to pay in time for the consequent evil effects." He does not hesitate to declare that "within a couple of years past quite a number of novels have been published in England that would be a disgrace to any country even less civi- lised than our own"; and, further, in the production of these discreditable books he asserts that "women are the worst offenders." The situation is evidently worse in England than in this country; in fact, the majority of the most objectionable novels in English published in the last year or two have come to us from across the water. Still, we have enough sins of our own to answer for, to preclude stone-casting at our neighbors. Fortunately, the most of these deleterious novels are not only repulsively vulgar but intolerably dull; and thus they carry with them, in a way, their own antidote. • • • A comedy feom a librarian's pen — an "act- ing comedy," too, and a successful one if reports are to be credited — is surely a phenomenon in the literary-theatrical-bibliothecal world. To the scan- dal of some of his fellow-librarians, and to the amusement of others, Dr. Emmanuel Gottlieb Baum- wollenstrumpf, Librarian Emeritus and Professor of Bibliography and Library Economy at Ulpian Uni- versity, has written a one-act curtain-raiser entitled "Minnie's Mistakes "— a name which some may recall as that of the play so cleverly presented at the Junior Dramatics at Ulpian last year. Its bril- liant success at the hands of amateurs led to an ap- plication for the stage-rights from a prominent theatre-manager, and with the renewed success of the little comedy as professionally acted there has leaked out the hitherto withheld name of the author. We are fortunate in being able to give a few interesting details of the play's genesis and his- tory. As is already well known, Dr. Baumwollen- strumpf is the author of several learned works, among which his monograph on "Accessions-List Practice in Roman Libraries of the Second Cen- tury" is perhaps the most famous, although his "Prolegomena to the Study of Finger-marks in Ancient Manuscripts" has been much admired for its scholarly and at the same time vivacious style. About two years ago it chanced that on coming out from a meeting of the International Association of Critical Commentators, of which he is vice-president, he was jocosely taunted by a passing acquaintance, an author of popular books in several departments of polite literature, for confining his literary ener- gies to works so dry and dusty and musty that no reader could open them without sneezing his head off. The professor took umbrage at this, and, to prove that profound critical scholarship and so-called creative authorship are not always divorced, he sat 336 [Nov. 16, THE DIAL down as soon as he reached his hotel and wrote "Minnie's Mistakes," which, as above stated, he first tried on the Ulpian students. Some excite- ment over this event is to be expected in the library world — some such excitement, in fact, as has at- tended the publication, in "The Southern Cross" for September, of Dr. Pilnitz's short story, "Quite Another Matter" — Dr. Pilnitz being, as a news- paper paragraph informs us, and as doubtless may be learned by consulting "Who's Who in Austral- asia," librarian of the Melbourne Athenaeum. But, after all, these exhibitions of unsuspected versatility are not at all alarming, nor are they very abnormal or incredible. Did not a distinguished English mathematician give us "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" and "Through the Looking-Glass," and did not an eminent landscape painter produce some admirable nonsense verses? We welcome these proofs of intellectual agility, from whatever quarter they may come; and we feel assured that all enlightened librarians will view the matter as we do. . . . A WHOLESOME DECLINE IN BOOK-CIRCULATION may seem to librarians to be a contradiction in terms; but a qualitative instead of a quantitative analysis of a library'8 activities sometimes discovers encouraging symptoms in such a decline. The latest report of the well-managed and progressive Hartford Public Library dwells at some length on the increasing need of careful selection in the purchase of novels for circulation at the tax-payer's expense. Never before has the book world seen so large an output of fiction, and that means that never before has there been so large a supply of mediocre and inferior novels. By turning the current-fiction toper to the circulating library, the public library may lose an opportunity to swell its sum total of books loaned, but it gains in ability to complete its stock of stand- ard works and thus to raise the quality — and per- haps, in the long run, the quantity too — of its own circulation. The need of a supply, a large supply, of novels, old and new, is undeniable. Many a reader can recall how a story-book, perhaps of no superlative excellence, has in some hour of dulness or discouragement, stimulated him to seek and find pleasure and profit in some totally different book of a higher order. In their purchase of books, espe- cially of fiction, our public libraries can in a measure perform the office of public censor; and some such censorship of the press as this is the only one to be seriously advocated. • • • The sublime confidence of genius always compels admiration. Even the whimsical oddities of a Whistler are the index of character. Among the memories of musicians which are much in vogue just now, there is one concerning the pianist Pade- rewski that happily illustrates the audacity of genius. From the current number of "Etude" we learn that this gifted Pole, in the days when he was teaching at the Strasburg Conservatory of Music, suddenly resigned his position and prepared to make his appearance in public, because he was refused a slight addition to his monthly pay at the Conservatory. This occurred in the autumn of 1889, and the re- lator of the incident was one of the scant three hun- dred in attendance at the Polish pianist's dSbut in Paris. "I shall never forget," he writes, "the thin, pale, almost cadaverous-looking young man who stepped upon the platform of that little hall. At first he awakened only an admiring interest, although everyone recognized the beauty of his tone coloring; but when he finished playing Beethoven's 'Appas- sionata Sonata' the audience rose as one man and cheered themselves hoarse. Here at last was deserved recognition, and from that moment Paderewski's success was assured. The following week he played at one of the Lameroux concerts to an audience of 3000 people, and the same scenes of excitement followed." This and the triumphs that have followed, thick and fast, the writer attri- butes to the young performer's courage in abandon- ing a sure position, modest and humdrum, for a splendid uncertainty — or what would have been an uncertainty in the case of nine hundred and ninety- nine out of a thousand discontented youths. The children's story-hour at the public library has been praised as a blessing and a benefit to the eagerly acquisitive young, and it has also been censured as an unauthorized and wasteful use of the library worker's time. There is much to be said both pro and con. Mr. John Cotton Dana utters some energetic words on the side of the plaintiff in a highly readable contribution to "Public Libraries." He urges that instead of calling on a library assistant for the time and energy that effective story-telling (including the preparation for it) requires, the same assistant might more profitably instruct a body of school-teachers in the art of story-telling, and let them do the entertaining of their little ones in the school- room. This, of course, presupposes special story- telling talent in the assistant and its lack in the teachers. Mr. Dana thus concludes: "A library gives of its time, money, and energy, to instruct 40 children — and there it ends. If, on the other hand, it instructs 40 teachers, those 40 carry the instruction to 40 classrooms and impart knowledge of the lib- rary, of the use of books, of the literature for children, and — if need be — of the art of story-telling, to 1600 or 2000 children. There seems no question here as to which of these two forms of educational activity is for librarians better worth while." • • • The delivery of library books to the pub- lic is growing more and more common throughout the country. Boston's system of book distribution through no fewer than 214 branch libraries and stations, scattered over an area of forty-three square miles, was recently referred to by us. The Newark (N. J.) library, however, with probably a smaller area and certainly a lesser population to serve, 1908.] 337 THE DTAL makes use of more than twice as many distributing centres. Its Nineteenth Annual Report gives the number as 494, an increase of 465 in five years. "This increase," says the librarian, " of course adds somewhat to the cost of distribution, it being easier to lend a thousand volumes from a main building than from a number of widely separated centres. But the extension of library privileges to distant parts of the city seemed to meet with approval." Naturally it did; yet one cannot but query whether there is not such a thing as making books too easily obtainable. Many examples could be given of young men, afterward illustrious, who have gladly walked miles to borrow a coveted book, returning it perhaps for another after a month's digestion of its contents. The writer of this vividly remembers the time when the weekly milewalk to the public library for a new book was a noteworthy and a joy- ful event in his young life. What comparable exhil- aration would there have been in running to the corner drug-store or the nearest engine-house to sup- ply his literary needs? • • « TWO VACANT NICHES IN ENGLAND'S HALL OF Fame are unaccountably slow in getting themselves tilled. Next to the Bible, there are no books in our language so much read as " Robinson Crusoe" and "The Pilgrim's Progress." Yet their authors are unremembered in Westminster Abbey. A late trans- oceanic rumor, however, avers that, acting on the suggestion of an American visitor to the Abbey, the Baptists of Great Britain are raising the money to commemorate suitably the genius of John Bunyan; and it is probable that his monument will soon be found where its absence has so long been a surprise to the visitor. Perhaps now there is hope also for Defoe. But whatever the event in these two instances, far better and more imperishable than storied urn or animated bust are the literary monuments we have from the hands of the men themselves. COMMUNICA TIONS. HAVE WE A NATIONAL ANTHEM? (To the Editor of The Dial.) I have read with interest your comments on " A National Anthem to Order," in connection with the offer (a rather absurd one, as it seems to me) made by the National Institute of Arts and Letters, of prizes for the best productions designed to supersede "America " and "The Star-Spangled Banner." This is not the first time that prizes for a similar purpose have been offered, but without result,—as will doubt- less be the case with this recent effort. National hymns, as you well say, cannot be made to order; they are produced, not for the sake of prize-money, but in some moment of poetic and patriotic inspira- tion over a great national crisis. To repeat your words, '"The Watch on the Rhine,' and "The Marseillaise' were not begotten of prize-offers from any institute of art and letters." Neither, I may add, was our own "Star-Spangled Banner," which I claim as our true national anthem, and which is officially recognized as such, more than any other. I append a letter written me from the War Depart- ment, which should settle the question as to the atti- tude of those in authority. Mary B. H. Williams. Germantoum, Philadelphia, Nov. 6, 1908. War Department, Washington, D. C. Dec. 24, 1903. Madam:—Referring to your recent letter, with enclos- ure, relative to the adoption of the song entitled "The Star Spangled Banner" as the national anthem, I beg to inform you that while the Government has not adopted by law a national anthem or national air, paragraph 512, U.S. Army Regulations, 1901, provides as follows: "At every military post or station, the flag will be hoisted at the sounding of the first note of the reveille, or of the first note of the march, if a march be played before the reveille. The flag will be lowered at the sounding of the last note of the retreat, and while the flag is being lowered, the band will play ' The Star Spangled Banner.'" It is also understood that a paragraph has recently been added to the Navy Regulations, which reads as follows: "All officers and men shall stand at attention whenever 'The Star Spangled Banner' is being played unless engaged in duty that will not permit them to do so. The same respect shall be observed towards the national air of any other coun- try, when played in the presence of official representatives of such country/' You are also advised that in further recognition of this air as the national anthem, the General Staff of the Army has under consideration, with a view of embody- ing the same in the revised Army Regulations, a para- graph to read as follows: "Whenever' The Star Spangled Banner' is played by the band on a formal occasion at a military station, or at any place where persons belonging to the military service are present in their official capacity, all officers and enlisted men present will stand at Attention. The same respect will be observed toward the national air of any other country when it is played as a compliment to official representatives of such country." Very respectfully, Robert Shaw Oliver, Assistant Secretary of War. To Mary B. H. Williams, Philadelphia, Pa. CHICAGO'S FOUR GREAT LIBRARIES. (To the Editor of The Dial.) In a paragraph in your journal recently I saw a refer- ence to "the four great libraries " of Chicago. Will you kindly give the names of these four libraries, with the number of volumes contained in each, — and oblige A Reader. [The largest library, in number of books, is that of the University of Chicago, which has 473,175 volumes. The Public Library has 352,093 volumes, the Crerar Library 215,144, and the Newberry Li- brary 192,440. Combined, these collections would make a library of nearly a million and a quarter volumes — one of the largest working libraries in the world, as well as the youngest, all of them having been accumulated in the past thirty-five years.—Edr. The Dial.] 338 [Nov. 16, THE DIAL Uj $tfo goohs. The Joiihnal of an Amateur Vagabond.* In the words of a leading sociologist, "Flynt had the field to himself; there is no one to take his place at present. Few men who live and know the life of the Under World, as he did, have his mental equipment. Many can retain the facts, but are unable to handle them as satisfactorily; then, too, to be a friend and companion of tramps and criminals, and of men bike Tolstoi and Ibsen, is to possess a wide range of octaves in human experience and men- tal grasp." Walter Wyckoff's graphic pen- pictures of life and labor in the lower strata of our wage-earners were, like Josiah Flynt's more rudely rendered portraits of criminals and accounts of their habits, the outcome of per- sonal experience. But no one at present is doing just the kind of work they chose for themselves. Others, however, will hear the "call of the road" and feel the impulse to see and to live the life of the "other half," although scarcely one in a century will possess Flynt's extraordi- nary genius for transforming himself at will into the very type of vagabondage or criminal- ity he selected as the object of his study. Undersized, thin, white, shrivelled, nervous, pursued by a demon of unrest, in early life con- fessedly unable to distinguish the tuum from the meum, as well as unable or unwilling to re- frain from falsehood and deception, and finally the victim of drink, Flynt was no bad specimen of physical and moral degeneration, the more marked because of his excellent pedigree on both the paternal and the maternal side—his ancestors being of the best New England stock, with centuries of honest living and right think- ing to their credit. There was so much of the artist's and the actor's detachment in Flynt that he could bring a coolly impersonal scrutiny to bear on those laxities and abnormalities that formed so large a part of his own being. In the autobiography he wrote shortly before his death, and which is now published under the title " My Life," he displays the same freakish disinclination as in his naughty childhood to confine himself to plain and literal facts. Even his real name, the time and place of his birth, the scenes and companions of his boyhood and •My Lipb. By Josiah Flynt. With an Introduction by Arthur Symong. Illustrated. New York: The Outing Pub- lishing Co. youth, are all more or less concealed or dis- guised or misrepresented. It may be worth while to make clear, so far as we can, some of the actual facts relating to his birth and upbringing. Josiah Flynt Willard—thus his name is given in full by the compilers of biographical dictionaries — was born January 23, 1869, at Appleton, Wisconsin. He himself conveys the impression that he was born at Evanston, Illi- nois. His father, Oliver Atherton Willard, a Methodist minister, and, later, a journalist, was directly descended from that Major Simon Willard who helped to settle the town of Con- cord, Mass., was for forty years a prominent citizen of that place, held the office of town clerk a number of years, and also represented his district in the colonial legislature. It is apparently from Oliver's father, Josiah Flint Willard, that the younger Josiah got his pen- name of Josiah Flynt, by the change of one letter. On his mother's side, he was a descend- ant of the godly family of Mather of Massachu- setts. Furthermore, Frances E. Willard, the famous temperance advocate, was Josiah's aunt on the father's side, although the book repre- sents her as a " maternal" aunt. After the death of Oliver A. Willard, when Josiah was but eight years old, the family made their home in an annex built on to the " grand- mother's house, not far from the main street"— of Evanston, the reader infers. Here they seem to have remained until the restless son, who had been a runaway and a truant from baby- hood, was old enough to go to a boarding-school, whence he soon made his escape, as might have been expected. Of this home-leaving he writes: "When we left this home the family became scat- tered, one going one way and the others some other way; we have never all been together since the break- up. My brother, for instance, I have not seen in nearly twenty years, and have no idea where he is to-day. He also was possessed of Wanderlust, indeed we might as well call ourselves a Wanderlust family, because every one of us has covered more territory at home and abroad than the average person can find time, or cares, to explore." A trial of college life at "a small Illinois college," where by some miracle the lad suc- ceeded in holding himself down to the routine of study and chapel and recitations for two years, proved not very successful or very rich in permanent results. The young collegian, as wanderlustig as ever, again took the road and revelled in the delights of irresponsible vaga- bondage, relieving the tedium of tramping with 1908.] 339 THE DIAL. an occasional horse-theft or horse-loan, and a carriage-drive at some involuntary benefactor's expense. His experiences in "tramping with tramps," as coal-stoker on an ocean liner, as student at Berlin University, newspaper re- porter in Russia and elsewhere, visitor at Count Tolstoi s country home, special detective in rail- way and police service, and what else it would be hard to enumerate, are more or less familiar to readers of magazines, and to those who have looked into Josiah Flynt's half-dozen published books wherein he goes into many curious details of his strange life. Somewhat different from all these is the following account of his not very studious days at the great Friedrich Wilhelm Universitat: "I may not have got much from the lectures, but I came in contact with such men as Virchow, the patholo- gist; Kiepert, the geographer; Curtius, the Greek his- torian; Ffleiderer, the theologian; Helmholtz, the chem- ist [sic] , and I got glimpses of Mommsen. He was not reading in the university during my stay in Berlin, but he lived not far from my mother's home, and I used to see him in the street cars. He was a very much shriveled-up looking individual, and when sitting down looked very diminutive. He wore immense glasses, which gave his eyes an owlish appearance; I saw him to the best advantage one afternoon when we were rid- ing alone in a street car through the Thiergarten. He had a corner in the front, and 1 had taken one in the rear. I hardly noticed him at first, and had opened a book to read, when suddenly the old gentleman began to mumble to himself and gesture. 'Ya, ya, so ist es,' I could hear him say. 'So muss es sein,' and he flour- ished his right hand about as if he were speaking to a collection of Roman senators. What it was that was 'so,' and why it had to be 'so,' I could not find out." An excerpt from Flynt's memories of Tolstoi will not be out of place. "Now, that I look back over the experience and recall the old gentleman's willingness to talk on any subject, I regret exceedingly that I did not quiz him about literary contemporaries and affairs. The principal thing he said along these lines that comes to my mind now concerned poetry and how it impressed him. We were sitting in the music room, and some one had said something about the relative values of prose and poetry as methods of expression. Tolstoy preferred prose. "' Poetry,' he said, pointing to the parquet floor, 'reminds me of a man trying to walk zigzag across the room on those squares. It twists and turns in all direc- tions before it can arrive anywhere. Prose, on the other hand, is direct; it goes straight at the mark.' "Talking about America and Americans, one after- noon, he was much interested in William Dean Howells, Henry George, and the late Henry Demarest Lloyd. He told me that there were four men in the world that he was very anxious to bring together; he believed that a conference between them would throw much light on the world's needs. Two of them, if my memory is cor- rect, were Mr. Howells and Mr. Lloyd." Josiah Flynt — like his father before him, but without reaching by four years his father's age of forty-two — drank himself to death. Pneumonia was the immediate cause of his de- mise, on the twentieth day of January, 1907, within three days of his thirty-eighth birthday. A few words descriptive of the man from those who knew him and were attached to him will be of interest. In some supplementary remin- iscences appended to Flynt's unfinished auto- biography we read, from the pen of Alfred Hodder, who himself died a few weeks after his friend: "What first struck me was his prodigality in talk. He scattered treasures of anecdote and observation as Aladdin of the wonderful lamp orders his slave to scatter gold pieces. The trait is not common amongst men of letters; they are the worst company in the world; they are taking, not giving; if they have not a notebook and pencil brutally before you in their hands, they have a notebook and pencil agilely at work in their heads. . . . Flynt had no safe-deposit box for his good stories, and no gift for silence; the anecdotes in his books are amazing; the details of just how he got them are still more amazing; he never learned to use up his material, to economize, and he was more amazing than his material. "At the moment the point I wish to make is that Flynt knew his vagrant in the open. He had a pro- found contempt for the books written by frock-coated gentlemen who have academic positions, and say 'sociol- ogy,' and measure the skulls and take the confessions of the vagrant in captivity. Skull for skull he believed there was small difference between that of the first scamp and the first minister of the Gospel. I set that down for what it is worth as his opinion. The confes- sions of a vagrant in captivity are always, he said, false. This 1 fancy is almost true." Another who knew him well said of his literary ability that " he knew and understood the ways of men, but when he wrote for publication his imagination seemed chained to earth. It may be he was too much ' on the inside' to get his subject in perspective. Then, too, it must be remembered that Flynt was the tramp writing, not the literary man tramping." This lack of the literary instinct plainly ap- pears in his book. Especially in the scraps of German and French that he is fond of introduc- ing, he shows himself no careful scribe. But his narrative is all the more characteristic from its lack of polish. Like all that he has written, it is extremely interesting, even though far less interesting than his talk is said to have been. The portraits of himself and of some of his near kindred enhance the interest; and the brief introduction by his literary friend, Mr. Arthur Symons, helps one to a better acquaint- ance with this attractive vagabond. Pebcy F. Bicknell. 340 [Nov. 16, THE DIAL Modern Painting, Chiefly British.* The title of Mr. Phythian's "Fifty Years of Modern Painting" is misleading and untrue as an indication of what the book really is. "Modern Painting" is not English painting alone. Corot was a Frenchman, and Sargent is an American. Fifty years of modern painting, from the Frenchman to the American, would imply almost anything rather than a practically exclusive consideration of British art. It is not until the fifth chapter, which is nearly half way through the book, that the reader is apprised of the author's real intention. In the opening of this chapter, we are told that the book was written "primarily for English readers; and emphasis is laid upon English, or, to use the more comprehensive word so much insisted upon nowadays, British art." It is quite natural to ask at this point, "Why did you not say so before?" It would have saved the critic much trouble, for he would not then have looked for any thorough description of modern art during the years since 1850, but only for an attempted estimate of the part the British painters played in this art development of half a century. With some disappointment, because of labor wasted under a misconception of the real object of the book, the critic, after this midway ex- planation, turns the pages back and seeks to estimate the value of the criticism of British art from the author's own point of view. There is no doubt that here is a rather tolerant criticism of the faults and vagaries of the Pre-Raphaelite school, to which the author devotes a good deal of space. In fact, it is only a criticism so far as must be, because the author's evident admi- ration of the painters of this school inclines him to eulogy rather than criticism. Yet he seems striving to resist this tendency, and will even admit that Holman Hunt is a little hard in color and deals too much in detail; that Rossetti is not a perfect draughtsman, or even colorist; and that even Burne-Jones painted not realities but types. Of Millais, who turned back from the faith and sought quite another kind of truth from that known to Holman Hunt, he does not wholly approve. Like Ruskin, he calls the attempted fidelity to minute detail, as shown in the Pre-Raphaelite work, "truth to Nature." It has long been known that such painting is very far from being true to Nature, and does • Fifty Years op Modern Painting. Corot to Sargent. By J. E. Phythian. Illustrated in color. New York: E. P. Dntton & Co. not even interpret her works intelligibly. A picture that needs a long explanation in a catalogue has obviously failed to express any special truth. Such is the case with Mr. Hunt's "Flight into Egypt." A proper contrast with the great French masters is absolutely needed here to throw a true light upon the painting of the last fifty years. Also the greater American painters must be considered. Mr. Phythian claims that Constable was the real founder of the modern French school of landscape painting. This is of course a matter about which there is much question. Boning- ton is also thought to have influenced the great Frenchmen, and some claim that the inspiration of the Barbizon school came from Holland. But whether from England or Holland, or, as seems more likely, from their own selves, the results of their work stand preeminent in modern land- scape painting. Where are the English pictures that can be compared with Millet's "Angelus," "The Sower," "The Gleaners"; or with Rous- seau's "Le Givre," and scenes in the Fontaine- bleau forest, especially at sunset; or with Corot's " Evening Star " or "San Sebastian"; or with many of the wonderful works of Dupre and Diaz, and of Troyon, whose cattle-pieces even the greatest of the Dutchmen have hardly excelled? No matter if the author is, as he says, writing "primarily for English readers," he should seek to tell them the truth, and avoid prejudice of any kind. Such a work should contain proper estimates of Whistler and of Sargent; but it does not, although the latter's name appears in the title of the book, and his work has won him almost the foremost place in the Royal Academy in recent years. The French believe that Whistler was one of the greatest artists that ever lived. His portrait of his mother is thought by them to be one of the gems of the Louvre where it now hangs. In etching he is second only to Rembrandt, if he really is in- ferior to the great Dutch master. Melchers should surely be mentioned, for there is hardly a great gallery in Europe that has not at least one of his pictures. Cazin, one of the greatest of modern painters of landscape, should be described and his work contrasted with that of the Englishmen. Such deficiencies ought not to occur even in a book having the tardily confessed purpose of treating primarily of En- glish art. The style and spirit of the first part of the work differ radically from the manner of the latter part. The discussion of the Pre- 1908.] 341 THE DIAL Raphaelites is interesting, and at times broad and discriminating. The appreciation of Watts is excellent. These discussions are carried on at considerable length, and show faithful study and true understanding of the subject-matter. In the latter part of the book, which deals mostly with the art of other countries, the method adopted is very like that of a catalogue, and there is but little attempt at serious criti- cism. This is a great disappointment, because the writer's critical power is very unusual, and his acquaintance with pictures is noteworthy. A really great critical work could have been hoped for from the first part of the book, but the promise is not fulfilled. It would almost seem as if the two parts had been written at different times and put together without any proper relation to each other. It is true that English art has made great progress in the last few years, and that is because it has become more liberal and has pro- fited by study in France and other Continental countries. Insular prejudice has ceased to exist, or at least to dominate as it once did. England to-day is open to the art of all the nations, and should seek to become one in the great brotherhood of artists whose hands are clasped around the world. Walter Cranston Larned. The Drama of John Keats.* "A tradition may be established about a man of lasting genius, but the final word can never be said." It is with this apologetic sentiment that Professor Hancock begins the preface to his literary biography of John Keats. The words are true, — for each generation, with fresh material discovered or with shifting viewpoint, has its utterance to express, its comment to add; and, furthermore, the new generation is inter- ested in the new word if it be spoken with intel- ligence and weight. Thus it will be with Keats. It is not only the pathos of his story that keeps his memory alive ; there is the wonder that from such humble origin such an ardent worshipper of Beauty should be born, and again the larger wonder that under the stern conditions of this brief life such absolute distinction and such worth should characterize its fruit. It is an appreciation of John Keats—an appreciation and an interpretation — that Mr. Hancock offers. "In this book " (again quoting •John Keats: A Literary Biography. By Albert Elmer Hancock. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Co. from the preface) says the author, "I have en- deavored to conceive of Keats as the protagonist of a domestic drama, coming upon a stage of shifting scenes, as in the old chronicle-histories, — coming, playing his part, and passing trag- ically under the blight." Does this sound somewhat too heroical to please all lovers of this dreamful poet of an abstract world? Mr. Hancock is inclined to write staccato. His first few chapters especially strain for effect. "Last of the brood — an inoffensive waif. John Bull — John Keats. Between the philistine and the cesthete what a natural gulf of unconcern! and vet in the aftermath of the Revolution there was feud." Is our biographer trying to write like Taine? The hand is Esau's, but the voice is Jacob's. One thing worth while Mr. Hancock does at the start in contradicting the strange statement of Mr. Gosse, that "no poet save Shakespeare himself is more English than Keats." It is the universality of Keats, the remoteness of his inspiration from the immediate interests of his age and land, that constitutes his chief distinc- tion among his contemporary poets. Elsewhere the essayist does good service also in correctly interpreting a certain utterance of the poet which has often been twisted to the disparage- ment of Keats. Once he discussed in a letter "The two methods of attaining truth, the intuitive and the rational. In the midst of his argument he sud- denly broke out, < Oh, for a life of sensations rather than thoughts!' And the exclamation, interpreted by its context, simply meant, 'I should rather live in the emotions of the heart, stirred by the imagination's con- ception of beauty, than in the intellectual truth gained from the processes of logic!' It is the impetuous cry of the poet for the intuitive perceptions of the higher nature. "' Do not all charms fly At the mere touch of cold Philosophy ?'" It is a very sane portraiture of Keats, after all, that the author gives us in this book,— thoroughly human, despite the fact that for us of to-day the poet's figure is "set in a mystical haze, luminous in the flooding light of his fame." Keats was a normal youth, — "A man's man wholly. He loved to smoke. He drank wine with relish; sometimes until he was 'pleas- antly tipsy.' . . . He enjoyed rough sports. He went to a bear-baiting. He saw the prize-fight between Randall and Turner. And he fought a man himself for some act of brutality. . . . He was talkative, bril- liant, when the talk was to his liking; when it was not, he sat silent. In the intimate circle the window seat was reserved for Keats. There we may best fix a pic- ture of him in the characteristic attitude of one foot on the other knee and the hand clasping the instep. . . . Broad shoulders, depth of chest suggest the stature of a larger man. [Keats was only Ave feet tall.] The profile invites affection; brown curling hair; forehead receding; nose slightly tilted; a finely rounded chin; 342 [Nov. 16, THE DIAL an upper lip rather thick, as if stung by a bee and in need of some gentle unguent. The full face, as he turns to speak, shows the distinction and the conscious- ness of the high calling. The hazel eyes glow with some inward light as his words issue in a low musical voice. There is self-assurance in his modesty; at times he is petulant, fiercely assertive." The interpretative portion of Professor Han- cock's work, however, is the noteworthy feature of his book. Some twenty-five pages are devoted to the analysis of " Endymion," a study which is thorough and suggestive, and corrects a fre- quent misinterpretation of Keats's utterances on Beauty and Truth. The essayist accepts without dispute the dictum that as a poem "Endymion" must be reckoned a failure. "Isabella," " Lamia," "The Eve of St. Agnes," the Odes, and " Hyperion " receive like careful criticism. The immediate success of "Hype- rion," the turn in the tide of contemporary criticism which now began to set toward Keats, our author attributes to the virility of the uncompleted poem —a quality not found in the earlier work. "There is in ' Hyperion' a rousing masculinity. It vibrates with mass power in action. Keats's principle of beauty in repose has been liberated into the beauty of dynamic energies." In the closing chapters which deal with the pathetic picture of the poet's last days in Rome, the biographer pays just tribute to the perfect devotion of Severn. Among the classics of masculine friendship there is none more gra- cious and tender than this. It is pleasant to remember that there was no rancor in the mind of the dying poet, no rage, no bitterness remaining from the savage person- alities of the reviews. There was only one critic whose judgment had depressed him—and that critic was himself. "If I should die, I have left no immortal work behind me — nothing to make my friends proud of my memory, but I have loved the principle of Beauty in all things, and if I had had time I would have made myself re- membered." Thus had he written a few months before his death. There is no question of his sincerity; and it was not affectation that dictated the melancholy epitaph, "Here lies one whose name was writ in water." Yet he it is,— John Keats, whose first poetic preludings began under the influence of Spenser's melodious verse,— he it is who in due time becomes the poet's poet of a later generation and the messenger in English verse of a distinct and beneficent evangel: "Beauty is Truth, Truth Beauty, — that is all Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know." The pleasantest thing that we can say of Professor Hancock's book is this: the reader will not get very far in the volume before he takes his copy of the poet from the shelf and falls again under its spell. Truly, "A thing of beauty is a joy forever: Its loveliness increases; it will never Pass into nothingness; but still will keep A bower quiet for us, and a sleep Full of sweet dreams, and health. ..." The publishers deserve a word of grateful recognition for having given us a beautiful book, handsomely printed, richly illustrated, and care- fully indexed. It will be appreciated by all admirers of the poet. j). Simonds. Essays at Large.* In his latest volume of essays, Mr. Benson invites us to a new point of view. Leaving that pleasant college window through which we have been shown such charming vistas, we ac- company him to his country home in vacation time; we see some delightful old church towers, a slow winding river, quaint lanes and peaceful farms; between our walks, our reading, and our long leisurely reveries, Mr. Benson chats with us so informally that we almost fail to observe that he is covering a wide range of abstract subjects and is probing each to profound depths. Contentment and friendship, humor, shyness and the dramatic sense, specialism and our lack of great men, optimism and equality, joy and the love of God: we have heard Mr. Benson discuss some of these matters in one or another of the various conversations we have had with him before, but he succeeds, nevertheless, in im- pressing us with the fact that they are many- sided, and that at college in term time we could not quite see them from the viewpoint we have in these holidays in the country. If we find our host no less serious when he touches upon questions of deep import than he was wont to be, we yet have the satisfaction of chuckling with him delightedly on occasion. His logic is as keen, his irony as delicate, as ever; the flow- ing cadences of his style woo us like quiet music; and always we are conscious that our two chairs are quite close together, and that Mr. Benson has a very friendly and companionable arm thrown lightly around our shoulders. So long as the book is before us, it is as essayist that we prefer Mr. Benson; yet here and there we chance upon a bit of biography that causes us involuntarily to cast an eye slant- * At Large. Bj Arthur Christopher Benson. New York: O. P. Putnam's Sons. 1908.] THE DIAL 343 wise toward the shelf on which we may find his memoirs of Rossetti and Pater, of FitzGerald and Tennyson; and we wish we might have more of the Hallam and the Henley, or the Gladstone or the Cardinal Manning, that we find sketched in a moment merely to point a moral or adorn the tale. Again, as we read, we find a paragraph of criticism so subtle in its analysis that we wish Mr. Benson had used a more generous share of his pages to such purpose. Reading on, we come upon word-pictures of landscape — such combinations of copse and meadow, sky and river, ancient wall and familiar farmyard, described with apprehension so acute and appreciation so sincere that we long for a book in which Mr. Benson sljall describe every nook and corner of the England he knows so well and loves so earnestly with the same visual- izing power that characterizes the chapter on Kelmscott and William Morris in the present volume. Descriptions of scenery are usually dreary enough, but Mr. Benson fairly makes us see and feel the glory of piled-up clouds and the golden glow of a sunset that faded months ago. Mr. Benson would have us believe that a new medium of utterance is yet to be discovered by some fortunate artist in letters — a medium which shall obviate the "clumsy necessity of sacrificing the sequence of thought to the bar- barous devices of metre and rhyme, or to the still more childish devices of incident and drama." He reminds us that Flaubert anticipated a time when the writer would require no subject, but would express emotion and thought directly rather than pictorially. Readers of " The Altar Fire" and " Beside Still Waters" will readily understand that in those books Mr. Benson himself sought to approach this medium of expression. To select from these rich pages a few illus- trative passages is a task beyond the present reviewer; yet custom almost demands that such a selection shall be made. The rare beauty of our author's style is shown in the following, from the essay on Friendship: "' To make oneself beloved,' says an old French proverb, 'this is, after all, the best way to be useful.' That is one of the deep sayings which children think flat, and which young men, and even young women, despise; and which a middle-aged man hears with a certain troubled surprise, and wonders if there is not something in it after all; and which old people discover to be true, and think with a sad regret of opportunities missed, and of years devoted, how unprofitable*, to other kinds of usefulness! The truth is that most of us who have any ambitions at all do not start in life with a hope of being useful, but rather with an intention of being ornamental. We think, like Joseph in his childish dreams, that the sun and moon and the eleven stars, to say nothing of the sheaves, are going to make obeisance to us. We want to be impressive, rich, beau- tiful, influential, admired, envied; and then, as we move forward, the visions fade. We have to be content if, in a quiet corner, a single sheaf gives us a nod of recogni- tion; and as for the eleven stars, they seem unaware of our very existence! And then we make further dis- coveries: that when we have seemed to ourselves most impressive we have only been pretentious; that riches are only a talisman against poverty, and even make suffering and pain and grief more unendurable; that beauty fades into stolidity or weariness; that influence comes mostly to people who do not pursue it, and that the best kind of influence belongs to those who do not even know that they possess it; that admiration is but a brilliant husk; which may or may not contain a wholesome kernel; and as for envy, there is poison in that cup! And then we become aware that the best crowns have fallen to those who have not sought them, and that simple-minded and unselfish people have won the prize which has been denied to brilliance and am- bition." Mr. Benson is rarely epigrammatic; yet some of his best thoughts are expressed compactly enough almost to pass as epigrams. Here are a few such sentences selected almost at random: "It has got to be proved that one was sent into the world to be effective." "Life, which ought to be spent partly in gathering materials, and partly in drawing inferences, is apt to be a hurried accumulation lasting to the edge of the tomb." "The real pleasures of the world are those which can- not be bought for money, and which are wholly independ- ent of success." "An age which values notoriety above everything except property." "To acquiesce in appearing ridiculous is the height of philosophy." "No one can become great by taking thought, and still less by desiring greatness. It is not an attainable thing; fame only is attainable." "The poet and the idealist make and cast abroad the great vital ideas which the specialist picks up and ana- lyzes." "We tend at the present time to honor achievements when they have begun to grow a little mouldy." "There are two modes and methods of being great; one is by largeness, the other by intensity." It is pleasant to think that Mr. Benson has upwards of thirty volumes to his credit — pleas- ant indeed in these days of feverish fiction, these days when the literary taste of so many of one's acquaintances is varied only by distinct prefer- ences as to which of the Ten Commandments shall be violated, in detail, in the books they read; it is pleasant, and hopeful too, to think that a cordial welcome always awaits these quiet books, gently conceived and unobtrusively put forth from the ivy-covered quadrangles of an old English University. Munson Aldhich Havens. 344 [Nov. 16, THE DIAL The Making of a Great Pokm.» Nineteenth-century criticism took upon itself the special mission of examining into the sources of great masterpieces, in order to discover, if possible, the artist at work upon his materials. Shakespeare's source-books, those of Chaucer, Goethe, Milton, Tennyson, and others, were made the subjects of many studies. Although these in no sense did, nor ever can, fathom or explain the element of personal power in creat- ive art, they did at least serve to differentiate the special power of each artist, and make more evident the Miltonic, the Chaucerian, the Shake- spearian touch. Such a criticism is well worth while. Many a secret of personality thus dis- closes itself; from the contemplation of many artists at work, there may be hopes of an event- ual philosophy of creative art, distant as it now seems. That the twentieth century is likely to find congeniality in the same labors, seems quite evi- dent. An important indication of it is the publication of a large quarto volume of 350 pages devoted to the consideration of the " square old yellow book " now in the library of Balliol College, from which Browning derived the inspiration for his greatest and longest work, "The Ring and the Book." Readers of that poem do not need to be told of the chance man- ner in which Browning bought the volume at the old bookstall in the Piazza of San Lorenzo; how it lay hold upon him from the first glance; how he read it, threading the narrow Floren- tine streets in his mechanical walk homeward; how he laid it not down until finished to the very end; and how stepping out on the terrace he saw the whole piece act itself over again in his imagination, and in the exhilaration of creat- ive joy felt that "A spirit laughs and leaps through every limb, And lights my eye and lifts me by the hair, Letting me have my will again with these." Surely, no poet could well give a more circum- stantial or confidential account of the birth- moment of his own creation. The external facts are all there; the visitor in Florence even hunts out the veritable bookstall (looking to-day just as Browning describes it) with a half-hope that the same miracle may happen to himself. But the inner mystery remains, as remain it must, because art is something so much more than any mere facts, because the mystic power • THe Old Yellow Book. Source of Browning's The Ring and the Book. In complete Photo-Reproduction, with Transla- tion. Essay, and Notes. By Charles W. Hodell. Published by the Carnegie Institution of Washington, we call genius is in the last resort forever unex- plainable — " the finger of God, the flash of the will that can." Nevertheless, there are certain questions we may ask with some hope of a reply, and in these source-studies may help us: How far does the artist's raw material control or master his creative activity? What is the difference between the material and the final product? What personal equation in the artist effected this change? Such questions find response in the monu- mental work of Mr. Charles W. Hodell. To secure the scholarly world against the possible destruction of the unique copy of the "Old Yellow Book" at Balliol, it is here reproduced, page for page, by photographic process. Its text being a mixture of bad Latin and vernacu- lar Italian, Mr. Hodell makes it available to the average reader by his own translation; then follows a fascinating essay of comparison between the source and the art-product, the whole being concluded by topical notes, 541 in number, the result of much scholarly and painstaking re- search. A story more sordid, more cruel, more bar- barous, than that of the "Old Yellow Book," it would be difficult to conceive. Indeed, the work was not a published volume at all, but rather a lawyer's file of documents and pamph- lets bearing on a certain murder trial that took place in Rome in the year 1698. Their collec- tor was a lawyer who had merely a professional interest in the material; for him, it was simply a noteworthy precedent as to "whether and when a husband may kill his adulterous wife without incurring the ordinary penalty" for murder. The human or ethical side of the tragedy made no appeal to this man. The file when completed was part of his law library, but not any part of his personal history. He bound it with a vellum cover for preservation, and it is this age-yellow vellum that suggested the poet's name, "The Old Yellow Book." During the "decades thrice five," from the time the volume first began gathering dust in the Floren- tine lawyer's library until it fell into the poet's hands at the bookstall, its history is a blank. To a modern reader, nothing can be duller than this volume, — and, one would suppose, nothing could be more forbidding to an artist. The rights and wrongs of the case have apparently small interest to the lawyers; to them, it is just a job on which to employ their professional cunning. Their casuistry and sophistry are utterly divorced from such human sentiment as might naturally arise. Pity for the wife, 1908.] 345 THE DIAL sympathy for the husband, admiration or repro- bation for the priest — such natural feelings as we should expect to spring spontaneously from contact with this tragedy—are nowhere to be found in the book. Wherever there is a show of sentiment, its rhetorical parade betrays its insincerity. Browning's comparison of himself to Elisha in making the dead alive again, is not extreme. Truly, he had to breathe mightily on these dry bones before these men and women of a former day could stand erect, not only to play over again their parts in that long-forgotten tragedy, but also to tell through their own speech and in their own way the causes and motives that lay behind these acts. For that, after all, is the significant matter not only of " The Ring and the Book" but of all Browning's writing. He was a searcher of human hearts. No man, not even the worst criminal, failed to arouse his interest and to stir him to find out the underlying motives. What do these bad hearts mean? What place have they in God's world? How can the all- powerful and all-loving Father permit his chil- dren to plunge into such an abyss of evil? The story of Guido Franceschini's brutal greed, this dark record of crime, appealed to Browning, not for its sentimentalism but for its profound spiritual meaning. And Francesca Pompilia Comparini! The lawyers allude to her as a " wretched child," an "unfortunate girl"; they are solely intent on their technical pleading, and her pathetic story does not wring from them the slightest drop of human pity. But Browning read between the lines the story of a child-mother wronged —the story of a suffering woman, cruelly tormented by a husband who is backed by the whole structure of conventional society. Browning, on being congratulated for his wonderful creation of Pompilia, replied: "I assure you that I found her in the book just as she speaks in my poem." But without Brown- ing's peculiar genius, can anyone else find her there? As a matter of fact, Pompilia's own affidavit shows simplicity and innocent suffer- ing, but gives no hint of her more striking aspects of character. It has no word concern- ing her faith in God, her thought of her child, her personal feeling toward Caponsacchi — all those traits that win us to her as we are won by few heroines in poetry. Almost the sole fact- basis for Browning's conception of her char- acter lies in the sworn testimony of Fra Celestino and his associates who were the spiritual guides of her last moments. Those men of long expe- rience who surrounded her death-bed were deeply moved by her innocence, by her tender forgive- ness of those who had wronged her, and by her faith in God. From such hints as these, the alembic of Browning's imagination created one of the most masterly portraits of the suffering saint in all literature. Quite the same is it in dealing with the third person of this central group — Caponsacchi. Again Browning probes far below the surface. The real Caponsacchi's relation to Pompilia was limited almost entirely to the crisis of her trouble; his own affidavit has a manly ring, but does not rise to any heroic pitch; we have no evidence that his flight with Pompilia is any- thing more than a superficial adventure. Now, Browning was a great believer in epochal crises, supreme moments in life, and he realized that something of this kind might have hap- pened, converting the "fribble, fop and cox- comb " into a hero. Something in the look of the lady, "young, tall, beautiful, strange and sad," was a call to Caponsacchi's nobler self. A spiritual revolution took place. Pompilia became to him a revelation of God dwelling in woman as purity, long-suffering, godliness — an embodied Madonna, Our Lady of Sorrows. She challenged his worship in the most pro- found religious sense, rather than in the con- ventional sentimental hyperbole of romantic poetry; when the call of duty came he was ready, a soldier-saint, a true Christian hero, the most interesting of Browning's pictures of noble manhood. In the opportunity to make such comparisons as these appears the great significance of this source-study. We are presented with a mass of documents which to the ordinary sight is merely a chaos of charge and counter-charge between some commonplace persons in whom it is impossible to feel any particular interest. The poet took them out of this chaos, raised them into the province of art, vitalized and ideal- ized their characters, till, laying aside their commonplaceness, they stand for the poet's master-conceptions of human nature, his atti- tude toward conventional society, his faith in God. And so, beholding the Book as the poet found it, and the Ring as the poet left it, we realize more fully than ever that Robert Brown- ing was not only one of the greatest creative artists of our time, but of all time. Anna Benneson McMahan. 346 [Nov. 16, THE DIAL Briefs on New Books. Qreatcampaion, The third volume of Professor Oman's of the Spanith "History of the Peninsular War" Penintuia. (Macmillan) continues a work al- ready recognized as one of great importance to stu- dents of military history. For the average reader, the care and minuteness of this study may seem for- bidding. The author, however, would doubtless dis- claim an ambition to attract the general reader, look- ing rather to the student for appreciation of his work. What he has done is to give with minute exactness, and in orderly arrangement, all of the old material bearing upon this war, together with such new facts as he has discovered in his profound study of the topic. Mr. Oman is one of the few men engaged as a teacher of history who has exact military details at his fingers' ends. Added to this, he has perfect knowledge of the topography of Portugal and Spain, so that his descriptions of battles and campaigns are rendered more lucid than the accounts ordinarily given to military manoeuvres. This third volume of 586 pages covers the sixteen months from Septem- ber 1809 to December 1810, and its main interest centres in the campaign of Massena— a campaign which Mr. Oman himself regards as the real crisis of the entire Peninsular War. In that campaign the dramatic feature is, of course, the approach of Massena to Wellington's lines at Torres Vedras. The magnificent energy displayed in creating the defensive fortifications known as the Lines of Torres Vedras resulted, according to the author, in a series of apparently isolated yet really interdependent forts, so arranged as to render practically impossible any successful attack by the French save with an overpowering force; but Mr. Oman shows that it was not upon the fortifications alone that Welling- ton depended for a successful defense. The defen- sive scheme was a three-fold arrangement, scientifi- cally planned and carefully executed. The fortifi- cations were an important part; but in addition Massena's advance was to be harassed and checked by irregular cavalry or infantry pressure from either side, and his communications threatened. And a third essential element to a successful issue had been assured in the organized devastation of the country long before the French troops were within striking distance of Wellington's main army. The Lines of Torres Vedras were sufficient to check Massena's advance; but in order that Massena might be forced to retire, and that Portugal might be freed from the presence of an enemy, the devastation of crops and the threatened cutting of communications were equally necessary. The general account here given of this and similar military movements follows very much that given by Napier in his historic work, and in few instances does Mr. Oman really criticise the results of Napier's research. Nevertheless, the pres- ent work is infinitely more accurate in minor detail than that of Napier, and it must also be said that for one interested in military history written on so large a scale Mr. Oman's work is distinctly more readable. His method of presentation, like his study, is leis- urely, leaving the impression of a disinclination to close the account of any particular incident or cam- paign. The present volume, like its predecessors, contains many excellent battle-plans, and has in addition a relatively unknown engraving of the Duke of Wellington in 1813, from a portrait in the Hope Collection. While the writings of Miss Helen "ndZrwoHd. Keller inevitably acquire a peculiar interest from the limitations of sense in which the author lives, they equally merit atten- tion by reason of their intrinsic worth. True, in read- ing one never gets far away from the proscriptions of her world, and particularly so long as she is en- engaged in portraying to us what kind of a world it is. Miss Keller tells us that "The World I Live In" (Century Co.) is not wholly the theme of her choosing. "Every book is in a sense autobiograph- ical. But while other self-recording creatures are permitted at least to seem to change the subject, apparently nobody cares what I think of the tariff, the conservation of our natural resources, or the conflicts which revolve about the name of Dreyfus. If I offer to reform the educational system of the world, my editorial friends say, 'That is interesting. But will you please tell us what idea you had of goodness and beauty when you were six years old?' First they ask me to tell the life of the child who is mother to the woman. Then they make me my own daughter and ask for an account of grown-up sensa- tions. Finally, I am requested to write about my dreams, and thus I become an anachronical grand- mother; for it is the special privilege of old age to relate dreams." At all events, this theme she has securely to herself. Miss Keller manages to sketch very vividly the character of the impressions, the many derivative indications of who's who and what's what, that come hinted and wafted to her alert senses made keen and appreciative by what is of most worth —mental impressionability and an appreciative imag- ination. Yet, after all, from our point of view, it is a gleaner's task. There is a harvest and enough to sustain an active mind in active health; but the full richness and freedom of the wide outlook, the gener- ous and easy intercourse, are but meagrely replaced. And what replaces it is a possession much to be cher- ished—that of an imaginative literary sense. Miss Keller argues valiantly for the reality of her impres- sions, for the metaphorical significance of much that the seeing and hearing enjoy, for her right (readily conceded) to use the language of mankind, and for the comparability of her world to that in which the sun shines, color beautifies, and sounds make joyous and human. But the psychological reader remains unconvinced. Here, as elsewhere, it is all a matter of proportion. Doubtless language is saturated with derived, implied, and transferred meanings of things, and our intercourse is carried on in these counters without too much reference to their face value; yet their use is fashioned upon the experience of their 1908.] 347 THE DIAL, origin, and " a primrose by a river's brim " is a very different thing to him who has seen it, however much for the purposes of a mood it would be equally effec- tive for Wordsworth or Miss Keller. All of which is intended to send the reader directly to Miss Keller's most interesting book, which, though it concludes with a metrical "Chant of Darkness," will be found to emanate much sweetness and light. The religion ^* ®- Wells's attitude toward andphiiotophy many matters of universal interest of an agnouic. j8 already known to readers of his "Modern Utopia," "Mankind in the Making," "Anticipations," and other sociological essays. In his latest book, " First and Last Things " (Putnam), which he calls also "A Confession of Faith and a Rule of Life," he states his philosophical and reli- gious beliefs, so far as his avowedly agnostic lean- ings permit him to have any. All knowledge, he points out, is more or less vague, and even science is far from strictly accurate. No trimmed and rounded system of philosophy or religion is attain- able. We make our beliefs as we go along; at least Mr. Wells does. "I make my beliefs as I want them," he declares. "I do not attempt to go to facts for them. I make them thus and not thus, exactly as an artist makes a picture so and not so. . . . My belief in them rests upon the fact that they work for me and satisfy a desire for harmony and beauty." Thus he shows himself to be essen- tially a "pragmatist," though he does not use the word. He is also, as might be proved by quotations, a good deal of a mystic, cherishing an unreasoning faith in "the ultimate Tightness and significance of things "j somewhat inclined to Cyrenaicism, paying homage to Beauty (with a capital B) as "something in me which demands not simply gratification but the best and keenest of a sense or continuance of sense impressions, and which refuses coarse quanti- tative assuagements"; unable to believe in a personal God and the immortality of the soul; and contenting himself with making collective humanity the object of his deepest devotion, though he nowhere calls himself a follower of Comte. "It seems to me," he says in unmistakable terms, "that the whole living creation may be regarded as walking in the sleep of instinct and individualized illusion, and that now out of it all rises man, beginning to perceive his larger self, his universal brotherhood, and a collective syn- thetic purpose to realize power and beauty." And again, concerning "the purpose in things," he de- clares: "I.have set down my broad impression of that purpose in respect to me, as the awakening and development of the consciousness and will of our species, and I have confessed my belief that in sub- ordinating myself and all my motives to that idea lies my Salvation." The last half of the book, treat- ing of "General Conduct" and "Some Personal Things," applies the principles enunciated in the first half. Although Mr. Wells's religion and phil- osophy may not be, and indeed cannot be, exactly those of any one of his readers, the book is valuable | as the honest attempt of a man of vigorous and wide-ranging intellect to explain precisely what he believes and what he disbelieves. A new fund of Mr„G; K Chesterton, as all the Chettertonic world knows by this time, has the paradozet. courage of his convictions. He would also, if he had his way, have everyone else possess a similar courage. In his collection of ephemeral papers (he admits their ephemerality) entitled "All Things Considered" (Lane), he more than once condemns journalistic anonymity as the shelter of uncourageous and unstraightforward writers. No one can ever charge him with any such skulking behind an anonym or a pseudonym or an editorial "we." Whatever he has to say he says boldly and unmistakably in the first person singular, and signs his name to it. Letting this latest book of his open itself at random, we find the pronoun of one letter occurring six times on the left-hand page and seven times on the right-hand. Another commendable utterance in the volume concerns phonetic spelling. "Now my own fear," he tells us, "touching any- thing in the way of phonetic spelling, is that it would simply increase this tendency to use words as counters and not as coins. The original life in a word (as in the word ' talent') burns low as it is: sensible spelling might extinguish it altogether. . . . If you spell a word wrong you have some tempta- tion to think it wrong." This and other praise of things genuine and uncorrupted is good. A man in whom simple truth is his utmost skill, we all admire. But Mr. Chesterton's fondness for the startling and the paradoxical betrays him now and then into saying things that he cannot mean. When he jauntily calls himself vulgar, he is either insincere or he attaches a meaning of his own to the adjective; and when he light-heartedly assures us in his preface that he expects his book will turn out to be " unintelligible gibberish," he is not rigorously honest with himself and his readers. If he really suspected himself of writing so much rubbish as his facility and his present popularity combine to make him guilty of, he would refrain from publishing his "unintelligible gibberish," and he would study to produce less, and that of a character more worthy of his genius. It only remains to say that "All Things Considered" has, in its incoherence and scrappiness and in its unrelieved joltiness of style, the Chestertonic quality distilled to quintessential strength. In " The Sense of the Infinite" (Holt) XeinAnitent0 Mr" Oscar Kuhns throws light upon a phase of the subject of Mysticism which, though not new, has seldom been favored with such a clear illumination. And in view of the present marked interest in super-normal states, the book would appear to be of interest as a commentary on the chief historic examples of the highest types of such states. The heart of the subject is laid bare in the second chapter, where to the question "What is the Sense of the Infinite?" the defini- 348 [Nov. 16, THE DIAL tion given is: "That instinct or sense or feeling of the human soul by means of which it is drawn out of every day consciousness and brought into an elevated state of mind, by the contemplation or vision of those things which arouse within us a sense of timeless Being, of the Absolute, the Infinite, the One." And this state of mind, the author finds, comes always from the higher elements of the soul, it owns no kinship with the gross delirium of nar- cotism or inebriety, nor is it gained by selfish gratifi- cation, but ever by a spiritual reaching upward toward that which is not of oneself. The three "Openings into the Infinite" are, Nature, Roman- tic Love, and Religion; and to these three the suc- ceeding chapters are devoted. As a disciple of Dante, the author, as might be expected, is most pleasing in his treatment of the second aditus. It is upon this type of mysticism that profane writers have cast the greatest abuse; and the apologia sent forth by our author is inspiring in that it is not writ- ten in the lesser style of a polemic. To the reli- gious or ethical-philosophic aspect of Transcendent- alism, chapters five to ten are given, including the topics of Platonism, Neo-Platonism, Mediaeval Mys- ticism, the Reformation, and the Pietist Movement. From all the ages, exemplars are called to declare their witness to the truth of the Sense of the Infinite and to its abiding influence in the life of man. And it is this influence in the present that forms the sub- ject of the last chapter of the work; for the Tran- scendant Vision is not of the past alone, but is eternal; nor is it a memory only, but a potent inspir- ation from the Sense of the Infinite. In few popu- lar works of the present time has the essential spirituality of mystic exaltion been so consistently maintained. Miss Eleanor Prescott Hammond has Ch'auc^.lZT Placed Chaucer students under large obligations to her for a very useful volume entitled "Chaucer, a Bibliographical Man- ual" (Macmillan). Without including annotation of the Chaucerian text (except a few well-known Graces), or allusions to Chaucer, or the lighter " liter- ary " essays, or "third-hand" biographies, she has nevertheless filled a volume of nearly six hundred pages with references, well digested abstracts, inde- pendent criticisms, and judiciously selected extracts dealing with all phases of Chaucer's life and works, as well as the works (in a group by themselves) which have been printed with Chaucer's or attri- buted to him. The thoroughness of her work may be illustrated by the section on the "Canterbury Tales," which alone fills 175 pages, and includes elaborate descriptions (from personal observation) of most of the sixty odd manuscripts, with much detailed information regarding the individual tales, and long studies of their dates. The section on English libraries and on some Chaucer students (Shirley, Caxton, Theobald, Bradshaw, ten Brink, Lowell, Child, and Furnivall) is of especial interest; but why fill nineteen pages with the list of publications (all elsewhere mentioned ) of the Chaucer Society — a list which is easily accessible in many books? Some of the matter in the Reference List, more- over,— e. g., the rough lists of articles in Anglia, Englische Studien, and Modern Philology, — seems superfluous; how it can help the student is hard to see. A few reviews of books, especially those on the language of Chaucer, have been omitted; some of these, of course, are not important. As far as we have tested the book, all the important works on Chaucer are noted in the proper places, and there are very few errors of citation or misprints. The index is good. As far as the author's work is con- cerned, then, we have little but praise of the volume, which represents the labor of years. The publish- ers will not have the thanks of students for print- ing a reference book like this (price $3. net) on paper which will not hold ink. BeaUtict Under the title "Realities and Ideals" and ideait (Macmillan) Mr. Frederic Harrison of a Potitivitt. presents a fourth volume of his re- printed essays, all of them being based, despite their variety and diversity, "on one coherent scheme of thought — the Positivist Synthesis, — a reorganiza- tion of life, at once intellectual, moral, and social, by faith in our common humanity." Not quite all, however, of the forty-five articles composing this latest volume are reprints. Three, on the present burning question of woman suffrage, have been prompted by recent public discussion and agitation. England has had ample opportunity of late to see furens quid femina possit, as Mr. Harrison sadly admits; and it is not surprising to find him vehe- mently opposed to any yielding to the demands of the "suffragettes." But when he says of female snfffrage that "the great Republics of France and America decline to risk their peace with any such anomalous fad," he forgets or ignores those States of our country that have, more or less completely, accorded the voting privilege to women. The first and longest essay in the volume, entitled "France and England," and advocating a systematic cooper- ation between the two countries as the key to peace and progress in Europe, was written in 1864, and is now, after forty-four years, reissued in the season of European ententes to which Mr. Harrison has never ceased to look forward. The second part of the book, embracing chapters on literature and art ■— the first part being devoted to social and political questions—is especially attractive. Noteworthy in all these volumes of writings covering half a century in time are the uniform literary excellence which they display. Great leader, Few, PeriodB of history have more of and heroei of the interest that stirs the feelings and modern Italy. aspirations of men than that part of the last century which saw the rise of the spirit of nationality in Western Europe and the unification i of Germany and Italy. There were heroes in those ,days — heroes of the cabinet, leaders in the great 1908.] 349 THE DIAL work of arousing the national spirit and shaping events toward the realization of their hopes and aspirations. Perhaps the most remarkable of all is the group of leaders and heroes to whom modern Italy owes her existence, especially in the wide range of their abilities and the variety of their character- istics. Mazzini the Prophet, Cavour the Statesman, Garibaldi the Crusader, and Victor Emmanuel the King, as they are often named, suggest at once the range of interest and activities of the group. These men, including the earlier patriots Alfieri the Poet, Manzoni the Man of Letters, Gioberti the Philo- sopher, and Manin the "Father of Venice," are interestingly set before the readers of to-day by Mr. Rupert Sargent Holland in a book entitled "Build- ers of United Italy " (Holt). It is well worth read- ing by all who admire brave deeds and heroic self- sacrifice. There is necessarily much repetition in the several sketches of the actors in the one series of events, but this detracts little from the interest, while it deepens the impressions of patriotic self- devotion shown by these great Italians. Young people especially should read the book. deeded reform. Mr- Parmelee has given us, in his in criminal work on "The Principles of Anthro- procedure. pology and Sociology in their Rela- tions to Criminal Procedure" (Macmillan) a very clear and reliable summary of the theories of criminology of the Italian School, and especially of Lombroso, Garofalo, and Ferri. He has not entirely ignored the studies of other modern writers, although he has scarcely done justice to American students in this field. The central idea of the book is the su- perior importance of procedure, as compared with the penal code. He recommends the abolition of the lay jury except for political offences; the appoint- ment of trained judges and prosecutors, both to be educated in criminology and sociology as well as in law; the indeterminate sentence, with scientific study of the criminal at the trial and afterward, with a judi- cial board to revise the sentences periodically ; scien- tific methods of dealing with evidence, as suggested also by Professor Milnsterberg; and the use of ex- perts employed by the state, and not representing private parties, during the trial. The discussion is in every way strong and clear, and deserves the care- ful study of all intelligent citizens. It will help the movement represented by many able lawyers to secure a wider outlook in social science in the edu- cational plans of law schools. Too often ancient prejudices have become intrenched in the minds of lawyers and judges because they had never studied in any laboratory but the law library. The period of mental virility Dr. Osier's thesis — so generally misunderstood—still finds a contro- versial echo in Mr. W. A. Newman Dorland's brochure entitled "The Age of Mental Virility" (Century Co.). The handling of the theme is light, indeed statistically quite inadequate; but the gathering of data of first notable achieve- ments, of the period of the magnum opus, of the length of productive activity of the world's great workers, does leave in its wake a realistic sense of notable accomplishment in the later years. All of which was generally known, and in this volume may be rendered still more familiar. The data as handled yield nothing more than illustrative material, and do not antagonize the essential import of what Dr. Osier had in mind. BRIEFER MENTION. "The Constitutions and Other Select Documents illus- trative of the History of France, 1789-1907," by Pro- fessor Frank Maloy Anderson, is published by the H. W. Wilson Co. This is a revised and greatly en- larged edition of a work first published four years ago. It belongs to the familiar class of source-books for the use of college students of history, and is one of the most thorough compilations of its class. French documentary material is peculiarly attractive in form, and has no little stylistic virtue, wherein it stands in striking contrast to English material of the same sort. All of the French constitutions are here included, and are given nearly intact. Beginning with the decree creating the National Assembly in June, 1789, and ending with a group of documents concerning the recent separatiou of Church and State, this collection leaves practically nothing to be desired by the ordinary student in this most fasci- nating field of modern history. Joshua Sylvester's translation of the "Sepmaine" of Gui Maume de Saluste, Seigneur du Bartos, is chiefly known to English readers through its associations with Milton, who when a boy was profoundly impressed by the poem, and whose "Paradise Lost" shows many evidences of his familiarity with this French Protestant epic. Even Shakespeare did not scorn, upon occasion, to transmute its dross into his gold, and echoes from Sylvester may be heard in many other English poets. The student of literary history is, then, considerably indebted to the new edition of Sylvester which Mr. Theron Wilber Haight has now produced, and which is published by Mr. H. M. Youmans, Waukesha, Wisconsin. As the only edition published since the Restoration period, it is a welcome addition to our apparatus. The volume contains the greater part of Sylvester's work, and the text is modernized, but discreetly treated in this respect. Not the least interesting part of the work is Mr. Haight's breezy introduction, which alluringly invites to the text that follows. A special extra number of The International Studio (Lane) is devoted to Augustus Saint-Gaudens and forms a handsome tribute to the memory of the first of Ameri- can sculptors. Besides a series of photographic repro- ductions in half-tone, showing the development of his art from his first production to his last, there is a brief chronology of his life, a chronological list of his works executed during the forty years from 1867 to 1907, and an appreciative essay by the English sculptor Mr. C. Lewis Hind. Despite the small scale of some of the illustrations, it is possible to gain from them a very fair idea of the strength and the limitations of Saint-Gaudens. In all that he did the master's fine feeling for the plas- tic nature of his material is evident; the treatment is always consistently dignified, and marked by careful 350 [Nov. 16, THE DIAL avoidance of theatrical effects. A certain quality, best described as pictorial, detracts a little from the merit of some of his portraits in relief. But in his more im- portant productions he rises to the height of unquestion- able greatness. The compelling charm of these works is keenly felt by Mr. Hind, and his intelligent and sympathetic essay is written under their spell. Notes. "Buddhism and Immortality," by Mr. William Sturgis Bigelow, is the Ingersoll Lecture for 1908, now published in a small volume by the Houghton Mifflin Co. "Extempore Speaking for School and College," by Professor Edwin DuBois Shutter, is a small manual of instruction, with illustrations and exercises, published by Messrs. Ginn & Co. The Linacre Lecture for 1908, having "Thomas Linacre" for its subject, was given by Professor William Osier, and is now published in book form at the Cambridge University Press. George Bancroft's official eulogy of Lincoln, pro- nounced upon the occasion of the President's death, is republished in a small book — " Abraham Lincoln, a Tribute " — by the A Wessels Co. "Holland," by Miss Esther Singleton, is published by Messrs. A. C. McClurg & Co. in their " Standard Gal- leries " series of art-guides for the tourist. The volume has nearly half a hundred full-page illustrations. Mr. Ernest Newman has written a critical biography of Richard Strauss for the "Living Masters of Music" series, published by Mr. John Lane. A personal chap- ter is contributed by Mr. Alfred Kalisch, and the book has numerous illustrations. The latest school-book publications of the American Book Co. are the following: "Physios for Secondary Schools," by Mr. Charles F. Adams; « Practical Ele- mentary Algebra," by Professor Joseph V. Collins; "A Punctuation Primer," by Miss Frances M. Perry; and " How the World is Clothed," a new geographical reader by Mr. Frank G. Carpenter. "The International Encyclopedia of Prose and Poetical Quotations," compiled by Mr. William S. Walsh, is published by the John C. Winston Co. The quotations are from upwards of a dozen languages, and are classified under a single alphabetical arrangement. The volume is of a thousand pages, is printed on thin paper, and is bound in limp leather. Miss Cornelia Beare has edited for " Merrill's English Texts" George Eliot's "Silas Marner," and provided the introduction and notes customary in the case of such school editions. Jane Austen's "Pride and Prejudice" is similarly edited by Miss Josephine Woodbury Heer- mans, and published (in villainously small type) as a "Pocket Classic" by the Macmillan Co. Professor Charles J. Bullock's "Introduction to the Study of Economics" has been for over ten years one of the best of elementary texts upon this essential sub- ject of secondary education. The third edition, now published by Messrs. Silver, Burdett & Co., is thor- oughly revised as to the statistical matter, and has a new chapter upon railway transportation. The poems of John Ruskin form a new volume in "The Muses' Library," published by Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co. The introductory essay by Mr. G. K. Chesterton is naturally amusing, but hardly illuminat- ing. But the poems are well deserving of a place in this series. Although written very early in life, and insignificant in comparison with the author's prose, they deserve a better fate than oblivion, and we are glad to find them made accessible to the public in an inexpen- sive form. "Principles of Physiology and Hygiene," by Dr. George Wells Fitz, is a new school publication of Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. It is a highly satisfactory text for high schools, and its treatment of the moot ques- tion of stimulants and narcotics is considerably less offen- sive to scientific method than is customary with works of this class. The subject is taken by itself, for one thing, instead of being impertinently intruded into every chapter. List of New Books. [The following list, containing 145 titles, includes books received Ay The Dial since its last issue.] BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES. Other Days: Being Chronicles and Memories of the Stage. By William Winter. Illus. in photogravure, etc., large 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 889. Moffat, Yard & Co. $3. net. My Dlfe. 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