nowledged to be. The spirit of his criti-
cism is well indicated in a few words of his own,
prefixed to the present volume: "When I speak of
Criticism I have in mind not merely the more or less
deft use of commentary or indication, but one of the
several ways of literature, and in itself a rare and
fine art: the marriage of science that knows and of
spirit that discerns. The basis of Criticism is imag-
ination, its spiritual quality is simplicity, its intellec-
tual distinction is balance." In turning his pages
one cannot but note his partiality to the more melo-
dious or sensuous element in poetry, and his conse-
quent fondness for Rossetti and Swinburne, the
latter of whom he praises for his "magnificence of
music and splendour of imagery." One might per-
haps pardonably comment in passing on certain occa-
sional mannerisms of Sharp's; for instance, his use
of the cumbrous circumlocutions "anterior to " and
"posterior to," when he simply means "before"
and "after," lacks the quality of " simplicity "which
he himself so highly commends. The book supplies
a need in gathering together in suitable form these
excellent critical essays.
. . ,. , , «The Last Episode of the French
A ioeialittof . r
the French Revolution (Small, Maynard & Lo.)
Revolution. jg j^e somewhat questionable title
which Mr. Ernest Belford Bax gives to his history
of " Gracchus " Babeuf and the "Conspiracy of the
Equals"; an ungrateful subject even for a radical
writer, because the socialistic schemes of Babeuf were
crude and his personality uninteresting. Mr. Bax
undertook the task to carry out a wish expressed by
the late William Morris that there might be in En-
glish a reliable biography of Babeuf and a statement
of his theories. Babeuf's sole claim to distinction is
as a precursor of the nineteenth-century socialists of
the Blanquist type. Like some of the militant syndi-
calists of the present day, he proposed to seize power
and transform society by one great act of revolu-
tionary violence, accompanied by a holocaust of the
minions of the existing order. The Directory and
the two Councils were to be "immediately judged
by the people," and any official, high or low, who
attempted any action whatever, should be slain, as
well as foreigners found in the streets. Mr. Bax
transcribes this from the "Act of Insurrection," but
finds the informer Grisel's description of Babeuf as
a " blood-thirsty tiger" unjustifiable; as perhaps it
was, for Babeuf seems to have been suffering from
lack of imagination rather that from natural ferocity.
Mr. Bax, however, takes a critical attitude toward
his hero's notions of social reorganization,—"as if,"
he says, " society could be voluntarily built up over-
night, based on abstract concepts, and finished off
in its details by the artistic sense of a few capable
leaders." The conclusions of this book are based
especially upon the journals and pronunciamentos of
Babeuf and the narrative of Buonarroti, a fellow-
conspirator. In the study of contemporary public
opinion, Mr. Bax might well have used Professor
Aulard's excerpts from the reports of the secret
police, which would have guarded him against ac-
cepting Babeuf's estimate of the strength of his
following. The conspiracy seems to have collapsed
amid public indifference.
Old Testament That the Old Testament possesses
reiembiancet in many characteristics in common with
other literature*. 0tner ancient oriental literature is
clearly evident to any reader of Mr. R. W. Rogers's
"Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament" (Eaton
& Mains). The wide range of its mythological,
literary, and historical material is paralleled in a
marvellous manner by some of the choicest bits of
ancient Sumerian, Assyrian, and Babylonian liter-
ature. The creation of man and animals, the clash
of good and evil, the stories of the deluge, have
their counterpart in the mythology of the early
inhabitants of Babylonia. Some of the far-famed
mythologies of Greece and Rome are tame and com-
monplace by the side of the Babylonian myths of
Adapa, of Gilgamesh, of Ishtar's descent into Hades,
and of Nergal and Ereshkigal. The hymns and
prayers of those old Mesopotamean worthies and
monarchs rank high in comparison with the psalms
and wisdom elements of the Old Testament. They
addressed the numerous deities of their pantheon,
and have embodied in their prayers the chief attri-
butes and powers of each deity. The chronological
material supplied in the Babylonian and Assyrian
lists is among the most useful in fixing some of the
hitherto aggravating chronology of the Old Testa-
ment But the real wealth of the cuneiform literature
for the Old Testament is found in the numerous his-
torical texts reaching from Hammurabi of the first
dynasty of Babylon, about 2000 b. c, down to Cyrus,
538B.C.—a period of nearly 1500 years. Of nearly
all the translations, done anew in this volume, we
have the transliterations in footnotes, and full refer-
ences to other treatments of the same text. Forty-
eight half-tone plates and a map decorate and vivify
the text, and help make this an indispensable new
tool for students of the Old Testament.
Rambling letters from a wayfarer
frVZ^MUU.™* "S<*nted We8 and Coral Gar-
dens," of Torres Straits, German
NewGuinea, and the Dutch East Indies, are combined
by Mr. C. D. Mackellar with accounts of travel along
the Great Barrier Reef of Australia, and sojourns in
Singapore, Macao, Hong-Kong, Canton, Shanghai,
and Yokahoma. It is the traveller's Orient, with its
more or less familiar stories, gathered afloat and
ashore, which is here revealed. The picture of life
aboard a coasting steamer flying the German flag is
a more intimate account, as is also the portrayal of
conditions in German New Guinea in 1900, when the
colonies were making their first considerable inroads
upon the jungle and its head-hunters. The author
is evidently a keenly observant traveller, quick to


1912.]
143
THE DIAL
detect the whims and foibles of his fellow tourists, to
criticize the political and industrial policy of Great
Britain — or, rather, of the English, for the writer
never forgets that he is a Scot,—to commend German
enterprise, and to pass his casual comment upon the
industrial, commercial, social, and political condi-
tions and prospects of the communities and races
with whom he came in contact. A considerable
amount of guide-book information finds its way into
the book, but this is everywhere enlivened by the
colloquial style, or by anecdote, verse, or jest, so
that the reader is loth to leave the tale. The illus-
trations are abundant, and, barring the crudely
colored plates, well executed; but the type face and
often over-crowded lines detract from the reader's
pleasure in the use of the book. (Dutton.)
No insects exhibit more beautiful col-
moth-'ove" 0TS an<^ c°l°r patterns than the moths,
especially the large night-flying ones;
and few animals offer so entrancing a field for the
amateur naturalist to pry into the secrets of nature
and not only to bring to light worlds of hidden and
unsuspected beauty but also to add to the sum of
human knowledge. Mrs. Gene Stratton-Porter, in
her "Moths of the Limberlost" (Doubleday), has
rendered both services for these too little-known but
very interesting creatures. No one can read her full
accounts of her experiences with them, in egg, cat-
erpillar, pupa, and full-blown moth stages, without
catching her enthusiasm and straightway wishing for
a swamp equalling the Limberlost in its treasures.
The illustrations are abundant, though some of the
plates of scenery are scarcely germane to the work.
The coloration in most of the reproductions of the
moths and caterpillars is excellent, although in
some instances a certain haziness, due to technique,
obscures details. Some crudities should have been
eliminated in editing,—as, for example, the use of
"organism" for organ, of "close" for close to,—as
well as certain grammatical inaccuracies. The au-
thor exhibits a fine scorn for the scientist and his
shortcomings, and holds a brief for the nature-lover.
Her observations are scientifically valuable, however,
her narrative is entertaining, her enthusiasm catch-
ing, and her revelations so stimulating that one
readily forgives some minor defects in bookmaking.
BRIEFER MEN TION.
Professor James W. Garner's "Government in the
United States, National, State, and Local" (American
Book Co.) is a high-school text book of the typical sort.
It emphasizes the actual workings of government, and
in its "research questions " puts a good many subjects
for discussion and argument up to the student.
Before one begins a serious and systematic study of
social science he may be helped on his way by a concise
sketch which will indicate the general direction he must
take and the value of the study in relation to his own
activities and interests. But such a sketch is by no
means a substitute for scientific investigation of the
fundamental principles of economics, sociology, and law.
The experience of Mr. William M. Balch, author of
"Christianity and the Labor Movement" (Sherman,
French & Co.), has enabled him to interpret the subject
to religious persons who have not studied it in a sys-
tematic way, and he has done bis work in a clear and
forcible style.
"Modern Drama and Opera" is a reference reading
list published by the Boston Book Co., and prepared by
Mrs. Clara Norton, Mr. Frank K. Walter, and Miss
Fanny Elsie Marquand. Texts and critical reviews are
listed upon the following authors: D'Annunzio, Haupt-
mann, Ibsen, Jones, Maeterlinck, Phillips, Pinero, Ros-
tand, Shaw, Sudermann, Debussy, Puccini, and Richard
Strauss.
In a volume styled "The Poet's Song of Poets"
(Badger), Mrs. Anna Sheldon Camp Sneath does once
more what has been done several times already —
collects into an anthology the best-known pieces "in
which the poets express their appreciation and estimate
of their fellow poets." The subjects of these estimates
range through English literature from Chaucer to
Browning.
The sixteenth chapter of Dr. C. Alphonso Smith's
Amerikanische Literatur (already fully reviewed in these
columns) is perhaps the most interesting in the entire
book. It is a luminous discussion of the structure,
philosophy, and history of the American short story.
A translation of this chapter into English has been pub-
lished separately by Messrs. Ginn & Co., and should
find a welcome both with general readers and in the
college classroom.
Andrew Lang's last book, the history of English lit-
erature announced a few days before his death, was for-
tunately finished before the pen fell from his hand, and
proves to be a volume of 700 pages (Longmans),
written with the author's characteristic lightness of
touch and easy command of his theme, but also with
those occasional slight misstatements and questionable
judgments which could hardly fail to appear in the
pages of so rapid and prolific a writer. His assertion
that Emerson is now a dead factor in American litera-
ture will evoke quick contradiction from not a few of
his readers; and his passing misquotation from Long-
fellow's "Psalm of Life" will be noted, with other slips
of a similar sort, as justifying the "Athenseum" in its
recent reference to the demon of inaccuracy that so
often sat at his side. But any Dryasdust can give us
accuracy of detail; only here and there a writer can
charm us into indifference toward such small matters.
Miss Jennette E. C. Lincoln's researches in the open-
air revels and games of Old England, and the application
of the results of her researches to her work as instructor
in physical culture, have well prepared her for the pro-
duction of "The Festival Book, May-Day Pastimes,
and the May Pole" (A. S. Barnes Co.), which will be
found exceedingly helpful by all who are trying to
make the out-door life of the young healthful and beau-
tiful. The brief introductory chapter gives enough of a
historical setting to stimulate interest in this form of
pastime; and to the materials derived from England in
its pleasure-loving days have been added accounts of
some folk dances from Sweden, Scotland, and elsewhere.
By means of illustrations, diagrams, music, and minute
instructions as to costumes, etc., the beauties and plea-
sures of the open-air pageant and festival are brought
within the possibilities of all.


144
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
Notes.
A study of "Modern Italian Literature," by Mr.
LacyCollison-Morley, appears on Messrs. Little, Brown,
& Co.'s autumn list.
New volumes of essays by Samuel McChord Crothers,
Bliss Perry, Agnes Repplier, John Burroughs, and
Meredith Nicholson are an attractive feature of Hough-
ton Mifflin Co.'s autumn list.
Mr. Charles H. Caffin, author of " How to Study Pic-
tures," etc., has been abroad gathering material for his
book on "The Story of British Painting," which will be
one of the Century Co.'s fall issues.
Yoshio Markino, the author of " A Japanese Artist
in London," is writing another volume, "When I Was
a Child," which describes his youth in his native coun-
try and dwells on the training and education of Jap-
anese children.
Two literary biographies of exceptional interest, to
be issued shortly by Houghton Mifflin Co., are "The
Three Brontes," by Miss May Sinclair; and the Life
and Letters of John Rickman, friend of Charles Lamb,
by Mr. Orlo Williams.
Mr. Clayton Sedgwick Cooper has put the fruit of
much travel among educational institutions, both in this
country and abroad, and of study of college conditions,
into a book entitled "Why Go to College," which the
Century Co. will issue during the fall.
"London Lavender " is the title of a new novel by
Mr. E. V. Lucas, which the Macmillan Co. will publish
during the autumn. The same house also announces
another of Mr. Lucas's well-known "Wanderer" books
— this time "A Wanderer in Florence."
A pocket edition of the romances of Theophile
Gautier, as translated and edited by Professor F. C. de
Sumichrast, will be published in ten volumes by Messrs.
Little, Brown, & Co. Uniform with this set will appear
Gautier's books of travel, in seven volumes.
A volume of hitherto unpublished letters by Ulysses
S. Grant will be issued during the autumn by Messrs.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. They were written by Grant to
his father and his youngest sister during the months
preceding the Civil War and during the years of cam-
paigning.
A new novel by Gerhardt Hauptmann, entitled
"Atlantis," is announced for early publication by Mr.
B. W. Huebsch. At the same time there will be issued
by the same publisher Volume I. of an authorized
complete edition of Hauptmann's plays, edited by Mr.
Ludwig Lewisohn.
To his excellent series of critical studies of modern
authors, Mr. Mitchell Kennerley will add Ave new vol-
umes during the next few months, the subjects and au-
thors being as follows: Thomas Hardy, by Lascelles
Abercrombie; Walter Pater, by Edward Thomas; Wil-
liam Morris, by John Drink water; A. C. Swinburne,
by Edward Thomas; George Gissing, by Frank Swin-
nerton.
A record of American publishing that should rival in
interest Mr. J. Henry Harper's account of " The House
of Harper" is announced for autumn issue in "A
Memoir of George Palmer Putnam; together with a
Record of the Earlier Years of the Publishing House
Founded by Him." The author of the work is Mr.
George Haven Putnam, the present head of the house
of Putnam.
A gift-book possessing something more than transient
value and interest is "The Modern Reader's Chauoer,"
which the Macmillan Co. has in active preparation. The
volume will comprise Chaucer's complete poetical works,
newly rendered into modern English by Messrs. John
S. P. Tatlock and Percy MacKaye. A series of thirty-
two full-page illustrations in color will be contributed
by Mr. Warwick Goble.
"My Friends at Brook Farm," an illustrated volume
of memories by Mr. John Van Der Zee Sears, will be
issued this month by Desmond FitzGerald, Inc. The
author, one of the few survivors of the Brook Farm
Association, gives his personal recollections of his asso-
ciates in this movement, including such celebrities as
Emerson, Hawthorne, Horace Greeley, Margaret Fuller,
George Ripley, Charles A. Dana, and many others.
What will undoubtedly prove "the book of the sea-
son" is announced by Messrs. Soribner in "The Letters
of George Meredith," edited by his son. These letters
extend over some fifty years, beginning — except for a
few scattered notes from his boyhood — about 1858,
when Meredith was thirty years old, and after his first
marriage. Among his correspondents are included his
life-long friends, John Morley and Admiral Maxse,
besides Frederick Greenwood, Chapman the publisher,
Leslie Stephen, Robert Louis Stevenson, Trevelyan, and
many others, besides a group of family friends and some
of the members of his own household.
Topics in Leading Periodicals.
September, 1912.
American Forum, The. French Strother . World's Work
American Impressions — VI. Arnold Bennett . Harper.
Anglo-American Memories, Some. C.M.Francis. Bookman.
Art Schools, Some, and Art Students. Dorothy
Furniss Bookman.
Bryan, Mr. Ellery Sedgwick Atlantic.
Chicago and Baltimore American.
Citizen, The Automatic. T. R. Marshall . . . Atlantic.
College Life To-Day. R. S. Bourne . . North American.
Commission Government, Real Problem of.
Oswald Ryan Popular Science.
Community Control in Canada. E.E.Ferris. World's Work.
Compiegne, Enchanting Forest of. Lillie II. French. Century.
Confederacy. Sunset of the—VII. Morris Sohaff. Atlantic.
Continental Visits, Some. Madame de Hegermann-
Lindencrone Harper.
Conventions, The Two, at Chicago. R. H. Davis. Scribner.
Coiiperator's Big Dollar. F. P. Stockbridge. World's Work.
Cosmopolitanism and Catholicism. K.H.Benson. No.Amer.
Democracy in Europe. S. P. Orth . . . North American.
Dreams, New Interpretation of. Samuel McComb. Century.
Economic Orthodoxy, Revival of. S. M. Patten. Pop. Sci.
Fagan, James O., Autobiography of Atlantic.
French, The, in the Heart of America. John Finley. Scribner.
Hawaii, Holidays in. John Burroughs .... Century.
High Cost of Living. B. F. Yoakum . . World's Work.
Homes, American. Ida M. Tarbell .... American.
Hookworm and Civilization. W. H. Page. World's Work.
Hunger, The Nature of. W. B. Cannon. Popular Science.
Ibsen and Company on the Japanese Stage. Yone
Noguchi Bookman.
Imagination in Business, Uses of. T. S. Knowlson. Century.
Italian Qardens, Two. M. D. Armstrong . . . Atlantic.
Japanese, The. Arthur M. Knapp Atlantic.
Japan's Late Emperor and His Successor. Adachi
Kinnosuke Review of Reviews.
Johnson, Hiram, Political Revivalist . Review of Reviews.
Labor, The Efficiency of. C. B. Going. Review of Reviews.
Lang, Andrew. Stuart Henry Bookman,


1912.]
145
THE
DIAL
Lang, Andrew, and His Work. J. R. Foster. Rev. of Revs.
Lincoln, Anecdotes of. Helen Nicolay .... Century.
Lion-Hunting. Stewart Edward White . . . American.
Marcgrave, George. E. W. Gudger . . Popular Science.
Medicine, Research in. R. M. Pearce. . Popular Science.
Memories, Some Early. Henry Cabot Lodge . . Scribner.
Meredith, George, Letters of — II Scribner.
Meses, Wind-Graved, and Their Message. C. R.
Keyes Popular Science.
Munich, Literary. Amelia Von Ende .... Bookman.
Mntsnhito the Great. W. E. Griffis . . North American.
National Contribution, A. Edith Wyait. North American.
New York, Picturesque — III. F. Hopkinson
Smith Worlds Work.
Orinoco, Upper, Adventuring along the. Caspar
Whitney Harper.
Painter-Etching, American. F. Weitenkampf . Scribner.
Panama Canal, The Family and the. Mary G.
Humphreys Scribner.
Party Alignment, Logic of the Coming. Jesse
Macy Review of Reviews.
Peace-Education and Peace. Sir Francis Vane. American.
Phantoms behind Us. John Burroughs. North American.
Play, a Good — What It Is. Walter P. Eaton . American.
Poe, Poet of the Night. La Salle C. Pickett . Lippincott.
Political Situation, The. George Harvey. North American.
Progressives at Chicago. William Menkel . Rev. of Revs.
Publicity and Trust*. Robert Luce . Review of Reviews.
Railroads, Regulation of. J. S. Pardee .... American.
Rhodesia: The Last Frontier. E. A. Powell . . Scribner.
Rome, Contemporaneousness of. S. M. Crothers. Atlantic.
Roosevelt's Character, Keynote of. B. Oilman. Rev. of Revs.
Rural Problem, The, and the Country Minister.
J. W. Strout . , Atlantic.
Saranac Lake, Sanitary. Stephen Chalmers. World's Work.
Science, In the Noon of. John Burroughs . . . Atlantic.
Scientific Management, Moral Value of. W. C. Redfield. All.
Securities of Public Service Corporations. E. S.
Meade Lippincott.
Shakespeare and Others, Translations of. Arthur
Benington North American.
Socialism and the American Farmer. Charles
Johnston North American.
Spirals, Story of the. Edward A. Fath .... Century.
Sun-Storms and the Earth. E. W. Maunder . . Harper.
Teacher of Politics, A Great .... Review of Reviews.
Telepathy — Is It a Fact or a Delusion? J. B.
Quackenbog North American.
Tennessee Mountains, Literary Life in the.
Montrose J. Moses Bookman.
Trouville — A Paris by the Sea. Harrison Rhodes. Harper.
Turgenief: The Man. P. S. Moxom . . North American.
Twain, Mark — XI. Albert Bigelow Paine . . . Harper.
Vocational Schools. John Mills .... Popular Science.
Wage-Earners and the Tariff. W. Jett Lanck . Atlantic.
West Point, A Plebe's Life at. W. S. Sample. Lippincott.
Wilson — Taft — Roosevelt World's Work.
Working One's Way through College. Joseph
Elluer Review of Reviews.
List of New Books.
[The following list, containing 55 titles, includes books
received by Thb Dial since its last issue.]
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
Fifty Years of Prison Service: An Autobiography. By
Zebulon Reed Brockway. Illustrated. 12mo, 437 pages. New
York: Charities Publication Committee. I2.net.
The Ruin of a Princess aB Told by the Duchess d'Angouleme,
Madame Elizabeth, Sister of Louis XVI.. and Clery. the
King's Valet de Chambre; literally translated by Katharine
Preacott Wormeley. Illustrated in photogravure. 8vo, 329
pages. New York: Lamb Publishing Co. t3.net.
Illustrious Dames of the Court of the Valois Kings. By
Pierre de Bourdeille and C. A. Sainte-Beuve; literally trans-
lated by Katharine Preacott Wormeley. Illustrated in pho-
gravure, 8vo, 308 pages. New York: Lamb Publishing Co.
The Life and Speeches of Charles Brantley Ay cock. By
R. D. W. Connor and Clarence Poe. Illustrated, 12mo, 369
pages. Doubleday, Page & Co.
HISTORY.
In Old South Hadley. By Sophie E. Eastman. Illustrated. 8vo,
221 pages. Springfield: H.R. Huntting Co., Inc. $2 50 net.
The Leading Facts of New Mexican History. By Ralph
Emerson Twitchell, Esq. Volume II.; illustrated in photo-
gravure, etc., large 8vo, 631 pages. Cedar Rapids: Torch
Press. 16. net.
Ancient Assyria. By C. H. W. Johns. Litt. D. Illustrated.
12mo. 176 pages. "Cambridge Manuals of Science and Lit-
erature." Q. P. Putnam's Sons. 40 cts. net.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
A Mount Holyoke Book of Prose and Verse. Edited by
Elizabeth Crane Porter. 1909. and Frances Lester Warner,
1911. 12mo, 176 pages. Cambridge: Riverside Press. 11.35.
Outlines of the History of German Literature. By J. G.
Robertson. 12mo, 820 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.36 net.
The Hamlet Problem and Its Solution. By Emerson Ven-
able. 12mo. 106 pages. Stewart & Kidd Co. $1. net.
Shakespeare's Richard the Second. Edited, with Introduc-
tion and Appendixes, by Henry Newbolt. 12mo, 172 pages.
Oxford University Press.
Poems of Love and Death. By John Drinkwater. 12mo.
63 pages. London: David Nntt.
Interpretations: A Book of First Poems. By Zoe A kin s. l2mo,
120 pages. Mitchell Kennerley. $1.26 net.
FICTION.
A Woman of Genius. By Mary Austin. 12mo, 510 pages.
Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.35 net.
Kay Iverson Tackles Life. By Elizabeth Jordan. Illustrated,
12mo, 246 pages. Harper & Brothers. $1.25 net.
Their Yesterdays. By Harold Bell Wright. Illustrated in
color. 12mo, 311 pages. Chicago: Book Supply Co. 11.30 net.
My Lady's Garter. By Jacques Futrelle. Illustrated, 12mo,
332 pages. Rand, McNally & Co. tl.35 net.
Where There's a Will. By Mary Roberts Rinehart. Illus-
trated. 12mo, 352 pages. Bobbs-Merrill Co. $1.30 net.
"C. Q.": or. In the Wireless House. By Arthur Train.
Illustrated. 12mo. 301 pages. Century Co. $1.20 net.
The Illarshal. By Mary Raymond Shipman Andrews. Illus-
trated. 12mo, 422 pages. Bobbs-Merrill Co. $1.35 net.
The Moth. By William Dana Orcutt. With frontispiece. 12mo.
836 pages. Harper & Brothers. $1.30 net.
The Woman. By Albert Pay son Terhune; founded on William
C. de Mille's play of the same name. Illustrated, i2mo, 342
pages. Bobbs-Merrill Co. $1.25 net.
The Secret of Lonesome Cove. By Samuel Hopkins Adams.
Illustrated. 12mo, 340 pages. Bobbs-Merrill Co. $1.26 net.
The Conrt of St. Simon. By Anthony Partridge. Illustrated.
12mo. 340 pages. Little, Brown & Co. $1.25 net.
The Jingo. By George Randolph Chester. Illustrated, 12mo.
393 pages. Bobbs-Merrill Co. $1.35 net.
The Bed Button. By Will Irwin. Illustrated, 12mo, 370 pages.
Bobbs-Merrill Co. $1.30 net.
The Master of Mysteries: Being an account of the problems
solved by Astro, seer of secrets, and his love affair with
Valeska Wynne, his assistant. Illustrated, 12mo. 480 pages.
Bobbs-Merrill Co. $1.35 net.
The Prelude to Adventure. By Hugh Walpole. 12mo, 308
pages. Century Co. $1.20 net.
The Gilt of Abou Hassan. By Francis Perry Elliott. Illus-
trated. 12mo, 314 pages. Little, Brown & Co. $1.25 net.
The Mldlanders. By Charles Tenney Jackson. Illustrated,
12mo. 386 pages. Bobbs-Merrill Co. $1.35 net.
His Uncle's Wife. By Ruth Neuberger. 12mo. 175 pages.
New York: Alice Harriman Co. $1. net.
Miss 818 and Mr. 87. By Rupert Hughes. Illustrated, 12mo,
128 pages. Fleming H. Revell Co. 75 cts. net.
Scnfflea. By Sally Nelson Robins. Illustrated, 12mo. 207 pages.
New York: Alice Harriman Co. $1. net.


146
[Sept. 1,
THE
DIAL
PUBLIC AFFAIRS.
The Courts, The Constitution and Parties: Studies in
Constitutional History and Politics. By Andrew C,
McLaughlin. Unto, 299 pages. University of Chicago Press.
$1.50 net.
Woman In Modern Society. By Earl Barnes. l2mo, 257
pages. B. W. Huebsch. $1.25 net.
SCIENCE.
Outlines of Evolutionary Biology. By Arthur Bendy,
F. R.S. Illustrated, 8vo. O. Appleton & Co. $3.50 net.
A Popular Guide to Minerals. By L. P. Gratacap, A.M.
Illustrated. 8vo, 330 pages. D. Van Nostrand Co. $3. net.
Microbes and Toxins. By Dr. Etienne Burnet; with Preface
by Elie Metehinkoff; translated from the French by Dr.
Charles Brouquet and W. M. Scott, M.D. Illustrated, 8vo,
316 pages. "Science Series." G. P. Putnum's Sons. $2. net.
New or Little Known Titanotheres from the Lower
Uintah Formations. By Elmer S. Riggs. Illustrated.
8vo. 41 pages. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History.
Paper.
RELIGION.
Egypt to Canaan ; or, Lectures on the Spiritual Meanings of
the Exodus. By A. H. Tuttle. 12mo, 286 pages. Eaton &
Mains. $1. net.
The Apostles' Creed. By Henry Wheeler. 12mo, 200 pages.
Eaton & Mains. 75 cts. net.
EDUCATION.
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THE DIAL
9 Scotf'JBoitttilg Journal of iLttcrarg Criticism, Di'soissi'on, anb Information.
THE1 2>/4i (founded in 2880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
eetch month. Tkbms or Subscription, 82. a year in advance, postage
prepaid in the United State*, and Mexico; Foreign and Canadian
postage 50 cents per year extra. Rkmitta nces should be by check, or
by express or postal order, payable to THE DIAL COMPANY,
unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the current
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is desired. Advkrtihinq Rates furnished on application. All com~
'' >ns should be addressed to
THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago.
is Second-Glass Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post Office
at Chicago, Illinois, under Act of March 3,1879.
No. 630. SEPTEMBER 16, 1912. Vol. LILT.
Contents.
PAGE
BOOKS OF THE COMING YEAR 179
THE NOMAD IN LITERATURE. Charles Leonard
Moore 181
CASUAL COMMENT 183
Incentives to literary effort.—The desire for informa-
tion on a great variety of subjects. — To lovers of
the English Lake District.—Machine-made fiction.—
The dormant library trustee. — A monumental in-
dex. — The final fall of the auctioneer's hammer on
the Hoe Library. — A warning from the "Arabian
Nights." — Mr. Sanborn at eighty-one. — A public
library with no dead books. — The Goldwin Smith
lectures at Cornell.
COMMUNICATIONS 188
The Appraisal of Contemporary Greatness. W. T.
Lamed.
Some Disputed Points in the Story of Old Fort
Dearborn. J. Seymour Cvrrey.
RETROSPECTS OF A RETIRED WAR VETERAN.
Percy F. Btcknell 188
IDEALS AND TENDENCIES IN PRESENT-DAY
SOCIALISM. 7ra B. Crow 190
Miss Scudder's Socialism and Character.—Vedder's
Socialism and the Ethics of Jesus. — Spargo and
Arner's Elements of Socialism.—Socialism and the
Great State. — Spargo's Applied Socialism.
THE RECORDS OF THE FEDERAL CONVEN-
TION. St. George L. Sioussat 192
RESEARCHES IN THE REALM OF FAERIE.
Arthur C. L. Brown 194
THE CONFLICT WITH CRIMINALITY. Charles
Richmond Henderson 195
Devon's The Criminal and the Community.—
McConnell's Criminal Responsibility and Social
Constraint.—Whitin's Penal Servitude.— Currier's
The Present-Day Problem of Crime. — Brock way's
Fifty Years of Prison Service.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 197
Studies of frankness in literature. — The story of a
prophet and his reward. — A prisoner of war in Vir-
ginia.—The ways of words. — The undying charm
of old England. — Records of two Elizabethan prin-
cesses. — Social conditions in a New England factory
town. — Literary landmarks of London in pen and
pencil.—A noblewoman of the French Revolution.—
Ecstatic letters from the land of dolce far niente.
BRIEFER MENTION 201
NOTES 201
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF FALL BOOKS 202
(A classified list of the new books planned for publi-
cation during the coming Fall and Winter season.)
BOOKS OF THE COMING YEAR.
Following a custom of many years, we pub-
lish in this issue of The Dial a classified list
of the fall announcements of the chief American
publishing houses, to serve as a guide for libra-
rians and booksellers, and to whet the appetites
of individual book lovers in anticipation of the
literary feast which the coming months have in
store for them. Likewise in accordance with
our custom, we take this occasion to select from
the thousands of titles offered a few of those
that seem worthy of special mention for their
promise of entertainment or instruction, restrict-
ing our selection, however, to the categories of
biography, history, general belletristic litera-
ture, and fiction.
It is a venturesome thing to guess at what is
likely to prove "the book of the year," but we
shall probably not go far wrong in naming the
"Letters of George Meredith" for that distinc-
tion. The collection has been edited by the son
of the poet-novelist, and extends over a full half-
century. Among those to whom the letters are
addressed are Lord Morley, Leslie Stephen,
Frederick Greenwood, and Robert Louis Steven-
son, and we may well believe that such corres-
pondents brought out the best that Meredith
had to give. A few examples already published
make it clear that he by no means kept all his
good things for his books. An important work
of American biography will be " The Personal
and Literary Life of Samuel Langhorne Clem-
ens," by Mr. Albert Bigelow Paine, the literary
executor of the great humorist. "The New
Life of Byron," by Miss Ethel Colburn Mayne,
promises to discuss the ugly scandal first raised
by Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe, and revived by
Lord Lovelace's "Astarte" in 1905. We hope
that the author does not treat this unsavory
matter seriously. John Bigelow's "Retrospec-
tions of an Active Life" will be completed with
the publication of two new volumes, making
five in all. Miss May Sinclair's study of " The
Three Brontes" will, we fancy, be chiefly inter-
esting as a revelation of the writer's own tempera-
ment. A singularly interesting and readable
volume of reminiscences will be Mr. James
Kendall Hosmer's "The Last Leaf," being "ob-
servations during seventy-five years of men and
events in America and England." Mr. Hos-
mer's association with the political and intellec-


180
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL,
tual movements of the past half-century has been
intimate, and his memoirs cannot fail to be illumi-
nating. The "Memoir of George Palmer Put-
nam," by his son Mr. George Haven Putnam, will
doubtless form a contribution to American pub-
lishing annals of permanent value and interest.
The department of history does not offer any
work of forthstanding importance, but there are
many special studies in restricted fields that
promise to be of value. We note in particular
the "New France and New England" of Mr.
James Douglas, the "Italy in the Thirteenth
Century" of Mr. Henry D. Sedgwick, and
"The Grandeur That Was Rome" by Mr. J.
C. Stobart. We note also that the eighth vol-
ume of Mr. J. B. McMaster's "History of the
People of the United States," completing the
work as planned over thirty years ago, and
bringing it down to the outbreak of the Civil
War, is now ready for publication.
The category of general literature is mainly
remarkable for its profusion of volumes of col-
lected essays. Dr. S. M. Crothers, Mr. Mere-
dith Nicholson, Mr. Brander Matthews, Mr.
John Burroughs, Miss Agnes Repplier, Mr.
G. K. Chesterton, Mr. John Galsworthy, Mr.
Hilaire Belloc, Mr. Frederic Harrison, Mr.
Austin Dobson, " Vernon Lee," the late Lionel
Johnson, and M. Maeterlinck are all to be
represented this year. This is a list to justify
one in saying with Mr. Squeers: "Here's
richness!" We shall await with much interest
such books as Mr. Irving Babbitt's "Masters
of Modern French Criticism," and " Some En-
glish Story Tellers" by Mr. Frederic Tabor
Cooper. A very attractive announcement is that
of a series of critical studies in separate volumes
of substantial size, of modern English writers.
The forthcoming volumes have for their subjects
Hardy, Pater, Swinburne, William Morris, and
George Gissing.
Books about the theatre and books of plays
fill a large place among our announcements. The
most important is "The Wallet of Time," by
Mr. William Winter, in which our veteran dra-
matic critic reviews the history of the American
stage from the time of Junius Brutus Booth to
the present day. This is likely to prove the
crowning work of Mr. Winter's life-long devo-
tion to whatsoever things are lovely and of good
report in our theatrical life. "The Present
State of the English Theatre," by Mr. George
Calderon, is another interesting announcement.
The new translations promised from Strindberg
and Tchekoff will be welcome additions to the
shelf of foreign dramatic literature. The plays
of Hauptmann are also being prepared for pub-
lication in English.
In poetry, by far the most important an-
nouncement is that of the collected works of
William Vaughn Moody, with a biographical
introduction by Mr. John M. Manly. Moody's
great dramatic trilogy, of which "The Fire-
Bringer" and "The Masque of Judgment"
were published during his lifetime, was left un-
finished at his untimely death, but a considerable'
fragment of the closing section had been written,
and this, together with a number of unpublished
poems, will be included in the new edition, which
will also include Moody's two plays, "The Great
Divide " and "The Faith Healer." The two
volumes of this edition will thus contain the
practically complete work of the most remark-
able poet given to English literature during the
last score or more of years. Next in importance
to this announcement is probably that of a new
volume of poetic dramas by Mrs. Olive Tilford
Dargan, who is well known to the elect (although
not to the general public) as one of the most
remarkable poetical personalities of our day.
The forthcoming volume will contain three plays
in three distinct fields of imaginative interest.
Two anthologies are promised which are likely
to attract much attention. One is "The Golden
Treasury of American Songs and Lyrics " upon
which Mr. Curtis Hidden Page has been engaged
for several years, and which is announced under
exactly the same title as was given to a similar
collection by Mr. Frederic Lawrence Knowles
some fifteen years ago. The other anthology is
"The Lyric Year," which is to represent one
hundred living American poets by pieces entered
in a sort of prize competition. The outcome of
this experiment will be well worth observing.
The fiction list is, as usual, of appalling
length. Miss Mary Johnston is to give us, in
"Cease Firing," the concluding section of her
masterly study of the military operations of
Stone wallJackson. A new novel by Mrs. Mary
S. Watts is promised, to be entitled "Van
Cleve." The late David Graham Phillips, whose
works go on forever, is represented by "George
Helm," one of a numerous posthumous progeny.
"The Joyous Adventures of Aristide Pujol"
is to be Mr. William J. Locke's vehicle of
whimsical entertainment. Mr. Maarten Maar-
tens's "Eve " will be a welcome offering from
an author whom we would gladly read more fre-
quently. In " Marriage," we presume that Mr.
H. G. Wells is to make another of his audacious
contributions to sociological literature. A few
more titles that seem promising are the follow-


1912.]
181
THE
DIAL
ing: "The Antagonists," by Mr. E. Temple
Thurston; "The Ghost Girl," by Mr. Henry
Kitchell "Webster; "The Ordeal," by Miss
Murfree; "The Soul of a Tenor," by Mr.
W. J. Henderson; "The Strong Hand," by Mr.
Warwick Deeping; "Mrs. Lancelot," by Mr.
Maurice Hewlett; "The Keef," by Mrs. Edith
Wharton; » The Lovers," by Mr. Eden Phill-
potts; and " Atlantis," by Herr Gerhart Haupt-
mann.
THE NOMAD IN LITERATURE.
The recent publication of a biography of George
Borrow and of his Letters to the Bible Society
reveals the permanence of his fame and the interest
the world takes in the Nomad in Literature. Hardly
anybody needs a biography less. He lives in his
own works as the victor over the Flaming Tinman,
the unsatisfactory lover of Isopel Berners, and the
perfectly satisfactory Bible missionary to the gypsies
and bandits and Jews of Spain. His first literary
work was a compilation, in six volumes, of "Cele-
brated Criminal Trials," for which he received fifty
pounds. His richer reward, probably, was the turn
this work gave him for low life, picturesque adven-
tures, and racy language. It is almost a disappoint-
ment to learn that he settled down at forty and lived
for forty more years as a country gentleman and au-
thor, with no more vivid happenings in his life than
quarrels with his neighbors and the critics. But he
had his fling, and he endures,—one of the classic
wanderers of the world.
The primal instinct of every healthy boy is to be
a highwayman, a pirate, a hunter,—anything which
will take him away along the road that stretches
before his door, over the waves that beat before his
home. As he grows up, this instinct is crushed or
stifled in him, and he becomes a tethered thing, a
city dweller or a serf of the soil. In a few, the
longing for the distant, the unknown, persists, and
these develop into sailors, adventurers, explorers,
tramps. Perhaps it is the nobler part to stay in one
spot, to build up a home, to sink roots into the land,
to become a citizen in all senses of that word. But
to seek change and adventure and danger is certainly
not ignoble: they who do it are the imaginative and
poetical souls. For the things we see all the time
we do not see at all. Revelation comes with the first
look. It is true that familiarity breeds contempt.
Things show most greatly by glimpses. Out of the
haze of the unfamiliar leap appearances of beauty
and power and strangeness that thrill the soul. The
wanderer alone can be experienced and educated.
His mind becomes a storehouse of inestimable treas-
ures, a picture-gallery of impressions, a library of
epics and dramas and lyrics which are all his own.
What a splendid historic and literary ancestry has
the common tramp, who skulks along the highway
and bivouacs in the coppice beside his fire of dry
twigs and his tin-can cooking utensil! There is
Ulysses, whose vicissitudes and adventures go to
form the typal song of the great open way. He, it
is true, was not born to the trade of wandering. He
was prudent, cautious, a getter of wealth, an accum-
ulator of honors — the Benjamin Franklin of anti-
quity. But the anger of the heavens drives him forth,
and he drifts over the face of the known world. What
change, what variety, what experience! To be the
companion of Circe's herds, to recline beside Calypso
in her island grot, to be cast up naked on the shores
of King Alcinolls' kingdom, and to sit at banquet
and tell of his wars and wanderings while the most
glorious girl in Greek literature watches him from
a shadowed doorway and wishes like Desdemona
that heaven had made her such a man! And then
the long delayed home-coming, the slaughter of the
Suitors, and Penelope's welcome. Here Homer
leaves him; but the wiser Dante (and Tennyson in
splendid paraphrase) looks deeper into the heart of
the much enduring, much experienced man, and
doubting whether he who had known danger in a
thousand forms, to whom nearly every new sun had
brought a new difficulty or a new joy, who had felt
the embraces of Calypso and the maidenly regard of
Nausicaa's eyes,— doubting whether such a one
could rest in tranquil content with a wife grown old
and an insipidly pious son, sets him to call his
companions about him, hoist the sail on his galley,
and steer out into the sunset sea.
Then there is the Wandering Jew, who certainly
ought to be elected patron saint of the tramping
profession. He too, like Ulysses, was pitchforked
into the business — driven forth under curse or
doom. It would seem that the divine powers held
homekeeping to be the normal state of man, and
travelling a punishment. It is the tragic note, too,
of Ahasuerus's career which has been exploited by
every writer who has handled the theme. But
surely he must have got a great deal of enjoyment
out of his never-ending experiences. For one thing,
he has had time to exhaust the possibilities of life.
For it is the deepest thing in the true nomad's
nature that he is avid of novel adventure. He is
no sooner plunged into one experience than a better
one seems to rise before him. There is a fairer
valley on the other side of the hill, a fresh enchant-
ment a little farther down the road. In his nine-
teen hundred years of touring (if he is still afoot
and faring on), the Wandering Jew can easily have
seen all that may be seen and done all that may be
done on this earth. There is another feature of his
career in which he is peculiarly typical, and that is
his loneliness. Your true nomad always, at least
where the thing is possible, goes alone. He needs
detachment; he needs to be eternally the stranger,
really to know the novelty of life that rises around
him. If he travels with companions, in companies,
he carries his home-life with him; he is protected
against the new and the unknown.
But it was in the Middle Ages, the time of
Chivalry, that the nomadic cult was the most wide-
spread. The books that composed Don Quixote's


182
[Sept. 16,
THE
DIAL
library — Amadis of Gaul, Palmerin of England,
Tirante, the White Knight, and all their companions,
books which were the popular reading of Europe —
testify to this, as do the great romantic poems of
Tasso and Ariosto and the epics of Charlemagne
and Arthur. It was part of the education of a
young knight to mount his steed and with his trusty
sword and lance leave his home and wander far and
wide, seeking adventures. And it was not only an
unmapped but largely a roadless world he had to
traverse. Through forest, over plain and mountain,
he had to find his way—a moving court of justice
fighting wrongs, redressing grievances, encountering
inimical giants or rival knights; glad indeed if the
legitimate spells he bore with him were sufficient to
overcome the might of evil enchanters and magi-
cians. And all the while his only correspondence
with home and the lady of his fealty was the trains
of prisoners he sent to bow before her feet. If his
quest were the Holy Grail, he became a still nobler
and higher figure. The Holy Grail! That it is,
in fact, which all the nomads of the world are in
search of. It may mask under a score of names —
the Passage to India, the North Pole, Eldorado,—
but ever there is the idea of something worthy the
devotion of a man's life, something whose winning
shall be a crown to him forever.
We may pass by those professional nomads, the
gypsies, whose migrations thread through the ages,
because they travel in companies and groups, and
are therefore outside the pale of the true nomadic
tribe. They have doubtless done the world good
by letting a little mystery and a sense for the
strange and remote into dull and settled communi-
ties. And they have also done good by proving to
the peoples of the roof-tree that fresh air is not
exactly deadly.
This last is the great merit of Rousseau. That
he upset the thrones of Europe is a little matter in
comparison with his revival of the lost art of pedes-
trianism, his teaching mankind that nature furnishes
better employment for nose and eyes than the per-
fumed and decorated apartments of the grand,
siecle. He also taught his fellows the cheapness of
the most delicious pleasures—the march along the
tree-shadowed highway or through the flower-
adorned wood, the halt by the spring or rivulet
to bathe his feet and eat his morsel of bread, the
talk with peasants or the picnic with damsels simi-
larly astray, the bivouac under the stars. It is
asserted, falsely enough, that nature came into liter-
ature through Rousseau. No age has been without
its devotees of the open, and all that Rousseau
gives, and more, is in Homer and Dante and Shake-
speare. But he did for a time turn men's thoughts
almost exclusively natureward. Chateaubriand and
Goethe and Wordsworth and Byron are his pupils.
Childe Harold would hardly have left his ances-
tral home if it had not been for the Swiss peasant.
The greatest of modern knights-errant are the
explorers and discoverers. The North Pole, Africa,
Asia, South America, the Pacific Islands, all have
furnished their quota of redoubtable spirits lured
forth to seek danger and difficulty, the novel and
the unknown. It is true that these have usually had
companions; but there is a loneliness of leadership,
and Stanley and Burton in Africa, Nansen and
Melville and Peary in the Arctic, are true to the
most heroic nomad type. The mass of this litera-
ture of exploration is great, and it would almost
seem that to wander and adventure is the natural
and primal instinct in man,—that all settling down,
building of homes and cities, the raising of families,
the gathering together of material things, are repug-
nant to the best of the spirit that is in him.
This feeling is still more forced upon us when we
consider the vast imaginative literature which may
be classed as the wandering genre. Nearly all the
great epics of the world are stories of travel and ad-
venture. The "Ramayana," the "Mahabharata,"
the "Shah Nameh," the "Iliad," the "Odyssey,"
the "iEneid," "Jerusalem Delivered," "Orlando,"
"Paradise Lost," and others too numerous to be
named, are dominated by the nomad star. The
dramas of the world are more static; they demand a
fixed framework and a unity of scene which are in-
imical to the peregrinating spirit. Yet even in the
drama there are plenty of outlets for the nomad type.
It is rather curious that iEschylus brings into contrast
and contact the most permanently fixed of all tragic
sufferers, Prometheus, and the madly-driven world-
circling Io. CEdipus is a wanderer, both when he
commits his crime and when he expiates it. Shake-
speare is never happier than when he can free his
people from the bonds of home and society, and
set them to wandering in the fields and woods,—as
witness the "Midsummer Night's Dream," "The
Tempest," "Cymbeline," "The Winter's Tale," and
"As You Like It." As for novels and romances, they
are of adventure and wandering all compact. From
the earliest one— the "Golden Ass"—to the latest
best-seller, it is scarcely too much to say that nine-
tenths of them turn that way. Run over the names of
the great novels of the world—"Don Quixote,"
"Wilhelm Meister," "The Three Guardsmen,"
"Tom Jones," one-half of Scott, the best of Dickens,
— all are treatments of the wandering theme. If
novels represent life, it would seem that we are a race
of nomads. The wanderer at least is the hero of liter-
ature, even if he is ineffectual and more or less of an
outcast in real existence.
Of course the centralizing and concentrating influ-
ences of life are really the most powerful. They are
necessities of our state; the expansive and diverging
forces are in comparison luxuries. In particular,
woman is the type of home and society. Wherever
she appears she is a centre around which a frame-
work and a barrier are speedily erected.
In conclusion it may be said that wide wander-
ings are not absolutely necessary for the display of
nomadic instinct. We may make discoveries at
home. Each of us may be a Columbus to the con-
tinent of Ourself.
Charles Leonard Moork.


1912.]
183
THE DIAL
CASUAL COMMENT.
Incentives to literary effort, as to exertion
of whatever kind, must be candidly confessed to be
largely of an unheroic and unromantic nature. It
is the res angusta domi that is ultimately answer-
able for the great bulk of the world's noteworthy
achievement. Whether churches would thrive on
an income derived wholly from endowment, whether
poets would sing if subsidized by the State, whether
publishing houses would raise the standard of litera-
ture to dizzy heights if relieved from all concern
as to book-sales, whether magazines and newspapers
would attain to an unimagined excellence if perma-
nently endowed, these are questions that will prob-
ably for all time be open to debate, with strong
presumptions in favor of the negative. Nevertheless,
Mr. Hamilton Holt, in an address before the recent
national convention of newspaper men, allowed
himself to take a roseate view of the possibilities of
endowed journalism. He maintains: "If a journal
is to perform the two essential duties of careful
news-gathering and competent comment, it must
have an assured income of sufficient amount at the
start to enable it to stand the stress of sensational
and commercialized competitors and to demonstrate
its usefulness to a large circle of readers all over
the country. Once established and recognized as a
truthful and important medium, it would have an
enormous educational value. Though it might not
be read by the millions, it would be indispensable
to all libraries, journalists, preachers, teachers, the
most intelligent professional and business men, and
the leaders at least of the wage-earning class. It
would also exert a great influence for good on other
papers by forcing them to raise their standards of
accuracy and fairness." After all, that is not a hope-
lessly idealistic view of the possibilities of endowed
journalism.
The desire for information on a great
variety of subjects, on the part of those whose
indolence or inexperience makes them quite willing
that others should do their research work for them,
is probably manifest nowhere more than in the
"Questions and Answers" department of a literary
newspaper or the Reference department of a public
library. In some of these journals, columns in each
issue are given to such inquiries, suggesting the
probable desire for material for essays, club papers,
school themes, etc., which can be obtained in this free
and easy way. The questions that come, modestly
but profusely, to the Reference department of pub-
lic libraries are of wider range and usually of more
curious interest than those that aspire to the promi-
nence of print The Annual Report of the librarian
of the public library at Santa Barbara, Cal., gives
the following list of topics among those on which
information was sought at that library in a single
day: Date-palm culture; open-air schools; natural
gas; folding napkins at table; spirit mediums; the
Yosemite; heroism of Jack Binns; legends and super-
stitions of precious stones; steam boilers; Roman
home-life; parcels post; High Jinks of the Bohemian
Club; carriage painting; the Pentateuch; canoes;
camels; George Washington; author of the poem
"There is no death," etc. "Many of these questions,"
says the librarian, "are answered with the aid of
the standard reference books and the indexes to peri-
odical literature; others involve search in out-of-the-
way places." We should think they would! But in
any case, the Reference department of a properly
equipped public library cheerfully and eagerly opens
its doors to just such inquirers as these, and the
librarian stands ready to greet them with smiling
mien and to lend a helping hand in their researches.
• ■ •
To lovers of the English Lake District,
with all its precious associations, an appeal is made
for help in preserving the region from disfigurement
at the hands of builders. Canon H. D. Rawnsley
writes from Crosthwaite Vicarage, Keswick, in part
as follows: "The head of Windermere, comprising
the meadow land between the mouth of the river
Rotha and Waterhead, and including within its area
the important Roman camp in the Borrans Field,
was just about to be built upon; indeed, the turf was
off and foundations of two lodging-houses were laid,
when the neighborhood woke up to the fact that un-
less these twenty acres could be secured and handed
to the custody of the National Trust, there was an
end for all time of the peculiar charm and beauty
of the head of Windermere. Your readers will
remember how attractive that beauty is as they ap-
proach Waterhead near Ambleside by steamer from
the south. They will call to mind the exquisite set-
ting of the verdurous level with its background of
Loughrigg Fell, and the blue hollow of the circling
wall of Fairfield with its gray scars and dark woods
above Rydal Hall. They will understand how, quite
apart from the historic interest of securing the as yet
unexcavated Roman camp, it is essential that the
pastoral loveliness of that approach to the Ambleside
valley should be preserved, and will not, I trust, be
surprised that I urge America to help the old country
for Wordsworth's sake to preserve its ancient heri-
tage of calm and beauty to succeeding generations."
The writer of this letter, who signs himself as "Hon.
Secretary to the National Trust," adds that twenty-
four hundred pounds, of the four thousand needed to
purchase the threatened piece of ground, has already
been raised, the immediate vicinity contributing from
its slender means three-quarters of the amount. Any
Americans who "have known the restfulness of the
as yet unspoiled parts of the English lake district,"
and feel prompted to aid in preserving that restful-
ness, will earn the gratitude of all future tourists and
sojourners in that peculiarly beautiful region of rural
England. . . .
Machine-made fiction has its ready market
and its eager readers, as all the world knows, and as
is made evident by the confessions of a plot-builder


184
[Sept. 16,
THE
DIAL,
who tells some of the tricks of his trade to readers
of the London "Answers." His brain produces plots
with ease and abundance, but he himself cannot so
clothe them as to render them acceptable to editors
and publishers. Therefore he sells these skeletons
of stories and novels to writers of more skill with
their pens, and his earnings amount to four or five
pounds a week, the day's work being often com-
pleted before breakfast by this dextrous framer of
plots at prices ranging from ten to twenty shillings,
according to complexity. "My principal client,"
says this ingenious craftsman, "gets rid of about
one hundred and fifty stories a year. He has a
splendid style, and, singularly enough, although he
possesses a vivid imagination, he is a bad hand at
evolving plots. Give him the plot, and he will go
along like a steam engine. . . . My clients number
fewer than half a dozen, and if a plot does not suit
one of them it will probaby appeal strongly to
another, who makes a good story of it. So that a
plot is seldom, if ever, wasted. What is more, it is
possible to get at least four different plots out of one
central idea. It can be twisted and turned about,
given a different ending or development, and new
names bestowed on the characters, and the trick is
done." How beautiful! Perhaps some day there
will be invented a mechanical contrivance for pro-
ducing all the possible combinations of all the known
elements of plot-construction; then, with an adequate
supply of phonographs, type-writers, and similar
appliances, a fiction-factory ought to turn out hun-
dreds of stories, all of standard grade and finish,
every working day of the year.
• ■ •
The dormant library trustee may be less
worrisome to the librarian than the rampant or
officiously meddlesome, fussy, and bustling trustee.
For we have all kinds, including an increasing num-
ber of intelligently active and helpful trustees; but
that they have more of this latter sort across the
Canadian border than south of it seems to some
observers to have been indicated by the quality of
the attendance at the late Ottawa conference of
library workers. "The Library Journal" says, in its
"Ottawa Conference Number" (August): "One of
the most interesting features of the Ottawa meeting
was the large attendance of trustees, particularly from
Canada. Over the border, the trustee has been quite
as important as the librarian in developing the pub-
lic library, and there has indeed been some question
whether the librarian, as such, had not been too much
subordinated by this fact. The contrary is true in
the States, for here trustees are apt to confine them-
selves to the finances of the library and not even
support the librarian as they should by informing
themselves of the practical work and giving it the
strength of their well-informed support." The sad
truth is that, on this side the boundary at least,
politics plays havoc with too many a board of library
trustees, as also with too many a school committee,
and with other public offices of trust and importance.
These positions are often sought as stepping-stones
to something higher—that is, more lucrative,—and
usually they are in part filled by ex-officio members
with no especial qualifications for the work to be
done. In general, smaller library boards of picked
men (and women) are desirable.
• • ■
A monumental index to a monumental edition
is that comprised in the final volume (the thirty-
ninth) of the complete "Library Edition" of Rus-
kin, edited by Sir £. T. Cook and Mr. Alexander
Wedderburn. The index comprises seven hundred
double-columned octavo pages of fine type, the num-
ber of references exceeding 150,000. Every topic
treated or mentioned by Ruskin, and every proper
name mentioned in his works, are included. And
this is by no means all. The topical references are
so grouped as to form a practical analysis of Rus-
kin's teaching on whatever subject. "I have left the
system of my teaching widely scattered and broken,
hoping always to bind it together," Ruskin once said;
but there was no time in his heroically busy life
that could be spared for such a project. Now at last
it has been carried through by his devoted editors,
and in a way that could not be bettered. The tangled
tropical forest of Ruskin's writings has here been
tracked and charted for all time. As an instance
of the appalling amount of labor expended in the
making of this volume, it may be noted that of the
thousands of quotations and allusions scattered
through Ruskin's books, all but sixteen are here
traced and recorded! A supplementary volume (the
thirty-eighth) contains, besides a complete anno-
tated catalogue of Ruskin's drawings, a Bibliography
which for inclusiveness and exactness is not likely
ever to be superseded. Thus is brought to a fitting
conclusion one of the noblest memorials ever dedi-
cated to a great writer,—a labor of love on the part
of editors and publishers not easily to be paralleled
in modern literary annals.
• • ■
The final fall of the auctioneer's hammer
on the Hoe Library is announced by the Ander-
son Company for the fortnight beginning November
11. Thus will end, after four memorable sales, the
dispersal of the richest private collection of books
and manuscripts ever sold in this country. From
the day of the opening sale, when a copy of the
Gutenberg Bible brought fifty thousand dollars, the
highest recorded price for a single item at a book-
auction, the amounts bid for these literary rarities
have been unprecedentedly large, so that the total
sum realized by the completed sale is likely to exceed
two million dollars. Probably to most readers it
would be but a tantalizing kindness to name here
any of the choice items enumerated in the catalogue
of this fourth and final section of Robert Hoe's re-
markable library. Forty-six manuscripts, many of
them illuminated, are on the list; also books from
the libraries of Jean Grolier, Henry the Second and
Henry the Third, Louis the Fourteenth, Louis the
Fifteenth, and Louis the Eighteenth, Madame de
Maintenon, Madame du Barry, Marie Antoinette,


1912.]
185
THE DIAL
and Charles the Second of England, many of the
volumes being magnificently bound. Noteworthy
Americana and Shakespeariana, and some rare early
English books are also named. With both the Hoe
and the Huth sales in progress, millionaire collectors
have ample opportunity to ease the congestion of
their bank accounts. ...
A WARNING FROM THE "ARABIAN NlGHTS," to
be found in "The Story of the Grecian King and
the Physician Douban," needs to be occasionally
repeated for the benefit of those unthinking readers
who indulge in the practice of turning the leaves of
books with fingers moistened by the tongue. The
first part of this story, down to the King's death
(caused by his thus turning the leaves of the poi-
soned folio), might profitably be posted in libraries,
especially in reading-rooms, perhaps side by side
with the now familiar verses about the untidy Goops
whose bad habits with books are held up to the rep-
robation of all well-bred children and as a horrible
example to the ill-bred. A lecture dealing in part
with the perils lurking in the slovenly practice here
referred to was recently delivered at the University
of Pennsylvania by Mr. William R. Reinick, and
has been published in "The American Journal of
Pharmacy." Although we moderns may be yielding
to a tendency to make too much of a bogy of bacteria
and microbes and germs (all undreamt-of by our
hale and hearty ancestors), still there is good sense
in Mr. Reinick's counsel to librarians to give due
attention to the physical condition of each volume
passing to and from the public. Frequent hand-
washing on the part of library employees is advised;
and even a compulsory ceremony of this sort on the
visitor's part, before using the reference books, is
suggested. The spread of tuberculosis is what is
especially to be feared as a result of untidy habits
with books. ...
Mr. Sanbobn at eighty-one, or close to it, and
with his vigor renewed, as is to be hoped, by the re-
cent celebration of his golden wedding, presents a
pleasing appearance to the mind's eye in his Concord
home, where he enjoys the distinction (not quite free
from melancholy, it is true) of being the last sur-
vivor of that illustrious company whose names are
now mostly to be read on the grave-stones of Sleepy
Hollow. He still continues his connection with the
Springfield " Republican," which he first served as
associate editor forty-four years ago, afterward be-
coming its regular contributor from Boston and Con-
cord. The " Boston Literary Letter," furnished by
him once a week, has long been a prominent feature
of the journal. In it he allows himself the privilege
of his years and writes in a genially discursive vein,
with splendid disregard of the ephemeral favorites
of the book-world, and with a fine harking-back to
whatsoever things are imperishable in literature.
Those who visit him find him still reading the Greek
classics as the rest of us read novels and contempo-
rary memoirs. Turning the leaves of his two sub-
stantial volumes of reminiscences, a rich store of
unusually interesting memories, there come to one
the words put by Cicero into the mouth of the elder
Cat©: "Fructus autem senectutis est, ut saepe dixi,
ante partorum bonorum memoria et copia."
...
A public library with no dead books, that is,
with no books that have ceased to circulate, might
seem, from all the recent criticism of the staleness
and uselessness of much of the material that cum-
bers the shelves of so many libraries, to be as rare
as, for example, a city with no idle inhabitants, or
a swarm of bees with no drones. But Redlands,
California, appears to be blessed with such a library.
The collection numbers more than twenty thousand
volumes, and its accumulation covers nearly a score
of years; yet we read in the "Eighteenth Annual
Report" of the library:
"In making out the annual budget at the beginning of the
calendar year, it was thought that the expense of a new book
case might be avoided this year by the removal of some of the
books which had not been used, to the basement. It was esti-
mated that about 1000 books might thus be transferred, and
by marking the catalogue cards, they could easily be found
in case they were called for. But on looking over the shelves
in order to weed out the dead material it was found that so
few books could be spared from the shelves that almost none
were suitable for the basement. This does not mean that all
the books had been circulated, for it would have been com-
paratively easy to find a thousand books on the shelves which
had not been loaned for two years or more, but the condition
of the books and the requests made at the delivery desk
showed that they were very generally in use at the library.
This seems to be an unusual condition of affairs, if we may
judge from some of the criticisms reported through the press
of the country that a fair proportion of the shelves of public
libraries are loaded down with dead material. It also speaks
most highly of the careful selection which has been made by
the Book Committee."
The Goldwin Smith lectures at Cornell
will be inaugurated under favorable auspices in the
course of the coming college year. Professor Albert
Frederick Pollard, who occupies the chair of English
history at London University, has been invited to
deliver the first series. An Oxford "first-class"
scholar and a winner of various academic prizes, he
has devoted his talents to the service of one of the
people's universities and has also made a name for
himself as a well-equipped historical writer. In
addition to his lives of Thomas Cranmer and Henry
the Eighth, and his "Factors in Modern History,"
and other kindred works, he has contributed some
fifty articles to the new " Encyclopaedia Britannica"
and what would amount to an entire volume to the
"Dictionary of National Biography," of which he
was assistant editor from 1893 to 1901. Six chap-
ters of the "Cambridge Modern History" are also
from his pen, and volume six of the "Political His-
tory of England." One marvels at the extent and
the substantial quality of his literary work — work
that, in a sense, must be regarded as executed with
the left hand while the energy of his right is given
to his professorship and to his duties as member of
the University Senate. Truly, it would seem that
Professor Pollard has learned the art of living on
twenty-four hours a day.


186
[Sept. 16,
DIAL
COMMUNICA TIONS.
THE APPRAISAL OF CONTEMPORARY
GREATNESS.
(To the Editor of This Dial.)
As your readers probably include many persons who
might be interested in a project like the Modern His-
toric Records Association, will you permit me to make
in your columns a mild protest against the note of flip-
pancy that crops out in your otherwise pleasant comment
(in your issue of August 16) on my letter to the New
York "Sun," and to correct some small errors that
appear in your criticism.
The collection of autographic utterances on parch-
ment by men and women of genius is only a minor
undertaking of our Association. Its objects embrace
the use of the photographic plate as the most durable
means of preserving records and documents; of the
phonograph, for the preservation of the utterances of
celebrities; of moving-picture machines in obtaining
records of important events; and the application of all
other suitable means for transmitting to posterity a
vivid and comprehensive record of the life and civiliza-
tion of the day.
The names of our incorporators should be a sufficient
assurance of the worth and dignity of our aims. These
endeavors — including even the "diversion " of obtain-
ing autographic names—have (and has) elicited the
warm approval of Mr. Frederic Harrison, who many
years ago conceived an enterprise startlingly like our
own, and wrote of it with eloquence heightened by humor
in an essay entitled, "A Pompeii for the Thirtieth
Century."
Respecting my list of so-called "immortals," the
attempt to compile it bears a certain relation to the
estimates, however fallible, we must inevitably make of
the various products of contemporary civilization of
which we shall seek to preserve some record. The list
of names published in the " Sun " was explicitly defined
as imperfect and incomplete. I submitted only 121
names, and not " about two hundred " as you say. I
should like to make it 200, and that is why I invited
suggestions, and why I am grateful for your own.
This accounts for my "many surprising omissions,"
though you overlooked my inclusion of Sun Yat Sen.
The Mikado, moreover, came within the "arbitrary
group "of rulers. I have been awaiting competent ad-
vice and suggestion for augmenting the list of Orientals.
As for my "astonishing inclusions," I could wish that
you had been more specific. A few of the names will,
on further consideration, doubtless be deleted. A "ten-
tative list "is — a tentative list. Also, I would cite, in
extenuation of my avowed temerity, the "astonishing
inclusions " and "surprising omissions " in every list of
"best dead authors "— from Sir John Lubbock's down
to Dr. Eliot's; while the Hall of Fame committee's ex-
clusion of Poe and inclusion of — well, no matter — are
probably fresh in your mind. Finally, I should like The
Dial's frank opinion of all the names in the Nobel
prize list, and to hear its editor recite, without a
prompter, the names of all the members of the French
Academy. Most of all I should cherish its views on
our own American Academy of Immortals — crowned
by far more competent hands than mine. It has fallen
to my lot to question, in public print, this appraisement
of native reputations. That I have not found it convinc-
ing as a guide to my own compilation is possibly a mani-
festation of ignorance and narrow-mindedness. But at
least I do not regard our own "diversion" with the over-
seriousness which you somehow read into my letter to
the "Sun." W. T. Larned,
Secretary of the M. H. R. A.
New York, September 5, 1912.
[If the tone of our comment sounded flippant, we
regret it; but is it not pardonable to feel at least a
mild temptation to smile at the serious attempts of
either an individual or a generation to measure and
weigh, grade and classify his (or its) own excellences?
— so often does the verdict of posterity reverse the
most carefully considered j udgment of this sort. The
phrase "about two hundred " was written with the
writer's eye on that passage in Mr. Larned's letter
which speaks of the purpose "to assemble a list of,
say, two hundred names," and without an actual
count of his list. Surprise at certain inclusions and
omissions would be excited, in some quarters, by any
conceivable list of this kind, and we should be the
last to claim ability to frame one that would not aston-
ish all its readers by some of its items and some of its
readers by all its items. We think, however, that
Mr. Larned's tentative roll of honor shows most cred-
itable care and judgment—Edr. The Diai.]
SOME DISPUTED POINTS IN THE STORY OF
OLD FORT DEARBORN.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
Permit me to comment upon the review of my book,
"The Story of Old Fort Dearborn," which appeared
in your issue of the 1st instant, signed by Milo Milton
Quaife.
In order to understand the state of mind of this re-
viewer, when confronted with my book, it will be neces-
sary to refer to his previous utterances on this subject.
About a year ago Mr. Quaife was invited to read a
paper on the Chicago Massacre before the Mississippi
Valley Historical Association, which he did. It turned
out to be a violent tirade against the authenticity of the
« Wan-Bun " account of that event, an account which
had been accepted as a most reliable and indeed the
principal source of our knowledge on the subject.
Naturally considerable surprise and disapproval were
manifested among those who listened to the paper, and
on being reported in the newspapers it occasioned some
rather bitter controversy. Regarding the incidents re-
lated by Mrs. Kinzie in " Wau-Bun," the lecturer held
them up to scorn, using such expressions as "inherent
improbability," "incredible tale," "probably largely
fictitious," "grotesque," and declaring the defects of
the work were "numerous and glaring " and the facts
distorted. Indeed, throughout the address there was a
constant flow of epithets and strained inferences.
Since that time Mr. Quaife has been endeavoring,
through the Chicago Historical Society, to secure a fur-
ther hearing for his radical views, but so far he has not
seemed to be very successful. In reviewing my book,
which is frankly based on the "Wau-Bun " account, with
such additional details as have become available since
that book was written, Mr. Quaife has transferred his
denunciations to my work and its author. He finds that
the book " is for the most part a paraphrase " of" Wau-
Bun " though he fails to mention the fact that it is ampli-


1912.]
187
THE DIAL
fied and adapted and its order changed. Any complete
account of the event described, it may be said, could not
be written without going back to that indispensable
source.
Some of the matters in my book criticised by Mr.
Quaife may be noticed. One of my statements was to
the effect that Mrs. Heald was "nearly as old as her
uncle " — Captain Wells, who was about forty-two years
of age. The reviewer oracularly observes that she was
but twenty-two years old. In answer I would refer to
Fergus's Historical Pamphlet, No. 16, in which John
Wentworth quotes from information obtained by him
that Mrs. Heald died in 1857, aged 81 years. That
would make her thirty-six years old in 1812. Perhaps
Mr. Quaife has better information than this, but I
doubt it.
He declares that the name of the Frenchman Debou
was Cardin. Kirkland, in his book on " The Chicago
Massacre," says it was as I gave it.
The order for the evacuation, according to Mrs.
Kinzie, was received August 7, as I gave it. Captain
Heald, however, in his report gives it as the 9th, which
is doubtless the better authority, and I will adopt it.
The date of beginning the construction of Fort Dear-
born is given in my book as July 4, 1803. This the
reviewer roughly contradicts, and declares that the
troops did not arrive until some six weeks later. Hon.
Isaac N. Arnold, in an address before the Chicago His-
torical Society in July, 1877, in speaking of the building
of the fort, said: "Some companies of infantry, under
command of Maj. [Captain] John Whistler, arrived at
the same time — 4th July — and commenced the con-
struction of Fort Dearborn." This was good authority
up to a period as recent as August 11 last, when there
was printed in the Chicago "Record-Herald " of that
date an account, heretofore existing only in manuscript
form, of Lieut. Swearingen's march overland with the
troops who were to build the new fort, and who arrived
on August 17. The account thus printed was accom-
panied by some explanatory remarks by Mr. Quaife, who
said that the manuscript was in the possession of the
Chicago Historical Society, and had been "brought to
light recently." As soon as I saw this account I deter-
mined to make a corresponding change in a later edition
of my book, which was then already in print, accepting
this as better authority for the date of beginning the
work of building. It is quite characteristic of this re-
viewer, however, to give the impression that I ought to
have known what had not yet come to public knowledge,
and thus disingenuously make it appear as an error
which could have been avoided.
What reason Captain Heald may have had for pro-
posing to distribute the arms and ammunition to the
Indians, in spite of his orders from Gen. Hull to de-
stroy them, does not appear. We only know that he
promised them he would do so. The reviewer says that
"it is obvious" that this story, "together with state-
ments concerning the resentment of the Indians . . .
are inventions." Such a remark is harsh and offensive.
Mrs. Kinzie in her book says that at the second council
with the Indians "murmurs and threats were every-
where heard among the savages." Whatever estimate
the reviewer may place on my authority, it is clear at
any rate that I was not guilty of inventing anything.
The transfer of Capt. Whistler to Fort Wayne, as I
stated it, has the respectable authority of H. H. Hurlbut
(p. 27), in fact it is much better authority in my belief
thun the off-hand declarations of Mr. Quaife, who ap-
parently considers that his dictum "settles it" without
troubling to mention an authority. He sneeringly states
that Gen. Dearborn's services on the Niagara frontier
were "doubtless 'distinguished '" (using my expres-
sion), but that they were "hardly so in the sense intended
by the author." It is enough to say that just as the
war of 1812 was closing President Madison had deter-
mined to appoint Dearborn general-in-chief of the whole
army, but was prevented by the return of peace; and it
is hardly to be supposed that this appointment could
have been contemplated unless Dearborn had already
acquitted himself to the satisfaction of the president.
The reviewer remarks with a superior air that "Sur-
geon John Cooper" was an unmarried man, and was not
killed at the massacre, as I had stated, that "he had
resigned the service and left Fort Dearborn over a year
before." I did not say "Surgeon John Cooper," but I
did place the words "surgeon's mate " after the name
of John Cooper,— quite a different matter. For some
reason John Cooper, the surgeon's mate, did leave the
service the year before, as the reviewer says. Now,
whether the astute reviewer knew it or not, he ought to
have known that there was a man by the name of Cooper
(first name not known) who was at Fort Dearborn at
the time of the massacre, that he was killed, and that he
had a wife and daughter who survived him. Previous
writers have confused these two men, as I did. The
story of the Cooper who was killed is given in Fergus's
Historical Series, No. 16, pp. 54, 56. The reviewer had
become aware of this fact while rummaging through the
details of a wretched feud that existed among the
officers and the people of the neighborhood a year or
two before the massacre (as appears in the address re-
ferred to), which gives him occasion to make a partial
statement intended to be injurious to me.
The reviewer finds that my book "reveals no evidence
of the exercise of a critical faculty." His review is
possibly a specimen of the exercise of such a faculty;
but joined with a narrow and contentious disposition,
such as he exhibits, I believe it will strike the fair-
minded reader as a most undesirable accomplishment.
To examine the minute merits of every historical ques-
tion touched upon would have defeated the purpose for
which my book was written,— a point that the reviewer
misses entirely. If, for example, I had entered upon a
discussion of the merits of Gen. Dearborn's services on
the Niagara frontier it would, in my judgment, have
been regarded by most readers as a needless digression
remote from the subject-matter of the book. In fact,
to have done so would have been to awaken the con-
troversial activities of just such men as this reviewer
shows himself to be. He would have such a story as I
have written prepared in the manner of a thesis,— a
manner that would only have served to repel the class
of readers such as I intended to attract.
I will close this letter with a quotation, which is per-
haps appropriate. A certain wise old philosopher, Sir
Thomas Browne, in the course of some general advice
to critics, wrote as follows:
"Bring candid eyes unto the perusal of men's works,
and let not Detraction blast well-intended labors. He that
endureth no fault in man's writings must only read his own.
. . . 1 'apital truths are to be narrowly eyed, collateral lapses
and circumstantial deliveries not to be too strictly sifted.
And if the substantial subject be well forged out, we need not
examine the sparks which irregularly fly from it."
J. Seymour Currky.
Evanston, III., Sept. 7, 1912.


188
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
Cfrt geto gooks.
retrospects of a retired war
Veteran.*
Those who fought in, or lived through, or
even heard some faint dying echoes of our
Civil War, will not soon tire of reading its
history as told from many points of view by
those whose valor and ability helped to bring
it to a fortunate termination. To the list of
noteworthy military memoirs penned by Amer-
ican soldier-authors there is now added General
James Harrison Wilson's detailed and interest-
ing recollections of his eventful campaigns in
the great struggle of half a century ago and
of his less sanguinary experiences in the short
conflict with Spain. "Under the Old Flag"
traces, in two stout volumes, the course of its
writer's life from boyhood in a small Illinois
town through the formative years of a West
Point training, the hardening and ripening
years of military service immediately afterward,
at the outbreak of the Civil War, the subse-
quent campaigns in which promotion and in-
creased responsibilities were not slow to follow,
the peaceful interval of a third of a century,
and the parts played in the war with Spain, the
reconstruction of Cuba, and the suppression of
the Boxers in China.
Only a few of the most prominent features
of so extensive a work can be touched upon in
any general survey of its merits. New lights
on some of our national heroes, fresh views of
certain historic events, a fuller realization of
perils encountered and difficulties overcome by
the shapers of our country's destinies — these
are afforded by the graphic narrative before us.
To begin with the school days of the future
brigadier and division-commander, here is a
paragraph from the account of his studies at
West Point:
"At the end of the [first] year, although I had started
next to foot, I was in the first or second section in all
the studies. My two terms at college had been of great
advantage in teaching me how to study. I had no diffi-
culty in any branch, and did my daily task easily enough,
and, after a few months, had plenty of time left for
general reading. This was the case to the end of my
cadet life. The library contained some twenty thousand
volumes, largely military, but all fairly well selected,
and, although nothing was done to encourage its use, or
to guide the cadets iu the selection of books, it was free
to all who had time or inclination to visit it after study
hours or on holidays. I soon made the acquaintance of
•Under the Old Flag. By James Harrison Wilson,
LL.D., late Major-General, U. S. V. In two volumes. New
York: D. Appleton & Co.
Fries, the curator. During my first encampment I read
Story's ' Constitutional Law' and a general assortment
of romance and history, and after that not only became
a steady patron of it, but close friends with the kindly
Fries, who had a wonderful memory, and was most help-
ful in introducing me to his treasures. As I grew older
he became more considerate, and I hold him in grateful
memory for his unfailing kindness. The instructors came
and went, but he remained at his post, not only for my
term, but for long years afterward, and if I should be
called upon to say who did me the most good and helped
me most to equip myself for the duties of life, I should
unhesitatingly say Andre1 Fries, the old librarian."
In the war that followed soon after the cadet's
graduation from West Point, he served first in
the Port Royal expedition, afterward in the
Antietam campaign, and was then assigned to
various duties in rather rapid succession, and
with equally rapid promotion from a lieutenancy
to higher and higher offices until we find him
commanding a division of Sheridan's cavalry,
afterward organizing and commanding a cavalry
corps of the Military Division of the Mississippi,
then directing the assault upon and capture of
Selma and Montgomery and other positions in
the South, and, finally, effecting the pursuit and
capture of Jefferson Davis. Many famous gen-
erals, as Grant, Sherman, McClellan, Hooker,
under or with whom he fought, pass across the
writer's pages in an almost living and breathing
reality. Two peculiar regrets in connection with
this excellent record are felt by the author, who
says in an early chapter:
"Looking back on my military life, I have only two
regrets in connection with it: first, that I was never an
enlisted man in the iufantry or cavalry, because, with
my health, activity, powers of endurance, and skill in
handling a rifle and a horse, I always felt that I would
have been as good a soldier as could be found anywhere
in the ranks, while I was far from having the same con-
fidence in my capacity as a commissioned officer; and,
second, that I was never a prisoner of war, because I
felt that the privation and ill treatment of that fate
would have stimulated me to even greater determination
and services in behalf of the Union cause."
Like any other full account of our military
operations in 1861-65, General Wilson's narra-
tive makes the reader vividly aware of the blun-
ders committed, the disasters narrowly escaped,
the unskill and unreadiness displayed, at the
opening of the war, and the seeming ease with
which, under wiser direction, the conflict could
have been brought to a close long before its
actual end. For example, had a younger and
more alert man than the veteran Scott been at
the head of the army when hostilities began, how
different might have been the course of subse-
quent events! But the writer pays appropriate
tribute to General Scott's merits. In contrast-
ing him with another Virginian, Lee, he says:


1912.J
189
THE
DIAL
"In these later days when it is the fashion to mag-
nify the virtues of Lee, not only as a military man, but
as a patriot, it seems to me that the country is in danger
of forgetting its immense debt of gratitude to General
Scott, who was fully Lee's equal as a soldier and far
greater than Lee as a patriot. His conquest of Mexico
was a performance of the first rank and that is more
than can be said of Lee's best campaign. Scott's patri-
otism, unlike Lee's, was neither provincial nor bounded
by state lines, but was national and all-embracing. He
gave his services at all times and all places to the whole
country, without hesitation and without question. Like
Douglas, his example was worth an army to the Union
cause. All eyes were, indeed, turned to the veteran
Brevet Lieutenant General Scott, second of that rank
in America, for inspiration and guidance, and no one
looked to him with more anxiety than Lincoln, the newly-
elected President. Happily both for him and the cause
he upheld, Lincoln did not look in vain. The old soldier,
staggering under the weight of years, put behind him
all appeals to state pride and, like an old and seasoned
oak, stood erect and unbending amid the raging storm
of secession and civil war."
The following passage presents Grant in a
guise not too familiar to be interesting. It was
Grant's influence and favor that acted most
powerfully in securing the author's recognition
as an able organizer and commander, and his
promotion to rank befitting his quality. Of
the impression made by the older man on the
younger at their first meeting we read:
"Putting on no airs whatever and using nothing but
the mildest and cleanest language, he treated me from
the start with cordiality and without the slightest as-
sumption of personal or official superiority. As I after-
ward learned, this was always his way, and while he
invited no confidences, he repelled none, and thus got all
that were worth having. Showing no sign whatever of
hard living or bad habits, he produced a pleasant but
by no means striking impression at first. With what I
heard from others, I naturally suspended judgment, and
as my first orders were to join McPherson with the right
wing of the army for the movement about to begin,
instead of to settle down at headquarters and organize
my branch of the staff service, I naturally got the im-
pression that Grant was neither a great organizer nor
much of a theorist in military matters. This opinion
grew gradually into a settled conviction, and in spite of
his great achievements, which were won mainly by atten-
tion to broad general principles rather than to technical
details, I have never had occasion to materially change
these earlier impressions."
It appears from General Wilson's account,
that he and Major Rawlins first conceived, or
first put into words, the plan, later adopted
by Grant, of running the Vicksburg batteries
by night. In a council of war held some time
before the bold project was put into execution,
all sorts of plans were discussed. We quote a
portion of the narrative at this point:
"Whereupon Rawlins explained my proposition to
run the batteries under cover of darkness with the gun-
boats and transports and march the troops below by
land, to the first feasible crossing.
"As Rawlins had predicted, Sherman at once and
with emphasis declared: 'It can't be done. It is im-
practicable. The transports will be destroyed. The
enemy's guns will sink them or set them afire.' And
that settled it for the time being, for although Rawlins
gave the reasons clearly and emphatically for the faith
that was in us, no one came to his support. Even Grant
kept silent, though he tells us clearly enough in his
memoirs, written many years afterward, that it was his
purpose from the first to carry that plan into effect if
the others failed."
To refer at any length to the rather absurdly
inconspicuous part assigned to General Wilson
when he offered his services in the Spanish-
American War, would exceed the limits allowed
to this review. But he seems to have accepted
his lot with the cheerful acquiescence of a true
soldier. To gain a more intelligent appreciation
of his character and worth one may turn to
Nicolay and Hay's "Life of Lincoln," to which
the present book makes pardonable reference.
Among other notices of General Wilson, we
read:
"The ride of Wilson's troopers into Alabama was one
of the most important and fruitful expeditions of the
war. ... If the Confederacy had not already been
wounded to death, the loss of Selma would have been
irreparable. ... It justified by its celerity, boldness,
and good judgment the high encomium with which
Grant sent Wilson to Thomas."
If still further aids are desired to an esti-
mation of General Wilson's worth as a soldier,
they are not far to seek. He is one of three
brothers who served with distinction in the
Civil War, and a tribute he pays to his brother
Henry's bravery enables one to surmise what
are likely to have been his own exhibitions of
cool daring when put to the test. He writes
of Henry:
"He had early become known to the leading generals
as an active and fearless officer and an excellent drill-
master with remarkable presence of mind. He had led
his company in the successful charge against the enemy's
works at Donelson, had been shot through the body, as
he thought, and paralyzed, had been pulled to cover
under the hillside he had just surmounted, by a comrade
who covered him with a blanket and left him for dead,
had revived, cut a crutch, rejoined his company, and
fought with it till night when the bullet was cut out of
his back. Fortunately it had ' gone around, not through'
him. At. Shiloh he distinguished himself by leading his
men to the capture of a battery and by turning it against
the enemy. Having been drilled for a year at West
Point, he was as much at home in the artillery as he was
with the infantry. While working the captured guns,
one of his gunners thoughtlessly dropped an armful
of shrapnel near the muzzle of a piece, the flash from
which set the wrappings on fire. Fearing an explosion,
my brother, without tremor or a moment's hesitation,
seized the shell and hurled it to the front where its
explosion did no harm. It was in allusion to this and
other gallant feats that General Oglesby, afterward
senator and governor of Illinois, said with an emphatic


190
[Sept. 16,
oath: 'Captain Wilson was the bravest man I ever
knew!'"
In fulness and readability, "Under the Old
Flag" is the best work of its kind that has
appeared since General Howard gave us his two
volumes of autobiography five years ago. In
"human interest," which it is the present fash-
ion to clamor for, it would be difficult to indicate
how the book could be improved.
Percy F. Bicknell.
ideal.s and tendencies in present-
Day Socialism.*
There are two very decided tendencies to be
noted in the pages of the lately published books
dealing with socialism. First of all one feels
that there is a very great desire on the part of
the authors to "pull the sting" of the socialist
teachings. One seeks in vain for the vigorous
insistence upon the class-conscious, revolution-
ary, Marxian programme which until the last
few years has been so characteristic of socialist
writers. In its stead there appears a jumble of
Utopian, ethical, Christian socialist, and Fabian
ideas, with a smattering of Marxian principles.
To add to the confusion the result is frequently
and falsely labelled "scientific" or " Marxian"
socialism. While it is admittedly true that
socialism is not a group of fixed and unchange-
able dogmas, but primarily a growing, changing
movement for social betterment, it seems ques-
tionable under the circumstances for these later
authors to classify their special brand of ideas
as " Marxian." Every chance remark or state-
ment of the founder of scientific socialism is
searched out and used by them for the purpose
of bolstering up their individual contentions.
So widespread has this practice become that to-
day Marx's writings and those of his co-worker,
Engels, are about as frequently misquoted and
misinterpreted to fit the particular situation as
are those of the Biblical authors.
In the second place one notes that more
attention is being given to constructive ideas.
•Socialism and Chakacteb. By Vida D. Scudder.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
Socialism and the Ethics of Jesus. By Henry C.
Vedder. New York: The MacmiUan Co.
Elements op Socialism. A Text-Book. By John
Spargo and George Louis Arner, Ph.D. New York: The
Macraillan Co.
Socialism and the Great State. Essays in Con-
struction. By H. G. Wells and others. New York: Harper
& Brothers.
Applied Socialism. A Study of the Application of
Socialistic Principles to the State. By John Spargo. New
York: B. W. Huebsch.
In former years socialists were forced to con-
cern themselves with critical and destructive
arguments for the purpose of forcing the people
to acknowledge that a change was imperative.
Now that they have obtained a hearing and have
gathered a rapidly-growing following, they deem
it advisable to build for the future. In many
instances the propositions advanced closely ap-
proximate the Utopian schemes of the. past; in
others they smack greatly of the progressive
legislation proposed by social reformers.
Both of these tendencies seem to have devel-
oped out of the over-weening desire of a very
large faction among the socialists to "get votes."
The acquisition of political power appears to be
the goal most desired at the present time by the
members of the socialist movement.
Miss Scudder's "Socialism and Character"
is a unique contribution to socialist literature.
The author discusses with some detail the prob-
able moral and spiritual results of socialism,
and concludes that under such a regime "the
Beatitudes will no longer have to maintain
themselves against the trend of things, but will
become as truly the law for social progress as
they are now the law for individual holiness."
The book is a beautifully written essay of
carefully chosen words, with frequent allusion
to classical and modern literature. Its pages
clearly disclose the extremely idealistic and intel-
lectual, almost Christian socialist, point of view
of its author. Although Miss Scudder claims to
write as "a socialist—a class-conscious, revolu-
tionary socialist, if you will,"—she confesses
that her attitude toward this question is that of
one "to whom none the less the spiritual harvest,
the fruits of character, are the only result worth
noting in any economic order." Meekness, re-
ligion, sympathy, affection, morality, love, gen-
erosity, are words which give the keynote of the
discussion. The thorough-going socialist will
find much in the work to criticize. The author
confesses that although she accepts the material-
istic conception of history and the doctrine of
the class struggle, "the construction here put on
them will be foolishness and irritation to many a
good Marxian." Miss Scudder's book is, how-
ever, replete with stimulating and suggestive
ideas; and while it cannot appeal to the class-
conscious, revolutionary political socialist, it will
undoubtedly supply the need for just such a dis-
cussion as Christian socialists and others have
long felt.
In "Socialism and the Ethics of Jesus," Pro-
fessor Vedder first clears the field by defining
socialism and differentiating it from other be-


1912.]
191
THE
DIAL
liefs with which it is frequently confused; after
which he gives us a brief statement of the his-
tory of socialist principles and parties in Ger-
many, France, England, and the United States.
Concluding chapters are devoted to an inquiry
regarding the respects in which the principles of
socialism correspond to or differ from the ethics
of Jesus. Professor Vedder writes, not as a
scientific socialist, but as a Christian socialist.
This is evidenced, for example, by his declaration
that "the real basis of Socialism is not scientific,
but ethical" (p. 185). In fact, the author is
bitter in his denunciation of scientific socialism.
He characterizes the first volume of "Capital"
as "thoroughly unscientific and misleading"
(p. 136), and declares the whole Marxian system
to be "as udsubstantial as moonshine " (p. 185).
He also concludes that it is "time somebody
punctured this swollen German windbag [Marx]
and reduced it to its natural proportions"
(p. 113). In discussing the labor theory of
value, he shows a surprising lack of ac-
quaintance with the theories of Marx as well as
with those of modern economists. Probably it
is this that accounts for the statement that the
Marxian law holds that "the more unskilful a
shoemaker, the more valuable will be the shoes
that he makes" (pp. 118-119), and that Marx
maintained that " wealth is produced by manual
labor alone, and therefore of right belongs
entirely to the manual laborer" (p. 125). The
chapter on "The Ideals of Socialism" is espe-
cially good, and shows that the author has an
excellent grasp of the more popular arguments
concerning conditions that may exist when the
prophesied stage of socialism becomes a reality.
In treating the relation of the ethics of Jesus
to socialism, Professor Vedder severely criticizes
the Church for what he terms its "social failure,"
and demands that it become "more socialized in
all its thinking and activities." He says that
"The teachings of Jesus are utterly incompatible
with the present social order," and can only be
truly realized under a socialistic regime. Social-
ism and Christianity, he says, are not antago-
nists but allies. They can do each other much
good, because Christianity needs to be socialized,
and socialism needs to be Christianized. The
volume is excellently written, logically arranged,
and makes a well-rounded discussion from the
standpoint of a Christian socialist. Its general
thoroughness and accuracy are somewhat marred
by occasional rash and unfounded statements,
and by a lack of appreciation of the principles
of scientific socialism. A short but well-chosen
bibliography accompanies each chapter.
"Elements of Socialism," by Messrs. Spargo
and Arner, is without doubt the best popular
exposition of socialism by two of its advocates
that has thus far been published. Although
any opponent of socialist doctrines will find
much in it with which to disagree, he will
nevertheless be forced to admit that as a state-
ment of the theories, ideals, history, and present
strength of the socialist movement, it leaves but
little if anything to be desired. The volume
is thoroughly revisionist in it3 attitude toward
socialist theories and tactics, and in point of
view closely follows the previous writings of Mr.
Spargo. Its weakest parts are those chapters
that deal with the theories of value and surplus
value. Although the authors have presented a
clear statement of the Marxian theory of value,
they experience the usual difficulty in making it
a workable proposition. It is impossible for one
to explain Marx's unit of value, "an hour of
socially necessary unskilled labor," as it is also
impossible for one to reduce skilled labor to
terms of that unit. The authors are not very
well grounded in the general field of theory, as
is shown by their statements that "wealth is
the product of a union of labor and the forces
of nature" (p. 144), and that capital is "wealth
that is used for the production of new wealth
with a view to the realization of profit through
its exchange"' (p. 145). The ideals of utopian
as well as of scientific socialists are explained in
detail. There is also a discussion of the relations
which it is thought may exist in the political,
social, and industrial spheres under socialism.
A necessarily brief but generally satisfactory de-
scription is given of the socialist movement in
various countries. Many of the customary ob-
jections urged against socialism are answered.
A short summary, a list of questions, and a
bibliography follow each chapter. The authors
are to be congratulated upon this book. It is
written in an optimistic and kindly vein, free
from the bitterness and sarcasm that usually
characterize socialist works. Although intended
for use as a text-book, the fact that it presents
but one side of the question will undoubtedly
prevent its wide acceptance for the class-room.
Mr. H. G. Wells, Lady Warwick, Mr. L. G.
Chiozza Money, and several other persons of
note have collaborated in publishing a volume
bearing the title, "Socialism and the Great
State." The Great State, broadly speaking,
is the State of the future towards which it is
claimed society is evolving. An effort is made
to outline, but only in very general terms, the
conditions which may exist at that time. None


192
[Sept. 16,
THE
DIAL
of the collaborators are Marxian socialists; sev-
eral acknowledge that they are out-and-out non-
socialists. The joint product is a volume of
stimulating, enthusiastic, and optimistic predic-
tions concerning the future. To the reader who
possesses a progressive turn of mind there is
nothing that will offend, while practically every-
thing can be accepted in its entirety. Although
the authors condemn the Fabian socialists in no
uncertain terms, one finds much in the book
that "out-Fabians the Fabians." The volume
will appeal to members of the middle class, but
it will receive scant appreciation at the hands
of the Marxian socialists.
Mr. Spargo in his new book on "Applied
Socialism" keeps much closer to the working-
class point of view than do the authors of
"Socialism and the Great State." He begins
by wisely warning the reader that his statements
must not be accepted as "authoritative"; they
are merely the ideas of a socialist who has at-
tempted to sketch the conditions that may come
to pass with the inauguration of the prophesied
socialistic Cooperative Commonwealth. Will
socialism result in the confiscation of property?
Will it destroy the home? Will it be opposed
to religion? How will labor be compensated?
What will be the incentive to effort? These, and
many other equally important questions, the
author attempts to answer frankly and conclu-
sively. That he has succeeded in presenting the
best and the most thorough-going study of the
application of socialistic principles to the State,
no one can deny. But in doing so, Mr. Spargo
has exercised great generalship in threading his
way amongst the mooted questions of construc-
tive socialism. He has been exceptionally cau-
tious and conservative in his presentation of the
subject. There are parts of the volume that
will be very severely criticized by the socialists,
especially by the more radical advocates of social
democracy. To the reviewer it seems that Mr.
Spargo at one point has argued himself into a
contradictory position by declaring that under
socialism both the State and groups of workers
engaged in voluntary cooperative industry may
manufacture the same things. This will natur-
ally lead to industrial competition of the very
same sort that the socialists are so bitterly op-
posed to in our present system of industry. Mr.
Spargo argues for socialism because it would
make industrial competition impossible, yet his
scheme of things would make its retention pos-
sible in a socialistic form of society. An index
would have added to the value of the book.
Ika B. Cross.
The Records of the Federal
Convention.*
Upon the adjournment, on September 17,
1787, of the Convention which framed the Con-
stitution of the United States, no record of the
proceedings of that body was made public. The
sessions of the Convention had been secret, and
the journal and papers kept by the secretary,
William Jackson, were now by order turned
over for safe-keeping to the presiding officer,
George Washington. In 1796, Washington,
then President of the United States, deposited
these papers in the Department of State. There
they remained until 1818, when Congress by
joint resolution ordered them to be printed,
and President Monroe found a willing editor in
his Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams.
Under Adams's care, the "journal" was pub-
lished at Boston in 1819.
This "journal" was but a cold statement of
motions and votes, and gave but a very unsatis-
factory insight into the springs of the Conven-
tion's actions. But records of another form —
the unofficial — soon made their appearance.
These may be divided into two classes: first,
notes made by members of the Convention dur-
ing the sittings in Philadelphia, which have the
authority of contemporary evidence; and second,
productions formal or informal written by mem-
bers or by other persons after the adjournment
of the Convention, which thus are dependent
either upon notes of the former class or upon
mere recollection, and indeed can be called " rec-
ords" only in a qualified sense. In order of
time, the second class just described was the first
to appear in print. Even before the ratification
of the Constitution by the Conventions of the
several States, there had appeared such accounts
as Charles Pinckney's " Observations "—which,
in addition to some remarks which Pinckney
may have delivered before the Convention, con-
tains, it is thought, some that he certainly did
not—and the partisan report of Luther Martin
of Maryland, which he ingenuously entitled
"Genuine Information," while later, after the
inauguration of the new government, this or
that matter of constitutional dispute brought
from the surviving "fathers" statement after
statement of their individual recollections of
the Convention's work.
Of unofficial records of the contemporary
type, the first to be printed was the "Secret
Proceedings and Debates" by Judge Yates of
•Records of the Federal Convention of 1787. By
Max Farrand. In three volumes. New Haven: Tale Uni-
versity Press.


1912.]
198
THE
DIAL.
New York. These notes, which had already
been gleaned for partisan purposes, were pub-
lished in 1821. Seven years later, some con-
temporary notes taken by William Pierce of
Georgia made their appearance in a Savannah
newspaper. This publication was known to
James Madison, but in general Pierce's notes
had probably a very limited circulation. Both
of these were eclipsed, however, when, in 1840,
after the death of Madison, his papers, and more
especially the famous notes which with skill and
assiduity he took down during every day of the
Convention's sitting, and which in his lifetime
he jealously reserved from public view, were at
last put into print and rendered accessible.
Infelicitously spoken of as Madison's "Jour-
nal" (for that word should be reserved for the
official record), Madison's notes, reprinted in
many forms, have ever since been familiar to all
serious students of American history.
This much of retrospect is necessary to under-
stand fully the place occupied by a work which
embodies a most important accomplishment of
external criticism in the field of American his-
tory, Professor Max Farrand's "Records of the
Federal Convention of 1787,"recentlypublished
in three large and handsome volumes by the
Yale University Press. The title sufficiently
indicates the general scope of the work; but a
more detailed analysis of the contents is de-
manded for the purposes of this review. In vol-
umes one and two, Professor Farrand publishes
for each day of the session of the Convention
of 1787 the official "journal" and the unofficial
records that are contemporary. In appendixes
in volume three are printed some documents
that properly go with the matter just described
—the credentials of the delegates to the Conven-
tion, and the textual reconstruction, with criti-
cal notes, of the various "plans" submitted by
individuals or by groups of individuals for the
consideration of the constituent body. We shall
discuss these factors in the order in which they
have been mentioned.
The official "journal" of William Jackson,
edited in 1819 carefully, but not without some
errors, by John Quincy Adams, is reprinted by
Professor Farrand from Jackson's manuscript,
with indication of Adams's editorial emendations
where such are found. Especially in determin-
ing the distribution of the votes—the ayes and
noes upon particular questions — has Professor
Farrand found it necessary sometimes to correct
Adams's editorial work. Passing from this to
the unofficial records, and considering first those
of the contemporary type, we find that Professor
Farrand prints after the "journal" for each day
the notes of Madison for that day, and similarly
those of Yates and those of Pierce for each day
concerning which either of these has anything to
say. But this is not all. In recent years there
have come to the knowledge of investigators
other groups of contemporary notes, including
those of Rufus King of Massachusetts, James
McHenry of Maryland, William Paterson of
New Jersey, Alexander Hamilton of New York,
Charles Pinckney of South Carolina, and
George Mason of Virginia; while the papers of
James Wilson and those of Benjamin Franklin
of Pennsylvania also yield some fragments in
the nature of records. These additions to our
knowledge of the Convention's work, most of
which have been printed originally or have been
immediately reprinted in the "American His-
torical Review," are now likewise transferred by
Professor Farrand to take their place with the
older " notes " in the diurnal account of the Con-
vention's doings. This grouping in one place,
for each day of the Convention's session, of the
known contemporary accounts, official and unof-
ficial, constitutes a boon to students and greatly
facilitates an intensive study of the period. Pro-
fessor Farrand's work, however, has not been
merely the arranging of texts, for by a thor-
oughgoing critical examination of Madison's
notes he shows that in some cases Madison made
later emendations in his work, using as bases
therefor the "journal" and Yates's notes, so to
this extent weakening the value of his own ac-
count as an independent authority. Similarly
in his editing of the "plans" submitted to the
Convention by the Virginia delegates, by the
New Jersey men, by Charles Pinckney, and by
Alexander Hamilton, Professor Farrand some-
times reaches conclusions which differ from those
of Professor A. C. McLaughlin and Dr. J. F.
Jameson, his predecessors in this special field
of criticism.
From this analysis of the contemporary rec-
ords we pass to the " supplementary materials,"
or later accounts of the work of the Convention,
which constitute by far the greater part of Pro-
fessor Farrand's third volume. The editor has
gleaned diligently; and while the matter in-
cluded under this head is of very heterogeneous
character, and, as a whole, is secondary in im-
portance to the main body of the work, it is of
the greatest interest and most helpful toward
the elucidation of the records. In this group
are included the report of Luther Martin, and
that of Pinckney to which we have already refer-
red; letters of Washington, Hamilton, Madison,


194
[Sept. 16,
THE
DIAL
and other "fathers"; reports of the French
charge d'affaires to his home government; state-
ments made in State conventions or in the Con-
gress of the United States; and other similar
materials. Rigorously excluded are all theo-
retical interpretations of the Constitution; one
finds, therefore, no decisions of the Supreme
Court, and from "The Federalist," or other con-
troversial pamphlets, only a few citations which
relate to matters of fact. The range of the testi-
mony is wide, extending from Madison's most
serious statements on constitutional points to
Dr. Franklin's unfinished tale of the two-headed
snake, and to the anecdote of Gouverneur Mor-
ris's familiar slap upon General Washington's
shoulder.
Merely to suggest the capacity for usefulness
that arises from such a compilation is to pay a
sufficient tribute to the painstaking work which
the editor has so well performed. To the re-
viewer there appears to be ground for but one
serious criticism. In 1894 the Department of
State of the United States, through the Bureau
of Rolls and Library, began the publication of
a work entitled "The Documentary History of
the Constitution," which in 1901 was reprinted
by Congressional authority. To this work the
thought of the special student is at once carried
back by the contemplation of Professor Far-
rand's volumes. In the " Documentary History"
were reprinted with scrupulous care the official
"journal" and Madison's notes, along with the
records of the earlier convention at Annapolis,
some important selections from the journal of
the Congress of the United States under the
Articles of Confederation, a large number of
documents relating to the history of the amend-
ments to the Constitution, and lastly, in the
fourth and fifth volumes (published in 1905), a
mass of supplementary materials derived from
the manuscript collections then in the Depart-
ment of State. On this last group of materials,
Professor Farrand has drawn heavily; though
the fact that his citations from the same docu-
ments are frequently of less length than those of
the "Documentary History" will make careful
students prefer, after all, to consult the origin-
als. For his narrower topic — the work of the
Constitutional Convention itself — Professor
Farrand has accomplished far more than the
"Documentary History" accomplished, and his
work is in many respects better done. But in
the opinion of the reviewer the two productions
have so much in common that a clear statement
by Professor Farrand as to the relation of his
own work to the older one would have been most
helpful to the student. As it is, each person
must make the comparison for himself.
The general index, full in most respects,
omits a few important topics. On the other
hand, an analytical index by clauses of the
Constitution promises a means of assistance
the exact value of which must be tested by use.
The typography of the volumes is of the highest
excellence except for a few misprints which may
easily be corrected in another edition. The only
illustrations are two photographs, one showing
a page of Jackson's "journal" and the other
a page of Madison's notes. Finally may be
mentioned, as a very helpful addition made by
the editor, a table showing as accurately as the
records permit the time during which each of
the delegates to the Convention was actually in
attendance. gT> George L. Sioussat.
Researches in the Realm of
Faerie.*
In his book on "The Fairy-Faith in Celtic
Countries" Mr. Evans Wentz has set himself
the somewhat startling task of endeavoring to
prove in broad daylight the solid basis of fancies
which have haunted most men in some moment
of darkness or fear. All external nature, he
argues, is animated throughout, and controlled
in its phenomena, by daemons acting by the will
of gods. The fairies of Celtic belief, along with
the goblins, spectres, kobolds, etc., of all prim-
itive folk, have a real basis in these mighty
beings of the unseen, who may at certain times
and places appear to favored observers. The
author heaps up evidence of fairy belief from
all Celtic lands,— Ireland, Scotland, the Isle of
Man, Wales, Cornwall, and Brittany; and con-
cludes that where there is so much smoke there
must be some fire.
No sensible person will reprove Mr. Wentz
for collecting and marshalling every possible
evidence to prove his hypothesis. He is undeni-
ably justified in keeping an open mind for all
the truth that man can gather. But one has a
right to expect that Mr. Wentz will somewhere
in his big book call attention to the trivial and
uncertain character of nearly all the facts that
he has mustered. He ought in fairness to state
his case somewhere with calmness and caution.
His main argument that where there is so much
smoke there must be some fire, is not very co-
gent. Have we satisfied ourselves that this kind
•This Faiby-Faith in Celtic Countries. By W. Y.
Evans Wentz. New York: Oxford University Press.


1912.]
195
THE DIAL,
of smoke can be occasioned only by real fire?
What if, after all, it should prove to be a cloud
of dust?
Mr. Wentz's reasoning is not based on clear
and rigid analysis. He gives a place of honor,
for example, to the argument that all primitive
peoples, who have lived close to nature, have be-
lieved in beings comparable to fairies. "Only
men in cities," he says, "who are removed from
the natural life of the out-of-door world," dis-
believe. Mr. Wentz plays upon the word "nat-
ural," and urges that life in cities is abnormal,
and that the city man has an unwholesome and
probably an untrue conception of nature. This
argument rests upon a vague and shifting sig-
nification of the word "natural." He surely
does not mean that questions of fact are settled
by popular vote. These are determined by the
opinion of experts, and in the last analysis by
recourse to experiment. It is not likely that
the existence of .AT-rays would be affirmed by
popular vote. The assertion that our disbelief
in fairies is determined by the opinion of the
swarms of human beings who live in crowded
and unnatural conditions in cities, is nonsense.
It is not the opinion of the multitudes who live
in slums, and in closely pent-up streets, that
constitutes knowledge. Rather it is the opinion
of experts who live in highly natural, indeed in
ideal, conditions, in or near cities. Few will
follow Mr. Wentz if he means that all life in
cities is unnatural, and all city folk abnormal.
Man seems to be by nature a city-making animal,
like the ant or the bee. The knowledge and
control of the powers of nature upon which our
civilization reposes have been initiated and car-
ried forward by city men. Rather, one might
say that to the city man belongs the knowledge
of the world. Mr. Wentz's argument is based
on a confusion of thought. If it proves anything
it proves that all human knowledge is abnormal.
Man is by nature naked and superstitious.
The utility of Mr. Wentz's book for students
of Celtic custom, ritual, and myth is consider-
able. He has collected much information con-
cerning the modern fairy beliefs of Celtic lands,
and has conveniently catalogued it according to
the locality where it was obtained. He fails,
however, to call attention to many of the valu-
able conclusions which his researches tend to
establish. The persistence of Celtic popular tra-
dition is one of these astonishing facts. Irishmen
in Connemara to-day hold exactly the same be-
liefs about the fairies as were recorded in Irish
sagas of one thousand years ago. For example,
the Togail Bruidne Da Derga, which was very
likely written down in the eighth century, and
is preserved in an MS. of about 1100, describes
hostile fairies as appearing all red, even to their
clothing, their hair, and their teeth, and riding
upon red horses. These hostile fairies iu red,
slightly disguised as mysterious red knights,
appear again and again in the Arthurian legends,
which undoubtedly rest upon a basis of Celtic
story. Mr. Wentz's informants in many differ-
ent places in Ireland of to-day — peasants, un-
lettered men, wholly unfamiliar with ancient
books — described to him fairies who appeared
all in red, even to their hair, and sometimes
declared that they had seen the fairies as com-
panies of little red men in red cloaks.
The numerous facts of modern folk-lore which
Mr. Wentz has collected, rather than his conclu-
sions about them, constitute the real value of his
book. Indeed, to any exacting reader, these
folk-lore facts are by far the most interesting
things which the book contains.
Aethur C. L. Brown.
The Conflict with Criminality.*
It is curious to note in certain young admini-
strators of the criminal law in America an irri-
tability which makes them impatient of the
careful and slow processes of education. The
ancient retributive idea of justice was adapted to
simple and savage minds, and required nothing
but a club, a noose, and a dungeon. This primi-
tive conception still casts its dark shadow over
our courts and codes. The prosecuting attorney,
the sheriff, and the policeman are eager to make
quick work with the disagreeable offender, and
"send him over the road " as soon as possible.
They are not so much to blame, for they have
legal traditions on their side, and are bred to
prompt action. One trouble is, however, that
this swift emotional reaction creates recidivists;
and the repeater returns after a brief cooling
process to plague the courts and the public. In
medical treatment of deep-seated disease a little
time spent on diagnosis is not wasted. The edu-
cator bases his methods on psychology, and, like
"The Criminal and the Community. By James
Devon. New York: John Lane Co.
Criminal Responsibility and Social Constraint. By
Ray M. McConnell. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Penal Servitude. By E. Stagg Whitin. New York:
The National Committee on Prison Labor.
The Present-Day Problem ok Crime. By Albert H
Carrier. Boston: Richard G. Badger.
Fifty Years of Prison Service. An Autobiography.
By Zebulon Reed Brockway. Illustrated. Charities Pub-
lication Committee.


196
[Sept. 16,
THE
DIAL
a careful husbandman, waits long years for his
harvest. Criminal procedure usually aims to
be just, and it often loses itself in technicalities
which favor the criminal; but at bottom our pro-
cedure has no reformatory purpose or method:
it remains under the spell of the retributive
aim.
As a corrective of this hasty and emotional
attitude toward criminality, the studies of Dr.
James Devon, physician in a Scotch prison, are
welcome. His criticism of the legal legends and
fictions is caustic, but justified by the facts cited
from his long experience. It is amazing how
this shrewd observer of men can see the weak-
ness and wickedness of humanity so vividly and
paint it so realistically, and yet retain his calm,
patient, and loving attitude toward everyone —
except the privileged classes. While he does
not mention the American methods of parole,
probation, and indeterminate sentence, it is
encouraging to us to find this Scottish doctor
supporting our own contentions at every point.
One moves into an entirely different atmo-
sphere when passing from Dr. Devon's prison
clinic and hospital ward to the scholarly pre-
cincts of Harvard University and the philo-
sophic speculations of Dr. Bay M. McConnell.
The very title of the latter's book, "Criminal
Responsibility and Social Constraint," smells of
the lamp. Yet speculation has practical value,
and compels us to go to the foundations of our
legislation and our prison theories. We have
need of profound reflection on the aims of pun-
ishment, and ought to consider carefully what
we are trying to accomplish. Is it expiation,
or retribution, or deterrence, or reformation, or
social utility, or an amalgam of all these? It
is profitable also to review our philosophical
notions about fate, foreordination, and free will,
and the exact nature of responsibility for crime.
Toward all of these ends Dr. McConnell's book
is an excellent means.
From the purely scholastic debate about deter-
minism and responsibility, we descend with some-
thing of shock to the practical problem of prison
labor. "Penal Servitude " is a pamphlet directed
against the prison contractor, who here figures
as a slave driver under state authority. The
National Committee on Prison Labor is doing
for this subject what the National Committee
on Child Labor is doing for childhood exploited
by factory, mill, and mine. A strain of human
idealism runs through the sordid details of prison
shops and disciplinary punishments, of venal
foremen and spoils politics, of coarse brutality
and purchase of raw materials. One could wish
that the discussion might be more impersonal,
for some prison contractors are honest men and
the contract system is by no means condemned
by all prison authorities. In his main conten-
tion, however, the author of this attack is on the
right side. The State should not delegate to
private persons the process of correction and
punishment, in which labor is a vital factor. The
descriptions of conditions observed by the author
are instructive, and should awaken the public
conscience to correct these gross abuses.
In order to make our system of dealing with
criminals worthy of our modern civilization,
thoughtful and educated men and women must
give more attention to this forbidding theme.
The Attorney General has asked Congress to
prosecute an investigation of the whole subject,
so far as the federal authority extends. We
must strive to bring into the service a higher
order of officials, and a more scientific and
conscientious study of the human beings with
whom they have to deal. The criminal world
is not a world apart, but near our homes, and
cannot be ignored as a theme unfit for the
polite. The cost of crime is estimated by care-
ful men to be over $700,000,000 each year,
and the fruits of this appalling expenditure are
sorrow, debasement, cruelty, shame, and every
form of evil. In urging the social duty of
attention to criminality, the author of "The
Present Day Problem of Crime" touches the
more spiritual elements of the subject. In a
citation from Mr. F. H. Wines, we have the
central idea of prison reform — the personality
of the officials. "The head of a reformatory
prison must be an idealist, a consecrated man,
a man with a vocation. A truly reformatory
prison is the last and highest expression of
charity. It demands the expression of charity
by the warden. It will not work in the hands
of a harsh, brutal, incompetent warden. It
needed the Christian heart and administrative
genius of a Maconochie to devise and work
out the reformatory method of treatment."
What is true of wardens is true also of police,
prosecutors, and judges: the modern educa-
tional theory of the treatment of crime breaks
down unless it is administered throughout by
competent and high-minded men. That is not
a reason for abandoning the modern view, but
only for demanding the selection and training
of a body of officials who understand it and are
competent to carry it into effect.
To students of prison science, the principles
and methods worked out at Elmira Reformatory
have long been familiar through the year-books,


1912.]
197
THE DIAL
essays, and addresses of its famous superintend-
ent, as well as by discussions in various lan-
guages by critical visitors. The autobiography
of Mr. Brockway now published reproduces cer-
tain classical documents which summarize his
doctrines in various stages of development; but
the new factor here is the frank, clear story of
the evolution of the great administrator's own
mind. This new light is extremely welcome
even to those who have already known him and
studied his impersonal statements of views in
numerous previous publications.
The world is not even yet far enough advanced
fully to sympathize with the fundamental eth-
ical, legal, and administrative ideas which have
made Elmira Reformatory the synonym of a
revolution. Before he had reached his majority
this innovator, sturdy son of a man of independ-
ent spirit and New England conscience, entered
upon his apprenticeship. He was fortunate in
coming under the influence of the most famous
prison wardens of the previous generation, from
whom he learned much, but advanced steadily
beyond them. Mr. Brockway was stimulated
in his earlier work by a very intense, if some-
what narrow, religious enthusiasm, from which
he gradually turned away for what he regards
as a more rational faith. In this respect, as in
many others, he has been affected by the modes
of thinking current in the last century, although
he does not often indicate the literary sources
of the new direction of thought. We have to
do, not with a man of books so much as a man
who felt himself in contact with reality and used
the ideas of others in a very independent fash-
ion, hardly noting whence they came to him.
With the bare mention of Lombroso and the
Irish prison reformers and a few others, he moves
along quite unconscious of his literary obliga-
tions. We know that he has read a good deal,
but he seems to have most valued conversation
and correspondence with the best men of prac-
tical experience in his own profession.
The one principle which guided him from
beginning to end was that of social protection
against criminals by their reformation or by
their segregation. To secure these ends he tried
all sorts of experiments with a sagacity, per-
sistence, and patience which were crowned with
growing success. He never gave up an ele-
ment which he found in any degree useful.
While he laid less emphasis on moral and reli-
gious persuasion in later years, he never wholly
abandoned them and always made use of them;
always trying to keep out sectarianism and
fanaticism, from which he suffered more than
once. He is liberal and honest to the extent
that he reprints his earlier views, with an ex-
planation of the changes in his own philosophy.
His autobiography is the account of a growing
mind. Down to the very last he is trying experi-
ments and making observations; for he still lives
a noble intellectual life, with open mind and
keen criticism of methods and systems. His
enemies will be forgotten; but his work will
remain, an honor to him and to his country.
Charles Richmond Henderson.
Briefs on New Books.
stuMetof "There is not, and there can never
frankntttin be, any legitimate purpose in print
literature. save pleasure and delight; so that he
who would hide his art behind the broken wall of
moral excellence is instantly suspected of foul play.
When once another intention is admitted than the
awakening of sense or intelligence, 'moral' or
'immoral' matters not a jot" These two sentences
may be regarded as the text of Mr. Charles Whibley's
"Studies in Frankness" (Dutton), a volume which
embraces appreciations of eight authors popularly
banned as immoral either in their lives or in their
works. Modern English literature is represented by
Sir Thomas Urquhart, Laurence Sterne, and Edgar
Allan Poe; the ancient classics by Petronius, Heli-
odorus, Apuleius, Herondas, and Lucian. One won-
ders what Poe is doing in this unholy gallery; his
works are not likely to corrupt the youngest thing,
and his life no longer biases people against his works.
One might suppose from the sentences quoted above
that the ordinary moral distinctions of life were to
be completely disregarded in art, that the obscene
could be transmuted into the artistic, were it not that
elsewhere in the volume Sterne is condemned because
he is " manifestly obscene in places," and obscenity,
wbich in life is immoral, is in art "a matter of taste."
Well, if the obscene is condemned in art, it makes
very little difference whether it is called immoral or
in bad taste; we do not want it under any name. If
Mr. Whibley regrets that the Milesian story is denied
literary expression by our "ineradicable modesty"
and is forced to "eke out a beggarly and formless
existence by the aid of oral tradition," we cannot
enter into any very vital sympathy with him. The
"pleasure and delight" lost to the race may well be
spared. Nor can one go off into gales of laughter,
or be tickled, as one is by Chaucer at his naughtiest,
when one reads the tid-bits selected from the " frank"
dialogues of Herondas, unless one supposes that the
asterisks are voluble of convulsive mirth. And why
asterisks in a Study in Frankness? On the other
hand, no one to-day will object to the picaresque
novel, to the rascalities of the rogues and beggars,
"daggle-tailed and out-at-elbows," as they are, for
instance, depicted in Petronius. As a matter of fact,
the purpose of art is not subjective, as Mr. Whibley


198 THE DIAL. [Sept. 16,
(following Aristotle) declares; but it is, as Professor
Batcher has already pointed out, objective. It is
the "revelation of the beautiful in external form."
If what our conventions stamp as immoral can reveal
the beautiful, it has a place in art, and only so. Criti-
cism will not condemn "Holy Willie's Prayer," what-
ever the puritan may say; but it will condemn the
pruriences of Sterne and the unblushing license of
Wycherley. Morality is more than convention; and
art, which is founded on life, cannot ignore that
which penetrates all life.
The ttorv of More than three-quarters of a cen-
a prophet and tury after his sombre and pathetic
hit reward. passing from the scenes of his spec-
tacular labors as a preacher of astonishing eloquence
and power, Edward Irving is made the subject of
as zealous a defense, of as glowing a eulogy, as any
martyr to his faith could desire. "Edward Irving:
Man, Preacher, Prophet," by Jean Christie Root,
is written in an earnest endeavor to rescue from
threatening oblivion the name of one who, the author
finds reason to believe, "perhaps more clearly fore-
shadowed the problems and truths of to-day than
any other one man in his period." By "problems
and truths" must be understood those of a spiritual
and religious nature; and the trial and condemna-
tion of Irving for heresy do indeed stamp him, to
our view, as a thinker in advance of his age in that
liberality which comes with freedom from the fet-
ters of tradition and convention. The writer has
evidently long cherished the purpose of presenting
the world with a true picture of Irving, and she has
amassed much valuable material for such an under-
taking. All the contemporary and other published
writings that throw light on his character and work
she has faithfully studied, and she has also had the
use of the large store of unpublished material gath-
ered together by the late Rev. W. W. Andrews, who
had made the acquaintance of some of Irving's asso-
ciates and seems to have enjoyed exceptional oppor-
tunities for learning the details of his later life. Yet
the book now offered is not the exhaustive biography
that might have been expected; but as we already
have Mrs. Oliphant's substantial performance, this
briefer essay in character-study and interpretation
may better meet the present need. What is espe-
cially excellent in it is its plea for charity and sym-
pathy in judging those enthusiasms and ardors of
Irving's that his own contemporaries were prone to
condemn. His views on the human qualities of
Jesus, his faith in the testimony of the "inner
voice," his belief in something akin to our modern
psychotherapy, were all in advance of his day and
generation. At the same time he conspicuously
lacked balance, he had no saving sense of humor,
and he laid himself open to imposture from any
charlatan that pretended to divine inspiration. This
weaker side of the man his apologist does not turn
to the light. The book does an incidental service in
rightly presenting Irving's relations to the Carlyles,
and in asserting, with documentary evidence, the
happiness of his marriage. A portrait of Irving
and brief "appreciations" of him from Coleridge,
Carlyle, Maurice, and other contemporaries, are
supplied. (Sherman, French & Co.)
A pritoner
of war in
Virginia.
Much has been written about the
unspeakable condition of the various
Confederate prisons in which so many
northern soldiers endured sufferings too cruel to bear
description. Richmond, Danville, and Salisbury
were the scenes of notoriously heartless treatment of
the unlucky captives. Not to dwell on this harsher
side of prison life, but "to recall certain of the inci-
dents which helped to enliven the tedious days and
nights of confinement," is the purpose of Mr. George
Haven Putnam's personal record entitled "A Pris-
oner of War in Virginia, 1864-5" (Putnam). It
is probably not generally known that this publisher
and author, besides having won with his pen the title
of Doctor of Letters, much earlier earned with his
sword that of Adjutant and Brevet-Major, and that
it was his lot to suffer four months' confinement in
Libby Prison and at Danville. The narrative of the
less harrowing part of this trying experience was
presented in a paper read before the New York
Commandery of the United States Loyal Legion, in
December, 1910. It attracted attention, and is now
expanded sufficiently to make a book of a little more
than a hundred pages, adorned with an interesting
portrait of the soldier-author in his uniform, with a
sketch of the interior of the Union officers' prison at
Danville drawn by the author's chum, Captain Harry
Vander Weyde, and with other appropriate illustra-
tions. With something of the realism of a Dostoieff-
sky, but with a lighter touch and with an emphasis
on the more entertaining or amusing features of his
prison life, the author has produced a book that few
will open without feeling moved to read from begin-
ning to end. The question of ultimate responsi-
bility for the mismanagement of southern military
prisons and for the long delays in effecting exchanges
of prisoners is instructively discussed.
The instinct for etymologizing is
well-nigh universal. The etymolo-
gist, however, has not always borne
the best of reputations. In his pronouncements he
has not invariably been guided by commonsense and
a sound linguistic feeling. Dr. Johnson, for instance,
was naive enough to derive the adverb along, in the
collocation "Come along," from French Attons;
and Bishop Trench blandly connected the word
saunterer with the Crusading expeditions to the
Holy Land, deriving the word from the French
la Sainte Terre. But within the last half-century
English etymology has finally been put on a scien-
tific basis; and in recent years some most excellent
books on the subject have appeared. The latest
addition to this list is Professor Ernest Weekley's
"The Romance of Words" (Dutton). Professor
Weekley writes mainly of English words, but he
shows his bias to his own field as teacher by the
The ways
of word*.


THE
DIAL
large number of Romance etymologies that he
introduces. He is concerned only incidentally with
the exposition of general principles, but avows as his
chief purpose the presentation of the "unexpected
in etymology, 'things not generally known,' such as
the fact that Tammany was an Indian chief, . . .
that jilt is identical with Juliet, that parrot is
historically a diminutive of Peter, and that glamor
is a doublet of grammar." He makes little at-
tempt to exploit new theories, contenting himself,
for the most part, with "compiling" his materials
(as he modestly states it in his preface) from other
sources, mainly the "New English Dictionary"—
with which he has been associated for a number
of years in the verification of etymologies. Among
the dozen or more words for which he proposes new
etymologies are cockney (generally supposed to be
compounded of cock and egg), which he would now
trace to French acoguinS ("made into a coquin");
mulligrubs, which he derives from mouldy grubs;
foil\ior fencing), which he connects with feuille;
and sullen, which he holds to be a doublet of solemn.
An extremely interesting chapter is the final one,
entitled "Etymological Fact and Fiction," in which
the author brings together a collection of anecdotes
from the earlier lexicographers, and lays sundry ety-
mological ghosts. Throughout, Professor Weekley
writes with admirable downrightness and simplicity,
and he nowhere displays anything of cocksureness
or of pedantry — the besetting sins of the etymol-
ogist. His book is, first of all, scholarly; but it is
also thoroughly entertaining.
The undying The "SPeU Series" (Page) reaches
charm of its fourth number in "The Spell of
old England. England," by Mrs. Daniel Dulany
Addison (or Julia de Wolf Addison, as the name
appears on the title-page). Mrs. Addison lived in
England as a child, and studied art there later, so
that she writes with much more than the summer
tourist's acquaintance with the country. In seven-
teen chapters, agreeably conversational and anec-
dotal in style, she takes her readers through England
from end to end and from side to side. That the
"spell" is not so unremitting and so powerful as to
hush the traveller's criticism and deaden all sense of
humor is evident from many an entertaining passage
like the following: "One might almost write a whole
chapter on the signs and advertisements which one
meets in English travel. A terrible possibility is
suggested by the announcement: 'Old false teeth
bought and sold,' while 'The Superfine Cotton Spin-
ner's Combine Limited' is almost as difficult to say
five times as 'Peter Piper.' On a shop in London
one reads 'Greaves late Huggins.' This is a sermon
in itself." A good index and two pages of bibli-
ography add to the usefulness of the book, while a
map marked with the places visited enables one to
follow the itinerary understandingly. "Tavistock,"
misprinted "Travistock" on the map, is placed, not
in Devonshire, but too far to the west, in Cornwall
— a part of England, by the way, to which many
readers would doubtless feel inclined to give consid-
erably more time than Mrs. Addison has given, less
than two pages being devoted to it in her book. Also
the Lake District might fairly claim more than the
dozen pages allotted to it. But England is crowded
with places of interest, and to do them all justice
would take a lifetime. The book's numerous illus-
trations from photographs of buildings, interiors,
landscapes, and paintings, are excellent.
Record, of two Mr- Richard Davey, whose death
Elizabethan has recently been chronicled, was a
princeitei. writer of more than usual breadth:
his field embraced journalism, history, travel, and
other sections not so easily classified. As historian
he is best known as the biographer of Lady Jane
Grey, "the nine days' queen." The last years of his
life were devoted to a continuation of his studies in
the history of the Brandon line, the results of which
have lately been published under the title "The
Sisters of Lady Jane Grey and their Wicked Grand-
father" (Dutton). The Greys were the legal heirs
to the English throne after Elizabeth; but as they
never came into the inheritance, their history has
been neglected by earlier historians. Mr. Davey's
work traces the career of the two Grey sisters,
Catherine and Mary, with the chief attention given
to Catherine as the older and more important; Mary
was a dwarf and scarcely had what may be called a
"career," except during her brief marriage to a giant
who held a subordinate office at the royal palace.
As heir presumptive in a period of much ferment,
Lady Catherine naturally found herself in the centre
of a network of intrigue, as both Catholics and Pro-
testants looked with favor on her as a candidate for
the throne if Elizabeth should be displaced. The
author gives some attention to this phase of his biog-
raphy, and throws considerable light on the anti-
Elizabethan movements in the early years of the
reign; but by far the greater portion of the work is
devoted to the love affairs of these indiscreet prin-
cesses, and Mr. Davey narrates much gossip that is
of slight importance, though usually entertaining.
The portraits which illustrate the volume are very
interesting; they are chiefly of members of the
Tudor family, but several are from paintings that
are not generally known.
Social condition, The of community life has
in a .\>tr England been developed far enough to make
factory town. iocaj 8tudies more complete and
instructive than ever before. The latest of such stu-
dies is Mr George F. Kenngott's "The Record of
a City: A Social Survey of Lowell, Massachusetts"
(Macmillan). Lowell is a fine example of the tend-
encies of industrial populations in this country, and it
is old enough to reveal contrasts between the present
and the past. One must be a stout-hearted optimist
to contemplate serenely a comparison between the
Lowell of Lucy Larcom and the "Lowell Offering"
with the noisy and polyglot town of to-day. It is a
different stock, with distinctly lower standards and


200
[Sept. 16,
THE
DIAL
ideals. If this is what industry and immigrant labor
are going to make of American people, then success-
ful manufactures are a national calamity. But we
have not seen the end, and even in this chaos one
may discern the dawn of a more hopeful day. It
is well to read Miss Mary Antin's 14 The Promised
Land" as a relief from the depressing effects of
such a picture. If we can react upon this mountain-
mass of alien material, we may help to save the
world; if we are apathetic and passive we shall cer-
tainly lose our civilization. The following quotation
from the poet Lowell fittingly closes this rather dole-
ful description of a factory town:
"'Tis ours to save our brethren,
With love and peace to win
Their darkened hearts from error
Ere the; harden into sin.
But if, before his duty,
Man with listless spirit stands,
Ere long the Great Avenger
Takes the work from out his hands."
It is significant that this study was inspired and
directed by such men as Professor Peabody of Har-
vard. The history of the town from Colonial days
introduces a mass of well-arranged facts, collected
with vast toil, about the present population, the hous-
ing of the operatives, health conditions, the standard
of living, industrial conditions, social institutions,
and recreations of the people. The reader should
be reminded that the budget included is based on
only one week's experience, while it is now generally
agreed that the accounts should cover at least a
whole year. The better method, however, is so ex-
pensive that private investigators cannot use it for an
entire city, and we should be grateful for the study
as it stands. Those to whom statistics are an un-
known language may look at the pictures in this vol-
ume, some of which are pathetic even to tragedy.
Literary Whether Mr. Frederick Adcock's
landmarkt of , i-rij • - . . , . T
London in beautiful drawings of historic Lon-
pen and pencil, don houses were made for his
brother's chapters describing them, or, as the
brother modestly intimates, the descriptive matter
was furnished as complementary to the illustrations,
the book, "Famous Houses and Literary Shrines of
London" (Dutton), which Mr. A. St. John Adcock
and Mr. Frederick Adcock have together brought
to completion, is well planned and does credit to all
concerned in its making. Seventy-four houses and
other literary landmarks of London, covering the
three centuries from Shakespeare's time to
Whistler's, are gracefully drawn by the artist,
while his collaborator turns to good account the
abundant memoirs and other literature throwing
light on the inmates of these houses and the
haunters of these scenes. Not as a mere compiler,
however, has Mr. St. John Adcock been content to
perform his part. A wide knowledge of London
and an intimate acquaintance with the literature
relating to its memorable buildings are apparent in
his pages. Even our own Hawthorne and his visit
to Leigh Hunt in Rowan Road find a place in the
book; and the noteworthy researches of our Pro-
fessor Wallace in fixing Shakespeare's temporary
abode with one Christopher Mountjoy, wig-maker,
at the corner of Silver and Monkwell streets, do not
escape his generously appreciative notice. Some-
what surprising to most readers will be the number
and importance of the extant monuments of bygone
ages scattered about London. Much that is his-
toric has vanished, but much still survives; and a
more attractive or useful guide to these cherished
mementos of a day that is dead could hardly be
desired. Sixteen portraits, beginning with Dr.
Johnson's and ending with Robert Browning's, add
to the pictorial richness of the volume.
A noblewoman Mrs- Maxwell Scott's Life of the
of the French Marquise de la Rochejaquelin (Long-
Revoiution. mans) is based mainly upon Mme.de
la Rochejaquelin's Memoirs, an English translation
of which appeared as long ago as 1827, with a pre-
face by Sir Walter Scott. Mrs. Scott has drawn
also upon the Souvenirs of Mme. de la Bonfire,
another Vendean heroine. In point of view the
treatment is unreservedly sympathetic toward these
defenders of the throne and altar; not merely toward
the women, who were undoubtedly heroic, and the
peasants and their leaders, who were equally so, but
towards the cause. The Vendean revolt and its rath-
less suppression make up one of the most tragic in-
cidents of the Revolution, but wrong was not wholly
on the side of the " Blues," as the Republicans were
called, although the list of their atrocities is longer.
The absence of shading mars Mrs. Scott's narrative;
and the characters, which are all courage and virtue
and self-sacrifice, give it too much the tone of a work
of edification. The element of contrast might have
been furnished by one personage, to whom she alludes
as a mystery, but whose secret has been revealed in
one of M. LenStre's incomparable essays. This is
the masquerading Bishop of Agra, who gave himself
out.as direct representative of the Pope and was ac-
cepted as such by the Vendean chiefs. The comedy
ended in tragedy, and the motive (at least in the
beginning) seems to have been the simple one of
trying to extricate himself from the danger of being
shot.
Ectatic letter, So enraptured with the charms of
from the land of Naples and its neighborhood is the
dolce far niente. anollymoug author of "City of Sweet-
Do-Nothing" (Alice Harriman Co.) that the won-
der is she could have guided her pen through the
"familiar letters of flitting 'round Naples" which
fill her book and give it its more complete designa-
tion on the title-page. "Has any city " she exclaims,
"half the sublime loveliness of this Napoli t But
no — it were impossible, that! Sleep too is impos-
sible for wondering over her beauty — her majestic
glory — this Old World Naples of mystery and en-
chantment. . . . Ah, this enrapturing, entrancing,
enchanting city ! — surely one might say with all
ardor —' Vedi Napoli e poi muori.''" The letters,


1912.]
201
THE DIAL
vivacious and informally descriptive and narrative,
as well as rapturous, are addressed chiefly to either
"M " or " G," but occasionally to other members of
the alphabet; and their writer, we are told, is "an
American girl." She shows a quick responsiveness
to all that is striking or characteristic or otherwise
interesting in the strange sights that greet her Amer-
ican eyes. Incidentally, too, her book derives abun-
dant "local color" from the innumerable native
words and phrases that it contains for the instruc-
tion or the bewilderment of its readers. In fact, we
have failed to find a single page unsprinkled with
foreign terms. But a little more care to have these
exotic gems free from flaw would have been advis-
able. A couplet quoted in the third letter as " Tutto
al mondo e vano — Ne I 'amove agni dolcezza" has
enough errors to startle even a careless reader.
Nevertheless, one is moved to envy this American
girl for her ecstatic winter on the Bay of Naples.
BRIEFER MENTION.
Two of the late William James's student talks, "On
a Certain Blindness in Human Beings" and "What
Makes a Life Significant," have been reprinted by
Messrs. Holt in a little volume entitled "On Some of
Life's Ideals." These essays are among the most stim-
ulating and helpful of the author's ethical writings, and
in the present inexpensive form it is to be hoped that
they will find the widest possible audience.
Volume Six of the " Bibliographical Society of Amer-
ica Papers," published by the University of Chicago
Press, is made up of three noteworthy articles: "Father
Kino's Lost History, its Discovery, and its Value," by
Mr. Herbert E. Bolton; "A Bibliography of English
Fiction in the Eighteenth Century," by Mr. John M.
Clapp; and "The New Classification of Languages and
Literatures by the Library of Congress," by Mr. A. C.
von Noe\ There is in all these papers a freshness of
interest not always to be found in the publications of
bibliographical societies.
The latest addition to Mr. Henry Frowde's admirable
series of inexpensive reprints known as the "World's
Classics " is "A Book of English Essays (1600-1900),"
selected by Messrs. Stanley V. Makower and Basil W.
Blackwell. Here are brought together more than fifty
brief essays, from some forty different essayists, rang-
ing from Sir Thomas Overbury to Francis Thompson.
The choice of items is abundantly varied, each of the
several types of essay (the informal, the didactic, the
critical, and the like) being fully represented, and is in
other respects judicious.
"The Village Homes of England " is the subject of
the latest special number of " The International Studio"
(Lane). These " haunts of ancient peace," in which En-
gland is so rich, are here dealt with as examples of archi-
tecture rather than as records or symbols of the past.
Mr. Sydney H. Jones, who is responsible for the text,
supplies also a multitude of pen-and-ink and color illus-
trations; a few additional drawings in color are con-
tributed by Messrs. Wilfrid Ball and John Full wood.
The work as a whole forms a competent and interesting
treatment of a fascinating subject; while in all external
details the volume measures up to the notably high
standard set by previous "Studio " special numbers.
Notes.
A new novel by Mr. Henry Sydnor Harrison, the au-
thor of "Queed," is announced for publication in Janu-
ary by Houghton Mifflin Co.
A life of Canute the Great, by Professor Laurence
M. Larson, will be added shortly to Messrs. Putnam's
"Heroes of the Nations" series.
"The Oxford Book of Victorian Verse," compiled by
Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch, is an autumn announcement
of no little interest to poetry-lovers.
An English publication of considerable importance,
not yet announced on this side, is a biography of the
late George Frederick Watts, written by his widow, to
be issued in three large illustrated volumes.
Although nearly a decade has passed since his death,
no biography of William Ernest Henley has yet appeared.
We are glad to note that we are soon to have such a
work, from the pen of Mr. Charles Whibley.
Mr. Gordon Craig, author of "On the Art of the
Theatre," will soon publish a quarto volume of drawings
for scenic settings, with brief descriptive text. The
book will be entitled " Towards a New Theatre."
An anthology of "Masterpieces of the Southern
Poets," compiled by Mr. Walter Neale, is announced
by the Neale Publishing Co. This house will also pub-
lish the " Poetical Works of Rose Hartwick Thorpe."
Publication of the late Professor Ernest Fenollosa's
"Epochs of Chinese and Japanese Art," which was post-
poned from last autumn, will take place this month. It
will comprise two elaborately-illustrated quarto volumes.
A complete single-volume edition of George Mere-
dith's poetical works, based on the carefully-revised text
of the recent "Memorial Edition," and supplied with
notes by Mr. G. M. Trevelyan, will be published next
month by Messrs. Scribner.
The series of papers entitled "Among My Books,"
with which Mr. Frederic Harrison has been delighting
readers of "The English Review " during the past few
months, will be published in book form, with some
additional reviews and essays, by the Macmillan Co.
That Louis Napoleon was the natural son of Napoleon
I. is the thesis set forth in a two-volume work entitled
"Intimate Memoirs of Napoleon III.," translated from
the private diary of a lifelong and intimate friend of
Louis Napoleon, the late Baron D'Ambes, which Messrs.
Little, Brown, & Co. will immediately publish in this
country.
A belated recognition of Coleridge, in the form of a
definitive edition of his poems and plays in two volumes,
is soon to appear from the Oxford University Press.
Mr. Ernest Hartley Coleridge, grandson of the poet-
philosopher, is the compiler and editor of this first com-
plete edition of the writings that have been waiting a
century (more or less) for collection and publication in
fitting form.
A few additional announcements of Messrs. G. P.
Putnam's Sons which reached us too late for inclusion
in the regular list of autumn announcements in this issue
are the following: "The Diaries of William Charles
Macready, 1833-1851," edited by Mr. William Charles
Toynbee; " Indian Pages and Pictures," by Mr. Michael
M. Shoemaker; "Greek and Roman Portraits," an art
study by Dr. Anton Hekler; and "De Orbe Novo: The
Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghiera," translated
from the Latin and edited by Mr. Francis Augustus
MacNutt.


202
[Sept. 16,
THE
DIAL
Announcement LiiST of Fall Books.
In accordance with our custom of many years'
standing, we place before our readers herewith a
carefully-prepared classified list of the new books
announced for issue during the Fall and Winter of
1912-13 by the leading American publishing houses.
Including the two departments of "School and
College Text-books" and ''Books for the Young,"
which considerations of space compel us to carry over
to our next issue, our list of Fall announcements
this year comprises over two thousand titles, repre-
senting the output of some sixty American publish-
ers. This list has as usual been prepared especially
for our pages, from the most authentic information
to be obtained; and its interest and value to every
bookbuyer—whether librarian, bookseller, or private
purchaser—will be at once apparent. All the books
entered are new books—new editions not being in-
cluded unless having new form or matter. Some of
the more interesting features among these announce-
ments are commented upon in the leading editorial
in this number of The Dial.
Biography and Reminiscences.
Mark Twain, the personal and literary life of Sam-
uel Langliorne Clemens, by Albert Bigelow Paine,
3 vols., illus., $7. net.—In the Courts of Memory,
by Madame L. de Hagermann-Lindencrone, illus.,
$2. net. (Harper & Brothers.)
A Memoir of George Palmer Putnam, together with
a record of the earlier years of the publishing
house founded by him, by George Haven Putnam,
with portraits, $5. net.—Robert Anderson, Briga-
dier General, U. S. A., 1805-1871, by his daughter,
Eva Anderson Lawton, 2 vols., illus., $5. net.—The
Life of Mirabeau, by S. G. Tallentyre, with por-
traits, $3.50 net.—Queen Henrietta Maria and Her
Friends, by Henrietta Haynes, illus., $3.50 net.—
Washington and Lincoln, by Robert W. McLaugh-
lin, with portraits, $1.50 net.—The Personality of
Napoleon, by J. Holland Rose, $2.50 net.—An Ex-
perience in the Virginia Prisons during the Last
Winter of the Civil War, 1864-5, by George Haven
Putnam, illus., 75 cts. net.—Heroes of the Nations,
new vols: The Great Roger of Sicily, by Edmund
Curtis; Canute the Great, by Laurence M. Larson;
each illus., $1.50 net.—Recollections of the Civil
War, by Mason Whiting Tyler, edited by William
S. Tyler, illus., $2.50 net.—The Last Leaf, obser-
vations, during seventy-five years, of men and
events in America and England, by James Kendall
Hosmer. LL.D., $1.50 net.—Woodrow Wilson, by
Hester E. Hosford, second edition, revised and
enlarged, $1. net. (G. P. Putnam's Sons.)
The New Life of Byron, by Ethel Colburn Mayne, 2
vols., illus.—Recollections of a Great Lady, being
more memoirs of the Comtesse de Boigne, edited
from original M.S. by M. Charles Nieoullaud, $2.50
net.—Love Affairs of the Condes, 1530-1740, by
H. Noel Willianis, illus., $3.75 net.—King Rene
d'Anjou and Ilia Seven Queens, by Edgecumbe
Stalcy, illus. in color, etc., $3. net.—The Fourth
Generation, reminiscences, by Janet Ross, illus.,
$3.50 net.—Anson Burlingamc and the First Chi-
nese Mission to Foreign Powers, by Frederick
Wells Williams, $2. net.—Tames S. Wadsworth of
Geneseo, brevet and major-general of volunteers,
L". S. A., by Henry Grcenleaf Pearson, illus. in
photogravure, etc.—A Princess of the Italian
Reformation, Giulia Gonzaga, 1513 to 1566, her
family and friends, by Christopher Hare, illus.,
$2.50 net.—Rose Bertin, the creator of fashion at
the court of Marie Antoinette, by Emile Lang-
lade, adapted from the French by Angelo A. Rap-
poport, illus., $3. net.—Military Memoirs of a
Confederate, a critical narrative, by E. P. Alexan-
der, new and cheaper edition, $3. net. (Charles
Scribner's Sons.)
The Three Brontes, by May Sinclair, illus. in photo-
gravure, etc., $3. net.—The Autobiography of an
Individualist, by James O. Fagan, $1.85 net.—Life
and Letters of John Rickman, Lamb's friend, by
Orlo Williams, illus., $3.50 net.—Charles Eliot Nor-
ton, two addresses, by Edward W. Emerson and
William F. Harris, with photogravure portrait, $1.
net.—When I Was Young, by Yoshio Markino,
illus., $1.50 net.—Lafcadio Hearn, by Edward
Thomas, with portrait, 75 cts. net.—J. M. Synge,
and the Irish Dramatic Movement, by Francis
Bickley, with portrait, 75 cts. net. (Houghton
Mifflin Co.)
Under the Old Flag, memoirs of three wars, by
James Harrison Wilson, LL.D., late Major-General,
U. S. V., 2 vols., $6. net.—Social Life in Old New
Orleans, reminiscences of Mrs. Eliza Ripley, $2.50
net—Robespierre and the Women He Loved, by
Hector Fleischmann, $4. net.—The Romance of a
Favorite, the Countess de Castiglione, by Frederick
Loliee, trans, from the French by Morton Fuller-
ton, illus., $3.50 net. (D. Appleton & Co.)
General Jubal A. Early, autobiographical sketch and
narrative of the war between the states, with
introductory notes by R. H. Early, illus., $3.50
net.—Chiero's Memoirs, the reminiscences of a
Bociety palmist, including interviews with the
greatest celebrities of the day, illus., $2. net.—
Among Indian Rajahs and Ryots, a civil servant's
recollections and impressions of thirty-seven years
of work and sport in the central province of Ben-
gal, by Andrew H. L. Fraser, illus., $1.50 net.—
The Empress Josephine, by Baron De Meneval,
illus., $2.50 net.—William T. Richards, by Harri-
son S. Morris., illus., $1. net. (J. B. Lippincott Co.)
Lights and Shadows of a Long Episcopate, by Benja-
min Whipple, LL.D., illus., $2. net.—The Life of
Benjamin Disraeli, by W. F. Monypenny, Vol. EL,
$3. net.—Clara Schumann, an artist's life, by Ber-
thold Litzman, translated from the fourth German
edition by Grace E. Hadow, Vol. II., illus.—Lead-
ing Figures in European History, by Dunn Patti-
son. (Macmillan Co.)
Intimate Memoirs of Napoleon LTL, by Baron D'Am-
bes, trans, by A. R. Allinson, 2 vols., illus., $6. net.
—John Hancock, the picturesque patriot, by Lo-
renzo Sears, with photogravure frontispiece, $1.50
net.—Lords and Ladies of the Italian Lakes, by
Edgcumbe Staley, illus. in color, etc., $4. net.—In
the Footsteps of Richard Coeur de Lion, by Maud
M. Holbach, illus. in photogravure, etc., $4. net.—
A Polish Exile with Napoleon, by G. L. de St. M.
Watson, illus. in photogravure, $3.50 net. (Little,
Brown & Co.)
Fanny Burner, by Constance Hill, illus., $5. net.—
Life of Cobbett, by Lewis Melville, 2 vols., illus.,
$10. net.—Letter B*ag of Lady Elizabeth Stanhope,
by Mrs. A. M. W. Stirling, 2* vols., illus., $10. net.
—Memoirs of the Court of England, 1675, by Marie
Catherine Comtese d'Aulnoy, illus., $5. net.—A
Queen of Shreds and Patches, by L. Gastine, illus.,
$4. net.—Napoleon's Last Campaign in Germany,
by F. Loraine Petre, illus..—Footprints of Famous
Americans in Paris, by John Joseph Conway, with


1912.]
203
THE DIAL
Introduction by Mrs. John Lane, illus., $3.50 net.—
Memories of James McNeil Whistler, by Thomas
R. Way, illus., $3. net.—Coke of Norfolk and His
Friends, the Life of Thomas Coke, First Earl of
Leicester and Holkham, by A. M. W. Stirling, new
edition, revised, illus., $4. net.—Don John of Aus-
tria, by P. Louis Coloma. (John Lane Co.)
The Days of My Life, an autobiography, by Amelia
E. Barr, illus., $3. net.—Reminiscences of a Diplo-
matist's Wife, by Mrs. Hugh Fraser, illus., $3. net.
—The Romance of Sandro Botticelli, by A. J. An-
derson, illus., $3. net.—Michael Heilprin and His
Sons, by Gustav Pollak, illus., $3.50 net.—The New
Journal of Marie Bashkirtseff, from childhood to
girlhood, trans, from the French by Mary J. Saf-
ford, $1. net. (Dodd, Mead & Co.)
Personal Traits of Abraham Lincoln, by Helen Nico-
lay, $1.80 net.—Everybody's St. Francis, by Mau-
rice Francis Egan, illus. in color, etc., by Boutct
de Monvel, $2.50 net. (Century Co.)
Retrospections of an Active Life, by John Bigelow,
Vols. IV. and V., completing the work, per volume
$4. net.—The Man Who Bucked Up, an autobiog-
raphy, by Arthur Howard, $1. net. (Doubleday,
Page & Co.)
Memories of Victorian London, by Mrs. Walford.—
Essays in Appreciation, by Canon George M. Doug-
las.—A Colonial Governor in Maryland, by Lady
Edgar.—The Three Sisters of Lord Russell of Kil-
lowen, by Frank Matthew Russell. (Longmans,
Green & Co.)
The Soldier-Bishop, Ellison Capers, by Walter B.
Capers, illus., $3. net.—One of Jackson's Foot Cav-
alry, his experience and what he saw during the
War of 1861 to 1865, by John H. Worsham, $2.
net.—William Leroy Brown, his life, with extracts
from his works, by Thomas L. Brown, illus., $2.
net.—Mrs. Fiske, a biographical and critical study,
by Frank Carlos Griffith, illus., $1. net. (Neale
Publishing Co.)
The Life of Nietzsche, by Frau Foerster-Nietzsehe,
Vol. II., The Solitary Nietzsche, illus., $4. net.—
Court Series of French Memoirs, trans, from the
French and edited by E. Jules Moras, new vols.:
Memoirs Relating to the Empress Josephine, by
Georgette Ducrest; "1814," manuscript of Baron
Fain; each illus., $1.50 net.—Heroines of Modern
Progress, by Elmer C. Adams and Warren Dunham
Foster, illus., $1.50 net. (Sturgis & Walton Co.)
Theatrical and Musical Memoirs, by Rudolph Aron-
son, illus., $2.50 net.—Caesar Borgia, a study of
the Renaissance, by John Leslie Garner, illus., $3.25
net.—Fourteen years of Diplomatic Life in Japan,
by Baroness Albert d'Anethan, illus., $4.25 net.—
A White King in East Africa, by John Boyes, illus.,
$3. net.—Cardinal de Richelieu, by Eleanor C.
Price, illus., $3.25 net.—Forty-Five Years of My
Life, by Princess Louise of Prussia, illus., $4.25
net.-—A White King in Africa, bv John Boyes,
illus., $3. net. (McBride, Nast & Co.)
American Crises Biographies, edited by Ellis Paxson
Oberholtzer, new vols.: Ulysses S. Grant, by
Franklin S. Edmonds; Robert Toombs, by L'lrich
B. Phillips; each with portrait, $1.25 net. (George
W. Jacobs Co.)
General W. T. Sherman as College President, by Wal-
ter L. Fleming, illus., $5. net. (Arthur II. Clark
Co.)
My Friends at Brook Farm, by John Van der Zee
Sears, illus., $1.25 net. (Desmond Fitzgerald, Inc.)
Leading American Inventors, by George lies, illus.,
$1.75 net.—The World's Leading Conquerors, by
W. L. Bevans. with portraits, $1.75 net. (Ilenrv
Holt & Co.)
The Last Legitimate King of France, Louis' XVII.,
by Phoebe Allen, $5. net.—Life of Michael Angelo,
by Romain Rolland, $2. net. (E. P. Dutton & Co.)
Sun Yat Sen, and the awakening of China, by James
Cantile, $1.25 net.—Arthur T. Piersonf a biog-
raphy, by his son, Delavan Leonard Pierson, illus.,
$1.50 net.—A Modern Pioneer in Korea, the life
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1912.]
209
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[Sept. 16,
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Entered as Second-Claw Matter October 8, 1892, at the Poet Office at Chicago, IUIdoU, under Act ol March 3,1879.
No. 631.
OCTOBER 1, 19125
Vol. LIU.
Contexts.
PAGE
CLASSICAL RUBBISH 229
CASUAL COMMENT 231
A notable bibliography.—The last labors of a vet-
eran literary worker.—Details of Harvard's promised
library.-—The appeal of the literary weekly.—Sup-
posed qualifications for librarianship.—"The Tolstoy
of Germany."—Improving the conditions of country
life.—Book-buyers, book-borrowers, and the parcels
post. — Reorganizing a public library.— Chinese
sensational fiction. — Books and the weather.—
Friendliness to the foreigner. — "A fundamental
paradox of education."— Publishers in petticoats.
ENGLISH POLITICS AND ENGLISH LITERA-
TURE. (Special London Correspondence.) E. H.
Lacon Watson 234
COMMUNICATION .236
Some Points in the History of Fort Dearborn. Milo
Milton Quaife.
THE FOUNDER OF A GREAT AMERICAN PUB-
LISHING HOUSE. Percy F. Bichnell . . .237
OUR RELATIONS WITH JAPAN. Payson J. Treat 239
WHISTLER THE ARTIST. Frederick W. Gookin . 241
THE DOMESTIC ECONOMY OF INSECTS. T.D.A.
Cockerell 242
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne ... 243
"Richard Dehan's" Between Two Thieves.—
Snaith's The Principal Girl—Merwin's The Citadel.
— Day's The Red Lane.— Jackson's The Midland-
ers.— Train's "C Q"; or, In the Wireless House.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 24G
Charles Lamb's friend the census-taker. — New
studies of direct legislation. — A unique study in
social heredity. — French society at the height of •
medisavalism.— Hiroshige and his followers.— The
stirring life of an American patriot. — Everybody's
world and philosophy.—Literary Denmark in the
seventies.— Mirthful scenes from Shakespeare.
BRIEFER MENTION 249
NOTES 2S1
TOPICS IN OCTOBER PERIODICALS 252
ADDITIONAL FALL ANNOUNCEMENTS . . . 2.>3
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 257
CLASSICAL £UBBISH.
The official bulletin of the Newark Public
Library devotes a page of its current issue to
the "great books " superstition. The homily
opens as follows:
"Much literary talk is mere pretense. We learn in
school days who the great writers are, according to the
critics and the text-books, and we learn a few phrases
about them, and perhaps, because the course prescribes
it, we read a few pages of them. When we get out of
school or college, do we read them any more? Very
few of us do. If it strikes our fancy to have a library
we buy these great books and put them on its shelves,
and look at them with pride, and often with a little
guilty feeling. We think we ought to read them."
Now with all this we have no quarrel. It is
plain truth, given a somewhat philistine accent
in the expression. When boys and girls leave
school, most of them turn their backs upon lit-
erature, and will have none of it. This deplor-
able fact is, we are persuaded, a consequence of
the way in which pedantic pedagogues use works
of literature as educational appliances. But the
fact is none the less deplorable, and it behooves
those who have to do with educational work to
remedy the conditions which bring about such
a result. Our librarian mentor goes on to say
(and here we most emphatically part company
with him) "We are quite mistaken — we ought
not to read them if we do not really like them."
Which is to say: We ought not to be virtuous
if our natural inclinations are sinful, or we ought
not to be sober if we get more satisfaction from
being drunk. For there undoubtedly is such a
thing as good taste in reading, and if we have
not acquired it we should confess the defect in
a humble spirit, and not resort to blustering
denial after the fashion of the philistines in all
ages.
Humility, not hypocrisy, is what we need to
practice in such a case. For a man to pretend
to like books that in reality bore him unspeak-
ably is a grievous fault, but to assert that be-
cause they bore him they cannot be worth his
attention is mere childish petulance. We remem-
ber the time when we were profoundly convinced
that all this talk about the beauty of Shake-
speare and Tennyson was sheer humbug, and
scornfully rejected it as something not to be
taken seriously. But that was at the age of
twelve or thereabouts, and when the awakening


230
[Oct. 1,
THE
DIAL
came, it had all the fervor of a religious conver-
sion. Speaking of the world's great books, our
bulletin further remarks: "One may dare to
say that save for the very, very few who care for
that kind of book, they are not worth the read-
ing." From a child, this utterance would be
merely amusing, but from an educational organ
which speaks for that great agency of culture,
the publio library, it is simply shocking. If
there is any purpose for which public libraries
exist, and which in any way justifies them as a
charge upon the public funds, it is that of in-
creasing the number of " the very, very few who
care for that kind of book," and of opening the
minds of the many who view good literature from
the seat of the scornful. To encourage them iu
their benighted self-sufficiency is nothing less
than a crime against culture, and it is atrocious
for such encouragement to come from an educa-
tional agency which is under bonds to be uplift-
ing in its influence.
According to the counsel of iniquity which
has occasioned these reflections, "the great,
vital, fundamental, universal books of light and
power . . . have, most of them, a message only
for a very small circle," which would seem to
be a paradox quite incapable of solution. The
adjectives used in this characterization must be
taken ironically to give the statement even a
semblance of truth. For if books are in very
truth vital, fundamental, and universal, they
must have a message for every intelligent human
being, and it is at his own serious cost that any
individual will close his ears to the message, or
refrain from the effort to decipher it. "He
that is filthy, let him be filthy still" is a scrip-
ture that would seem to apply in his case,
and the worst service that could be done him
would be to persuade him that the message
was not meant for his hearing. To argue
thus is to say, in effect, that no aspirations
and idealisms are worth while, that souls sunk
in the slough should make no uncomfortable
effort to rise out of it, that the circumscribed
vision is well enough, and the gleam of glories
beyond is a delusion. One cannot too often
recall Ruskin's indignant repudiation of the
debased gospel of culture which preaches that
the best literature is too bright and good for
human nature's daily food. "Will you go and
gossip with your housemaid, or your stable-boy,
when you may talk with kings and queens; or
flatter yourself that it is with any worthy con-
sciousness of your own claims to respect, that
you jostle with the hungry and common crowd
for entree here, and audience there, when all
the while this eternal court is open to you, with
its society, wide as the world, multitudinous as
its days, the chosen, and the mighty, of every
place and time?"
That there may be no misunderstanding as to
the nature of the advice offered by the Newark
Library to its patrons, we are given a list of the
books against which readers are warned as un-
profitable. This list includes most of the works
in which genius has attained its highest reach,
and which have most profoundly moved the souls
of men. The "Iliad," the "Odyssey" and the
"JSneid" are here, as are also "The Divine
Comedy," "Paradise Lost," "Don Quixote,"
and "Faust." ^Eschylus and Euripides are
placed on the- Index, although for some un-
accountable reason Sophocles and Aristophanes
escape condemnation. Aristotle and Plato are,
of course, marked for slaughter, as are also
Cicero, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius. The
secondary classics of English literature are
mostly under the ban, including "The Canter-
bury Tales," "The Faerie Queene," "The Pil-
grim's Progress," the " Morte d'Arthur," "Tris-
tram Shandy," Burke's speeches, and Gibbon's
"Decline and Fall." Addison, Lamb, and
Montaigne are essayists who have no message
for the many, and even the "Imitation" is not
spared. Mill's "Political Economy" appears
here in bad eminence, evidently as a type of all the
great works that have clarified human thought
and advanced the intellectual life. We only
wonder that the list (of some thirty great names)
was not made much longer, for it does not come
anywhere near to exhausting the chief literary
sources of spiritual refreshment. It does, how-
ever, guard the unwary reader against the errors
into which he is most likely to fall, and assures
him that most of what he has been taught about
literature, either in school or by the masters of
criticism, is unworthy of credence. Of course
this sort of counsel is a most damnable perversion
of the function of a public library, which, while it
must recognize the deplorable fact that the best
books are not called for nearly as often as the
worst ones, should nevertheless bend its main
energies to the redress of this bad balance, and
should take more satisfaction in the one borrower
who asks for Homer or Dante, for "Don Quixote"
or "Faust," than in the ninety and nine who swell
the statistics of circulation by bearing homeward
the latest puerility of the latest popular novelist.
It is difficult to have patience with the argument
that neglect of a classic offers prima facie evi-
dence that tradition has overrated it. When the
best minds of many generations are unanimous


1912.]
231
THE DIAL
in delaring the supreme excellence of a book, it
is no counsel of perfection to recommend it to the
attention of the most casual reader as a source,
for him personally, of rich spiritual sustenance.
CASUAL COMMENT.
A notable bibliography, now in preparation
by Professor John M. Clapp, is to be devoted to
English prose fiction of the eighteenth century,
and is expected to contain when completed between
five thousand and fifty-five hundred titles. The
laborious bat not uninteresting task was begun by
Mr. Clapp eight years ago, and has been prosecuted
chiefly at the British Museum, whose catalogue
must be the chief dependence of anyone engaged
in such an undertaking as this. An account of his
labors was read by Mr. Clapp at the late annual
meeting of the Chicago Chapter of the Bibliograph-
ical Society of America, and is printed in volume
six of that Society's "Papers." To give an idea of
the scope and method of his work, we qnote a
passage from his instructive and readable article.
"To be really useful such a work must list not only
the books which we should to-day classify as Novels
or Short Stories (of these, according to my own
list, there were between 2000 and 3000), bat also
as many as possible of the great number of other
works whose appeal was chiefly, or largely, that of
fiction. These may be grouped, roughly, in four
classes: First, the narrative Chap-books. Second,
the works of Pseudo-History, Pseudo-Biography,
and Pseudo-Travel, of which there were many,
especially in the first half of the century. In this
class would be included the longer Criminal Bio-
graphies. Third, the stream of Tracts and Pam-
phlets, cast into narrative form, discussing current
questions—-political, social, religious, educational,
or personal — in a persuasive, polemic, or satirical
way. These also were very numerous, particularly
at the beginning and the end of the century.
Fourth, various miscellaneous works: Jest-books;
'Miscellanies' so called, made up of both expository
and narrative matter; certain collections of Essays,
like those of Tom Brown, or Letters, like Mrs.
Elizabeth Rowe's Friendship in Death, in which
there is a considerable narrative element; and a few
odds and ends." It is clear, as Mr. Clapp points out,
that no one bibliographer can cover the whole field
of English fiction in this systematic and painstaking
manner. There is room enough for many workers,
and even in the task that he has set himself, one
would think him in need of helpers.
• • •
The last labors of a veteran literary
worker, who has stuck to his task for more than
forty years and then died pen in hand, figuratively
speaking, are likely soon to see the light in posthu-
mous publication. It appears from a communica-
tion of Mr. Samuel C. Chew, Jr., lately printed in
the New York ''Evening Post," that the late Dr.
Furness's closing years of Shakespeare editorship
had brought almost to completion a fifteenth play in
the series whose beginning dates back to 1871. In
a letter written to Mr. Chew only a few days before
his death, Dr. Furness said, after referring to the
loss of several dear friends: "My nepenthe, how-
ever, is work, into which it is impossible at eighty
to throw as much energy as at thirty. If all goes
well I hope to deliver 'Cymbeline' to the mercies
of the printers in a month or two. And then I
shall rest and patch up my old body for heaven."
As six years have elapsed since the "Antony and
Cleopatra" was delivered to the mercies above
named—an interval only equalled, in the history
of this Variorum edition, by that between "King
Lear" and "Othello"—there is reason to hope the
* Cymbeline" may indeed be practically ready for
publication, and that its early appearance may be
counted on. Further quotation from the editor's
correspondence claims a place here. Mr. Chew
communicates this passage from an earlier letter:
"To know that fresh, young, enthusiastic spirits are
entering the world of Shakespeare, wherein there
lies for them illimitable growth, cannot but fill with
measureless content one who is finishing the journey,
and to whom that world is fast vanishing in the
lengthening shadows." In referring to the Baconian
theory, which he said was almost as prevalent as
the measles, and from which most people recovered
as soon, Dr. Furness is quoted as demanding with
mock indignation that the Baconians should read
the essay "Of Gardens" and then follow it with the
fourth act of "The Winter's Tale," or read the
essay "Of Love" and then the third act of "Romeo
and Juliet" "If they still believe," said he, "that
the man who wrote the essays wrote those scenes, I
give them up!" ...
Details of Harvard's promised library, the
magnificent gift of Mrs. George D. Widener, mother
of the late Harry Elkins Widener, to whose memory
the building is to be dedicated, have now been made
public, and indicate that the new structure will take
rank with the world's largest and finest library
buildings. Exceeding in dimensions the great
Boston Public Library, it will almost equal the
New York Public Library, and will have a capacity
of nearly two and one-half million volumes, with
fifty-nine miles of shelving to hold them. Its main
reading-room, seating 375 persons, will be larger
*than the famous Bates Hall of the Boston library,
while there will be no fewer than eighty special or
private reading-rooms for Harvard professors and
other scholars desiring seclusion of this sore Also
350 still smaller studies will be provided, so that
no reasonable request for privacy in one's literary
labors need be refused. The Widener Memorial
Hall, on the first floor, will be a chief feature of the
interior, and will be a room forty by thirty-two feet
in measurement, with stack-room in the rear for the
Widener collection. The dimensions of the building


232
[Oct. 1,
THE
DIAL,
as a whole are given as 206 by 275 feet; the mate-
rial will be brick and limestone, and the construction
will be fire-proof throughout. Gore Hall, the home,
since 1841, of America's fourth-largest library, will
be torn down to make room, in part, for the incom-
parably more commodious new quarters; and until
the expected completion of the memorial building,
in about two years, the books will be stored chiefly
in Randall Hall, where also the card-catalogue will
be placed, while reading-room accommodations will
be provided in Massachusetts Hall. It is hoped
that the dedication of the world's finest university
library building may take place in the commence-
ment week of 1914.
The appeal of the literary weekly to
popular favor has been as successful with our
English cousins as it has been the contrary with,
us. London hebdomadal publications devoted more
or less conspicuously to the interests of literature
are numerous and of no mean order of merit.
That so many periodicals like the "Nation,"
"Athenaeum," "Academy," "Spectator," "Satur-
day Review," and "Speaker" should flourish side
by side, while in this country hardly more than one
or two weekly publications of like character can be
found even by the most kindly-disposed scrutiny, is
rather remarkable. And what is more, the English
list is now to be lengthened by a notable addition
at the hands of the enterprising house of Messrs.
J. M. Dent & Sons. On the eighteenth of October
there will appear, according to announcement, a
new literary weekly whose contributors will be of
various countries and of divers parties and creeds.
For example, articles are promised from such
writers as Mr. H. G. Wells, who will treat the
subject of industrial unrest; Mr. G. K. Chesterton,
who will handle peasant proprietorship; Professor
Hans Delbruck, who will consider how to make
more cordial the relations between England and
Germany; Professor Cestre (of the University of
Bordeaux), who will give a Frenchman's view of
Mr. George Bernard Shaw; Professor Saintsbury,
who will write on Balzac and on Sir Walter Scott;
and the Abbe* Houtin, whose pen will depict the
character of Pope Pius the Tenth. A periodical so
hospitable to writers of whatever nation or creed
might well choose for a motto, if it had not already
been preempted, Tros Tyriusque mihi nullo dis-
crimine agetur. . . .
Supposed qualifications for librarianship,
as that office is viewed by the uninitiated, who often
regard it as a dignified sinecure to be obtained by
favor or influence of a political or other nature, in-
clude, first and foremost, a limitless capacity for
sitting in an easy chair and reading books all day.
Miss Hoover, the experienced head of the Galesburg
Public Library, takes occasion, in her current Report,
to touch on this matter as follows: "With the ma-
jority of people the idea prevails that the duties of
a library attendant consist in handing out the re-
quired book or furnishing the desired information,
leaving the attendant ample time to spend in the
enjoyment of reading. The frequency with which
an applicant for a library position states as a quali-
fication the fact that he is ' very fond of reading'
proves the popularity of the idea." But, as a matter
of prosaic fact, "each day in a busy library sees a
large amount of routine work done aside from the
delivery of books, — the compiling and recording of
statistics, re-writing of book-cards, issuing of bor-
rowers' cards, writing of notices of overdue and of
reserve books, the recovery of overdue books, the
business correspondence, the financial book-keeping,
the type-writing of book-lists and bulletins, the me-
chanical preparation of books for circulation, the
mending and repair of books, the care of pamphlets,
keeping books in order on the shelves," and various
other duties which are not mentioned, but which any
library worker can easily add. In short, to adapt
an old and familiar rhyme,
Though other folk's work be from bud to sun,
The librarian's task is never done.
"The Tolstoy of Germany" is what some of
Professor Rudolf Eucken's admirers call the famous
professor of philosophy at the University of Jena.
His acceptance of the exchange professorship at
Harvard for the coining year ( at the same time that
Professor Bergson accepts a similar call to Columbia)
directs attention anew to his personality and his
work. The feeling of attachment and enthusiastic
devotion with which his many disciples regard him,
the deserved distinction of being awarded a Nobel
prize, the increasing rapidity with which his books
sell both in his own and in foreign lands, give assur-
ance that his lectures at Harvard this winter will be
well worth hearing and will not be delivered before
empty benches. Dr. Eucken is sixty-seven years
old, and has held his present chair at Jena since his
call in 1874 from Basel, where he had occupied a
similar position for three years. His university
training was received at Gottingen. His best-known
book, to English readers at least, is "The Problem
of Human Life, as Viewed by the Great Thinkers
from Plato to the Present Time." The teachings
of this philosopher, like those of his eminent contem-
poraries, Professors James and Bergson, emphasize
the non-fixedness of reality. Truth with them is
not something forever finished and unalterable, but
rather an evolution, a process that continues, a drama
that unrolls. The problem of the universe can hope
for no final solution, but must be attacked afresh,
from new points of assault, in each succeeding age.
Professor Eucken's way of handling the riddle has
afforded stimulus and cheer for many a bewildered
and often pessimistic student of the baffling problem.
• • •
Improving the conditions of country life
forms one of the themes most frequently turned to
oratorical uses by the most volubly eloquent of our
present candidates for the highest public office in
the land. And meanwhile, it is worth noting, this
same improvement of rural conditions is being made


1912.]
233
THE DIAJL
the subject of some quiet and, it is already evident,
fruitful study by the combined intelligence of the
Massachusetts Library Commission and the Massa-
chusetts Library Club. An example of what rural
library work can accomplish has been recently fur-
nished by the little hill town of Pomfret, Vermont,
whose activities in this field are so well described
by Mr. John Cotton Dana in a most interesting illus-
trated pamphlet. It was only the other day that
our attention was called to the improved condition
of a western Massachusetts farming town of not
more than five hundred inhabitants; and amid the
other signs of local progress was the revived aspect
of the public library, which had recently been placed
in charge of a trained librarian and provided with
suitable quarters. Books are not the sole road to
salvation, and unassisted by other agencies they can
do little; but in the interplay of all the countless
elements of a progressive civilization the dissemi-
nation of good reading-matter probably counts for
much more than is generally suspected.
• • «
Book-buyers, book-borrowers, and the par-
cels post ought to have been brought into a more
satisfactory relationship, the two former to the last-
named, than was effected by Congress in the provis-
ions of the new postal regulation to take effect next
January. Books and similar printed matter ought
to enjoy the benefit of the reduced rates accorded to
merchandise under the new system. Librarians,
publishers, booksellers, library-users, and all who
handle books are interested in securing facilities less
expensive than those now furnished by the mail and
the express companies, for the carriage of books to
and from libraries and bookshops and from friend
to friend. The approaching holiday season will
once more make our people conscious that the pur-
chase of gift books for Christmas offerings by no
means ends the outlay necessary for their presenta-
tion to distant friends. Though the green-grocer
and the drygoods-dealer may profit by the new regu-
lation, the book-hungry backwoods folk, dependent
on some form of library extension for their reading
matter, must possess their souls in patience until a
dilatory Congress shall see fit to frame and pass a
parcels-post law that is something more than a rider
to an appropriation bill hurried through in the last
days of an unduly protracted session.
• ■ •
Reorganizing a public library, especially one
that has reached a considerable size and is nearly
a quarter of a century old, is no holiday diversion.
The new librarian of the Los Angeles Public Library
is now engaged in this work of reorganization, as
appears from the current Report of that energetic
and progressive institution. In the Directors' Report
we read: "On September 8th [of last year] Mr.
Everett R. Perry, of the New York Public Library,
was appointed librarian. Through Mr. Perry's tire-
less efforts since that time, several departments of
the Library have been reorganized, and the standards
of efficiency of the library service very highly im-
proved. This has been attested by a wider interest
in the Library, manifested by a very heavy increase
in circulation." The first of six Carnegie branch
libraries is about to be built, and sites for five of the
six have been given and have met with the Board's
approval. From the reports of the various heads of
departments, as well as from that of the librarian-in-
chief, it is clear that the literary needs of the com-
munity are to suffer no neglect, as far as Mr. Perry
and his associates can prevent it.
Chinese sensational fiction apparently re-
sembles the same class of literature elsewhere in
its shameless appeal to the love of all that is hair-
raising and horrible in description, plot, and
character-painting. That our "shilling shockers"
and " penny dreadfuls" should have their counter-
parts wherever books are printed, is as inevitable'
as that rivers should run down to the sea. The
"North China Herald " deplores the crude sensa-
tionalism of certain recent native works of fiction
that seem to be showing a tendency to supplant the
older classic romances. One of these lurid tales
bears the bloodcurdling title, "The Magistrate's
Decision on the Dismembered Corpse of a Rake."
A synopsis of the plot is given, but even that is too
disagreeable to reproduce here. One is amused,
however, by the unconscious humor displayed in the
last chapter of the book, where the author turns
preacher and gravely points the moral of his story
by cautioning his readers against indulging their
passions and harboring in their bosoms the vices
depicted in the preceding pages. Nine-tenths of
the readers will skip the moral, and the remaining
tenth will give it slight heed; but the manufacturer
of the wretched stuff has salved his conscience, or
thinks he has.
• • •
Books and the weather seem to stand in a
certain important relationship, the one to the other,
that is recognized by booksellers and publishers.
Without going so far as to say that book-sales are
"servile to all the skyey influences," one might
safely maintain that, other things being equal, a
rainy season will quicken the circulation of books,
and a season of sunshine will retard it. Just now
the abundant and protracted rainstorms in England
are rejoicing the English publishers' and booksellers'
hearts; for the people, out of sheer desperation, if
from no higher motive, are turning to literature and
swelling the receipts of those who deal in printed
matter, who in their turn are joyfully making hay
while the sun is obscured. And this may suggest
to the curious observer that one great reason why
northern Europe reads more than southern, why
Scandinavia buys more books than Spain, lies in the
greater prevalence of gloomy weather among the
hyperboreans. It was confidently predicted in
Copenhagen not long ago that as soon as Captain
Amundsen's book on the South Pole should appear.


234
[Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
three out of every four street-car conductors and
motormen would be reading it. Could any such
gratifying spectacle be looked for in the lands of
sunshine and of almost uninterrupted outdoor life
and of perpetual dolce far niente?
Friendliness to the foreigner is the note
struck by the so-called Foreign Reading Room of the
Broadway Branch of the Cleveland Public Library.
This room, says an illustrated leaflet issued by the
library, " is very interesting to those who do not for-
get the Fatherland. It contains the books in lan-
guages other than English, and also magazines from
Europe. The librarian will always be glad to receive
suggestions for new titles." Attention is given to
the literary needs of Bohemians, Germans, Poles,
Slovenians, Hungarians, Finns, Italians, Lithua-
nians — and others. The English-reading public is,
< of course, also abundantly provided for. Small de-
scriptive folders and book-lists in a number of foreign
languages are circulated by the Broadway Branch,
which seems to be in the heart of the foreign quarter
of Cleveland, and to be doing its best to relieve the
immigrant's homesickness and to open for him the
way to intelligent citizenship in the land of his
adoption. . . .
"A FUNDAMENTAL PARADOX OF EDUCATION,"
which the advocates of vocational and industrial
training would do well to consider, finds itself well
stated by President Hibben of Princeton in a
discussion of "True Conservatism in Education,"
in the New York "Times." He calls attention to
the frequency with which "the most immediate and
direct means of bringing about a desired end for
that very reason tends to neutralize itself, and thus
to defeat its own purpose. In other words, there
is no short cut to knowledge. The particular task
in life must be allowed for some time at least to
remain in the background of thought and of
endeavor. A thorough training of all the powers
of the man is the best preparation for the particular
work, whatever it may be, which awaits him."
One is reminded by this of the especial and diligent
attention bestowed by Dr. Martineau, in his school
days, on the studies least congenial to him and
least likely to bear directly on his work in after
life. The story of the youth who, on being asked
why he spent so much time over the dialogues of
Plato, answered, "Because I am going to be a civil
engineer," is not without its point and significance.
Publishers in petticoats will not long astonish
by their rarity. In this country we already have
the Alice Harriman Company, with a number of
noteworthy books to its credit; and in London there
has just been organized a promising business house
under the name of the Happy Publishing Company
—conducted entirely by women, handling only books
written by women, and, to a considerable extent,
employing women in their manufacture. The first
venture of the Happy Publishing Company is the
maiden effort of a new writer, Mrs. M. M. Lee, and
is entitled "Love's Victories," which should appeal
especially to women. Women writers may like to
have the address of this new publishing house; it
is 133 Salisbury Square, Fleet Street, E. C.
ENGLISH POLITICS AND ENGLISH
LITERATURE.
(Special Correspondence of The Dial.)
The combination of politics and the practice of
letters is becoming rare in England, and perhaps
in other countries as well. Or it might be more
just to say that it is less successful: that we fail
to produce now (for Lord Morley's work, excellent
as it is, belongs rather to a past age) men who are at
once considerable politicians and in the front rank
as authors — men of the stamp of Lord Macaulay
and Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield. I say
this with the full knowledge that we possess cer-
tain members of the Cabinet at the present moment
who have written agreeably in the past, and may do
so again. Our Irish secretary is still Mr. Augustine
Birrell, who won his literary spurs many years ago
with several pleasant volumes of light essays; our
secretary for Foreign Affairs, Sir Edward Grey,
wrote a book on fly-fishing, which has become a
classic in its own field; an ex-prime minister, Lord
Rosebery, has produced more than one biographical
work of interest and literary ability. But none of
these men, not even Mr. Birrell, can be said to take
literature seriously. Politics is their chief occupa-
tion: they turn to the other (some of them) in the
all too scanty moments of leisure snatched from
parliamentary duties; and it is pretty safe to say
that such immortality as they may earn will be due
to their deeds in the political rather than in the
literary field. Nor can I detect signs of any new
men arising to take the places of those I have
mentioned. Parliament still possesses Sir Gilbert
Parker; for a short while he had as companions in
the House two tolerably distinguished novelists in
Mr. Belloc and Mr. A. E. W. Mason. They came,
and saw, and were conquered: the Mother of Par-
liaments proved too much for them. Mr. Belloc
has never ceased since to declare his conviction that
the whole system of party government is rotten to
the core.
There has, in fact, been of late years a general
increase in the pace of political life,—a "speeding-
up" process, as the modern phrase has it,—which
must necessarily be alien to the literary mind. Our
legislators are now paid for their services, and ac-
cordingly they are full of new-born zeal: they feel
that they must give the country something for its
money; and the consequence is that they have
fallen into the habit of passing new bills at break-
neck speed and after very inadequate consideration.
Indeed, the ordinary Member of Parliament has no
occasion to think matters over for himself: he is


1912.J
235
THE DIAL
practically the creature of his party, and must obey
the dictates of the machine. Now, your man of
letters, at the worst, has a sort of pride: he believes
in his own judgment; he was chosen to this respon-
sible post, he imagines, because of his superiority
of intellect, and it would clearly be absurd not to
utilize this valuable quality in the public interest.
Consequently, he is apt to prove a difficult subject
for the management of the party authorities, who
require above all things men who will do what they
are told and argue to order. It is for this reason
that we find so large a preponderance of legal gen-
tlemen in the House. And the place that used to
be filled by the man of letters is now commonly oc-
cupied by the journalist.
I perceive that Lord Morley, in a recent speech
delivered at a complimentary dinner to a well-known
journalist, remarked upon the number of recent prime
ministers who had made their mark in the realm of
books. If they had been drawn by the necessities
of life into journalism, he, in his editorial days, would
have guaranteed any one of the five a very excellent
salary. Perhaps we should not take the words of
an after-dinner speaker too seriously; but it is a little
remarkable that Lord Morley, possibly our last sur-
viving example of the combined politician and man
of letters, should instinctively have appraised the
worth of these gentlemen in the light of his experi-
ence as editor rather than as literary critic. Disraeli,
Gladstone, Rosebery, Balfour, the late Lord Salis-
bury (these, I imagine, were the sacred five referred
to) all possessed undoubted ability as writers. But
the majority of them (I am inclined to except Mr.
Balfour, who has written a Defence of Philosophic
Doubt) saw things from the point of view of the poli-
tical journalist, a point of view which is proverbi-
ally one-eyed. Their literary quality was apt to be
swamped in their desire to prove a thesis: the habit
of debate had gained possession of them. Thus it
was even as long ago as the days of Macaulay, who
wrote his History of England and found it turn
under his hands to a Defence of Whiggery.
But the name of Macaulay remains, and will re-
main, a bright spot in the literary history of his time.
We may perhaps attribute this to his consistently
independent attitude. He entered Parliament as the
member for Calne, then a "pocket borough " of the
Lord Lansdowne of that day, but with the express
understanding that he was to have complete freedom
of action. Subsequently, when he took office, in 1832,
he was always prepared to sacrifice his place rather
than his convictions. And, in his days, it was pos-
sible for a Member of Parliament to speak his mind
in debate and to record his vote according to his real
opinions. The party machine had not yet arrived,
to crush all the individuality out of the private mem-
ber, making of him nothing but a single cog-wheel
in the complicated apparatus of power. It was still
possible for a man to enter the House of Commons
and preserve his self-respect. It was not necessary
for him then to keep his name before his constituents,
under pain of being forced to resign if he failed to
take a share in debate, or to make himself conspicu-
ous at question-time. He had not the fear of the
local paper before his eyes. Gibbon, the historian
of the " Decline and Fall," could sit seven years for
Liskeard, recording none but silent votes. Pride
hastened to excuse a natural timidity, and he con-
fessed that even " the success of my pen discouraged
the trial of my voice." Yet, as his training in the
Southampton militia enabled him to examine the
battles of antiquity with an intelligent eye, so his
Parliamentary experience was not without value.
"The eight sessions that I sat in Parliament," he
wrote, "were a school of civil prudence, the first
and most essential virtue of an historian."
The great speakers filled Gibbon with despair: the
bad ones with apprehension, to use once again his
inimitable stateliness of phrase. More than half a
century earlier, the same diffidence made an equally
silent member of Addison, who presented the curious
spectacle, impossible in these strenuous days, of a
silent Secretary of State. The great essayist is re-
corded, perhaps apocryphally, to have made one
attempt in the direction of parliamentary oratory,
but his shyness overcame him, and he sat down in
confusion. Indeed, it must be admitted that our
literary politicians have not invariably attained a
success as public speakers commensurate with the
command of language they displayed in other fields.
Against Macaulay, Sheridan, and Disraeli must be
set Addison, Gibbon, John Stuart Mill, and perhaps
the late Mr. Lecky. But Mill, though not an elo-
quent debater, was heard with attention, and his
career in Parliament may be said to have extended
his influence.
The historian and the philosopher, as is only nat-
ural, bulk more largely in active political life than
the poet. Yet Andrew Marvell and Matthew Prior
sat in Parliament, and the latter was secretary to the
embassy at The Hague and afterwards to the pleni-
potentiaries who concluded the Peace of Ryswick.
A lighter strain in verse has proved not incompatible
with a certain success in the House of Commons.
W. M. Praed and Richard Monckton Milnes may
be cited as examples. Of novelists few can be said
to have made much mark in parliamentary history,
with the considerable exceptions of Disraeli and
Bulwer Lytton. Yet the life has evidently possessed
a fascination for them. Thackeray stood for Oxford
in 1857, but was defeated, perhaps fortunately,
by Mr. Cardwell, afterwards Secretary for War;
some ten years later his biographer, Anthony Trol-
lope, followed his footsteps in becoming candidate
for Beverley. In more recent times Mr. Anthony
Hope Hawkins, among a host of others, has tried his
fortune at the polls. But it is doubtful whether
modern parliamentary life can find much use for the
peculiar qualities of the successful novelist. Perhaps
Mr. H. G. Wells, with his remarkably constructive
imagination, might prove an exception.
Whatever appeal politics may make to literature,
it is clear that literature, in itself, makes but the
smallest appeal to the politician. The man of let-


236
[Oct. 1,
THE
DIAL
ters at the present day receives but little in the shape
of honors or rewards from those in power; and what
little he obtains is almost invariably bestowed upon
him (as though of set purpose) for some other rea-
son than his achievements as an author. Carlyle
was offered a baronetcy by Sir Robert Peel; Tenny-
son was raised to the peerage. But since the date
of his accession to that high order it is difficult to
think of any author (with the possible exception of
the late Sir Walter Besant) who has been included
in the list of honors for purely literary reasons. We
have a sufficiency of military and naval knights, as
is only just and proper: to the lay mind it seems
that the order of knighthood might reasonably be
confined to the two services. But since the politician
and the medical man have now come to claim at least
an equal share in these honors we cannot but feel
that literature is somewhat neglected. We have, it
is true, a few knights in our ranks. An editor or
two has received the honor; a newspaper proprietor
has been raised to the peerage; the other day a pub-
lisher was knighted; but these honors hardly belong
to pure literature. Among authors we possess Sir
Arthur Conan Doyle, who owes his honor chiefly
to his services during the South African War; Sir
A. T. Quiller Couch and Sir Gilbert Parker, who
owe theirs to political work; and Sir H. Rider Hag-
gard, whose suggestions for a scheme of national
land settlement in Great Britain were held to out-
weigh his claims as a writer of romance. A knight-
hood is, I admit, but a barren honor; but if we may
no longer look for embassies to The Hague, like Mat
Prior, or even consulships such as fell to the lot of
Charles Lever, it remains, I imagine, the best that
we can expect. It might occasionally be bestowed
upon men of real mark in their profession, as a re-
ward for excellence in their own work rather than
for a combination of literary talent with political or
other services. E> H> Lacon Watson.
London, September 17, WIS.
COMMUNICATION.
SOME POINTS IN THE HISTORY OF FORT
DEARBORN.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
The nature of Mr. Carrey's letter in The Dial for
Sept. 16, concerning my review of his book on Fort
Dearborn, impels me to submit the following observa-
tions.
In the review in question I developed reasons for the
judgment expressed that from the serious historical
viewpoint the work is of but slight, if any, value. The
author replies to this with a bitter arraignment which
seeks to discredit the review by representing the re-
viewer as prejudiced and dishonest, and by explaining
away a few of the many errors to which attention was
called in the review.
Did time and inclination permit, it would be much
easier to riddle the statements contained in the writer's
letter than it was to establish the unsound character of
his book. However, I have as little inclination for, as
the public would have interest in, a personal dispute
with Mr. Carrey. To enter upon such a course would
only detract attention from the sole issue of any public
or, to me at least, private interest. So far as the pub-
lic interest is concerned, it is immaterial whether the
reviewer is in private life habitually dishonest, as Mr.
Currey seems to think, or whether Mr. Currey's passion
overcame for the time being his sense of fairness and
his regard for the truth, as the reviewer believes. It
is a matter of some concern to the reading public, I take
it, whether the truth of history lies with Mr. Currey's
book which was reviewed, or with the criticisms which
the reviewer passed upon it.
Nor do I perceive the utility of imposing upon the
readers of The Dial a detailed discussion of the his-
torical issues raised in Mr. Currey's letter. It would
be an easy thing to show that all of them are unsound.
Mrs. Heald was but a young woman in 1812, instead of
thirty-six years of age; it is not true that the public had
no access to knowledge concerning the date of begin-
ning the construction of the first Fort Dearborn, prior to
the reviewer's "Record-Herald" article of last month;
it is a fact that "Surgeon" Cooper was the same indi-
vidual as "surgeon's mate" Cooper, and that neither
he nor another man of this name was killed in the
massacre; it is not true, as any schoolboy knows, that
General Dearborn performed "distinguished " services
on the Niagara frontier. And so with the other errors
which the author committed, and now vainly seeks to
deny. I neither expect nor care to convince Mr. Cur-
rey of these things; the casual reader can have little
interest in a detailed discussion of them; and other stu-
dents who turn their attention to the field of local his-
tory will find little difficulty in deciding which of us is
in the right.
In a word, my only interest in the whole matter is to
see what I believe to be the truth of history prevail.
The only issue between us which interests me pertains
solely to this. I believe the author's preparation for his
work to have been only superficial; that his methods
of work are fundamentally unsound; and consequently
that the issue of his labors, judged as history, is value-
less. In his resentment over the expression of this
judgment he has resorted to a bitter ad hominem argu-
ment with the design of discrediting it.
In this connection one or two further points demand
attention. It was furthest from my thought to impute
the invention of the stories growing out of Captain
Heald's action with reference to the arms and ammuni-
tion to Mr. Currey, and this a correct reading of the
review will show. The extent of his responsibility is
that he ignorantly copied the stories as though they were
true. So far as his statements concerning the paper I
read at the meeting of the Mississippi Valley Historical
Association are concerned, he has simply ascribed to the
audience generally (and this without any possible war-
rant) what I am quite willing to believe were his own
private impressions. A letter of inquiry as to the source
on which he based his statement concerning the re-
viewer's futile efforts "to secure a further hearing " at
the hands of the Chicago Historical Society, elicits the
explanation that he "got the impression " from a re-
porter's article in the " Tribune " recently. The truth
is that the reviewer is in no way responsible for the
article in question, which abounded in errors, and that
the statement which Mr. Currey based upon it is quite
without foundation in fact. Milo Milton Quaike.
Lewis Institute, Chicago, Sept. S3, 191S.


1912.]
237
THE
DIAL
tyt $tto ioohs.
The Founder of a Great American
Publishing House.*
Some of the most interesting books about
books and bookmen have in recent years come
from the hands of those engaged in the business
of producing books and in enlisting in their ser-
vice the most distinguished and talented writers
of books. The reminiscences of men like Mr.
Edward Marston,the veteran London publisher,
and Mr. J. Henry Harper, the well-known
New York publisher, have a quality of interest
not to be found in memoirs of any other kind.
It is with keenest pleasure that lovers of such
intimate histories of literature in the making
hail the appearance of Mr. George Haven Put-
nam's filial tribute to the memory of the founder
of the House of Putnam. "George Palmer
Putnam: A Memoir" is packed with both lit-
erary and human interest, the winning personal-
ity of the man holding the attention no less than
the remarkable achievements of the publisher.
George Palmer Putnam, of good New En-
gland stock that traces its descent back to the
Puttenhams, Puttnams, and Putnams of Buck-
inghamshire, was born in 1814 at Brunswick,
Maine, where his mother, Catherine Hunt Pal-
mer, of Dorchester, had opened a private school
in 1808 upon the disablement, from illness, of
her husband, Henry Palmer of Boston, a lawyer
by profession. In his mother's school George
received his education, side by side with his
sisters, and the discipline maintained, both on
weekdays and Sundays, seems to have been of
the good old Puritan sort. That the mother
was a woman of strong character and vigorous
intellect appears from many facts and incidents
transmitted through the son to the grandson,
and notably from her having written a series of
Bible commentaries which the founder of the
Putnam publishing house brought out in two
octavo volumes soon after he had firmly estab-
lished himself in New York. But the breaking-
away from home, under the compulsion of
narrowness of means, had come much earlier
than that, in 1825, when the lad's uncle, John
Gulliver, had proposed to take him into appren-
ticeship in his carpet business in Boston. There
he remained until 1829, when, with courage
and enterprise not found in every boy of fifteen,
he made his way to the scene of his subsequent
•George Palmkr Pcttnam. A Memoir. Together with
a Record of the Earlier Years of the Publishing House
Founded by Him. By George Haven Putnam, Litt.D. With
portrait. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
labors and obtained employment with a book-
seller and stationer, carrying on his education
meanwhile in late evening hours at the Mer-
cantile Library. In certain "Rough Notes of
Thirty Years in the Trade," reprinted from the
"American Publishers' Circular" of 1863, we
get a glimpse of the boy voraciously reading
everything in the way of history that came to
his hand. He writes:
"It had so happened that though my father had
graduated at Harvard, and my home influences were of
the educated and cultivated sort, I had not received
even the ordinary elementary 'schooling,' to say nothing
of a college course, and further, 1 had been permitted
even less than ordinary access to general reading. It
is, therefore, a pleasure to testify, as I can very heartily,
to the usefulness of the New York Mercantile Library,
then a few years old, and just located in the new Clinton
Hall, in Beekman Street, the corner-stone of which I had
seen laid by that liberal-minded citizen, Philip Hone.
In these degenerate days, boys in my position of sixteen
or seventeen are usually dismissed from the 'store' at
six or seven o'clock. In 1831-32, we were kept till
nine or ten; so that it was usually after nine when I
could get to the Mercantile and take out my book. It
chanced that my tastes rather turned from the novels
to the more solid interest of a course of history. Begin-
ning with Father Herodotus (in Beloe's English) I
plodded on through Thucydides, Xenophon, Livy,
Tacitus, Sallust; then Gibbon, Russell's Modern Europe,
several histories of England, including Hume, Lingard,
Smollett, and De Moleville. Crammed with some hun-
dred and fifty octavos, rapidly mastered in succession,
and with no clear guide at hand, personal or in book-
shape, to systematise and classify the stock of lore thus
acquired, I began to take notes and make parallel tables.
I copied and recopied, and collated and revised until I
had written over a couple of reams."
These reams of notes took book-form in 1832,
when their writer was but eighteen years old,
in a work that ultimately became very well
known as "The World's Progress." Jonathan
Leavitt was the courageous publisher, and he
evidently did not repent of his confidence re-
posed in the boy-author, since the edition soon
sold out.
Thus in a small way had begun the book-
producing activities of one whose calling and
election to the publishing business were not
slow to make themselves manifest. In 1833
he entered the employment of Wiley and Long,
publishers and booksellers; seven years later
the firm of Wiley and Putnam was formed;
from 1841 to 1847 the junior member of this
firm acted in London as English representative
of the house; in 1848 the partnership was dis-
solved and Mr. Putnam began business on his
own account at 155 Broadway, in the very
centre of the commercial life of that day; and
thenceforward to the present time, with some
financial reverses and one intermission in the


238
[Oct. 1,
THE
DIAL
sixties, when the founder of the house held the
government position of Collector of Revenue,
the Putnam publishing business has continued
to grow in magnitude and in honorable repute.
The inestimable service rendered to the cause
of international copyright by both the elder and
the younger Putnam, in the office of secretary
and inspiring genius of successive copyright
leagues and associations, and by eloquent and
reiterated word of mouth and pen, would fur-
nish matter for far more lengthy narration and
approving comment than can here find space.
Mr. George Haven Putnam tells most interest-
ingly the story of his father's self-sacrificing
exertions to bring about the desired legislation,
and Mr. R. R. Bowker has very recently, in his
painstaking history of copyright, chronicled the
services of both father and son in this field of
reform. It was in 1872, in a fifth vain attempt
to effect a correction of ancient abuses, that Mr.
Putnam, senior, spent his strength so lavishly
and against such discouraging odds as to under-
mine his health and hasten his death. After
going to Washington, at the request of the
Publishers' Association, to push the pending
copyright bill through the Judiciary Committee,
he found the measure opposed in the committee-
meeting by the attorney of a prominent New
York publishing house which had been under-
stood to be not antagonistic to the proposed
legislation. The narrative continues:
"My father's personal disappointment and annoy-
ance were naturally keen. The bill itself never got out
of committee. Senator Lot M. Morrill, of Vermont, the
Chairman of the Library Committee, in making an ad-
verse report to the consideration by Congress of any
international copyright bill, took the ground, naturally
enough, that < there was no unanimity of opinion among
those interested in the measure.' Fifteen years later,
the Harpers who were then directing the affairs of the
House had convinced themselves that their interests
were not adverse to international copyright, and I was
able, having succeeded my father as Secretary of the
Publishers' Copyright League, to maintain before the
Judiciary Committee the contention that the publishers
were united in support of the measure and had author-
ized me to speak for them; and the international copy-
right for which my father had laboured for nearly one
third of a century was at last brought about. The fatigue
of the journey and the disappointment, not only at the
failure of the undertaking, but at the annoyance that
question should have been raised in the Committee con-
cerning his right to speak as a representative of the
publishers, had something to do with bringing on the fit
of exhaustion that caused his death a few weeks later."
In honorable endeavor to inflict no injury on
any foreign author introduced to his patrons,
but rather to promote to the utmost the material
welfare of such authors, the founder of the
Putnam house distinguished himself above any
of his competitors. Other firms have shown
splendid liberality to eminent authors who could
claim no legal protection from piracy; but in
uniformity of honest and considerate dealings
with all foreign writers whose works were solic-
ited for republication in this country, it is safe
to assert that no other publishing house can show
quite so clean a record as the one whose history
is now offered to public perusal. The list of
early Victorian authors whose American inter-
ests were as far as possible guarded and pro-
moted by Mr. Putnam is significant in this
connection. It includes the names of Carlyle,
Thomas Hood, William Howitt, Leigh Hunt,
Coleridge, Layard, Kinglake, and George Bor-
row. Fredrika Bremer was another whose books
he tried to shield from piracy; but a powerful
rival, even after courteously receiving Miss
Bremer and being made aware of the close con-
nection between that lady's length of sojourn in
this country and her receipts from the American
sale of her books, refused to recede from the posi-
tion that courtesy was courtesy and business was
business; and so " the receipts from the author-
ised editions were necessarily curtailed, and the
poor little lady returned to Stockholm with plea-
sant memories of some American friends, but
not a little disappointed at the final results of
her invasion of the States." The names of
native authors to be found in the early cata-
logues of the Putnam house form a brilliant list
and include those of Cooper, Washington Irving,
Bayard Taylor, Poe, Lowell, Catherine Sedg-
wick, and Professor Dana of Yale. If to these
are added the names of writers secured for the
pages of the magazine started in 1853 by Mr.
Putnam, the showing becomes still more impres-
sive. He had a decided genius for winning to
himself, in both a business and a friendly way,
the leading authors of his time. A description
from his pen (originally published in his maga-
zine) of one of these noted writers may be in
place at this point.
"The name of Fenimore Cooper in American author-
ship was a prominent one during his life. . . . He was
as conspicuous in person as in intellect, standing over
six feet in height — strong, erect, well proportioned —
with the air and manner of one who claimed the right
to be listened to, and to have his dictum respected. . . .
One of his axioms appeared to be, that the very posses-
sion of office or of popular favour in this country was
prima-facie evidence of incompetency, superficial attain-
ment, or positive dishonesty. (It is rather sad to think,
that if he had lived longer, this estimate of popular and
official success might have been strengthened rather
than diminished.) He loved to demonstrate this by ex-
amples—and would even include such names as Edward
Everett and others whose fame and position were beyond
ordinary question. His views on personal rights were


1912.]
239
THE
DIAL
very decided, and often decidedly expressed. Coming
from my house at Staten Island, he took occasion—having
been brusquely jostled byacarmandrivingontotheferry-
boat—to give him a five-minute lecture on the inherent
rights of foot passengers as against all vehicles whatso-
ever. The dignity and force of the argument evidently
impressed both the carman and the bystanders."
The subjects of interest either touched upon
or elaborated in this biography are so many as to
preclude the possibility of doing the book justice
in a review of this length. The author's account
of his father's London sojourn and European
travels, his picture of him at the battle of Bull
Run, whither he had been driven by a consum-
ing desire to witness what it was surmised might
be the last as well as the first sanguinary engage-
ment of the war, his narration of the varying
fortunes of the struggling young publishing
house, his introduction of literary celebrities
from chapter to chapter — these are some of the
features of a work crowded with entertaining and
(as a part of our literary history) important and
instructive matter. From the many paragraphs
affording an insight into the character of a man
who deservedly commanded wide respect and
admiration, we select for final quotation the fol-
lowing, which refers to the second period of the
commercially unfortunate"Putnam'sMagazine."
The pathos of the picture makes a moving appeal.
"The closing of this second series of the magazine
was a very keen personal disappointment to the pub-
lisher whose name it bore. It was, in fact, a shock
that really added at once to my father's age. The
feeling that he was no longer in touch with the reading
public, that his literary judgment could not be depended
upon as trustworthy, that his personal influence could
not bring into his office, in the face of the competition
of other publishers, the best literary material of the
day, the hampering restriction of want of adequate
resources with which to carry out larger and more per-
manent literary plans — all these things weighed upon
him in a manner that would not have been possible in
the earlier years when he still possessed full physical
vigor and with this maintained his natural elasticity of
temperament. In years he was still fairly young, but
it was evident that in vitality or in working strength
the corner had been turned."
The biography makes us acquainted with a
man of invincible courage and optimism, of fine
confidence (sometimes misplaced) in human na-
ture, of rare determination to succeed by none
but honorable means, in the face of competition
not always equally honorable, of the gentleness
and strength that are never, either of them, com-
plete without the other, and of a personal charm
that speaks to us even now in some of his
recorded words and published utterances. The
portrait prefixed to the work helps one to com-
plete the mental image of this strong and win-
some personality. Percy F. Bicknell.
Our Relations with Japan.*
One of the features of recent international
relations most to be regretted has been the sub-
stitution of suspicion and ill-will for the confi-
dence and cordiality which for so long existed
between Japan and the United States. Offi-
cially, intercourse is as amicable as ever. On
the part of Americans and Japanese who really
understand the relations between the two coun-
tries there is little tolerance for the fomenters
of the present unrest. But in the case of the
great uninformed public, in both countries, it
must be recognized that, in recent years, a
change in sentiment has taken place.
The traditional friendship of the United
States and Japan is unique in the story of the
contact of East and West. During the fifty
years between the opening of Japan by Perry's
firm but kindly diplomacy, and the close of the
great Russo-Japanese struggle, the diplomatic
relations of the United States and Japan were
notable for the sympathetic attitude of the vigor-
ous power of the West and for the apparent
appreciation of the rising nation of the East. In
comparison with the conduct of the powers of
Europe the attitude of America stands out in
sharp relief. And so in this period when Japan
modelled her army on the French and German
lines, and her navy on those of Britain, she
turned to America for suggestions in education,
in banking, and in other great productive fields
of development. American missionaries and
teachers performed services that were most ap-
preciated by the eager Japanese. And in Amer-
ica the little that was written about Japan and
her people was almost without exception penned
in glowing terms.
Then came the war with Russia. American
public opinion, so far as any might be said to
exist, at once made the cause of the Japanese
its own, and followed with satisfaction the un-
broken record of success. But with the peace
a change was manifest. The press which had
scored the Muscovite so bitterly now found
words of sympathy for the humbled Christian,
and soon "public opinion" became less fulsome
in its praise of the new world-power. Within a
year the immigration problem had arisen and war
talk became a matter of course, and the past five
years have at frequent intervals seen the name
of our old friend and protege written in scare-
heads as our adversary in an unavoidable war.
Two years span the change from admiration
* American-Japanese Relations. An Inside View of
Japan'* Policies and Purposes. By Kiyoshi K. Kawakami.
New York: Fleming H. Revell Co.


240
[Oct. 1,
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to suspicion. What explanation can be given
for such a phenomenon? Mr. Kawakami, whose
new volume entitled " American-Japanese Rela-
tions" is a vigorous endeavor to right some of
the wrong already done, dismisses the idea of
jealousy, or of fear, or even of war-talk spread
to sell warships and guns. The explanation
which he offers is that Japan's commercial ad-
vance in the Asian continent has alienated the
western world. This may account for the mer-
cantile interests and for their representatives in
Asia, but it surely does not account for the rapid
change of heart of "the man in the street," or
for his willingness to read, even if not with
entire conviction, the reckless statements of the
mischief-makers. No explanation so simple as
that can really explain. Many factors were
present during those critical years. The first
wave of anti-Japanese feeling was probably due
to the sympathy which Americans always have
for "the under-dog." Russia aggressive and
intolerant was very different from Russia hum-
bled and contrite. People had time to remem-
ber the friendship of the Czar in 1863, and to
realize that for the first time since the fall of
Constantinople Asia had beaten back Europe.
After this period of indecision came the San
Francisco school-children incident, which was
magnified into an international question; and
then the time was ripe for articles inspired by
commercial rivalry, by military expediency,
and even by missionary policy. Many of these
highly-colored preachments would have aroused
little discussion if the reading public had been
prepared properly to evaluate the arguments
presented. But, as Mr. Kawakami remarks:
"Meanwhile, belligerent words continue to be
spoken, and alarmist notes continue to be
sounded. The average American, by reason of
want of unbiased information, is apparently
inclined to listen to the counsels of jingoes and
alarmists. Thus the cloud of misunderstanding
is growing thicker every day, casting its gloom
over American-Japanese relations."
It was in an endeavor to clear up some of
these misunderstandings that the present volume
was written. Three great questions are dis-
cussed, as the source of the more serious diffi-
culties. The Manchurian Question is treated
in seven chapters, which deal with the relative
interests of Japan, China, Russia, and America
in Manchuria. Ten chapters are devoted to
the Korean Question, explaining why Japan
annexed Korea and narrating the work of the
Japanese before and after annexation. And,
finally, six chapters deal with the Immigration
Question on our Pacific Coast. As eleven of
the chapters originally appeared in American
and Japanese periodicals, the treatment is sug-
gestive rather than profound, while in its moder-
ation and in its endeavor to be fair it compares
very favorably with certain recent discussions
of some of these topics.
In discussing the Manchurian Question, Mr.
Kawakami emphasizes the price in blood and
money which Japan paid for her present posi-
tion in Manchuria, characterizes China's atti-
tude toward Japan as "one of ingratitude and
insincerity," criticizes Mr. Knox's neutralization
proposal and recent American railway schemes
in Manchuria, explains the present Russo-
Japanese rapprochement, and asserts that Japan
has scrupulously observed the "open door"
policy. So, too, in the case of Korea, charge
after charge that has been brought against
Japan is considered and explained. It would
be too much to expect that Mr. Kawakami
possesses complete information as to the future
plans of his government, but he is in a position
satisfactorily to refute many of the criticisms
which have of late been current.
The chapters on the Immigration Question
do not make pleasant reading for unprejudiced
Americans. Japanese immigration, before the
passport agreement, is discussed, as to its extent,
its nature, and its comparison with European
immigration. Two chapters bear the title
"Denis Kearneyism Once More." There is
much truth in this summary, though other
factors were present: "Thus it was that the
anti-Japanese agitation on the Pacific Coast of
a few years ago began and subsided. It was
the old story — some one wanted to go to the
Senate or the House, or some one had the guber-
natorial bee buzzing in his bonnet, or some one
wanted to sell his paper, or some one wanted to
make a living by levying upon the innocent
laborers, or some ' interests' wanted to control
Japanese labor for their exclusive benefit." The
agitation began in 1905, and yet the next year
Japan subscribed more than half the total for-
eign subscription for the relief of the fire-swept
city. In October the school-children case arose,
and later the assaults upon Japanese business
men and travellers. If the means employed
were wretched in the extreme, the end gained
was a most desirable one. By the agreement of
1907 Japan voluntarily restricts her emigra-
tion to our shores by means of a rigid passport
system. Mr.Kawakami asserts that "theJapan-
ese feel that, viewed in the light of the real
status of Japanese immigration, such a drastic


1912.]
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measur