THE
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STATE UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY

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THE DIAL
A SEMI-MONTHLY JOURNAL OF
Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
EDITED BY
FRANCIS F. BROWNE.
Volume XVI.
No. 181.
CHICAGO, JAN. 1, 1894.
10 cts. a copy. OFFICE: 24 ADAMS ST.
Stevens Building.
82. a year.
MR. DU MAURIER'S NEW SERIAL STORY
BEGINS IN
Harper & Brothers'
Harper's Magazine
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
FOR JANUARY.
Contents of the Number :
Trilby.
A Novel By GEORGE DU MAURIER. Part I. With 15
Illustrations by the Author.
Egypt and Chaldea in the Light of Recent
Discoveries.
By WILLIAM ST. CHAD BOSCAWEN. With 18 Illustrations.
From the Black Sea to the Persian Gulf.
By EDWIN LORD WEEKS. III. From Ispahan to Kurrachee.
With 15 Illustrations by the Author.
The West and East Ends of London.
By RICHARD HARDING Davis. With 8 Illustrations by
FREDERICK BARNARD.
Balaam and Pedro.
A Story of Life in Wyoming. By OWEN WISTER. With
full-page Illustration by FREDERIC REMINGTON.
Captain Napoleon Bonaparte at Toulon.
By M. GERMAIN BAPST. With full-page Illustration by
PAUL GREGOIRE.
The Mission of the Jews.
A Study of the Hebrew Spirit and its Cosmopolitan Influence.
Vignettes of Manhattan. II. A Midsummer
Midnight.
By BRANDER MATTHEWS. 5 Illustrations by W.T. SMEDLEY.
Monsieur Le Comte.
A Story of the French Revolution. By WILLIAM MOLENNAN.
With Illustration by C. S. REINHART.
The Ending of Barstow's Novel.
A Story. By HELEN CAMPBELL.
The Bread-and-Butter Question.
By JUNIUS HENRI BROWNE.
The Dutch Influence on the Social Life of
New England.
By Rev. WILLIAM ELLIOT GRIFFIS.
Poems
By MARGARET E. SANGSTER, CHARLES G. D. ROBERTS,
and ANNIE FIELDS.
Editorial Departments.
SUBSCRIPTION, FOUR DOLLARS A YEAR.
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free to all subscribers in the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
The Cloister and the Hearth;
Or, Maid, Wife, and Widow. A Matter-of-fact Romance.
By CHARLES READE. With Photogravure Portrait, and
550 Illustrations from Drawings by WILLIAM MARTIN
JOHNSON. Two volumes. 8vo, Illuminated Silk, Uncut
Edges and Gilt Tops, $8.00. (In a box.)
Orations and Addresses of George William
Curtis.
Edited by CHARLES ELIOT NORTON. Vol. I. Orations
and Addresses on the Principles and Character of Ameri-
can Institutions and the Duties of American Citizens. Svo,
Cloth, Uncut Edges and Gilt Top, $3.50. Other volumes in
preparation.
The Masters and Masterpieces of Engraving.
By WILLIS 0. CHAPIN. Illustrated with Sixty Engravings
and Heliogravures. 8vo, Ornamental Leather, Uncut Edges
and Gilt Top, $10.00. (In a box.)
Italian Gardens.
By CHARLES A. PLATT. With many Illustrations, includ-
ing a Colored Frontispiece printed in Paris. 4to, Cloth,
Ornamental, Uncut Edges and Gilt Top, $5.00. (In a box.)
Letters of James Russell Lowell.
Edited by CHARLES ELIOT NORTON. With Three Pho-
togravure Portraits. Two Volumes. 8vo, Cloth, Uncut
Edges and Gilt Tops, $8.00; Three-quarter Calf, $12.50.
(In a bor.)
A Short History of the English People.
By John RICHARD GREEN. Illustrated Edition. Edited
by Mrs. J.R. GREEN and Miss KATE NORGATE. In Four
Volumes. Vols. I., II., and III. now ready. With Colored
Plates, Maps, and numerous Illustrations. Royal 8vo,
Illuminated Cloth, Uncut Edges and Gilt Tops, $5.00 per
volume.
" Harper's Young People" for 1893.
Vol. XIV. With about 800 Illustrations and 904 Pages.
4to, Cloth, Ornamental, $3.50.
The Rulers of the Mediterranean,
By RICHARD HARDING Davis, Author of "The West
from a Car-Window,” etc. Illustrated. Post 8vo, Cloth,
Ornamental, $1.25.
The above works are for sale by all Booksellers, or will be
sent by HARPER & BROTHERS, postage prepaid, to any part
of the United States, Canada, or Mexico, on receipt of price.
HARPER'S CATALOGUE will be sent to any address on receipt
of Ten Cents.
Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, New York.
172791


2
[Jan. 1, 1894.
THE DIAL
MACMILLAN & COMPANY'S NEW Books
051
D54. And Books Announced for Immediate Publication.
v.16
Jan. - June 1894
THE LOVER'S LEXICON.
A Handbook for Novelists, Playwrights, Philosophers, and Minor Poets ; but especially for the
Enamoured. By FREDERICK GREENWOOD. Crown 8vo, $1.50.
Fourth Edition Just Ready.
THE UNITED STATES :
An Outline of Political History, 1492-1871.
With Map. 12mo, cloth ; price, $2.00.
“It is a marvel of condensation and lucidity. In no other book is
the same field covered so succinctly and well." - New York Sun.
Second Edition Just Ready.
SEVENTY YEARS OF IRISH LIFE.
Being the Recollections of W.R. LE Fanu. One vol., crown
8vo, cloth, gilt top, $1.75.
“This delightful book. . It is long since we have seen a book
so full of entertaining matter as the Seventy Years of Irish Life,' by
W. R. Le Fanu. This volume is stuffed as full of anecdotes as a Christ-
mas pudding is with plums." - The Sun.
Third Edition Just Ready.
THE LIFE AND ART OF EDWIN BOOTH.
By WILLIAM WINTER, author of "Shakespeare's England,”
* Shadows of the Stage,'' etc. With 12 full-page portraits
in character, reproduced by E. BIERSTADT, and other illus-
trations. Crown 8vo, cloth, gilt top ; price, $2.25.
“Destined to take high rank in the long catalogue of important biog-
raphies." — Boston Journal.
Just Published. Vol. III. New Edition.
THE DIARY OF SAMUEL PEPYS.
With Lord BRAYBROOKE's Notes. Edited, with additions,
by HENRY B. WHEATLEY, F.S.A. 12mo, cloth, Vol. III.,
$1.50. Vols. I. and II, also ready; price, $1.50 each.
* Also an edition on large paper, limited to 100 copies,
sold only in sets. $5.00 per vol.
THE DAWN OF ASTRONOMY:
A STUDY OF THE ASTRONOMY AND TEMPLE WORSHIP OF THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS.
With numerous illustrations and full-page plates. By J. NORMAN LOCKYER, F.R.S. Royal 8vo. Just Ready.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FOR
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By DIANA C. KIMBER, Assistant Superintendent of Training
School for Nurses, Blackwell's Island, and LOUISE DARCHE.
With numerous Illustrations. 8vo. Just Ready.
MENTAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE CHILD
AND THE RACE.
By J. MARK BALDWIN, Ph.D., Stuart Professor of Experi-
mental Psychology in the College of New Jersey; author
of “Handbook of Psychology." Crown 8vo. Just Ready.
CHRONOLOGICAL OUTLINES OF AMERI.
CAN LITERATURE.
By SELDEN L. WHITCOMB, A.M. With a preface by J. BRAN-
DER MATTHEWS, Professor of Literature in Columbia Col-
lege. Uniform with “Chronological Outlines of English
Literature." 12mo. Just Ready.
THE EVANSTON COLLOQUIUM.
LECTURES ON MATHEMATICS.
Delivered before Members of the Congress of Mathematics
held in connection with the World's Fair in Chicago, at
Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill. By FELIX KLEIN.
Reported by Professor ZIWET of the University of Michi-
gan. 8vo. Just Ready.
TOWN LIFE IN THE FIFTEENTH
CENTURY.
By Mrs. JOHN RICHARD GREEN, author of "Henry the Sec-
ond” (Twelve English Statesmen Series). Two vols., 8vo.
Just Ready.
A COMMENTARY ON THE PLAYS OF
HENRIK IBSEN.
By H. H. BOYESEN, Professor German in Columbia Col-
lege, author of “Goethe and Schiller," " Essays on German
Literature," etc. Crown 8vo. Just Ready.
NEW NOVELS.
THE RAIDERS. Being Some Passages in the Life of the Faa Lord, and Earl of Little Egypt.
By S. R. CROCKETT, author of “The Stickit Minister, and Some Common Men.” 12mo. Just Ready.
THE KING OF SCHNORRERS.
CATHERINE FURZE.
Grotesques and Fantasies. By 1. ZANGWILL, author of "Chil By MARK RUTHERFORD. Edited by his friend, REUBEN
dren of the Ghetto," etc. 12mo. Just Ready.
SCHAPCOTT. 12mo. Just Ready.
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW.
A new Bi-Monthly Publication under the Editorship of Pro-
fessors BALDWIN (Princeton University) and CATTEL (Co-
lumbia College). First number to be issued in January.
Single copies, 75 cents. Annual subscription, $4.00.
THE PORTFOLIO.
An Artistic Periodical. Edited by P. G. HAMERTON. Sin-
gle copies, 75 cents. Annual subscription, $7.50.
With the January number the “Portfolio" assumes a new
and improved form calculated to render it more attractive.
MACMILLAN & CO., No. 66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK.


THE DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
PAGE
.
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage
THE LITERARY YEAR IN
prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries
RETROSPECT.
comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must
be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the
Literature has suffered some severe losses
current number. REMITTANCES should be by check, or by express or
postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and during the year just ended, although the record
for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application ;
is less disastrous than that for 1892. The
and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATEs furnished
on application. All communications should be addressed to
most serious loss came early in the year with
THE DIAL, No. 24 Adams Street, Chicago.
the death of Taine. Occurring, as it did, only
No. 181. JANUARY 1, 1894.
a few months after the death of Renan, the
Vol. XVI.
sympathies of the world were naturally directed
towards the country that had, within so brief a
CONTENTS.
space, been bereft of its two greatest men. The
THE LITERARY YEAR IN RETROSPECT
3 death, in midsummer, of Maupassant, again
THE TAX ON KNOWLEDGE
made France the poorer, although that brilliant
A STUDY IN LITERARY AMENITY
5 writer was held in more of admiration than of
COMMUNICATIONS
affection, and although the circumstances un-
Tyndall and Spontaneous Generation. D. P. Breed. der which a continuance of existence seemed
A Quotation Corrected. M. R.
possible for him were of such a nature as to
The Tariff on Books. William J. Seelye.
A Tribute to Two Dead Authors. A. H. N.
make the tidings of his decease a relief rather
A Classical “Solecism." R. O. Williams.
than a sorrow. Turning from France to En-
HANS BREITMANN'S GROSSTHATEN. E. G. J.
gland, we are met by the names of Symonds,
THE MACHINERY OF GOVERNMENT. Harry
Jowett, and Tyndall, each a master in his
Pratt Judson
11
chosen field of scholarship, and each sincerely
A PONDEROUS BIOGRAPHY. C. A. L. Richards 14
mourned by the host of those whom he had in-
spired and helped. To the letters of our own
AN AMERICAN SCHOOL TEACHER IN JAPAN.
F. W. Gookin
17
country the death of Parkman has been the
RECENT BOOKS OF FICTION. William Morton
loss that overshadows all others, although the
Payne
18 names of Brooks and Booth and Lucy Larcom
Black's The Handsome Humes.- Haggard's Monte-
must not go unmentioned. We should also
zuma's Daughter.--Cooper's Richard Escott.---Wey-
man's A Gentleman of France. – Miss Cholmonde-
signalize the loss suffered by the art of music
ley's Diana Tempest. — Dougall's What Necessity in the deaths of Gounod and Tschaikowsky,
Knows.-Chatfield-Taylor's An American Peeress.-
indisputably the greatest, respectively, among
Wood's A Coign of Vantage. — Kennedy's In the
Dwellings of Silence. -Sullivan's Tom Sylvester. –
French and Russian composers of the present
Alice E. Lord's The Days of Lamb and Coleridge. day.
Emma Marshall's Penshurst Castle.-Phelps's and
North's The Bailiff of Tewkesbury. - Filon's Gar-
We now turn to the very difficult task of
rick's Pupil. – Wilhelmine Von Hillern's On the selecting, from the thousands of volumes pub-
Cross.-Sienkiewicz's Pan Michael.
lished during 1893, the few that seem of the
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
22 most importance and enduring value. From
Professor Huxley's Methods and Results. — Eight this enumeration we shall doubtless omit many
eenth Century men and manners in Rhode Island.-
A volume from the Arts and Crafts Exhibition So-
works that some of our readers would think
ciety. - Aspects of Modern Oxford. -Studies of deserving of mention ; but we can at least give
Travel by E. A. Freeman.-Autobiography of a man
of science and of action.-The Life of Dr. Noah Por-
the assurance that our list includes only publi-
ter.-Glimpses of an insubstantial Paradise.--Repub-
cations of substantial importance in their re-
lished Essays by J. A. Symonds.- Mr. Henry Jones spective departments.
as an Essayist.
Beginning with poetry, we find little that
NEW YORK TOPICS. Arthur Sted man.
25
deserves mention. Our chronicle for 1892 in-
LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY.
26 cluded the names of Tennyson, Whittier, Mr.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
29 Swinburne, and Mr. William Morris ; our list
LIST OF NEW BOOKS .
29 for 1893 includes no names more important
.
.


4
[Jan. 1,
THE DIAL
than those of Mr. R. W. Gilder, Mr. Charles Jebb’s “ The Growth and Influence of Clas-
Leonard Moore, Mr. William Watson, Mr. sical Greek Poetry.” The new edition of Sy-
Norman Gale, Mr. Bliss Carman, Professor C. monds's “Greek Poets" must also be men-
G. D. Roberts, Miss Thomas, Miss Guiney, tioned here. In English literary history, the
and Madame Darmesteter. Each of these most important of the books published is the
writers has published a creditable volume ; but sketch of " Early English Literature,” by the
all are minor poets, and the contrast between Rev. Stopford Brooke.
1893 and 1892 is marked. The novelists have History, political science and economics dis-
been as busy as ever during the past year, but play great activity at the present time in all
nothing very startling is to be found among the more civilized countries, and have received
their productions. Among our own writers of many important contributions during the year.
fiction, Mr. Howells has published - The World Among these we may mention Captain Ma-
of Chance” and “The Coast of Bohemia" han's “ Influence of Sea Power upon the
a poor novel and a good one. Mr. Crawford French Revolution and Empire," a work that
has also given us two stories, one of which, has met with extraordinary favor in this coun-
“Pietro Ghisleri,” is among the better of his try and abroad; 66 Fifty Years of Australian
books. Mr. Henry Fuller's “ The Cliff Dwell History,” by Sir Henry Parkes ; 66 The Cam-
ers, ” Mr. Frederic's “ The Copperhead,” Mrs. paign of Waterloo,” by Mr. John C. Ropes ;
Catherwood's “The White Islander," and Mr. “ The Dawn of Italian Independence,” by Mr.
Harte's volume of stories, “Sally Dows," are W. R. Thayer ; “The Empire of the Tsars
among the more notable books of fiction. and the Russians,” by M. Leroy-Beaulieu ;
Among English novels, “ The Heavenly Twins” - The United States," by Professor Goldwin
and "Dodo” perhaps head the list in point of Smith; “Comparative Administrative Law,”
popularity; while Mr. Stevenson's “ David by Professor Goodnow; “ The Church in the
Balfour,” Mr. Doyle's “The Refugees,” Mr. Roman Empire," by Mr. W. M. Ramsay; the
Weyman's “A Gentleman of France," and new volume of “English Economic History
Mr. Kipling's “Many Inventions” are close and Theory,” by Professor Ashley; the new
followers, and of more real importance. The edition of Professor Bryce's “ American Com-
translator of fiction has given us M. Bourget's monwealth ”; and many other works that we
“Cosmopolis,” and two works by Sienkiewicz have not space to mention.
_“Without Dogma” and “Pan Michael” A few other publications of exceptional im-
so different in manner that we find it difficult portance, not comprised within the above cat-
to attribute them to the same pen, but both egories, are the following : “ Drawing and En-
highly noteworthy.
graving,” by Mr. P. G. Hamerton ; “ The Art
The department of biography and letters (in of Music,” by Dr. Parry; “ Pablo de Segovia,
the literal sense) is the richest in the chron- with the Vierge illustrations ; “ The Mummy,”
icles of the year. What may, indeed, be called by Dr. E. A. W. Budge; the completion of
the two books of the year come within this cat- Mr. Spencer's “ Principles of Ethics"; a vol-
egory. The appearance of the letters of Scott ume of philosophical essays, by Mr. Leslie
and of Lowell are events of capital importance. Stephen ; Mr. H. F. Brown's “ Venice ”; “ The
The letters of Asay Gray are of more limited Ruined Cities of Mashonaland,” by Mr. The-
interest, but their publication is also an event. odore Bent; a treatise on evolutionary ethics,
Among biographies we find the important lives by Miss C. M. Williams; Professor Weiss-
of Mr. Ruskin, Wagner, Pusey, Lincoln, and man's work on - The Germ-Plasm"; Dr. Nan-
Alcott, the completion of the Sumner upon
sen's “Eskimo Life”; M. E. Michel's “Rem-
which Mr. Pierce has been for so many years
brandt”; “Socialism and the American Spirit,"
engaged, and Mr. Bridge’s recollections of Haw- by Mr. N. P. Gilman ; and a posthumous vol-
thorne. In autobiography, we have Mr. Le ume of essays by Ralph Waldo Emerson. A
land's extremely entertaining memoirs ; " The
" The few important new editions are the Lewis and
Story of My Life,” by Dr. Ebers; “Further
Further Clark of Dr. Coues, the Coleridge of Mr. J.
Recollections of a Happy Life,” by Miss D. Campbell, and the Fielding of Mr. George
memoirs." In literary history and criticism the The publications of the year, taken as a
foremost books relate to Greek literature, be- whole, seem to have an importance beyond the
ing Mr. Pater's “ Plato and Platonism,” Mr. average of most years, in spite of the weakness
Lang's “ Homer and the Epic,” and Professor of a few departments. It is also noticeable


1894.]
5
THE DIAL
come.
that the commercial depression of the past six papers, and which are usually characterized by both
months has had no appreciable effect upon the irrelevancy and bad taste. Some readers will re-
business of publishing, if we may judge from
member his characterization of Emerson, a few
the quality and the variety of the autumn out years ago, as "a foul-mouthed Yankee philosoph-
aster,” as well as some other things equally deplor-
put.
able. In this particular case, Lowell, Mark Patti-
son, and J. A. Symonds are the objects of his vitu-
perative assault. Hence, and in spite of our ad-
THE TAX ON KNOWLEDGE.
miration for the genius of Mr. Swinburne when he is
We have received a number of communications
his better self, we have witnessed with no little satis-
from persons interested in the removal of the ob faction the castigation dealt him by “ The Saturday
noxious duty upon English books which has so long Review”
upon
the
present occasion. It is no less de-
disgraced our tariff legislation, and, for some mys-
served than severe, and we have much pleasure in
terious reason, has been embodied in the Wilson reproducing the article, which bears “ Nineteenth
Bill, greatly to its disfigurement. We believe that Century Manners" for a title.
the friends of education have it in their power to “It is high time that the Editor of the Nineteenth
bring to bear upon the members of our National Century'should be made to understand that there is a
Legislature a degree of pressure sufficient to result
limit to the offences against good manners in which the
in the removal of a duty which protects nobody; During the past twelvemonth certain things have been
writers in his magazine can be permitted to indulge.
which brings little revenue to the government, and
included in the · Nineteenth Century' which are dis-
which is chiefly fruitful in petty annoyances to the tasteful, and even painful, to many readers. In the
scholar. But whatever is done must be done with-
November number we thought that the climax had
out delay. The Wilson Bill will come up for dis-
We did not suppose that anything could exceed
cussion at once, and is likely to be rushed through the nauseating tittle-tattle about Miss Clairmont in-
the House in three or four weeks. As a help to dulged in by an American interviewer. We were mis-
concerted action we suggest the form of petition taken; an article in the December number, in which
given below, to be sent, with as many signatures as
Mr. Swinburne disports himself among his deceased
possible, through as many Members of Congress as
contemporaries, under the pretence of writing 'recol-
lections of Professor Jowett,' goes further still. We
possible, at as early a date as possible.
say, and with all gravity, that in the very least respon-
A PETITION FOR THE REMOVAL OF THE DUTY ON BOOKS sible journalism of this generation we have never met
with anything quite so ill-bred as one or two paragraphs
To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
in Mr. Swinburne's article. They do small credit to
States of America, in Congress assembled :
the Editor of the review. . But that's not much.' Mr.
We, the undersigned, believing that an import duty
Swinburne is a very different person, and we propose
on books printed in the English language, as provided
to ourselves, at last, to speak the truth very plainly to
both by the existing and the proposed Tariff Laws, is
that illustrious poet. When he writes so casually of
wrong in principle, being a tax upon knowledge and a
Mr. Lowell's hideous and Bæotian jests,' when he de-
hindrance to the growth of intelligence among the
scribes the amiability of a respected and valued man of
people, while it is at the same time insignificant as a
letters as instinctive time-serving and obsequious sub-
source of revenue; and believing that the continuance
missiveness,' when he talks of Euripides as the clum-
of such a duty is unworthy of a free and enlightened
siest of botchers that ever foundered through his work
people,
as a dramatist,' he discredits himself by his foolish vio-
Do respectfully petition your honorable body to place
lence indeed; but when he goes on to call the late Rector
all books and other publications printed in the English
of Lincoln « a typical and unmistakable ape of the Dead
language upon the list of those articles which may be
Sea,' and when he insults the memory of the late Mr.
imported into the United States without the payment
Symonds with a string of vile epithets, he simply writes
of duty.
as no gentleman should write.
And your petitioners will ever pray.
It is time that Mr. Swinburne should grow up. He
has played for nearly half a century the role of the dear
We have prepared this petition in a form ready little naughty darling who must not be punished because
for receiving signatures, and will mail copies of it he is so clever and so young. Years and years ago,
free of charge to all persons who may apply for
when Mr. Swinburne first began to write, this plea was
them.
brought forward and accepted. Isn't he clever?' peo-
ple said; and so young.' There was something in the
excuse. He was daring and brilliant, and much was to
be forgiven him. He said very rude things about Mr.
A STUDY IN LITERARY AMENITY.
Buchanan and Mr. Furnivall, and looked at some mi-
The December issue of “The Nineteenth Cen nute contemporaries under the microscope. Nobody
tury” contains a reminiscent article by Mr. Swin-
cared: they were fair game; and so the habit of being
burne upon the late Master of Balliol. The author
rude grew on Mr. Swinburne. It was an evil day when
he was allowed
a naughty little boy of thirty odd
knew Jowett intimately, and his personal recollec-
summers—to call Mr. Emerson “a hoary and now tooth-
tions are of the highest interest. But the article is less ape.' (To differ from Mr. Swinburne turns any
disfigured by a number of those "flings" which Mr.
one by that mere act into an ape.) He should have
Swinburne so frequently interjects into his prose been well snubbed on that occasion, but then he was so
PRINTED IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.


6
[Jan. 1,
THE DIAL
young, and so clever. And he has gone on from bad
to worse, increasing the shrill falsetto of his abuse, pour-
COMMUNICATIONS.
ing it upon more and more distinguished reputations,
until now we are waking up to perceive that Mr. Swin TYNDALL AND SPONTANEOUS GENERATION.
burne has not yet got over faults in manner which only
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
extreme youth can excuse.
In your article on John Tyndall, in the current num-
“What makes it peculiarly painful to us to have to ber of THE DIAL, you leave the impression upon the
say this is that we admire the genius of Mr. Swinburne, mind of the reader that this great and wise teacher
and that we are not often out of sympathy with the held and taught the doctrine of the spontaneous gener-
aversions that he expresses. But who can admire the ation of life. I would be glad to have you indicate
violence of his diction, the absence of anything like mod from Professor Tyndall's works the basis on which such
eration in his utterances? We hold no brief here for
a representation of his position upon this important mat-
Mr. Mark Pattison, who, perhaps, had shortcomings; ter rests. When and where did he announce any change
but if anything would make us his fervent apologists, it of opinion from that given in “The Nineteenth Century,"
would be Mr. Swinburne yelling and snarling at im as
page 507, 1878, where he says that, while he wishes the
an'ape of the Dead Sea.' We were no admirers of evidence were the other way, he is constrained to "affirm
the too morbid tendency of certain of the writings of that no shred of trustworthy experimental testimony
Mr. Symonds, but we said so while he was alive, and exists to prove that life in our day has ever appeared
we did not wait, as Mr. Swinburne has done, until he is
independent of antecedent life"?
dead, and it is quite safe to insult him. But Mr. Swin My mind is entirely hospitable to all the new science,
burne is such a preux chevalier.
truly so-called; and this is largely because I find no
“ One last word to Mr. Swinburne. No man of let necessary conflict between it and a rationally scriptural
ters of our generation has been treated so tenderly, theistic conception of the world. If Harvey's maxim,
indulged so much, or forgiven so often as he has been. “ Omne vivum ex ovo," as amended by Charles Robin,
His genius is unquestionable, and on the score of it he “ Omne vivum ex vivo," is a discredited doctrine, such
has been pardoned faults for which any other writer a position is of difficult if not impossible entertain-
would be ostracised. But the public patience may be ment. But my reading has led me to believe that, as
come exhausted. And literature has a long memory.” Professor Huxley declares in his “Critiques and Ad-
dresses,” this doctrine remains “ victorious along the
The “long memory” here ascribed to literature may
whole line at the present day.” After building up any
possibly be sharpened, for the writer in “ The Sat-
system of religious and scientific truth into comfortable
urday Review," by recollection of a little passage harmony, based upon the conclusions'I bave judged to
at arms between that journal and Mr. Swinburne be reached by such teachers as Tyndall, Huxley, Wal-
just ten years ago.
When the Poet Laureate of lace, Le Conte, Sir William Thomson, Laycock, Tait, and
England was made a peer, some Saturday reviewer, a host of others, it comes to me as something of a shock
to a certain extent justifiably exasperated by the
to have THE DIAL suggest so radical a change of opin-
senseless cackle of those who made haste to express
ion on the part of a leading authority as that above re-
the opinion thạt the acceptance of the honor was
ferred to. No doubt there are many others who would
like the information for which I ask.
unworthy of Tennyson, penned the following mem-
Dwight P. BREED.
orable words: “As a matter of fact, no man liv-
Wyandotte, Mich., Dec. 23, 1893.
ing, or who ever lived—not Cæsar or Pericles, not
Shakespeare or Michael Angelo, could confer honor
[That spontaneous generation has occurred, some-
more than he took on entering the House of Lords.”
how, somewhere, in the history of the world, is a
Mr. Swinburne promptly took up the gauntlet thus
conclusion irresistibly forced upon the thorough-
thrown, and, characterizing the remark as “clumsy going evolutionist. If Tyndall's frequently quoted
and shallow snobbery,” dashed off “ The Conserv-
words about “the promise and the potency" mean
ative Journalist's Anthem,” a sonnet neither com-
anything at all, they mean that. But spontaneous
plimentary to the House of Lords nor to its over-
generation as a necessary link in the evolutionary
zealous journalistic champion. The "long memory”
chain is one thing, and spontaneous generation as
of “The Saturday Review” is clearly illustrated
an experimental demonstration is quite another.
by the article we have reprinted. As for the son-
Professor Tyndall's polemic on the subject was di-
net, our readers may be interested in having their
rected mainly against the alleged results of one
attention recalled to it.
man's experiments, and proved merely that spon-
“O Lords our Gods, beneficent, sublime,
taneous generation could not have occurred in Dr.
In the evening, and before the morning flames,
Bastian's laboratory under the conditions specified.
We praise, we bless, we magnify your names.
If our correspondent will turn to page 269 in the
The slave is he that serves not; his the crime
volume of “The Nineteenth Century " already re-
And shame, who hails not as the crown of Time
ferred to, he will find a fair statement of the
way
in
That House wherein the all-envious world acclaims
Such glory that the reflex of it shames
which spontaneous generation, as a logical postulate,
All crowns bestowed of men for prose or rhyme.
is regarded by the leading biologists of the century.
The serf, the cur, the sycophant is he
One can only escape their conclusion by recourse
Who feels no cringing motion twitch his knee
to some such hypothesis as that of Lord Kelvin,
When from a height too high for Shakespeare nods
The wearer of a higher than Milton's crown.
who suggested that a meteoric body might have
Stoop, Chaucer, stoop : Keats, Shelley, Burns, bow down: brought the first protoplasm to this planet. But
These have no parts with you, Lords our Gods," this is an obvious evasion of the difficulty, and few,


1894.]
7
THE DIAL
99
if any, will take seriously so improbable and inad member of the New London Historical Society. He
equate an explanation. We must say in conclusion, contributed poems to the popular magazines, and wrote
that a religious faith whose “comfortable harmony'
historical sketches on naval subjects. To a volume of
is capable of being upset by any possible result of
collected poems (1890) he gave the title “Song Spray."
biological investigation seems to us in a bad
A poem of his appears in the tenth volume of the
way.-
EDR. DIAL.]
“ Library of American Literature.”
Charles Colcock Jones, Jr., was a Georgian, born in
A QUOTATION CORRECTED.
1831. He was admitted to the bar of his native state,
but enlisted in the Confederate Army at the breaking
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
out of the war, and rose to the rank of colonel. After
In the number of THE DIAL for December 16, a com the war he returned to his profession, which he prac-
munication from “Jonathan,” commenting on British ticed in New York. He wrote much on historical sub-
asininity as exemplified by the “Saturday Review,"
jects, and was the recognized authority in the history of
quoted from Byron the following:
Georgia
A. H. N.
"The world is a big load of hay ;
Mankind are the asses that pull;
New Orleans, La., Dec. 18, 1893.
Each tugs in a different way -
But the greatest of all is John Bull.”
A CLASSICAL “SOLECISM."
The epigram as Byron wrote it reads thus:
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
“The world is a bundle of hay,
In parting, as employed in the parting guest," there
Mankind are the asses who pull;
is a survival of a sense that formerly was one of the
Each tugs it a different way,
commonest meanings of part when used intransitively,
And the greatest of all is John Bull.”
viz., depart, set out, go away. This archaic sense of part
The differences are few and small, perhaps, but when is seen in the lines below:
exact quotation is professed it ought to be performed.
“Before man parted for this earthly strand,
I notice misquotation of Byron so often that I am led
While yet upon the verge of heaven he stood."
to believe that he is now very little read. M. R.
(Matthew Arnold, Poems, “Revolutions.")
Indianapolis, Dec. 20, 1893.
The employment of part in this way was extremely fre-
quent in the seventeenth and the latter part of the six-
THE TARIFF ON BOOKS.
teenth century
she told him the truth, with all circumstances ;
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
how being parted alone (how having set out alone), meaning to
Attracted by your timely comment on the tariff on die in some solitary place.
(Sir Philip Sidney, “ Ar-
books in the proposed revision of the tariff law, I have cadia," Collected Writings, ed. 1598, p. 28).
begun circulating the following petition here:
Part from, or merely part, was used with hence and
“To [name of Representative in Congress]. We, the similar adverbs.
undersigned, believing that a tax on knowledge is con-
“My lord, 't is time for us to part from hence."
sistent with neither the idea of a protective tariff nor (Thomas Dekker, "The Shoemaker's Holiday," Act V. sc. i.)
with that of true liberty, earnestly urge you to exert “No, I am fixt not to part hence without him."
your influence toward abolishing the duty on imported
(Milton, “Sampson Agonistes,” 1. 1481.)
books and other publications not covered by copyright.”. I have said that depart is an archaic meaning of part.
I have also written letters to a dozen friends in other Yet there is considerable evidence that this sense, in
colleges, urging them to begin a similar movenient in certain connections, at least, is in common use. For
their Congressional districts. By prompt and concerted instance, in Webster's International Dictionary, the sec-
action among the friends of free knowledge, the con ond definition of part v. i. is “to go away, to depart, to
tinuance of this deplorable tax may be averted. take leave," etc.; and one of the illustrative quotations
WILLIAM J. SEELYE. cited is this: “He owned he had parted from the duke
University of Wooster, Wooster, O., Dec. 16, 1893. only a few hours before.” (Macaulay.) Similar defi-
nitions, without characterization or comment, are found
A TRIBUTE TO TWO DEAD AUTHORS. in other dictionaries. But, if this sense of part is not
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
really archaic, how does it happen that the historic dif-
ference between part from and part with is so often over-
Literary workers who are not of the highest grade
looked by scholarly people when they are moved to cau-
may well despair of posthumous fame, if they have ob-
tion the unlearned against a supposed misuse of part
served the neglect of the chief literary periodicals of
with ? Here is an example:
our country to chronicle the passing away, a few months
“So, though we still say . I parted with a house,' or ' with
ago, of two authors who, though not in the front rank
a servant' (considered as a chattel, [!], we could not say. When
of writers, yet left behind them contributions to our lit-
you parted with the King.'
.'" Rich. II., 2, 2. (E. A. Abbott,
erature of permanent value. The intelligence of their "A Shakespearian Grammar," London, 1886, Sect. 194, pp.
death reached me in November, through a magazine 128-9.)
devoted to autograph collecting, both of these gentle The index, referring to this passage, says
parted with
men having been successful collectors of historical doc for · parted from,' 194.” Now, as the play shows us, it
uments.
was not "you,” the queen, that parted from the king,
Thomas Stephens Collier was born in New York City but the king that parted from the queen for Ireland.
in 1842. He followed the sea from early boyhood, In saying " when you parted with the King,” Shake-
served in the navy during the Civil War, was placed speare observed a distinction that was usually observed
on the retired list of navy officers in 1883, and took up at that time between part from and part with, but which
his residence in New London, Conn., where he died at the present day is generally disregarded. If the
suddenly, in October, I think. He was a prominent older meaning of part from had not sunk into the ob-
>


8
[Jan. 1,
THE DIAL
1
65
99
sorrow.'
scurity of an archaism, there would be fewer instances
of those misconceived corrections of part with that turn
up now so often.
To part with once had three meanings:
(1) To depart with.
and taking onely with him certaine principall
Jewels of his owne, hee [Daiphantus] would have parted [de-
parted) alone with Argalus but that the whole multi-
tude wold needes gard him [Daiphantus) into Arcadia.”
(Sir Philip Sidney, “Arcadia," Collected Writings, ed. 1598,
p. 26.)
(2) To relinquish.
“Soldiers forget their honours, usurers
Make sacrifice of gold, poets of wit,
And men religious part with fame and goodness."
(Massinger, "The Fatal Dowry," Act I, sc. i.)
(3) To be separated from,— especially after the ex-
pression of farewell wishes, etc.; to dismiss or let go
with courteous expressions of regard.
"Come, lle convey thee through the City-gate,
And ere I part with thee, confer at large
Of all that may concerne thy Love-affairs."
(" The Two Gentlemen of Verona,” Act III., sc. i.)
We have to do here with the third meaning of part
with, and to observe that it differed from the common
meaning of part from. The widest divergence in the
employment of the two phrases would be seen where
somebody parted with a friend making or about to make
a journey, and where an offended or unfriendly person
parted from another unceremoniously.
"Nay, with your favour let him stay a little ;
I would part with him too, because he is
Your companion; and I'll begin with him.”
(Thomas Dekker, "The Witch of Edmonton," Act III., sc. ii.)
"He parted frowning from me, as if ruin
Leap'd from his eyes."
(“Henry VIII.," Act III., sc. ii.)
In the former of these two quotations evidently the
prominent idea belonging to part with is the observance
of the friendly courtesies that usually are exchanged
when friends or acquaintances separate. But it is likely
that when there was no occasion for accentuating the dif-
ferences in sense between part with and part from that
the two phrases were sometimes used interchangeably.
It is not clear, for instance, that either would be distinctly
more appropriate than the other in the next quotation.
"Before I part with this Mayden City, I will make a par-
allel betwixt her and old Rome .." (James Howell, “A
Survay of the Signorie of Venice," ed. 1651, p. 44.)
Here the courteous dismissal or surrender of the “May-
den City" may be the idea uppermost in the mind of
the writer.
Whether the distinction between part from and part
with, pointed out above, has lasted to the present day,
I am uncertain; for, notwithstanding that the distinc-
tion is disregarded by the many, it may, perhaps, be
observed by the few. But, anyhow, a misconception of
the real difference between the two phrases has grown
up, so that people who are ambitious to speak and write
the best schoolmaster's English substitute part from for
part with in cases where, if the two phrases do not mean
the same thing, part with is, in fact, more appropriate.
It is to be regretted that this pedagogic affectation is
countenanced by Dr. Fitzedward Hall's high authority.
In “Recent Exemplifications of False Philology
(pp. 103–6), Dr. Hall, citing examples of “solecisms
found in the writings of Nathaniel Hawthorne and Dr.
Oliver Wendell Holmes, italicises with in the following
passage quoted (p. 106) from “ The Autocrat of the
Breakfast-table”: “I remember a young wife who had
to part with her husband for a time.” In the index, we
are told that, at page 106, part with is for part from.
But part with, as there employed by Dr. Holmes, has
been classical English for three centuries. To the ex-
amples previously given I will add the following:
... To avoid seeing people that I love well enough to
be very much mortified when I think I am going to part with
them for ever." (Lady M. W. Montagu, Letter, Vienna, Jan.
16, 0. S. 1717.)
But observe the use of part from in the next quotation:
“Poor Lady G - is parting from her discreet spouse for a
mere trifle." (Id., Letter to the Countess of Mar, Twicken-
ham, 1723.)
'An affectionate wife, when in fear of parting with her be-
loved husband, heartily desired of God his life or society,
upon any conditions that were not sinful." (Taylor - Cited
in Johnson's Dictionary, first ed., 1755, To part with).
“She could not divest herself of the belief that she had
parted with Valancourt to meet no more.” (Ann Radcliffe,
The Mysteries of Udolpho," 2d ed., 1794, vol. i., ch. xiv.,
p. 402.)
“She came solitarily down the gravel walk -a Miss Martin
just appearing at the door, and parting with her seemingly
with ceremonious civility." (Jane Austen, “Emma," first
ed., vol. ii., ch, v., p. 72.)
“I had, apparently, most reason for dejectio because I
was leaving the savior of my life. . . She, on the contrary,
who was parting with one who had little means of serving her,
except by kindness and brotherly treatment, was overcome by
(Thomas De Quincey, “Confessions of an English
Opium-Eater,” Boston, 1856, p. 48.)
"I went to various coasts of the Mediterranean; parted
with my friends at Rome. ." (Cardinal Newman, Apol-
ogia pro Vita Sua," London, 1883, ch. i., p. 32.)
“For here I came, twenty years back, - the week
Before I parted with poor Edmund.”
(Tennyson, “ The Brook.")
unknown to any one lest the troops should lose
courage at parting with him, he [Cæsar] flew across through
an enemy's country with a handful of attendants to Vienne,
on the Rhone.
(James Anthony Froude, “Cæsar,''
New York, 1879, p. 345.)
when the pangs of parting with the old lady were
no longer felt in all their intensity." (Philip Gilbert Ham-
erton, “Harry Blount," ch. ii.)
“Our Boston informant writes so crisply and smartly that
one is unwilling to part with him." (Matthew Arnold, “A
Word about America," Boston, 1888, p. 78.)
The distinction between part from and part with that
has been defined and illustrated above seems to have
been observed more or less—I am not prepared to say
always — by Macaulay, De Quincey, and Matthew Ar-
nold. By De Quincey and Macaulay, however, the sug-
gestion of good-will and regret associated with part with
was disregarded.
if I had parted with him at that moment, I should
have thought of him as a surly and almost brutal fel-
low." (De Quincey, “Confessions of an English Opium-
Eater,” Boston, 1856, p. 50.)
'Influenced by such considerations as these, James, from
the time at which he parted in anger with his Parliament, be-
gan to meditate a general league of all Nonconformists.
(Macaulay, “History of England," ch. vii.)
James had in person prorogued Parliament.
“ The authority of very excellent writers," says Dr.
Hall in his Doctor Indoctus (p. 45) “ justifies than
whom '; and there is an end." Is not the authority for
Dr. Holmes's “ solecism as good? Sometimes Dr.
Hall's judgments seem arbitrary. R. O. WILLIAMS.
New Haven, Conn., Dec. 23, 1893.
12
56
97
>
-
1


1894.]
9
THE DIAL
66
ker City as it then was, and of many of its in-
The New Books.
habitants who still remembered Colonial times
and Washington's Republican Court; of his
HANS BREITMANN'S GROSSTHATEN.* boyhood, school-days, and early reading; of his
In turning over the leaves of Mr. Leland's college life at Princeton, Heidelberg, Munich,
vivacious, if rather chaotic, Memoirs, one is im-
and Paris; of the stirring events of the French
Revolution of '48, quorum pars magna fuit ;
pelled to exclaim with Mr. Wackford Squeers,
- Here's richness !” Mr. Leland really seems
of his subsequent life in America as lawyer,
to have been a little of everything, seen a little
author, journalist, soldier, etc.; of his three
of everything, done a little of everything, and years connection with Colonel Forney, “dur-
read a little of everything ; yet in spite of his ing which,” he says, “ Grant's election was cer-
multifarious experiences he sees fit to make tainly carried by him, and in which, as Forney
the following modest disclaimer in his preface: of his writing of sundry books, such as the
declared, I had been his right-hand man'";
“As some of my readers will find these volumes
wanting in personal adventure and lively variety of ex-
“ Breitmann Ballads ”; and of his subsequent
periences, and perhaps dull as regards incidents,' I life in Europe down to the year 1870. It will
would remind them that it is, after all, only the life of be seen even from this meagre synopsis that
a mere literary man and quiet, humble scholar, and that the author's idea of the career of a quiet,
such existences are seldom very dramatic.”
humble scholar” differs somewhat from the
Were the writer any other than Mr. Leland conventional one. Without attempting to fol-
whom all men know as the pink of modesty low Mr. Leland's sprightly recital in detail or
and candor, -- one might reply, quoting Soc- in the order of narration, we shall select there-
rates, “I see your vanity, Antisthenes, peep from a few random extracts that may serve in
ing through the holes in your cloak.” What
a general way to indicate its quality. After a
may be Mr. Leland's notion of a really active
laborious course of jurisprudence, tobacco, met-
and stirring life, we know not ; but his readers aphysics, Rheinwein, Natur-philosophie, lager,
will scarcely accept as a literary recluse and “ und leider auch Theologie," at Heidelberg
“quiet, humble scholar” one who has been
and Munich, our quiet scholar reached Paris
by turns a roistering Bursch at Heidelberg (1847), and here his exploits, as a student of
and Munich, a chimes-at-midnight reveller of
the Latin Quarter, seem to have been largely of
the Latin Quarter, a barricade hero in a Paris the sort boasted of by Robert Shallow, Esquire.
revolution, a bon ami of Lola Montez and a To cite a very mild instance :
pupil of A. Bronson Alcott, a managing editor
“It happened one night at Bobinot's that I sat in the
under P. T. Barnum and John W. Forney, front row of the stage-box, and by me a very pretty,
a man, in short, whose career seems to have modest, and respectable young girl, with her elder re-
been (at least so far as it is treated in the pres-
lations or friends. How it happened I do not know,
but they all went out, leaving the young lady by me,
ent volume) about as serene and scholastic as
and I did not speak to her. Which . point' was at once
the finale of a certain famous “barty.” Mr. seized by the house. The pit, as if moved by one dia-
Leland's life has had, of course, its sporadic bolical inspiration, began to roar, "Il l'embrassera!'
intervals of comparative quiet; but we note
(He will kiss her), to which the gallery replied, 'Il ne
l'embrassera pas !' (He won't). So they kept it up and
the above phases lest the prospective reader of
the Memoirs be turned from his purpose by the
down alternately like see-sawing, to an intonation.
I saw that something must be done; so, rising, I waved
author's hint of the very last quality to be predi- my glove, and there was dead silence. Then I began
cated of it — dryness.
at the top of my voice, in impassioned style, in German,
Mr. Leland says that his book was written,
an address about matters and things in general, inter-
mingled with insane quotations from Latin, Slavonian,
not directly for publication, but with the idea
anything. A change came o'er the spirit of the dream
that " a certain friend” might use it at the of my auditors, till at last they "took,' and gave me
proper
time as a source whence to form a life. three cheers. I had sold the house."
“Therefore,” he adds, “ I wrote, as fully and Soon after reaching Paris Mr. Leland took
honestly as I could, everything which I could lodgings in a house in the Rue de la Harpe
remember which had made me what I am.” called the Hôtel de Luxembourg,-a nest, as it
The volume treats in detail of the author's in- proved, of rather doubtful and desperate char-
fancy in Philadelphia (where he was born in - acters. In the same establishment dwelt a
1824), with some note of the quaint old Qua- small actress or two, and divers students, or men
MEMOIRS. By Charles Godfrey Leland (Hans Breit-
who were extremely busy all winter in plotting
mann). With portrait. New York: D. Appleton & Co. the revolution which presently broke out:


10
[Jan. 1,
THE DIAL
• At last the ball opened. . The great storm celebrity in Munich, and the King's last fav-
bell of Notre Dame rang all night long. The next morn-
orite. Ludwig, bye-the-bye, had had all his
ing I rose, and telling Leonard Field, who lived in the
same hotel with me, that I was going to work in earnest,
mistresses painted, one by one, and in the
loaded a pair of duelling-pistols, tied a sash round my spirit of a true king and liberal art-patron had
waist, en révolutionnaire, and with him went forth to thrown the gallery open to the public. Lola's
business. First I went to the Café Rotonde, hard by, portrait was the last, but the royal foresight
and got my breakfast. Then I sallied forth, and found
had left for a few more.
space
in the Rue de la Harpe a gang of fifty insurgents, who
“I thought,"
had arms and a crowbar, but who wanted a leader.
says the author, “ that about twenty-five would
Seeing that I was one of them, one said to me, "Sir, complete the collection.” Mr. Leland describes
where shall we make a barricade?' I replied that there Lola as very small, pale, and thin, or frele,
was one already to the right and another farther down,
with fine blue eyes and curly black hair — a
but that a third close at hand was open. Without a
word they handed me the crowbar, and I prized up the
typical beauty, with a face full of character,
stones out of the pavement while they undertook the and a person of great and varied reading. Men
harder work of piling them up. In a few minutes we generally were madly fascinated with her, then
had a solid wall eight feet high. Then remembering
as suddenly disenchanted, " and then detracted
that there was a defenceless spot somewhere else, I
from her in every way.” It was in later years,
marched my troop thither, and built another barricade
—all in grim earnest without talking. . . . There was
in America, that Mr. Leland knew Lola Montez
a garçon named Edouard, who always waited on me in —when he was in no danger of the royal bow-
the Café Rotonde. While I was working for life at my string, and the “
string, and the space for a few more" in the
second barricade, he came out holding a napkin, and ex-
Paphian gallery had perceptibly dwindled.
amining my labor critically, waved it, exclaimed approv-
Once, he says,
ingly, • Très bien, Citoyen Charles—très bien !' It was
his little joke for some days after to call me Citoyen “She proposed to me to make a bolt with her to Europe,
Charles.”
which I declined. . . An intimate of both of us who
“Citoyen Charles's” republican enthusiasm was
was present when this friendly proposal was made re-
marked with some astonishment, “But, Madame, by
not, it seems, shared by all his compatriots in what means can you two live ?' • Oh,' replied Lola in-
Paris. One day, he relates, there came sprawl- nocently and confidingly, “people like us' (or who know
ing over the barricades
as much as we') can get a living anywhere. And she
“ A tall ungainly red-haired Yankee, a student of med-
rolled us each a cigarette, with one for herself. I could
tell a number of amusing tales of this Queen of Bohe-
icine, whom I had met before, and who began to ques-
mia, but Space, the Kantean god, forbids me more."
tion me as to what I was doing. To which I replied,
• What the devil do you want here anyhow?' not be From Mr. Leland's lively account of his
ing in a mood to be trifled with. To which he replied,
“soldiering” during the Civil War we shall
• Nawthin', only a kinder lookin' reound. But what on
allow ourselves two extracts. It was shortly
airth—' • But are you for us or against?' I cried.
Wäll, I ain't on no side.' See here,'I cried in a rage,
before Gettysburg, when the North had risen
those who are not for us are against us. Any one of en masse at the news of Lee's advance. Mr.
those fellows you see round here would shoot you at Leland was put on guard, when, he says,
once if I told him to, and if you don't clear out in
double quick time, by God I will !'”
“There came shambling to me an odd figure. There
had been some slight attempt by him to look like a sol-
Evidently, the once humble scholar was fast
dier — he had a feather in his hat — but he carried his
ripening into a Marat or a St. Just, and might rifle as if after deer or raccoons, and as if he were used
have inaugurated a new Reign of Terror had
to it. Say, Cap !'he exclaimed, • Kin you tell me
where a chap could git some ammynition ?' "Go to
not the revolution speedily ended. He gives the
your quartermaster,' I replied.
• Ain't got no quar-
following graphic picture of the dénoûement :
termaster.' Well, then to your commanding officer
“ All at once we heard a terrible outcry down the – to your regiment. Ain't got no commanding offi-
street. There was a tremendous massing of soldiers cer nowher' this side o' God, ner no regiment.' Then
there, and to defend that barricade meant death to all who the devil are you, and where do you belong ?'
defenders. I confess that I hesitated one instant, and • Don't belong nowher'. I'l jest tell you, Cap, how it
then rushed headlong to join the fight. Merciful God ! is. I live in the south line of New York State, and
the troops had fraternized with us, and they were hand when I heard that the rebs had got inter Pennsylvany,
ing their muskets over to the mob, who were firing them forty of us held a meetin' and 'pinted me Cap’n. So
in the air. The scene was terribly moving. My men, we came down here 'cross country, and 'rived this a’ter-
who a minute before had expected to be shot, rushed up, noon, and findin' fightin' goin' on, went straight fer the
embraced and kissed the soldiers, wept like children bush. And gittin' cover, we shot the darndest lot of
in short, everybody kissed and embraced everybody else, rebels you ever did see. And now all our ammynition
and all my warriors got guns, and therewith I dismissed is out, I've come to town for more,
for there's some of
them, for I knew that the war was now at an end."
'em left — who want killiu' badly.' See here, my
friend,' I replied, you don't know it, but you 're noth-
We have spoken of Mr. Leland's acquaint- ing but a bushwhacker, and anybody has a right to
ance with Lola Montez—in 1847 a tremendous
shoot you out of hand. Do you see that great square
6


1894.)
11
THE DIAL
tent?' Here I pointed to the general's marquee. Go skamble stuff and rubbish, which sounded like the
very
in there and get yourself enrolled.' And the last I saw débris and lees of his · Latter-Day Pamphlets,' that I
of him he was stumbling over the sticks in the right | began to suspect he was quizzing me, or that this was
direction."
the manner in which he ladled out Carlyleism to visitors
For our second extract, we select this :
who came to be Carlyled and acted unto.”
“ For bringing out the art of taking care of yourself, It was pretty evident that the philosopher was
a camp in time of war is superior even to sleeping out of humor and that a row was imminent.
about in the markets,' as recommended by Mr. Weller.
It quickly came about. After preliminary spar-
Other talents may be limited, but the amount of devil'
which can be developed out of a smart boy as a sol- ring (in ring parlance), Mr. Carlyle let fall
dier is absolutely infinite. College is a Sunday-school something to the effect that we had done noth-
to it. One of these youths had obtained a horse ing in America since Cromwell's Revolution
somewhere which he contrived to carry along. Many
of any importance.” Then, says Mr. Leland, -
of our infantry regiments gradually converted them-
selves into cavalry by this process of obtaining 'steeds;
“A great rage came over me, and I remember very dis-
and as the officers found that their men could walk bet-
tinctly that there flashed through my mind in a second
ter on horses' legs they permitted it. This promising the reflection, . Now if I have to call you a d-d old
youngster was one day seated on a caisson or ammuni-
fool for saying that, I will; but I'll be even with you.'
tion wagon full of shells, etc., when it blew up. By
When as quickly the following inspiration came, which
a miracle he rose in the air, fell on the ground unhurt,
I uttered, and I suspect somewhat energetically: •Mr.
and marching immediately up to the lieutenant and
Carlyle, I think that my brother, Henry Leland, who
touching his hat, exclaimed, Please sir, caisson No.
got the wound from which he died standing by my side
Two is blown to hell; please appoint me to another!'
in the war of the rebellion, fighting against slavery, was
That oath was not recorded. Poor boy! he died in
worth ten of my old Puritan ancestors; at least he died
the war."
in a ten times better cause. And allow me to say, Mr.
In 1869 Mr. Leland revisited Europe, sailing criticism you are principally influenced by the merely
Carlyle, that I think that in all matters of historical
from New York on the famed Pereire. “ We melodramatic and theatrical.' Here Mr. Carlyle, look-
had not left port,” he says,
66 before a droll in- ing utterly amazed and startled, though not at all an-
cident occurred.”
gry, said, for the first time, in broad Scotch Whot's
“On the table in the smoking-room lay a copy of the
thot ye say?' •I say, Mr. Carlyle,' I exclaimed with
• Ballads of Hans Breitmann.' A fellow-passenger asked
rising wrath, that I consider that in all historical judg-
me, · Is that your book ?' I innocently replied · Yes.'
ments you are influenced only by the melodramatic and
theatrical.' A grim smile as of admiration came over
• Excuse me, sir,' cried another, it is mine.' 'I beg
your pardon,' I replied, but it is really mine.' "Sir, I
the stern old face. Whether he really felt the justice
of the hit I know not, but he was evidently pleased at
bought it.' 'I don't care if you did,' I replied, “it is
mine--for I wrote it.' There was a roar of laughter,
the manner in which it was delivered, and it was with
and we all became acquainted at once."
a deeply reflective and not displeased air that he re-
plied – Na, na, I'm nae thot.' It was the terrier that
Relating his experiences at Venice, Mr. Le had ferociously attacked the lion, and the lion was
land gives some amusing instances of the pro-
cbarmed. From that instant he was courteous, com-
verbial linguistic ingenuity of the Italians.
panionable, and affable, and talked as if we had been
long acquainted, and as if he liked me.”
I have spoken of having met Mr. Wright at Heidel-
berg. He was from Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania. The But we have already poached enough on Mr.
next day after my arrival I found among the names of Leland's preserves to tempt the reader thither-
the departed, “Signore Wright-Kilkes, from Barre, ward. The volume is outwardly attractive, and
Pennsylvania, America. This reminded me of the An-
glo-American who was astonished at Rome at receiving
it contains a fair portrait of the author.
invitations and circulars addressed to him as · Illustris-
E. G. J.
simo Varanti Solezer.' It turned out that an assistant,
reading aloud to the clerk the names from the trunks,
had mistaken a very large • Warranted Sole Leather:
THE MACHINERY OF GOVERNMENT.*
for the name of the owner."
The author's closing chapter, headed “ En-
Professor Goodnow's two volumes on “Com-
gland,” contains some piquant gossip touching parative Administrative Law” are a part of the
literary and other notabilities, Tennyson, comprehensive study of comparative politics
Lewes, George Eliot, Lord Lytton, Lord planned by members of the faculty of Columbia
Houghton, Doré, George Borrow, etc.,-from College. Professor Burgess's “Comparative
which we may select the following account of
Constitutional Law” has already appeared, and
an encounter with Carlyle as a fitting finale.
other works are in preparation.
Mr. Leland met the inflammable sage at the * COMPARATIVE ADMINISTRATIVE Law. An Analysis of
Chelsea house, and he seems to have fairly
the Administrative Systems, national and local, of the United
States, England, France, and Germany. By Frank J. Good-
given him a Roland for his Oliver. He says:
now, A.M., LL.B., Professor of Administrative Law in the
“I can only remember that for the first twenty or University Faculty of Political Science, Columbia College.
thirty minutes Mr. Carlyle talked such a lot of skimble New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.


12
[Jan. 1,
THE DIAL
The plan is in the line of present thinking one. We have not been in the habit of con-
on the subject of political science in the United sidering it by itself in America, though in Eu-
States. We have long been dominated by En- rope it has long been a recognized branch of
glish ideas. We shall doubtless always find legal science. Our conception of the relation
in those ideas the norm of our political insti of the courts to administrative officials is dif-
tutions. And yet many things that have come ferent. A dispute between officials, or a griev-
to us as a heritage of English history, hard ance of a citizen against an official, is brought
won, sometimes, by English struggles for pop before the same courts that take cognizance of
ular liberties, are now in point of fact quite ordinary civil cases. We do not think of any
obsolete. Take for instance the right of peti- sacredness hedging about the administrative
tion. It is one of the sacred privileges of an hierarchy that would keep its members from
American citizen, embedded in our Constitu- submitting to the usual jurisdictions. In France,
tion among those other rights so precious to however, administrative cases come before spe-
Anglo-Saxon freemen. And yet this choice cial courts, created ad hoc. The same consid-
guarantee of freedom is in fact as dead as erations that keep one supreme court from
Julius Cæsar. It is utterly useless. Other ways considering political acts of the national legisla-
of securing action and protecting rights have ture, in the French view apply to all adminis-
been devised, more in harmony with our modern trative acts. In other words, the executive and
methods. It is forgotten that petition to the judicial branches in that country are more
crown was originally the only means by which really separate than with us. And this has
the commonalty could initiate English legisla- perhaps with them helped widen the distinction
tion calculated to redress grievances. But that between the two bodies of law. We have not
custom has, centuries since, passed into obliv heretofore made much of that distinction.
ion, and now there is no popular demand which However, our administrative system is very
cannot readily be brought before Congress in extensive and complex, and is growing more
the shape of a bill. Indeed, the few laws that so with the development of the republic. We
come from our various legislative bodies are make much of our local self-government. And
but a scanty survival of the swarm of meas yet our various commonwealths States, we
ures that have died in one house or the other. are pleased to call them - are really highly
The problem now is, not how to secure consider- centralized. Local communities have their
ation for a scheme of legislation, but how to pre- affairs managed through agencies devised and
vent the enactment of the most of them. And modified and entirely revolutionized quite at
to that end our bi-cameral system is certainly a the will of the central authorities. And local
blessing. It produces an extensive mortality officials are usually the agents of the common-
among bills. And so our legislators do quite wealths for many purposes. At the same time,
right in receiving petitions perfunctorily and the central control is very weak in actual ad-
then quietly depositing them in the legislative ministration. The municipal treasurer is an
waste-basket.
officer of the state as well as of the city, and
The world is nearer together than it was a yet the state has only a weak hold on him.
century since. The social problems to be solved Further, our desire that the people shall be in
are not so different, after all, whether wrought close touch with the administrative system has
out by Frenchman or Englishman or American. led to a multiplication of offices with little or no
And we need all the fruit of all the experi- salary attached. We secure popular govern-
ence that civilized brains have worried through.ment, but at the sacrifice too often of efficiency.
Comparative politics recognizes this essential Thus we have really a curious jumble in our
unity at least of European races. Perhaps the system of managing the public business — ad-
legal systems of people in the moon might be lit- ministrative centralization and local independ-
tle more to us than a curiosity. But German ence all tangled together.
and French institutions are merely Aryan ways It is clear enough that our whole machinery
of meeting difficulties -- and we are Aryans. needs overhauling and improving. And to do
With this broadening of human sympathies, that with success we need to know definitely
then, our American isolation is lessening. We just what legal relations have grown up among
can learn from what others have done. And us, and how the other great nations manage
we may be sure that our learning is very
in the same things. To this end Professor Good-
complete if we limit it to Anglo-Saxon doings. now's study in comparative politics is a valuable
The field of Administrative Law is not a small contribution.


1894.]
13
THE DIAL
The first of the two volumes details the or the governor, George Clinton, was a Repub-
ganization of the administrative systems in lican, it was obvious that this new construction
France, Germany, Great Britain, and the would enable the Federalists to control all the
United States, the same four nations se appointments. They insisted on their point,
lected by Professor Burgess for his “ Compar- against the protest of Governor Clinton, and
ative Constitutional Law.” This seems rather thus secured the appointment of a Federalist
a large proportion of the work to devote to a as Supreme Court judge. The following year
preliminary analysis. And yet perhaps less (1795) a Federalist governor, John Jay, was
could hardly have been done in the present elected, and for several years there was no oc-
state of political science. The basis of this part casion for a difference of opinion in the coun-
of the work is Professor Burgess's book, with cil. But in 1800 the Republicans again secured
that of Howard on the “ Local Constitutional | the state legislature, and of course a majority
History of the United States.” These are sup in the Council of Appointment; and so the
plemented in a scholarly way by researches of tables were turned. It was now the Repub-
others, and by ample investigation of judicial delicans who insisted that the constitution meant
cisions. The analysis is a very clear one, and has to give the members of the council a concur-
a value quite independent of its relation to what rent right of nomination with the governor,
follows. One who desires a good idea of the and the Federalists who bitterly opposed. This
working system of administering government collision resulted in an act of the legislature
among the great nations can do no better than recommending a constitutional convention,
to read Professor Goodnow's first volume. In which should have as one purpose to determine
general, the statements of facts are very accu the true construction of the twenty-third arti-
rate. Perhaps exception might be taken to a cle of the constitution. This convention was
remark on page 76. In speaking of the ap- held accordingly, and adopted as its fifth arti-
pointing power in the State of New York, and cle the following:
of the old Council of Appointment, the author And this convention do further .. ordain, de-
says:
termine, and declare, that by the true construction of
“Here the Governor had the power to appoint most
the twenty-third article of the constitution of this state
officers in the commonwealth, but was subject in the
the right to nominate all officers ... is vested con-
exercise of the power to the necessity of obtaining the
currently in the person administering the government
consent of the Council of Appointment formed of mem-
of this state for the time being and in each of the mem-
bers of the Senate elected by the Assembly. In 1801,
bers of the council of appointment."
however, the power was given to each member of the Thus the action of this convention was not
Council to nominate for appointment.”
the addition of a new power to those held by
This is true, and perhaps all that is essential the council, but merely the judicial construc-
for the purposes intended. Still, it is calcu-
Still, it is calcu- tion of its powers under the constitution as it
lated to mislead one as to the facts. The stood. It must be admitted, however, that the
New York constitution of 1777 provided (Art. construction thus given was rather a violent
XXIII.) for the choice of a Council of Ap- one, and probably not at all what was intended
pointment, as follows:
by the framers of the constitution of 1777.
“The Assembly shall, once in every year, openly Professor Goodnow (page 98) takes the usual
nominate and appoint one of the Senators from each
ground that the English crown has lost the veto
great district, * which Senators shall form a council for
the appointment of the said officers, of which the Gov-
power. He is certainly safer in this view than
ernor . . . shall be president and have a casting voice, his colleague, Professor Burgess, who has an
but no other vote; and with the advice and consent of ingenious but rather nebulous theory that the
the said council, shall appoint all the said officers; and
power might still be exercised.
Perhaps it
that a majority of the said council be a quorum.”
might. But as it is fairly certain that it never
The construction given this clause in the will be, the hypothesis can hardly be called a
early years of the constitution vested in the working one in practical politics.
governor the exclusive right to nominate, and
Attention is called by a passing remark
restricted the councillors to voting, thus giving (page 204) to the fact that “ the courts of sev-
" advice and consent” on such nominations. eral of the commonwealths [of the United
But in 1794 the Federalists chose three of the States) have held that the preservation of the
four councillors, and this majority insisted that
peace is not a municipal function.” The time
under the constitution they had a right of nom will come when this truth will have wider rec-
inating concurrently with the governor. As ognition. A local police, managed by local
* There were four great districts in the State.
politicians too often directly dependent on the


14
[Jan. 1,
THE DIAL
a
criminal classes, can hardly be expected to be Hitherto the Tractarian movement has been
independent of local influences. The mainte- singularly happy in those who have portrayed
nance of order should have its source in a it. Mozley's Reminiscences are as lively gossip
jurisdiction wider than any city or any county. as Pepys's Diary. Dean Burgon's Twelve Good
We shall come to this in time.
Men were not evaporated and desiccated saints,
Volume II. treats of " Legal Relations.” In but a round dozen of characters, brim-full of
other words, this is the treatise on Administra human nature. Ward's life by his son is a
tive Law for which the first volume merely striking portraiture of an extraordinary person
elears the way. The three divisions are, " The “ freak” or “ sport” in the ecclesiastical
Law of Officers," "The Administration in Ac garden. Newman's “ Apologia” is almost an
tion,” and “The Control over the Administra- English classic.
English classic. Dean Church's review of the
tion.” The last division is treated the most co Oxford Movement is rich in delightful matter.
piously, as is natural. The American student But Liddon's life of Pusey, while it may
stand
of politics will find no greater interest than in on the same shelf with Church and Ward and
the chapter on - The Administrative Jurisdic Burgon and Mozley and Newman, will not
tion in France.” The principles of Montesquieu share their longevity. We seem to hear Bur-
relating to the separation of powers have no gon whisper to Mozley, behind Newman's back,
where else been carried to their logical end as “ Not altogether a work of inspiration, and per-
they have in France. The French administra- haps slightly protracted—eh ?” and if departed
tive courts that have resulted are well worth shades are still capable of critical estimates,
our study.
Dean Church may be seen to smile in genial
The machinery of government in the United acquiescence. Yet this is the life of one placed
States is far from perfect. It needs overhaul-
It needs overhaul in the central current of a great religious move-
ing at many points, as has been said. And to ment, a movement which has influenced for
do that intelligently there must be general good or ill — perhaps for good and ill — the
knowledge of other methods, as well as of our Anglican Communion for a half century. It is
own. As a contribution to this knowledge, Pro strange that of the three chiefs of Tractarian-
fessor Goodnow's book will be cordially wel ism no one should have had a striking biog-
comed.
HARRY PRATT JUDSON.
raphy, neither Keble nor Newman, nor, as now,
Dr. Pusey.
There are all sorts of memoirs.
There are
those that seize the very man and transfer him
A PONDEROUS BIOGRAPHY.*
bodily to the printed page. So Johnson lives
It is a good deal to devote two volumes, of
in Boswell, and Scott in Lockhart, and Ma-
about five hundred closely-printed pages each,
caulay in Trevelyan. Others distil the finer
to the first half of any body's life. Dr. Pusey's
essence of the man, yet the work lacks body.
career was interesting and important, but he
So certain delicate artists manage to miss the
was hardly one of those salient historic person-
outward features of their sitter while yet elic-
alities whose every word and deed should be iting his soul. Thus Maurice's life by his son
permanently recorded. With all his abund may
be called a memoir of a disembodied spirit.
ant gifts, Canon Liddon has lacked a sense of The prophet, as his disciples loved to call him,
proportion. Dr. Pusey loomed before him a
is there; but the man who paid taxes, and went
little larger than he really was.
to market, and had his little tempers and ab-
And
scrap from his pen was precious. Canon Lid surdities, hardly comes to the surface.
don died before the final revision of this work,
there are memoirs like Masson's life of Mil-
yet there is no reason to think that its scale ton, where you lose the figure in the landscape,
had been diminished had he lived himself to the person in the period, and are rather sur-
issue it. The result is somewhat excessive.
prised when from time to time he emerges.
Accumulated details do not always add to the
As writers differ, so subjects differ. There
impression. We cannot help thinking that this
are men who lend themselves naturally to vivid
is one of the instances which Hesiod antici- presentation, who suggest lines of caricature to
pated when he said that the half had been more
their enemies, and photographic sharpness of
than the whole.
light and shadow to their friends; whose hu-
mors are representative, who are very like
* THE LIFE OF EDWARD BOUVERIE PUSEY. By Henry
Parry Liddon. In two volumes. New York: Longmans,
themselves and very much of their own opin-
Green, & Co.
ion ; men whom you love or detest, but cannot
Not every
TIIIIIIII


1894.)
15
THE DIAL
easily ignore or forget; men of caprice and not at all a fresh or suggestive man. His mind,
quaintness like Lamb, of robust sense and non however richly stored, was of a dry and scho-
sense like Montaigne, men of mingled contra lastic cast, dwelling in the atmosphere of school
dictions like Swift or Carlyle, men of blood divinity and ecclesiasticism, rather than of phil-
and iron like Cromwell or Bismarck, men of osophic thought or spiritual intuition. The soil
genius interwrought with goodness and humor is highly cultivated, but not originally fertile.
like Scott or Lowell. And there are other men,
There is not a touch of saving humor or pen-
who, in whatever glare of publicity they may etrative imagination in either biographer or
be standing, whatever cause they are forward subject of the biography. In all these thou-
ing, however they may seem to be leading, yet sand pages one hardly comes upon a striking
somehow evade scrutiny, lack distinction, puz- illustration, a revealing anecdote, or a quotable
zle observation ; men who may be even great passage. The reader's mind is kept on an un-
in a sort, yet are always a little tiring in their broken level. The tone is that of intense se-
greatness; who, clad in every virtue, are after riousness, unrelieved by any momentary play
all but half visible. Those who are not of their of thought. No one, it is said, was ever so wise
inner circle are tempted to describe them as as Lord Thurlow looked. Was anyone, it
may
“good men in the worst acceptation of the be asked, ever so undeviatingly solemn as Dr.
word.” You may esteem and reverence them, Pusey is made to appear throughout these pon-
but can go no farther. For your life, you can derous volumes ? When his children enter the
not approach them with any familiar liking. drawing-room after dinner, it is Newman who
Alone on a desert island you might be grateful frolics with them and tells them quaint stories ;
for their company, but with inward hesitancies it is not Pusey. One is compelled to wonder
and reservations.
if he never encountered his fellow Tractarian
Somewhat of this latter sort must have been Ward, or caught a twinkle in the eye of Moz-
the late Dr. Pusey. One of his disciples speaks ley? Was he always in such deadly earnest ?
of him as “so awful a person.” This is not Could not even the irony of events extort from
at all the view which Dr. Liddon meant to give him a smile? Was “ The Great Man ” always
of him, but it is the impression left on read so impressed with the consciousness of his part
ing these volumes of his biography. They on the stage of church history, his immediate
portray not so much a man as an ecclesiastic, responsibility for the safe conduct of his pe-
a schoolman, a body of divinity. He has hardly riod, as never to unbend? That title which in
personal traits ; rather, he is marked by the Greek Newman bestowed upon Pusey, Henry
logical tendencies. He has a subtle if not Wilberforce had already more fittingly be-
always a lucid intellect, a fervid rather than a stowed upon Newman. Perhaps when he went
luminous power of expression, an energetic and over to the Roman Communion he desired to
imperative conscience, a positive and tenacious bequeath it to his successor in the Tractarian
will, a warm affection for a few persons, and leadership. Certainly Pusey had one element
an ardent passion for several abstract ideas ; of greatness -- the steady head which could let
but there seems not very much flesh and blood him stand on the very edge of a precipice and
to him. He has a defined outline, but you
defined outline, but you look fondly over, without the final leap or
doubt his possession of the usual three dimen- plunge. On the whole, there are those who
sions. You might sketch him in pen-and-ink, could say of Dr. Pusey that he was not great
or bite him in with acid on copper; but you so much as weighty—a word conveying at once
could hardly model him all round in clay, or two ideas : influential and ponderous, neither
paint him with a full pallette in body color. quite inapplicable to the subject of this memoir.
You wonder if
you
tickle him would he laugh Why was he so widely influential? It is
if you prick him would he bleed? The not an easy matter from this biography to dis-
very supposition seems incongruous.
It was probably due to several com-
Nor was any such lack of vitality in the sub- bining conditions. He was a man of high so-
ject likely to be made good by a superabund-cial position, with family connection with the
ance of vitality in the painter. The art of Lid- nobility; a man of large means and large muni-
don is not that of Rubens or of Tintoret. It ficence, of saintly devotion, of ascetic habit, of
is academic always, like that of the Caracci. rare intensity of purpose, of special aptitude
While he was undoubtedly an able man, a for business, and of a certain very English
learned and devout man, a man of eloquence moderation in judgment. He could hold ex-
and enthusiasm, a fervid rhetorician, he was treme views, yet be content without pushing
cover.


16
[Jan. 1,
THE DIAL
He was
them to extreme consequences. The logic of treatises or controversial pamphlets. Scholar
his intellect did not override the caution of as he was, there is no hint of his delight in the
his procedure. When more brilliant and more classics, whether Greek or Latin.
logical minds flashed out of Anglicanism, whose careless of graces of style. He was indifferent
foundations no longer seemed to them trust to the charms of literature. He was unobservant
worthy, into the Roman Communion towards of the march of science. He was unconcerned
which their growing convictions pointed them, with the development of art or music. He built
Dr. Pusey could admit their premises without churches, but displays no taste for architecture.
accepting their conclusion, could skim over thin The one thing that interested him was patris-
ice without recognizing its insufficiency to sup tic theology in its impress upon the institu-
port him, could rest on foundations which he tion of which he was a part, the Church of
himself had helped to undermine, as if they England. That sort of concentration is always
were of bedded adamant. When Ward and
power. It gives force and intensity in a nar-
Newman and Oakley and Manning discovered row track. Dr. Pusey, though more of a man,
that what they held most precious lay upon the had been less of a leader, if his mind had
farther side of the line that marked the boun coursed over a wider field. He would have
dary between Rome and Canterbury, Dr. Pusey seen ideas in truer proportions, but he had been
could remain in the English Church and pre less the centre and head of Tractarian influence
pare Roman manuals for Anglican use with than he was for a generation from the day that
placid imperturbability. He suffered, but kept John Henry Newman, after long hesitancy,
his composure. So, after the loss of Werter, finally passed over to Rome.
Charlotte went on cutting bread and butter. Dr. Liddon well describes Dr. Pusey's long
Where logic called for suicide, Saxon sense life, which began on August 22, 1800, and
preferred serviceableness. Nothing is so con lasted until September 16, 1882, as “ singularly
genial to the British mind as a logical contra- uneventful, a continuous stream of lectures,
diction practically justified and disregarded. sermons, letters, interviews." The interviews
In our mother church and island
- to hold
have left no trace save in the characters and
that two and two makes four, and to decline to lives of those whom they influenced. The let-
take any further steps in that arithmetical pro ters are not sprightly, graphic, nor luminous.
gression, is always regarded as wisdom and dis- For the outpouring of an energetic mind, in
cretion. It stamps upon its holder the imprint free communication with familiar friends, they
of sound and safe and sober. Such men be are remarkably formal and uninteresting. You
come influential by force of their very limita- feel with what justice their author could say
of
tions. Such a delicate and able equilibrium himself. referring to his personal temperament
of eager courage and patient caution, of pro- and Walloon ancestry, "You know I am phleg-
found convictions and suspended application matic, and, indeed, Dutch." The sermons and
of them, is always interesting, and nowhere lectures are before the world. Newman's are
more successful in the conduct of life than classics—though Lowell could not relish them,
among English churchmen.
though their highly-wrought rhetoric may pos-
Perhaps another secret of Dr. Pusey's lead sibly be less valued when the present genera-
ership was his entire absorption in ecclesias tion passes from the stage and the glamour of
tical and theological interests. Unless Dr. Lid- their author's personality has been dissipated.
don has done him strange injustice, he was But Pusey's sermons and lectures are already
always “clasped like a missal ” against all the obsolescent.
obsolescent. There is a certain beauty of holi-
outside light or dust that might penetrate his ness, a tender sweetness, about his first volume
cloister. Here is a life whose course was syn- of parochial discourses.
of parochial discourses. The substance of the
chronous with the dawn of modern science lectures, as contained in the volumes on Daniel
and the revival of modern literature; yet in and the Minor Prophets, later exegetes respect-
the copious correspondence with close friends fully recognize. Yet it is in the Tractarian
throughout these volumes, from early child-school that Dr. Pusey continues to be an au-
hood to middle life, but for a reference to Byron thority, rather than among Christian scholars
as an injurious element in his youth, and an oc at large. His vogue is past. No new editions
casional reference to Keble—and that more to
of his works are called for. His scholarly pres-
the theological than to the poetic value of " The tige is traditional and not a living force.
Christian Year,”—there is hardly a suggestion He and the men of his time were heated
that Pusey ever read other than theological pamphleteers and intolerant polemics. The
---


1894.]
17
THE DIAL
day for such intensity of controversy in the self in every way to the manners and customs
church arena is happily ended. Men as op of the people about her, so far as this could be
posed as Newman and Arnold, as Hampden done without the sacrifice of her own individ-
and Pusey, have learned to set less store on uality. Etiquette among the upper classes in
the things wherein they differ. On public plat- Japan demands familiarity with many conven-
forms and in church newspapers, they may Aling tional observances and calls for much deferen-
about the old vituperations ; but they do it tial bowing. How Miss Bacon regarded this
from force of bad habit, and mean very little is shown by a characteristic incident, her ac-
by them. Their sting has been blunted and count of which is worth repeating. Having
their virus neutralized. For the most part, received an invitation to see the feast of dolls
people respect one another's liberty and toler at the house of one of the Tokugawa daimios-
ate their mutual diversities. Yet in one re one of the few places in Tokyo where the old-
spect, perhaps, we have degenerated. It was time etiquette is still kept up-she felt it in-
once a battle of scholars and thinkers in the cumbent to prepare herself beforehand.
region of convictions and ideas. It is now “ Miné gave me a little instruction in the art of get-
a commotion on a lower level. The Tract ting down on my knees and putting my forehead to the
arian is departed, and the Ritualist is with us.
floor, but the present style of American dress makes it
Now a tract is not an imposing weapon, but it
very hard to do the thing gracefully, and my joints are
a good deal too stiff to allow me to be comfortable dur-
is of more weight than a ceremonial. What to
ing the process. However, I did it after a fashion, and
believe is a serious concern. How to behave felt very much like a fool in doing it, but it seemed ne-
in the chancel is a histrionic controversy. Per cessary for me to show my appreciation the kindness
that had been shown me by being polite in some man-
haps the day is at hand when good men will
ner that my entertainers could recognize. Our good
remember with shame that once such trifles
manners are so undemonstrative that only a few for-
were magnified, that what has been admirably eignized Japanese can discover that we have any at all,
called the mere “ etiquette of religion ” once
and the usual result of an effort here in Japan to copy
divided those who should be brethren.
foreign manners is a complete disregard of all rules of
politeness, whether Japanese or foreign."
C. A. L. RICHARDS.
Miss Bacon's sojourn in Japan was not ex-
tended enough to enable her to become thor-
AN AMERICAN SCHOOL-TEACHER IN
oughly familiar with all the intricacies of Jap-
JAPAN. *
anese etiquette, but her observations in regard
The ability to see things in a foreign land
to it are nevertheless interesting. Toward the
as they really are, and not as they are distorted
end of her stay she writes :
by the blinding pride of race or religion, is
“ It is rather a curious experience for me out here,
rare gift. It implies intelligent and sympa-
that in my associations with those about me I am
neither fish, flesh, fowl, nor good red herring.' I am
thetic appreciation of the qualities which, in
too Japanese for the foreigners, and too foreign for the
spite of outward differences, make " the whole Japanese ; too worldly for the missionaries, and not
world kin.” The possession of this ability in worldly enough for the rest of the foreign colony ; and
a marked degree by the author of “ A Japan-
so, with the exception of my intimate Japanese friends,
ese Interior" lends distinction to the series of
there is no one in Tokyo who does not seem to regard
me as rather out of their line."
letters in which she relates her experiences
during a year's residence in Tokyo. Their
Although the author states in the preface
freedom from bias is indeed remarkable. As
that her book is not intended as an authority
one of the teachers in a school for girls of no-
on Japan in general, or on any particular phase
ble birth, under the management of the Impe- of life there,” no better or more reliable account
rial Household Department and the personal
of the things that came within her observation
patronage of the Empress, Miss Bacon had
has yet been written. It does not pretend to
unusual opportunities. Of these she made ex-
be more than a daily chronicle of events, sights,
cellent use. Her life in Tokyo was spent almost
and impressions,-a record of passing thoughts
entirely among the Japanese and apart from
rather than the result of mature deliberation.
the foreign colony. The letters, which do not
As such, however, it is a delightful book, writ-
ten in a simple style and free from affectation.
appear to have been written with a view to pub-
lication, testify to a desire to accommodate her-
While a longer residence in the country would
doubtless have caused some of the comments to
* A JAPANESE INTERIOR. By Alice Mabel Bacon, author
be modified, they are for the most part well-
of “Japanese Girls and Women.” Boston: Houghton, Mif-
flin & Co.
considered. Occasionally she makes an over-


18
[Jan. 1,
THE DIAL
statement, as when she says of the Japanese occasion, of christening a book “That Beautiful
laborer that he has his æsthetic nature “fully” Wretch,” for which offence it would take more than
developed. Neither in Japan nor Europe nor
one “ Daughter of Heth” or “ Princess of Thule"
America is this literally true of any but the
to atone. Most of Mr. Black's novels belong to
few. As compared with the similar class
very few.
the class that are produced by merely shuffling the
elsewhere, however, the Japanese laborer is in
well-worn cards of the game, and the one now at
hand offers no exceptions to this rule. Its master-
this respect immeasurably in advance. Miss
cards are the Jean Valjean story of self-effacement
Bacon's remarks upon this point are so singu- in the interests of a beloved daughter, and the Mar-
larly just that we cannot forbear quoting them : guerite Duval story of the austere parent's plea to
“ With him, • life is more than meat,' it is beauty as spare a cherished son the degradation of stepping
well; and this love of beauty has upon him such a civ down a rung or two upon the social ladder. Let
ilizing effect that some people are led to think that the us add that the descent contemplated is not deep
lower classes in Japan do not need Christianity. But
enough to be tragic, and that the hero has manli-
when one comes to study them, they are not more moral
than our lower classes; they are not as moral; they are
ness enough to make it. Here we are for an instant
only more gentle, more contented, more civilized I
minded of “A Princess of Thule," but marriage
should say, except that the word civilization' is so dif does not, in this case, change a gentleman into a
ficult to define and to understand that I do not know cad. The story is rather more pleasing than most
what it means now as well as I did when I left home." of Mr. Black's recent ventures ; it is well provided
F. W. GOOKIN.
with incident, dramatic upon occasion, sparkling in
the flow of its narrative. It is pathetic without be-
ing emotional, and its tone is cultivated without be-
ing priggish.
RECENT BOOKS OF FICTION.*
Some time ago the newspapers were busily in-
Why so tasteless a title as "The Handsome forming the public that Mr. Rider Haggard had
Humes” should have been permitted to handicap a gone to Mexico to collect the materials for a new
really charming novel is known only to Mr. Will-story. The story is now published, is called “Mon-
iam Black. At any rate, it does not offer the first tezuma's Daughter," and justifies the pains taken
instance of the sort in the career of this accom-
by the author in making his observations on the
plished writer, for he was even capable, upon one
spot. We have no doubt that he could have made
nearly as good a story out of Prescott and the other
* THE HANDSOME HUMES. By William Black. New York:
Harper & Brothers.
books, but there are numerous chapters in which his
MONTEZUMA'S DAUGHTER. By H. Rider Haggard. New
personal experience stands him in good stead, and
York : Longmans, Green, & Co.
the story is both graphic and exciting, although it
RICHARD Escort. By Edward H. Cooper. New York: has no style worth speaking of, and although its
Macmillan & Co.
conception of plot is about on the level of that dis-
A GENTLEMAN OF FRANCE: Being the Memoirs of Gaston played by Captain Mayne Reid in his numerous
de Bonne, Sieur de Marsac. By Stanley J. Weyman. New
York : Longmans, Green, & Co.
romances. More than once, in fact, Mr. Haggard
DIANA TEMPEST. By Mary Cholmondeley. New York:
reminds us of a Mayne Reid redivivus, although he
D. Appleton & Co.
seems to have had Kingsley's “Westward Ho!” in
What NECESSITY KNOWS. By L. Dougall. New York: sight during the composition of the book. The
Longmans, Green, & Co.
story is mostly Mexican, and tells of the invasion
AN AMERICAN PEERESS. By H. C. Chatfield-Taylor. Chi of Cortes; but there are antecedent passages in
cago: A. C. McClurg & Co.
England and Spain, for the hero is an English ad-
A COIGN OF VANTAGE. By John Seymour Wood. New
York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
venturer who finds his way through Spain to Mex-
IN THE DWELLINGS OF SILENCE: A Romance of Russia. ico on a vengeful quest. The vengeance is certainly
By Walker Kennedy. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. satisfactory when it comes, but is not reached until
Tom SYLVESTER. By T. R. Sullivan. New York: Charles the hero has had as surprising a series of perils and
Scribner's Sons.
escapes as even the fertile imagination of the author
THE DAYS OF LAMB AND COLERIDGE: A Historical Ro-
mance. By Alice E. Lord. New York: Henry Holt & Co.
ever devised.
The spelling of Aztec names has
PENSHURST CASTLE IN THE TIME OF SIR PHILIP SIDNEY.
been considerably shortened for the infant mind,
By Emma Marshall. New York: Macmillan & Co.
and “Popocatapetl” is reduced to “Popo." But
THE BAILIFF OF TEWKESBURY. By C. E. D. Phelps and does not Mr. Haggard know that the infant mind,
Leigh North. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co.
bent upon geographical lore, simply delights in the
GARRICK'S PUPIL. By Augustin Filon. Translated by J.
V. Prichard. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co.
name of Popocatapetl, and would not for a wilder-
ON THE CROSS: A Romance of the Passion Play at Ober-
ness of monkeys have it abbreviated?
ammergau. By Wilhelmine von Hillern. From the German, “Richard Escott" is both the title of a story and
by Mary J. Safford. New York: George Gottsberger Peck.
the name of the preposterous villain about whom it
PAN MICHAEL: An Historical Novel of Poland, the
centres. He is the son of a noble lord and cabinet
Ukraine, and Turkey. By Henryk Sienkiewicz. Translated
from the Polish by Jeremiah Curtin. Boston: Little, Brown,
minister, but is likewise a blackleg, a cardsharper,
& Co.
and an unspeakable cad. His operations are mostly
....


1894.]
1
THE DIAL
19
carried on in Paris, where he plays with his friends covers his illegitimacy, and, acting upon an absurdly
a queer game called “poker," in which you can draw quixotic impulse, determines to surrender the prop-
to a hand at least twice, “rise” your opponents at erty which is both legally and morally his. This
pleasure, and use the deuce of spades as a "joker." foolish proceeding is averted by the death of the
The record of Escott's villainies is dreary and un Colonel and his scapegrace son, thus leaving the
relieved, and the story is put together with but question to be settled by Diana and John, which is
slight constructive art. The death of the hero is a not a difficult matter. It will be seen from this
relief, both because it satisfies the moral sense and outline that the story is both ingenious and exciting;
because the book has to end with it.
we should add that the author has an incisive style
“ A Gentleman of France" is a historical romance
and handles her materials with ease.
of the times of Henry of Navarre. Its action is A story that keeps the reader puzzled concerning
placed in the period when the last of the Valois its principal characters, and leaves him in the end
kings has taken refuge at Blois, and ends with his uncertain as to what he shall think of them, is clearly
assassination. The two Henrys figure conspicuously lacking in one of the essentials of artistic work.
in the narrative, which is as full of stirring adven Such a story is “What Necessity Knows,” by Miss
tures as a Christmas pudding of plums, and quite as Dougall, whose " Beggars All” we reviewed about
good as Dumas. The hero is a reduced but very a year ago
Yet the book is made interesting by
valiant gentleman, and the heroine is a young gen its divergence from the beaten path, and by a cer-
tlewoman who at first spurns him as Enid spurned tain force and delicacy which, although crudely em-
Geraint, but whose pride melts into love when the bodied, are evident and unmistakable. An episode
proper time comes, and who is altogether fascinat in the Millerite craze of 1843 is the central situa-
ing. Like Dr. Doyle's “ The White Company” and tion, and this unpromising material is worked up
"The Refugees," which it much resembles, Mr. with considerable insight. The scene is laid in
Weyman's story makes extremely vivid the chapter Canada, and the characters are, for the most part,
of French history with which it deals. Such books English settlers in that country. There are a great
show clearly that Scott is still a power in English number of prosy pages that might profitably haye
fiction, and that the analysts and realists are not to been condensed or left out altogether.
have things entirely their own way.
Mr. Chatfield-Taylor's second novel is a distinct
Diana Tempest is the daughter of Colonel Tem advance upon his first. In construction, in charac-
pest, a spendthrift guardsman who would have suc ter delineation, and in grasp of its materials, it of-
ceeded his brother in the Overleigh estate had it fers a marked improvement upon its predecessor,
not been for John Tempest, that brother's reputed and may fairly claim to be taken seriously, a claim
son, upon whom the estate devolved. In point of that was hardly to be made in behalf of “ With
fact, John is an illegitimate son, and the fact is
Edge Tools.”
There are faults, of course, and
known to all concerned excepting the child himself. marks of the prentice hand. The writer's style is
Whereupon the uncle brings an action against the very defective, and calls for a closer attention than
estate, but is, of course, defeated. He then listens he has given it as yet. Obscure, ill-balanced, and
to the promptings of an evil genius named Swayne, slip-shod sentences are of frequent occurrence. Sev-
and lays ten wagers, each of a thousand pounds to eral of the characters exhibit inconsistencies that
a sovereign, that he will never succeed to Overleigh. produce a patch-work effect, and the hero, on at
Presently, Colonel Tempest is sorry for what he least one occasion, carries frankness to the point of
has done, and feels something like remorse. But naïveté and even beyond, producing an impression
at this juncture Swayne most inopportunely dies, clearly different from anything that could have been
and his partner in crime then discovers that the in the author's intention. But the merits of the
ten bets have been transferred to as many persons,
book are considerable. It holds the interest from
and is unable to trace them and take them up. At first to last, and many of the episodes are exceed-
this point the reader has the fascinating prospect ingly well managed. The conversations consist
of ten mysterious attempts to murder John, and at largely of small talk and repartee, but they are sel-
least nine hairbreadth escapes. But these reason dom unnatural and nearly always clever. Some-
able anticipations are not fulfilled, for, after four of times they are very clever indeed. “ The English
the unknown takers of the wager have failed to life depicted in the story is a somewhat superficial
“ remove their victim and win the Colonel's money, sketch," the writer remarks in his preface. This
the Colonel concludes to take his own life and thus is undoubtedly true, but it is also true that superfi-
deprive the other six (whoever they may be) of cial sketches of life have their value, and that this
their occupation. The readers of the story will all one, which makes no unwarranted pretensions,
agree with the balked assassins that to do this was needs no apologetic introduction. It was not a bad
to take a mean advantage of them. In the mean idea for the writer, having safely landed his hero
while, John has grown up, unsuspicious of the dan and heroine upon English soil, to take them the
gers surrounding him (although mildly surprised at rounds of social life, to crushes and house-parties
the frequency of the accidents he encounters), and and “meets,” to Henley and Goodwood, as a device
has fallen in love with Diana. Presently, he dis- | for providing his story with a pleasing variety of


20
[Jan. 1,
THE DIAL
DIAL
scenes.
In spite of the attractiveness of this shift we will call attention is called “ The Days of Lamb
ing background, the human relations woven into the and Coleridge.” The truth in this story much out-
story are of paramount interest, and the characters weighs the fiction, for nearly all the incidents were
have considerable reality, although they appear, for actual occurrences in the lives of this famous literary
the most part, in an artificial environment. We pair. The letters are printed verbatim, and even
should add that the sentiment of the story is dis the conversations are to a certain extent pieced out
tinctly wholesome.
from reported utterances. The Shelleys, Carlyle,
The “Coign of Vantage” from which Mr. Wood's and other writers are brought into the story, some-
harum-scarum story is told is an old Roman tower what irrelevantly. It is a pleasant performance,
in the Valais, inhabited, for a few days, by a small albeit an amateurish one.
party of tourists, bent upon a lark. It
goes
without Sir Philip Sidney is the hero of “ Penshurst
is
the surprise — not to say consternation of inn-
There is
keeper and village folk when our tourists propose good stuff for romance in the life of Sidney, but
to divert the tower from its time-honored uses as a the writer has idealized him almost out of all sem-
sight to be seen to an abode to be lived in. Installed blance of reality. The hero of Zutphen figures, in
in their romantic quarters, our tourists find their consequence, as a rather priggish sort of person,
existence enlivened by a series of unexpected inci doubtless the last effect intended by his enthusiastic
dents, and soon become actors in a comedy of errors delineator. There is some history, dilute but accu-
the scenes whereof are developed with slight regard rate, in the narrative; the Countess of Pembroke
to the probabilities or the conventionalities. The
appears conspicuously, and we catch sight now and
story has the usual matrimonial outcome, and is told then of other well-known characters, including the
not without cleverness and point.
Virgin Queen, the Earl of Leicester, and Sir Fulke
In the Dwellings of Silence" is a romance of Greville. The author's style walks upon stilts, but
Russia and Siberian exile. As the treatment is no does not thereby escape from commonplace.
less hackneyed than the material, and as the book “ The Bailiff of Tewkesbury” is a romance of
is rather carelessly written, comment is hardly called Elizabethan times, and no less a person than William
for. The horrors with which “ Stepniak” and Mr. Shakespeare figures among the characters. In the
Kennan have made us acquainted are retailed ih opening chapters we read of the midnight raid upon
slightly intensified form, and we follow our political the Lucy preserves, and the haling of the young
prisoners from Petropavlovsk to Kara, feeling all poacher before outraged magistracy. At this point,
the time that we know just what will happen to them we wonder if the authors would be audacious enough
next. The story of their escape is ingeniously man to emulate Landor, and attempt once more what he
aged, and is much the most interesting part of the did once for all. But the episode is passed lightly
book. But the whole subject ought either to be over, and the poet sets out for London, to appear
shelved, or at least left to writers who have more than henceforth but at momentary intervals upon the
a hearsay knowledge of what Siberian exile means. scene. The ostensible hero is one William Helpes,
“ Tom Sylvester,” Mr. T. R. Sullivan's first ven and the heroine is a niece of Sir Thomas Lucy. This
ture in full-grown fiction, shows an intimate acquaint- Helpes is represented as the mysterious “ W. H.”
ance with two things the home life of the New of the sonnets, and to him, as their “only begetter,"
England town, and the social life of the American are a number of them sent, and thus deftly woven
resident in Paris. The boyhood of the hero is so into the pretty tale.
naturally and so sympathetically described that he The last book of our literary-historical group is
reminds us not a little of another 6 Tom" the
“Garrick's Pupil,” a translation from the French.
typical New England youngster of Mr. Aldrich's The central episode of the work is furnished by the
thinly disguised autobiography. Mr. Sullivan's hero, Gordon Riots, and the adventures of a young actress,
when he grows up, goes forth to see the world as it persecuted by a dissolute nobleman, provide the story
wags in the French capital, and acquires a fund of with its main theme. Among the famous men to
valuable experience. Presently he returns to his whom we are introduced may be mentioned Rey-
native village, marries an old-time playmate, and nolds, Burke, Gibbon, Johnson, and Boswell. The
the rest is silence. The moral of the tale-possibly story is an admirable picture of the times - singu-
a trifle forced—is that America is the proper place larly so when considered as the work of a foreigner
for Americans, and that self-expatriation is mainly ---but is not oppressively historical. The translation
useful in helping one to appreciate what has been is fair, but not always idiomatic. We read, for ex-
left behind. The book is as wholesome as it is ample, that a certain pickpocket " failed to relieve”
interesting, and is an excellent repast to set before Prince Orloff of a valuable snuff-box. This is easily
young
not too young
readers.
recognized as a mistranslation of failli. On the same
Our collection of novels includes a group of four page we find bête noir, a common but inexcusable
that are based, to a certain extent, upon the literary blunder.
history of England, and derive no little of their Frau von Hillern's "On the Cross” seeks to con-
interest from the well-known characters that figure struct a romance with the Oberammergau Passion
in their pages. The first of these novels to which Play as its leading motive. A woman of the Ba-
99
-
...


1894.]
21
THE DIAL
varian aristocracy, who is at heart a worldling, but “ Pan Michael,” although the work contains fewer
who persuades herself for a time into being a most than its predecessors of those episodes - like that
schwärmerisch idealist, witnesses the play, is fasci of Zagloba in the loft or that of Skshetuski in the
nated by the actor who represents the Christ, secretly marshes at Zbaraj—which no one that has once read
marries him, and takes him to her country estate, can ever forget. Nor is its culminating episode of
where he nominally lives as her steward. She soon the siege of Kamenyets quite equal in impressive-
tires of the relation, and resumes her society life, ness to the magnificent account of the siege of Chen-
playing fast and loose with a nobleman who has long stohova given us in “The Deluge.”
been her lover. The husband, in the meanwhile, “ Here ends this series of books, written in the
after ten years of almost solitary life, ended by a course of a number of years and with no little toil,
scene of passionate upbraiding, returns to Ammer for the strengthening of hearts,” says the author at
gau, resumes his old part, but is soon brought to the the close of his epilogue. “ This series of books"
point of death by the exhaustion that comes from a fills, in its English form, nearly twenty-six hundred
decade of spiritual suffering. At the very end, his large pages, and means an amount of writing about
wife comes to tardy recognition of her duty towards equal to half a dozen full-sized “Waverley” novels,
him, abandons society, and does her best to atone or to the eleven volumes in which Dumas chron-
to him for her sin. This is the outline of a story icled the adventures of his mousquetaires. It often
which makes a distinctly unpleasant impression. It happens that the amount of writing in a book is
is emotional, and even hysterical; it abounds in un inversely proportional to its literary value, and this
natural contrasts between different phases of the is particularly apt to be true of historical romance,
same character; its morality comes dangerously near as many German, and some English and American,
being sophistical; and its blending of the religious examples testify. It is even true, to a certain extent,
with the sensual is, at its worst, fairly nauseating.
fairly nauseating. of the master achievement of Dumas ; but it is not
As a depiction of the spirit in which the peasants of true of Scott, and it is not true of the present author.
old Ammergau entered into their sacred work, it will From every point of view, this Polish trilogy de-
be scoffed at by the cynic; yet, in this regard, the serves to be ranked among the greatest of all works
work is probably more faithful to fact than in any of historical fiction. It covers a period of only
other.
twenty-five years the third quarter of the seven-
With the publication of “ Pan Michael,” Mr. Cur teenth century; but it gives us of that period—for
tin has completed his English translation of the great the Polish Commonwealth—a picture of unsurpassed
historical trilogy which we owe to the genius of Hen- vigor, fidelity, and interest. From the artistic stand-
ryk Sienkiewicz. The other divisions of this work, point, to have created the character of Zagloba was
* With Fire and Sword” and “The Deluge,” were a feat comparable with Shakespeare's creation of
reviewed by us at the time of their appearance, and
Falstaff and Goethe's creation of Mephistopheles.
we are now called upon to say a few words of their The other heroes of the trilogy include several of
sequel. The Pan Michael of the title is, of course, the clearest-cut types, faithful to the traits of their
the valiant little knight, Volodyovski, who figures respective races—Pole, Tartar, and Cossack-to be
conspicuously in the whole series. His further deeds found anywhere in literature; while in the delinea-
of bravery are recounted in the present volume, tion of his heroines the author has shown equal skill,
which culminates in his heroic defence of Kamenyets discernment, and sympathy. We must look to the
and his death upon the ruins of that stronghold great masters for a gallery of equally noble and lov-
when treachery has finally given it into the hands able women. It seems, indeed, incongruous to dis-
of the pagan invader. Our old friend Zagloba, now cuss a work of this sort in connection with a review
past ninety, but as great a master as ever of wit and of current fiction, so unmistakably does it detach
wordy valor, remains in view to the end. We have itself from the multitude of ephemeral productions.
also occasional glimpses of other heroes of the pre- The best of ordinary heroes seem but carpet-knights
ceding volumes; but many new figures crowd the in comparison with these valiant warriors of Old
canvas, and hold the attention in their turn. The Poland, as the best of ordinary heroines seem but
greatest of these, historically, is that of John So boudoir or hot-house creations in comparison with
bieski, whose infrequent appearances upon the scene
the adorable women who make radiant these pages.
are managed with much impressiveness, although The real secret of the Polish novelist's power is that
the most glorious episode in his career, his repulse he penetrates beneath the conventional surface of
of the Turks at Vienna, still lies ten years in the life whereupon most novelists find their element, and
future at the time when this narrative closes. The shows us men and women swayed by the primal im-
struggle of the Polish Commonwealth with the Cos- pulses of the human soul. Love, patriotism, and reli-
sacks was the theme of “ With Fire and Sword”; gion: these always have been and always will be the
the struggle with the Swedish invader was the theme controlling motives, of sane and healthy humanity;
of “ The Deluge.” “ Pan Michael” has for its theme and these motives, heightened by the writer's artistic
the terrible Turkish war which made a king of So instinct, are given unchecked play in the work now
bieski and of his name one of the greatest of histor- happily completed. It is indeed, a work “ for the
ical memories. The interest of the trilogy, both strengthening of hearts.”
historical and romantic, is splendidly sustained in
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.


22
[Jan. 1,
THE DIAL
“Method
and
Results."
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
anti-slavery pioneer in his state ; and the present
memoir is written and compiled by his grandson's
Prof. Hurley's
Professor Huxley has set himself to granddaughter, Miss Caroline Hazard. Thomas
re-arrange his miscellaneous papers Hazard owed his sobriquet to the fact that he spent
of the last quarter-century into an several terms at New Haven College. The first two-
edition of “Collected Essays” (Appleton), to be thirds of the present volume consist of a rapid narra-
completed in nine volumes, one of which will be the tive of his after-life and transactions, in which the
“ Hume" in the 6 English Men of Letters " series. writer sticks as closely as possible to original records,
The first of these volumes, entitled “ Method and many of which are given in fac-simile. Chief of them
Results," has just appeared. It includes his essay is “College Tom's” account-book -a folio volume of
of 1870 on Descartes and his “ Discours de la Mé two hundred pages, with entries (1750-1790) cov-
thode,” the famous essay of 1868 on “The Physical ering the most active period of the diarist's life.
Basis of Life," a group of recent political discussions, The jottings are fairly regular and minute, and they
and a few others. What gives peculiar interest to are supplemented here and there by notes pinned
the volume is the fact that these essays are prefaced to the written pages, the whole affording a very good
by a brief autobiography, published a few years ago, idea of the home life and economy of a Narragan-
but not, we think, generally known to the public. sett planter. Inferentially, we are shown some of
“Why I was christened Thomas Henry I do not the beauties and advantages of " fiat money
know,” says Mr. Huxley, “but it is a curious chance which seems, however, in Rhode Island, to have
that my parents should have fixed for my usual de-
proved anything but a panacea for the ills it was
nomination upon the name of that particular Apostle meant to alleviate.
Rhode Island issued paper
with whom I have always felt most sympathy.” The money first in 1710, and six other issues followed
manner of this sentence is characteristic of the entire between that date and 1740, when the outstanding
sketch, which is genial and much too brief. It is bills of those dates began to be called “old tenor.”
difficult to realize that the writer has been a hypo- Naturally, in the existing state of things, the credit-
chondriacal dyspeptic nearly all his life, but such,
money depreciated with amazing rapidity and to a
he assures us, is the fact. Mr. Huxley, as all his ludicrous degree, and the alarming prices in “Col-
readers know, is fond of posing as a plain blunt man, lege Tom's” account-book must be discounted ac-
and this amusing affectation appears in the sketchcordingly. In a memorandum of a horse-trade, for
before us.
He is no orator, as Brutus is, and he
instance, we learn that one of the parties (combat-
often assures us that he is not. But we fancy that ants is the better word, perhaps ) was to pay the
both he and Antony winked when they said it. The other fifty-five pounds “to boot.” This seems pretty
following is one of the closing passages : “ The last extravagant even in a horse-trade, until one learns
thing that it would be proper for me to do would be that in 1740 one silver shilling meant twelve and a
to speak of the work of my life, or to say at the end half paper shillings; a fact that reduces the fifty-
of the day whether I think I have earned my wages five pounds “old tenor” to the modest sum of four
or not. Men are said to be partial judges of them- pounds eight shillings. Miss Hazard has given us
selves. Young men may be, I doubt if old men are. an altogether capital book, full of solid information,
Life seems terribly foreshortened as they look back, and
very
readable withal. There are some instruc-
and the mountain they set themselves to climb in tive cuts of old documents, bank-bills, etc., and an
youth turns out to be a mere spur of immeasurably appendix of one hundred pages, containing literal
higher ranges, when, with failing breath, they reach selections from “ College Tom's” papers.
The
the top. But if I may speak of the objects I have
superb typography calls for special mention.
had more or less definitely in view since I began
the ascent of my hillock, they are briefly these: To
Those decorative artist-and-author
A volume from
promote the increase of natural knowledge and to the Arts and Crafts socialists, Messrs. William Morris
Exhibition Society. and Walter Crane, have organized
forward the application of scientific methods of
investigation to all the problems of life to the best their Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society to some
of my ability, in the conviction, which has grown purpose. If we mistake not, the first exhibition
with my growth and strengthened with my strength, was opened in 1888, at which time Mr. Crane read
that there is no alleviation for the sufferings of man his essay on “ The revival of Design and Handi-
kind except veracity of thought and of action, and craft,” wherein is set forth the aims of the society.
the resolute facing of the world as it is when the Since the organization of the society the members
garment of make-believe by which pious hands have
have held several exhibitions, at which, among oth-
hidden its uglier features is stripped off.”
ers, the following papers have been read: “Tex-
tiles,” by William Morris ; “Of Decorative Paint-
Eighteeenth century
"College Tom" (Houghton), a study ing and Design," by Walter Crane ; “Stone and
of eighteenth century life in Narra Wood Carving,” by Somers Clarke; “ Furniture,”
in Rhode Island.
gansett, affords us an interesting and by Stephen Webb; “Of Wall Papers," by Walter
unusually direct peep into colonial every-day life. Crane; Printing," by William Morris and Emery
“College Tom was one Thomas Hazard (1720- | Walker; “Stained Glass,” by Somers Clarke ;
1798), a rich Narragansett gentleman-farmer, the Bookbinding,” by T. J. Cobden-Sanderson ; " Of
.
men and manners
6


1894.]
23
THE DIAL
92
Embroidery,” by May Morris; “Of Book Illustra head-master desiring an advertisement; Jones, be-
tion and Book Decoration,” by Reginald Blomfield; cause it is thought by his friends that he might get
and “On Designing for the Art of Embroidery," into the 'Varsity eleven; Robinson, because his
by Selwyn Image. Believing that the time had father considers a university career to be a stepping-
come when the designer and craftsman should make stone to the professions—which it fortunately is not
known their identity, which had usually been con as yet. Mr. Sangazar is going to St. Boniface be-
cealed behind the firm of So-and-So and Co., these cause his father was there; and Mr. J. Sangazur
exhibitions were opened that the real workers might Smith — well, probably because his father wasn't.
be brought into touch with each other and with the Altogether, they are a motley crew, and it is not
public. It was thought that in this way the artist the least achievement of the University that she does
and the craftsman could more freely compare notes somehow or other manage to impress a certain stamp
for their mutual improvement, and gain that recog on so many different kinds of metal” a certain
nition from their employers and the public which indefinable stamp, it may be added, of culture, or
was their due. By the aid of new mechanical de polish, or good-breeding, or whatever you choose to
vices, and by that obnoxious commercial system call it, that the grudging Philister resents, scolds
called " competition,” the artisan had been reduced at, sneers at, and even makes a feint of laughing
to a very unimportant personage; art and art man at; but which he, in fact, secretly chafes at and
ufacture had been cheapened, while the consumer envies. The book is liberally and capitally illus-
had come to look upon the whole matter in the light trated, and its tasteful typography merits special
of a purely business proposition, and made price mention.
rather than quality his object. To quote a para-
Two little volumes of “ Studies of
graph from Mr. Crane's essay, this movement “is a
Studies of Travel
by E. A. Freeman.
Travel” (Putnam), by the late Pro-
protest against that so-called industrial progress
fessor Freeman are devoted, respect-
which produces shoddy wares, the cheapness of ively, to “Greece” and “Italy.” Their contents
which is paid for by the lives of their producers consist of short papers, written from ten to fifteen
and the degradation of their users." Each of the years ago, and contributed mainly to “The Saturday
thirty-five essays that now make up the volume en Review.” Miss Florence Freeman has edited the
titled “Arts and Crafts Essays” is, as may be collections, which are illustrated by a portrait of the
noted from those named, prepared by a specialist. author, and a pretty photogravure of the Parthenon.
Mr. William Morris provides an introduction; and The volume on Greece takes us to Athens, Marathon,
from the appearance of the book, which is imported Tiryns, Argos, Mycenæ, Corinth, Olympia, and a
for the American market by Messrs. Charles Scrib few other places. The volume on Italy has to do
ner's Sons, we must infer that to him also is due a mostly with spots rarely visited by the tourist, but
large share of the credit for its excellent
paper
and of great historical or archæological interest, such as
typography, and its outside dress of Irish linen. Veii, Ostia, Norba, and Segni. An “Iter ad Brun-
disium closes the volume. One's first impression,
A very graphic and entertaining, and
especially in reading the Italian sketches, is that
Aspects of withal informing, book is “ Aspects they are mostly about walls.
Modern Oxford.
they are mostly about walls. Freeman's architec-
of Modern Oxford” (Macmillan).
tural training gave him a peculiar interest in such
The author does not give his name, but he rather
things, and for finding sermons in stones he had
affectedly styles himself “A mere Don” — a piece
probably no equal among his contemporaries. These
of mock humility that reads very much as if he had
sketches impress us with the immense extent of his
written himself " a mere Kaiser
a mere Arch-
knowledge of ancient history, written, as they were,
bishop.” When an Oxford Fellow speaks thus lightly
impromptu and without books of reference. His
of his dignity it may be put down as morally certain fondness for Macaulay's “Lays" also appears at
that he would be the last man of his corps to allow
many points. For one contemplating a journey in
others to do it. The little book contains 135
pages ; his footsteps, these compact little tomes will be found
and in this modest space is contained a capital ac-
a guide of the utmost value, while the student of
count of the lighter phases of current life at the centre classical history may receive from them many a help-
of “port and prejudice,” as Gibbon styled his quon- ful suggestion, as well as many a lesson in the art of
dam Alma Mater, written in a style savoring more compressing a whole chapter of knowledge within
of the brisk journalistic than the staid academic. the limits of a paragraph.
The following extract from a chapter on 6 Under-
graduates ” may serve as a sample: * Of the hun-
A capital autobiography is the "Per-
Autobiography of
dreds of boys who are shot on the G. W. R. platform a man of science sonal Recollections of Werner von
and of action.
every October to be caressed or kicked by Alma
Siemens” (Appleton). The author
was the eldest and most widely known of the eight
is only an insignificant minority who come up with vigorous Siemens brothers whose names are associ-
the ostensible purpose of learning. Their reasons ated the world over with important engineering en-
are as many as the colors of their portmanteaus. terprises (chiefly in the line of telegraphy) and
Brown has come up because he is in the sixth form with the invention and manufacture of appliances
at school, and was sent in for a scholarship by a for carrying on the same. To the practical engineer
or
Mater, and returned in due time full or empty, it wa


24
[Jan. 1,
THE DIAL
an insubstantial
66
or to the man of science a Life of Werner von unmistakably wore the air of a person preocupied
Siemens needs nothing in the way of justification with mạny engagements, and living apart in her own
or introduction. To the lay reader it may be said world of elevated thoughts and intense feeling.”
that the book is not the ordinarily tedious life-record The volume contains two portraits of Dr. Porter,
of a recluse of the laboratory or the lecture-room. and it ought to have an index.
In Dr. von Siemens, the student and the inventor
were supplemented by the man of action; and his
In his “Sub-Cælum: A Sky-built
Glimpses of
laurels, therefore, were largely won in grappling
Human World” (Houghton), Mr.
Paradise.
with practical difficulties. His narrative reads like
A. P. Russell, author of “A Club of
a book of adventure. In his Introduction, Dr. von One," “ Library Notes," etc., has strayed (not alto-
Siemens expresses the hope that his book may prove gether prosperously, we think) from his usual lit-
instructive and stimulating to the coming generation, erary province. Mr. Russell's sketch of an ideal
in that it shows how “a young man, without inher- society is not a logical development of an à priori
ited resources and influential supporters, nay, even theory of the State, like the "Republic" of Plato,
without proper preliminary culture, may, solely nor is it a compact piece of allegorizing fiction, like
through his own industry, rise, and do something More's "Utopia." The society he describes strikes
useful in the world.” The book is, all in all, one us, on the whole, as a rather valetudinarian affair,
of the most notable productions of the past year;
adjusted to the requirements of people with shaky
and it goes without saying that no one interested in nerves and east-wind susceptibilities. Sub-Cælumite
the progress of electrical science and of its practical “nerves and sympathies being too precious to be
application can afford to leave it unread. There is wasted, heads of fowls were lopped off by ingen-
a fine frontispiece portrait of the author, whose face iously contrived guillotines.” At table, " The skilled
betokens in every line the true German Thätigkeit, carver, as he cut away the succulent flakes, was ex-
and is certainly not wanting in indications of true pected deftly to show them in such light as would
German Schroffheit—a quality which Dr. Siemens display their translucency and lustre." • In Sub-
confessedly admired in others. Mr. W. C. Coup- | Cælum the people did not snore. They had trained
land's translation is generally acceptable ; but it is
themselves to avoid the disagreeable act"—though
not free from Germanisms. Mechanically, the vol- not, it seems, by the wearing of nocturnal clothes-
ume is a fine piece of bookmaking.
pins. At the “Retreats for Convalescents,” among
other soothing devices for promoting recovery, “In-
The Life of Noah Porter, a neatly- telligent monkeys climbed about in the trees, and
The von Porter. appointed memorial volume edited by suspended themselves by their tails.” The style of
Mr. G. S. Merriam and published by the book is sententious to a fault, and there is a too-
Messrs. Scribner's Sons, is built, so to speak, in com palpable effort at quaintness. We notice, too, occa-
partments like a ship; but it is none the less inter-
sional lapses not at all in accord with the usual fin-
esting for that, and no Yale man, at least, should icalness of Sub-Cælum standards; for example, we
leave it unread. The different periods and phases learn that at banquets, when the chef appeared,
of President Porter's life are severally treated by Pledges were drank, and wine poured out in his
writers chosen each for his or her special fitness for honor.” Mr. Russell says some clever things, how-
the topic. Miss Sarah Porter writes of Dr. Porter's ever, and his book is fairly readable; but we prefer
“ Ancestry and Youth,” Rev. W. W. Andrews of him in his “ Club Corner."
his student-life at Yale, Prof. G. P. Fisher of his
“ Theological Opinions,” President Franklin Carter
The " Essays Speculative and Sug-
of his career as “ President of Yale," and so on. Republished Essays gestive” of John Addington Symonds
by J. A. Symonds.
Two concise expository chapters, “ Dr. Porter as a
have been reissued in a single hand-
Philosopher” and “ Dr. Porter's Theory of Morals,” some volume by his English publishers, and the work
are furnished by Prof. George M. Duncan and Dr. is imported for sale in this country by Messrs.
Rikizo Nakashima, respectively; and there is a co Charles Scribner's Sons. This is probably the most
pious “ Bibliography" by Mr. J. Sumner Smith. Dr. important of the author's several collections of mis-
Porter was an estimable character, a man of much cellanea, and one cannot re-read its contents without
learning and of little originality, an acute reasoner a renewed sense of the loss sustained by English
on supplied premises, and the clearest of expositors. | letters at the time of his death. In this age of the
From the anecdotal portion of the memoir we may specialist we need such men more than ever before ;
quote the following sketch of George Eliot, whom we need them to preserve the tradition of general
Dr. Porter met in London in 1853 : “ At that time culture that we are in danger of losing altogether.
she was thirty-five years old, with plain but inter Few men have ever so succ
ccessfully lived in the
esting features, of a little above medium size, of a whole, the good, and the beautiful” as the English
very quiet and almost timid bearing, most noticeable historian of the Italian Renaissance, who was at the
for her singularly refined voice, her clear thoughts, same time the critic of so many phases of art and
her choice yet by no means stilted diction, and above life. The work before us exhibits his critical faculty
all for her fervid yet unaffected sensibility. She at its best, his trained judgment at its ripest. The
was free and affable with the family and guests, but group of essays on Style contain some of the best


1894.]
25
THE DIAL
writing upon that subject that has ever been done, done, and upon each of them a number of species are
and the essay on Realism and Idealism comes near
crowded. The work is one of the best of the sort that
saying the last word upon that vexed theme. The we have seen, but the species described are British, and
author's eager and sympathetic grasp of the latest
hence in most cases the American boy or girl would
search for them in vain.
results of science are well illustrated in this volume,
as well as his catholic appreciation of the newer
Messrs. Little, Brown, & Co. deserve hearty thanks
tendencies of literature. The work is one to keep
for their tasteful library edition of the novels of Alex-
andre Dumas.
at hand and to ponder over; it is suggestive in the
For many years, the only American
editions of the great French novelist were so offensive
sense of being a stimulus even more than a guide ; in their appearance that lovers of books could with dif-
it is a treasure-house of critical comment and prin- ficulty be persuaded to take them into their hands. A
ciple not easily to be exhausted.
translation of “Olympe de Clèves,” in two volumes, has
just been added to the new edition. The publishers claim
We have always thought Mr. Henry that it is the first publication of this particular romance
Mr. Henry James James a better essayist than novelist. in the English language, but this, we believe, is a mistake.
as an Essayist.
The critical and analytical habit of The new edition of Mr. William Watson's verses
mind with which he is so richly endowed have proved (Macmillan) is neatiy printed, includes all the hitherto
too self-assertive for the purpose of the story-teller. published poems (except "The Eloping Angels,” which
But the qualities of expression developed by this
no one will miss), and gives a portrait of the author.
habit, although out of their proper place when used
The poems have been rearranged, and are now headed
for the purposes of fiction, belong to the essay, and
by the noble group of elegies that commemorate Words-
bestow upon it substance and value. The “ Essays
worth, Shelley, Arnold, and Tennyson. “The Prince's
in London and Elsewhere,” just published (Harper),
Quest” makes up a good third of the volume. We
have praised Mr. Watson's work more than once in
form a volume rich in subtle observations and deli-
these pages, and will now merely express a hope that
cate critical shadings. The contents are a little ill no one will be deterred from making his acquaintance
assorted, for they include sketches of foreign life, by the extravagant eulogies which injudicious friends of
personal reminiscences, and literary criticism; but the poet contrived to get printed a few months ago.
each essay by itself (excepting a few too brief to be Elizabeth Sheppard's “Rumour,” in two volumes, bas
adequate) is a little masterpiece. The paper on been added to Messrs. A. C. McClurg & Co.'s reprints of
Fanny Kemble is one of the most lifelike presenta-
that writer's principal novels. Mrs. Harriet Prescott
tions of a spiritual personality to be found. The Spofford contributes a sympathetic introduction to the
essay on Lowell, which combines the personal note
new edition, which also has frontispiece portraits of
Beethoven and --
with the note of objective criticism, is perhaps the
save the mark ! - Louis Napoleon.
Thackeray's “ English Humorists” and Carlyle's “Sar-
finest appreciation we have of the finest of our
tor Resartus” come to us from the same publishers, in
latter-day Americans. The group of French writ-
a style that commends itself to quiet tastes.
ers — Flaubert, the Goncourt brothers, and Loti”
University extensionists and other teachers will find
are handled with sure sympathy and real penetra- profit in an examination of Dr. Andrew Stephenson's
tion. Perhaps the Flaubert essay is the most notable Syllabus of Lectures in European History from the
of all.' Mr. James understands Flaubert's passion Fall of the Western Roman Empire to the Death of
for style, and helps others to understand how absorb Napoleon.” The book is published by the author, at
ing and masterful a thing it was. No one has, to Middletown, Conn. The analysis of the subject is phil-
our thinking, better than Mr. James interpreted for osophical, and the divisions are well supplied with re-
English readers the leading aspects of recent French
ferences. Indeed, the individual student, seeking to
literary art.
work up European history without the aid of an in-
structor, could not easily find a better outline guide
than this little work.
Dr. W. D. Halliburton's « The Essentials of Chem-
BRIEFER MENTION.
ical Physiology” (Longmans) is a text-book for the use
“ As We Go” (Harper) is a volume of very brief of students, and is upon the plan of Professor Schaefer's
essays by Mr. Charles Dudley Warner. They deal “ Essentials of Histology.” The work includes an ele-
mostly with the phases of human intercourse, and em mentary and an advanced course, and its pages bear the
body many a bit of social criticism that strikes deeper class-room stamp. Each lesson is provided with labora-
than would at first appear. For instance, among the tory exercises and demonstrations, and the work has
subjects that the author so lightly touches is that of the many wood-cut illustrations.
growing culture of women as contrasted with the indif-
The title-page of a recent work published by Messrs.
ference to culture on the part of men. The phenomenon Joel Munsell's Sons is so comprehensively descriptive
has made a distinct impression upon Mr. Warner of the book itself that we reprint it without comment.
well it might—and he recurs to its discussion more than « Journal of Colonel George Washington, commanding
once. For reading that is at once easy and suggestive, a detachment of Virginia troops, sent by Robert Din-
we commend these genial talks.
widdie, Lieutenant-Governor of Virginia, across the
“ The Out-Door World” (Longmans) is the name Allegheny Mountains in 1754, to build forts at the head
given to a handbook for young collectors in natural of the Ohio. It comprises the history of marches,
history, the work of Mr. W. Furneaux. The work is campings, and events, à skirmish with the French, and
richly illustrated with sixteen colored plates and over the death of their leader, de Junonville. The Journal
five hundred cuts. The colored plates are very well fell into the hands of the enemy, who, in 1756, printed
66
as


26
[Jan. 1,
THE DIAL
a version of it in French; a new translation of this into represented art; while Mr. Theodore Roosevelt and Mr.
English is here given in the absence of the original. Henry Cabot Lodge appeared on the list as exponents
To complete the history of the Expedition an appendix of that Americanism for which Mr. Matthews himself
is added in the form of a diary, supplying an account of is so justly celebrated. These gentlemen and many
the battle of the Great Meadows and the capitulation others gathered around an immense table at Sherry's,
of Fort Necessity; the retreat of the army; with copies and made and listened to warm and well-deserved tri-
of original muster and pay-rolls of the Virginia regi- butes to the character and achievements of their friend.
ment, and other documents connected with this Expe Mr. Warner presided and gave the opening address, to
dition.” This important document edited, with co which Mr. Matthews responded in a brief but very
pious annotations, by Dr. J. M. Toner.
graceful, modest, and witty speech. Then followed
Mr. Samuel Adams Drake, in “The Making of Vir speeches in order from Messrs. E. C. Stedman, How-
ginia and the Middle Colonies, 1578–1701 ” (Scribner), ells, Low, Clemens, Gilder, Sloane, Frohman, and Bram
has constructed a volume intermediate between the Stoker. Mr. Bunner read a poem written for the oc-
school text-book and the history for the general reader. casion. The speakers appeared at their best, and ap-
He has sought to fill out the bare outlines of the narra plause and laughter were constant. A souvenir of the
tive so “ as to give the pupil something more than the occasion has been signed by all present, worded as fol-
dry bones" and so to condense the tale “ as to put its lows: “ To Brander Matthews, by a few of the friends
essence without loss of vitality, in a few words,” in he has made, a few of the friends he has helped, and a
which aims, seemingly so antagonistic, he seems to have few of the friends he has helped to make.”
been measurably successful. The book has many wood Another event of considerable interest to the writing
cuts.
guild is the publication of the much talked of “Liber
Scriptorum” or “Book of the Author's Club." The
Author's Club celebrated its decennial last winter, and
is in a most flourishing condition, but up to date it has
NEW YORK TOPICS.
been obliged to hire rooms for its meetings. To obtain
New York, December 25, 1893. a nucleus for a building fund, Mr. Rossiter Johnson
The annual dinner of the New England Society of suggested that the members of the club jointly write a
this city has just taken place, with even more than the book, sign their articles in each copy printed, and dis-
usual success from a popular point of view. The care pose of the edition at a fair profit above cost. After
fully prepared speeches were given a page or more in many experiences, some amusing and some quite pro-
several of the newspapers, the proceedings were re voking, the book is at last completed. There are two
ported in full, and portraits of the speakers have been hundred and fifty-one copies printed, one of which re-
displayed for our satisfaction, although perhaps to the mains the property of the club. The others are to be
chagrin of their alleged originals. These New England sold. In fact, most of them are already subscribed for.
dinners are admirable things in their way. They also One hundred and nine members of the club have con-
are interesting as showing how absolute perfection can tributed poems or articles to the “Liber Scriptorum,” and
be attained in the management of the reportorial side each contributor has signed his name at the end of his
of an entertainment. In marked contrast with this af article in every copy of the book. The articles will not
fair was the complimentary dinner tendered to Brander be printed elsewhere, and no further editions of the vol-
Matthews some two nights before by fifty of his asso ume will be published. All the original manuscripts
ciates in the world of letters and art, of which no re have been preserved, and as they are written on differ-
port whatever has appeared in the daily newspapers. ent sizes of paper, they are now being inlaid in uniform
Yet I do not think any event of equal and similar im sheets, and will be bound yp in volumes. They will
portance has taken place here this season. Doubtless then be sold to the highest bidder. The book itself is
a large constituency of the press would have been in extremely interesting. The authors have not considered
terested in an account of the proceedings, but those the necessities of any publication or market in writing
concerned in the management of the dinner seem to
their contributions. One readily sees, in turning over
have been indifferent about getting it reported, and so, the broad leaves, that for once they have written to
quite characteristically of this great city, it was not re please themselves. Hence all sorts of hobbies crop out,
ported.
and especially is your funny man inclined to grow pa-
Ever since Mr. Matthews accepted a professorship thetic and your serious fellow to indulge in light humor.
in literature at Columbia College there has been a feel Novelists become poets, and vice versa. The printing
ing among those familiar with his private as well as his has been done by Mr. De Vinne, himself a member of
public services to the cause of letters that some special the club, on handmade paper bearing the club's name
recognition of these services should be made. This feel as a water-mark. The binding has been specially de-
ing culminated in a plan for the dinner just given. A vised for the book; and head and tail pieces, vignettes,
committee was formed, composed of friends of Mr. etc., have been drawn by Mr. Louis J. Rhead. Alto-
Matthews connected with each of his varied interests. gether “Liber Scriptorum " is unique.
For literature, Mr. Warner, Mr. Howells, Mr. Clemens, The past week has also been notable for the publica-
Mr. Hutton, Mr. Bunner, Mr. Gilder, and Mr. Bur tion of the first volume of Messrs. Funk & Wagnall's
lingame, of the authors and editors, and Mr. J. Henry “Standard Dictionary of the English Language." Orig-
Harper and Mr. Charles Scribner, of the publishers, were inally intended to be in one volume, the development
called in. President Low of Columbia, Prof. Barrett of the work has made two necessary. It is now hoped
Wendell of Harvard, Prof. Lounsbury of Yale, and Prof. to complete this undertaking by May of next year. A
Sloane of Princeton, stood for education. Mr. Joseph Jef visit to the working-rooms of the dictionary, where a
ferson, Mr. Francis Wilson, Mr. A. M. Palmer, and Mr. small army of editors and assistants are daily occupied,
Daniel Frobman represented the stage. Mr. F. D. Mil is quite interesting. All the processes of making a dic-
let, Mr. J. Carroll Beckwith, and Mr. Stanford White tionary, from the first preparation of “copy," through


1894.]
27
THE DIAL
ten or twelve proofs, may be observed seriatim. First
and last, several hundred editors, specialists, and read-
ers have been engaged upon the dictionary, which will
contain, I am told, about seventy thousand more words
than any work of the kind yet completed. Dr. Funk
is editor-in-chief, Prof. Francis A. March consulting
editor, Dr. D. S. Gregory managing editor, and Messrs.
Bostwick, Champlin, and Rossiter Johnson associate ed-
itors-a staff which ensures faithful and accurate work.
President William R. Harper of Chicago supervises the
department of “ Biblical Terms.”
The third edition of Mr. Winter's “Life and Art
of Edwin Booth” is now being printed by Messrs. Mac-
millan & Co. A still more interesting announcement is
that Mr. Winter has commenced work on a “ Life" of
Joseph Jefferson, to be published by the same firm. A
more congenial subject for author and public could not
well be devised. Messrs. Macmillan & Co. also an-
nounce “ The Dawn of Astronomy: A Study of the As-
tronomy and Temple Worship of the Ancient Egypt-
ians,” by J. Norman Lockwood, F.R.S. Mr. Lockwood,
it will be remembered, is editor of “Nature.” This
most fascinating subject has been treated in a thorough
yet simple way, and an examination of the sheets leads
me to believe that the book will rival Prof. Charles A.
Young's “The Sun” in popularity. It is likely to prove
the most interesting contribution to astronomical science
in several years.
The author of “The Captain of the Janizaries,” Dr.
James M. Ludlow, is pastor of a church at Orange, N.J.,
but is often seen in New York, where he belongs to some
of the literary clubs. The recent charges of plagiarism
made against the writer of a similar and more recently
published historical romance have not been countenanced
by Dr. Ludlow, as I have reason to know, nor has he
sought to “advertise” his book in this way.
The Cap-
tain of the Janizaries, a Story of the Times of Scander-
beg and the Fall of Constantinople,” was published in
1886, and was an immediate success. The thousands
who read and enjoyed this brilliant romance at that time,
or who have read it since, will be loth to believe that
any such advertising is in the slightest degree necessary:
Dr. Ludlow covered the field in his own fashion, and
covered it well.
ARTHUR STEDMAN.
produced in London, with the coöperation of the author.
Are we on the eve of the long delayed Björnson "boom"?
Sigñora Duse has just appeared in Berlin as Magda,
the heroine of Herr Sudermann's “ Heimath,” which
Madame Modjeska has recently put upon the American
stage.
A collection of letters written by Edward FitzGerald
to Fanny Kemble has recently come into the possession
of Mr. Bentley, the London publisher. We hope they
may soon see the light.
An International Congress of Journalists is expected
to be held next year at Antwerp, where a meeting has
just been had in reference to the matter, and a com-
mittee to carry out the project has been named.
The third session of the Plymouth School of Applied
Ethics is announced for July and August of this year.
There will be the usual courses of lectures in the three
departments of ethics, economics, and the history of re-
ligions.
Professor Max Müller has received from the King of
Siam an offer of sufficient funds to guarantee the con-
tinuance of “The Sacred Books of the East.” The
money will be used, in the first place, for printing a
translation of the remaining portions of the Buddhist
Tripitaka.
We make the following clipping from an exchange:
“ It is reported that a leading Bostonian and a lover of
solid literature has only with difficulty been prevailed
upon to omit from his will a clause prohibiting his first
heir from inheriting the bulk of his property if the said
heir · habitually reads newspapers.””
The new edition of the Correspondence of Edward
FitzGerald, which Mr. W. Aldis Wright has in hand,
will, it is said, contain something like fifty new letters;
and Mr. Edward Clodd has also been entrusted with
some hitherto unpublished letters of FitzGerald for a
magazine article.
An English publisher will soon begin a new and com-
plete translation of Tourguénieff. There will be about
ten or twelve volumes, including his novels and tales,
“ The Memoirs of a Sportsman,” “Senilia,” etc. The
translations are to be entirely new, and due to Mrs.
Edward Garnett. Introductions and notes are to be
supplied.
According to the Paris “ Figaro”M. Daudet considers
“ Numa Roumestan" his best novel. Other authors who
have expressed a preference for their works are M. Cher-
buliez for “ Meta Holdenis,” M. Halévy for “La Fam-
ille Cardinal," and M. Loti for “ De la Pitié et de la
Mort.” M. Zola says he has no preference except for
certain pages in each of his books. “ After I have com-
pleted a book," he says, “it no longer exists for me.
My books are like the graves of relatives and friends
once very dear to me.”
In bequeathing to Balliol the copyright of his writ-
ings, the late Professor Jowett said: “I desire that
they may be republished from time to time as may seem
expedient, and that the profits, if any, arising from the
republication of them shall be invested from time to
time, and the income thence accruing applied, in the
first place, to the improvement or correction of them;
secondly, to the making of new translations or editions
of great authors, or in any way assisting or advancing
the study of Greek literature, and otherwise for the ad-
vancement of learning.”
At Oxford, about a month ago, Congregation, by a
large majority, passed a resolution declaring the estab-
LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY.
The new editor of “ The Quarterly Review” is Mr.
R. E. Prothero.
Mr. Swinburne is about to publish “ Astrophel and
Other Poems," a volume of lyrics.
Mr. R. W. Gilder recently lectured in Brooklyn upon
“ Abraham Lincoln and his Literary Development.”
A society has just been formed in Paris, with M.
Gaston Boissier as president, for the study of French
literary history.
The Rev. Arthur Kinglake, brother of the historian,
and author of a life of General Gordon, has just died,
in his eightieth year.
University Extension has reached the Continent by
way of Belgium, and encouraging reports are received
from Brussels and Ghent.
“ The Electrical Engineer" will soon issue « The In-
ventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikolas Tesla,”
a work prepared by Mr. T. C. Martin.
Herr Björnson's “ En Hanske” (A Glove) is to be


28
[Jan. 1,
THE DIAL
BOOKS AND MAGAZINES AS BRIC-A-BRAC.
lishment of a final honor examination in English litera ticulars of two recent literary "finds” in Germany :
ture and language. As to the main lines on which the “ The important · Luther find' made some time ago in
new examination should be framed there seems to be a the Rathsschulbibliothek at Zwickau moved the author-
fairly general agreement. It may be safely predicted | ities of the town to commission the discoverer of the
that care will be taken to award equal weight to litera Lutherana to explore and arrange the manuscript treas-
ture and language—that a general knowledge of both ures of their library. No fewer than 3,000 letters of
will be required of all candidates, but that within these the Reformation period have been discovered. "They
limits those who read for the school will be left free to are now catalogued and described, and can be consulted
devote themselves specially to one or the other of these by historical students. The richness of the collection
two subjects.
may be imagined from the fact that the letters are by
Professor Goldwin Smith, in issuing the fourth edi 391 writers: 224 are from printers, 295 from ecclesias-
tion of his work on the United States, adds a new pref tics and theologians, 349 from scholars, and 192 deal
ace from which we take the following: “ The writer with mining. Nearly the whole of these letters were
cannot send this fourth edition of his work to press addressed to Stephan Roch, the town clerk of Zwickau,
without specially acknowledging the kindness of his who died in 1546. The manuscript containing a large
American readers and reviewers, whose reception of a number of Meistergedichte, which was discovered in the
book which in some things contravenes cherished tra Town Library of Nuremberg, proves to be a genuine
ditions is a proof of American candor and liberality. production of Hans Sachs. The volume comprises four-
Perhaps they have discerned, beneath the British critic teen hitherto unknown Meistergesänge of the famous
of American history, the Anglo-Saxon who, to the Re Meistersinger.
public which he regards as the grandest achievement of
his race, desires to offer no homage less pure or noble
than the truth."
A propos to the familiar question, What do “society"
Seven books of the “ Anabasis” are included in the people read ? the New York “Evening Post” presents
edition, just published, by President W. R. Harper and
some amusing information derived from a recent discus-
Dr. James Wallace (American Book Co.). The work
sion of the subject in the Home and Society” columns
is done upon the familiar “inductive" plan of its pre-
of a paper which circulates largely among the refined
decessors in this series of classical text-books, and the
and educated classes of the Eastern metropolis. “From
presentation is very attractive, mechanically and other-
what was said there of the views and practices of those
wise. The same publishers send us a new edition of
classes, it would appear that literature is mainly a thing
Dr. Arnold's “Latin Prose Compositions,” revised by
to be « arranged.' The arrangement of current litera-
Mr. J. E. Mulholland. From Messrs. Ginn & Co. we
ture is indicative of the culture and social position of a
have “Livy,” Books XXI. and XXII., edited by Profes-
modern household, and very naturally, therefore, “a
sors J. B. Greenough and Tracy Peck; and “The Be-
fashionable woman, who is in touch with the world,' can-
ginner's Greek Composition,” by Messrs. W. C. Collar
not be too careful in training her parlor-maid or foot-
and W. G. Daniell.
man to arrange the small tables containing periodicals
“Poet-Lore," upon the occasion of its fifth anniver-
and magazines and the talked-of books of the hour.'
sary, which comes with the beginning of the year, sends
We cannot go into all the nice points relating to the ex-
act minute of the day when the morning papers are to
us a “new-year's greeting” which gives a sketch of its
career, its aims, and its successes. It makes some
be replaced, in their own special resting place,' by the
interesting promises for the coming year, including
evening journals, and the way in which the bits of light
literature which are more or less discussed' are to be
unpublished letters of George Eliot, translations from
placed one overlapping the other, leaving the titles free
Maeterlinck and Strindberg, and a “School of Litera-
to be read.' It should be noted, however, that it looks
ture” for the help of clubs and classes. The magazine
well to have the Revue des Deux Mondes and some clever
is a little too obtrusive in its Browningism, and informs
us that the special attention “always accorded to Shake-
German publication (we suggest the Archiv für Eisen-
bahnwesen] added to the.collection. There was nowhere
speare and Browning is a habit in which it will persist”;
any suggestion that anything was ever to be actually
but this one little fad may be forgiven a periodical that
stands so steadfastly, and on the whole so sensibly, for
read, the chief end of books and magazines being to
take their place becomingly among other bric-à-brac.
good literature, and for the value of poetry in all the
We did not need to be assured that even children
walks of life.
Messrs. Copeland & Day, in announcing their limited
brought up in such an atmosphere are different from
edition of Rossetti's “House of Life," send us the fol-
those who have never had the advantage of a correct
lowing explanatory note: “ The one hundred and three
arrangement of literature. That we could have believed
on à-priori grounds."
sonnets and eleven lyrics with which Dante Gabriel
Rossetti chose to build his House of Life, are here set PROCEEDINGS OF THE AUXILIARY CONGRESSES.
forth according to their obvious design. Those used in The proceedings of several of last summer's Congresses
the volume of MDCCCLXX. are reproduced as they are finding their way into print, pending the decision of
then appeared, not as they have appeared since in the the United States Government to provide for their com-
volume of MDCCCLXXXI. The deplorable circum plete publication. The work of the Religious Congress
stance is well known which led to the too sensitive with is now appearing and promises to be a commercially
drawal of one of the sequence and to the revision of successful venture. The proceedings of the Congress
others: a mistaken sacrifice of beauty to a mistakenly of Representative Women are announced for early pub-
imposed ideal. The makers of this edition revert by lication in two large volumes. The Educational and
choice to the poet's original plan of work. As The Philological proceedings will appear under the auspices
House of Life stood in Rossetti's mind, so it stands, once of the societies having them in charge. Meanwhile the
again, in its innocence and perfection."
officers of the World's Congress Auxiliary have circu-
We quote from “ The Athenæum " the following par lated an appeal for the aid of the Government, giving a


1894.]
29
THE DIAL
number of good reasons why the work should be under-
taken at public expense. The last and most cogent of
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
these reasons is thus stated: “ The true international
January, 1894.
character of these Congresses, and the direct and active Aluminum. M. J. Fleury. Popular Science.
participation of the Government of the United States in Armstrong, Samuel Chapman. J. H. Denison. Atlantic.
convening them, has given them a character far above Art in the Theatre. Illus. W. Telbin. Mag. of Art.
and beyond any private or local enterprise. The ex Bible, The, and the Assyrian Monuments. J.Jastrow. Century.
pectation that the proceedings would be printed and
Biology, Logical Method in. Frank Cramer. Pop. Science.
distributed by this Government to the other nations
Bread-and-Butter Question, The. J. H. Browne. Harper.
which have participated in the Columbian Exposition
Buddhism, Teachings of. Zitsuzen Ashitsu. Monist.
Christian Endeavor Era, The. T. Chalmers. Lippincott.
was expressed in some of the earlier publications rela-
Dutch Influence in New England. W.E. Griffis. Harper.
tive to this work sent to foreign countries by the De-
Egypt and Chaldea, Recent Discoveries in. Harper.
partment of State. It is therefore deemed eminently Emotions and Infection. M. Ch. Féré. Popular Science.
proper to ask the Congress of the United States to pro Ethics and Jurisprudence. J.G. Hibben. Journal of Ethics.
vide for the printing of the proceedings of the several Fiction, Recent Books of. W.M. Payne. Dial.
Congresses as public documents, to be sent to the libraries Garfield-Conkling Controversy. Ex-Senator Dawes. Century.
of the different States and Nations, and their leading
Government, The Machinery of. H. P. Judson. Dial.
colleges, universities and other public institutions, where
Greek Vase-Paintings. Illus. Jane E. Harrison. Mag. of Art.
they would be accessible to students of human progress
Hals, Frans. Illus. T. Cole. Century.
Hildebrand, Adolf. Illus. Helen Zimmern. Mag. of Art.
in all its various departments, and would be reproduced Howe, Admiral Earl. A. T. Mahan. Atlantic.
in a multitude of forms for the information of the peo Huxley, Prof., Evolution in. St. Geo. Mivart. Pop. Science.
ple of our own and other lands.”
Ispahan to Kurrachee. Illus. Edwin Lord Weeks. Harper.
Italy and the Papacy. R. Mariano. Journal of Ethics.
A SUMMARY OF TYNDALL'S CHARACTER.
Japan, An American Teacher in. F. W. Gookin. Dial.
“ The Saturday Review” thus sums up the character Jews, Mission of the. Harper.
of Professor Tyndall:
Lang, Andrew. Illus. Brander Matthews. Century.
“ A headlong temperament, however, is by no means
Learning, Transmission of, through the University. Atlantic.
always, or perhaps often, a temperament that can be
Leland, Charles G., Memoirs of. E. G. J. Dial.
Life Savers of the U.S. Illus. F. G. Carpenter. Pop. Sci.
called disagreeable; and Dr. Tyndall was both liked and
Literary Year in Retrospect, The. Dial.
loved by a very large circle of friends. His close asso London, West and East Ends of. R. H. Davis. Harper.
ciation for many years with Carlyle was not likely to have Lower California. J. K. Reeve. Lippincott.
the result of moderating his language, and in his fam Marriage Customs, Early. Frank Shelley. Lippincott.
ous controversy with the Commissioners of Irish Lights Mind, Monastic Theory of. L. F. Ward. Monist.
a softer and wilier tongue would have made more cer-
Monism and Henism. Paul Carus. Monist.
tain of the victory. He has been blamed because he
Moose, The. Illus. Madison Grant. Century.
erected a screen on his property at Hindhead. But if
Napoleon at Toulon. Illus. Germain Bapst. Harper.
- which is quite conceivable—he found the screen not
Night-Hawks and Whip-poor-wills. Illus. Pop. Science.
Poet, The Function of the. J. R. Lowell. Century.
so ugly as the people and the sights it shut out, who
Pusey, Edward B., Life of. C. A. L. Richards. Dial.
shall blame him? And for the last seven years he had Railroad Disasters, Recent. L. C. Loomis. Pop. Science.
been in the habit of saying things about Mr. Gladstone Ruston Collection, The. Illus. Claude Phillips. Mag. of Art.
which caused Mr. Gladstone's followers to exhibit the Sand, George. Th. Bentzon. Illus. Century.
convulsions of fish just extracted from the water. Per-
Schumann. Illus. Edvard Grieg. Century.
haps some of these things were not said with perfect Science, Moral. J. S. Mackenzie. Journal of Ethics.
wisdom; but, as has been observed, it was impossible
Southern Invention and Industry. B. H. Wise. Pop. Sci.
for Dr. Tyndall to be mealy-mouthed. And when, as
Tribal Society, Ethics of. E. P. Evans. Popular Science.
Truth, Universality of. Shaku Soyen. Monist.
an Irishman, as a scientific observer accustomed to con Twentieth Century, The. Charles Morris. Lippincott.
nect cause and effect, and as one who felt in common Wealth, Social Ministry of. H.C. Adams. Journal of Ethics.
with the vast majority of men of brains and education,
he saw a statesman endeavoring to damage, if not to
ruin, his country-he said so.
“ Thus in many ways Dr. Tyndall was one of the
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
most characteristic figures of his time, even if he some [The following list, embracing 100 titles, includes all books
times represented its foible as well as its forte. A man received by THE DIAL since last issue.]
of wide knowledge and wide interest, a hard player as
well as a hard worker, poles asunder from the popular
ILLUSTRATED GIFT BOOKS.
conception of a savant as a recluse who only leaves his Italian Gardens. By Charles A. Platt. With colored front-
study to take a walk in the goloshes on the pavement, ispiece, illus., 4to, pp. 154. Harper & Bros. Boxed, $5.
he took, at least as long as health was granted, most A Short History of the English People. By J.R. Green,
things • with a frolic welcome,' and those which he could
M.A. Illustrated edition, edited by Mrs. J. R. Green
not welcome in a hearty posture of fight. Others in dif-
and Miss Kate Norgate. Vol. III. İllus., large 8vo, gilt
top, uncut, pp. 476. Harper & Bros. $5.
ferent classes, or even in his own class, may have had The Book-hunter in Paris : Studies among the Bookstalls
deeper or subtler intellectual insight, a purer style, a and the Quays. By Octave Uzanne. With a preface by
greater knowledge of literature and other non-scientific Augustine Birrell. Illus., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 232.
things. But few had a healthier, a more vigorous, or a
A. C. McClurg & Co. $5,
kindlier spirit, and very few indeed had such a gift of
Tanagra : An Idyl of Greece. From the German of Gott-
fried Kinkel, by Frances Hellman. Illus., 12mo, gilt
easily understanded exposition in a day when all things
top, uncut, pp. 79. G. P. Putnam's Sons. Boxed, $1.75.
are supposed to be capable of being expounded to the Century Magazine, Vol. XLVI., May to October, 1893.
people."
Illus., large 8vo, pp. 960, gilt top. Century Co.


30
[Jan. 1,
THE DIAL
99
BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG,
Pictures from Greek Life and Story. By the Rev. A.
J. Church, M.A., author of "To the Lions." Illus.,
12mo, pp. 320. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.25.
The Third Alarm : A Story of the New York Fire Depart-
ment. By James L. Ford, author of “Hypnotic Tales."
Illus., 12mo, pp. 388. Brentano's. $1.50.
Pomona. By the author of " Miss Toosey's Mission." Illus.,
16mo, pp. 296. Roberts Bros. $1.
St. Nicholas Magazine, Vol. XX. 2 vols., illus., large 8vo.
Century Co. $4.
For the Fourth Time of Asking. By the author of “Miss
Toosey's Mission." 16mo, pp. 90. Roberts Bros. 50 cts.
Elsie : A Christmas Story. From the Norwegian of Alex-
ander L. Kjelland, by Miles M. Dawson. 16mo, pp. 109.
Chas. H. Kerr & Co. 50 cts.
The Child's Day Book, with Helps toward the Joy of Living
and the Beautiful Heaven Above. Compiled by Mar-
garet Sidney. Illus., 8vo. D. Lothrop Co. Boards, 50 cts.
HISTORY.
Europe. By Charles Oman, M.A., author of "A History of
Greece." Period I., 476-918. 12mo, uncut, pp. 532. Mac-
millan & Co. $1.75.
Keynotes. By George Egerton. 16mo, pp. 192. Roberts
Bros. $1.
In Various Moods. By M. A. B. Evans. 18mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 90. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.
The Seeker in the Marshes, and Other Poems. By Daniel
L. Dawson Illus., 16mo, pp. 158. Philadelphia : Lees,
Welsh & Co. $1.50.
Thistle Down. By Julia Ditto Young, author of " Adrift,"
16mo, gilt top, pp. 157. Buffalo: Peter Paul & Bro. $1.25.
Around the Fireside, and Other Poems. By Howard Carle-
ton Trip. Illus., 8vo, pp. 145, gilt edges. Kingsley, Ia.:
Times Pub'g Co.
Adirondack Readings. By Edward Sherwood Creamer.
Author's edition, 18mo, pp. 116. C. W. Moulton. $1.
The Last Flight: Poems Grave and Gay. By W. H. Ven-
able. 16mo, pp. 67. Robt. Clarke & Co. 30 cts.
Sometime, and Other Poems. By May Riley Smith. 16mo,
gilt top, pp. 168. A. D. F. Randolph & Co. $1.25.
FICTION.
An American Peeress. By H. C. Chatfield-Taylor, author
of "With Edge Tools." 18mo, pp. 293. A. C. McClurg
& Co. $1.
Richard Escott. By Edward H. Cooper, author of “Geof-
frey Hamilton." 16mo, pp. 251. Macmillan & Co. $1.
The Redemption of the Brahman: A Novel. By Richard
Garbe. 16mo, gilt top, pp. 82. The Open Court Pub'g
Co. $1.
The Strange Adventures of a House-Boat. By William
Black. New and revised edition. 16mo, pp. 443. Har-
per & Bros. 80 cts.
BIOGRAPHY.
Last Years of Louis XV. By Imbert de Saint-Amand;
trans. by Elizabeth Gilbert Martin. Illus., 12mo. Scrib-
ner's “Women of Versailles." $1.25.
Goethe: Reviewed after Sixty Years. By J. R. Seeley, au-
thor of " Ecce Homo." With portrait, 16mo, gilt top,
pp. 169. Roberts Bros. $1.
Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultán; and the Struggle with the
Mussulman Powers of the South. By Lewin B. Bow-
ring, C.S.l. Illus., 16mo, uncut, pp. 233. Macmillan's
"Rulers of India," 60 cts.
LITERARY MISCELLANY.
Orations and Addresses of George William Curtis.
Edited by Charles Eliot Norton. Vol. I. 8vo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 498. Harper & Bros. $3.50.
The Humour of Holland. Trans., with Introduction, by
A. Werner. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 398. Chas.
Scribner's Sons. $1.25.
Summer. From the Journal of Henry David Thoreau.
Edited by H. G. O. Blake. 16mo, gilt top, pp. 382.
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.50.
Autumn. From the Journal of Henry David Thoreau.
Edited by H. G. O. Blake. 16mo, gilt top, pp. 470.
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.50.
Winter. From the Journal of Henry David Thoreau. Ed-
ited by H. G. O. Blake. 16mo, gilt top, pp. 439. Hough-
ton, Mifflin & Co. $1.50.
The Book of Good Counsels : From the Sanskrit of the
Hitopadésa.”. By Sir Edwin Arnold, M.A., author of
“The Light of Asia." New edition, illus., 16mo, gilt
top, uncut, pp. 162. Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.50.
A String of Amber Beads. By Martha Everts Holden
(“Amber"). With portrait, 16mo, pp. 139. Chas. H.
Kerr & Co. $1.
More than Kin : A Book of Kindness. By James Vila
Blake. 16mo, pp. 334. C. H. Kerr & Co. $1.
NEW VOLUMES IN THE PAPER LIBRARIES.
Harper's Franklin Square Library : The Transgression
of Terence Clancy, by Harold Vallings; 16mo, pp. 325.
50 cts.
Harper's Quarterly : The Captain of the Janizaries, by
James M. Ludlow; 16mo, pp. 404. 50 cts.
Bonner's Choice Series : Girls of a Feather, a New York
Story, by Mrs. Amelia E. Barr; illus., 16mo, pp. 366.-
Appassionata, A Musician's Story, by Elsa D'Esterre-
Keeling ; illus., 16mo, pp. 280. Each, 50 cts.
ART.
Some Artists at the Fair. By F. D. Millet, Will H. Low,
J. A. Mitchell, W. Hamilton Gibson, and F. Hopkinson
Smith. Illus., 8vo, uncut, pp. 123. Chas. Scribner's
Sons. $1.25.
Roman and Medieval Art. By W. H. Goodyear, M.A.,
author of " A History of Art.” Illus., 16mo, pp. 250.
Meadville, Pa.: Flood & Vincent. $2.
Greek Lines, and Other Architectural Essays. By Henry
Van Brunt. Illus., 12mo, pp. 274. Houghton, Mifflin &
Co. $1.50.
Photography Indoors and Out: A Book for Amateurs.
By Alexander Black. Illus., 16mo, pp. 240. Houghton,
Mifflin & Co. $1.25.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
My Arctic Journal: A Year among Ice-Fields and Eski-
mos. By Josephine Drebitsch-Peary. With an account
of the great White Journey across Greenland, by Robert
E. Peary. Illus., 12mo, pp. 240. New York: The Con-
temporary Publishing Co. $2.
The Barberry Coast. By Henry M. Field. Illus., 12mo,
pp. 258. Chas. Scribner's Sons. $2.
The Rulers of the Mediterranean. By Richard Harding
Davis, author of “ Van Bibber and Others." Illus.,
12mo, pp. 228. Harper & Bros. $1.25.
The Oregon Trail: Sketches of Prairie and Rocky Moun-
tain Life. By Francis Parkman, Author's edition,
illus., 12mo, gilt top, pp. 381. Little, Brown, & Co. $1.
POETRY.
Poems. By Francis Thompson. Illus., sq. 12mo, uncut,
pp. 81. Boston: Copeland & Day. $1.50.
Songs of Adieu : A Little Book of “ Finale and Farewell."
16mo, uncut, pp. 63. Thomas B. Mosher's “ Bibelot Se-
$1.
Old World Lyrics : A Little Book of Translations. 16mo,
uncut, pp. 63. Thomas B. Mosher's “ Bibelot Series." $1.
The Building of the City Beautiful. By Joaquin Miller.
18mo, pp. 200, gilt top, rough edges. Stone & Kimball.
$1.25.
Wayside Music : Lyrics, Songs and Sonnets. By Charles
H. Crandall. Illus., 16mo, gilt top, pp. 119. G. P. Put-
nam's Sons. $1.25.
Hannibal and Katharna : A Drama in Five Acts. By
Lieut.-Col. J. C. Fife-Cookson, author of " A Dream of
Other Days." 16mo, gilt top, pp. 190. G. P. Putnam's
Sons. $1.25.
ries,"
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STUDIES,
Police and Prison Cyclopædia. By George W. Hale.
Revised and enlarged edition. Illus., 8vo, pp. 792. Bos-
ton: The W. L. Richardson Co. $4.
Essays on Questions of the Day: Political and Social.
By Goldwin Smith, D.C.L., author of “The United
States." 12mo, uncut, pp. 360. Macmillan & Co. $2.25.
11


1894.)
31
THE DIAL
66
An Introduction to the Study of Political Economy. Object Lessons, and How to Give Them. By George
By Luigi Cossa; trans. by Louis Dyer, M.A. 16mo, un Ricks, B.Sc., author of "Natural History Object Les-
cut, pp. 587. Macmillan & Co. $2.60.
sons. .". In two vols., 16mo, pp. 202. Heath's Peda-
A Colony of Mercy: or, Social Christianity at Work. By
gogical Library.” $1.80.
Julie Sutter. Illus., 8vo, uncut, pp. 351. Dodd, Mead Complete Graded Arithmetic. By, George E. Atwood.
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THE DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
PAGE
53
No. 182. JANUARY 16, 1894. Vol. XVI.
annual meeting held in the summer of 1892,
is an event of capital importance to educators,
and brings with it the promise of many long-
CONTENTS.
needed reforms. The Committee in question,
THE REPORT ON SECONDARY EDUCATION... 35 consisting of ten members, with President Eliot
THE “STAR” SYSTEM IN PERIODICALS. Helen as chairman, undertook to consider the entire
Frances Bates.
38
subject of secondary education, for the pur-
COMMUNICATIONS
39 pose of pointing out the defects in our existing
Japanese Metaphor and Simile. Frederick Ives
systems of instruction, and of indicating the
Carpenter.
needed reforms. The Committee, in pursu-
Dialectal Survivals from Spenser. Calvin S. Brown.
Art and Ethics. Harvey C. Alford.
ance of this aim, determined to organize Con-
“Is Being Built." F. H.
ferences, of ten members each, upon the follow-
THE OLD REGIME IN FRANCE. E. G. J.
42 ing subjects : 1, Latin ; 2, Greek; 3, English ;
MODERN PSYCHOLOGY AND DAILY LIFE.
4, Other Modern Languages ; 5, Mathematics;
Joseph Jastrow .
46 6, Physics, Astronomy, and Chemistry ; 7,
CÆSAR AS A GENERAL. Samuel Willard ... 47
Natural History (Biology, including Botany,
CHAPTERS OF CANADIAN AND NORTHWEST-
Zoology, and Physiology); 8, History, Civil
ERN HISTORY. E. G. Mason
52
Government, and Political Economy; 9, Geog-
RECENT STUDIES IN CURRENCY AND FI-
raphy (Physical Geography, Geology, and Me.
NANCE. A. C. Miller.
teorology). Having made a selection of ninety
Taussig's The Silver Situation.-Kinley's The Inde experienced educators for these Conferences,
pendent Treasury.-Juglar's A Brief History of Pan-
the Committee prepared for their consideration
ics.-Trenholm's The People's Money. -Sherwood's
The History and Theory of Money. – Rosewater's a list of questions and topics for discussion,
Special Assessments.- Ripley's Financial History of covering all the vital points of both theory and
Virginia. - Scott's The Repudiation of State Debts.
practice. Their work thus outlined, the Con-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
54 ferences met, a little over a year ago, and held
A Russian's Impressions of America.--Mr. Winter's
Life of Edwin Booth. - History of the Apostolic
sessions of three days each. From these ses-
Church.-The Land of “Pretty Soon." - The Chris sions reports were drawn up and submitted to
tian Church in the Middle Ages.-Old Puritan Love the Committee of Ten. This Committee then
Letters. --Summer rambles in the country. - The
writings of Thomas Jefferson. - A new version of
met, digested and summarized the nine reports,
George Sand's "Fadette." - The Book of College and prepared its own report from the materials
Sports.- An amusing collection of Bulls and Blun-
thus furnished. The publication now before
ders.- Pictures of an Old Town in New England. --
Shakespearian Foolery.- Translations from Scandi-
us includes the Report of the Committee and
navian Literature.
the nine reports of the Conferences. It rep-
BRIEFER MENTION
58 resents the best judgment of a hundred picked
NEW YORK TOPICS. Arthur Sted man
educators upon a great variety of subjects, and
59
thus bears an authority beyond that which has
LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY.
60
ever before attached to an educational docu-
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
61
ment published in this country and dealing
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
61
with our own educational problems.
By far the most striking feature of these re-
ports is the unanimity with which their main
THE REPORT ON SECONDARY
conclusions were reached. Two of the Con-
EDUCATION.
ferences presented minority reports, and one
To at least one class of thoughtful persons member of the Committee felt constrained to
the advent of the new year brings much encour do likewise ; but these dissentient opinions re-
agement. The publication, by the United States late to a few points only, and leave the general
Bureau of Education, of the Report of the Com- agreement but little impaired. When we con-
mittee on Secondary School Studies, appointed sider the great differences in practice that ob-
by the National Educational Association at the tain in different sections of the country, it was
.
.
.


36
[Jan. 16,
THE DIAL
:
to be expected that the opinions expressed in case, it is found, upon tabulation of the results,
the Conferences would exhibit many an irrec- that to concede all the demands of all the Con-
oncileable divergence. Instead of this (to quote ferences would burden the high-school course
from the document) “the nine reports are with but fifty per cent more work than it can
characterized by an amount of agreement which be expected to undertake. This being the case,
quite surpasses the most sanguine anticipa- it is obviously easy to compress the revised
tions.” One important and far-reaching illus course within working limits by slightly reduc-
tration of this agreement may be given. It is ing the demands of the Conferences, and by
a view commonly held by persons of consider allowing the elective principle to have some
able intelligence that fitting for college is one play. How easily this may be done, without
thing, and general education quite another. seriously impairing the value of the recom-
Consequently, a large proportion of high-school mendations, is clearly shown by the specimen
programmes provide distinct courses for these courses formulated in the Report of the Com-
two objects, courses distinct not only in sub- mittee.
mittee. But to accomplish the much-needed
ject-matter (which they probably should be) reforms, one thing is absolutely essential.
but in the methods of instruction employed. Much of the work now done in the high schools
To get an expression of opinion upon this point, must be put into the elementary years, and
the Committee put the following question to place must be made for it by a more rational
the Conferences: “Should the subject be treatment of the elementary subjects. Unless
treated differently for pupils who are going to school boards and superintendents are prepared
college, for those who are going to a scientific to do this, they might as well attempt to do
school, and for those who, presumably, are go- nothing. The glaring fact in our elementary
ing to neither?” The answer came in no un education is that the American child, as com-
certain accents, being an absolutely unanimous pared with the French or German child, loses
negative. In other words, “ ninety-eight teach-
ninety-eight teach- two years somewhere between the ages of six
ers, intimately concerned either with the actual and fourteen.
and fourteen. These two years are mainly
work of American secondary schools, or with wasted upon arithmetic and formal grammar;
the results of that work as they appear in stu and our report indicates very accurately the
dents who come to college, unanimously declare points at which the knife must be applied. By
that every subject which is taught at all in a suitable excisions, joined with scientific meth-
secondary school should be taught in the same
ods of instruction, those two years may be
way and to the same extent to every pupil so saved to the child. The Report also shows
long as he pursues it, no matter what the prob- very distinctly what should be done with them.
able destination of the pupil may be, or at what Work in elementary science, the beginnings of
point his education is to cease.” The signifi- algebra and geometry, ancient history, and the
cance of this statement needs no explanation. introduction of Latin or a modern language at
It should once for all upset a superstition that the age of twelve, are the suggestions made ;
has operated, and still operates, to complicate and without the courage to adopt them there
school programmes, and to provide one set of is little hope of accomplishing much in the way
students with a training inferior to that re of reform.
ceived by others, in the mistakeri hope of being
We have admitted that the elective princi-
helpful to them. Of course, this decision is ple may possibly be allowed some play in the
only another
way of saying that education is high school.
But we believe that it should be
the business of the educator ; but even so ob- accepted with great caution, and closely guarded
vious a truth as that, while admitted in the ab- against abuse. In this respect we think that
stract, is often denied in the concrete by the the tendency of the Report is to countenance
well-meaning but misguided persons who prate a dangerous latitude. It is suggested, for ex-
about what they call “ practical” education. ample, that the colleges might accept as a qual-
The moderation of the demands made by the ification for admission a stated amount of work
Conferences is another noteworthy feature of done in a specified number of subjects, with lit-
this report. Educators are apt to attach so tle or no regard to the selection of those sub-
much importance to their several specialties as jects. Thus, “every youth who entered college
to make for them claims impossible to meet in would have spent four years in studying a few
the aggregate. It was feared by many that so subjects thoroughly; and, on the theory that
much would be asked as to make reform seem all the subjects are to be considered equivalent
impracticable. But, so far from this being the in educational rank for the purposes of admis-


1894.]
37
THE DIAL
sion to college, it would make no difference upon that subject.
upon that subject. Much stress is laid upon
which subjects he had chosen from the pro- the necessity of laboratory work in all science
gramme — he would have had four years of instruction, but no countenance is given to the
strong and effective mental training.” We are notion that pupils in the laboratory are “en-
glad that one member of the Committee dis gaged in rediscovering the laws of Nature.”
sented so strongly from this and similar pas- It is pregnantly suggested that not science
sages that he felt bound to make a minority alone, but history and other subjects, need ap-
report. “ All such statements,” says this dis paratus and the introduction of methods akin
senter, “ are based upon the theory that, for to those used in the laboratory. No provision
the purposes of general education, one study is made for drawing as a separate study; but
is as good as another, -a theory which
appears this is with the understanding that drawing is,
to me to ignore philosophy, psychology, and the like writing, to be early begun, and used freely
science of education. It is a theory which in all the stages of education. The suggestion
makes education formal, and does not consider that the study of civil government should be
the nature and value of the content." Some comparative is wise, as is also the suggestion
studies, such as the ancient or modern lan-that physiology should be studied at a very late
guages, the English language and literature, period in the course. It is also far better to
mathematics, and physical science, must be devote a full year (as recommended) to either
treated as absolutely essential, and the courses botany or zoölogy (the former being preferable)
must be so framed that no student, by any sort than to give a half-year to each, as is so fre-
of election or substitution, can escape them. quently done. We might go on indefinitely
In this matter the position of the minority re approving of the specific recommendations of
port seems to us impregnable.
the Report, but enough has been said to show
The document now under discusssion is so. how comprehensive and practical a document it
carefully considered and so rich in suggestions is, and how thoroughly it stands for the accepted
that many pages of THE DIAL would be re principles of scientific pedagogics.
quired to do it justice. We can, at present, On the other hand, we are compelled to single
only note in the briefest way a few of its special out two or three features of the Report for ad-
features. At every possible point it places em verse criticism. The English Conference, for
phasis upon the fact that without competent example, almost ignores the historical study of
teachers the best of systems is valueless. There English literature. While it is true enough
is no doubt that the schools of this country need that “the mechanical use of manuals of liter-
good teachers much more than they need good ature’ should be avoided, and the committing
courses or anything else. That the studies in- to memory of names and dates should not be
cluded in a course should work together, and mistaken for culture,” it is also true, in our
that each subject should contribute to the others, opinion, that the following suggestion does not
are points frequently urged in this Report, and offer an adequate treatment of the subject : “ In
cannot be urged too often. History and liter- the fourth year, however, an attempt may be
ature and natural science should go hand in made, by means of lectures or otherwise, to give
hand, and all should give training in the use of the pupil a view of our literature as a whole,
the English language. Especially should this and to acquaint him with the relations between
latter aim be furthered by all foreign language periods.” We cannot concur with the recom-
work. Good English, spoken and written, mendation of the Conference on history to omit
should be demanded upon all occasions. As economics from the high-school course. The
for translation into English, the following, from incidental instruction in economic topics pro-
the report of the Latin Conference, is the law posed as a substitute will not do. No science
and the prophets :
6. The student should be whose scope and subject matter are as strictly
taught to regard translation, not as a means of defined as are those of economics can possibly
finding out what his author has said, but as, on be imparted by such haphazard and desultory
the one hand, a way of making it clear to his instruction. And there is absolutely nothing
instructor that he has understood, and, on the more important for the graduate of an Ameri-
other, an exercise in expression, - a literary can high school to know than the elements of
exercise,-in his own tongue.” In modern no a science of which the practical problems will
less than in classical language work, the ability confront him at every period of his life, and of
to read is, of course, the main object; and this which ignorance will cost him dear both as a
is emphatically proclaimed by the Conference man and a citizen. The Conference on physics,


.38
[Jan. 16,
THE DIAL
chemistry, and astronomy includes in its report awake, not to say flippant, magazine of to-day. The
one resolution which we believe to be indefens first innovation substituted signed for unsigned
ible. Chemistry is made to precede physics, articles. The second introduced the system of so-
although it is admitted that this order “ is licited contributions, or what might be called the
plainly not the logical one.” The only reason
aggregation of great names on the title-page. The
editor, nowadays, scans with a journalistic eye the
given for the resolution is that physics should
horizon of passing events, and, sending direct to the
have the benefit of as much mathematics as
chief hero in each day's drama, requests him to tell
possible, and for this reason should come late
the world what he has done, through the medium of
in the course. Fortunately, we have in this his review, whose check he begs to enclose. Thirty
case a minority report which might have been
years ago, we read an anonymous review by John
made more forcible than it is, and which will Smith on General Jones's famous march to the sea..
convince most readers that the position of the Ten years ago, we read John Smith's signed article
majority is untenable. Fortunately, also, the
on the same subject. To-day we read General
Committee has, in the construction of its tenta-
Jones's article, “How I Marched to the Sea."
tive programmes, ignored this unhappy recom-
As the new departure seems to be a financial suc-.
mendation, and restored physics to its proper
cess, nothing more need be said to justify it from
the publisher's point of view. It cannot be denied
place as a necessary preparation for the study that the interest of the majority of people to-day is
of chemistry.
centred in the newspaper: their talk is about men of
On the whole, much good may be expected newspaper fame-partisan leaders, popular preach-
to result from the work of the Conferences. ers, socialists, reformers, or society stars. It only
The Report is printed as a Government docu- required a shrewd business man to see that that mag-
ment, and, as such, will be freely circulated. azine would be most popular which should treat only
It should get into the hands of every serious
of those topics that fill the papers, in articles writ-
teacher in the country. Its recommendations
ten by the very men of whom the papers are talking.
will, if generally carried out, result in a system crisp, superior sort of monthly newspaper, the re-
By inaking itself over, as it were, into a bright,
combining uniformity and elasticity in happy view assures itself of a reading public.
proportions. They make for good teaching in
Nor is the benefit all on the publisher's side. It
the essentials, and they do not make for rigidity. | is most plausibly asserted, that what this bustling
It is probably fortunate that local initiative in world of readers wants is, not a long, exhaustive,
educational matters counts with us for so much and exhausting essay, by an outsider, but a short,
as it does. Centralization has its advantages, clear, telling summary of events to date, by the
but it has also its evils. When it operates to
mau who knows most about them. As the review
reduce a system to a condition of mechanical
editor skilfully puts it, Which is better reading,
uniformity, regulating the activity of its teach-
the description of a political contest written by a
bystander, or a vivid account of the encounter from
ers in the minutest detail, prescribing for them
the participants inside the ring?- a correspondent's
methods and imposing upon them text-books, description of a battle, or the commanding gen--
it becomes a curse rather than a blessing, for
eral's? In short, is it better to get your informa-
it suppresses the individuality of the teacher,
tion second-hand, or straight from the the fountain--
and thus strikes at the root nf all vital effort head?
towards the inculcation of knowledge. The Yet this argument is specious. By degrees the
Report of the Committee of Ten has no such ob reader becomes conscious of certain drawbacks
ject in view. It seeks to stimulate rather than among the many advantages of the new system.
Its two marked features are that the articles are
to repress endeavor; it is meant to be followed
in the spirit rather than in the letter. It can-
solicited, and that many of the authors are not
not well fail to exert a far-reaching and an
writers. Each of these brings about results not
altogether pleasing.
enduring influence upon American education.
In the first place, if contributions are soliciteil,
they have to be published. Under the old régime,
an editor's chief duty was rejection; and rejections
THE “ STAR” SYSTEM IN
he sometimes made with a high and mighty hand.
But if one, by immense exertion, secures the pro-
PERIODICALS.
mise of an article from the Sultan of Turkey on
Even an unobservant reader must have noticed a “What I know about Harems,” and announces its
change which in the last few years has come over publication in the blackest of headlines, one can
the spirit of that form of periodical generally known scarcely refuse to print it when received, or ask its
as the Review. Two successive steps have helped august author to revise. An adroit editor would
to transform the dignified, impersonal review of probably find for himself some loop-hole of escape,
thirty years ago into the decidedly personal, wide did the noble author know more about harems than
-


1894.]
39
THE DIAL
zine pages.
own.
could well appear on the pages of an American mag these new writers we ought to get a freshness of
azine. But we may be sure that the article would information, a spiciness of authentic gossip, else-
never be rejected, or amended, simply because its where unattainable. From the men who are mak-
author chose to know nothing about harems, or knew ing history, may we not expect the most informing
only what was trite and tiresome.
glimpses of how it is made ? And yet the candid
It may often happen, too, that an article is asked reader must confess, it is seldom that we get it.
for at a time when a great man has other things to When one comes to think about the matter, how-
do, and that accordingly we do not get his best, ever, it becomes plain that the man in authority,
however flattered he may be at being recognized the man most deeply interested in any affair, is just
as the spokesman of his party. We may be sure the one who cannot reveal secrets, or lay bare the
that the author of a new Tariff Bill cares more for idiosyncracies of his associates. If he is deeply in-
its passage than he does to explain it in six maga terested, he cannot be non-partisan. If he be the
Else why should some of these much Silver King or the Gold Bug, his opinions must
advertised articles be 'as tasteless and formal as a have that proper metallic ring which his followers
school-boy's essay?-unless, indeed, that other pain- expect. If the Democratic Senator from Alaska
ful suggestion be true, that they are from the facile gives us an article on the “ Leaders of the Demo-
pens of private secretaries, and only signed with the cratic Party,” he may be a mine of exactly such in-
great name.
formation as the public is longing for—such as, how
But, beside these difficulties inherent in the so his worthy colleague has lately lost his political grip
licited contribution, the striking fact remains that in the State of Alaska, and with it his once brilliant
the majority of the writers, made up of the prom chances for the Presidency; and yet he cannot tell
inent men of the time, are not writers at all, either us all this, both because he knows his colleague per-
by profession or experience. For the odds always sonally, and because he has political ambitions of his
are, that the man accustomed to handle men and
A freedom of speech, such as would be al-
things will not be able to handle words as well. To lowed the most obscure newspaper reporter, would
be sure, the theory is advanced that he who has involve the great leader in a network of criticism,
anything worth the telling will find a way to tell and hand him over helpless to his enemies. So he
it; and there are some conspicuous examples, like must remain tongue-tied on those very subjects of
General Grant, to prove it. Nevertheless there is which he knows more than anyone else.
something called literary art; and a very brave This, indeed, must be the reason why so many of
man, one finds, may tell a very poor story. That these much-heralded special articles have the effect
Workingman Jones organized, and carried to a suc of a mere official report, from which everything per-
cessful close, the renowned and picturesque strike sonal or interesting has been cut out, leaving only
on the Arizona Central Railroad is no proof that such items as the managers think it wise the public
he will not make a lamentable failure in trying to should know.
tell us how he did it.
After all, we are forced to admit that a title-page,
Aside from this lack of literary skill, for which though it includes the Master of the Knights of
a man eager to impart information may be pardoned, Labor, the Chairman of the Senate Committee on
there is another difficulty lying across his path. The the Tariff, the Leader of the French Radicals, the
leading men of any calling have their attention so General of the Salvation Army, and Queen Liliuok-
completely absorbed by its countless details, that for alani, may, like some gaudy circus-posters, promise
them to give a clear and concise description of it is much and produce little.
almost impossible. They live too much in the in-
HELEN FRANCES BATES.
tense, white light of their subject to see its proper
proportions, and relation to the surrounding objects.
To the distinguished Professor Pterodactyl, by far
COMMUNICATIONS.
the most interesting and important detail of Paleon-
tology is the discussion now waging between him and
JAPANESE METAPHOR AND SIMILE.
Professor Trilobite, as to what animal once owned
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
the second toe, which has just been found in the
In the course of an article in the December « Atlan-
Lower Miocene of Wyoming. To us,
the unlearned
tic” on “The Eternal Feminine," relating chiefly to
“general readers,” the only interesting things in Japanese art and Japanese women, the author, Mr.
Paleontology are a few general principles which Lafcadio Hearn, gives bis readers to understand, with
to Professor Pterodactyl are but the a, b, c's of circumstance and citation, that metaphors and allegories
his science, and worthy of mention only in primers.
are practically unknown to the Japanese language, and
The writer who is primarily something else, is too (quoting Professor Chamberlain), “incapable of so much
apt to assume that his readers understand those de-
as explanation to Far-Eastern minds." This is cer-
tails which to him are a matter of course, and expends
tainly a little staggering to those of us who are familiar
with current theories as to the part that metaphor plays
his energy on such points of special importance as
in the formation of language. How are we to reconcile
at the time happen to be of immediate concern to these discordancies ?
himself.
I have before me a pamphlet, distributed as a tract
Notwithstanding all this, it would seem that from among the members of the Parliament of Religions of


40
[Jan. 16,
THE DIAL
12
1)
the recent World's Fair, entitled “Outlines of the Ma And the line:
hâyâna as taught by Buddha,” purporting to be written “And chawing vengeaunce all the way I went."
by a Japanese in Japanese, and to be translated by Chaw was in good use much later than Spenser. In the
others of the same nation into English,—and the trans fourth line quoted above, chaw is the noun which is
lation is a quaint and graceful piece of English, too. modified through the influence of the French joue into
The imprimatur, also in Japanese, is “ Asakusa, Tokyo, jaw.
Japan, 26th Year of Meiji (1893).” A hasty reading Fift and sixt, still common with ignorant people, oc-
reveals more than a dozen formal similes in the thirty cur in the tenth canto of the first book:
odd pages of this little composition.
“The fift had charge sick persons to attend
Two theories, I suppose, may be advanced to explain
The sixt had charge of them now being dead.
away the presence of these similes: one, that the trans-
Of course the h does not occur in the Anglo-Saxon form
lators put them there to please the vulgar Occidental of these words.
taste; the other, that the author put them there for
Pore, a pronunciation of poor often heard, is found
much the same reason. Otherwise we must infer that
in these lines:
the Japanese mind also delights in analogy, especially “Whose welth was want, whose plenty made him pore,
when it is formal and conscious. But is there, then, a Who had enough, yet wished ever more."
race that knows not the penetrative imagination ? And
This spelling of the word is found frequently in “ Piers
is there a language that always inserts the term of com-
Plowman." It is a shortened form of the Old French
parison,- in which simile never deepens to metaphor ?
povre, which becomes in Modern French pauvre.
Perhaps Professor Chamberlain and Mr. Hearn wish
Ketch for catch occurs in this line:
us to understand that only metaphors involving some
“To ketch him at a vauntage in his snares.
degree of personification are banished from Japan. I
am struck with the wholesomely objective air of most
In another passage, ketch of the first edition (rhyming
of the similes in the pamphlet to which I have referred.
with wretch) is supplanted by light upon in the second.
Each is a picture in itself. “The sound of a large bell
Divelish, in the expression “divelish yron engin," can
reaches far and wide, but the bell must be rung; the
be matched in Shakespeare.
doctrines of a great sage are by no means restricted to
Examples of afеard, with a variety of spellings, can
a small district, but opportunities for their propagation
be given from Langland, Chaucer, Spenser, and Shake-
must be utilized." • This ... fallacious view . .
speare. Here is one from the eleventh canto of the first
may be likened to the effort of binding the moon upon
book of “The Faëry Queene":
the water with the hair of tortoises.” Another heresy
“A flake of fire, that, flashing in his beard,
Him all amazed, and almost made afeard :
is “likened to the attempt of making a ship sail on a
The scorching flame sore swinged all his face."
plain.” Another “may be compared to the action of
the ignorant monkey that tries to catch the image of
I do not doubt that the influence of the word fear has
the moon upon water." “ Heaven and hell are but
been great in retaining this pronunciation of afraid
waves in the great sea of the universe.” A language
ainong uneducated people.
void of personification would be the happy concomitant
The quotation last given contains another word that
of an objective and purely naturalistic art, and of a
must be noticed — swinged. Swinge for singe is still
race seeking “ Anâtman -- non-individuality.”
heard.
An additional d occurs in vild in:
FREDERIC Ives CARPENTER.
“And sold thy selfe to serve Duessa vild."
Chicago, Jan. 5, 1894.
The adjective vylde and the adverb vildly are found in
the third canto of the first book. This excrescent d is
DIALECTAL SURVIVALS FROM SPENSER. not uncommon after l in words like alder, Anglo-Saxon
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
alr, and after n in words like sound, French son, Latin
As a student of language, I have always been inter-
ested in observing provincialisms and dialectal peculiar-
In the following line the metre requires contrary to
ities. It is a fact long since pointed out that many of
be accented on the second syllable:
these peculiarities are survivals from earlier periods of
“To be contrary to the worke which ye intend."
our literature. I once took occasion to compare some
As it is also in “Hamlet”:
of our modern dialect writers with Shakespeare, and in
Our wills and fates do so contrary run.
a short time found examples of parallels for about forty
And Milton:
words and expressions not now in good use. In read-
“And with contrary blast proclaims most deeds."
ing the first two books of Spenser's “ Faëry Queene” And the old nursery rhyme:
not long since, I jotted down the following examples:
"Mary, Mary, quite contrary."
Kilt, as the participle of kill, rhyming with guilt and
CALVIN S. BROWN.
spilt.
University of Missouri, Jan. 8, 1894.
“His chosen people purg'd from sinful guilt
With pretious blood, which cruelly was spilt
ART AND ETHICS.
On cursed tree, of that unspotted Lam,
That for the sinnes of al the world was kilt."
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Chaw, in its three forms, occurs in the two quotations
I have read, in your issue of Dec. 1, a very pleasing
next given:
and suggestive paper on Art and Ethics by Prof. John
And next to him malicious Envy rode
G. Dow; and it is with no desire to criticize that writer
Upon a ravenous wolfe, and still did chaw
that I would try to indicate more clearly a distinction
Between his cankred teeth a venomous tode,
at which he, perhaps from a lack of space, hardly more
That all the poison ran about his chaw;
than hinted.
But inwardly he chawed his owne maw.'
Ethics, as I understand the matter, has two points
sonus.
17


1894.]
41
THE DIAL
of relationship with Art. The first relationship is that
with the single work — poem, painting, statue, or mu-
sical composition; the second is that with many pic-
tures, poems, musical compositions, or statues. In the
first relationship, the office of Ethics is merely that of
determining whether or not the work of art produces
pleasant feelings; in the second, it is that of determin-
ing whether or not the effect of the æsthetic feelings in
the formation of character is good. The first question
involves methods and results proximate in character;
the second, methods and results remote in effect.
A work of art is complete in itself. It needs noth-
ing to interpret it or make its effects greater. It
is unlike a machine or a work of science; the dis-
tinction between these and works of art being that
whereas the work of art has for its aim the production
of one single pleasurable feeling or state of conscious-
ness, and that immediately and directly, the machine
aims at indirectly and remotely serving in the produc-
tion of pleasures. If we compare a work of art with
a didactic work we shall discover the same difference:
one directly causes emotions of the highest order, the
other remotely serves some utilitarian end. The meth-
ods show a similar difference. The aim of art being that
of directly causing a pleasurable feeling or emotion to
come into consciousness, it would be impossible for a
work of art to produce an unpleasant feeling as the to-
tality of its effect; but the machine or didactic work
may produce unpleasant or even painful feelings, and
yet the ends will justify the means.
By this law technique becomes the work of the arti-
san; the selecting and grouping, the work of the artist.
This would in no way make technique any the less nec-
essary, or the demand for technical perfection any the
less distinct; it would only serve to emphasize the fact
that technique and art are not to be confounded. Tech-
nique is but the handmaid of art; it is, and must be,
mechanical, for it is the means to an end; but the more
perfect the means, other things being equal, the better
is the end attained. To be a master of technique in
verse, to be able to put ideas into beautiful forms, can
by no means make poets of even the best of versifiers;
for with the mastery of words and images there is lack-
ing in their work the complete harmonious concept of
beauty, the concept which as a whole is capable of pro-
ducing æsthetic feeling. The more nearly they embody
such a concept in their works, the more nearly they be-
come poets; and where such a concept is so embodied
we have the æsthetically pleasant feeling—and the poem.
On the other hand, given beautiful ideas, poetical ideas,
with imperfect technique, and the ideas will not appeal
to the mind with the force in which they should. The
æsthetic effect is lessened by the faults of technique, of
expression. Those who exalt technique, fine-word hunt-
ing, beautiful single sayings or ideas, concepts, to the
position of true art, must ever feel that there is a some-
thing higher. They exalt harmony of sound and of
single themes to the scale in perfection held by a Chopin
Mazurka. It is the finger of Apollo without Apollo;
the eye of the eagle without the soaring wings.
The other point of relationship of Ethics and Art is
in the educational element. “Those who have dreamed
will dream; those who have drunk will drink,” says
Hugo; and those who have had æsthetic feelings from
works of art will think and dream in art as those works
make them think and dream. Art cannot make use
of unpleasant feelings except by shrouding them in those
that are pleasant; and the height of the pleasure is
to be measured by the height of the feeling induced.
The higher æsthetic feelings are made more possible by
the previous experience of those almost as high. They
are more easily brought into existence the more often
the mind has felt either them or those similar to them.
Ethics has merely to determine whether or not the
whole tendency of æsthetic experience is toward higher
and more pleasurable feelings or tends to stasis or de-
terioration. If the tendency is to higher ideas and
keener delight, it is good; if not, it is not good. A
photograph of a friend may be a cause more pleas-
ure than a picture of the Madonna; but art takes but
little or no cognizance of the individual, turning all its
attention to the universal. Ethically, it must do so; æs-
thetically, not so of necessity. Yet the distinction be-
tween greatness and the other extreme is to be meas-
ured by the degree of universality of the feeling caused
in the auditors or beholders. The Madonna will out-
last the photograph, even as the world outlasts the in-
dividual. And likewise that which has value because
of its power to arouse feelings that are eternal will out-
last the temporal because this embodies only that which
passes away. The didactic is but temporary; prejudice
is temporary as temporary as is the truthfulness or
usefulness of the teaching, or the existence of the causes
of the prejudice. Science may be unceasingly correct-
ing itself; but true art never corrects. And the reason
is that true art embodies the highest of emotions, emo-
tions that are as permanent as human character_love,
sympathy, feelings of beauty in nature.
These are as
permanent as the associations of man; they will exist
when and where our theories of morals are extinct,
where our religion has no force, when universal broth-
erhood has succeeded international war. To be able to
call into existence the eternal pleasurable feelings of
the highest of universal minds, is the office of art; and
ethics approves such, as it approves all things that are
good, - stamping as better those that give the highest
of pleasurable emotions, and as lower those that less
ably serve to do so. Technique may enhance the power
of the work or the height of the feeling, but can never
alone create the work or the feeling. And hence it is
that those who master style and not ideas have nothing
that can lay claim to artistic excellence or permanence.
Style may be acquired, but artistic ideas come only
from large education, large power of feeling, a large
mind.
HARVEY C. ALFORD.
The University of Iowa, Jan. 2, 1894
“IS BEING BUILT."
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
I beg the favor of your inserting this short note.
In The DIAL of December 1, where I specify re-
cent users of expressions like is being built, you have
excised the names of Mr. G. J. Caley, the Earl of Car-
lisle, Arthur H. Clough, Mr. Richard Congreve, Prof.
J. Conington, Mr. Bernard Cracroft, Sir George W.
Dasent, Prof. A. De Morgan, and those of Bp. Thirlwall,
Sir George O. Trevelyan, Anthony Trollope, Rev. R. E.
Tyrwhitt, Eliot Warburton, Major George Warburton,
H. W. Wilberforce, Prof. H. H. Wilson, Bp. Christopher
Wordsworth, Miss C. M. Yonge.
The omission of these names would, to some, argue a
very imperfect acquaintance, on my part, with the En-
glish literature of the last seventy years. F. H.
Marlesford, England, Dec. 24, 1893.


42
[Jan. 16,
THE DIAL
his tenants were counterpoised by extensive obli-
The New Books.
gations. By the middle of the eighteenth cen-
tury these obligations had entirely passed to
THE OLD REGIME IN FRANCE.* the central government, — but the seigniorial
The first instalment of the “Memoirs of rights, in great part, remained ; and French-
Chancellor Pasquier” is not likely to disap- dent, began to resent the anomaly. Why, they
men, growing sensitive as they grew indepen-
point readers whose anticipations are based on
a knowledge of the author's career and of his argued, should the farmer pay taxes, not to the
social and political affiliations.
What such government, but to certain neighbors, who, al-
knowledge justifies one in expecting, he gives beit titled or privileged, have no more public
us in abundance; and his book is therefore, its authority and no more to do with public bus-
field and standpoint considered, a notable ad-
iness than he ? These neighbors met and im-
dition to the literature of the Revolutionary and peded the harassed proprietor at every turn.
Napoleonic periods. The Chancellor was not, They compelled him to work on their land on
in the quality of his political equipment, a Tur-
set days without pay; they prevented him from
got or a Mirabeau, nor indeed did statesman-
killing the
game which ravaged his
if
crops ;
ship then, as now, necessarily imply a minute
he crossed the river he must pay them toll; if
he took his produce to market he must pay
and accurate acquaintance with the condition
them for the right to sell it; he must grind his
of the people. With the class of facts that
constitute the staple of the great works of De
corn at the seigniorial mill, bake his bread at
Tocqueville and of Taine † Chancellor Pasquier
the seigniorial oven, press his grapes at the
seems to have been, from the modern view,
seigniorial wine-press. In some seigniories there
strangely unfamiliar. What, for instance, must
was even a prescriptive seigniorial bull. In a
be the surprise of the student of De Tocque-
letter written shortly before the Revolution, by
ville to find this quondam Chancellor of France
a peasant to an Intendant, we learn that,-
and Minister of the Interior assigning as a re-
“ The whole country is infected with rents. Most of
the farm-lands pay every year a seventh of a bushel of
sult of the Revolution a fact which was cer wheat per acre, others wine ; one pays the seignior a
tainly not the least among its contributory fourth of all fruits, another a fifth, another a twelfth,
causes—the partition of landed property! “ It
another a thirteenth the tithes being always paid on
is,” says De Tocqueville, “a vulgar error to
the gross. These rights are so singular that they vary
from a fourth part of the produce to a fortieth. What
suppose that the subdivision of property in
must be thought of the rents in kind — in vegetables,
France dates from the Revolution," an event poultry, labor, wood, fruit, candles ? I am acquainted
which did not divide, but freed land. Twenty with rents which are paid in bread, in wax, in eggs, in
years before the outbreak we find agricultural headless pigs, in rose shoulder-knots, in bouquets of vio-
lets, in golden spurs, etc.; and there are a host of seign-
societies deploring the cutting-up of farm lands;
iorial dues besides these."
and a few years later Necker observed that the
What we are to bear in mind is that for these
number of small rural properties had become
rents and dues there was, in most cases, abso-
“immense.” This extensive passing of landed
lutely nothing rendered in return. Reciprocity
property from the hands of a thriftless and
of service, the original bond between lord and
needy noblesse, whose original function of hold-
tenant, between the local defender of the land
ing and defending it vi et armis had long lapsed, and its cultivator, had gradually disappeared
into the hands of a frugal peasantry who con-
tinued to dwell upon it and to till it, in fact her-
with the growth of the monarchy. To rid ac-
alded the new order of things in France. Ti quired estates of the burden of irredeemable
feudal rents and services whose raison d'être
brought into full relief the abuses and anomalies
of an outworn system, rendering them doubly in feudalistic caste distinctions, was, primarily,
had vanished, to sweep away privileges founded
odious and more plainly unjustifiable. In the
ancient feudal society the seignior's claims upon
the object of the French Revolution. It will
be well when the special attention of students
* MEMOIRS OF CHANCELLOR PASQUIER. Edited by the Duc of that great movement shall be turned from
D'Audiffret-Pasquier; translated by Charles E. Roche. Vol. its melodramatic and exterior aspects to its ra-
I. (1789-1810). Illustrated. New York: Charles Scribner's
Sons.
tionale; when they shall be taught that its use-
+ We take pleasure in commending, as an excellent popular ful and all-important facts are not the date and
substitute for the rather formidable works on the Old Régime circumstances of this or that battle, insurrection
by these two writers, Mr. E. J. Lowell's “The Eve of the
French Revolution". a succinct treatise full of suggestive
or festival, of the cutting-off of this or that head;
facts and acute comment.
and when teachers shall postpone to issues more


1894.]
43
THE DIAL
-
searching the stock debates as to whether this the seigniorial pillow) to view the rustic in the
and that royal or noble personage who paid for pages of Marmontel, Florian, Bitaubé, or in
the sins of their order on the Place de la Rév the drawing-room idyls, than to face the sordid
olution did, by “dying game,” thereby win the and menacing reality.
crown of martyrdom and the halo of sainthood. We are not, however, to conclude from the
Despite his leaven of enlightened liberalism, general condition of the French peasant in the
Chancellor Pasquier was and remained essen eighteenth century that the feudal burden laid
tially a man of the Old Régime, a statist with on him was heavier than that borne by his
whom politics was a game to be played by and neighbors in other parts of the continent. De
primarily for the privileged orders. He plainly Tocqueville has pointed out the paradoxical fact
detects a taint of heresy in the thesis of the that the revolt against feudal institutions broke
Abbé Siéyès, that it were unjust to postpone out precisely in the country where the burden of
longer the interests of the twenty-five millions those institutions, though still onerous enough,
of Frenchmen whose function in the State was was lightest. At the close of the century serf-
production, in favor of the one and one-half dom prevailed, for instance, over the greater
millions of Frenchmen whose function was con part of Germany, the peasant still forming, as
sumption. Touching the condition of the most in the Middle Ages, virtually part of the stock on
numerous grade of these twenty-five millions of lands. The soldiers in the armies of Maria The-
producing Frenchmen, he seems to have held resa and of Frederick were mostly absolute serfs.
some vague optimistic notions, tinged, perhaps, Nothing of the kind had existed for many years
to the last by the ideas current in his youth, in France. One may readily see, however, how
when polished society, inspired by the gospel (as we have already tried to point out) the de-
according to Jean Jacques, conceived the peas struction of a part of the feudal system, followed
ant as the amiable swain, the gentle shepherd by a measure of popular enlightenment, must
of the pipe and the crook, affectionate, grate- have rendered the remainder a hundred-fold
ful, right-minded, easily led—a mild Arcadian more hateful than the whole had ever appeared.
in short, tuneful and stomachless, and a charm- The Frenchman, dimly descrying Liberty on
ing accessory to the landscape. Who has not his political horizon, grew sensible of his tram-
smiled at the description—so characteristic of mels. The prime cause of his misery was, of
the period—of Marie Antoinette, in frock of course, taxation; and to the spoliations of the
white muslin, gauze neckerchief, and straw hat, nobility and the clergy were added those of the
with the daintiest of crooks, tending her be- State. Enormous sums were needed by Louis
ribboned sheep on the slopes at the Little Tria XIV. for his wars, and by Louis XV. for his
non! Such was the fashionable ideal of - the orgies, his parc aux cerfs and kindred unspeak-
farmer's wife,” the paysanne-remote enough, abilities ; and recourse was had to the class
certainly, from the squalid reality : from, say, least able to furnish them. An able statistician
La Bruyère's “savage-looking beings, black, has calculated that the peasant in many parts
livid, and sunburnt," digging and grubbing at of France paid away four-fifths of his income
the soil from sunrise to sunset " with invincible to the Treasury, the seignior, and the Church,
stubbornness,” and retiring at night“ into their retaining out of every hundred francs he earned
dens, where they live on black bread, water, little more than eighteen francs himself. No
and roots”; or from Arthur Young's peasant- poor man escaped the tax-gatherer. Says Taine:
women of Normandy,“ in reality walking dung “ The garret and the hut, as well as the farm and the
hills,” obscene objects which, happily, “it is
farm-house, know the collector, the constable, and the
not in the power of an English imagination to
bailiff; no hovel escapes the detestable brood. The peo-
ple sow, harvest their crops, work, and undergo privation
figure.” It is not easy, in the light of induc-
for their benefit; and, should the farthings so painfully
tive sociology, to view the social vagaries of saved each week amount, at the end of the year, to a
Rousseauism seriously; to realize that men en piece of silver, the mouth of their pouch closes over it."
dowed with eyes to see and with ears to hear, The unprivileged Frenchman, then, in this
and standing, as it were,
within a stone's-throw golden age of the old noblesse, was, according
of the fact, actually believed in the idyllic to unimpeachable evidence, literally taxed to
Jacques Bonhomme, legislated for him, and the verge of the grave -- and often beyond it;
framed schemes of government deduced from and yet we find Chancellor Pasquier compla
his virtues. Perhaps the wish was father to cently alluding to the happy general condition
the belief. It was so much pleasanter (the of the country under “the régime which pre-
grim tradition of the Jacquerie still haunting ceded '89," and, notably, during the reign of


44
[Jan. 16,
THE DIAL
like sheep
Louis XV.-an infamous character who squan Even at Paris one finds that, in 1753, in the
dered on a single strumpet three millions ster- faubourg St. Antoine, over eight hundred per-
ling wrung from the neediest of his subjects, sons died of privation in a single month; that
and the literal record of whose private life “the poor expire with cold and hunger in their
would beggar the pen of a Rabelais. Let us garrets, without any possible relief." As to the
glance briefly at a few facts recorded of this last thirty years preceding the Revolution, it is
halcyon” pre-revolutionary period. In 1725, enough to say that during that time the popular
says St. Simon, “the people in Normandy live condition was no whit mended. The effect
upon
on the grass of the fields. The first king in French agriculture of a system under which the
Europe is great simply by turning his kingdom least sign of prosperity sufficed to bring down
into a vast hospital of dying people from whom upon the hapless cultivator a swarm of fiscal
their all is taken without a murmur.” In the harpies, may be imagined. Countless farms in
most prosperous days of Fleury and in the the fairest provinces of France were abandoned.
finest region in France, the peasant hides his Not even the guillotine could have compelled
wine on account of the excise and his bread on men (as was shown, later, to the abundant sat-
account of the taille, convinced that he is a isfaction of the zealots of the Terror) to sow
lost man if any doubt exists of his dying of where they might not reap, to weave where they
starvation.” In 1739, D'Argenson writes, in might not wear. In Auvergne, we learn, “ the
the canton of Touraine, “men have been eating country is depopulated daily.” In Comminges,
herbage more than a year”; while in the bish at the outbreak of the Revolution, certain com-
opric of Chartres “the famine and the mor munities threatened to abandon their possessions
tality were such that men ate
grass
should they obtain no relief. “ It is a well-known
and died like so many flies.” Reading these fact,” says the Assembly of Haute-Guyenne, in
records one apprehends better the symbolism 1784, “ that the lot of the most severely taxed
of that ghastly street - spectacle of the Paris communities is so rigorous as to have led their
mob bearing aloft on a pike the gory head of proprietors frequently to abandon their prop-
Officer Foulon, the mouth filled with grass - erty.” In Gascony the spectacle is “heart-
the food he had commended to the starving rending.” About 1760, according to the best
wretches who applied to him for assistance. In observers, “one-quarter of the soil of France
1840 Massillon wrote to Fleury:
is absolutely lying waste; . . . hundreds and
“The people of the rural districts are living in fright hundreds of arpents of heath and moor form
ful destitution, without beds, without furniture; the extensive deserts." “Let a person traverse
majority, for half the year, even lack barley and oat
bread, their sole food, and which they are compelled to
Anjou, Maine, Brittany, Poitou, Limousin, la
take out of their own and their children's mouths to
Marche, Berry, Nivernaise, Bourbonnais, and
pay the taxes.”
Auvergne, and he finds one-half of these prov-
In the same year, at Chatellerault, he
inces in heaths, forming immense plains, all of
says:
“ The poor outnumber those able to live without beg-
which might be cultivated.” In short, the re-
ging while prosecutions for unpaid dues are car-
gime invented by Louis XIV. (and viewed not
ried on with unexampled rigor. The clothes of the poor unfavorably by Chancellor Pasquier) had pro-
are seized, and their last measure of flour, the latches duced its effect; French soil was reverting to a
on their doors," etc.
wild state. “Thus abandoned,” says Taine,
Ten years later the evil is greater. D’Argen “ by the spade and the plough, a vast portion
son writes :
of the soil ceases to feed man, while the rest,
“ In the country around me, ten leagues from Paris,
I find increased privation and constant complaints.
poorly cultivated, scarcely provides the simplest
necessities."
What must it be in our wretched provinces in the in-
terior where the collectors with their officers,
To a recital of the abuses of the Old Order
accompanied by locksmiths, force open the doors and it is always fair to add that, immediately be-
carry off and sell furniture for one-quarter of its value. fore the Revolution, there was a general, if be-
I see poor people dying of destitution. . . . An
lated, tendency on the part of the class that
assessor, on coming to the village where I have my
country-house, states that the taille this year will be
had profited by them to assist in their removal.
much increased; he noticed that the peasants here were
But the wind had been sown, and it remained
fatter than elsewhere; that they had chicken-feathers to reap the whirlwind.
The spirit of radi-
before their doors, etc. Some of the seigniors of calism, though not predominant, was astir in
Touraine inform me that, being desirous of setting the France, and it had at its beck and call a law-
inhabitants to work by the day, they found very few of
them, and these so weak that they were unable to use
less and relentless horde of social pariahs, the
their arms."
very existence of which is the gravest count
>>


1894.]
45
THE DIAL
in the indictment against the Ancien Régime.
scaffold, in company of so many more.
And it was in
In the Assembly that met at Versailles to dis-
that place that I saw sitting in the dock, into which he
cuss reforms sat not only men like Cazalès,
had so long brought his victims, the monster the men-
tion of whose name had so often made me shudder.
D'Espremenil, Mounier, Mirabeau, the La-
I certainly did not think I was to see that man again,
meths; but the Pétions and the Robespierres, yet fate had it in store for me that certain business
at heart root-and-branch men, and the germ of should take me to the Hôtel de Ville the day of his ex-
ecution, and I saw his head fall. He struggled against
that alert, organized, and determined minority
his doom like the coward that he was.”
who were, despite their benign democratic
ideals, soon to rule France with a despotism Before closing, let us glance at Chancellor
never before parallelled, and under which the Pasquier's account of the fall of the Bastille,
ruled could not even establish their right to
an event which, however important symbolic-
live. To such men surgery, a cutting-away of
ally, seems to have been in itself, if we are to
parts corrupt or inert, was the true cure for believe the Chancellor, little more than an ex-
the diseased body politic; and a suitable instru- aggerated street row. It may be instructive to
ment was (thanks to Dr. Guillotin) soon ready compare the following pallid report of an eye-
to their hand. The crimes and follies of Louis witness with Mr. Carlyle's dithyrambic version:
XIV. and Louis XV. were to be atoned for by “I was present at the taking of the Bastille. What
Louis XVI.—an amiable, well-intentioned man
has been styled the fight was not serious, for there was
who might, had he lived and applied himself,
absolutely no resistance shown. Within the hold's walls
were neither provisions nor ammunition. It was not
have made an indifferent locksmith. Certainly,
even necessary to invest it. The regiment of gardes
the sickle of the guillotine reaped away few heads françaises which led the attack presented itself under
less deserving than his of such a fate. Chancel the walls on the rue Saint-Antoine side, opposite the
lor Pasquier was present, involuntarily, at the
main entrance, which was barred by a drawbridge.
There was a discharge of a few musket-shots, to which
King's execution; and he describes the scene,
no reply was made, and then four or five discharges
not minutely, but with the shuddering reluct from a cannon. It has been claimed that the latter
ance of an unwilling eye-witness that lends broke the chains of the drawbridge. I did not notice
force to his words:
this, and yet I was standing close to the point of attack.
What I did see plainly was the action of the soldiers,
“ It remains for me to say that I saw the tragedy
invalides, or others, grouped on the platform of the
which was enacted on the 21st of January. I lived in
high tower, holding their muskets stock in air, and ex-
a house which faced on the boulevard, at the corner of
the church of the Madeleine. My father and I sat op-
pressing by all means employed under similar circum-
stances their desire of surrendering. ... The truth is,
posite each other all morning, buried in our grief and
that this great fight did not for a moment frighten the
unable to utter a word. We knew that the fatal pro-
numerous spectators who had flocked to witness its re-
cession was wending its way by the boulevards. Sud-
sult. Among them were many women of fashion, who,
denly a somewhat loud clamor made itself heard. I
in order to be closer to the scene, had left their carriages
rushed out under the idea that perhaps an attempt was some distance away. By my side stood Mlle. Con-
being made to rescue the king. How could I do other-
tat, of the Comédie-Française. We stayed together till
wise than cherish such a hope to the very last ? On
the very end, and then I gave her my arm back to her
reaching the goal I discovered that what I had heard
carriage, which had waited in the place Royale.”
was merely the howling of the raving madmen who sur-
rounded the vehicle. I found myself sucked in by the It is hard to reconcile the writer's “abso-
crowd which followed it, and was dragged away by it, lutely no resistance shown" with the historical
and, so to speak, carried and set down by the scaffold's
one hundred or more dead besiegers, with the
side. So it was that I endured the horror of this awful
spectacle. Hardly had the crime been consummated
subsequent fury of the mob, and the massacre
when a cry of Long live the Nation !' arose from the of De Launay and six of the garrison. Perhaps
foot of the scaffold, and, repeated from man to man, the well-born Chancellor looked grudgingly on
was taken up by the whole of the vast concourse of peo events which seemed to startled Europe to ring
ple. This cry was followed by the deepest and most
gloomy silence. Shame, horror, and terror were now
out the old and ring in the new; events which
hovering over the vast locality.”
even dispassionate Immanuel Kant in distant
Later, another execution was witnessed by hailed with tears of joy, saying to his friends,
Königsberg, foreseeing a new Golden Age,
the Chancellor — this time not so reluctantly :
“I can now say, like Simeon : Lord, let thy
“Fate led me to the Palais de Justice on one of the
days of Fouquier-Tinville's trial. I was unable to re-
servant depart in peace, for mine eyes have seen
sist the desire of seeing with my own eyes this great act
Thy salvation.' Unhappily, the too-sanguine
of divine justice, so I went in. In that room had philosopher lived to see the crowning of Napo-
sat the revolutionary tribunal. Into it had come, as leon Bonaparte.
prisoners, the Queen, Mme. Elizabeth, M. de Male-
Chancellor Pasquier (1767-1862) was suc-
sherbes, the members of the Paris Parlement, and lastly
my father. Thence, all of them had started for the cessively councillor in the parliament of Paris
.


46
[Jan. 16,
THE DIAL
perficial
under Louis XVI., master of requests, coun sonages of history can be obtained only from
cillor, procureur général du sceau et des titres, an understanding of certain psychological prin-
and prefect of police under the Empire, direc- ciples, and in particular from a careful analysis
tor general of roads and bridges under Louis of what is meant by insanity, delusions, and
XVIII., minister of the interior in the cabinet the various forms of extravagance in thought
of Talleyrand in 1815, minister of justice in and deed. Mere abnormality, a divergence
that of Richelieu in 1817, and of foreign affairs from the common average, is of course not in-
in that of Decazes in 1819, and chancellor of sanity; it is in such deviation from the standard
France under Louis Philippe. He was, in 1842, of the hoi polloi that genius and madness find
elected a member of the Academy. It will read one point of alliance. And apart from any de-
ily be seen that the present volume, which covers sire to reach a practical definition of insanity,
the period from 1789 to 1810, from the eve of it must be remembered that a class of actions
the Revolution to the departure of Napoleon on and beliefs which a few centuries ago would
the fatal Russian campaign, forms an historical have passed unnoticed, would to-day render one
document of great importance. Aside from its liable to examination for mental unsoundness;
graver historical tenor the book is a thoroughly and again, the manifestations that under a dif-
charming addition to the literature of portrait- ferent psychology subjected the unfortunate
ure and personal reminiscence. We shall await possessed one to persecutions and tortures, or
the second instalment with interest.
under other circumstances were interpreted as
E. G. J.
divine inspirations, are to-day treated in the
sheltering care of an asylum. Although a su-
survey
is thus sufficient to accent the
MODERN PSYCHOLOGY AND DAILY LIFE. *
necessity of interpreting conduct with full ref-
A most welcome sign of the tendency of mod erence to its historical environment, there yet
ern psychology to develop along lines of real remains abundant opportunity for an inquiry
and natural interest is to be found in the va regarding the share of conduct in certain types
rious applications of psychological principles of greatness that is due to unusual ability and
to education, to history, to the treatment of the the share that must be ascribed to developments
defective classes, to the origin of illusion and of character differing perhaps in degree, but
error, and to countless experiences in daily life.
not in kind, from those that characterize in-
The conception of the psychologist as one who sanity. “ In ancient times, and amongst half-
deals in abstract and out-of-the-way mental en civilized nations, things were done in the name
tities, classifying with ever-increasing refine- of religion which none but men of the weakest
ment his peculiar collection of specimens and mental structure would now do; but the rule
ever disputing with his colleagues over their we would apply to the one time will not hold
proper labels, - a conception warranted by a good for the other.”
perusal of text-books published not many dec-
Dr. Ireland finds in the lives of Mohammed
must give way to a far different and Luther and Joan of Arc the best illustra-
view, in which the psychologist appears at every
tions of historically important events springing
point in close touch with the vital problems of from and guided by semi-morbid tendencies.
science and of life. He still finds it necessary
It would be an abuse of language to call Mo-
to analyze closely, to draw fine distinctions, and hammed insane, and to attempt to interpret the
to use technical language ; but he never forgets religion to which he gave rise as the accidental
the end for which such accessories, like the adoption, as inspired, of his hallucinations and
technicalities of physics or of chemistry, have ravings. “We do not seek
“We do not seek to explain the na-
been adopted.
ture or success of Mohammed's mission by his
It is as an example of the application of psy- epilepsy. These lie in the character of the man
chology to history that Dr. Ireland's work, “The and the circumstances of the times; but we
Blot upon the Brain,” now appearing in a sec-
think that the starting-point of his hallucina-
ond edition, deserves especial mention. The tions came through the nervous disorder which
thesis which the major portion of these essays
affected him and of which the epileptiform fits
illustrates is that a correct view of the charac were the visible proof. It was this which held
ters and actions of many of the important per-
before his eyes and made to sound in his ears
the hallucinations which led him to believe that
* THE BLOT UPON THE BRAIN : Studies in History and
Psychology. By W. W. Ireland, M.D. New York: G. P.
he had a message from God. Without this,
Putnam's Sons.
no amount of religious fervor or abstract mon-
ades ago,


1894.]
47
THE DIAL
otheism would have made him take such a view.” duce irrational hopes and fears, prevent the
When we consider the frequency with which accomplishment of the simplest actions or en-
religious devotion is a marked symptom of epi- courage most extravagant ones, form the sub-
lepsy, that Mohammed began his revela- ject of another chapter ; while the peculiarly
tions only in his forty-second year, and that the contagious character of certain forms of insan-
attacks were probably not frequent enough to ity and unconscious cerebration furnish the
undermine his mental strength, we obtain at material for other interesting discussions. Left-
least a partial solution of the wonderfully suc handedness and righthandedness is discussed
cessful and active career associated with such in its relations to the nervous system. The
peculiar characteristics of person and times. In question of the duality of the brain
that is,
the case of Luther, the hallucinations played the independent action of the two halves of the
no part in his religious life,— the reference of brain—is a related topic; and the curious mir-
all untoward happenings to a personal devil ror-writing, which occurs spontaneously in chil-
arising naturally from the dominant conceptions dren, and seems also related to lefthandedness,
of the time. How far Joan of Arc was insane, offers a puzzling but important problem in the
it is difficult to determine; her remarkable same field. Of quite special value is the essay
career contains such a curious mixture of cre upon the relation of thought to words. The
dulity, extravagance, and sporadic ability, that evidence for the existence of thought without
the psychologist as well as the historian is left words is forcibly stated, and offers a welcome
in doubt. And yet a knowledge of the nervous example of the illuminating power of psycholog-
conditions prompting such actions has been in ical analysis upon a problem on which much
fluential in creating a rational view of her place inconclusive philological speculation has been
and character. Although Dr. Ireland must expended. The knowledge of the physical
content himself with the statement, “I do not basis of language that we derive from the study
know any insane person who was like her, but of the various forms of aphasia is also well set
she was not quite sane,” yet the analysis upon forth, as a contribution from the student of
which this conclusion is reached is suggestive mental disease to the psychologist - a contri-
of the close relation between her nervous con bution which has been termed - the most bril.
dition and her historical importance.
liant jewel in Physiology.”
The “insanity of power" is the name given to
Dr. Ireland's collection of papers may be
the wild excesses of powerful tyrants who seem recommended as an interesting approach to
to act with perverted instincts and an absence many problems in practical psychology,-
of moral sense. The education of restraint has approach that suggests the wide extent of the
been absent in their training, and the result may domain to be entered upon, and the hopeful-
be viewed as a reversion to a more savage state,
ness of this mode of access; an approach, too,
characterized by a love of cruelty that comes that brings the field into close and vital rela-
as a symptom at certain periods of childhood, tions with a variety of intellectual and prac-
but is outgrown by normal individuals. The tical interests.
JOSEPH JASTROW.
Claudian-Julian family, reaching a climax in
the extravagances of Nero, forms the most
striking instance of this malady; while the his-
tories of Mohammed Toghlak, and Ivan the
CÆSAR AS A GENERAL. *
Terrible show similar tendencies in other royal Both the special students and teachers of
dynasties. The hereditary element in such dis- history, and those diligent readers who wish to
ease is its most awful factor, and is well por understand well what they read, will thank Col-
trayed by Dr. Ireland in his chapter on the onel Dodge for his series of books on “Great
neurosis of the royal family in Spain. In all Captains.” The volume upon Cæsar is the third
these cases, the influence upon
historical events of the series ; volumes upon Alexander and Han-
that may arise from perverted forms of mental nibal have preceded it, and like volumes, upon
action appears in a striking way.
Gustavus Adolphus, Frederick the Great, and
Dr. Ireland's volume contains other essays Napoleon, will follow. The subjects are treated
on a variety of topics interesting to the student
* GREAT CAPTAINS: CÆSAR. A History of the Art of War
of unusual mental phenomena. The nature of among the Romans down to the End of the Roman Empire ;
illusions and hallucinations is well set forth in with a detailed account of the Campaigns of Caius Julius
Cæsar. With 258 charts, maps, plans, illustrations, etc. By
the opening chapter of the volume. Fixed
Theodore Ayrault Dodge, Bvt. Lt. Col. U. S. Army, etc.
ideas which enslave the unfortunate victim, pro Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
an
.


48
[Jan. 16,
THE DIAL
from the military point of view only, with no It is well described by Mahaffy as “ a very dif-
further discussion of social or personal charac fuse political novel," " the most theoretical and
teristics than is necessary in presenting the man fanciful of Xenophon's works," of which Pro-
as a commander. The impetuosity of Alexander fessor M.
says : “ It is idle to attempt to sift
and the cool, calculated daring of Cæsar are out the particles of history from the mass of
essential parts of their characters as generals. fiction.” Colonel Dodge says it has been sug-
Nor does Colonel Dodge offer a judgment in gested that Xenophon improved upon the actual
the famous case of The Roman Republic vs. manæuvres, but that at least it shows what
Julius Cæsar, wherein Cassius and Brutus did Xenophon knew how to do. Let him then pre-
execution without trial. He does say, what no sent it, as Colonel Chesney gave us “the Battle
one who condemns Cæsar's assumption of power of Dorking," as a clear excursus of the imagi-
can deny, that in the existing circumstances the nation ; let it be Xenophon's and not Cyrus's
actions of the Pompeian party and the official battle. But Colonel Dodge repeatedly quotes
acts of the Senate were substantially a declara the “Cyropædia” as if it were history.
tion of war.
“Either rival was right in oppos Again, he narrates the Scythian campaign
ing the sole exercise of authority by the other; of Darius (pp. 53–55), accepting the fantastic
but we must judge mainly from the facts and details of Herodotus, and imputing to the scat-
from the other authorities, and not from the tered and utterly barbarous tribes north of the
statements of Cæsar, which was least to blame Danube a marvellous strategy. “These acts
for the war that for years decimated the repub were not done in an irrational manner, but with
lic” (p. 409). But this judgment upon poli- the greatest forethought.” Why did he not
tics is merely incidental: he is portraying Cæsar notice the criticisms upon Ctesias and Hero-
the general, Cæsar the man that made the gen. dotus to be found in Grote ? Colonel Dodge
eral, not Cæsar the politician nor Cæsar the often cites Grote. Grote says: “ That Darius
statesman. Only at the end of the book does actually marched into the country, there can be
he sum up his character in a strong chapter on no doubt. Nothing else is certain, except his
* The Man and Soldier."
ignominious retreat out of it to the Danube.
In viewing this book the reader constantly . . But as to all which happened between his
refers, and is by the author referred, to the two crossing and recrossing the Danube, we find
previous volumes. They are connected both nothing approaching to authentic statements,
by these references and by the author's plan, nor even what we can set forth as the probable
which is to sketch the growth of the science and basis of truth on which exaggerating fancy has
of the art of war, from earliest history down been at work.” But our author gravely com-
to Waterloo. Our review will therefore include pares it to the Russian campaign of Napoleon.
in some measure the volumes on Alexander and We have found that Colonel Dodge brings
Hannibal.
to his work that useful element of the ability
Of the first volume, one-fourth, amounting of a narrator, an active imagination ; but this,
to one hundred and eighty pages, is filled with coupled with poor judgment as to facts and
discussions of wars and of military affairs before authorities, leads him sometimes astray. We are
Alexander, including fifty-six pages on Phịlip forced to distrust and to watch him. Another
and his military work. Here are reviewed Ori example of extravagance is found in the state-
ental arms and armies ; the wars of Cyrus and ment twice given (" Alexander,” p. 20 ; "Han-
Darius; Spartan and other Greek armies ; Mil- nibal,” p. 21), that in the Jewish army
of the
tiades and Marathon ; Brasidas, Xenophon, time of the Judges there was a body of slingers
Agesilaus, and Epaminondas. The author's who “ could cut a hair hung up as a target.”
judgments upon the generals commend them- How could an intelligent man fail to see that
selves to us; but we are amazed to see the the words of the Bible-
the words of the Bible—“every one could sling
merest imaginations and romantic stories of the stones at an hair-breadth and not miss
Greeks spread upon the pages of the book, and an orientalism, a hyperbolic statement of accu-
even improved upon by Colonel Dodge's skill racy of aim? And how far from the hair tar-
in narration. A full description of the battle get can the slinger stand and see his mark? It
of Thymbra is given (pp. 48-50), with com is no orientalism to reply, not a hair's breadth
ments upon the tactics of Cyrus. This story beyond the length of his arm and of his sling.
is from Xenophon's “ Cyropædia," a work no Again, how can any man who has practical
more worthy of quotation as an authority than acquaintance with affairs, and who witnessed
Scott's “ Ivanhoe" or Flaubert's - Salammbo." the failure of our armies in attempts to divert
were


1894.]
49
THE DIAL
com-
the Mississippi and the James, repeat the incred of the conquests of their kings. But we leave
ible stories of the turning of the Gyndes and this discussion of errors with the remark that
the Euphrates by Cyrus ? Rawlinson, who is the publishers ought to put upon such books a
not slow to accept an incredibility, introduces proof-reader who would not allow Carducians
the story of the Gyndes with an if : “ if we may for Carduchians, Cindus for Cnidus, agyras-
trust Herodotus." But we certainly can not pids for argyraspids, or synapism (sadly sug-
trust Herodotus. Cyrus was not such an utter gestive of a mustard plaster) for synaspism
fool. “ The canal which Sesostris had dug" (the arrangement of soldiers in close order).
must fail with the fable of Sesostris ; while the Nor should he have allowed the author's inat-
credibility of the diversion of the Euphrates tention to leave in the text many errors like illy
hinges at last upon the supposed paving of a for ill; in petto, meaning secretly, for en petit,
part of the bed of the river by the imaginary in miniature; and, to crown all, this extraordi-
Nitocris.
nary statement (“Hannibal," p. 24): “Like our
The Trojan War, too, which may have been own broncos or the Cossack horses, their little
mythical only, and certainly is not historical, is nags were wonderful for endurance and activity,
dated and discussed as a fact; while it is really and throve on food which would kill a civilized
doubtful whether the Homeric descriptions of horse. On the other hand, they were cruel,
battles, which were principally duels between reckless, and noted for plundering and rapac-
the mythic heroes, represent warfare as it actu- ity.”
ally occurred at any time prior to the Middle To offset this dispraise, we are glad to say
Ages and Knighthood.
that Colonel Dodge shows many good qualities
Little errors occur frequently, showing want as an author. If he sins against rhetoric, he
of an accurate habit. We are told that Themis is never tedious in discourse. He narrates
tocles commanded the centre at Marathon. It well. He makes a non-military reader under-
is known that Aristides was general of his tribe: stand military matters, though he says there
it is not known that Themistocles held
any are some pages too technical for the general
mand ; and the stories that show his character at reader. His occasional errors of expression do
that time make it evidently improbable. 66 The not take from him the characteristics of a clear
Spartans marched to Marathon, 150 miles, in thinker. He studies the works of other authors,
three days.” But at the end of their three days' but does not follow them where his own research
march they had reached Athens only, and were leads to different conclusions. To qualify himself
twenty-two miles from the battle-field, which for writing the “ Hannibal" and the “Cæsar,"
they visited on the fourth day. Cæsar's wife he visited the fields of their exploits. He claims
is called Julia: she was Cornelia; and before he that he is the only writer upon Cæsar's cam-
married Calpurnia he had divorced the second paigns, except Colonel Stoffel, “who has fol-
wife, Pompeia. In “Cæsar” (p. 21), a statement lowed Cæsar entirely around the Mediterranean
is made of the Ædui which should have been basin." With Livy and Polybius in hand, he
made of the Sequani, who are erroneously said examined all the passes of the Alps and fol-
on p. 20 to have asked Cæsar's assistance. Mas- lowed the track of the Lion of Carthage over
silia (Marseille) in “ Hannibal” (p. 177) is all his marches and battle-fields, before he wrote
called a Roman colony, which it never was; while of him. With such preparation he detects mil-
p. 8 had correctly called it Greek. In “Cæsar” itary and topographical errors in even the best
(p. 143) the description of Aquitania accords histories of Rome. The “ Cæsar” has but few
with the outline of the Augustan province of illustrations ; the “ Alexander” has many. Of
later date; while Cæsar himself makes the Ga- these many are modern, adapted from the an-
ronne the boundary of his Aquitania. “Caninius tique, often with an added touch of the pictur-
the Atrebatian ” (p. 313) was really Commius; esque in attitude. It is necessary often to discard
Caninius was a Roman, the subject of Cicero's the conventionality of the antique, especially in
joke about the consul who never slept during illustrations from coins and from the Egyptian
his term of office. “Mithridates, King of and the Assyrian sources. Figures on vases
Pergamos” (p. 584), is not known to history: and the like were evidently drawn for artistic
Mithridates of Pergamus probably had that purposes rather than for exact representation.
designation from his birthplace. The Sesos But we venture the surmise that some figures-
tridæ ("Alexander,” pp. 21 and 23) can hardly as, for instance, those of Hebrew soldiers in the
be historical, since Sesostris is the product of “ Alexander,” pp. 19-21 - are without au-
a Greek imagination stirred by Egyptian fables thority.


50
[Jan. 16,
THE
DIAL
Colonel Dodge knows the value of maps, and have failed had he started into Italy with his
gives them liberally; many are mere sketchy thirty thousand, and had met a Roman army,
diagrams, but they fully answer the purpose, which would have been joined by the other Ital-
since accuracy by a scale is not needed so much ians. We think it is Colonel Chesney who sug-
as a general idea of relations. He can afford gests that the prestige and success of Napoleon
to give these in abundance, where elaborate was greatly enhanced by his meeting in his first
maps must be fewer; and these are at hand in campaign troops so inferior as the Austrians
the text, and not on the library shelf, when then were. Colonel Dodge says that the cour-
wanted. Hence the books are wonderfully con age and discipline of the Macedonian soldier
venient. Another excellence is the full digest was much higher than that of the rest of Greece,
of the contents of each chapter, not given in “immeasurably higher than that of the soldier
the form of mere catchwords, but in complete of Persia.” If so, Alexander was the eagle in
sentences. We quote one below. Colonel | the dove-cote, and his glory is factitious to a
Dodge says they show the reader what to skip; great extent. He never had an effective oppo-
after reading every page, we find them useful sition, except at the siege of Tyre. Numbers
for review.
without discipline — these made the Persian
Of his judgments upon Alexander, Hanni- armies. And what did the opposition of a few
bal, and Cæsar, we must say that he has a very mountaineers like the Mardi amount to? What
hearty spirit of hero-worship, and sets their the hosts of Porus ?
achievements in the best lights. With respect The excessive admiration of Alexander makes
to Alexander, it seems to us that he far over the author unjust to other generals. He says
states his case. He says: “The life-work of
no one but Alexander knew how to follow up a
Philip had been transcendent. That of Alex- | victory swiftly. But his army was never dis-
ander surpasses anything in history. Words organized by battle with the Oriental hordes,
fail to describe the attributes of this monarch and his cavalry was superior in quality by his
as a soldier.” Such laudation as this does sur-
father's discipline. Take in contrast Cæsar's
pass anything in history, and lands us in the
first great battle with the Helvetians. His
realm of imagination at once. His praise of troops fought with men their superiors in num-
Philip is deserved, though probably rather bers, in impetuosity, and in motives that nerve
strong; but without the preparation of Philip men to fight; their equals in courage and tena-
there could have been no career of Alexander. city; their inferiors only in advantages of posi-
He started with an immense advantage. And tion, in arms, in discipline, and in leadership.
what did he do? He fought with an enemy And as the Roman armies were not always well
intrinsically weak and destitute of strategic provided with cavalry, Cæsar had only the un-
skill. After Marathon it was not difficult to reliable Gallic horse under Dumnorix. Re-
defeat a Persian army. Miltiades began the membering the saying of Wellington (was it
series ; Pausanias followed ; Cimon carried on
not?) that to an army the misfortune next to
the work; Clearchus and Cyrus the younger a great defeat is a great victory, was it a mark
marched with thirteen thousand soldiers and an of inferior generalship that Cæsar spent three
auxiliary rabble into the heart of Persia, and days before he followed up his beaten foe?
the soldiers marched out again ; Agesilaus saw
Although the language of eulogy was well-
that the Corinthian War called him from pros- nigh exhausted upon Alexander, the career
pects of vast success against the Oriental troops; of Hannibal elicits high praise from our au-
Epaminondas could have beaten Medes and
thor:
Sacians easier than he overcame the Spartan
“In the galaxy of great captains the stars are equal.
phalanxes. We may almost ask, who could n't Many claim for Hannibal a lustre beyond the others.
beat Persia? At least some of the ancients had Measuring his task and resources by those of any sol-
a similar view; for they report that Alexander
dier of history, he may be not untruthfully said to be
of Epirus, upon encountering the Samnites and primus inter pares.” (“ Hannibal,” pp. 614).
Lucanians, struck with their soldierly qualities, of the most ragged material he could speedily produce
“ Hannibal's organizing ability was unmatched. Out
said that he wished his nephew, Alexander the a disciplined army" (p. 626).
Great, had come over to Italy, where he would “The energy, skill, intelligence and determination
have found antagonists worth fighting with, in with which he carried out his plan [of movement from
stead of unskilful barbarians. Merivale, in his Spain to Cisalpine Gaul] would have made him one of
the greatest leaders if he had never advanced beyond
“General History” of Rome, raises this objec- the Po. But this was only a first step in Hannibal's
tion to Alexander's fame, and thinks he would military career” (p. 638).
-
T
T


1894.]
51
THE DIAL
---
And in this sentence he places the crown on succeed at all, it was necessary first to win the
Hannibal's head :
confidence of his men. Had he lacked this, his
“Guaged by the work he had to do, the resistance campaign against Ariovistus would have been
he encountered, and the means at his command, Hanni a miserable failure. This first year is an illus-
bal outranks any general of history” (p. 642).
tration of the power of that wonderful element
The “Cæsar" opens with a short sketch of the called genius, which in Cæsar was more remark-
work of Marius, a great fighter, but not a strat able than in any other man in all history for its
egist; famous as the Savior of Rome in the versatility. The variety of his abilities is the
great Cimbrian War. He made his mark upon most wonderful thing in this “ foremost man of
Roman military affairs by his new organization all the world.” It was inevitable that he should
of the armies, by which he made the legions make mistakes; and not a few of them came
what they were when Cæsar began to be a sol from that self-confidence shown in the phrase
dier, different from the earlier republican le “ Cæsar and his fortunes." Colonel Dodge
gions in material, in organization of cohorts, points these out as they appear in the light of
and in arrangements for battle. Cæsar's earlier experience. His fearful battle with the Nervii
career, his adventure with the pirates, his serv was like our Shiloh; a disaster of surprise,
ice in the Mithridatic War, and his short ca because of insufficient exploration by scouts.
reer as praetor in Spain, are briefly sketched, His invasion of Britain was really impolitic,
so that by the fiftieth page the author begins needless, and useless, and came near ending in
his history of the Gallic War, which fills, with ruin to Cæsar. His campaign at Dyrrachium
its explanations of military affairs, 350 pages was ridiculously inadequate and apparently
—none too much for its importance, both as inexcusable, though one may say that he knew
development of Cæsar and as an incident in
his opponent, Pompey, too well to fear him.
the world's history. Its development of Cæsar | By the way, how could General Napier write
fixed the fate of the Roman state ; as an inci. such a judgment of Pompey as he gave Dr.
dent in history, it secured Italy for centuries | Arnold ? He wrote: “ Tell Dr. Arnold to be-
from barbarian invasion, and laid the founda ware of falling into the error of Pompey being
tion of that which became France, the greatest a bad general ; he was a very great one-per-
of the Romance or Romanized lands.
haps, in a purely military sense, greater than
His campaigns are analyzed and criticised Cæsar.” Most writers agree with our author,
in detail. Colonel Dodge suggests a curious whose opinion of Pompey is given on pages
but unanswerable question. After giving the 24–26, from which we quote:
brief account of Cæsar's one campaign in Spain, “Pompey was perhaps the lightest weight of all the
he says:
characters who have enacted a giant's rôle on the stage
“When he attacked the Gallic question, he showed
of life. No (other) man won the title of Great on such
that be was familiar with war, but not with the man-
slender merit. No (other) man ever wielded such vast
agement of its greater problems. Gaul was his school
power with so little to back it up. . . . He was unable
in the grand operations of war. It is to be regretted
to plan a good campaign or assume a sudden strategic
that we do not know how he had learned what unques-
or tactical risk. . . . In council he was slow; and to a
tionably he knew of the art previous to his first cam-
habit of silence which came from a not over-quick com-
paign in Gaul. He had manifestly covered an immense
prehension, was referred, as it often is, a judgment he
territory; but we know naught of his method” (p. 47).
did not profess. Pompey was but an ordinary man of
good abilities. He had not the first glint of genius.
Cæsar showed his great ability at once. Alex Greatness was thrust upon him, if it ever was upon any
ander came to command in a great campaign He was the very reverse of Cæsar. Circum-
at twenty-two years of age, but he had had a stances made Pompey: Cæsar made circumstances.
military training, and able generals accompan-
Pompey was cold, passionless, and slow at making reso-
lutions."
ied him. Hannibal was commander-in-chief at
twenty-six, with training and aid like Alexan-
The whole passage is a fine sketch and summing
der's. Napoleon came to the army of Italy in
up of Pompey's career and character. But we
his twenty-seventh year, having had the train-
must leave these interesting subjects, commend-
ing of a military school, followed by full ten ing this book and the whole series (judging the
years of subordinate service and observation.
volumes to come by those we have) to all stu-
Cæsar, with slight exceptions, had been a civil dents, and closing with this summary prefixed
ian only, until he was forty years of age ; and
to chapter XIV.:
then he conducted two great campaigns in a
“ Alexander had the most beauty: we think of him
as the Homeric youth; of Hannibal and Cæsar as in sober
single year, with an army of new levies in part,
maturity of years. In all his qualities, Cæsar is the most
and with fickle, uncertain auxiliaries; and to
to | splendid man of antiquity; as a soldier, he equals the
man.


52
[Jan. 16,
THE DIAL
others. Alexanger's ambition and Cæsar's was coupled and all relating to them it must be the standard
Cæsar the soldier, ruthless. In capacity for work, ali authority. No one but a trained lawyer famil-
were equal. Alexander's will was fiery; Hannibal's,
iar with the region and inspired by true his-
discreet; Cæsar's, calculating. In battle, Alexander was
torical enthusiasm could have made the old real-
possessed of divine fury; Hannibal was cool but bold; estate registers of Montreal Island so clearly
Cæsar had not their initiative. In influence over men, reveal the truth as to these matters, and settle
Hannibal was supreme. Cæsar was an orator; Alex-
ander and Hannibal spoke simply and to the point. As
the long-standing controversies in regard to
statesmen, Alexander built on a mistaken foundation;
them. It was time that this work was done,
Hannibal's work was doomed to fail; Cæsar's is ever for romantic sentiment had been busy in the
lasting. For performance with slender means and locality, and legends of the actual existence of
against great odds, Hannibal stands the highest. Al-
“La Salle's House" and of the grand old
exander had luck, but used it; Hannibal had no luck; chimney of Champlain's fur-post of 1615”
Fortune smiled on Cæsar as on no other man. The strat-
egy of each was the same. In extent of conquest, Alex-
flourished until Mr. Girouard's pitiless demon-
ander was the most distinguished; in speed, Cæsar; in stration made an end of them. With like care,
endurance, Hannibal. Alexander was
the cavalry- and masterly use of old documents and records,
leader; in tactics, Cæsar was below the others; in sieges,
he has gone over the history of the whole island,
Hannibal. As men, Alexander and Hannibal stir us
with the touch of nature, as Cæsar does not. Cæsar
and fixed the sites of its ancient forts and
evokes our admiration; Alexander and Hannibal, our the scenes of the stirring events in its history.
sympathy."
He has re-told and made very vivid the story
SAMUEL WILLARD.
of the terrible war with the Iroquois from 1689,
the year of the frightful massacre at Lachine,
to 1698, during which the parish burial regis-
CHAPTERS OF CANADIAN AND NORTH ters show that deaths from natural causes were
WESTERN HISTORY.*
the exception and those at savage hands the
Mr. Désiré Girouard, one of the leading rule, and which “created so profound an im-
lawyers of Montreal, and a distinguished mem pression that the lapse of two centuries has
ber of the Dominion Parliament, has hereto-
failed to obliterate it in the memory of pos-
fore greatly interested those familiar with the terity, while the dying chants of the victims
history of Canada and the Northwest by his have been handed down by tradition to find a
publications entitled “Le Vieux Lachine et Le place among the popular songs of the country.”
Massacre du 5 Aôut, 1689”; “Les Anciens Montreal Island was for so many years the
Forts de Lachine et Cavelier de La Salle ”; headquarters of all the expeditions for explor-
and “Les Anciennes Côtes du Lac Saint ation and commerce to the West and Northwest,
Louis."
He has now revised and enlarged that much of its local history has associations
these pamphlets, and united them, in English, with our own. From its little villages and from
in one book, which appropriately bears the among its inhabitants went forth many of the
names of that noble expanse of the St. Law. hardy voyageurs who traversed our streams and
rence known as Lake St. Louis, and also of prairies, and some of the bold soldiers who com-
that dauntless explorer whose first home in the manded the frontier posts within our bounda-
New World was on its shore-Cavalier de La ries in the very early day.
Salle. The consecutive narrative in which the
The lists of those whose ancestry and family
three former works have been skilfully blended
homes Mr. Girouard has occasion to trace and
contains an instructive picture of the visits of locate contain many a name familiar in our an-
the early explorers to the Island of Montreal nals. Here appear Duluth, whose name is borne
and its settlement, sketched with the careful by the young metropolis of Lake Superior;
local touches which make it very accurate and Durantaye, who was stationed at “the fort of
real. It brings together and analyzes all of Checagou” as early as 1685; Boisbriant, the
the known documentary evidence relating to
builder of Fort Chartres; and others who
La Salle's true name and to his arrival in Can served in the Illinois country, some of them
ada, and quite conclusively establishes both. with La Salle and Tonty. One especial link
In regard to La Salle's seigniory and home between La Salle and the West, as our author
stead at what is now Lachine, it is wonderfully says, was Colonel John B. Beaubien, well re-
minute and complete, and upon these subjects membered by the old settlers of Chicago, whose
family history is given by Mr. Girouard, and
* LAKE ST. LOUIS, OLD AND NEW, and Cavalier de La
Salle. By Désiré Girouard. Illustrated. Montreal: Poirier,
is an interesting one. It appears that in 1660
Bessette & Co.
a party of Frenchmen were surprised in the


1894.]
53
THE DIAL
vicinity of Montreal by a band of Iroquois, who
RECENT STUDIES IN CURRENCY AND
took their captives to the village of Oneida and
FINANCE. *
put them all to death except one, René Cuille-
The exceptional character of our financial expe-
rier, a native of Vernon, in the diocese of An-
riences during recent years, and the marked revival
ger, in France.
His life was saved by an old of general interest in the study of monetary prob-
squaw, who adopted him, and after nineteen
lems, seem likely to leave behind them some more
months of captivity he escaped and returned or less permanent record in the fresh crop of finan-
to Montreal, where he married in 1665. He cial literature that has been brought forth. All of
became a prominent merchant, and bought land these new books are professedly of popular interest,
at Lachine, and was its first churchwarden. though some of them possess no inconsiderable de-
His stone house, built there in 1713, still re-
gree of scientific merit.
All of them, moreover,
mains, but in a ruinous condition ; and this is
ark a notable and welcome step in advance of the
the structure erroneously called “the home-
currency discussions of a decade ago,—in their less
dogmatic and doctrinaire tone; in their clearer rec-
stead of La Salle.” René's grandson, Jeanognition of the importance of special forces and cir-
Baptiste Cuillerier, born at Lachine in 1709,
cumstances in modifying the operation of general
was surnamed Beaubien from his mother's fam- principles; and, above all, in their keen appreciation
ily, and was known as J. Bte. Cuillerier dit of the manner and extent of the subtle influence
Beaubien. He completed the stone house, and exercised by purchasing power in the form of credit,
lived first in it; afterward he removed to De in a community where banking facilities have reached
troit, where in 1742 he married Marie-Anne
so high a point of development as in the United
States.
Barrois, and their grandson was Colonel John
Of all these discussions, the most noteworthy, on
B. Beaubien of early Chicago. The close con-
nection between Illinois and Montreal in those
account both of its timeliness and the sound judg-
ment and logical acumen displayed by the writer,
far-off times might be repeatedly illustrated by is Professor Taussig's monograph on “The Silver
other quotations from this valuable work, did Situation in the United States.” It is altogether the
space permit. Very interesting, too, are its de most satisfactory treatment of the events and condi-
scriptions of the fur-trade and its magnates, and tions bearing upon the solution of the silver ques-
of the earlier and later business and social as tion in this country, and is a contribution of some
pects of the villages along Lake St. Louis ; of importance to certain minor points in the theory of
the ancient missions and chapels ; of the visit of money. The 135 pages of this essay are divided
“Tom" Moore to Lachine and St. Anne; of the
into two parts. The first part gives a clear and in-
fitting out of Sir John Franklin's expedition, teresting account of the various conditions affecting
the fluctuations in the circulation of the silver cur-
and of his Canadian companions, voyageurs
rency since the Bland Act of 1878. The second
from Lake St. Louis ; but upon these we can part is an examination of the questions of policy
not dwell. Suffice it to say that this book is a involved in the currency controversy, and, more
valuable contribution to our history, as well as particularly, an investigation of that part of the
to that of the neighborhood to which it specially bimetallist argument which reasons from the fall of
relates; and it deserves high praise. Honora- prices to the need for more money. This is the
ble mention should also be made of the admira- least satisfactory part of the essay, and mainly so
ble translation of the original work from French
because the author has shrunk from the important
but difficult task of defining what the necessary re-
into English by Mr. Désiré H. Girouard, son
quirements of an equitable standard of value are.
of the author, and himself a member of the bar
It is useless to talk about the questions of right and
of Montreal.
EDWARD G. MASON. *THE SILVER SITUATION IN THE UNITED STATES. By
F. W. Taussig. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
THE INDEPENDENT TREASURY OF THE UNITED STATES.
COLONEL PEARSON, a friend of the late J. A. Symonds, By David Kinley. New York: T. Y. Crowell & Co.
has prepared “ A Short History of the Renaissance in A BRIEF HISTORY OF PANICS IN THE UNITED STATES.
Italy” (Scribner), the work being a condensation, with By Clement Juglar. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
the author's sanction, of the seven-volume work of THE PEOPLE'S MONEY. By W.L. Trenholm. New York:
Symonds. The work loses greatly, of course, by a re-
Charles Scribner's Sons.
duction to less than one-seventh of its full size, but a THE HISTORY AND THEORY OF MONEY. By Sidney Sher-
brief history of the subject should certainly be found wood. Philadelphia : J. B. Lippincott Co.
useful, and could not have been made upon a better SPECIAL ASSESSMENTS. By Victor Rosewater. New York:
basis than was afforded by the original of this venture. Columbia College Studies.
« Colonel Pearson's object has been to select and ar THE FINANCIAL HISTORY OF VIRGINIA. By William Z.
range for those who know Italy, or hope in the future Ripley. New York: Columbia College Studies.
to do so, whatever may sustain or promote an interest THE REPUDIATION OF STATE DEBts. By William A. Scott.
in its history, its art, and its literature."
New York: T. Y. Crowell & Co.


54
[Jan. 16,
THE DIAL
wrong in the bimetallic controversy until a standard holm's "The People's Money." The judgment of the
of right has been determined; and this is what is reading public must decide whether Mr. Trenholm
not done by Professor Taussig.
has succeeded in producing a book that will at once
Hardly less timely than the essay just noticed is stimulate and satisfy the interest for instruction in
Mr. Kinley's volume on the history, organization, this subject. He certainly shows some excellent
and influence of “The Independent Treasury of the qualifications for his task, but he lacks the power
United States.” Mr. Kinley seeks to make out a of vivid description, of clear and simple statement,
case against the present Sub-treasury system, by of making pointed analogies and concise summaries,
showing the pernicious and disturbing influence of — all of which are so needful in popular exposi-
the irregular collections and disbursements of the tions. His literary style is, we venture to think,
government on the money supply. The Federal too dignified and impassive to appeal to the aver-
Treasury is now the largest single manipulator of age mind. Less fault may, however, be found with
money in this country, and, as a result of its posi- the contents of this manual. Its general trend may
tion of commanding influence, the business commu be conjectured from the imprint the upper cover
nity has been reduced to a forced dependence on its bears of the gold double-eagle. Bimetallism is only
daily policy. An element of instability is thus in- incidentally discussed, but much space is given to
troduced into all business, and this is unavoidable the banking question. The writer is a warm friend
under a system of treasury deposits which requires of bank-currency, but he insufficiently estimates the
that the government shall be the actual custodian extent and importance of bank-issues in the form
of the public money. The Sub-treasury system was of " deposits ” as distinguished from notes. No cur-
devised to secure the safety of the public money, rency lesson needs to be so thoroughly taught to the
but it has done this at the cost of elasticity of the American public at this critical juncture as that,
currency. The present problem is to secure elas not gold and silver, not greenbacks nor bank-notes,
ticity without sacrificing safety; and for this pur but credits, in the shape of bank deposits, are the
pose Mr. Kinley proposes a reorganization of the most important constituent of our circulation—that
national banking system, adding greatly to the func one upon which the general level of prices, in the
tions of the banks as financial agents of the govern end, depends. Occasionally Mr. Trenholm falls
ment. Such, in brief, is the burden of the writer's into time-honored superstition; as when, in his zeal-
argument. In working out his position, Mr. Kin ous argument for banks, he writes: “It is certainly
ley has produced a book of decided interest, even true that the increase of bank-note issues tends to
for those who are unwilling to go his length in de reduce the rate of interest on commercial loans.”
preciation of an institution which has been so pro This is not only a false but a dangerous doctrine to
ductive of good as the Independent Treasury. The teach; for, were it as true as Mr. Trenholm's lan-
book, in its descriptive parts, will be found a most guage implies, it would go a long way toward jus-
useful repository of information regarding some of tifying the popular demand for more money.
the important influences constantly at work in our
It is not unusual, in these days when the pride
money market.
of authorship has taken 'hold of so many young
Under the title of " A Brief History of Panics minds, to meet with books for whose publication
in the United States,” Mr. Thom has published an it is hard to discover any adequate reason.
Of this
English version of so much of M. Juglar's well character is Mr. Sidney Sherwood's “History and
known work on “Commercial Crises” as related to
Theory of Money.” The volume is made up of a
the United States. It may be well questioned whether number of University Extension lectures extem-
this translation was worth the effort. There is cer poraneously delivered to a popular Philadelphia
tainly place for a good history of American crises, audience, with a verbatim report of the class dis-
but the gap is too large to be filled by M. Juglar's cussion which followed. Whatever excuse may
fragmentary and superficial treatment of the sub- exist for the mode of education of which Mr. Sher-
ject. The present volume tells nothing new and wood's book is a product, it is sincerely to be hoped
omits much that is included in other books. And that, if publication in the present form is an essen-
whatever merits the work in its French form pos tial ingredient of the process, some method may
sessed are largely diminished in the English trans- speedily be devised for sparing the reading public a
lation, through inaccurate renderings and not infre-
recurrence of such shocks to its sense of literary
quent misprints.
propriety as come from the perusal of such a vol-
Both teachers and readers of political economy
ume as this.
The author's plea for publication -
in America have long felt the need of a treatise “the more scholarly education of practical men and
containing a full, but clear and simple, popular ex the more practical education of scholars” – im-
position of the principles of money - a book that plies a gratuitous assumption of ignorance on the
should do much the same service for American read- part of both classes of readers. It would be
ers as the late Stanley Jevons did for English readers painful to believe that either our “practical men”
in his admirable “Money and the Mechanism of Ex or our “ scholars" had become reduced to the sad
change.” Several attempts have been made in this necessity of looking to such a work for either in-
direction, the last in the series being Mr. Tren-spiration or guidance. And certainly any true


1894.]
55
THE DIAL
A Russian's
America.
The sys-.
is a gem :
friend of the University Extension movement has a
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
right to complain at the use of its good name as a
shield for such immature effort.
Prince Serge Wolkonsky, after spend-
In his excellent monograph on “Special Assess-
Impressions of ing the summer at the World's Fair,
ments,” Mr. Victor Rosewater has given us an in-
has beat a retreat, letting fly two Par-
teresting, original, and adequate discussion of an
thian arrows on the way. In other words, he has col-
important but hitherto neglected topic in municipal
lected his occasional “ Addresses,” made during the
finance. Special assessments are a peculiarly Amer-
ican form of taxation, being a method of defraying
summer, into one booklet, and jotted down his "Im-
pressions” in another (Unity Publishing Co.). The
the cost of local expenditures to property, under-
addresses are kindly in feeling, but rhetorical and
taken, to be sure, in the public interest, but inuring
diffuse in style, evidently not prepared to be printed.
to the particular advantage of the owner.
They have a great deal to say about religious unity
tem originated in New York in the seventeenth and the brotherhood of man, and incidentally sug-
century, and gradually spread, until now it has been
gest that the Midway Plaisance might have been
adopted by all but four States of the Union. Spe-
made an excellent “school for teaching human
cial assessments are everywhere regarded as an ex brotherhood.” Of that characteristic feature of the
ercise of the taxing power, but they are to be dis-
Fair he further says: “For me it is the most sad
tinguished from taxes proper. Hence the rule that
thing I know, because it is human life exposed as a
taxation should be proportional to ability does not show; human beings deprived of their feelings, and
apply to special assessments ; the universally recog reduced to the state of a catalogued exhibit, a mov-
nized principle of our law is that they must always
ing panorama of empty human forms." Prince
be proportional to benefits received.
Wolkonsky's impressions are in many chapters upon
Mr. William Ripley has made a very interesting as many subjects. The chapter on “Politicians ”
contribution to the history of colonial finance in his
“ Thank God, I have not known one of
“Financial History of Virginia.” Indirect taxes, them !” This is all, but what more need be said? He
as in all young communities, were the principal re has a little fun at the expense of the amiable people
source of the colony, and the main burden rested who thought that he, as a Russian, must be a nihilist,
upon tobacco, the staple product of Virginia. An and that Russia was an uncivilized country. One
export duty was imposed on tobacco, but it is un-
interlocutor even wanted to know if the Bible had
likely that it was paid by the foreign consumer; it been translated into Russian. The same gentleman
amounted, in fact, to a disguised land-tax on the remarked : “I think your music is much too good
colonial grower. The other financial expedients of for such a nation as yours.” The urbanity of the
the colony were of the same primitive character, reply is in charming contrast with the ill-breeding
and were gradually rejected as sounder ideas in tax displayed by the remark that occasioned it.
ation began to prevail.
thought American music was much too bad for such
Professor Scott's “Repudiation of State Debts” a great nation as they are.” Our impressionist de-
is a thorough discussion of one of the strangest phe fines a reception as “a social entertainment intended
nomena in the history of American finance. Twelve to kill all sociability by depressing and levelling all
of the States have, at one time or another, taken individuality.” And he adds: “Oh, deliver us from
advantage of their quasi-sovereign rights to "scale" those entertainments where we say to ourselves,
or repudiate their debts. As the law stands to-day, “Oh, what a bore!' and to others, 'I am so glad to
the holder of a repudiated bond has no legal means meet you!'” The impressions of “Woman” take
of enforcing the payment of the obligation. Dr. the form of an imaginary interview upon the writer's
Scott carefully examines the acts of repudiation return home. He cheerfully answers the questions
passed by the various States, and gives an analysis put to him, until someone inquires about the Amer-
of the causes that have led to the use of so violent ican female voice. The answer is evasive: “You
a financial expedient. Repudiation has seldom been are very little civilized if you don't know how it
resorted to except under circumstances of heavy sounds. American voices are too well known all
financial pressure, and when the people believed over Europe.” That Prince Wolkonsky has read
that it had been betrayed by an unscrupulous legis our newspapers to some purpose is evident from the
lature. Most of the States have tried to prevent passages we have selected for final quotation. “You
the recurrence of similar abuses by limiting the will seldom find in the daily press a serious critique.
amount of debt that may be contracted by the legis If
you have missed a lecture or a concert, you can-
lature. This is, however, a plainly unsatisfactory not learn from the papers of the following morning
remedy; and Dr. Scott proposes the institution of whether you lost or gained by not having gone;
State courts, with power to adjudicate cases involv you
will find a minute description of the lecturer's
ing the validity of bonds, and with power to issue physique, his dress, the number of people present,
to
include in their assessments an amount sufficient to much variety in that, but people like to see their
cover the debts adjudged valid.
names reported, and others find a sort of painful
A. C. MILLER. delight in reading them over and over). If some
661


56
[Jan. 16,
THE DIAL
personal details are given they are generally with ciency, however, and suggests whence the author
a slight note of mockery, or a wish of making fun. derives the materials for his treatment of his sub-
The educational influence of the papers is null, for ject. Even under such a thorough teacher our au-
they never lift the reader up, they bring down to thor's study has been obviously partial, and he seems
him whatever subject they treat."
to infer that what is a new discovery to him must
be new to his readers. He makes many assertions,
Edwin Booth, the representative tra therefore, with the air of one who is about to sur-
Mr. Winter's Life gedian of his time, has been fortunate prise his readers ; whereas there is little in the book
of Edwin Booth.
in having for his biographer a man that is new, unless it be some of the author's deduc-
thoroughly in sympathy with his art and intimately tions. There are cases where he is rather too free
acquainted with his life; consequently in Mr. Will-
with the expression “no one knows,” where an ad-
iam Winter's “Life and Art of Edwin Booth
mission of his own ignorance would have been suf-
(Macmillan) we have a work of high value in the
ficient. The most conspicuous purpose of the book
history of dramatic art during the generation that appears to be to controvert all known theories of
is just passing away. For many years Booth stood
church polity derived from Apostolic times. The
at the head of his profession. Never until Mr. Irv- Apostolic Church, as Professor Thatcher is at pains
ing appeared did Booth meet with a rival. He had
to picture it, exists now neither in its polity nor in
eclipsed Forrest. He had nothing to fear from its doctrine.
Davenport, Brooke, Murdoch, Adams, Dillon, Mar-
shall, Wallack, Fechter, Barrett, or McCullough.
A volume of sketches in New Mex-
The land of
Not till Mr. Irving came to America did Booth ever
ico rejoices in the cabalistic title
“ Pretty Soon."
“The Land of Poco Tiempo" (Scrib-
have reason to understand that his star had passed
its meridian and was beginning to descend. He did
ner). The author is Mr. Charles F. Lummis, and
not believe in the new chool. To the end he stood
the following preamble to the opening paper ena-
fast by the old-fashioned standard of poetic tragedy,
bles us, in a way, to read his title clear: “Sun,
silence, and adobe, — that is New Mexico in three
—the grand manner, the elocutionary not less than
the mimetic art. But he recognized that there is an
words. If a fourth were to be added, it need be
inevitable fate in such changes; and one of the sweet-
only to clinch the three. It is the Great American
the
est of his characteristics was the gentle patience, the Mystery — the National Rip Van Winkle
United States which is not the United States. Here
cheerful resignation, with which he accepted the new
order of things, although he could not defer to the
is the land of poco tiempo — the home of • Pretty
new lights of art. The chief public work of Booth's
soon.'” Mr. Lummis has a picturesque and vigor-
life was his effort to establish a great theatre, to be
ous style, and his account of New Mexico — "the
conducted in a high and liberal spirit and to be de-
anomaly of the Republic,” he calls it,— of its mot-
voted to all that is grand and fine in dramatic lit- ley populace, its antiquities, its curious survivals of
erature and art. He built and for more than four pre-Columbian rites and customs, its ancient walled
years managed a theatre according to these high cities, etc., is decidedly interesting. A unique chap-
ideals. But being better as an actor than as man-
ter is devoted to “ New Mexican Folk-Songs,” a
The
ager and financier, his health suffered under the
number of which are given, with the notes.
strain of care, and forced him to abandon the under-
volume is liberally illustrated with photographic
taking. These and other interesting incidents are
plates.
fully detailed in Mr. Winter's Life of Booth, which
The volume in which the late Dr. Wil-
occupies the first 150 pages of his work. Part II.,
helm Moeller, Professor of Church
Middle Ages.
of about the same length, is devoted to “The Art
History in the University of Kiel,
of Edwin Booth,” and includes descriptions of all set forth, as viewed from his standpoint, the “His-
his leading rôles, seventeen in number, mostly Shake tory of the Christian Church” for the first six
spearian. The volume concludes with a large num centuries, was reviewed in The Dial for July 16.
ber of memorials, in verse and prose, offered at the
The second volume of the series contemplated by
time of his death, last June.
its learned author is now before us, translated from
the German, as was the first, by Mr. Andrew Ruth-
There was no lack of books in the erfurd, B.D., and comprising an octavo volume of
History of the
field selected by Professor Oliver J.
Apostolic Church.
553 pages (Macmillan). It carries the narrative
Thatcher, of the University of Chi- through the Middle Ages; that is to say, from the
cago, for his literary labors resulting in “A Sketch beginning of the seventh to the end of the fifteenth
of the History of the Apostolic Church” (Hough-century. These nine centuries are as fruitful in
ton), but whatever other merit his book may have picturesque incidents and heroic characters as any,
it is probably the most readable of them all. Ayet the author and translator between them have
brief note of acknowledgment of assistance ren succeeded in divesting the narrative of every parti-
dered by two of his colleagues in preparing it for cle of the picturesque, and in reducing it to the
publication is all that the book has by way of pref-driest possible recital of events. That the details of
ace. The exceedingly terse dedication, "To my history are conscientiously set forth we doubt not
Teacher, Prof. Adolf Harnack," supplies the defi- | and, as in the previous volume, the bibliography
The Christian
Church in the


1894.]
57
THE DIAL
A new version
of George Sand's
" Fadelte."
is complete. The book is, therefore, invaluable for during which Jefferson displayed those qualities of
reference and as a historical directory. But the statesmanship which won the confidence of Wash-
typography is of a very complex character, and ington and secured for him the office of Secretary
reading is thereby made exceedingly laborious. of State in the new government. Whether as mem-
Even in a theological school, the book could not be ber of Congress or of the Virginia Assembly, or as
used as a text-book except at the risk of disgusting Governor of that Commonwealth, he strengthened
the students with this very important branch of the Colonial cause and liberalized the government.
theological culture.
The correspondence and papers in this volume show
how thoroughly Jefferson gave himself to his coun-
A very pleasing relic of our Puritan
Old Puritan
try during this trying period. Of course the most
forefathers is the volume called
Love Letters.
interesting of the contents of this volume—a docu-
“Some Old Puritan Love Letters"
ment in itself of sufficient importance to secure im-
(Dodd, Mead & Co.). They comprise a portion of
mortality to any man -is the Declaration of Inde-
the correspondence (fifty-eight letters) between John
Winthrop, first Governor of Massachusetts, and his pendence. Mr. Ford has given in parallel columns
the first draft from the copy in the writing of John
wife, Margaret Tyndal Winthrop, between the years
1618 and 1653. These letters are far from being is taken from Jefferson's rough draft reproduced
Adams, the draft reported by the committee which
models of the epistolary art; they are barren of lit-
here in fac-simile from the original in the Depart-
erary reference and almost entirely lacking in men-
ment of State, and the engrossed copy. The useful
tion of contemporary events; their charm (and it is
Itinerary and Chronology begun in the first volume
not slight) is in their antique flavor and in their ten-
is continued in the second.
der yet formal tone, in such marked contrast with
the more familiar manner of the letter-writing of
A belated holiday publication, and
the present. Another characteristic of the time ap-
one of unusual merit, is George
pears in their devout and religious atmosphere. The
Sand's “Fadette" (the original of
Governor addresses his wife in phrases like this: “ Fanchon the Cricket”), translated by Miss Jane
“I salute thee heartylye, giving thanks to God who
Minot Sedgwick, and published by Messrs. George
bestowed thee upon me and hath continued thee unto H. Richmond & Co. of New York. An etched
me," etc. Nor is the wife less piously minded : “My frontispiece by E. Abot, printed in Paris, hand-
good husban, I thanke you for putinge me in minde made paper with rough edges, careful press-work,
to be cheerful, and to put my trust in my good God and a novel binding of gray paper boards and
who hath never fayled me in time of nede. I be muslin joints, give finish and symmetry to the
seech him to continue his mercy still to me and grant | dainty volume, which must appeal alike to the ad-
that my sinnes may not provoke his anger against mirers of George Sand and the lovers of handsome
me.” This quaint and unstudied correspondence is books. Fortunately for the little volume, its sale
a delightful means of coming close to the domestic
does not depend upon the holiday trade, and it will
life of our New England ancestors.
doubtless find its way into the possession of collec-
tors until the limited issue is exhausted. We should
A glance through the pages of Dr.
Summer rambles
add that the “brief, rich, melancholy sentences
A. H. Japp's " Hours in My Gar-
in the country.
of George Sand, as rendered into English by Miss
den” (Macmillan) leaves one with
an agreeable—and at this season highly illusory - originals had for Thackeray, to whom they seemed
an agreeable and at this season highly illusory— Sedgwick, have not a little of the charm which their
impression of having enjoyed a summer ramble in
“like the sound of country bells, provoking I don't
the country. The little volume is made up of nine-
teen “Nature Sketches,” largely the fruit of per-
know what vein of music and meditation, and fall-
ing sweetly and sadly on the ear.”
sonal observation, and it is well freighted with the
lighter lore of the woods and fields, ponds and
Mr. Walter Camp's "Book of College
streams, hedgerows and coppices of Old England.
Sports” (Century Co.), a very hand-
The style of the book recalls Richard Jefferies, but
College Sports.
some volume of over three hundred
there is more literary allusion, and the author has
pages with seventy illustrations, treats of the four
evidently looked at nature through spectacles more principal college games — track athletics, rowing,
scientific than poetical. The little essays are pleas- foot-ball, and base-ball. These are described in a
antly written, and are well adapted to stimulate
popular way, from the standpoint of both the spec-
young readers to a systematic study of Nature.
tator and the player. The book is evidently in-
The one hundred and thirty-eight woodcuts are
tended chiefly for beginners; though in parts-nota-
nicely done, and add to the educative value of the bly in the chapters on foot-ball and base-ball — the
text.
writer has gone more into detail on the points of
The second volume of Mr. Ford's science and skill, and has thus made the book val-
The Writings of
edition of the Writings of Thomas uable to advanced students of these games. The
Thomas Jefferson.
Jefferson (Putnam) covers the years schoolboy will find in it much useful information
1776-1781,-years of activity in resisting the efforts concerning the organization and training of teams,
of Great Britain to subdue the rebellious Colonies, as well as explanations on points of skill. The
The Book of


58
[Jan. 16,
THE DIAL
9
Old Town in
writer evidently does not aim to give an exhaustive
Those who take up “Elsie: A Christ-
Translations from
treatise on his subject, but only to give a mass of Scandinavian mas Story” with the expectation of
general information and helpful suggestions to the
Literature.
being cheered thereby will be griev-
legions of ambitious young athletes ; and this he ously disappointed. It is a tale translated from the
succeeds in doing in a very interesting manner. Norwegian of Herr Kjelland by Mr. M. M. Dawson
(Kerr), and, we regret to say, not well translated.
The drift of Mr. Marshall Brown's
An amusing col-
It gives us a grim picture of the social contrasts of
lection of Bulls collection of “Bulls and Blunders' society, and satirizes the Pharisee with a fierceness
and Blunders.
(Griggs ) is sufficiently indicated in that suggests Dr. Ibsen. Another Norwegian con-
the title. The contents of the book are drawn from tribution to our book-shelves is an excellent transla-
many sources, and it is not without educative value tion, by Mr. William Wilson, of Herr Björnson's
in that the “blunders ” quoted are largely solecisms “Over Ævne," which becomes " Pastor Sang" in
arising from loose syntax. The “ bulls,” as may be English (Longmans). The play belongs to the au-
expected, are chiefly furnished by the cheerful sons thor's later, and, we think, decadent period, and is
of Hibernia — who, whatever their failings, have quite as perplexing as the “Bygmester Solness” of
certainly contributed freely to the gayety of nations. his famous contemporary.
We subjoin a specimen of tribunal eloquence quoted
from M. Taine's “French Revolution ”; “I would,”
roared an orator in one of the sections, “take my
own head by the hair, cut it off, and, presenting it
BRIEFER MENTION.
to the despot, would say to him, “Tyrant, behold Volume Three of Green's “ A Short History of the En-
the act of a free man!!! This is almost as good as glish People,” in the superb illustrated edition edited by
Sir Boyle Roche's plaint: “ The progress of the Mrs. Green and Miss Norgate (Harper), brings us within
times, Mr. Speaker, is such that little children who one volume of the complete work.
As in the two pre-
can neither walk nor talk may be seen running ceding instalments, the illustrations of this volume are
about the streets cursing their Maker.”
very numerous and exceptionally well selected. A fold-
ing frontispiece gives us, in colors, London Bridge as it
Whether in prose or verse, Mr.
appeared circa 1600. “Puritan England” and “The
Pictures of an
Thomas Bailey Aldrich is always a
Revolution" are the two chapters comprised within this
New England.
volume.
charming writer. His “Old Town Mr. Charles A. Platt's “ Italian Gardens ” (Harper)
by the Sea,” which forms the subject of his latest is a belated holiday book, and one of the most beautiful
volume in prose (Houghton), is of course Ports of the season. Some score of the most famous Italian
mouth, which, under the name of “Rivermouth, villas are described as to their surroundings, and illus-
has become so familiar to us through his stories, and trated by a series of exquisite engravings. We have,
was his boyhood's home. In this volume Mr. Ald among others, the Villa Borghese and the Villa Medici,
rich has collected the history, traditions, and descrip-
the Quirinal and Colonna gardens, the Villa d'Este at
tion of the old New Hampshire town, from its first
Tivoli, and the Giusti gardens at Verona. The text of
settlement in 1623 until the present. In themselves
the book is interesting, but distinctly subordinate to the
illustrations.
these stories and events are no more picturesque or
fascinating than those of the average New England clopædia” we noticed favorably in its first edition, a
Mr. George W. Hale, whose " Police and Prison Cy-
town; but for the same reason that the “Bad Boy”
year ago, now offers the work to the public in an en-
won our love and admiration when his deeds were
larged and improved form (Houghton). Many reports
related by the sinner himself, so these trifles become received since he earlier issue have been incorporated
delightful through the magic touch of their historian within the work, and its summary of police regulations
and lover.
and criminal statistics cannot fail to be found useful by
The characters in Shakespeare's plays
all interested in penology or concerned with the admin-
istration of criminal law in our cities. There is a bio-
Shakespearian
Foolery.
never cease to furnish attractive lit graphical sketch of the author, which is distinctly read-
erary themes.
“ The Trial of Sir able, and there are numerous portrait illustrations.
John Falstaff," by Mr. A. M. F. Randolph, has for Mr. Alexander Black's “ Photography Indoors and
its second title “ Wherein the fat knight is permitted Out” (Houghton) is one of the best of the manuals for
to answer for himself concerning the charges laid amateurs that the new hobby has called forth. It is
against him, and to attorney his own case.' The historical, descriptive, and technical enough for actual
author, evidently a lawyer, makes skilful citations
guidance. It gives a selection of useful tables and
from the Falstaffian portions of the Shakespeare
formulæ, and abounds in practical hints about most of
text and strings them together adroitly. Various
the phases of amateur photographic work. It is, of
course, illustrated. Taken as a whole, we do not know
other matters, not strictly collateral, are introduced, of a better book for the purposes of the beginner.
- such as speculations on Shakespeare's life, criti-
“Greece in the Age of Pericles” (Scribner), by Mr.
cal comments on his genius, an amusing thrust at Mr.
Arthur J. Grant, is a small book of the University Ex-
Donnelly's cryptogram, etc. As a whole, however,
tension sort, which compactly and somewhat drily cor-
the book, although ingenious and entertaining, is not ers the important period of bistory with which it is
to be taken very seriously. (Putnam.)
concerned. The writer has sought “to omit none of


1894.]
59
THE DIAL
2
the main forces that helped to mould Greek civiliza well, and copyright returns have accrued to Mr. Mel-
tion,” to give “prominence to the social and religious ville's family. An interesting feature connected with
conditions of the country,” and “to treat of Greek his their publication is that when editions of the American
tory in relation to the general history of Europe.” sheets of “Typee” and “Omoo were placed on the
There are maps and other illustrations.
English market by the London branch of a New York
“Jonathan Wild,” the fourth of Fielding's novels, house, it was found that the former London publisher
both in point of size and popularity, forms the tenth of “ Typee” and “Omoo,” having purchased the copy-
volume in the Dent edition of Fielding (Macmillan). right of those books outright from Mr. Melville for a
Mr. Saintsbury's introduction is, of course, interesting comparatively small sum, still held the English rights.
reading, and all the more so because he confesses to a He allowed the small American edition imported to be
special predilection for the work in question. To it he sold, but declined to permit any further importations,
has “ gone for rest and refreshment” for thirty years on the ground that the American edition was no im-
past, and now would fain induce others to do likewise. provement on his own. This English publisher has
That “Fielding has written no greater book” is a ver-
now reprinted these books from the plates made many
dict from which many will dissent, but Mr. Saintsbury years ago, inserting some illustrations of South Sea life
has excellent reasons for the opinion, and makes no hes and scenery, and is meeting with a good deal of criti-
itation of sharing them with the public.
cism for doing so, one paper saying: “We regret to add
Miss Burney's “Cecilia,” in three volumes (Macmil they (the books] have been printed from very old and
lan), with the Dent imprint, may now be had as a com-
worn plates.” As Mr. Melville's family is paid a roy-
panion to the “ Evelina ” published nearly a year ago.
alty on all copies sold by the United States Book
It has for illustrations the photogravures familiar to
Company, and as these English plates were in such a
readers of the Dent editions, three to a volume. Miss
battered condition, it seems a pity that the English pub-
Mitford's “Our Village” (Webster) is a dainty one-
lisher could not have assented to some equitable ar-
volume reprint that many readers will find acceptable.
rangement in the matter.
A new edition of Mr. J. Rendel Harris's “ Memoranda
The new editions of volumes by members of the Eu-
Sacra” (Randolph) will appeal to the pious-minded, glish pre-Raphaelite group are gradually appearing. I
and particularly to those with whom religious medita-
have been especially interested in the new and enlarged
tion bas a mystical cast.
edition of “Goblin Market,” by Miss Christina G. Ros-
setti, with illustrations by Laurence Housman. The large
paper copies are very attractively gotten up. Mr. Hous-
man has, in his designs, followed the theme set by Dante
NEW YORK TOPICS.
Rossetti in the two illustrations made for the first edi-
New York, January 9, 1894. tion of the book. Another volume by Miss Rossetti,
The author of “ Dodo,” Mr. E. F. Benson, has re also published by Messrs. Macmillan & Company, is
cently been taking a trip through the Continent. He “Sing Song: A Nursery Rhyme Book," with over one
has just written a letter to a friend in this country, deal hundred illustrations by Arthur Hughes, one of the
ing with the apparent publication here of two author younger members of the pre-Raphaelite group. Unless
ized editions of his well-known novel. The letter is I am mistaken, this is a compilation of several smaller
dated December 19, at Athens, Greece, and in it he volumes written and illustrated by Miss Rossetti and
says: “I published this year in England a novel called Mr. Hughes. It is well to have all the latter's designs
• Dodo,' but as it was not published in America I lost under one cover.
copyright there. A few months later Messrs. D. Ap Mr. Robert Bridges—who is thought by some author-
pleton & Company offered me terms for publication in ities to be the leading minor poet of England—at first
America, which I accepted.” Mr. Benson then goes published his verse only in limited privately-printed edi-
on to say that he afterward received a proposition tions. These very esthetic-looking volumes were issued
from another American publisher, which, naturally, he from the press of H. Daniel, of Oxford. The first of
declined. He complains that the second publisher pro them, called simply “ Poems," was published, and pur-
ceeded with his edition, and copyrighted it under his chased by a few Americans, at six shillings. Copies are
own name, although the book itself was not entitled to now held by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons and by
American copyright. Mr. Benson thinks that this was William Evarts Benjamin, of this city, at $25.00. An-
made possible by the substitution of intentional mis other volume, “The Feast of Bacchus," published in
prints in the text. In conclusion he writes: “I should 1889, is now held by the same booksellers at $35.00.
like to state directly that the edition published by
« The Growth of Love,” issued in 1890, is now quoted
Messrs. Appleton & Company is the authorized edition, at $20.00. More recently Mr. Bridges seems to have
and that the other edition has been issued contrary to overcome his objection to publishing in the regular way,
and in spite of my expressed wishes.” Mr. Benson's as the issuing of his “Humors of the Court: A Com-
letter seems to raise an important point in the copyrightedy, and Other Poems,” by Messrs. Macmillan, would
question, namely: whether or not copyright can be se indicate. Of the limited editions just mentioned, from
cured in an uncopyrighted book by an unauthorized per a hundred to a hundred and fifty copies only were
son through changes in the text of the book.
printed.
The publication of the late Herman Melville's works, It is said that Mr. Edward Fuller, author of “ The
which was carried on for a short time through an ar Complaining Millions of Men,” a novel in which some
rangement with the United States Book Company by prominent Bostonians are introduced as characters un-
another firm, has now been resumed by one of the co der faintly disguised names, has a new work of fiction
ordinate firms which make up the Book Company. It
in hand.
has been a great satisfaction to all concerned in the re J. S. Van der Poorsen Schwarz, otherwise “Maarten
issue of Melville's works to observe the fresh interest Maartens," has prefixed to his new novel, “ The Greater
which the public has taken in them. They have sold Glory; a Story of High Life,” which Messrs. Appleton &


60
[Jan. 16,
THE DIAL
.
Co. are just about to publish, the following emphatic Note: the representations of “ Das Rheingold,” “ Siegfried,"
“Holland is a small country, and it is difficult to step and "Götterdämmerung” having nearly doubled.
out in it without treading on somebody's toes. I there “ The Psychological Review," to be published bi-
fore wish to declare, once for all, and most emphatically, monthly by Messrs. Macmillan & Co., has just issued its
that my books contain no allusions, covert or overt, to first part. The contents include President G. T. Ladd's
any real persons, living or dead. I am aware that great address of last December before the American Psycho-
masters of fiction have thought fit to work from models; logical Association; a study of John Bunyan, from the
that method must therefore possess its advantages: it is pathological standpoint, by Professor Royce; a group
not mine. I describe manners and morals, not of studies from the Harvard Psychological Laboratory,
individual men. The appearance of “God's Fool” by mainly by Professor Münsterberg, and a number of brief
“Maarten Maartens ” led many people to believe that a contributions, discussions, and reviews. It is evident
new “master of fiction” had arisen in the Dutch " sen that experimental psychology is to have much of the
sitivist.” The present work is likely to provoke con attention of this Review, although the editorial forces
siderable discussion. There is a mystical “argument include several men who will doubtless see to it that the
or parable at the opening of the book, which is a scorch laboratory psychologists do not have things entirely their
ing arraignment of the life depicted in the novel. Mr. own way. The periodical is handsomely printed, and
Schwarz, as is now pretty generally known, is a Dutch presents a dignified appearance.
country gentleman, with a home at Neerlangbrock, Hol The Winter Convocation of the University of Chicago
land; but he has adopted England, writes in English, was signalized by the dedication of the Kent Chemical
and spends much time in London, where the Authors'
Laboratory, and an address by Professor Ira Remsen,
Society gave him a large dinner last year.
of the Johns Hopkins University. The Laboratory, which
ARTHUR STEDMAN. is one of the most beautiful of the University buildings,
was the gift of Mr. Sidney A. Kent, of Chicago, and was
erected and equipped by him at a cost of $235,000. In
his address on the present condition of the University,
LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY.
President Harper reported an enrolment of 773 students,
Messrs. Lee & Shepard announce “ The Political an increase over last year of twenty-five per cent. The
Economy of Natural Law," by Mr. Henry Wood.
President also took occasion to state that the University
The announcement is made by the family that a full
had no connection with a student periodical recently
and authorized memoir of the late Francis Parkman
issued under circumstances calculated to mislead the
will be prepared as soon as circumstances permit.
public, and to add that the University has never had the
“ To-day,” a monthly magazine in the interests of the
slightest intention of publishing a literary magazine of
Universalist Church, makes its bow to the public this
any sort. The report, based upon a fabrication of one
month with a number of forty-eight pages, containing plated, has received wide circulation and credence, and
of the Chicago newspapers, that such a step was contem-
articles by Senator Lodge, Professor Orello Cone, and
others.
has proved very mortifying to the University authorities.
The Biblia Publishing Co. announces an edition of the
Among the new appointments announced by the Pres-
“ Book of the Dead," reproducing by photographic pro-
ident, we note with peculiar satisfaction that of Mr. S.
W. Burnham to a professorship of practical astronomy.
cess the plates published in Lepsius and Rouge. The
price of the work to subscribers will be $3.50. After
The Very Rev. Charles Merivale, Dean of Ely, died
publication the price will be materially raised.
on the twenty-seventh of last month, at the age of eighty-
Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons announce: a “Chess
five. He was educated at Harrow, Hailey bury, and
Pocket Manual,” by Mr. C. H. D. Gossip; “ Men, Wo-
Cambridge, and was a preacher and lecturer at the Uni-
men, and Books,” by Mr. Augustine Birrell; “ The Phil-
versity of Cambridge at various periods between 1838
and 1865. From 1848 to 1869 he was rector of Law.
osophy of Reality," by Dr. James McCosh; “ Psychol- ford, Essex, becoming Dean of Ely in 1869. His “ His-
ogy, Descriptive and Explanatory,” by Professor George
T. Ladd; and Mr. R. E. Prothero's “Life and Corre-
tory of the Romans under the Empire” was written
spondence of Dean Stanley."
during his Lawford period, and the volumes, seven in
“ The Magazine of Poetry” becomes, with its January
number, appeared at intervals from 1850 to 1862. In
1869 he published a rhymed translation of the “Iliad.”
issue, a monthly. This issue is devoted to the Poets of
Other published works include the Boyle lectures of
Buffalo, among whom figure Bishop Coxe, Mrs. Rohlfs,
1864 and 1865, entitled “ The Conversion of the Roman
Miss Amanda T. Jones (whom we have always reckoned
Empire” and “The Conversion of the Northern Na-
among Chicago poets), Dr. Frederick Peterson, and Pro-
tions"; a “General History of Rome” (1865); “ The
fessor Henry A. Beers. The rest, numbering about two
Roman Triumvirates” (1876); “ Lectures on Early
score, are unknown to other than local fame.
Church History” (1879); and “ The Contrast Between
We make this amusing extract from the printed pro Pagan and Christian Society” (1880). His great work
ceedings of the Association of American Authors: “A
was, of course, the “ History of the Romans under the
stirring letter from Col. Richard Henry Savage was read Empire,” which exactly fits into the gap between Momm-
in reference to a most uncalled-for and unjust criticism
sen and Gibbon, and which is one of the best-written and
upon one of his late novels. His just indignation was
most picturesque historical works in the English lan-
warranted by the criticism, and the letter was placed on
file to swell the volume of authors' grievances.”
guage.
Mr. Harold Frederic includes these notes on Jokai
According to the Bayreuth “ Taschen-Kalender,” the and Heine in a recent letter from Europe; “ It is im-
number of performances of Wagner's works in the Ger- | possible not to contrast the imperial honors being show-
man language amounted in the year ending June last to ered from Vienna and all Hungary on Moritz Jokai,
1,047, an increase of 227 on the previous year. The who was a revolutionist in 1848, and a banished exile a
later music dramas are now rapidly growing in favor, | long time after, with the cold neglect and even the hos-


1894.]
61
THE DIAL
tility which official Germany still shows the memory of
Heinrich Heine. The Hungarian author, during all the
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
fifty years of writing, the completion of which was cel-
January, 1894 (Second List).
ebrated to-day, never produced anything to stand for a Aberdeen, Lord and Lady. Illus, W. T. Stead. Rev. of Rev.
moment in the world's balance with the best of Heine's Brazil, Republicanism in. M. de Mendonca. No. American.
works. Yet only a few years ago the Berlin police, in Browning as a Dramatic Poet. Henry Jones. Poet-Lore.
heriting the stupid Prussian traditions of 1848, confis-
Cæsar as a General, Samuel Willard. Dial (Jan. 16).
Canadian and Northwestern History, E.G. Mason. Dial (16).
cated a whole new edition of his books, and still more
Catholic Church and School Fund. W. C. Doane. No. Am.
recently the municipal authorities of Heine's native
Central Park, N. Y. Illus. W. D. Howells. Cosmopolitan.
Dusseldorf declined to allow a statue of its most famous Currency and Finance, Studies in. A.C. Miller. Dial (Jan. 16.)
son to be erected in the town. To avenge this, a Dus-
God's Will and Human Happiness. St. Geo. Mivart. Cosmopol.
seldorfer, who is an official in the service of the Congo Greek and Barbarian. W. H. Norton. Educational Review.
State, writes home that he has erected a stone monu Hawaiian Question. F. D. Coudert. North American.
ment to Heine in the wilds of Central Africa, with a Humor. Illus. Agnes Repplier. Cosmopolitan.
poetic inscription saying that the savages of Ethiopia
Income Tax and Revenues. F. C. Howe. Annals Am. Acad'y.
are more tolerant than the citizens of the Rhenish seat
Indian Currency. G. L. Molesworth. Annals Am. Acad'y.
Jew, Glorification of the. A.S. Isaacs. North American.
of the Arb."
Kant's Third Antinomy. W. T. Harris. Philosophical Rev.
A case to which we referred some time ago has come Letters of George Eliot, Unpublished. Poet-Lore.
up again in the French courts, on appeal, and the judg Long-distance Riding. Illus. Charles King. Cosmopolitan.
ment formerly rendered has been confirmed in principle. Metaphysics and Epistemology. D. G. Ritchey. Philos. Rev.
The original suit was brought by the Comte de Sesmai-
Money Famine, Prevention of. J. H. Eckels. No. American.
sons, formerly French minister to Hayti, against the
Music and Needy Children. W. L. Tomlins. Music.
Palermo. Illus. W. W. Cady-Scotti. Cosmopolitan.
Paris branch of the publishing house of Brentano, for
Pantomime, Revival of the. Illus. T.C. Crawford. Cosmop'n.
damages for the sale of a New York newspaper which
Pasquier, Chancellor, Memoirs of. Dial (Jan. 16).
contained an article which the plaintiff alleged to be Psychology and Daily Life. Jos. Jastrow. Dial (Jan. 16.)
libellous. The court condemned Messrs. Brentano to pay Relief Work. Washington Gladden. Rev. of Reviews.
a fine of 100 francs and 5,000 francs costs. This is the Report of the Committee of Ten. W. T. Harris. Educat'l Rev.
first case of the kind that has come up, and the decision Saint-Saens on the Wagner Cult. Music.
seems to be in plain accordance with article 42 of the School Superintendent, The. B. A. Hinsdale. Educat'l Rev.
law on the press, which allows the prosecution of simple
Secondary Education, Report on. Dial (Jan. 16).
vendors “ in default” of managers, authors, or printers.
Shakespeare's "Julius Cæsar." W.J. Rolfe. Poet-Lore.
Silver States, Are They Ruined ? D. H. Waite. No. Am.
The court held that the proprietors, publisher, and editor
Society and Environment. W.D. Lewis. Annals Am. Acad'y.
of the New York paper, being foreigners, were out of Star" Contributors. Helen F. Bates. Dial (Jan. 16).
the reach of French law, and that, therefore, Messrs. Spencer's Political Ethics. L. F. Ward. Annals Am. Acad'y.
Brentano were amenable. Any foreign booksellers in Story-Teller's After-Thoughts, A. G. W. Cable. No. Am.
Paris, therefore, may be prosecuted if they have in stock Tariff and Business. T. B. Reed. North American.
any book, pamphlet, or newspaper which
Tschaikowsky. J. De Zielinski. Music.
thing libellous against any Frenchman named therein. Unemployed, Relief for the. Albert Shaw. Rev. of Rev.
The only satisfaction obtained from the appeal was a
Whittier Desultoria. Illus. Charlotte F. Bates. Cosmopolitan.
reduction of the costs to a nominal sum.
ntains any-
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
(The following list, embracing 45 titles, includes all books
received by THE DIAL since last issue.]
BURNS'S BIRTHDAY.
In celebration of the approaching andiversary of the
birth of Burns (January 25), a true Scotch lover of the
poet inscribes the following lines “ To a brother Scot on
Burns's Birthday":
Ho! this is Robin's natal day,
Tae you, guid frien', I needna say;
Tae some lane neuk let's e'en away,
An' pay our luve tae Robin.
Fu'mony a willie-waught thegither
We twa will quaff, my Grampian brither,
Till baith our luve-thick tongues untether
In praise and sang o' Robin.
Wae's me the Scot wha willna drink
This day o' days fu’ till the brink !
Tae dool an' darkness maun he sink
For sic contempt o' Robin!
A'ither sangs were ever sung
By singers o' whatever tongue
Are worth not ae fill o' my lung
Compared wi' sangs o' Robin ;
An''t is the day o' Robin's birth,
The bene, the bard o' a' the earth ;
We'll gi'e it o'er tae sang an' mirth,
This day o'rant and Robin!
WANLESS ANDERSON.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Le Morte Darthur: The Text as Written by Sir Thomas
Malory and Imprinted by William Caxton at Westminster
in the Year MCCCCLXXXV., and now Spelled in Mod-
ern Style. With Introduction by Prof. Rhys. Vol. I.,
illus., sq. 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 455. Macmillan &
Co. $7.
English Book-Plates: Ancient and Modern. By Egerton
Castle, M.A. Illus., sq: 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 352.
Macmillan & Co. $3.75.
The Writings of Henrik Ibsen: A Commentary. By
Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen. 12mo, pp. 317, gilt top. Mac-
millan & Co. $2.
Authors and Their Public in Ancient Times: A Sketch
of Literary Conditions, etc., from the Earliest Times to
the Invention of Printing. By Geo. Haven Putnam, au-
thor of "The Question of Copyright.” 12mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 309. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50.
Bon-Mots of Charles Lamb and Douglas Jerrold. Edited
by Walter Jerrold, with grotesques by Aubrey Beards-
ley. 24mo, pp. 192, gilt top. Macmillan & Co. 75 cts.
The Diary of Samuel Pepys, M.A.,with Lord Braybrooke's
Notes. Edited by Henry B. Wheatley, F.S.A. Vol.
III., with portrait, 16mo, uncut, pp. 371. Macmillan &
Co. $1.50.
Rip Van Winkle, and the Legend of Sleepy Hollow. By
Washington Irving. Illus. by Geo. H. Boughton, A.R.A.
16mo, gilt edges, pp. 218. Macmillan & Co. $2.


62
[Jan. 16,
THE DIAL
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
Leonidas Polk: Bishop and General. By \Villiam M. Polk,
LL.D. In two vols., with portraits, 12mo, gilt tops, un-
cut. Longmans, Green & Co. $4.
Memoirs of Anne C. L. Botta. Written by her Friends,
with selections from her writings. With portrait, 12mo,
pp. 460, gilt edges. J. Selwin Tait. $2.
Sir Joshua Reynolds. By Claude Phillips. Illus., 12mo,
uncut, pp. 415. Chas. Scribner's Sons. $2.50.
Richard Jefferies: A Study. By H. S. Salt. With por-
trait, 18mo, pp. 128. Macmillan & Co. 90 cts.
Dictionary of National Biography. Edited by Sidney
Lee. Vol. 37, Masquerier-Millyng. Large 8vo, pp. 453,
gilt top. Macmillan & Co. $3.75.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
The Sacred City of the Ethiopians: Being a Record of
Travel and Research in Abyssinia in 1893. By J. Theo-
dore Bent, F.S.A., author of "The Ruined Cities of Ma-
shonaland." Illus., 8vo, uncut, pp. 309. Longmans, Green
& Co. $5.
Days Spent on a Doge's Farm. By Margaret Symonds.
Illus., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 254. The Century Co. $2.
FOLK-LORE.
Legends of the Micmacs. By the Rev. Silas Tertius
Rand, D.D. With portrait, 8vo, pp. 452. Longmans,
Green, & Co. $3.50.
RELIGION.
Witnesses to the Unseen, and other Essays. By Wilfrid
Ward, author of “ William George Ward and the Oxford
Movement." 8vo, uncut, pp. 309. Macmillan & Co. $3.
Heart-Beats: A Book of Meditations. By P. C. Mozoom-
dar. With portrait, 16mo, red edges, pp. 330. Geo. H.
Ellis. $1.50.
A Chorus of Faith: As Heard in the Parliament of Relig-
ions. With introduction by Jenkin Lloyd Jones. 16mo,
pp. 333. Unity Publishing Co. 50 cts.
Memoranda Sacra. By J. Rendel Harris. 16mo, pp. 187.
A. D. F. Randolph & Co. $1.25.
HISTORY.
Reminiscences of the Great Mutiny, 1857-9. By Wil-
liam Forbes-Mitchell. 8vo, pp. 300, uncut. Macmillan
& Co. $2.
Famous Adventures and Prison Escapes of the Civil War.
Illus., 12mo, pp. 338, gilt top. Century Co. $2.
The English Peasant: Studies, Historical, Local, and Bio-
graphic. By Richard Heath. 12mo, uncut, pp. 382. The
Century Co. $1.50.
The Spanish Pioneers. By Charles F. Lummis, author of
· A New Mexico David." Illus., 16mo, pp. 292. A. C.
McClurg & Co. $1.50.
Historic Green Bay: 1634-1840. By Ella H. Neville, Sarah
G. Martin, and Deborah B. Martin. Illus., 16mo, uncut,
Green Bay, Wis.: Published by the authors.
$1.25.
Indiana Historical Society Publications, Nos. 7, 8, 9:
The Man in History, an oration by John Clark Ridpath,
pp. 48; Quiatanon, a study in Indiana History, by Oscar
J. Craig, pp. 32; Reminiscences by Judge C. P. Ferguson,
and Life of Ziba Foote, by Samuel Morrison, pp. 25.
Indianapolis : Bowen-Merrill Co.
pp. 285.
STUDIES IN LAW AND ECONOMICS.
Judicial Power and Unconstitutional Legislation: An
Essay. By Brinton Coxe. Svo, pp. 415. Philadelphia :
Kay & Brother.
The Cincinnati Southern Railway: A Study in Munici-
pal Activity. By J. H. Hollander. Svo, pp. 116, paper.
Johns Hopkins Press. $1.
POETRY.
The Complete Poetical Works of Henry Wadsworth
Longfellow. Cambridge Edition. With frontispiece,
8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 689. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
$2.
Ghazels from the Divan of Hafiz. Done into English by
Justin Huntley McCarthy. 16mo, uncut, pp. 152. Chas.
Scribner's Sons. $2.
The Temple: Sacred Poems and Private Ejaculations. By
George Herbert. Illus., 16mo, gilt edges, pp. 252. Mac-
millan & Co. $2.
Behind the Veil: A Poem. By James de Mille, author of
"The American Baron.” With frontispiece, large 4to,
gilt top, pp. 30. Halifax, N. S.: T. C. Allen & Co. $2.50.
Created Gold, and Other Poems. By Henry Hanby Hay.
Sq. 12mo, uncut, pp. 143. Philadelphia : A. E. Newton
& Co. Boxed, $2.
Prairie Songs: Being Chants, Rhymed and Unrhymed, of
the Level Lands of the Great West. By Hamlin Gar-
land. Illus., 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 164. Stone &
Kimball. $1.25.
FICTION
Catherine Furze. By Mark Rutherford, edited by his friend
Reuben Shapcott. 12mo, pp. 328. Macmillan & Co. $1.
The Recipe for Diamonds. By C. J. Cutcliffe Hyne.
16mo, pp. 241. D. Appleton & Co. $1.
Apprentices to Destiny. By Lily A. Long, author of "A
Squire of Low Degree." 16mo, pp. 348. New York :
Merrill & Baker. $1.
Peveril of the Peak. By Sir Walter Scott, Bart. Dry-
burgh Edition. Illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 634. Macmil-
lan & Co. $1.25.
NEW VOLUMES IN THE PAPER LIBRARIES.
Arena Library Series: The Childhood of an Affinity, by
Katherine E. Rand ; 12mo, pp. 304. 50 cts.
Bonner's Choice Series: The Rejected Bride, by Mrs.
Southworth ; illus., 16mo, pp. 450.--Only a Girl's Heart,
by Mrs. E. D. E. N. Southworth ; illus., 16mo, pp. 453.
Each, 50 cts.
REFERENCE.
A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles. Ed-
ited by James A. H. Murray. Part 8, Section I. (Com-
pleting Vol. II.), Crouchmas Czech. 4to, pp. 1205 to
1308. Macmillan & Co. $1.
The Lover's Lexicon: A Handbook for Novelists, Play-
wrights, Philosophers, and Minor Poets; but Especially
for the Enamoured. By Frederick Greenwood. 12mo,
gilt top, pp. 333. Macmillan & Co. $1.50.
A Referendum for the Illustrations in the Garfield Edition
of Gen. Lew. Wallace's Novel “ Ben-Hur." By Paul Van
Dyke. 16mo, pp. 50. Harper & Bros. 50 cts.
Bibliography of the Chinookan Languages. By James
Canstantine Pilling. 12mo, uncut, pp. 81. Government
Printing Office.
Bibliography of the Salishan Languages. By James
Constantine Pilling. 12mo, uncut, pp. 86. Government
Printing Office.
EDUCATION – BOOKS FOR SCHOOL AND
COLLEGE.
How to Study and Teach History, with Particular Refer-
ence to the History of the United States. By B. A. Hins-
dale, LL.D., author of "Schools and Studies." 16mo,
pp. 346. Appleton's " International Education Series."
$1.50.
Essays on Swedish Gymnastics. By Baron Nils Posse,
B.Sc. 8vo, pp. 50, paper. Boston: Posse Gymnasium.
French Reader for Advanced Classes. By Paul Bercey,
author of “Le Français Pratique." 16mo, pp. 329. Wm.
R. Jenkins. $1.25.
Gustav Adolf's Page. Von Conrad F. Meyer, edited by
Otto Heller. 16mo, pp. 79. Heath's “Modern Language
Series." 30 cts.
BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG.
Prince Ricardo of Pantouflia: Being the Adventures of
Prince Prigio's Son. By Andrew Lang, author of “ Prince
Prigio." Illus., 16mo, pp. 204. Longmans, Green &
Co. $1.25.
Goblin Market. By Christina G. Rossetti. Illus. by Lau-
rence Housman, oblong 18mo, pp. 65, gilt top. Mac-
millan & Co. $1.50.
Sing-Song: A Nursery Rhyme Book. By Christina G.
Rossetti. Illus, by Arthur Hughes, 12mo, pp. 135, gilt
top. Macmillan & Co. $1.50.


1894.]
63
THE DIAL
THE DIAL'S
DIAL'S CONTRIBUTORS.
The following list of THE DIAL's contributors is published for the purpose of showing how varied are the intel-
lectual interests represented by the review, and how serious and authoritative its contents. It will be noticed that
the institutions of higher learning have furnished THE DIAL with a large proportion of its contributors, and that our
most important universities, with hardly an exception, are represented in the list. The Dial feels that it has
reason to be proud of a list that includes the chief justice of the United States, presidents or professors of some
thirty colleges and universities, and many of the most distinguished private scholars in the country.
Pres. C. K. Adams, University of Wis. Miss Alice French (Octave Thanet), Da- | Prof. A. G. Newcomer, Stanford Univ.
Prof. H. C. Adams, University of Mich. venport, Ia.