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• Deceased.


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[Jan. 16, 1894.
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COMMUNICATIONS
73
“Japanese Metaphor and Simile." Ernest W.
of the blank petitions distributed by us have
Clement.
been filled with signatures, and presented by
The “Star System” in Periodicals. W. H. Johnson. different members of Congress to the House of
MASSACHUSETTS : AN OBJECT LESSON. W.F.
Representatives. The work would have been
Poole
74
undertaken more systematically, and at an
earlier date, had we not taken for granted that
CROSSING THE CONTINENT. Frederick J. Turner 80
the removal of this obnoxious duty would be
RECENT BOOKS OF POETRY. William Morton one of the first things provided for in any in-
Payne . .
telligent revision of the tariff.
Thompson's Poems.-Bridges's The Humours of the
It would be difficult to devise a more stupid
Court.- O'Hagan's In Dreamland.- Carman's Low
Tide on Grand Pré.- De Mille's Behind the Veil.-
duty than this tax of twenty-five per cent upon
Crandall's Wayside Music. — Evans's In Various
the implements indispensable to the profession
Moods. — Dawson's The Seeker in the Marshes. - of the intellectual worker. As a means of pro-
Parsons's Poems.-Parsons's Translation of Dante.-
ducing revenue, its results are insignificant.
Greene's Italian Lyrists. — Smith's Bay Leaves.
And a very little examination will serve to
Smith's Specimens of Greek Tragedy.- Anna Swan-
wick's translation of Faust. - Kinkel's Tanagra.
show that it does not, that it cannot, operate as
Old World Lyrics.-Songs of Adieu.-Cambridge edi a protective measure. The man who wants a
tion of Longfellow.
pocket-knife, or a watch, or a suit of clothes,
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
will take the article of American manufacture
87
A new and profound study of Goethe. - Private if a protective tax makes the corresponding ar-
Book-marks.-American life and character a century ticles of foreign manufacture too costly for his
ago. —Shakespeare portrayed in modern comedy.-
means. But the man who wants the poems of
Dubious doctrines of college functions.-An account
of the English religious drama.— An American poet
Tennyson, or the essays of Matthew Arnold,
in other lands.- The plays of Ben Jonson.
or the political writings of Professor Bryce,
finds no corresponding American books that
BRIEFER MENTION
90
will do about as well. His purpose will not be
NEW YORK TOPICS. Arthur Stedman
90 suited by the poems of Longfellow, or the es-
LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY.
91
says of Emerson, or the political writings of
Professor Fiske. The suggestion that, as a
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
93
good American, he ought to be contented with
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
93 the latter works is too puerile to be taken seri-
.
.


68
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
ously. A man wants a book for some specific unenviable credit of seeking to impede the
purpose, and no other book will do. If he can-
progress of culture.
It is in every sense an
not afford to purchase it, he must go without. unenlightened application of the protective prin-
And his disgust with the law that wantonlyciple, and one that the intelligent men of all
places the book beyond his reach will not help parties should hasten to repudiate.
to make him a better American. It must be Any opposition to the removal of this tax
added, lest some of our readers should have for. upon knowledge must come from the book-
gotten the fact, that the case of English books sellers and the publishers. In the case of the
copyrighted in this country is covered by the former, it is evident that a few of them - the
Copyright Law itself, which requires their man very few who have considerable stocks of En-
ufacture here, and does not merely tax, but pro- glish books upon which duty has already been
hibits, the importation of the English edition. paid — might be compelled to sell those books
The amount of the tax by no means meas at a lowered profit. It would mean a marking
ures the annoyance that it occasions the pur down of prices to the extent of not more than
chaser. If he gets an English book from the four cents to the shilling. In the case of the
bookseller, he finds that the tax has in some publishers, there could result no pressure of
mysterious way become doubled, trebled, or increased competition except in the case of re-
even quadrupled (after the fashion of all indi cent reprints or new editions of old standard
rect taxes) when he comes to pay it. The av works. On the other hand, every one of the
erage English book published at one pound is army of ill- paid teachers in our schools and
sold to the trade for about fourteen shillings, colleges, every clergyman, physician, lawyer,
and upon this sum the duty is paid. But the or other professional worker, every student or
American bookseller charges at least seven, investigator in whatever department of thought,
and frequently eight, dollars for the book. every private individual accumulating a collec-
Without the duty, he could sell it-he would tion of books for the purpose of self-culture,
be forced by competition to sell it—for five dol-would be benefited by the removal of the tax,
lars or less, and he would realize upon it the not only in pocket, but, as we have already
profit now realized upon the sale of an aver- pointed out, in increased facility of access to
age American publication. But a still graver the storehouse of contemporary thought. How
charge must be brought against the duty on is it possible for anyone to urge that these vastly
English books. Dutiable articles are excluded greater interests should be ignored from fear
from the mails by the regulations of our pos- that their recognition might temporarily dis-
tal service. It is true that these regulations turb the trade adjustments of a few purveyors
are not enforced with absolute strictness, but of manufactured literature ?
they operate to make the American intellectual What is most needful at the present time is
worker hesitate to avail himself of the simplest that the question should be considered seriously
and most natural means of getting the books by Congress. The pressure of other subjects
he wants, that of ordering them sent direct by upon the attention of that body is so great that
post. If he happens to reside at a port of en a duty which involves a question of principle
try, he may get his book by going to the cus rather than of large material interests is likely
tom house and paying a sum estimated by to receive scant consideration. The perpetua-
some illiterate official whose notion of the value tion of the impost upon books may follow from
of books is about as accurate as his acquaint- mere negligence; it can hardly be the result of
ance with the dead languages. If, as is more a deliberate and rational discussion. Fortu-
likely to be the case, our seeker after knowl- nately, the text of the book section in the orig-
edge does not live at a port of entry, he runs inal draft of the Wilson Bill is so faulty that it
a more than fair chance of not getting his book can hardly be adopted in the form reported.
at all. The amount of irritation produced by The clause exempting from the tax all books
these conditions is not easily calculable. Those which contain the results of scientific observa-
who conscientiously advocate the principles of tions means nothing at all, and might, if adopted
a protective tariff should realize that it is the as it stands, lead to some extraordinary rulings.
extreme of unwisdom to make their policy re It might fairly be held, for example, to cover
sponsible for a law that bears only a remote the Rougon-Macquart novels of M. Zola, which
relation to that principle, that is chiefly pro- would probably surprise the statesmen by whom
ductive of exasperation in the minds of intelli- it was framed. For the sake of clearness alone,
gent people, and that gives our government the I the section must be in some way rewritten, and


1894.]
69
THE DIAL
we trust that when it emerges in its final shape versity there are 559 undergraduates. For this
it will leave all kinds of books (except those
number two English teachers are provided,—a full
protected by the manufacturing clause of the professor, Prof. Thomas R. Lounsbury, and an in-
Copyright Law) untaxed for the uses of all structor, Mr. H. A. Smith. Seven and a half hours
sorts of persons.
of work in English are provided,-a required course
of one-half an hour per week for Freshmen, con-
densed into three hours per week for the last six
weeks of the year, a required course of one hour for
ENGLISH AT YALE UNIVERSITY.
Juniors, an elective course of three hours for Jun-
[The article printed below is the first of a iors, and an elective course of three hours for Sen-
series to be devoted to the subject of English
iors. The Freshman course is given to 228 men,
the Junior required course to 175, the Junior elect-
in the more important American colleges and
ive course to 49, and the Senior elective course to
universities. This series of papers will form
30, including two graduates. Hitherto, as in the
a conspicuous feature of THE DIAL during Academical Department, there has been no entrance
1894. An article, prepared by some member examination in English, but this will be required in
of the faculty concerned, will be devoted to 1895.
each of a considerable number of institutions, The Freshman and Sophomore courses in Yale
and opportunity will thus be afforded for a com College are outlined as follows (the Freshman
parison, that cannot fail to be instructive, of course was actually given last year):
the methods pursued and the results aimed at. ENGLISH.—The required study of English Literature
The article now offered by Professor Cook occupies three hours a week through one-third of Fresh-
man year and the whole of Sophomore year. In Fresh-
will be followed by articles from Professor
man year Brooke's Primer is read, to give the student
Brander Matthews, of Columbia College ; Pro a view of the whole field; three plays of Shakespeare
fessor Barrett Wendell, of Harvard University; and the minor English poems of Milton are read in the
class-room.
Professor Melville B. Anderson, of the Leland
In Sophomore year the following authors are read:
Stanford, Junior, University; and many others
Spenser, Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, Addison, Swift,
that we shall have the pleasure of announcing Pope, Dr. Johnson, Goldsmith, and Gray; and the his-
at a later date.—EDR. DIAL.]
tory of the literature is followed in connection with the
authors. Practice in composition work is afforded by the
According to the Catalogue, Yale College, or preparation of special papers on each author, which is
the Academical Department of Yale University, has required of the whole class.
this year 1,086 students. There are four men to The Junior and Senior elective courses in Yale
do the work in English,—two full professors, Prof. College are the following.
Henry A. Beers and myself, and two instructors,
Professor Beers :
Dr. W. L. Phelps and Dr. A. W. Colton. Fifteen
English Poetic Masterpieces. (Juniors. Two hours, both
hours a week of English are offered, a three-hour
terms.)
course to Sophomores, two two-hour courses to Jun-
Critical readings in the class-room in the text of the
iors, two two-hour courses to Seniors, and two two-
“Canterbury Tales," the Faery Queene," the principal
hour courses to Juniors and Seniors alike. Elim- plays of Shakespeare, and the poetry of Milton.
inating duplicates, 550 men avail themselves of the
Georgian Literature of the Nineteenth Century. (Seniors.
offer of English instruction, being rather more than Two hours, both terms.)
one-half the number of students in the College. Of This course consists of critical readings in the class-
these, 283, or all but three members of the class, are room in the text of the principal English poets from
Sophomores ; the rest are Juniors and Seniors. Wordsworth to Keats, with outside assigned reading in
One hour a week of English in the Freshman year, the prose authors of the period.
or, rather, three hours a week for twelve weeks, is Literature of the Early Stuart and Commonwealth Period.
laid down in the Catalogue, but, for lack of teach (Seniors. Two hours, both terms.)
ers (the lamented McLaughlin having died in the The literary history of the half century from 1603
summer vacation), is not given during the current to 1660, with special reference to the decadence of the
Academic year. None of the students at present drama, the development of prose, the “ metaphysical
in the University has been required to pass an en-
poets,” and the writings of Milton. Students electing
this course must expect to buy a rather large number
trance examination in English, though such a re-
of books.
quirement goes into effect with the beginning of
Professor Cook :
the next Academic year.
All the Junior and Sen-
ior work is elective; the Sophomores choose five
History of English Literature. (Juniors. Two hours,
both terms.)
out of six prescribed subjects, these being Greek,
An outline of the subject, on the basis of Brooke's
Latin, Modern Languages, Mathematics, English
“ Primer,” Taine, Morley's “First Sketch," and Ten
Literature, and Physics. As was seen above, all Brink's “ Early English Literature,” with some reading
but three Sophomores elect English this year. of English authors at first hand. Frequent preparation
In the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale Uni of brief papers on assigned topics.


70
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
-
Old and Middle English. (Two hours, both terms.) With the second term, the regular study of English
An elementary course in the beginnings and earlier literature proper begins with Chaucer; and for the rest
development of the English language and literature. of the course till the end of Senior year the following
The first term is devoted to Cook's “ First Book in Old authors are read: Bacon, Shakespeare, Milton, Dryden,
English.” In the second term this is followed by more Pope, Gray, Goldsmith, and later writers. Those men-
difficult Old English texts, and by the reading of selec tioned in the lists are always studied, but other authors
tions from Chaucer and other Middle English writers not named are also taken up, the course varying some-
for linguistic purposes.
what in different years. In all cases, complete works
Tennyson. (Two hours, first term.)
of a writer are studied, not extracts; as, for instance,
Critical study of selected poems. Tennyson's theory
several of Chaucer's Tales, and several of the plays of
of life, literary art, and place among the poets of this
Shakespeare. The authors are taken up in chronolog-
century. Comparative readings in other authors, and
ical order, and the literary history of the time is like-
wise carried on in connection with the great represent-
frequent preparation of brief papers on assigned topics.
ative writers of each period.
Shakespeare. (Two hours, second term.)
ENGLISH COMPOSITION.
Critical study of a few selected plays. The Leopold
- This course, required of
edition of Shakespeare; Moulton's “Shakespeare as a
the entire Junior class, consists of weekly exercises
Dramatic Artist”; Schmidt's “Shakespeare-Lexicon";
based on selections from the writings of well-known
annotated editions of single plays, etc. Frequent pre-
authors, such as Irving, DeQuincey, and Macaulay.
While it intends in the first place to give freedom of
paration of brief papers on assigned topics.
expression and the correction of the most obvious
Of these the Catalogue offers the subjoined explan- faults by practice in writing rapidly the substance of a
ation, with one or two modifications necessary to passage previously assigned, it also aims to direct the
conform the statements more accurately to the exist attention of the student to qualities of style and meth-
ing condition of things:
ods of composition, to arouse his appreciative interest
A course in Old and Middle English is offered to Jun-
in the works as literature, and to improve the quality
iors and Seniors, and is intended as an introduction to
of his writing by improving the quality of his thought.
To this end occasional discussions of the selections read
a study of the origins of our language and literature.
A brief survey of the whole field of the History of
will occupy a part of the weekly hour.
English Literature is attempted, the aim being to give The courses of graduate instruction are given un-
such a view of the mutual relations of the principal
der the direction of the Philosophical Faculty which
authors and epochs as may enable the student to plan
is distinct from that of Yale College or of the Shef-
courses of English reading and study with intelligence
field Scientific School, though naturally including
and judgment. Instruction in this course is given by
means of Brooke's Primer of English Literature and
the principal instructors from both. The courses
other text-books, supplemented by topical study pursued
in English are these, besides the undergraduate
through the medium of papers prepared by the members courses in the History of English Literature, Old
of the class, which, after being read aloud, are made the and Middle English, Tennyson, and Shakespeare.
subject of discussion.
Professor Lounsbury :-
Opportunity is afforded for the critical study of a num-
ber of individual authors in as many different courses.
The English Literature of the Fourteenth Century.
Among those most frequently studied at present are
Professor Beers :-
Chaucer, two Elizabethans, Bacon and Shakespeare, and English Literature. (One hour, both terms.)
two eminent contemporaries of this century, Tennyson The history of English Romanticism from Thomson to
and Browning. Stress is laid in these courses upon the Swinburne (1726-1890), with incidental study of the
distinctive personality and workmanship of the writer parallel movements in Germany and France. The in-
in question, but an endeavor is also made to promote struction is given mainly by lectures. Students are re-
the conception of literary masterpieces as wholes, as quired to keep and submit notes of their reading, and
works of art subject to the laws of inner unity and har to prepare topical papers from time to time.
mony, and not merely as texts for verbal study or col-
Professor Cook :
lateral illustration.
[The strictly graduate courses offered below will be
Authoritative statements concerning the courses given according to circumstances and the needs of the
of the Sheffield Scientific School are as follows: graduate students actually in attendance; but special
ENGLISH.—The course is designed to give the student attention will be given to the supervision of individual
acquaintance with the great representative writers of research along these and similar lines.]
the various epochs. A history of the language is one Theories of Poetry. (Two hours, second term.)
of the studies of the Freshman year; and after that year
A course in the theories of poetry in general, and in
the study of the language is made entirely subordinate
the principles of criticism applicable to its various de-
to that of the literature. During the first term of Ju-
nior year, however, extracts from Early English authors
partments, as the epic, dramatic, and lyric. Discussions
and papers on the basis of standard works, such as Aris-
are read, and Early English Grammar is studied, so as
totle's “ Poetics," Sidney's “ Defense of Poesy," Addi-
to familiarize the student with the inflections then in use
son's “Criticisms on Paradise Lost,” Boileau's “Art of
and the distinctions existing between the leading dia-
Poetry,” Lessing's “Laökoon,” and others of similar
lects. It is the aim of this term's work to give such
character.
knowledge of forms, and to some extent of words, that
the student will be able to read at sight any Early En-
Old English Poetry. (One hour, first term.)
glish author whose writings do not involve special diffi The texts used are “ Judith" (Cook's edition), “Elene”
culties of language or vocabulary.
(Kent's edition), and “ The Battle of Maldon” (Sweet's


1894.]
71
THE DIAL
Reader). These are read, their place in literature ex which is in successful operation, for reporting on
amined, and questions of authorship, date, and textual professional periodicals.
criticism discussed. Ten Brink's and Wülcker's Histo-
The general purpose of the undergraduate liter-
ries of Old English Literature are constantly used for
ary instruction in both departments is to foster the
reference.
love of literature and the development of the crit-
Old English Grammar. (One hour, second term.)
ical sense, implying, as the latter does, the fullest
An exhaustive grammatical examination of some prose appreciation of all excellent qualities. Methods
text is made, on the basis of Cook's “ Phonological In-
vestigation of Old English” and edition of Siever's
vary, as they must, with the individuality of the
teacher. The writer might formulate the especial
Grammar for Phonology, of the latter for Inflection,
and of March's Grammar for Syntax.
object which he proposes to himself as the develop-
ment in the student, whether graduate or under-
Historical English Prosody. (One hour, first term.)
graduate, of insight and power, and indeed he con-
Schipper's “ Englische Metrik” is adopted as the
ceives this to be the end of all education whatever.
basis of study, but reference is made to the discrepant
views of other authorities.
The imparting of information seems to him quite a
secondary object; and a love for literature is most
Middle English Grammar. (One hour, second term.)
likely, as he thinks, to be promoted by the acquisi-
An outline of Middle English Phonology and Inflec-
tion of insight and power.
Of course these terms
tion is given by means of lectures, and the knowledge
thus gained is applied in a grammatical study of Chau-
must be taken in the broadest sense, so as to include
cer, on the basis of Ten Brink's “Chaucers Sprache
the emotional and ästhetic faculties as well as the
und Verskunst."
purely intellectual, the will and the moral nature
no less than the reason. To this end no study can
It will be observed that there is at present no be better suited than English, its comprehensive-
systematic instruction in Rhetoric in Yale Univer-
ness, variety, and richness of content rendering it
sity, and that in Yale College composition is taught
but incidentally, in connection with the preparation by proper methods of instruction, it may be made a
an unsurpassed aliment of the spiritual life, while,
of papers in the literature classes. In the Sheffield
most effective instrument of spiritual discipline.
Scientific School, Juniors receive instruction in com-
ALBERT S. Cook.
position for an hour a week throughout the year.
New Haven, Conn., Jan. 25, 1894.
In estimating the amount of work performed by
the members of the teaching staff, it must not be
overlooked that, because of the size of the classes
and the number of divisions, a three-hour course
“ CLEAVE TO THINE ACRE."
often represents twelve hours of instruction per
week, and a two-hour course four or six, and that My neighbor was a forester,
the professors who give undergraduate instruction
And ranged with bow and spear;
I was a simple gardener,
are the only ones to offer courses in the Graduate
And delved the whole round year.
School. To compare the equipment in English with
that in some other departments of the College proper
Time came when both a-weary were,
it may be mentioned that this year there have been
And both resolved on change;
seven men in Greek,— four professors, one assist-
So he became a gardener,
And I the woods did range.
ant professor, and two instructors; in Mathematics
seven,— three professors, two assistant professors, The seed springs never to the light, –
and two tutors; and in Latin six,—three professors,
He chides the soil, the air !
one instructor, and two tutors.
The forest genii, in despite,
Adrift mine arrows bear!
Only one linguistic course in English is offered
in Yale College, and this is pursued by but three un-
Folk say the woods be full of deer,
dergraduates, though by four or five times that num-
The wild-flowers praise the soil:
ber of graduates. This will indicate that the study But flower nor game, the whole round year,
of English linguistics (the term philology of course
Rewards our alien toil.
comprises literary study) has not yet secured a firm
EDITH M. THOMAS.
foothold in the College proper.
The method of teaching most employed through-
out the College and Scientific School is a combina-
TRANSPLANTED GENIUS.
tion of recitation and lecture, or recitations alterna-
ting with occasional lectures. The combination of
“What can we reason but from what we know ?"
recitation and lecture might more accurately be de While it is well known that to become an art
scribed as recitation intermingled with discussion, critic one need not be a great painter, and that in
or with informal comments by the instructor. The literary reviewing one need not follow too closely
Seminar has not yet been introduced, but I expect the motto,
to begin a graduate seminary in Ben Jonson within “Let such teach others who themselves excel,"
the next three or four weeks, having, by way of it is nevertheless an undeniable fact that familiarity
stepping-stone, already organized a Journal Club, I with the subject to be treated is essential to that


72
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
intellectuale asets, "familiar from he so wholly are some authors aware of the neces-
gusto in the writer which is sure to interest the Witch,” “ The Sea-Lion.” The explanation of this
reader. Wicked men have written hymns, but never versatility is very simple: Cooper was brought up
such as could rival those of Watts. Landsmen have amid the wilds and forests about Otsego Lake, and
written of the sea, but, with the possible exception was familiar with frontier life (of that day) and
of Barry Cornwall, to very little purpose. I think Indian tradition ; while his youth and early man-
it is safe to hazard the assertion that the true ring hood were spent at sea as a naval officer. But
is almost always lacking unless the writer speaks Cooper, when he wrote “The Bravo," had to do
of that which is a part of himself, of his experi- with things unfamiliar, and accordingly the public
ence, of his “properties” either of race or of en missed the joyous allure which made his former
vironment.
work so fascinating.
Christopher North - who as an essayist reminds Certain critics have assumed that Burns was a
one of that passage in Ossian, “ Who comes like the poet who could write in two languages, and was not,
strength of rivers when their crowded waters glit- therefore, limited to his original field; and they
ter to the moon,"
on one occasion makes allusion assume this because the same hand that drew the
to the subject of transplanted genius. As illustra- masterpiece “Tam-o-Shanter” was also responsible
tion of the fatefulness of this crucial test, he cites for one of the sweetest idyls in the English lan-
the case of Home, the author of “ Douglas." This guage, “The Cotter's Saturday Night," written in
Highland youth, coming from the land of storm the purest Saxon and in the Spenserian stanza. But
and rock, had produced a drama, the success of ah! it was the same Bobby Burns writing of the same
which was phenomenal. But when beckoning for people, and trying to show, for once, that his pathos
tune urged him to repair to London, his genius, in needed no dialect to give verisimilitude. The scenes
North’s eloquent characterization, “became Angli he describes are everywhere familiar to his boy-
fied, took a consumption, and died." All that per hood and throughout his brief manhood; in short,
tained to the north wind, the heather, or the snow, he never wrote save of what he knew too well.
was property
childhood, out of which he might construct drama sity of personal experience in order to impart vrai-
or ballad. But when he came among a more conven semblance to a narrative, that at times they decline
tional people, with a tamer civilization, he grew to use invention except for the embellishment of
homesick and ill at ease with an apprehension that their work; that is to say, they do not literally
to the self-contained Sassenach his finest eloquence write fiction, but apply to fact the “ light that never
must seem but tumid rhetoric.
He was among a
One day a London publisher called upon
people whom he did not know. There is nothing a little English authoress whose anonymous book
in the daily life of England which could justify the had set the world “murmuring like a bive of bees."
explanation, “ My name is Norval,” etc.; and finally I refer to the author of " Jane Eyre”- a person-
he sees himself confronted with what to his High- ality so shy, so reticent, that the writer's sex was
land spirit is the most discouraging element of all not revealed by the nom de plume. The publisher,
- ridicule.
adverting to the extraordinary sale of her second
Take a more familiar instance. Scott has for book, "Shirley,” urged the continuance of her ef-
over half a century held an unassailable position forts in so successful a field. “I cannot," she re-
as the great writer of dramatic fiction. Nothing plied, demurely, 6 at least not for some years.
I
is more remarkable in the author of “ Waverley have written all that I know. I must live more.'
than his marvellous versatility. How many sub A similar illustration might be drawn from among
jects he touched, and with what skill! The strug the writers on this side of the Atlantic. Bret Harte,
gle between Norman and Saxon, in “ Ivanhoe”; after he had made his greatest successes, was often
the ferine tortuousness of Louis the Eleventh, in urged by publishers in New York and Boston to
“Quentin Durward”; the varied scenes from almost write of scenes more familiar to the East - sub-
every era in Scottish history,— how to the life! jects less quaintly technical of the frontier than were
And no wonder; for he had been an explorer of those of his earlier stories. “No,” he replied, “I
their dusty archives from his boyhood. The men was many years studying the life and language of
of history he knew, and was of them. But when the frontier. It would take me years to learn a
he comes to write of the sea, Micawber himself, in new language — to realize another life.” Yet he
seaman's attire, hitching his trousers and shivering tried the experiment,— with what success, readers
his timbers, is not a more absurd figure. The great of “ Thankful Blossom can testify.
romancer was ignorant of nautical life, and his In brief, when the most intelligent and skilful
imagination could not save him. Fenimore Cooper persons venture to write concerning countries or
was confessedly his inferior in literary attainments, places other than their own — either by birth, or
but as a writer he may be considered amphibious. adoption, or by residence, so long as to shut out
Criticism hesitates to choose between those mas earlier impressions - they will seldom write other-
terpieces, the “Leather-Stocking Tales," so redo wise than as the tourist. Madame de Staël wrote
lent of the woods and so breathless with peril, and beautifully of Germany, but it is not the Germany
those unsurpassed delineations of sea life, “The that Teutons recognize. Longfellow wrote “Hy-
Red Rover,” “ Wing and Wing,” “ The Water- perion," a work of pure imagination, faintly tinct-
was.”
--
1
.
--
:


1894.]
73
THE DIAL
anese.
ured with such German idiom as may be derived æsthete, he might be expected to enjoy the beauty of
from books. Trollope and others have given us an
figurative language; but he is a lover of nature, of the
Englishman's Italy. Frederika Bremer has written real and the actual more than of the fanciful and the
of “Homes in the New World ”_ but has not de-
figurative.
scribed them. Coelum non animum qui trans mare
Mr. Percival Lowell, in “The Soul of the Far East,”
has picturesquely followed out this same idea of the im-
currunt. We must conclude, however unchange-
personality of Japanese thought as expressed in that
able may be our "animum,” however changeable
language, in which inflectional or formational distinc-
our “ Cælum,” we cannot hope to describe success tions of gender and number and person are lacking. He
fully any soil, any autocthones, but our own. asserts that “the idea of supposing sex where there is
S. R. ELLIOTT.
not even life is altogether too fanciful a notion for the
Far Eastern mind." But he is compelled to admit some
personification in the deifying of natural phenomena.
the sun-goddess, the moon-god (dess ?), the wind-god,
COMMUNICATIONS.
the fire-god, the thunder-god, etc. He says, however,
in respect to this: “Even such personification of natural
“JAPANESE METAPHOR AND SIMILE.” forces, simple enough to be self-suggested, quickly dis-
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
appeared."
In your issue of January 16 is a communication, un-
And one thing at least is certain: that the Japanese,
der the above caption, from Mr. Frederick Ives Carpen-
even though in his national childhood he deified the
ter, who discusses Mr. Lafcadio Hearn's and Professor
forces of nature, did not generally go so far with his
Chamberlain's statements concerning the use of simile,
spirit of fancy as, like the Greeks, to people the beau-
metaphor, personification, and allegory, among the Jap-
tiful trees and flowers of his land with fairies. He ad-
This is, in fact, a much mooted question, with
mired, and admires, the beauties of nature just as they
the chances rather in favor of those two thorough stu-
are; he loves a flower as a flower.
dents of things Japanese.” And yet Mr. Carpenter
“A primrose by a river's brim
cites a number of illustrations to the contrary; and to
A yellow primrose was to him,
And it was nothing more";
these I beg to add a few, gathered in connection with
than a real flower, it
the teaching of English in a government school in the except that, as “nothing more
interior of Japan.
was full of beauty.
ERNEST W. CLEMENT.
“ Time flies as swiftly as an arrow.” “ When we think Chicago, Jan. 22, 1894.
about the things of the past, all are like dreams.” “Of
course, this fruit (the honor' of graduation) could not THE “STAR SYSTEM” IN PERIODICALS.
be obtained without the flower, our own diligence and
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
energy." “ When we consider our positions in a new
society, we are like a ship in the broad, limitless ocean.
It was a very apt criticism, when a certain periodical
We cannot move without a compass.” “ And, instead
was spoken of by one of our most respectable dailies, a
of arriving at our promised harbor, we shall strike
few years ago, as “Mr. Blank's sensational monthly
against dreadful rocks and be broken into pieces, or we
newspaper.” It is the great fault of the “star system,"
shall be destroyed by the raging waves.”
“ Bat hap-
discussed by a writer in THE DIAL of January 16, that
pily and fortunately we have received a compass with
it has supplanted a valuable type of literature with ma-
which we can move. What is that compass ? It is the
terial which has its appropriate place (so much of it,
education which we received in school." "If we do not
I mean, as deserves any place at all) in the columns of
use the knowledge we have already received, we are
the daily and weekly press. When the "star" is a
only living book-boxes.” “So the Empire is our pa-
Congressman or a Senator (the order here is intentional)
rent." These sentences are all taken from a single
the chances are that the “Congressional Record ” and
graduating essay. A pupil of the same school once said
the morning papers will furnish us material from the
to the foreign teacher : “ You are my light and my ship
same pen better in every respect than that which is se-
to across the sea of English language.”
cured by the “star” magazine editor. This could be
The study of the etymology of Japanese words often
demonstrated again and again by comparing speeches
reveals in the language fossil metaphors which are not
delivered in Congress during the past year with articles
uninteresting, but of which only a few examples at ran-
printed in prominent Reviews from the same men. A
dom may be cited here. The Japanese word for “mule”
quarter's worth of postal-cards to Congressmen will se-
literally means " rabbit-horse"; an “animal” is only a
cure more literature of that kind than a whole year's
“hairy thing"; the “Adam's apple” is a “throat-
subscription to one of these magazines; and if Amer-
dumpling”; a “glove” is simply a “hand-bag"; a
ican thoughtlessness did not once in a while get the bet-
“porcupine” is a "pin-rat”; “cream” is the “milk's
ter of American thrift, the people would resort to the
upper skin"; a“ dentist" is, of course, a “tooth-doctor”;
cheaper source of supply.
the “gums” are “teeth-roots”; “molasses” is “sugar-
Is it not within the range of possibilities that a really
honey"; and “subjects ” (in composition) are “ seeds of
dignified Review, of the old-fashioned type and tradi-
tions, should be produced and maintained in the United
And yet the contention of Messrs. Chamberlain,
States ? Such periodicals as THE DIAL, “The Nation,”
Hearn, Dening, and others, is in the main correct, at
and “ The Critic” are doing an admirable work, which
least from a comparative point of view. As a rule, the
no one would be willing to see interfered with ; but
typical Japanese is very practical and matter-of-fact, as
their field is entirely different from that in question, and
some of the fossil metaphors above cited show. He
if the latter should be occupied they would be helped,
cares little for linguistic beauties, idealistic turns of
not bindered, in their task.
W. H. JOHNSON.
expression, and metaphysical niceties. As a “born ” Johns Hopkins University, Jan. 26, 1894.
speech."


74
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
the title of Mr. Charles Francis Adams's book,
The New Books.
for it shows what an able man and a vigor-
ous writer, who has strong theological preju-
MASSACHUSETTS: AN OBJECT LESSON.*
dices, with some personal and family idiosyn-
crasies, can do, if he tries, in writing about his
Six years ago,
Mr. Brooks Adams put forth
native State, the foundations of which were
a book entitled : “ The Emancipation of Mas-
laid by his own ancestors. The work is any-
sachusetts,” in which he took a very pessimis- thing but eulogistic; and, with a few exceptional
tic view of his native State. We gave at the
instances of just and impartial treatment, is cap-
time an elaborate review of it in THE DIAL
(Vol. VII., p. 263). It was a book of large It evidently was hastily thrown together, made
tious, narrow, bitter in spirit, and defamatory.
pretensions, of swaggering assertions, and of
up of old material, and shows slight information
very little historical merit. The most striking
on the obscure points of Massachusetts history.
incident concerning it was the fact that it was Of the historians of the State whom he prom-
written by the youngest scion of a family which
ised to write about, he says little besides fre-
had been identified for many generations with
quently characterizing them as “ filio-pietistic
the proudest annals of Massachusetts and of
writers." Dr. Palfrey is the only one he names,
the Nation, and had furnished two Presidents
and he seems to have for the amiable Doctor
of the United States. There were callow and
a special spite. His own father and grand-
dudish symptoms in the style and treatment
father and great-grandfather were writers of
which almost disarmed criticism, and inspired Massachusetts history. Would he regard them
the hope that the young man, as he matured,
as “filio-pietistic, perverting the facts and dis-
would recover the ancestral spirit and gripe, and
torting the record”?
see much to respect and venerate in the history By his over-worked expression, “ filio-piet-
of his native State, as his ancestors had done.
ism,” he means “filial piety” or “veneration
In the review named, we spoke, by way
of
for one's ancestors.” The compound word is
contrast, of the writings of those ancestors
doubtless his own invention ; for it is bad in
which were commendatory of Massachusetts,
construction and in signification, and is not in
and of some excellent contributions by the
literature nor the dictionaries. “ Pietism” and
author's elder brother, Mr. Charles Francis
“pietistic” are English words, and do not have
Adams. We are now sorry to say that this
the meaning he assigns to them. They are de-
elder brother has just put forth a book on Mas-
rived from and used only in reference to the
sachusetts written in the same pessimistic spirit
Pietists,” a sect in Germany noted for strong
--but not with the same feebleness and empty religious feeling rather than intellectual ortho-
assertion -as the one already noticed. It has doxy. Nevertheless, with the meaning of “ re-
bright and epigrammatic clauses, plausible half-
spect for one's ancestors," our author uses them
truths, and stinging libels, which may be quoted as terms of reproach ; whereas such respect is
with effect. It is an armory from wbich the
not only a natural and laudable sentiment, but
bitter enemies of Massachusetts and of the Puri-
in oriental countries is regarded as one of the
tan fathers may draw the poisoned arrows they highest virtues, and akin to religion. The lit-
need. And this war-material is furnished by erary reputation of Mr. Adams would be im-
a son of Massachusetts !
proved if his writings showed some symptoms
It was said of John Adams, more than a
of this quality.
century ago : “If any one predicts what Mr.
John Quincy Adams, our present author's
Adams will do, it is certain that Mr. Adams
grandfather, in a historical address delivered
will do something else.” This uncertainty as in 1843, said :
to “ what Mr. Adams will do " is a family
“The primary cause of the various settlements in
characteristic, and honestly survives in the pres New England was religion. It was not the search for
ent generation. In drawing party lines, the gold, nor the pursuit of wealth. It was the Christian
Adamses were always the unclassified element; religion purified and refined from its corruptions by the
for when it was least expected, they jumped
fires of persecution. With that religion was inseparably
connected the code of Christian morals in its simplicity
their party traces.
and purity --- a code, above all others, resting upon the
“ An Object Lesson ” is the best part of fundamental principle of the natural equality of man-
kind."
MASSACHUSETTS : Its Historians and Its History. An
Object Lesson. By Charles Francis Adams. Boston: Hough-
The purpose for which New England was
ton, Mifflin & Co.
settled is thus stated in the preamble of the


1894.]
75
THE DIAL
66
>>
compact of union made by the Commissioners sachusetts. No other portion of the world was then
of the four Colonies, in 1643 :
ready to accept so startling a paradox. From the days
Whereas, we all came into these parts of America
of the settlement, through the revolution, down to the fall
with one and the same end and aim, namely: to advance
of slavery, in the principles of civil liberty and human
the kingdom of our Lord Jesus Christ, and to enjoy the
rights, Massachusetts has always been in the front."
liberties of the Gospel in purity and peace; and whereas,” The views of Mr. Adams on this point are
etc.
The grand charge which the grandson brings spects religious toleration,” he says,
historically just and well expressed. “ As re-
66 it has
against the founders of Massachusetts and their
been of a character wholly different." He
descendants is, that they had too much reli-
means that the colonists did not allow inter-
gion, and had the worst kind of religion. They lopers and ranting sects to come in and break
were Calvinists, and believed in eternal punish- up their temporal and spiritual paradise. This
ment and hell-fire. Theirs, he says, was “a
is true, and it was a policy that needs no apol-
religious practice or creed which has now be-
ogy and scarcely an explanation. Self-defense
come abhorent, and is recognized as morbid.
is an instinct of human nature; and unless the
The simple fact is that the Calvinistic, ortho-
colonists had shut out the swarm of ranting
dox tenets of the seventeenth and eighteenth and abusive religious sects which were ready
centuries constituted nothing more nor less
to pounce upon them with the plea of relig.
than an outrage on human nature.” Such a
ious toleration, the Colony would have been
statement, by an alleged historian of the nine- blotted out in less than five years. The plant-
teenth century, would be comical, if it had not
ers were making a settlement for themselves,
been written in sober earnest, and was not “ An
where they might enjoy civil and religious
Object Lesson ” of the odium theologicum of a freedom in
peace and quietude. They knew,
narrow and illiberal clique of historical writers by the outrages committed by the anarchistic
which flourishes in our day. Mr. Adams later
sects that had ravaged Germany and the Neth-
shows what sort of religion the forefathers
erlands for nearly a century, and by experience
ought to have had. The misfortune is that
with the new crop of fanatics that were then
they did not find such religion in the New Tes disturbing England, what the specious plea of
tament, and it had not then been invented.
religious toleration meant. The term “ tolera-
“ The struggle for equality of man before the
tion” the colonists hated ; and the sects that
law, on the one hand,” says Mr. Adams,
66 and
used it. they dreaded.
freedom of conscience (or full religious tolera-
tion, as he elsewhere terms it], on the other,
The Anabaptist disturbance began in Ger-
constitutes the theme of modern history. I
many soon after the Reformation under Luther
was in progress.
It
propose to study them in our Massachusetts
grew
out of a controversy
history." Like his theology, his definition of
whether or not infants should be baptized, and
the of history is very narrow.
scope
That of
whether or not persons baptized in infancy
John Quincy Adams was much broader : “His-
should be re-baptized when they joined their
tory is the record of the transactions of human
new sects. The original subject in dispute was
beings associated in communities." The doc-
soon lost sight of in the mêlée that followed ;
trine of the equality of man was the offspring The sects that sprang up were very numerous,
but it gave a name to the wretched fanaticism.
of Puritanism. That the peasant, in his rights
before the law, was equal to the priest and the
such as Antinomians, Familists, Dippers,
nobleman, was in the seventeenth century a new
Waterlanders, etc. They opposed alike the Re
formation and the Catholic Church, demanded
and strange theory, and contrary to the tradi-
tions and social habits of the English people.
full religious toleration, and persecuted every-
The peasant was the last to comprehend the body else with fire and sword. Their head-
fact; but it was doctrine of the English Com- quarters were at Münster, in Westphalia, which
monwealth. On the Restoration of Charles II. they captured, and crowned John (a tailor) of
the old social inequality came back, and it sur: Leyden as King of New Zion. They practiced
vives in England to this day. The good seed of polygamy; and every excess of cruelty and im-
equality had been planted in the Massachusetts morality abounded. Conservative parties and
Colony, and there found a congenial soil and
the civil government organized against them.
rich fruitage. Mr. Adams says:
Their leaders were captured, tortured to death
with red-hot pincers, and hung up in iron cages
“So far as equality before the law
personal civil
liberty-is concerned, the record of no community seems
as a warning to that sort of people. Their
to me more creditable, more consistent, than that of Mas- / operations had extended to Switzerland and


76
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
the Netherlands, and filled the minds of En close corporation—as much so as a modern land
glishmen with horror and apprehension. company,--having the right to exclude persons
When Massachusetts was settled, England whom they deemed undesirable as settlers, and
was filled with malignant, whimsical, heady, and to “expulse” those who gave them trouble.
fantastic sects, all holding to religious tolera- They put this right into operation as soon as
tion. Their purpose and practice were to make they landed ; and during the first year they
all the disturbance they could ; and they were sent back to England fourteen interlopers and
ready to go to the ends of the earth to do it. To persons immoral or troublesome. During the
America they looked as a rich field for their first ten years they banished twenty such per-
pestering energies. Some professed to be in sons, which served as a warning to a multitude
spired, and to have special revelations from of malignant sectaries who would have come
heaven. Their conduct in England was abusive uninvited. As it was, they were pestered al-
and disorderly; they were arrested by the po- most beyond endurance by straggling fanatics
lice, and filled the prisons and guard-rooms. who came in defiance of law and the rights of
They assailed churches, disturbed religious as the colonists. What an idiotic policy it had
semblies, fought other sects, and, claiming full been if they had proclaimed Toleration to all
toleration, made themselves general nuisances. comers, as Mr. Adams thinks they should have
The Quakers — now the mildest and most in done! Fortunately, the founders of the Mas-
offensive of people -- were one of these disor- sachusetts Colony were not idiots. The world
derly sects. George Fox, their founder, spent was not ready for Toleration. The different re-
most of his life in prison as a disturber of the ligious sects, as a rule, then quarrelled and per-
peace, and for offenses which in Chicago to secuted each other as if by instinct.
day would send him to the Bridewell. A full When the forefathers talked and wrote so
catalogue and description of these sects and earnestly about the blessings of religious lib-
their principles may be read in the following erty, they had in mind no abstract principle of
contemporary publications :
general application ; for such an application
Heresiography; or a Description of the Heretics and was then impossible. They meant liberty for
Sectaries sprung up in these latter times, etc. By themselves
themselves -- the undisturbed opportunity of
Ephraim Pagit. London, 1645.
enjoying the rights of their own consciences,-
Gangræna; a Catalogue and Discovery of many of immunity from the errors, formalism,
and
the Errors, Heresies, Blasphemies, and pernicious
per-
practices of the Sectaries of this time vented and
secution of the English churches, -and escape
acted in England in the four last years, etc. By from the annoyances of the pestering sects that
Thomas Edwards. London, 1646.
abounded in England.
The Dippers Dipt; or the Anabaptists Duck't_and It is an old and stale charge, made by malig-
Plung'd over Head and Ears, etc. By Daniel Feat-
nant enemies of the Puritans — of whom Mr.
ley. London, 1647.
Adams appears to be one that the founders
These were the sort of advocates of religious of Massachusetts were theorists, and came over
toleration whom the founders of Massachusetts to establish universal religious liberty—which
Colony feared, and intended to keep out; and the said malignants define as general religious
their charter from the Crown was so drafted as
Toleration; and, because it was not done, they
to give them the right-
heap upon the fathers every term of reproach,
“At all times hereafter, for their special defense and and Mr. Adams styles those who have read and
safety, to encounter, expulse, and resist, by force of arms,
made history aright, “ filio-pietistic writers who
as well by sea as by land, and by all fitting ways and
means whatsoever, all such person or persons as shall at
have recourse to every form of sophistry to pal-
any time hereafter attempt or enterprise the destruction, liate or excuse this action.” To the candid
invasion, detriment, or annoyance of the said plantation, student of the early annals, nothing can be
or inhabitants thereof."
more obvious than the original opinions and in-
Their Charter, also, gave them in fee-simple tentions of the first settlers, and that they, de-
the land within the bounds described ; namely, tested no expression more than the word • Tol-
from three miles south of the Charles river to eration."
eration." Their first Synod of 1637, and the
three miles north of the Merrimack river, and banishment of Anne Hutchinson, with John
east and west from ocean to ocean. This land Wheelwright and their associates the same
was not sold, but was allotted to towns and dis- year, brought out the fact, with startling sig.
tributed as a gift to their own people. Stran- nificance, that the Massachusetts Colony was
gers were not allowed a residence, and much no place for religious cranks. Nathaniel Ward,
less citizenship. The colonists were legally a in his “ Simple Cobler of Aggawam.,” 1647,


1894.]
77
THE DIAL
He says:
said: “ My heart bath naturally detested tolera- mation. The penalty for absence from the En-
tions of divers religions ”; and yet he was the glish Established Church—and no other preach-
man who six years before had written the “Body ing was allowed-on a Sunday was a pound of
of Liberties of the Massachusetts Colonie" tobacco; and for a month's absence fifty pounds.
(1641), the noble preamble of which has the In England the fine for not attending church
ring of the Declaration of Independence, 1776 : was 12d., and for keeping a servant who did
“The free fruition of such liberties, immunities, and not go to church for a month, £10. Were peo-
privileges as humanity, civility, and Christianity call for, ple in the other American colonies happier and
as due to every man in his place and proportion, with-
more intelligent than in Massachusetts ?
out impeachment and infringement, hath ever been, and
will ever be, the tranquility and stability of Churches
The Rhode Island Colony had Toleration, and
and Commonwealths; and the denial or deprival thereof,
were its people benefited thereby ? Mr. Adams
the disturbance, if not the ruin, of both.”
thinks they had too much of this blessing, for
Samuel Willard, in 1661, said:
it brought them misery, and that continually.
“I perceive they (the Quakers) are mistaken in the
design of our first planters, whose business was not Tol-
Anything taken in excess acts as a poison; no mat-
eration, but were professed enemies of it. Their busi ter how good or healthful it may be in itself and in
ness was to settle and secure religion to posterity ac proper quantities. Rhode Island went through this ex-
cording to that way which they believed was of God.”
perience in its early days. It was the dumping-ground
for the surplus intellectual activity of New England.
Mr. Adams cannot see how the record of
The born agitator, the controversialist, the generally
Massachusetts differs from that of Spain under otherwise-minded, — every type of thinker, whether
Philip II., of France under Louis XIV., and crude and half-crazy like Samuel Gorton, or only ad-
of England under the Stuarts. This is too
vanced like Roger Williams, there found refuge."
simple a problem to resolve for his benefit at This is a fair description of the sort of peo-
this time. He says “ a theological glacier set- ple which the Massachusetts founders tried to
tled down upon Massachusetts in 1637 which keep out; and Mr. Adams, while he blames
lasted for nearly a century and a half; and them for so doing, does not hesitate to give the
generations grew up under the benumbing in result of the Rhode Island experiment, although
fluence of provincial life and teaching.” 6. Gla-
it is fatal to his theory :
cier," " ice-period,” and “ benumbing” are the “ Thus what was a good and most necessary element
favorite and most frequent metaphors in the
in the economy of nature and the progress of human
book. For a people under such frigid and be development, was in excess in Rhode Island; and the
natural result followed,-a disordered community. It
numbed conditions, they were always vigilant, could not have been otherwise; it was inevitable. Mas-
and at times unusually lively. In 1643 they sachusetts rejected and expelled whatever it did not
formed a union, for the purposes of defense, [and could not) assimilate; and so did Spain. They had
with the other three New England Colonies.
always before their eyes an object lesson of the most
unfortunate character in the Colony of Rhode Island,
By wise diplomacy and prudent delay, in 1664
an object lesson which was made to do active service
they defeated the schemes of the four royal with the Massachusetts theologians then, as it has with
commissioners sent over to bring away their
its historians since."
charter. They were not asleep nor hibernat Why, pray, should not the confessed failure
ing when, about that time, the Quakers came of Toleration in Rhode Island—the only exper-
over to persecute them ; but, on the other hand, iment which was tried—be used by historians
they made it quite lively for the Quakers. They as an "object lesson"? Cotton Mather said
carried on and finished up King Philip's War in his “ Magnalia”: “If a man had lost his
in 1675, like good soldiers, and the Indians religion, he might find it in the general mus-
never discovered they were benumbed. By sea ter of religious opinions in Rhode Island.”
they made an expedition against Port Royal in Jonathan Edwards Mr. Adams regards as
1690, at their own expense; and by a siege, “a curiosity, a vast glacial boulder, the legiti-
in 1745, captured Louisburg from the French. mate outcome of orthodoxy, with a powerful
In the long French and Indian War which and acute intellect, å man of pure life and
ended in the capture of Canada, they bore a gentle, kindly nature. His God was a horrible
conspicuous part. In the “Great Awakening, fetich, a demon of injustice, vengeance, and
or religious revival, of 1740, Mr. Adams thinks wrath, and a cruelty of disposition at once in-
they displayed too much energy.
finite and insatiable. And this frightful night-
How much Toleration was there in Virginia mare, this access of morbid superstition, he de-
during that century and a half ? Hening's duced logically from the Scriptures.” He gives
Virginia Statutes at Large will give the infor- l extended extracts from the sermons of Edwards
;


78
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
on the punishment of the wicked, in order to tal offenses named. When Sir William Black-
show that the above portrayal of the man and stone was delivering his law lectures at Oxford,
his doctrines is not exaggerated. Only one 115 years later, there were 160 capital offenses
phase, however, of the preaching of Edwards on the English statute books. A statute in the
is shown in these extracts. It is the evident twenty-second year of Henry VIII. provided
intention of Mr. Adams to convey the impres- that criminals convicted of murder should be
sion that such preaching was peculiar to New boiled to death, and many victims suffered the
England; whereas in Europe it was common penalty.
in the Catholic and Protestant churches of that Other anomalies puzzle Mr. Adams and plead
time. If his theological reading had been wider, for explanation,—that a people so priest-ridden,
he would have found abundant instances of sim so benumbed and under a “glacial mass of su-
ilar and even more lurid rhetoric, in the ser perstition and terrorism” should have made the
mons of English and Continental preachers. model Constitution of 1780,“ which,” he says,
Here is the title of a sermon by John Bunyan, “ first fixed on philosophical principles the lines
“the sweet dreamer of Bedford jail,” published and limitations of what is known as the Amer-
in London in 1675, and treating the subject in ican Constitution, and pioneered the way for the
his plain and realistic style: “Sighs from Federal Constitution of 1787,"—that its minis-
Hell; or, Groans of a Damned Soul.”
ters preached rigid conformity in religion and
Mr. Adams touches very lightly on the witch stubborn independence in politics,—that secu-
craft craze of 1692; and he falls into the mis lar education and general intelligence were so
takes of Mr. Lecky, who asserts that it was fondly and persistently cherished,—that from
simply the natural result of Puritanical teach the earliest times the ministers and churches
ing," and that “during the period of the Com had been a part of the governmental machinery,
monwealth, probably more alleged witches per —and that, in time, the intellect of Massachu-
ished in England than in the whole period be setts, schooled by self-government, did work
fore and after.” Both writers ought to have itself out from under the incubus of supersti-
known that myriads of victims of the supersti- tion, prejudice, and narrow conformity imposed
tion perished before Puritanism was heard of, upon it by the first generation of magistrates
and that the delusion raged more fearfully in and ministers."
Catholic than in Protestant countries,—30,000 Mr. Adams discovers a solution of these ano-
persons having been burned in the British isl malies, and ascribes the salvation of Massachu-
ands, 75,000 in France, 100,000 in Germany, setts to politics. Assuming that the glacial
and untold numbers in Spain and southern period extended to February, 1761, when the
Europe. Of those executed in England, prob- revolutionary struggle over the Writs of Assist-
ably not one-thirtieth part of them perished ance began, he asserts that politics from that
during the Commonwealth. The statistics and date overshadowed their religious life, and the
shocking details of witch executions in England people emerged from their long benumbed and
have not been written up, and have never com frigid condition.
mended themselves as a subject of thorough In arriving at this sapient conclusion, Mr.
historical investigation to an English antiquary. Adams is unmindful of the fact that the Mas-
An Englishman prefers to talk about New sachusetts colonists were politicians from the
England witchcraft, of which much is matter start, and never lost sight of their civil state
of court record. The penal statutes against and its stability as a government. Religion
witchcraft enacted by James I. were not re was a part of their politics, and politics a large
pealed until 1736. The whole number who part of their religion. Under the Stuarts they
suffered in New England was only thirty-two; were in constant danger of losing their charter,
and English churchmen and American “liber and their perpetual controversies with the Crown
als” still presume to taunt the Puritans of New gave them a training in diplomacy, and a famil-
England with being excessively superstitious iarity with legal precedents and the rights of
for men of their time.
Englishmen better even than the Prime Minis-
The mild penal code existing in early Mas ter possessed. Hence they were the most acute
sachusetts, by the side of what Mr. Adams diplomatists and politicians of their time. Anne
calls “a most sulphurous theological creed," Hutchinson and Roger Williams were banished
he regards as an historical anomaly. In the more for their bad politics than for their bad
first code of Massachusetts laws, the “ Body of religion. The former was a disturber of social
Liberties," 1641, there were only twelve capi. I order, and the latter challenged the validity of


1894.]
79
THE DIAL
-
the Colony charter. The Quakers were a griev- fifty years. Cotton Mather's biographer, Mr.
ous nuisance when they disturbed religious Peabody, wrote in 1840: “The · Magnalia
meetings, broke glass bottles over ministers' has fallen into disrepute with those who read
heads as a sign of emptiness, and when their for instruction. Its value is not to be esti.
maidens appeared in church clothed in sack- mated by its usefulness, but by the more doubt-
cloth and ran through the streets without cloth ful standard of oddity and age. His works now
ing of any sort. All this might have been en sleep in repose where even the antiquary sel-
dured; but when they shook their fists in the dom disturbs them."
faces of the magistrates, and shouted in defiant Mr. Adams, on the other hand, regards the
tones, “Thou hast no government; thy charter “Magnalia " as one of the pinnacles of Amer-
is not worth the skin on which it is written ; ican literature; and to-day the writings of the
no, we will not go back to Rhode Island; we Mathers are more sought for by collectors and
came here to die; thou darst not hang us, libraries in this country and in Europe, and
short work was made of those four Quakers. bring higher prices, than those of any
other
Of the many instances where the colonists have family which has lived in America.
been blamed for using severe measures, there Even so judicious and usually fair writer as
was probably not one in which politics did not Dr. Palfrey characterized, in 1846, the “ Mag-
furnish a stronger motive for such treatment nalia” as “ a historical medley which is be-
than religion. With more historical accuracy neath criticism in any point of view.” In 1869,
Mr. Adams might have said that his forefathers the Doctor, in my presence, apologized for the
had too much politics. His theory that politics use of the above expression as being unjust ;
resolved a glacial period of a century and a half “ but,” he said, “ it was the fashion of the day
seems to need confirmation; and proof is also when it was uttered.” About
twenty-five
years
needed that such a glacial period ever existed. ago the tide turned, and since then there have
The advent of Unitarianism shares with pol- been writers who could speak well of the Math-
itics the honor, in Mr. Adams's mind, of having ers. No one has spoken for them more justly
saved Massachusetts. It came rather late ; for and effectively than Mr. Adams. He cites the
if Massachusetts has been saved, it was saved conduct of the Mathers when innoculation for
before May 5, 1819, when William Ellery small-pox was introduced into Boston, in 1721,
Channing preached the sermon at the ordina- by Dr. Boylston, and the physicians opposed
tion of Jared Sparks at Baltimore. In the it on theological grounds as impiety and re-
summer (June and August) of 1837 Unita- sisting the providence of God. He says:
rianism "flowered,” he says, when Theodore “To the everlasting credit of Increase and Cotton
Parker was ordained a minister at West Rox Mather-one the President of Harvard College—they
bury, and Ralph Waldo Emerson delivered a
rose above the grovelling stage of superstition, and faced
the storm of popular odium. The excitement was great,
Phi Beta Kappa oration at Cambridge. Mr.
and Dr. Boylston bore witness to the fact that without
Adams regards these as very important dates. the great moral support of the Mathers, he would have
They have not been so considered by modern been obliged to succumb. As it was, an attempt was
historical writers of Massachusetts, who were
made on the life of Cotton Mather; while his father,
all Unitarians, — Palfrey, Peabody, Bancroft,
then eighty-three years of age, closed his long life of
literary activity by writing a pamphlet showing that in-
Quincy, Savage, Upham, Deane, Ellis, and
noculation against small-pox was not only scientific, but
Eliot, -and no one of them ever suggested that had been blessed of God."
Massachusetts needed salvation. The theory
The theory On the literary merit of their writings, Mr.
that she had fallen from grace, and needed to be Adams says:
brought out of the miry clay by politics and “ From Cotton Mather to Nathaniel Hawthorne is a
Unitarianism, is an original conception of Mr. long stride; but there is no immediate stepping-stone.
Adams.
The Magnalia’ was published in 1702, and Twice-
Told Tales' in 1837 — the one a boulder, the other a
The just and appreciative treatment of In flower — and between them is — nothing! This Haw-
crease and Cotton Mather is a creditable and thorne himself recognized; and to the Magnalia’he
surprising feature of the book. It is surpris- instinctively went back as to a store-house of material.
ing, because it has been the fashion of " lib-
So did Longfellow; for, with the possible exception of
Dr. Franklin's Autobiography, the intermediate 135
eral ” writers to speak of them and their writ-
years of Massachusetts history left absolutely nothing
ings in disparaging and abusive terms. This to be classified as general literature which posterity has
tirade of malignity began in 1825 when James cared to preserve.
Savage edited Winthrop's Journal; and was With the above sweeping statement as to
kept up, one writer copying another, for nearly the dearth of literature in Massachusetts from


80
(Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
.
1702 to 1837, I do not concur; but I have not ted, was its projector. It grew out of plans
space here to discuss the question. To the for the advancement of the fur trade. The
“ Magnalia,” however, and its author are as fur trader had, from the days of Champlain
signed a position in American literature to and La Salle, been the path-finder for civiliza-
which they are justly entitled. The other four tion. In 1786, while the Annapolis Conven-
hundred printed books of Cotton Mather, and tion was discussing the navigation of the Poto-
the vast collection of his manuscripts, will mac, Jefferson wrote to Washington, from Paris,
some day be explored and give up material as inquiring about the best place for a canal be-
quaint and interesting as that found in the tween the Ohio and the Great Lakes. This
“Magnalia."
W. F. POOLE.
was in promotion of a project of Ledyard, a
Connecticut Yankee, who was then in Paris en-
deavoring to interest a wealthy business house
there in the fur trade of the far West. So
CROSSING THE CONTINENT. *
great an interest did Jefferson take in the plan
The most influential as well as the most pic that he secured from the house a promise that,
turesque factor in American history has been if it undertook the scheme, the depot of supply
the steady march of civilization across the con should be at Alexandria, Virginia. After the
tinent. Columbus opened the way for the pro- failure of the negotiations of Ledyard, Jeffer-
cess, and it has been going on ever since. But son proposed to him to cross Russia and take
in a bulletin of the Superintendent of the Cen- ship to Nootka Sound, and thence return to
sus for 1890—a century after the taking of the the Atlantic coast by way of the Missouri. The
first census, four centuries after the discovery plan fell through, and Ledyard died while ex-
of the continent occurs this significant an- ploring the Nile; but the project suggested the
nouncement: “Up to and including 1880, the Lewis and Clark expedition. This expedition
country had a frontier of settlement; but at was instructed to investigate the possibilities of
present the unsettled area has been so broken the fur traffic and the feasibility of a trans-
into by isolated bodies of settlement that there continental trading route. But before this ex-
can hardly be said to be a frontier line." This pedition was planned, Jefferson had proposed
marks the close of the first period of American to the American Philosophical Society that a
history, and inaugurates a new era. The con- subscription should be raised to enable Captain
tinent is crossed by settlement.
Lewis (afterwards Jefferson's private secretary)
It is peculiarly appropriate that there should to cross the continent with a single companion.
have been given to the world at this time a The person selected was André Michaux, a
reprint, in elaborate and sumptuous form, of French botanist. The expedition failed because
the history of the Lewis and Clark expedition of the recall of Michaux by the French minis-
to the sources of the Missouri, across the Rockyter. Dr. Coues suspects that this was due to
Mountains, and down the Columbia to the Pa- Jefferson's suspicions that the botanist was a
cific, in the years 1804-6. The expedition was spy in the secret service of the French govern-
the first to cross the continent within the limits
ment. If the editor had consulted the Clark
of the United States. It was connected with Manuscripts, in the Library of the Wisconsin
some of the most influential processes in Amer- State Historical Society, he would have been
ican history. Jefferson, who gave to us the able to state from Michaux's own letters that he
Ordinance of 1784, and with whose name the was actually intriguing, on behalf of Genet, with
purchase of the Louisiana territory is associa General George Rogers Clark, the conqueror
* HISTORY OF THE EXPEDITION UNDER THE COMMAND OF
of the Illinois country, who desired to expa-
LEWIS AND CLARK to the sources of the Missouri River, triate himself, and who accepted a French com-
thence across the Rocky Mountains and down the Columbia
mission to conquer the mouth of the Mississippi
River to the Pacific Ocean, performed during the years 1804-
5-6, by order of the Government of the United States. A from Spain. Dr. Coues makes no effort to un-
new edition, faithfully reprinted from the only authorized tangle the web of conspiracy that was spread
edition of 1814, with copious critical commentary, prepared
over the West at this time, but surely it is a
upon examination of unpublished official archives, and many
other sources of information, including a diligent study of the striking fact that William Clark, one of the
original manuscript journals and field notes of the explorers, leaders of the expedition whose history Dr.
together with a new biographical and bibliographical intro-
duction, new maps, and other illustrations, and a complete
Coues edits, was brother of the man whose in-
index. By Elliott Coues, late Captain and Assistant Surgeon trigues with Michaux aroused Jefferson's sus-
United States Army, late Secretary and Naturalist United
States Geological Survey, Member of the National Academy picions, and frustrated this earlier project.
of Sciences, etc. In 4 vols. New York: Francis P. Harper. The personnel of the expedition is of fur-
-
--
-


1894.]
81
THE DIAL
ther interest, since its epitomizes the factors with France for the Mississippi Valley. Per-
of Western advance. In the crossing of the haps we cannot ask Dr. Coues to elucidate the
continent the buffalo's trail followed the easiest broader historical phases of the expedition, but
lines of advance, the Indian followed the buf- he should have reprinted this letter, so dra-
falo, the trapper and fur trader followed the matic in its bearings and so admirable in its
Indian, and the backwoods farmers and cattle résumé of the expedition. It is to be regretted
raisers followed the trapper. Through Cum- that the Doctor occasionally indulges himself
berland Gap in the Alleghenies, and through in such remarkable lucubrations as this com-
South Pass in the Rockies, went the same pro ment on the fact that the explorers named two
cession. Now, when Lewis and Clark took streams “ Wisdom” and “ Philanthrophy” re-
their party to the Pacific they took with them spectively, in commemoration of Jefferson's
an Indian woman, a captive from the Rocky character:
Mountains, whose services as guide and inter-
“To complete this system of geographical ethics, they
preter form one of the most picturesque ele should have discontinued the name of Jefferson for the
ments of the story ; they took French voya-
main stream, and called this Paine river, whose main
geurs, or water-men, descendants of that lively for Thomas Paine's soul flowed into Jefferson's, bearing
forks should have been Religion and Common Sense;
adventurous throng whose canoeing songs had
a precious quality of spiritual reasonableness, which in-
echoed along the forest-girt shores of the Great formed and filled the mind of the greatest statesman
Lakes in the days of the old régime; there were America ever produced. What we owe to Jefferson is
also backwoodsmen, with William Clark at history what Jefferson owed to Paine is the very
their head—a man of the hardy stock that had
mystery of godlikeness. It is well to keep the reputed
paternity of our country before the common people by
won Kentucky and ousted the British from the
the name of Washington, and uphold William Teil
Illinois country, and who had himself fought among the simple Swiss; but Washington's intellect
with Wayne in the campaign that gave the far-
shrinks out of sight before Jefferson's, and Jefferson's
mer the Northwest. Tidewater Virginia was
dwarfs in comparison with Paine's. Washington whipped
personified in Captain Lewis; and among the
some average British soldiery; Jefferson was more than
a match for Napoleon Bonaparte; he gave us more than
party were Yankees from New Hampshire and half our country with a stroke of his pen, without spill-
Vermont. Representatives of the Middle States ing a drop of blood; and the whole of our country has
were also there. Thus there marched in this grown up on principles enunciated from the French jail
company the elements that opened the West,
where Thomas Paine lay languishing, dreaming dreams
that we have awakened to realize."
and with them were representatives of those sec-
tions that struggled for dominance there; while
Nevertheless, it must be said that Dr. Coues
in the person of York, Captain Lewis's negro,
has the devotion of an enthusiast, that he sat-
there passed through Missouri, and on to Ore- isfies all the requirements of a careful bibliog-
gon, the herald of many woes — the prototype rapher and a sympathetic and well qualified
of Dred Scott. As the expedition ascended the
editor of the geographical and natural history
Missouri it passed La Charette creek, the Mis- material of the volumes, and that he has given
souri home of Daniel Boone; and Clark's
map
minute and apparently careful study to the
of 1814 notes Boone's Salt Works. Thus the manuscript journals which have fallen into his
mind runs back to the history of this famous
hands. The editorial notes, which quote the
frontiersman, who in the first half of the eight- original words of the explorers, from which Bid-
eenth century followed the traders from his dle wrote the narrative here reprinted, afford
Pennsylvania home along the Great Valley to us glimpses of what Dr. Coues calls“ an unex-
the Yadkin in North Carolina ; next, led by ampled curiosity in literature.” It is certainly
traders' reports, crossed the Alleghenies and be to be hoped that Dr. Coues will at some day
came the pioneer of Kentucky, and from there reprint the original text of the explorers, and
had gone to Missouri. His son was one of
that he will make use of the William Clark
the earliest trappers of the Rocky Mountain papers in the Library of the State Historical
passes, and camped on the site of Denver when Society of Wisconsin. This will enable him
it was a wilderness; Kit Carson's mother was to cast additional light on one of the two ex-
a Boone. In how few names can the history plorers. He has already made a good begin-
of the crossing of the continent be written? ning in his memoirs of Lewis and Clark which
When Clark returned to Saint Louis, one of
introduce the volumes.
his first letters, describing the passes he had The narrative itself contains exciting inci-
discovered, was to his brother George Rogers, dents and “hair-breadth 'scapes.” The tur-
conqueror of the Illinois country and intriguer l bulence of their river highway, the sudden


82
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
floods, the grizzlies, and the Indians, were son. Such proclamations have not been uncommon
often likely to have brought the leaders to an during the past ten years, and the series of New
untimely end. Aside from the picturesque in-
Poets thus heralded, from the late James Thomp-
cidents, and the information of value to the
son to Mr. William Watson, has included a number
of names.
In almost all the cases, however, these
geographer and naturalist, the volumes contain
pictures of the Indian life of the farthest West poets have shared the fate of the nove known to
that are of value to the student of ethnology that that conferred by the admiration of a coterie.
astronomers, and their fame has been hardly more
and primitive institutions. The travellers were
We should, indeed, hesitate to admit that a New
experts in Indian management and in knowl-Poet, in the serious sense of that term, has arisen
edge of Indian character, and they occupied among men of English speech since Rossetti, in
their winter waits by writing descriptions of 1870, published the contents of that famous disin-
the tribes they met. It is noteworthy, how-
It is noteworthy, how- terred manuscript. That the performance of Mr.
ever, that even in the remotest wilds they met Francis Thompson, whose poems are now somewhat
no Indians unmodified by acquaintance with sumptuously put forth, is of such a character as to
lift its author above the minor poets that swarm in
Europeans. As early as the beginning of this
our day and generation we see no reason to allow.
century, it was too late to study Indian life in
In the first place, it exhibits a perversity of man-
its unmodified form. Nevertheless these chap-
ner that equals Browning and Mr. George Mere-
ters are among the permanently valuable fea-
dith at their worst, and that sometimes recalls the
tures of the work. FREDERICK J. TURNER. more extravagant imaginings of Blake. It is full
of puzzles, and it evidently selects words (such as
trepidant, purpurate, and thurifer) for their mere
oddity. This alone would be an obstacle in the way
RECENT BOOKS OF POETRY.*
of general acceptance. But this is not all, for the
It has been whispered of late by several, and work is weighted with false rhymes (stir and hair,
once or twice boldly proclaimed, that a new English. able and babble), bad grammar ("must have took,"
Poet has arisen in the person of Mr. Francis Thomp “ my hand hath shook”), and cacophonies, of which
* POEMs. By Francis Thompson. Boston: Copeland & Day.
“In statelier state thou us'dst to go"
THE HUMOURS OF THE COURT, and Other Poems. By is one example out of many. We quote a charac-
Robert Bridges. New York: Macmillan & Co.
teristic stanza :
In DREAMLAND, and Other Poems. By Thomas O'Hagan.
“Dream-dispensing face of hers !
Toronto : The Williamson Book Co.
Ivory port which loosed upon me
Low TIDE ON GRAND PRÉ. A Book of Lyrics. By Bliss
Wings, I wist,
Carman, New York: Charles L. Webster & Co.
Whose amethyst
BEHIND THE VEIL. A Poem. By James De Mille. Hali-
Trepidations have forgone me,
fax: T. C. Allen & Co.
Hesper's filmy traffickers."
WAYSIDE Music. Lyrics, Songs, and Sonnets. By Charles
H. Crandall. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
This sort of thing is ingenious, but, when its slight
IN VARIOUS Moods. By M. A. B. Evans. New York, G. meaning has been worked out by the intellect, the
P. Putnam's Sons.
heart remains untouched. It is the sort of thing
THE SEEKER IN THE MARSHES, and Other Poems. By
that Mr. George Meredith has been doing, in both
Daniel L. Dawson. Philadelphia : Rees, Walsh & Co.
POEMs. By Thomas William Parsons. Boston: Houghton,
verse and prose, for many years. But we may say
Mifflin & Co.
per contra that Mr. Thompson, like Mr. Meredith,
THE DIVINE COMEDY OF DANTE ALIGHIERI. Translated has lapses into a more natural manner.
He can
into English Verse by Thomas William Parsons. Boston: even, upon occasion, sing as simple and sweet a song
Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
as “ Daisy,” from which we must do him the justice
ITALIAN LYRISTS OF TO-DAY. Translations from Contem-
porary Italian Poetry, with Biographical Notices, by G. A.
to quote:
Greene. New York: Macmillan & Co.
“Oh, there were flowers in Storrington
BAY LEAVES. Translations from the Latin Poets. By
On the turf and on the spray ;
Goldwin Smith, D.C.L. New York: Macmillan & Co.
But the sweetest flower on Sussex hills
SPECIMENS OF GREEK TRAGEDY. Translated by Goldwin
Was the Daisy-flower that day.
Smith, D.C.L. Two volumes. New York: Macmillan & Co.
“Her beauty smoothed earth's furrowed face!
THE FIRST PART OF GOETHE's Faust. Translated by Anna
She gave me tokens three :-
Swanwick. Revised edition. New York: Macmillan & Co.
A look, a word of her winsome mouth,
TANAGRA. An Idyl of Greece. By Gottfried Kinkel.
And a wild raspberry.
Translated by Frances Hellman. New York: G. P. Put-
nam's Sons.
“A berry red, a guileless look,
OLD WORLD LYRICS. A Little Book of Translations.
A still word, - strings of sand !
Portland, Me.: Thomas B. Mosher.
And yet they made my wild, wild heart
SONGS OF ADIEU. A Little Book of Finale and Farewell.
Fly down to her little hand.
Portland, Me.: Thomas B. Mosher.
“For standing artless as the air,
THE COMPLETE POETICAL WORKS OF HENRY WADS-
And candid as the skies,
WORTH LONGFELLOW. Cambridge edition. Boston: Hough-
She took the berries with her hand,
ton, Mifflin & Co.
And the love with her sweet eyes."
:
..
9)


1894.]
83
THE DIAL
be
To do Mr. Thompson entire justice, we must also
make an extract from "A Fallen Yew," a poem in
which his imaginative powers are at their best, yet
wherein expression does not go far beyond what is
legitimate.
“It seemed corrival of the world's great prime,
Made to un-edge the scythe of Time,
And last with stateliest rhyme.
“No tender Dryad ever did indue
That rigid chiton of rough yew,
To fret her white flesh through :
“But some god like to those grim Asgard lords,
Who walk the fables of the hordes
From Scandinavian fjords,
"Upheaved its stubborn girth, and raised unriven,
Against the whirl-blast and the levin,
Defiant arms to Heaven.
“When doom puffed out the stars, we might have said,
It would decline its heavy head,
And see the world to bed."
If these two latter extracts were representative,
rather than exceptional, it might almost be said of
their author that he had in him the making of a
New Poet.
A lyrical utterance finer and truer than may
detected in Mr. Thompson's verse inspires the sheaf
of songs just given to the public by Mr. Robert
Bridges. His exquisite song of " Nightingales" has
caught something of the music of the greater poets.
“ Beautiful must be the mountains whence ye come,
And bright in the fruitful valleys the streams wherefrom
Ye learn your song:
Where are those starry woods ? O might I wander there
Among the flowers, which in that heavenly air
Bloom the year long!
"Nay, barren are those mountains and spent the streams :
Our song is the voice of desire, that haunts our dreams,
A throe of the heart,
Whose pining visions dim, forbidden hopes profound,
No dying cadence nor long sigh can sound,
For all our art.
“Alone aloud in the raptured ears of men
We pour our dark nocturnal secret; and then,
As night is withdrawn
From these sweet-springing meads and bursting boughs of May,
Dream while the innumerable choirs of day
Welcome the dawn."
This is not quite the careless rapture of the Eliza-
bethans, although others among the songs of Mr.
Bridges have nearly caught that. And The Hu-
mours of the Court,” the play that fills the greater
part of his volume, is curiously Elizabethan both in
spirit and treatment. What memories of Fletcher
or of Massinger are evoked by such a passage as
this :
“Oh, I could sit
And sigh beneath that window all the night;
Is there not wondrous softness in the thought,
That she one loves is sleeping ?”
Mr. Bridges has based his play upon Calderon's
“ El Secreto á Voces,” and pieced it out with a
scene from Lope. But the process has been trans-
mutation, not translation.
With increasing frequency, of recent years, the
Canadian Muse has brought its quota of song to the
collections of current verse that we have had occa-
sion to pass under review. The group of volumes
characterized in the present article has also its Cana-
dian representatives, first among which we may
mention “In Dreamland, and Other Poems,” by
Mr. Thomas O'Hagan. Mr. O'Hagan's allegiance,
however, is not wholly given to the Dominion, for
Ireland, as well as Canada, claims his tribute, and
the sense of a divided duty is ever with him. So
we find upon one page such lines as these:
“Dear native land, we are but one
From ocean unto ocean;
"The sun that tints the Maple Leaf'
Smiles with a like devotion
On Stadacona's fortress height,
On Grand Pré's storied valley,
And that famed tide whose peaceful shore
Was rocked in battle sally,
My native land !"
While on another is expressed the hope
“That Ireland, dear old Ireland,
Should evermore be free,
And her patriot sons in union
Drive the Saxon o'er the sea."
The effort to “ weave in one garland the Maple and
Shamrock" does not seem to result in a very sat-
isfactory sort of patriotism. Nor does it result
(which is more to our purpose) in verses that rise
above a low level of the commonplace.
Mr. Bliss Carman, although a sojourner in " these
States," must be reckoned with the interesting group
of Canadian poets, and takes a high place among
them. We have more than once had occasion to
mention Mr. Carman's work, although his first col-
lected volume is now put forth. The volume is not
entirely representative of the writer for the reason
thus stated by him: “It seemed better to bring to-
gether between the same covers only those pieces of
work which happened to be in the same key, rather
than to publish a larger book of more uncertain
aim.” This restraint was perhaps wise, although it
makes us miss for the present certain pieces of more
enduring value than any here published. The note
of the present collection is lyrical, and the key is
predominantly minor. From “The Vagabonds,"
one of the strongest of these poems, we may make
a characteristic selection:
“In the beginning God made man
Out of the wandering dust, men say;
And in the end his life shall be
A wandering wind and blown away.
“We are the vagabonds of
Willing to let the world go by,
With joy supreme, with heart sublime,
And valor in the kindling eye.
“We have forgotten where we slept,
And guess not where we sleep to-night,
Whether among the lonely hills
In the pale streamer's ghostly light
"We shall lie down and hear the frost
Walk in the dead leaves restlessly,
Or somewhere on the iron coast
Learn the oblivion of the sea.


84
(Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
son
“It matters not. And yet I dream
"Pan the sweet river-nymph may woo,
Of dreams fulfilled and rest somewhere
Pygmalion, Galatea;
Before this restless heart is stilled
Our love is just as sweet and true
And all its fancies blown to air.
As theirs by blue Ægea.
“Had I my will! ... The sun burns down
“Nor lacks it the enchanting power
And something plucks my garment's hem;
That blends divine with human;
The robins in their faded brown
My love will change at any hour
Would lure me to the south with them.
To goddess or to woman!
“'Tis time for vagabonds to make
"Thus love's eternal heritage
The nearest inn. Far on I hear
Illumes our modern portals.
The voices of the Northern hills
Cupid and Psyche know not age,
Gather the vagrants of the year."
And we, too, are immortals."
These verses have a haunting quality from which
Mr. Crandall, it will be remembered, is the editor
of an excellent selection of American sonnets, pre-
there is no escape. They are also felicitous in
their choice of epithet and musical in their verbal
faced by a historical essay upon the sonnet; and it
arrangement, which cannot be said of all Mr. Car is consequently not surprising that the best of his
work should be in that form of verse. Better, in
man's pieces. A poem in some respects stronger and
more finely imaginative than the one just mentioned
our judgment, than “Waiting” and “ Adelaide Neil-
is called “ Pulvis et Umbra,” yet it is not a little
"—the two sonnets selected for his own collec-
tion are “Woman,'
marred by words to which a forced employment is
,” « Sleep's Conquest,
" " The
given. But the author has certainly caught the
New Year,” and “Sunset on the Palisades.” We
true poetic accent, although he stammers now and
quote the first of these four:
then in its use. When at his best, as the above ex-
· Fairer than all the fantasies that dart
Adown the dreams of our most favored sleep,
tract shows, he speaks in his own tongue, and from
Thy lovely form since Eden's day doth keep
the heart. His future work will be awaited with
The constant pattern of a perfect art!
interest by all who concern themselves with the cur Yet more do we admire thy better part,
rent development of pure literature.
The spirit strong to smile when others weep;
And well know we who sail life's ocean deep
“ Behind the Veil” is a poem found among the There is no haven like a woman's heart.
manuscripts of the late James De Mille, and now
“Thus, often weary ere the victory 's won,
given to the public by Professor Archibald Mac-
Tired with my task, my head I fain would lay
mechan. It appears in rather sumptuous quarto
In some good lady's lap as did the Dane,
And watch the action of the world go on,
form, with an etched portrait of the author. It tells
Knowing 't is but a play within a play,
us how the author, in a dream or trance, “saw the
The fleeting portion of an endless plan."
Vision of the World, and all the wonder” — not
that should be, but that has been. In other words,
It is unfortunate that one defective rhyme should
the scroll of history was rolled back before his
have crept into this otherwise admirable poem.
gaze.
We
“ In Various Moods” is a thin volume of vers de
quote one stanza as an example of the form and
spirit of the poem.
société with a tendency toward exotic metrical forms.
Some of them are very pretty, a good example be-
“Golden gleams on fields of azure,
Worlds on worlds arose in Space,
ing the roundel “ A Shower of Gold.”
Numbers more than thought or measure;
“A shower of gold? Let none declare
There each Sun careering onward held its planets in their
He would not try to catch and hold
place;
Some part, if Fate with him would share
Flashed the meteor; flared the comet; speeding in its head-
A shower of gold.
long race."
“Not like frail Danaë's of old,
The work is a rhapsody upon a familiar plan, and
But sunlight-clear, divinely fair,
of doubtful poetic value.
A joy and glory to enfold.
Mr. C. H. Crandall publishes a volume of “ Way-
* For sordid pelf he would not care,
Who had the fortune to behold
side Music that is notable for clear technique
One glimpse of her (my lady's) hair,
and reasonably successful accomplishment of modest
A shower of gold."
aims. It is marred occasionally by commonplace we must not fail to quote a trifle called “ At the
phrases, by hackneyed rhythmical devices, and by Flower Show.”
strained expressions (such as “yachts of God” for
"Du bist wie eine Blume,'
clouds) ; but the general impression is pleasing.
I whispered in her ear.
“The Golden Age" is a pretty lyric.
Say, wilt thou grace my garden,
O maid, most sweet and dear?
"My love and I laugh o'er the page
That tells the varied story
" Full soft and low her answer:
How love ran in the Golden Age -
O reckless youth, beware!
Alas! I'm not an orchid ;
We care not for its glory.
I cannot live on air!!!
“Idly we read how earthly maids
Entangled Jove, the mighty,
A sense of rhythm so faulty as to make many of
Or how Adonis in the glades
the verses read like prose is the one noticeable de
Played with fair Aphroditè.
fect of this volume.
-


1894.]
85
THE DIAL
66
we
a
A second edition has been published of the poems
"Since thou and I pursued our mountain way,
of Daniel Dawson, and the recent death of the
Twenty Decembers have disrobed the trees."
writer makes a few words of characterization ap If this is to be taken literally, the “ mountain way”
propriate at this time. His verse is strained, arti in question was pursued by a youth of fifteen and
ficial, over-sensuous, and pays tribute to strange a sexagenarian. And even then the Eton puzzle is
gods; yet it has interludes of musical utterance unexplained.
that seize the attention, and imaginative passages A companion volume to the “ Poems," and the
that cause at least a momentary thrill. Over it all, more precious boon of the two, represents, in the
however, is the trail of bohemianism, and its pas words of a publishers' note, “the great poetic pas-
sion is more theatrical than real. The following sion of the man.” In other words, it gives us
stanza is from a piece in which, emulous of Brown the translation by Dr. Parsons of the Sacred Song
ing, the writer discourses of Childe Roland and the of Dante. The “ Inferno” is complete, and the
Dark Tower:
Purgatorio "nearly so, but of the “ Paradiso
"It peers somewhere between the pointed hills,
have only a few fragments. The cantos of the sec-
Builded of old by Merlin in the waste;
ond Canticle have been collected from scattered
The giant there his fateful ward fulfills,
numbers of “ The Catholic World,” to which they
Until the chosen of the world shall haste,
were from time to time contributed during a long
Through wood and wold, o'er fell and field and fen,
To bide the battle for the sons of men."
period of years. Professor C. E. Norton provides
There is much excellent stuff in Dawson's work, but
the volume with a preface, and Miss Guiney writes
it is crudely presented, and the light that falls upon
“Memorial Sketch ” which is sympathetic enough,
it is garish.
but stilted in expression. It is curious, indeed, that
the simple, direct, and almost classical style of the
A selection of the poems of the late Ti mas
translator should have so appealed to an editor who
William Parsong has recently been published, and
could write : “An unrevised life-labor, plucked for
is one of the most welcome books of the season.
the public while yet green upon the bough, bears
The original editions have long been out of print, itself meekly, and hopes for consideration.” But
and many of the poems have never before been pub-
Miss Guiney's sketch betrays flashes of insight for
lished at all in the strict sense, or at least have
which we should be grateful ; such, for example,
made but a furtive previous appearance in the col-
as the following: “Above all, Dr. Parsons can be
umns of newspapers or the pages of magazines. trusted, with a touch so light it is often unsuspected,
The new collection is far from complete, but it is
to dispel a vagueness or insert some little clarifica-
representative, and includes most of the author's
tion, and to deal firmly with paraphrase where the
best work. We should say all, did we not look in prodigious force of the Tuscan idiom is such that
vain for “Saint Peray,” which should have been
the best English threatens to break under it.” As
included in the scantiest of selections, and the trans-
for the translation, which usually has the form of
lation of Manzoni's “Cinque Maggio" ode, which
Gray's “ Elegy” except for the division into stan-
should have accompanied the “ Proem,” in spite of
zas, Professor Norton is safe in saying that “ as a
the rule barring out other than original work. Com- rhymed version in English of the Divine Comedy
paring the collection with the volume of 1854 (the it has no superior.” We are inclined to go still
only one that was published in this country), we
further, and to claim for it at least parity with, and
find it to contain nearly twice the amount of mat- possibly superiority over, the best of the unrhymed
ter and more than twice the number of pieces. metrical versions. It certainly produces the effect
There are great inequalities in these poems, and it of an English poem, as Longfellow's bare transla-
is astonishing how trivial the poet of “ Paradisition does not, and this without venturing as far as•
Gloria ” and the verses “On a Bust of Dante
Cary in the direction of paraphrase. As Professor
could be at times. But Parsons at his best was a
Norton says, “Without knowledge of the original,
writer not likely to be forgotten. He was a poet
one may read it with ease and pleasure, and with
for poets rather than for the public, and his most
little sense of any hampering conformities to a for-
finished work has much of the quality that also made eign original. There are many parts in which the
Landor appeal rather to the select than to the gen translation reaches so high a level of natural poetry
eral audience. “ The hermit thrush of singers ” he
that the reader may readily forget that the English
is happily styled by the young fellow-poet who has
poet is following an Italian model.” As an exquis-
paid a graceful tribute to his memory. Besides the
ite example of this we may take the meeting with
comparison with Landor, comparisons with Gray
Beatrice (Purg. XXX., 67-75):
and with Collins have been suggested, and are not " Although the veil which from her forehead fell,
without justification. Speaking of Landor, we note Girt by that frondage of Minerva's tree,
that the “ Epistle " addressed to that poet is now
Suffered me not to see her features well,
entitled a “ Letter from America to a Friend in
Queenly she looked, and yet upbraided me,
Continuing thus, with sweet restraint of style
Tuscany.” We have always been puzzled by this
As 't were she kept her warmer words behind :
poem, with its familiar
Behold me well. The one I was erewhile
“Dear Walter, in our Eton days,"
Good sooth I am: I am thy Beatrice !
So, hast thou deigned then to approach the hill ?
and its statement,
Didst thou not know man findeth here his bliss.'"


86
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
This, beyond a doubt, is good English poetry, but
'Eheu fugaces | Póstume, Póstume,'
it is not quite Dante. Besides the expansion of the Carducci writes
verse
“Oh quei fanáli | come s'inséguono.""
Guardami ben; ben son, ben son Beatrice "
These innovations have had to fight their way, and
into two, which even the the felicitous “good sooth”
they have won acceptance—but for what they really
does not justify, there are, as Professor Norton
pretend to be as explained above), not for what
says, qualities of essence, of poetic nature, of style, their opponents have misrepresented them as claim-
and of tone, that differentiate the version from the
ing. The proof of the pudding is in the eating, and
original. Or, taking one of Matthew Arnold's
the proof of the poem is in its effect upon the intel-
chosen examples of the grand style in Dante (Inf. lectual palate. The following is undoubtedly poetry:
XVI., 61-3):
“O deviata verde solitudine
“Lascio lo fele, e vo pei dolci pomi
Lungi dal rumor degli uomini!
Promessi a me per lo verace Duca ;
Qui due con noi divini amici vengono
Ma fino al centro pria convien ch'io tomi,"
Vino ed amore O Lidia,”
and turning to read in Parsons :
and it remains little less than poetry in Mr. Greene's
“Leaving the gall, I seek the pleasant fruit
Promised to me by this my faithful Guide ;
“O now so long desired, thou verdurous solitude,
But to the centre first must sink my foot,"
Far from all rumor of mankind !
Hither we come companioned by two friends divine,
we are confronted by the same subtle differentia-
By wine and love, O Lydia."
tion. The style of the translation is pleasing, har-
monious, and dignified, yet it is not the grand style.
Here is an example of the translator's Carduccian
But we doubt if anyone will ever come nearer than
sapphics :
Parsons did to a reproduction in English of the es-
"Cypresses solemn stand on Monte Mario;
Luminous, quiet is the air around them;
sential qualities of Dante's manner.
They watch the Tiber through the misty meadows
Mr. G. A. Greene's volume of translations from Wandering voiceless."
the “ Italian Lyrists of To-Day” is a work of ex The translation from which we make this extract
ceptional value, both on account of its biographical could not easily be equalled. “Stecchetti" and the
and critical notices of thirty-four among the Italian young Gabriele d'Annunzio are the poets next in
poets now living, and on account of the remarkable
importance to the one just discussed, and get a large
faithfulness and high poetic quality of the transla share of Mr. Greene's attention. His versions of
tions offered. The work begins where the “ Modern poems by the latter are exquisitely done, and should
Italian Poets” of Mr. Howells leaves off, and there be reprinted did space permit, as well as the “ Pre-
is no name common to the two works. Mr. Greene's lude" from "Stecchetti's” “ Postuma," "The Ban-
lengthy introduction speaks of the decline of Ital quet” of Signor Pascoli," and the “ Florentine Mem-
ian literature during the period between 1860 and ories” of Signor Marradi. But Mr. Greene's book
1870, and of its remarkable resurgence during the must tell the rest of the story.
past quarter-century. He accounts for the decline
Professor Goldwin Smith's “Bay Leaves” is a
by saying that literature had been so long in pol small volume of translations from ten Latin poets;
itics that, after the achievement of national unity,
Lucretius, Catullus, Ovid, Horace, and Martial get-
it had lost the power to deal with anything else.
ting most of the translator's attention. “The trans-
Romanticism, moreover, had spent its force, and
lator of Latin poetry," says Professor Smith, “has
the time was not quite ripe for the classical re-
the comfort of knowing that he is separated from
action. When that reaction came, with Signor his authors by no chasm of thought and sentiment,
Carducci as its leader, it had things its own way,
and “ saved literature in Italy.” This poet, of
such as that which separates the translator from
Homer, or even from Æschylus.” This is particu-
course, more than any other, gets attention in Mr.
larly true of the Latin poets of the Empire, and
Greene's volume, and his revival of classical metres
hardly less true of Lucretius. The translations are
is discussed with much intelligence. The matter is
free, smooth, and tasteful. With Horace, “whom,
so important that we quote Mr. Greene's quotation
for some occult reason, one loves the better the older
from one of Signor Carducci's disciples : “We have
one grows,” the translator has been peculiarly hap-
no quantity ; but we can render in Italian verse the
py, as in the Otium divos rogat –
sound of Latin verses, as it appears to strike our
“For ease the weary seaman prays
• barbarous' ears. That is to say: since we, when
On the wild ocean, tempest tost,
reading Horace, hear in his odes our own five-syl-
When guiding stars withhold their rays,
lable, seven-syllable, nine-syllable, and hendecasyl-
When pales the moon in cloud-wrack lost.
labic metres, so we can construct, by means of these
'For ease the Median archers sigh,
metres, strophes which apparently correspond to his.
For ease the Thracian warrior bold;
For instance:
But ease, my friend, nor gems can buy,
"Eheu fugaces, Postume, Postume,'
Nor purple robes, nor mighty gold.”
sounds to our Italian ears as though it were com Two companion volumes, each of twice the thickness-
posed of two quinarii, the first simple, the second of “ Bay Leaves,” are devoted to the same transla-
sdrucciolo; and therefore for
tor's experiments with Greek tragedy in English
66
--
-
-.
-


1894.]
87
THE DIAL
79
.
blank verse.
The choruses have, as a rule, been Of the gift-book type are also the two exquisite
avoided, and a prefatory note displays a curious booklets which introduce the “ Bibelot” series to
lack of feeling for the poetic beauty of the lyrical the public. One of them, “Old World Lyrics,” is
passages in the tragedies. One of the volumes gives a selection of translations, mostly from the French,
extracts from Æschylus and Sophocles, “The Sup-by Mr. Andrew Lang and others. They are trans-
pliants” being the only play not represented. In lations — such as Mr. Dobson's “Ars Victrix,” Mr.
the other we have scenes from twelve of the plays Lang's versions of Ronsard, and Rossetti's render-
of Euripides.
ing of Villon's most famous ballad - to be read
Miss Swanwick, whose translation of the first part
almost as much for their own sake as for that of
of “Faust” was published more than forty years
the originals. Two or three of the selections are of
ago, now offers the work to the public in revised
such a nature that the book cannot well be offered
form, changed particularly in the lyrical passages,
to the Young Person. Songs of Adieu” is the
to many of which the double rhymes have been re-
other of these booklets, and proves to be a tasteful
stored. The work in its present form is highly
selection of valedictory and mortuary lyrics from a
creditable, although still inferior to Taylor's, as wide range of recent English writers. One Amer-
may be illustrated by the Chorus, “ Hat der Begra- ican, the late Paul H. Hayne, figures in the collec-
bene," a crucial test. Miss Swanwick gives us :
tion. The book is particularly acceptable because
“He whom we mourned as dead,
it brings together a number of charming lyrics other-
Living and glorious,
wise not easily accessible.
From the dark grave hath fled,
We cannot better close this article than with a
O'er death victorious ;
Almost creative bliss
few words of praise for the new Cambridge edition
Waits on his growing powers;
of Longfellow's poems. The contents of six vol-
Ah! Him on earth we miss ;
umes of the Riverside edition (with some condensa-
Sorrow and grief are ours."
tion of the notes) are here put into a single volume
Taylor did much better when he translated : of nearly seven hundred pages, and the result, from
“Has He victoriously
the mechanical point of view, is a masterpiece even
Burst from the vaulted
among the publications of the house whence it issues.
Grave, and all-gloriously
The paper is thin but opaque, the dimensions are
Now sits exalted.
excellent, and the cover is in faultless taste. The
Is He, in glow of birth,
Rapture creative near?
collection has a biography by Mr. Scudder, more
Ah! to the woe of earth
than enough notes for most readers, and a chrono-
Still are we native here."
logical list of the poems. It will doubtless remain
The Retzsch outline illustrations appear with this for many years to come the standard one-volume
volume, and are not a happy addition.
edition of our most widely-read poet, and his friends
Gottfried Kinkel, whose “Tanagra" has been
could not have wished for his work a more satisfac-
put into English verse by Mrs. Frances Hellman,
tory setting. The volume should find its way to
was one of the more important literary personalities
every home in the land.
of his time, and has a peculiar interest for Ameri-
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
cans as the friend and fellow-revolutionist of Herr
Carl Schurz. Both were combatants on the side of
liberty in 1849, and both were captured by the
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
Prussians and imprisoned at Rastatt. Herr Schurz
made his escape through a sewer soon after his cap-
Most writers, in the minds of most
ture, and fled to Switzerland. Secretly returning profound study people, act as merely external influ-
of Goethe.
in the following year, he aided Kinkel to escape,
ences,
and
are, upon reflection, easily
and both took ship for England. Kinkel remained to be differentiated as such. But a few among the
in England for some fifteen years, visiting the United very greatest of writers appeal to the inmost con-
States in 1851, and, in 1866, accepted a post at Zu sciousness; their thought becomes incorporated with
rich, where he lived until his death in 1882. In an the
very
framework of the mental structure, woven
age when Germany has produced only minor poets in the very warp and woof of its fabric. This is
he was one of the most popular of them all, and particularly true if we make their acquaintance at
the list of his productions is lengthy, including not the early age when introspection does not as yet
only poems, but stories and contributions to the lit- largely enter into the mental process. Afterwards,
erature of aesthetics. 66 Tanagra,” which is an epic we do not give these men their due; their thought
idyll upon a Greek theme, was the last and the has become so indubitably our own that we cannot
ripest of his poems. Mrs. Hellman's translation, imagine it ever to have been something external to
which is in couplets, produces a slightly pedestrian ourselves. The assimilation of Shakespeare, for ex-
effect, but is pleasing. It is published in gift-book ample, by many generations of English-speaking peo-
guise, with illustrations by Mr. E. H. Blashfield, in ple has been so complete that many men will read
which the artist does not seem to have been at his with mingled wonder and incredulity such a state-
happiest.
ment as that made by Mr. Ruskin when he says:
A new and


88
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
99
“ The intellectual measure of every man since born entitled “Book-Plates," and published in the series
in the domains of creative thought may be assigned of “ Books about Books," imported by Messrs.
to him according to the degree in which he has been Charles Scribner's Sons. There are “styles” in
taught by Shakespeare.” An influence almost com book-plates, as in furniture and book-bindings; and
parable with that of Shakespeare has been exerted to be au fait one should know how to discriminate
upon the thought of the present century by Goethe, as between the “Armorial,” “ Jacobean,” “Chip-
yet few among
those whose thought has been shaped pendale,” and “ Allegoric” or “Symbolic.” Some
by the author of “Faust” and “Wilhelm Meister" awkward blunders have been made, even in En-
could balance their account with Goethe off-hand. gland, in the selection of an armorial design; as,
It is the peculiar merit of Mr. J. R. Seeley's “Goethe for instance, when the Countess-Dowager of Bath,
Reviewed after Sixty Years” (Roberts) that it helps being a widow, should have “borne her arms in a
us to realize the magnitude of our intellectual debt lozenge,” but didn't. Mr. Hardy tells us he has
to Goethe, that it shows us how startlingly different aimed at giving in his handbook “an historic sketch,
some of our ideals might now have been had we not however unpretentious, of the different styles adopted
felt the contagion of his spirit, directly or indirectly. in designing book-plates, from their first introduc-
Mr. Seeley's book is a small one, but its analysis tion” down to the early years of the present cen-
includes all the essentials. In this respect it reminds tury, "after which no distinctive style can be said
us of his “Napoleon the First,” which it equals in to exist.” In the work of modern designers he
weightiness. The author strikes deep when, for ex finds only a few noteworthy examples, but these
ample, he
says:
" It is the strenuous energy with form “a refreshing oasis in the desert of wild ec-
which Goethe enters into the battle of life, and fights centricity.”
The chief merit in an old-style plate,
there for a victory into which others may enter, that it seems to us, is found when the engraver has hap-
makes him great, that makes him the teacher of these pened to be a Dürer, a Hogarth, a Vertue, or a
later ages,—this, and not some foppish pretension of Morghen; but detached examples of the more am-
being above it all, of seeing through it and despising bitious work of these artists are still obtainable, so
it.” And allied with the above passage is the fol in place of the English and Continental armorial
lowing pregnant suggestion, taken from a discussion book-plates let us have the “wild eccentricities.”
of Goethe's struggle for self-culture : “Here is the Examples of these, we believe, are promised in the
refined form of selfishness of which Goethe has been forthcoming books of Messrs. Castle and Allen.
so often accused ; and undoubtedly the phrase is one
which will bear a selfish interpretation, — just as a
“Travels in America 100 Years Ago”
American life
Christian be selfish when he devotes himself to
(Harper's “Black and White" series)
may
a century ago.
the salvation of his soul.” These are words to be
is the record of the American impres-
seriously weighed before passing judgment upon
sions of one Thomas Twining, an intelligent Anglo-
Indian who visited the United States almost at the
Goethe's life, or assuming to set forth its ethical
implications. It would be difficult sufficiently to
beginning of our national existence. As Mr. Twin-
praise Mr. Seeley's essay for its insight, or for its ing was, the time and his nationality considered, a
philosophical setting forth of the meaning of Goethe's singularly liberal and unbiassed observer, his jot-
life and work.
tings are of value. Sailing from Calcutta Dec. 9,
1795, in the American ship “ India,” of three hun-
The use of book-plates, or book dred tons burthen, he reached Philadelphia April 7,
labels, originated with Hans Igler in where, he records, " I stepped ashore without even
Germany sometime before the close the aid of a plank,” and was at once greeted with,
of the fifteenth century. Albert Dürer engraved a 6 How dost thou do, friend? I am glad to see thee."
book-plate for one Bilibald Pirckheimer in 1524. Mr. Twining visited the chief cities during his stay,
Elizabeth Pindar was the first English woman to and met many people of note. Especially interest-
use a book-plate (1608), and another English wo ing is his account of a visit to General Washington,
man, a Miss Jenkins, of Bath (1820), is the first who was then living at Philadelphia “in a small red
known collector of these bibliographical curiosities. brick house on the left side of High Street, not much
These particulars are well worth noting, now that
higher up
than Fourth Street,” and next door to a
the book-plate has arrived at a position of no small hair-dresser’s. Mr. Twining was received by Mrs.
dignity. In France there is an Ex Libris Society, Washington, “a middle-sized lady, rather stout; her
and this society publishes a Journal. England manner extremely kind and unaffected.” Presently
also has its Ex Libris Society, and we understand “the door opened, and Mrs. Washington and myself
that America is threatened with a like invasion. It rising, she said, “The President,' and introduced
is a harmless mania, this collecting of book-tickets, me to him. Never did I feel more interest than at
at least so long as it does not mean the destruc this moment, when I saw the tall, upright, venerable
tion of books. Sir Leicester Warren (now Lord de figure of this great man advancing to me to take me
Tabley) was the first Englishman to write a book by the hand. There was a seriousness in his man-
on the subject, we believe, called “A Guide to the ner which seemed to contribute to the impressive
Study of Book Plates.” We now have a work of dignity of his person, without diminishing the con-
liberal proportions, written by Mr. W. J. Hardy, fidence and ease which the benevolence of his coun-
and character
Private
Book-Marks.


1894.]
89
THE DIAL
tenance and the kindness of his address inspired.
“Within College Walls" (The Baker
There are persons
in whose appearance one looks in Dubious doctrines & Taylor Co.) is a collection of ten
of college functions.
vain for the qualities they are known to possess, but
short papers on matters pertaining
the appearance of General Washington harmonized to the college. The author is President Charles
in a singular manner with the dignity and modesty Franklin Thwing, of Adelbert. The tone of the
of his public life. So completely did he look the book is religious and ethical; its real subject, the
great man he really was, that I felt rather respect college as a Christianizing agency. The author is
than awe in his presence, and experienced neither the of course right when he dwells on the importance
surprise nor disappointment with which a personal of the college in developing character, on its possi.
introduction to distinguished individuals is often ac ble influence in leading to faith and to a sustaining
companied. . . . In person he was tall, well-propor- trust in things divine. But just as distinctly he
tioned, and upright. His hair was powdered, and seems wrong when he insists that all this is the un-
tied behind. Although his deportment was that of derlying principle and definite purpose of the col-
a general, the expression of his features had rather lege's existence. Every college, indeed, stands or
the calm dignity of a legislator than the severity of should stand for the right; but its real aim is to
a soldier.” There is a portrait of the author. assist in the search for truth. Its religious and
moral influence is a means, not an end. This dis-
The writing of a play with the great tinction between truth and right as the first aim of
Shakespeare
portrayed in est of all play-writers as its central
an institution of learning is not a verbal quibble.
modern comedy.
figure and controlling spirit is cer-
Its practical test lies here: build up your college as
tainly a novel and adventurous task. This is what
President Thwing would have it, and you run no
has been attempted by Mr. Harry B. Smith in “ Will end of risks. For instance, in engaging a professor,
Shakspeare, a Comedy,” published in an elegant choose a good religious man who doesn't know his
private edition in Chicago. Writers of historical
subject, in preference to a scholar who is less holy
dramas have usually chosen subjects that afforded
but more erudite; ask this new professor to make
them a foundation of attested fact to build upon; but character - building his main work in the class-
this advantage has not been enjoyed by the writer
room: will this, or will it not, approximate toward
of this little play, who has had to pick his material
the ideal college? The author thinks it will. But
bit by bit from the mass of scraps and fragments, the fact is that this plan has been tried disastrously
partly biography but more largely tradition and
over and over again. The scores of small and strug-
conjecture, that constitute about all we know of gling denominational colleges that have followed
Shakespeare outside of his own works. Perhaps
the scheme contrast pitifully with the no less strug-
the meagreness of exact information has in one way gling state universities to which the plan was im-
been an advantage in this case, as it has left the au-
possible. Could the plan be fairly tried, the relig-
thor greater freedom and independence in following ious would at once crowd out the scholarly; and in
his own insight and working out his own conception
the present system of our great universities the
of his hero's character. It is to be noted, as a prime scholarly has never once crowded out the ethical.
merit of this ingenious production, that the author
Lofty, then, as is the author's aim, it is the aim of
has really succeeded in making Shakespeare real to
the man who sees but one side of the question, and
us as a man and in giving to his character a genu-
that, tested by theory and experience, the unsafe side.
ine human interest. We see him as the roystering
young fellow about Stratford, joining a party of
Miss Katharine Lee Bates's work on
An Account of
strolling players and going off with them to Lon the English “ The English Religious Drama”
Religious Drama.
don; as a boon companion and reveller among the
(Macmillan & Co.) is one to be com-
wits of the Mermaid Tavern, with Ben Jonson, mended. Few besides special students know much
Fletcher, Burbage, and other choice spirits of that about this subject, the manuals of English Litera-
time and place; and, lastly, as a player at the Globe ture commonly dismissing it with brief mention, as
Theatre on the Bankside, beginning to concern him-having but little relation to the more important sec-
self with matters of stage management, and taking ular drama by which it was followed. Miss Bates
the character of Hamlet in the ancient play which does not so regard it, but considers the Miracle
he had just re-written for the stage. These scenes Plays to have been the training school of the ro-
and episodes are set forth with sympathy and pen mantic drama. She finds them, despite crudities,
etration, and enlivened with much genuine humor. prolixities, and absurdities of detail, to have ren-
So admirably is the little three-act comedy con dered very important service to the Elizabethan
structed, with such dramatic skill and so fine and drama. They not only bequeathed to it scope and
sure a literary touch that it brings the character and freedom, large constructive principles, reality of
environment of Shakespeare more vividly before characterization, and intensity of passion, but they
us than volumes of mere biography or commentary paved the way for its reception and recognition.
could do. The play has, withal, much vivacity and They made England a nation of actors and theatre-
spirit, with a number of capital situations which can lovers, who would be content with no such learned
of course be properly estimated only on the stage, and elegant trifling as amused the court and uni-
to which it manifestly will find its way.
versity, but demanded range, earnestness, life.


90
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
Many of these Mystery cycles were probably lost; In his “Saskia, the Wife of Rembrandt” (Crowell),
but four important groups—York, Towneley, Ches Mr. C. K. Bolton essays the rather hopeless task of
ter, and Coventry-remain in completeness, and to writing a Life in the face of an almost entire lack of
the description of these, with some citations and a
data; evolving his heroine, as it were, largely from the
critical chapter on their dramatic values, the larger
“ vasty deep" of his own inner consciousness. Next to
nothing is absolutely known of Saskia, and Mr. Bolton
portion of Miss Bates's book is devoted. A con-
seems to have unearthed no fresh facts concerning her.
cluding chapter on the Moralities is only less inter-
His little book is, however, readable enough in its mod-
esting because the subject is in itself a dull one. est way, and the copious plates (mostly portraits and
Taken as a whole, the subject is treated with fulness studies, more or less plausibly presumed to be Saskia),
and accuracy, and in a style so pleasing and pictur- after Rembrandt, lend it an element of positive interest.
esque that the volume will find many appreciative Louise Creighton's “A First History of France"
readers.
(Longmans), from Cæsar's conquest down to the fall
Professor Clinton Scollard's “On of the Second Empire, is a satisfactory outline sketch
An American poet Sunny Shores ” (Webster), a series
for the use of young readers. The little book may be
in other lands.
of sketchy Reisebilder, forms a fit-
used to advantage as a brief preparatory study to Mrs.
Gardiner's capital text - book on the French Revolu-
ting complement to his previously-published “Under
tion, issued by the same house. The work is well printed
Summer Skies.” Starting at the banks of the Wye,
and judiciously illustrated, and it contains the needful
the author touches at Ambleside and the Isle of
maps.
Wight, tramps down the Neckar, tarries a space in “ The Court of Louis XV." and « The Last Years of
the Tyrol, crosses the Splügen, idles a day or so at Louis XV.," the eighteenth and nineteenth volumes of
Bellaggio, Milan, and Verona, thence, touching en M. de Saint-Amand's « Famous Women of the French
route at Greece, fares to Syria, and after “doing" Court" (Scribner), will be welcomed by readers of this
the Cave of Adullam, Mar-Saba, and Mt. Hermon, extremely readable series. The books are quite unique
pulls up-rather fagged, one fancies - in "A Da in their way; and literary workers will find in them a
mascus Garden.” Professor Scollard conveys his
useful storehouse of literally-quoted extracts from mem-
The
impressions of each halting-place with a few rapid
oirs, letters, diaries, etc., of the period covered.
touches, and, when the muse proves propitious,
present volumes, embracing the fortunes of those lights
of the royal seraglio, Mmes. de Pompadour and Du
drops into poetry, with pleasing results. There are
many pen-sketches by Margaret Landers Randolph, We are glad to note the appearance, in a single vol-
Barry, should prove popular.
and the book is prettily bound in violet cloth, with
ume (Burt), of the selections from Schopenhauer's
side-stamp of white and gold.
" Parerga and Paralipomena " which Mr. T. Bailey
The “ Mermaid Series " of Eliza-
Saunders made and translated into English about two
The plays of bethan plays, of which the publica-
years ago. The present publication appears in a “ Li-
Ben Jonson.
brary of the World's Best Books,” and, for a wonder,
tion had been discontinued for two
it distinctly belongs in a collection thus named. Mr.
or three years, is now resumed with the plays of Ben Saunders's introduction is readable, but imperfectly sym-
Jonson (Scribner). Three volumes, edited by Dr. pathetic, and his translation is admirable. The book is
Brinley Nicholson, are to be given to this dramatist; full of meat, and one needs no fondness for metaphys-
and the first of the three, with an admirable critical ics to extract from it both enjoyment and profit. For
essay by Professor C. H. Herford, has just appeared.
lack of proper presentation to the English-reading pub-
"Every Man in His Humor," "Every Man out of
lic, Schopenhauer has come to occupy the position of
His Humor,” and “The Poetaster" are the plays
being more talked about and less read than any other
modern Continental philosopher of importance. We
included. The mechanical execution of this volume
hope the present volume will cause him to be more read
is inferior to that of the sixteen volumes previously and less talked about.
issued. But we are glad to have the series contin-
ued in any form, as it provides a working selection
from the Elizabethan drama, at slight cost to the
student, and with a full and carefully-edited text.
NEW YORK TOPICS.
New York, January 24, 1894.
Anyone who observes the work done by illustrators,
BRIEFER MENTION.
American and foreign, in the periodicals of the time,
cannot fail to be impressed with the amount of genius
“The Jews of Angevin England” is published in the and technical ability which they bring to their task. The
very useful series entitled “English History by Contem immense advance in the art of illustrating which has
porary Writers” (Putnam). The contents of these vol taken place within the past few years has lately been
umes consist of strictly original materials, extracted from emphasized by the publication of numerous books treat-
the chronicles, state-papers, and other documents of the ing of illustrators and their designs. But to me the most
time, and translated into English. Mr. Joseph Jacobs significant piece of illustration observed in last year's
is the industrious compiler of the present volume, which periodicals was an instantaneous photographic view of
includes “every scrap of evidence I could find in the the sinking of H. M. S. Victoria, reproduced by process
English records, whether printed or unedited, that re in one of the London illustrated weeklies. This photo-
lates to the Jews of England up to the year 1206." graph was taken by a British officer on board one of the
Many of the passages are translations from the Hebrew. accompanying vessels, and, while small in size and not


1894.]
91
THE DIAL
years of
very distinct, conveys a striking impression of the event. quarrel between the rich man and the poor man from a
There can be no question that it was the great and in socialistic point of view.
creasing interest in amateur photography which made it Talking with Dr. Edward Eggleston the other day, I
possible for this officer to have his camera at hand, to was interested to learn that the old straw chair in his
understand its use, and to grasp the occasion on the mo library at “ Joshua's Rock,” Lake George, was woven
ment. Possibly fifty imaginative pictures of this disaster by an ex-slave of John Randolph, when about ninety
have been drawn for the periodical press, but none of
age.
The chair has been in use for more than
them has appealed so strongly to the imagination as this twenty years, and in it the Doctor has written all his
actual view of the event itself.
novels, from “ The Hoosier Schoolmaster” to “ The
These suggestions came to mind in looking over a Faith Doctor." The desk in the same room is one that
copy of Mr. Alexander Black's “ Photography Indoors belonged to Dr. Eggleston's great-grandfather in Co-
and Out,” just published by Messrs. Houghton, and bear lonial times.
ing for its sub-title “A Book for Amateurs." The little Much interest is taken in the authors' reading, or ma-
volume has met with exceeding favor in the press, and tinée, soon to be given in Boston. The proceeds will
is likely to prove
valuable manual for all beginners in be devoted to the relief of the suffering poor. The
photography. Mr. Black has been for some years the list of patronesses includes both prominent society ladies
literary editor of the Brooklyn (N. Y.) "Times." He and ladies prominent in the literary world—a combina-
devotes a great part of his spare time to the study and tion, perhaps, devoutly to be desired, but not yet con-
practice of photography as a fine art, and frequently lec summated, in New York. Mr. Samuel L. Clemens, Col.
tures on the relations of photography to its sister arts. Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Mrs. Louise Chandler
The announcement of an article on Nikola Tesla, by Moulton, Mrs. Julia C. R. Dorr, and others have prom-
T.C. Martin, in the February number of "The Century ised to read, and a large sum of money will be obtained
Magazine,” calls attention to the fact that Tesla is already for the charitable purposes of those concerned in man-
acknowledged in the electrical world as a sort of junior aging the affair. From Boston also comes news of the
Edison. Mr. Martin recently issued a volume entitled death in Rome of Mrs. William Wetmore Story, the wife
“ The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola of the sculptor-poet. She was a Miss Eldredge, of Bos-
Tesla," which contains a description of the inventor's ton, and her son, who married Emma Eames, is Julian
discoveries and his principal lectures delivered before Story. Mrs. Story, it is said, was a woman of uncom-
electrical societies. Mr. Tesla is a native of Servia, and mon intellectual attainments, of lovely character, of high
has, I believe, received from that country a decoration social distinction, and in her early years was considered
in recognition of his achievements.
a great beauty.
The article in the last number of THE DIAL entitled By the death of Prof. Edward T. McLaughlin, Yale
“ The Star' System in Periodicals” comes very appropri-
University suffered as great a loss in her professorial
ately at a time when this system, having been “worked” staff as she has met with in recent years. The univer-
to the furthest possible point, seems to show signs of an
sity has always been greatly hampered in its literary
early death. One amusing phase of the system is its department by financial inability to provide a sufficient
adoption by the advertising fraternity. So it caused no number of instructors. The incumbent professors, with
great surprise to pick up in some little shop a pamphlet Mr. McLaughlin, have accomplished what they could,
entitled “The Story of My First Watch: Told by Emi-
but the latter's youthful enthusiasm will be greatly
nent Americans.” Surely, thought I, this is the latest
missed by them. One of his specialties was the study
venture in the composite-article field; but on turning of mediæval life and literature, and a volume on these
over the leaves I found that it was nothing more or less subjects, the manuscript of which he had completed, will
than the advertising device of a shrewd manufacturer of shortly be published by Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
watches, who had induced fifteen or twenty of the public
ARTHUR STEDMAN.
men and women whose names appear most prominently
in “ The Star' System in Periodicals" to write from a
quarter to half a page descriptive of how they came in
possession of their first watches, the whole made up into LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY.
a pamphlet, with portraits of the writers, some of whose
stories were extremely interesting. The advertisers of
On February 6, Professor Haeckel will reach his six-
the day are indeed quick to seize upon new ideas, but it
tieth birthday, and it is proposed to celebrate the occa-
appears to me that their adoption of the star system”in sion by placing a marble bust of him in the Zoological
Institute at Jena.
vogue among various periodicals will compel the latter,
in turn, to seek for some other novelty. Nevertheless,
Mr. Frederick Douglass has written an introduction
for a while it has seemed as if the great American public
for a translation of the life of Toussaint L'Ouverture
was more deeply interested in how our leading authors by the late M. Victor Schälcher. The translation will
wrote their first books than in the books themselves—an be by Mr. Theodore Stanton.
injustice to the books in a majority of cases.
Renan's library, we are told, will be sold in a few
Mr. William Young, the poet and dramatist, whose weeks. The catalogue, now in preparation, will contain
comedy, “The Rajah," made such a successful run at the about 7,000 titles, being the pick of the collection. The
Old Madison Square Theatre, and whose blank verse unimportant books have already been weeded out and
tragedies, “ Pendragon” and “Ganelon,” were so artist disposed of.
ically produced by the late Lawrence Barrett, is spend M. Emile Terquem, who represented the French pub-
ing the winter in Washington, engaged in perfecting lishers at the Columbian Exposition, sends us a copy of
arrangements for the production of his new comedy the report made by him to the Paris Cercle de la Librai-
dealing with Revolutionary times. He has written for rie. He expresses great satisfaction with the success of
the forthcoming number of “The Cosmopolitan " a little the exhibit, even from the point of view of sales actually
poem entitled “ The Beggars,” which deals with the made, since he found it necessary to take back only


92
(Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
twenty out of the sixty-five cases of books placed on elists, MM. Paul Margueritte, Paul Hervieu, Marcel
exhibition. Of the very attractive catalogue issued by Prévost, Maurice Barrès, and J. Ricard will also be
him 1500 copies were distributed.
represented. We believe it is an open secret that the
The following words have a melancholy interest as editorship will be shared by MM. Louis Gauderax and
being the last written for publication by Professor Tyn James Darmesteter, and that the well-known publisher
dall, and the fact that they were written as a Christ M. Paul Calmann Lévy is the principal shareholder.”
mas message to his friends in America doubles their The initial number is promised for the first of February.
interest for us on this side of the Atlantic: “I choose
the nobler part of Emerson, when, after various disen-
CONSTANCE FENIMORE WOOLSON.
chantments, he exclaims, • I covet truth!' The gladness By the death of Miss Constance Fenimore Woolson,
of true heroism visits the heart of him who is really com which occurred at Venice, Italy, January 24, America
petent to say this.” One cannot help thinking of the lost one of the best of its fiction writers. She wrote
motto—veritatem dilexi — that Renan desired should be
a great many short stories and sketches, besides a half
engraved upon his tombstone.
dozen or so extended novels; the last of these, “ Horace
The report of Commissioner Harris on the Common Chase," was lately published as a serial in “ Harper's
Schools of the United States shows an enrollment for Monthly," and will soon appear in book form. Miss
1891-92 of over thirteen millions of pupils, the average Woolson was born at Claremont, N. H., in 1845, her
daily attendance being about eight and a half millions. mother being a niece of Fenimore Cooper. From an
A quarter of a million women and half that number of authentic sketch of her life, written by Mr. Arthur
men were engaged in teaching these children for an av Stedman, and published in “The Book Buyer” for Oc-
erage of 137 days in the year. The total expenditure tober, 1889, we make the following extracts:
was in excess of one hundred and fifty millions. The
“While yet a child, Miss Woolson was taken by her
school term is slowly lengthening and the annual expend-
parents to Cleveland, Ohio, her father's business interests
iture is increasing. The noticeable replacement of men
having become centred there. She was educated at a
by women as teachers is an unfortunate symptom in view
Cleveland young ladies' seminary and at the famous
of the great disproportion already existing.
French school of Madame Chegaray in New York. Her
The University of Chicago has recently purchased
summers were chiefly spent, while a girl, on the island
what is claimed to be the most complete collection in
of Mackinac, in the straits connecting Lakes Huron and
existence of the public documents of the United States. Michigan. She often, however, accompanied her father
There are from four to five thousand volumes. The pur-
on his business trips to the shores of Lake Superior,
chase includes, besides nearly three thousand volumes of
through the farming districts of the Western Reserve,
Senate and House executive documents, complete sets of
and up and down the Ohio Valley, until she became
the American Archives from 1774 to 1776, American
familiar with a great part of the country that includes
State Papers from 1789 to 1828, Journals of Congress
the great lakes and the Central States.
from the first in 1789 to 1891, Executive Journals from
“ Her father's death, in 1869, and the consequent
1789 to 1869, the Annals of Congress from 1789 to 1822,
the Congressional Debates from 1822 to 1837, the Con-
breaking up of the family, cast a shadow on her life,
and urged her to serious pursuits. She had been brought
gressional Globe from 1833 to 1873, and the Congres-
sional Record from 1873 to 1892.
up strictly in the Episcopal faith, and at this time had
published a number of articles in periodicals of that de-
The following particulars concerning the new French nomination. ... Her literary field soon extended, and
review are taken from the “ Athenæum”; “ Although
stories, sketches, and poems appeared in profusion in
a fortnightly review, of the external type of the Revue
· Harper's' and other leading magazines. Selected
des deux Mondes,' in some respects the · Revue de stories relating to the region of the great lakes were
Paris' will be more akin to our great English month-
published as Miss Woolson's first book, in 1875, with
lies. There will be no chronicle of art, literature,
the title, Castle Nowhere: Lake-Country Sketches.'
music, the drama, contributed by an established staff; “ In the fall of 1873, her mother's failing health ne-
but on all questions of the hour the · Revue de Paris
cessitated a trip to Florida. There, at St. Aug ne
will address itself directly to the writers, French or for-
and on an island in the St. John's River, Mrs. and Miss
eign, most capable of treating them. It will have no
Woolson remained for five winters, the summers being
definite bias, religious or political; the names of Prince
Henri d'Orléans, Prince Roland Bonaparte, and M. Gode-
spent in the mountains of North Carolina and Virginia,
in South Carolina and Georgia, and later with their rel-
froy Cavaignac are a guarantee of its political inde-
pendence. Historical articles are promised for the forth-
atives at Cooperstown. The literary results of this long
coming numbers, from the pens of MM. Sorel, Gaston
stay in the South are readily to be discerned.
Paris, Jusserand, A. Vandal, and others. M. Sully Prud-
“ The death of her mother in February, 1879, caused
homme will write on Pascal's method, M. Pierre Loti
a complete change in Miss Woolson's plans, and the
on Loyola, Arvède Barine will discuss the ethics of
same year she sailed for England. Since then she has
Ibsen, M. Emile Faguet the talent of M. Brunetière, M.
been in America but once, and for a very short time.
Jules Lemaître La Chanson au XIX. Siècle,' M.
Her winters have been passed chiefly at Florence, though
Jules Simon will contribue his souvenirs of M. Ernest
she has resided for long periods at Rome and Sorrento.
Renan, while the review has secured an unpublished
In summer she has lived at Venice, and at various re-
sorts in Switzerland and Germany.
Since the be-
chapter of M. Ernest Renan's on Philo of Alexandria.
It is not less fortunate in fiction. It will open with a
ginning of 1887 Miss Woolson has lived at the Villa
novel by M. Anatole France (“Scruples de Femmes')
Bricchieri, just outside the Roman gate of Florence, the
to be followed by · Deux Jeunes Filles' by M. Ludovic
same locality that is mentioned in Mrs. Browning's
Halévy, and · Idylle Tragique' by M. Paul Bourget.
• Aurora Leigh,'
Gyp will contribute · Le Mariage de Chiffon,' Alphonse
"'I found a house at Florence on the hill of Bellosguardo.'
Daudet • Quinze Ans de Mariage.' The younger nov-
“ Miss Woolson is not a rapid composer. Her novel,
---


1894.]
93
THE DIAL
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, embracing 45 tities, includes all books
received by THE DIAL since last issue.]
Anne,' was nearly three years in the writing, a worthy
example to novelists of the day. Her first book, and
the second collection of stories, • Rodman the Keeper:
Southern Sketches,' published in 1880, had attracted
attention to the new author, but the appearance of
• Anne' in book form, in 1882, placed her at once
in the front rank of American prose writers. This
volume has been followed by · For the Major, 1883;
• East Angels,' 1886; and Jupiter Lights,' 1889, the
last of which, the • London Spectator' thinks, bids fair
to rival • Anne,' which it calls one of the best novels
America has produced for the last quarter of a century.'
Our novelist is intensely American. All of these books
deal with the life and adventures of Americans in their
own country, though of widely differing types, and in
widely separated districts."
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
February, 1894 (First List).
Alma-Tadema. Illus. Ellen Gosse. Century.
Americans, Great. Woodrow Wilson. Forum.
Banana, The. Illus. J. E. Humphrey. Pop. Science.
Birch, Charles Bell, Illus. Magazine of Art.
Byron and the Greek Patriots. Illus. Harper.
Charity, Personal Problem of. Lyman Abbott. Forum.
Child Study. Oscar Chrisman. Forum.
Chimney-tops, Italian. Illus. H. E. Tidmarsh. Mag. of Art.
Consumption. H. M. Biggs. Forum.
Criticism and Culture. James Russell Lowell. Century.
Deep Sea, Physical Conditions of the. Illus. Pop. Science.
Dog, Psychology of a. John Monteith. Popular Science.
Dramatic Expression. Alice W. Rollins. Lippincott.
English at Yale University. Albert S. Cook. Dial.
English Literature of the Victorian Age. Forum.
Evolution and Political Economy. C. S. Ashley. Pop. Sci.
Fish, Hamilton. J. C. Bancroft Davis. Atlantic.
Freaks. Charles Robinson. Lippincott.
Genius, Transplanted. S. R. Elliott. Dial.
Geology, The Position of. Joseph Prestwich. Pop. Science.
Gold Supply, The. J. E. Fraennkel. Forum.
Hawaiian Controversy, The. James Schouler. Forum.
Heredity and Education. W. Mills. Popular Science.
Illuminated Books of the Middle Ages. Illus. Mag. of Art.
Indian Music. John C. Fillmore. Century.
Indians, Origin of the. Cyrus Thomas. Am. Antiquarian.
Iron, A Bar of. Illus. R. R. Bowker. Harper.
Jackson, Stonewall, The Real. D. H. Hill. Century.
Land-Bill Allen, Myth of. Washington Gladden. Century.
Lewis and Clark Expedition, The. F. J. Turner. Dial.
Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. John G. Nicolay. Century.
Lincoln's Place in History. J. C. Adams. Century.
Literature to Music. B. J. Lang. Atlantic.
Marine Biological Laboratory, A. Illus. Pop. Science.
Massachusetts: An Object Lesson. W. F. Poole. Dial.
Nicaragua Canal, The. C. De Kalb. Forum.
Norwegian Hospitality. Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen. Lippincott.
Pawnbrokers, Study of. Champion Bissell. Lippincott.
Poetry, Recent Books of. W. M. Payne. Dial.
Reading and Writing. H. E. Scudder. Atlantic.
Religion in the Schools. J. H. Hyslop. Forum.
Serpent Symbol, The. S. D. Peet. Am. Antiquarian.
Stanton under Lincoln, Recollections of. H.L.Dawes. Atlantic.
Tammany Hall. Henry C. Merwin. Atlantic.
Tao. William Davies. Atlantic.
Tax on English Books. Dial.
Tesla, Nikola. Illus. T. C. Martin. Century.
Tramp at Home, The. Illus. Josiah Flint. Century.
Tyndall and his American Visit. Popular Science.
Unemployed, Relief of the. Josephine S. Lowell. Forum.
Walking Sticks. Illus. S. H. Scudder. Harper.
Wilson Tariff, The. Albert Clark, Forum.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
The Anatomy of Melancholy. By Robert Burton. Edited
by the Rev. A. R. Shilletto, M.A., with introduction by
A. H. Bullen. In 3 vols., illus., 8vo, gilt top, rough edges.
Macmillan & Co. $12.50.
St. Andrews. By Andrew Lang. Illus., large 8vo, pp. 350,
uncut. Longmans, Green, & Co. $5.
The Philosophy of History. By Robert Flint. Large 8vo,
pp. 700. Chas. Scribner's Sons. $4.
A Short History of the Renaissance in Italy. Taken
from the work of J. A. Symonds, by Lt. Col. Alfred
Pearson. With portrait, 12mo, pp. 335. H. Holt & Co.
$1.75.
The House of Life. By Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Being
now for the first time given in its full text. 8vo, pp. 120,
uncut. Copeland & Day. $1.50.
A Random Itinerary. By John Davidson. With frontis-
piece, 18mo, pp. 204, gilt top, rough edges. Copeland &
Day. $1.50.
Wah-Kee-Nah, and Her People: The Curious Customs,
Traditions, etc., of the North American Indians. By
James C. Strong. With portrait, 12mo, pp. 275. G. P.
Putnam's Sons. $1.25.
The Religion of a Literary Man (Religio Scriptoris). By
Richard Le Gallienne. 16mo, pp. 120, uncut. G. P. Put-
nam's Sons. $1.
Essays about Men, Women, and Books. By Augustine
Birrell, author of "Obiter Dicta.” 18mo, pp. 234, gilt
top, rough edges. Chas. Scribner's Sons. $1.
The Aim of Life : Plain Talks to Young Men and Women.
By Phillip Stafford Maxam. 12mo, pp. 300. Roberts
Bros. $1.
The Spirit of the Age. By William Hazlitt; with intro-
duction by R. B. Johnson. 32mo, pp. 337, gilt top. Put-
nam's “Knickerbocker Nuggets." $1.
Deutsch in Amerika: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Deutsch-
amerikanischen Literatur. Von Dr. G. A. Zimmermann.
Part I., Epic and Lyric Poetry. New revised edition,
large 8vo, pp. 325, gilt edges. Chicago : Eyller & Co. $3.
The Writings of Thoreau. New Riverside Edition, Vols.,
5, 9, 10: Spring, Excursions, Miscellany. Edited by H.
G. O. Blake. 12mo, gilt tops. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Per vol., $1.50.
The Ariel Shakespeare, Third Group: Macbeth, Antony
and Cleopatra, Othello, Hamlet, Julius Cæsar, King Lear,
Romeo and Juliet. Each 1 vol., 32mo, illus. by Frank
Howard. G. P. Putnam's Sons. Per vol., 75 cts.
HISTORY.
Civilization during the Middle Ages, especially in Rela-
tion to Modern Civilization. By George Burton Adams.
8vo, pp. 463. Chas. Scribner's Sons. $2.50.
The Story of Japan. By David Murray, Ph.D. Illus.,
12mo, pp. 431. Putnam's “Story of the Nations " series.
$1.50.
BIOGRAPHY.
The Romance of an Empress : Catherine II. of Russia.
Translated from the French of R. Waliszewski. lllus.,
12mo, pp. 458, gilt tops. D. Appleton & Co. $2.
Early Sketches of George Washington. Reprinted, with
notes, by William S. Baker, author of “The Engraved
Portraits of Washington.” Illus., 8vo, pp. 150, uncut.
J. B. Lippincott Co. $2.
POETRY.
Allegretto. By Gertrude Hall. Illus., sq. 16mo, pp. 112.
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CONTENTS.
PAGE
THE USES OF BOOKS
99
.
Brander
ENGLISH AT COLUMBIA COLLEGE,
Matthews
101
COMMUNICATIONS
102
Secondary School Studies. Caskie Harrison.
“The 'Star' System in Periodicals” Again. William
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RECOLLECTIONS AND SKETCHES OF SOME
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104
THE USES OF BOOKS.
Those who have written in the praise of
books, from Richard de Bury and Petrarch to
Emerson and Carlyle, have mostly been con-
tent with the assumption that books are meant
to be read. The other use of books, that made
by the student, who considers them as the im-
plements or apparatus of his work, has been
largely ignored by such eloquent panegyrists of
literature as those above named. In spite of
an occasional suggestion, such as that made by
Bacon when he tells us that “some books are
to be read only in parts,” the second function
of literature has been left for the modern bib-
liographer fully to recognize, and even he has
by no means reached as yet the general con-
sciousness of the intelligent public. Dr. Will-
iam Frederick Poole, the veteran librarian,
whose faith and works have gone hand in hand
for nearly half a century, has done as much as
anyone among modern bibliographers to call
attention to the uses of books for reference
rather than for reading, to their employment
as intellectual tools rather than as means of
mere gratification. The subject has been re-
called to us by a little book just published by
Dr. Poole, and a few remarks upon so inter-
esting a theme may not be inappropriate.
Dr. Poole's book is a university address, and
has to do with the relations of the library to
educational work. Its essential plea is thus
stated: “I wished to show that the study of
bibliography and of the scientific methods of
using books should have an assured place in
the university curriculum ; that a wise and pro-
fessional bibliographer should be a member of
the faculty and have a part in training all the
students; that the library should be his class-
room, and that all who go forth into the world
as graduates should have such an intelligent and
practical knowledge of books as will aid them in
their studies through life, and the use of books
be to them a perpetual delight and refresh-
ment.” All this is admirably put, and we give
it the most cordial assent. But possibly the au-
thor does not quite realize the extent to which
the aims which he thus outlines have already
reached fulfilment. Although he gives due
credit to the bibliographical work done in some
half a dozen of our leading universities, he is
107
GREEK POETRY AND LIFE. Paul Shorey
ARCHITECTURE, PAST AND FUTURE. Edward
E. Hale, Jr.
.
110
SOME RECENT BOOKS OF TRAVEL. Alice Morse
Earle ...
111
Thompson's In the Track of the Sun.-Davis's Rul-
ers of the Mediterranean. - Field's The Barbary
Coast. -- Ohrwalder's Ten Years' Captivity. - Rose
Blennerhasset's Adventures in Mashonaland. - Ber-
gerat's A Wild Sheep Chase.--Mrs. Peary's My Arc-
tic Journal.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
114
Professor Romanes' studies in organic Evolution. --
Tennysonian studies and criticisms.--Pictures of the
Hibernian at home. - Collected essays of Professor
Huxley. - Literary anecdotes and reminiscences.
Old English and Middle English in one handbook.
Dr. Murray's New English Dictionary.-An elaborate
memorial of the World's Fair.
BRIEFER MENTION
118
.
NEW YORK TOPICS. Arthur Stedman
119
.
120
.
.
LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS .
122
.
.
.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
122
.
.
.


100
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
evidently still haunted by recollections of his equipment to the educated man, whatever his
own student years, when “ Yale College Li- specialty; and there is likewise no doubt that
brary might as well have been in Weathers the process of getting it for one's self unaided
field or Bridgeport as in New Haven, as far as is a laborious task. We believe, with Dr.
the students in those days were concerned.” Poole, that every university having a library
Certainly the state of things in which “ books, should also have a librarian, and that cata-
outside of the text-books used, had no part in loguing and custodianship should be but a part
our education " no longer exists in any Amer of his duties. His rank as a member of the
ican college having any standing at all. At faculty of instruction should be undisputed,
that time, we read, books" were never quoted, and he should act not only as a general ad-
recommended, nor mentioned by the instruct viser to students, but also as the teacher of his
ors in the class - room." To - day, it is safe
To-day, it is safe specific subject. He should be both a compe-
enough to say that in our higher institutions of tent professional bibliographer and a man of
a progressive sort, books of reference are men the broadest general culture, familiar with the
tioned, quoted, and recommended to an extent outlines of many subjects, and conversant with
that must help compliant students to enter the literature of the languages of culture. From
into the feelings of a Strasburg goose. And in such an instructor the student might get a
the Seminar, rapidly becoming naturalized in knowledge of the resources of the general li-
our better universities, the work done is almost brary sure to stand him in good stead upon
wholly of the sort that Dr. Poole pleads for. many occasions, and by such a colleague even
Yet it would be possible to progress one step the department professor might often be di-
further in this direction, and the gist of Dr. rected to sources of information that would
Poole's address may be found in what he says have escaped his own search. The true func-
upon this point. The class-room lecture, with tion of the university librarian has already been
its frequent references to the literature of the apprehended in some of our higher institutions
subject dealt with, and the graduate Seminar, of learning, but he claims a far more general
which brings the student into actual contact recognition than has yet been accorded him,
with that literature, and sets him to delving and we are glad that Dr. Poole has given us
in it, are praiseworthy as far as they go, but this opportunity to supplement his own vigor-
their effect (from the bibliographical stand ous and convincing appeal made in behalf of
point) remains special, and therefore incom the bibliographical educator.
plete. Dr. Poole dreams of a time when the
student may be given the keys, not only of his
MAXIME DUCAMP, member of the French Acad-
own subjects, but of all others that he may pos-
emy, died in Paris on the ninth of this month. He
sibly at some time in the future wish to make was born in Paris February 8, 1822. When a young
his own.
Not, we are told, “ that he should
man, he made a journey in the East, which he de-
learn the contents of the most useful books,” scribed in his “Souvenirs et Paysage d'Orient”
but “that he should know of their existence, (1848). In the insurrection of 1848 he fought in
what they treat of, and what they will do for
the ranks of the National Guard and was decorated.
him.” And the author goes on to say:
" He Sent by the government upon a second Eastern
should know what are the most important gen-
journey, which occupied the period 1849-51, he re-
eral reference books which will answer not
turned to write of his experiences in “ Egypte, Nu-
bie, Palestine, et Syrie" (1852), and “Le Nil,
only his own questions, but the multitude of
inquiries put to him by less-favored associates lowing years to the composition of poems and novels.
Egypte, et Nubie” (1854). He devoted the fol-
who regard him as an educated man. In 1860, the conservative of 1848 had become
question arises as to the existence, authorship, radical enough to take part in the Sicilian expe-
or subject of a book, an educated man should dition of Garibaldi and the Thousand. This was
know the catalogues or bibliographies by which written up in his “ Expédition des Deux-Siciles.”
he can readily clear up the doubt. The words Another volume of travel, “Orient et Italie," ap-
Watt, Larousse, Graesse, Quérard, Hoefer, peared in 1868. His greatest work, “Paris, Ses
Kayser, Hinrichs, Meyer, Hain, and Vapereau Organes, Ses Functions, et Sa Vie” (1869–75) fills
should not be unmeaning sounds to him. He
six volumes. Next in importance is “Les Convul-
should know the standard writers on a large he again figured as a conservative, and earned the
sions de Paris," a history of the Commune, in which
variety of subjects.”
hatred of the radicals. He was a realist in art, and as
There is no doubt that a certain amount of
a student of history and society had pronounced affi-
this sort of knowledge would prove a useful liations with Taine, who held him in high regard.
If a


1894.]
101
THE DIAL
>>
ENGLISH AT COLUMBIA COLLEGE.*
ment of the Germanic languages, of which Prof. H.
H. Boyesen is the head, he and Prof. W. H. Car-
In a small college a professor of English is called penter offer courses in Icelandic, in Gothic, in Mid-
upon to give instruction in three or four distinct dle High German and in Old High German, — all
subjects,-in the use of the English language, ordi of which would be useful to a student of English
narily termed rhetoric, in the history of the English philology. Professor Jackson has one course (two
language, in the history of English literature, and hours a week throughout the year) in " Anglo-Saxon
often also (if he should happen to be ambitious) Language and Historical English Grammar"; an-
in the history of the development of the more im other (two hours a week, half the year only) on
portant literary forms (the drama, for example, and “Anglo-Saxon Poetry”; a third (two hours a week,
the novel) in other literatures as well as in English. half the year only), on “Early and Middle English
In a large college, and in a university where much from the Twelfth to the Fifteenth Century.” Pro-
graduate work is carried on, these four subjects are fessor Price has a course (two hours a week through-
divided among different professors, each of whom, the year) on "Anglo-Saxon Prose and Historical
whatever the title of his chair, in reality gives in English Syntax.”
struction in those divisions of the subject in which In the history of English literature, Professor
he takes most interest. At Columbia College we Price has three courses (each two hours a week
have a Professor of Rhetoric and English Com- throughout the year), one on “Shakespeare: lan-
position, Mr. George R. Carpenter, with several as guage, versification, and method of dramatic po-
sistants. We have a Professor of English Language etry"; another on “ Chaucer : language, versifica-
and Literature, Mr. Thomas R. Price, and an Ad tion, and method of narrative poetry"; and a third
junct Professor of English, Mr. A. V. Williams on "The Poetry of Tennyson, Browning, and Mat-
Jackson. We have also two Professors of Litera thew Arnold."
A course on the “ English drama
ature, Mr. George E. Woodberry and myself. to the closing of the theatres (1640) exclusive of
In the department of rhetoric, Prof. G. R. Car- Shakespeare' (two hours a week throughout the
penter and his chief assistant, Mr. Baldwin, lecture year) is given conjointly by Professors Jackson and
to the lower classes on the principles of English Woodberry. Professor Woodberry gives four other
composition. As the best way to teach students to courses; two (each one hour a week for half the
write is to have them write freely and frequently, year) on “Spenser and the Elizabethan poets, ex-
they are called upon to express themselves on topics clusive of drama," and on “Milton and the Caro-
in which they are interested and often of their own line poets”; and two (each two hours a week through-
choice. Their written work for other professors is out the year) on "Eighteenth Century Literature"
often submitted also to the instructors in rhetoric. and on “Nineteenth Century Literature.” This last
These essays are criticised by the instructors in pri course considers only British authors, and therefore
vate talks with every individual student. The gen it conflicts in no way with my own course (two hours
eral tendency of the instruction is affirmative rather
a week throughout the year) on “ American Litera-
than negative. In other words, instead of telling
the student what he must not do and of dwelling
on the faults he should avoid, the aim of the in- language, and English literature, include all the
Perhaps these three divisions, rhetoric, English
structors is to show him how to express
himself
courses which can fairly be called English ; but
easily and vigorously. As this is Professor Car- closely allied to the first and to the third of these
penter's first year at Columbia, the courses in rhet-
divisions is literature, — literature at large, inde-
oric are not yet fully developed ; next year they pendent of any given tongue, just as linguistics is
will be enlarged and increased. Certain courses
given by other professors really belong in the de-
independent of any given language, and going from
partment of rhetoric. One of these is Professor
one tongue to another, just as linguistics goes from
one language to another. In this sense, the study
Price's course (two hours a week throughout the
of literature is the tracing of the evolution of liter-
year) on the “ Laws of Prose Composition in En-
ary form and of the development of criticism as
glish.” Another is my own (one hour a week through; masterpieces came into existence. In this depart-
out the year) on “The Art of English Versification,"
ment Professor Woodberry has two courses, one
an attempt to give practical instruction in metrical
(two hours a week throughout the year) on the
composition.
The instruction in the history of the English lan- totle, Horace, Quintillian, Sidney, Boileau, Dry-
“History and Theory of Criticism; Plato, Aris-
guage is as distinct as may be from the instruction
den, Lessing, Coleridge"; and another, open only
in the history of English literature. In the depart-
to students who have taken the first, on “ The Prac-
This article is the second of a series on the Teaching of
tice of Criticism," a review of the greater works of
English at American Colleges and Universities, begun in THE literature, with specific original inquiries in partic-
DIAL of February 1, with an article on English at Yale Uni-
ular epochs. And I have two courses also, one (two
versity, by Professor Albert S. Cook. The third will be on
English at Harvard University, by Professor Barrett Wendell;
hours a week throughout the year) on "The Epochs
and the fourth on English at Stanford University, by Profes-
of the Drama : Greek, Latin, Spanish, English,
sor Melville B. Anderson.- [EDR, DIAL.]
French, German ”; and another (one hour a week
ture.”


102
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
In
throughout the year) on " The Development of the in the air is against the serious work of schools, public as
Modern Novel,” from the Gesta Romanorum to well as private, provincial as well as metropolitan, with of
Waverley. All four of these courses are intended course some difference in degree.* * Comparisons with
primarily for graduates, and are open only to them
the systems of foreign countries are irrelevant and mis-
leading, because they are not thorough-going: in fact,
and to seniors.
as cited they do not necessarily prove their point.
From the foregoing paragraphs the reader can the United States at present, a forty-weeks' programme
see how fully English is treated at Columbia Col-
anchored to abstractions is a very different thing from a
lege, and from how many sides it is approached ; forty-weeks' programme dependent on distractions.
and he can judge for himself whether there is any Speaking broadly, and with some exception as to
unjust discrimination against either the linguistic strictly graded schools, secondary education is what col-
half of the subject or the literary. I have to add leges have begotten or adopted: colleges have brought
only that in no course in the history of English lit-
the schools to do, and now they flout them too. Some
erature, or in the history of literature, is any text-
comments and suggestions of the Conferences, whether
book used so far as I am aware. All the profes-
intentionally or not, imply this recognition; but the Com-
mittee of Ten, who, as auditors and interpreters, might
sors are agreed in insisting that the student shall
have been expected to collect and organize these hints,
get at first hand his knowledge of the authors con-
weighing their significance and pointing the appropriate
sidered in turn, and that he shall from time to time
moral, are too scientific for “traces,” too dignified for
prepare essays of his own involving individual re innuendo, too blithe for self-reproach; and we look in
search.
BRANDER MATTHEWS.
vain for the desiderated nos consales desumus. Yet it
Columbia College in the City of New York.
is absolutely just for schools that have long felt the
cramping conditions of college requirements, operating
as almost the only definite standards of higher (as dis-
tinguished from practical" or technical) education, to
COMMUNICATIONS.
insist on having their results criticised in accordance
with the number and volume and character of those re-
SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDIES.
quirements as used for examination purposes.
(To the Editor of The DIAL.)
This accountability of colleges is amply illustrated in
It would be premature to estimate the influence of
this document. Of the members of the Conferences,
the “Report of the Committee on Secondary School forty-eight were college-men and forty-two were school-
Studies,” discussed editorially in your issue of January
men. The easy assumption of propriety in this distribu-
16, but it is not too soon to indicate some of its char-
tion is enough in itself to show that, in the eyes of our
acteristics that justify misgivings. Those bappy ones
Colossi, we must be underlings even in the measure of
who can forget their securom agere cevom long enough
our authorized aspirations ; but our subserviency is far
to become aware of the total depravity of secondary
greater. Of the forty-two school-men, almost two-
education, and to conceive a missionary zeal for its sal-
thirds were principals; so that it is fair to assume that
vation, should begin by understanding the causes of its
not more than balf of the total number of school-men
present unregenerate condition; yet these causes are
have been actual teachers so recently and so largely, or
just what the Committee and the Conferences ignore.
have otherwise lived in such close and unbroken rela-
Some of us do not agree that “ the most defective part
tions with the real work of teaching, as to be teachers in
of our education is that of secondary schools "; we be any true sense. The proper ratio would have been
lieve that it is incomparably the most important and the
far different: there was need of only enough college-
most unmanageable part, and that we who are engaged in men to formulate their special observations from vari-
it understand its deficiencies and its difficulties far bet-
ous points of view of weakness in school-work, their ex-
ter than the Committee and the Conferences are ever pectations for the proper prosecution of college studies
likely to note them; and we despair of any effectual
as conceived and designed, their remorse for past igno-
growth in grace until true causes are recognized and
rance and indifference as to the work and the embarrass-
true remedies are applied. Our conviction is that, tak-
ments of schools, and their acquiescence in a reasonable
ing into consideration the relative conditions and pro-
adaptation of their own crotchets to the possibilities of
portions -- age, maturity, and training on the pupil's secondary education at the present time. Decisions
side, and independence, facilities, control, incentives, on
and recommendations of practicability should have been
that of the college - the result in real education as dis-
left to actual teachers of tried success as such, disposed
tinguished from technical skill in any given case is
by education and experiences and sympathy to aspire
more largely due to the secondary school than to the
even when constrained to temporary contentment. Teach-
college-a result proceeding from the fact that, in spite ing is a practical matter, with conditions of system and
of all their peculiar difficulties, from which colleges are
sequence and completeness and repetition and illumina-
exempted, the schools do teach and the colleges do not.
tion, from one or all of which most college-teachers
In this general connection, the Minority Report of the
(though not otherwise as excusable as Lowell in Dante)
Committee is very significant as exhibiting the astound-
consider themselves exempted by a change of venue
ing theory of educational values accepted by the Com-
never open to actual teachers, who are accountable to
mittee and as intimating the haste with which such con-
tests they can seldom forecast and often consider irra-
clusions were reached.
tional, and who are to a great extent dependent on suc-
More potent than defects of method, lack of coördi cess in arbitrary examinations for livelihood and repu-
nation, and incompetence of teachers, are the “evil times”
tation.
on which we are fallen. An ever-lessening school-year, *“The Sun” of Feb. 12 represents certain New York physi-
multiplying holidays, interrupted health of pupils,“prac cians as insisting that schools should not begin their daily
tical ” considerations, social distractions,- everything sessions till 10 o'clock.


1894.]
108
THE DIAL
It is to be hoped that, at President Baker's recom ulation of course invades the sanctum, and brilliant Na-
mendation, the National Council will hold itself respon poleons of editing assure us that there is everything in
sible for further investigation of the data furnished by " a name." Is this a phase of development, or is it a
the Conference. Meantime, these remarks are offered fad?
WILLIAM EDWARDS.
from a private school: if this Report has more specific
St. Louis, Feb. 4, 1894.
application to public schools and trusteed academies,
their condition reflects seriously on the recent argument
THE DECUMAN.
of that member of the Committee who insists on the
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
public supervision of all institutions of learning.
In his recently published letters (Vol. II., pp. 55–
CASKIE HARRISON. 56) Mr. Lowell refers to the difficulties of some of his
The Brooklyn Latin School, Feb. 3, 1894.
critics in relation to a word occurring in “ The Cathe-
dral,"
shocks of surf that clomb and fell,
"THE 'STAR' SYSTEM IN PERIODICALS" AGAIN.
Spume-sliding down the baffled decuman,"
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
and attempts the genealogy of the word, finding it in
With the rest of your readers, I greatly enjoyed the
several Latin writers (fluctus decumanus), but being
article entitled “The • Star' System in Periodicals,” in
unable to name any English author who had used it in
your issue of Jan. 16. But there is one point waiting this sense. “I think I shall probably come across the
to be touched upon, it seems to me; another abnormal
word somewhere in English again,” Mr. Lowell writes,
development of the “star” system, not referred to in
" where I no doubt met with it years ago. A word
the paper. It wittily describes the contributions of the
that cleaves to the memory is always a good word -
specialist; but what is to be said when the specialist in
that's the way to test them.”
one field poaches upon the domain of another ? Let
It will interest readers of Lowell to note that the
the distinguished and erudite Professor Pterodactyl dis-
word decuman, meaning the tenth wave, is given in the
course as profoundly and as prosily as he will upon his
new “Century Dictionary ” with quotations from two
chosen subject of Palæontology; and let the discussion
minor English writers. The locus classicus in English,
between himself and the equally distinguished Profes-
however, for the discussion of the phenomenon itself, is
sor Trilobite wax hot and incomprehensible: there are
in that delightful repository of all questions strange and
students of the subject, doubtless, self-disciplined suf-
wonderful, the Pseudodoxia Epidemica, or Vulgar Er-
ficiently to follow on, albeit afar off, with some degree
rors, of Sir Thomas Browne. See his works (ed. Wil-
of interest and appreciation. But, sad to relate, some
kin (London, 1878, II., 269–271), where quotations in
fatal morning the eminent Pterodactyl receives a flat-
illustration of the topic from several more modern
tering note from the editor of a prominent Review, con writers also are given by the editor. I find elsewhere
taining an urgent invitation to contribute to it a paper
also a quotation ascribed to Burke:
upon “The Situation in Hawaii,” with an exposition of
At length, tumbling from the Gallic coast, the victorious
his views on annexing the Antipodes, and a few prac tenth wave shall ride like the boar over all the rest."
tical suggestions relative to queens and the sugar bounty.
And in Tennyson (" The Coming of Arthur”) there is
Upon the self-same evil day the learned Trilobite finds
a reference to the nintb wave a variation doubtless
in his morning's mail a polite letter from the editor of
a rival Review requesting that he participate in a sym-
due to the two different methods of enumeration, whether
inclusive or exclusive:
posium with three other distinguished gentlemen (they
"And then the two
are, it appears, an M. C. from Missouri, a prominent
Dropt to the cove, and watch'd the great sea fall,
English brewer who happens to be temporarily in this Wave after wave, each mightier than the last,
country looking about with an eye to speculation, and a Till last, a ninth one, gathering half the deep
very celebrated major-general who since “the late un And full of voices, slowly rose and plunged
pleasantness” has spent most of the time in African
Roaring, and all the wave was in a flame."
travel and exploration) who are to discuss severally and But probably the allusion is not an unusual one in
collectively the present attitude towards Realism in Fic-
English poetry. FREDERIC IVES CARPENTER.
tion. The editor is certain that the views of such dis-
Chicago, Feb. 2, 1894.
tinguished men upon a subject of so much popular in-
terest cannot fail to suggest much of value to the great
A TIME-HONORED MISPRINT.
reading public of America. These two excellent and, up
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
to this time, entirely respectable professors are at first a
In
trifle shocked by these suggestions; recovering duly,
issue of Jan. 16 a zealous Scotchman uses the
your
they smile a dreary smile of conscious frailty, ponder,
word “willie-waught” in a poem in honor of Burns.
conceive, labor, and are delivered respectively of anom-
Alas ! our carelessly-printed editions of Burns have de-
alous and grotesque monstrosities, which, together with
ceived one of the very elect. Cuthbertson's Complete
Glossary to Burns knows nothing of the word. Mr.
similar bapless productions from other sources, disfigure
and obscure the pages of the magazines. Now this is
William Scott Douglas says in his edition of Burns (Vol.
very absurd, and should of course be touched upon in
II., p. 175), at the close of a discussion of this ghost-
any discussion of the "star" system. Many of our pe-
word”: “In short, 'willie-waught'is nonsense, butógude-
willie' or ill-willie' is a compound adjective in
riodicals now advertise the name of their contributors
every-
rather than the titles of the articles; and the competi-
day use."
tion of editorship is in some quarters largely a smart ri-
The oft-misprinted line in "Auld Lang Syne" reads
in the edition of Mr. Douglas:
valry in securing noted names. This is legitimate enough
when the author and his work may be identified as re-
“And we'll tak a right gude-willie waught."
lated; but to-day, in authorship as in every department
A. H. TOLMAN.
of human industry, man's field is not the world. Spec The University of Chicago, Jan. 27, 1894.


104
(Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
as I was,
66
The New Books.
Of Campbell he obtained a nearer view. It
was during the poet's final visit to Edinburgh,
where, as a distinguished bard and a “brither
RECOLLECTIONS AND SKETCHES OF Scot,” he was much fêted and caressed by the
SOME LITERARY FOLK.*
higher order of Amphitryons, as well as by
Mr. Francis Espinasse's volume of “ Recol. members of the Town Council and the like
lections and Sketches” forms an exceedingly “bit burgher bodies.” One of the latter class,
entertaining and valuable collection of literary a Bailie, having asked Campbell to dinner, the
memorabilia - perhaps the freshest and best author, as a lad of known parts and enthusiasm
one, all in all, that has come to our notice of for poetry and poets, was invited to put in an
late. The author, a Frenchman by blood, a appearance with the dessert, that he might
Scot by birth, and a Londoner by adoption, feast his eyes on the Bard of Hope. There
seems to have had a sort of genius for falling in seems to have been the usual disparity between
with people who, as Mrs. Leo Hunter phrased the young ideal and the actual :
it, “ are celebrated for their works and talents." “ The guests were chiefly Edinburgh ministers of the
Fortunately, a turn for noting and mentally Kirk, one of them being the long-headed, pawky Dr. Lee,
storing up salient personal traits and pungent and afterwards Principal of the University of Edin-
then in charge of one of the most important city churches,
odds and ends of talk has enabled him to make burgh. Among them, and a striking contrast to his
the most of his Boswellian opportunities in a fellow-guests, sat the poet, a spruce little gentleman,
Boswellian way. Nearly two-thirds of the book with finely-cut features, in a gay and talkative mood,
are devoted to “The Carlyles and a Segment glass of brandy and water. He told amusing story after
which became more so as he made an end of glass upon
of their Circle,” the remaining captions being : story, to the great delectation of his listeners. Young
“ The British Museum Library Fifty Years
I noticed that some of the poet's anecdotes
Ago, and After,” “ Concerning the Organiza- verged on the improper, and that in these cases, Dr.
tion of Literature," “George Henry Lewes
Lee's countenance wore an embarassed look, as if, while
and George Eliot,'
.” “ James Hannay and his
bound to smile, he as a cleric felt it to be his duty to
look grave. So the evening wore on until Campbell
Friends, Leigh Hunt and his Second Jour- had told his last story, finished his last glass of brandy
nal," “ Literary Journalism," "Lord Beacons and water, and it was time for seniors, much more for
field and his Minor Biographers," etc. The juniors, to take their homeward way.”
contents of the volume are based on a series of It was during a holiday sojourn at Kendal,
articles, which appeared monthly in "The Book in the Lake District, that Mr. Espinasse en-
man” during the two years from its commence countered Wordsworth. He made the usual
ment in 1891. These have been considerably pilgrimage to Rydal Mount, and was amiably
enlarged; and the chapters entitled “Literary received by the proprietor, whom he describes
Journalism" and "Later Edinburgh Memoirs" as being then a man of near seventy, hale and
are now printed for the first time.
erect, and looking, when he had donned his
In his opening chapter, which is devoted to Tam-oʻ-Shanter bonnet and plaid, like a Low-
Early Reminiscences, the author recounts his land farmer of the better class. Of Words-
boyish impressions of certain celebrities of a worth's features, that which struck the young
past generation, among them Sir Walter Scott, visitor most was his nose a member massive
Thomas Campbell, and Wordsworth. Of Sir enough to have captivated Mr. Walter Shandy
Walter he is at least able to say Virgilium himself. Altogether, concludes Mr. Espinasse,
vidi tantum, having enjoyed a fugitive glimpse “ His countenance had not to my mind that refinement
of the author of 6 Waverley” while a pupil at which is visible in his portraits. . . . Before we parted,
the Melrose preparatory school :
something that I said may have betrayed a hankering
after a literary life. At any rate, he warned me against
“One day I was out walking with a governess or it, and spoke of what he had known of suffering among
other female guardian, when an open carriage, with an
friends of his drudging for and dependent on · book-
elderly gentleman sitting in it reading, and a boy on a
sellers.' He advised me to be a “surgeon.'
pony trotting by its side, was seen coming along a bend
in the road, so that we had them in full view. Look,'
It was in 1841 that Mr. Espinasse was first
said my companion, that is Sir Walter Scott and his drawn, as it were, into the Carlylean orbit.
grandson.' Look I did at the author of my favorite He had read with delight the “ French Revo-
* Tales of a Grandfather,' and especially at the enviable lution,” “ Sartor Resartus,” and the more mys-
boy for whom they were written, to whom they were
tical deliverances on the literature of Germany,
addressed, and who seemed to me more or less de-
formed.”
and had been led thereby into certain mild dab-
* LITERARY RECOLLECTIONS AND SKETCHES. By Francis
blings in German philosophy. The upshot of
Espinasse. New York : Dodd, Mead & Co.
it all was that (despite the ministrations of
999
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i
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1894.]
105
THE DIAL
“ long-headed, pawky Dr. Lee” of the Kirk) That Carlyle's estimates of the British men
he became disquieted about his soul. The half of letters who were his contemporaries did not
digested Hegelism, Fichteism, Schellingism, err on the side of over-appreciation is manifest
assorting ill with his home-bred Calvinism, in Mr. Espinasse's chapter on his “ Literary
brought on a fit of spiritual indigestion, and Table-Talk.”
Table-Talk.” Some of the most popular of
he determined forthwith to consult Mr. Car- them were poets and novelists, and Carlyle, de-
lyle as the man best fitted to resolve his meta-spite his reverence for Goethe, Schiller, and
physical doubts. Surely, he perhaps reflected, Jean Paul, waged perpetual war against metre
one who had written so finely and prophetically and fiction. So far did he carry this dislike
of “the Immensities,” “the Silences,” “the (real or feigned) that the author heard him
Abysmal Nothingnesses,” “ the Eternal Vera one day grumbling because the pleasure he had
cities,” could say much to the purpose ; so he in- hoped to derive from a translation of some In-
dited a note to the Sage of Ecclefechan asking dian drama, by “ a man of strong Hindoo gen-
him plumply “ for a solution of the mystery of ius," had been “spoilt ” by a metrical render-
existence.” Nor was the oracle silent. Thomas ing. Mainly, perhaps,” shrewdly observes
Carlyle was, perhaps, of all men of his time, Mr. Espinasse, “ this aversion from poetry and
the one most profoundly and painfully con fiction was due not merely to Carlyle's love of
vinced of the hopelessness of the question so reality, but to his own comparative failure in
artlessly put to him. But the confidence shown both.'
by his unknown disciple was flattering, not to Carlyle did not, it seems, rate Wordsworth
say touching ; and to the surprise and delight very high as a poet, whatever his opinion of
of the petitioner there presently came a letter, him as a man may have been. “ Put Æschy-
kindly and helpful, though scarcely satisfac lus among those hills," he exclaimed, " and he
tory as a “solution" of the mystery" afore will say something worth listening to!” Mr.
said. We subjoin what seems to be the pith Espinasse surmises that his general depreciation
of the philosopher's reply:
of Wordsworth was partly the result of a son-
“ It is many years since I ceased reading German or net of the poet's evidently directed against him-
any other metaphysics, and gradually came to discern
self and his “ The French Revolution,"* for he
that I had happily got done with that matter altogether.
adds,
By what steps, series of books, and other influences such am
result was brought about, it would now be extremely
“Great as was Carlyle's intellectual integrity, his es-
difficult to say. Few books stand prominently with me timates of his contemporaries, literary and unliterary,
above the general dimness.
I may say further were often in a perceptible degree colored by personal
that after all the Fichteisms, Schellingisms, Hegelisms, feeling.”
I still understand Kant to be the grand novelty, the. Certainly, however, no inimical feeling of
that kind influenced him in his inadequate rat-
the others are but superficial, transient modifications. If
For Ten-
you do decide to penetrate into this matter, what bet- ing of Tennyson's exquisite verse.
ter can you do than vigorously set to the Kritik der nyson, the man, he had a real affection, “though
reinen Veznunft, a very attainable book, and resolutely he liked him as a companion chiefly because,
study it and re-study it till you understand it? You
he told me, he found. Alfred '—thus he always
will find it actually capable of being understood, rigor-
Pa-
ously sequent, like a book of mathematics; labor that spoke of him— an intelligent listener.”
pays itself; really one of the best metaphysical studies tient and much-enduring “ listener” were per-
that I know of. Once master of Kant, you have at-haps nearer the mark. Of the fine “ Princess,
tained what I reckon most precious, perhaps alone pre-Carlyle said curtly that it “ had everything but
cious in that multifarious business of German philos-
ophy: namely, deliverance from the fatal incubus of
common-sense” (a stricture, by-the-bye, which
Scotch or French philosophy, with its mechanisms and
an eminent Frenchman has since passed on his
its Atheisms, and be able perhaps to wend on your way
“ French Revolution ”), and our author
leaving both of them behind you. . . For the rest, found him, one forenoon,
let it be no disappointment if, after all study, you do
• Deep in the Acta Sanctorum, and full of the story
not learn what we are'; nay, if you discover that met-
of the dealings of an early Christian missionary with
aphysics cannot by any possibility teach us such a result,
some Scandinavian and heathen potentate. "Alfred,'
or even that metaphysics is a kind of disease, and the
he declared, 'would be much better employed in mak-
inquiry itself a kind of disease. We shall never know
• what we are '; on the other hand, we can always cobbling his odes,' the occupation in which, when visit-
ing such an episode interesting and beautiful than in
partly know what beautiful and noble things we are
ing him sometime before, Carlyle had found him en-
fit to do, and that is the grand inquiry for us. The
Hebrew Psalmist said, “I am fearfully and wonderfully *"Portentous change! when History can appear
made.' No Kant or Hegel, as I take it, can do much As the cool Advocate of foul device;
more than say the like, in the wider, complicated dia Reckless audacity extol, and jeer
lect we now have."
At consciences perplexed with scruples nice," etc,
own
66
99


106
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
my horns.”
he as
gaged, and with the futility of which he had then and in the case of Fichte whom he once charac-
there reproached him.”
terized in his Essays as “ a colossal and ada-
Mrs. Browning, it seems, did not take so mantine spirit, standing erect and clear like a
quietly as Tennyson the philosopher's rather Cato Major among degenerate men, fit to have
meddlesome protests against verse-making. been the teacher of the Stoa, and to have dis-
Having received from him a letter adjuring her covered beauty and virtue in the groves of
to forsake the evil of her poetical ways, she Academe.” Twenty years later, however, says
wrote him so touching and sensible a rejoinder Mr. Espinasse, when
that “ I had,” Carlyle confessed, “ to draw in “He had been reading a new volume in a series of
translations from Fichte's works, he pronounced, to my
For that limb of the “ Dandiacal Body,” the
great astonishment, the lauded Fichte of earlier years
to be 'a thick-skinned fellow !'”
author of “Pelham,” Carlyle evinced much
contempt, calling him a “poor fribble,” and His appreciation of and gratitude to Kant, on
approving his own plain-spoken spouse's still the contrary, remained unimpaired. “Kant,"
more vigorous epithet, a lanthorn - jawed
he declared,“ taught me that I had a soul as well
quack.” For Dickens, on the other hand, he as a body"- a tribute which, to say the least,
had much personal liking. He declared that he was not flattering to the logic of his own pre-
was the only man of his time in whose writings Kantian spiritual pastors and masters.
genuine cheerfulness was to be found, and com Owing to his prophetic character Carlyle was
pared favorably his sunny geniality with the much tormented by counsel-seeking bores, by all
“ terrible cynicism” of Thackeray.
sorts of people asking all sorts of questions
Mr. Espinasse notes a curiously characteris- with all the confidence shown by Captain Cut-
tic judgment of Carlyle's respecting Ranke
tle in the oracular Bunsby. The most pesti-
whose elaborate Neun Bücher Preussischer | lent pilgrims to the Chelsea tripod were, we re-
Geschichte he pronounced “a complete fail- gret to learn, Americans, a fact which led their
ure.” He had, it seems, once seen Ranke rum-
victim to write his famous sentence about the
maging among the manuscripts in the Brit- millions of transatlantic bores who had been
ish Museum, and had noted, with his usual brought into the world with unexampled rapid-
keen eye for personal defects,
ity. One American cleric, our author remem-
" That something, either congenital or the result of ex-
ternal injury, was so much the matter with an upper
“Half-forced his way into the house to insist on Car-
section of Ranke's dorsal region that he had to link the lyle's explaining to him difficulties which had occurred
peccant parts together with an iron hook.”
to him in studying the moral character of Goorty'-
such, according to Carlyle, was his pronunciation of
So, agreeably to a pet theory of his as to the
Goethe's name. All he got out of Carlyle was a recom-
bearing of a man's bodily peculiarities upon mendation to restudy, in Goorty's' own writings, the
his intellect, he at once pronounced the emi moral character,'the anomalies of which had perplexed
nent Teuton " broken-backed
а
him."
and
pro-
ceeded to draw inferences from his physical
Of A. Bronson Alcott's historic visit to Car-
affliction to his book. “Broken-backed man,'
lyle we find no mention in this unflattering
ergo, weak-backed book, seems to have been connection ; but he certainly must have pro-
the not very sequent enthymeme. Oddly
pounded some “unmitigated staggerers ” to the
enough, in Mr. Carlyle's own case, a kindred
oracle.
analogy is often drawn, the maligned world
From Alcott to Emerson the mental transi-
professing to have found much of the dyspep tion is easy; and we shall pass on to our au-
tic censor's stomach in his writings. Our au thor's capital chapter on
“ Emerson in En-
thor himself rather neatly observes, “ Much in
gland.”
His manner in the lecture-room, says
Carlyle and what flowed from him was, Mr. Espinasse, was one of perfect serenity :
Goethe said of Schiller, pathological.'
“ To the public success or failure of his lectures he
Carlyle's oral criticism on the opening vol-
the opening vol appeared to be profoundly indifferent, a mood to which
umes of Froude's History was curt and pithy:
his experiences in American lecture-rooms had habit-
uated him. He told me, with perfect equanimity, that
“Meritorious, but too much raw material";
at home he was accustomed to see hearers, after listen-
while the impression left upon him by Thiers's ing to him a little, walk out of the room, as much as to
“ French Revolution" was that its author was say that they had had enough of him.”
" a man without a conscience.” That his lat Perhaps the “perfect equanimity" was the
ter-day literary judgments were sometimes at fruit of the lecturer's Platonic opinions as to
variance with his early enthusiasms is attested the capacity for higher truth of his vanishing
bers,
man,
as
-


1894.]
107
THE DIAL
cury !
auditors. Emerson would seem to have chosen, or, a fortiori, to their wives — who enjoy, it
on the whole, rather an odd circle of associates will be admitted, even better opportunities for
while in England. Before leaving Manchester close observation ; and the wife, in the present
he gave a dinner party to which he invited case, happened to have an unusually keen eye
"A strange collection of mystics, poets, prose-rhap- for contrasts between theory and conduct. Mrs.
sodists, editors, school-masters, ex-Unitarian ministers, Carlyle did not, in fact, always take her dog-
and cultivated manufacturers, the only bond of union
among them being a common regard and respect for
matical spouse as seriously as he liked to be
Emerson. After the prandial and post-prandial
taken ; and our author notes her readiness to
babblement, to which our host as usual contributed noth tell “ before company” anecdotes of him which
ing, he gave a serene close to the evening by reading to us made him appear just a little ridiculous :
his lecture on Plato."
«Carlyle was full of inconsistencies, especially in the
It may be added that one of the guests on this contrast between his doctrine of the sacredness of silence
hilarious occasion was a vegetarian, — an apos-
and his own incessant talk. This gave Mrs. Carlyle a
tle of what Carlyle once called the “dom'd
handle, of which, when irritated, she was not slow to
avail herself, for comment on the difference between
potato-gospel," — for whom a separate dinner
her husband's preachment and his practice. Once when
of herbs was considerately served. The account he was declaiming against the love of perpetual loco-
of this “function " prepares us for our author's motion, and insisting on the duty of staying where you
statement that the Englishman in whom Em-
are, the little lady bowled him out very neatly by citing
two lines from his own translation of a distich in Wil-
erson seemed most interested was one Thomas
helm Meister's Wanderjahre –
Taylor, Platonist and Neo-pagan, a crack-
To give room for wandering is it
brained enthusiast whom some visitors once
That the world was made so wide.'”
found kneeling before a silver shrine of Mer-
The key to Mrs. Carlyle's occasional petu-
lance, is not, perhaps, far to seek. The author
“ Taylor lived in Walworth, whither Emerson told
recalls the “ emphasis ” (“ it seemed afterwards
me that he made a pilgrimage — the only literary pil-
grimage which I knew him to make in London – in
a little significant," he adds) with which she
search of memorials of this reviver of the worship of
once refused his request to sing "Auld Robin
the gods of antiquity.”
Gray.”
Carlyle used to relate with much amusement
We have done scant justice to the range and
an incident reported to him by a friend who variety of Mr. Espinasse's book, which we once
had visited the seraphic man " at Concord : more commend as a capital collection of liter-
“Emerson's little boy being very fretful and tearful, ary anecdotes and ana.
E. G. J.
the optimistic parent took the urchin in his arms, and
said, caressing him, I will love the devil out of him.'
Carlyle evidently thought that for such an extrusion a
sterner mode of treatment would have been more effect-
GREEK POETRY AND LIFE. *
ive or appropriate."
Possibly something in the way of a sound birch-
Criticism has long since exhausted the vo-
ing would have been the Ecclefechan mode of cabulary of approbation in appraising the suc-
exorcism.
cessive performances of Professor Jebb. He
is the ideal product of the English system of
Mr. Espinasse had a long talk with Carlyle education, and he easily bears away all the first
about one of Emerson's Edward Street lectures.
• When I spoke,” he says,
prizes. His faculty of assimilation is unparal-
lelled, and like Mr. Andrew Lang, he has set his
“Of the high ethical ideal which Emerson held up to
mark on everything. He has written the best
us, Carlyle replied that Emerson's ethics consisted chiefly
of prohibitions.' ... Mrs. Carlyle was more dissatis-
copy of Greek verses (his Bologna Ode), the
fied than her husband with Emerson's ethics. Dilating best imitation of Tacitean prose, the best book
in his high-flown optimistic way on the ultimate triumph on the Attic Orators, the best Introduction to
of good over evil, the lecturer went to the length of Homer, the best volume in the “ English Men
saying that even when in a haunt of sensual vice, un-
mentionable to ears polite (though Emerson called it by
of Letters” series (the Bentley), and the best
its plain English name), man is still tending upwards, and only edition of Sophocles. We are waiting
or words to that effect." Mrs. Carlyle's moral indigna- to hear that he has given the best University
tion at this statement knew no bounds, and for some Extension Lecture and made the best speech
time she could scarcely speak of Emerson with patience.”
in Parliament. Meanwhile he sends us a pleas-
On the much-discussed, if not very import ant reminder of his recent visit to this country,
ant, relations between Carlyle and his wife our
THE GROWTH AND INFLUENCE OF CLASSICAL GREEK
author has little to say, but that little is to the
POETRY. By Richard Claverhouse Jebb. Boston: Hough-
point. Men are rarely heroes to their valets, ton, Mifflin & Co.


108
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
in the shape of the best course of lectures on governor of Massachusetts thought it necessary
Greek poetry—the lectures which he delivered to employ in a recent celebrated case in order
in 1892 on the Percy Turnbull Memorial Foun to separate himself from sophistical literary
dation in the Johns Hopkins University. The fellers” in the minds of the twelve good men
eight lectures fill one neat little volume. On and true. And to amuse him in the theatre it
the fly-leaf the author has set a pretty Greek was not necessary to resort to “ Texas Steers,"
elegiac stanza, which may be roughly Englished “ Holes in the Ground,” or “Mr. Barnes of
as follows:
New York." Don't be afraid to make fine
Like to a rose that withers in the leaf
points, the chorus cry, in the "Frogs" of Aris-
Thy death - the ninth spring's threshold not yet crossed.
tophanes; the audience are clever enough.
Now to the Muse each spring thy parents' grief
Offers this wreath in memory of the lost.
Thus, as Professor Jebb elsewhere finely
A brief preface expresses the desire that this
says, the poetry of the Greeks was the index
volume may take its place in a series deriving of their capacity, and not merely like the po-
unity from the Turnbull foundation, the series
etry of the English-speaking race, the flower
initiated by Mr. Stedman's “ Nature and Ele-
of their spirit. It was not only inspired by life,
ments of Poetry,” and to be continued next
but it was also regulated by life; and to this it
spring by Mr. Norton's eagerly anticipated lec-
owes its immunity from affectation and unre-
tures on Dante.
ality, and from the false sentiment which “may
We have the author's warrant for turning pass muster in the study, but which is inevit-
first to the last chapter, on the “ Permanent
ably betrayed by its own unveracity when it is
Power of Greek Poetry.” It is the lecture
It is the lecture spoken aloud before witnesses whose minds are
which he selected to read before the Twentieth
sane.” “In such an art we find lessons which
Century Club in Chicago, and for publication
no lapse of time can make obsolete and which
in the Atlantic Monthly.” Its leading thought
no multiplication of modern interests can make
superfluous."
is an idea already illustrated by Professor Jebb
in his “ Attic Orators.” The truth, the variety,
In a few brief pregnant paragraphs, Pro-
fessor Jebb
the permanent power of Greek poetry and ora-
goes on to contrast this quality of
classical Greek literature with the artificial
tory are due in large measure to the fact that
product of Alexandria and Rome, pausing only
they grew up in immediate and vital contact
with the life of the people. All other litera-
to pay a tribute of warm enthusiasm to The-
ocritus, the last genuinely inspired poet of
tures (with the possible exception of the Eliz-
Greece. He then touches lightly but suggest-
abethan drama) have been produced by a cul-
tivated class, a literary remnant dwelling as
ively on the Hellenic influences in modern lit-
erature, in Goethe, Schiller, Milton, Keats, and
sojourners and aliens among toiling millions
Mr. William Morris, and on the too familiar
who knew them not. They have been the ex-
antithesis of Hellenism and Hebraism. Keats,
pression of schools, cliques, and coteries. The
he truly says (after Arnold), is essentially an
literature of Greece only was truly autoctho-
Elizabethan; "his manner, even in treating
nous. The poets and orators of Athens could
Greek themes, was not Greek except occasion.
repeat, in respect of the rich soil of human life
ally and for brief spaces.”
One hesitates to
in which they had their roots, that proud Athen-
differ from Professor Jebb; but it is not easy
ian boast :
to accept the dictum that the most Greek thing
* All races but one are as aliens engrafted or sown,
Strange children and changelings, but we, O our mother, thine
in Keats is "his vivid spontaneous sympathy
own."
with the life of eternal nature" as shown, for
Let not the heralds of a free untrammelled lit- example, in the “Ode to a Nightingale.” Surely
erature of the Mississippi Valley, broad as our Keats's interpretation of nature is “ Celtic," as
prairies and untamed as our buffaloes, derive Arnold would say, rather than Greek. The
comfort from this thought. If literature and truly Greek element in Keats's work, I think,
life are to meet in fruitful contact, the people is a certain monumental plasticity of style re-
must come half-way. The average man whom vealed in occasional touches only; the too rare
the Athenian poets and orators addressed sur expression of a mood borne in on him when he
passed in mental power, according to Mr. Gal contemplated the Elgin marbles, and contrasted
ton's estimates, the average Member of Parlia their everlasting superhuman calm with the
ment. When he sat on a jury he did not need breathing human passion that left his own heart
to be propitiated by the quaint mixture of slang high-sorrowful and cloyed. Such lines, I mean,
and “highfalutin ” which a distinguished ex as these :
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1894.]
109
THE DIAL
“And charioting foremost in the envious race
Studies” a few years ago ? What could he tell
Like a young Jove with calm uneager face.”
us about Sophocles that is not more adequately
Or these :
expressed in his great edition, and how could
“She would have ta'en
Achilles by the hair and bent his neck,
he improve on his own model article on Euri-
Or with a finger stayed Ixion's wheel."
pides in the “ Encyclopædia Britannica”? He
Or these :
is in the position of the orator Isocrates, vainly
“What little town by river or sea shore
striving to compete with his own earlier work.
Or mountain built with peaceful citadel
“ The Panegyricus has beggared him."
Is emptied of this folk this pious morn?”
Here and there, however, one finds bits of
Or the second stanza of the “Ode to Autumn,
criticism that deserve the emphasis of special
which, but for a touch of Elizabethan luxuri.
notice; as, for example, the spirited portrait-
ance, might have been taken directly from
ure of the character of Achilles — a blending
Theocritus.
of suggestions taken from Hegel and Mr. Rus-
Very admirable, too, is Professor Jebb’s
kin; the remarks on the exquisite art with
sketch, in the introductory lecture, of the Dis- which Homer combines the human and divine
tinctive qualities of the Greek race as expressed | agencies in the scene where Achilles pursues
by Homer,” shown on a dark background of the
Hector around the walls of Troy; and the sub-
pre-Hellenic Egyptian, Assyrian, and Phæni-
tle observations on the peculiar instinct for
cian civilization of the tenth century B.C. The the picturesque which partly compensates in
Greek is free, natural, and human, from the
the “ Odyssey ” for the dramatic force of the
moment of his first appearance on the stage of “ Iliad." The chapter on Pindar, who is natur-
history—a large-eyed Miranda-like child, look-ally one of Professor Jebb’s favorites, contains
ing out upon the brave new world that hath
some fine renderings of four or five of the great
such people in it. The free expansion of his tonic passages which every student of Greek lit-
spirit was never checked by thralldom to priests,
erature ought to know by heart. Pindar, Pro-
kings, or conventions. And although, as the
And although, as the fessor Jebb beautifully says, shows us the epic
old Egyptian priest says in the “ Timæus," heroes under a new light, neither that far-off
this young people possessed no store of vener-
though clear light, as of a fair sunset, which
able tradition that could vie with the hoary wis the lay of the minstrel shed around them in the
dom of the East, they soon bettered their in- palace of Alcinous, nor yet that searching sun-
struction and left their teachers far in the rear.
shine of noontide which fell upon them in the
In reading the six more special chapters that theatre of Dionysus.” The nearest analogue of
fill
up the body of the book, one must confess a Pindaric ode in the manner of affecting the
to a slight sense of disappointment. The feel hearer, he tells us, is an oratorio such as the
ing is an unjust one. Nowhere is there to be “Messiah" or " Israel in Egypt.” We are happy
found a clearer or juster statement of the es to find one English scholar who does not tell us,
sential facts of the development of Greek poetry like Cicero and Mr. Mahaffy, that we cannot
from Homer to Euripides. If there are few know how the metres of Pindar sounded. The
novelties and little spirit-stirring eloquence, it following words should be set up in letters of
is because the writer's sober taste and unerring gold in every class-room where pedants drawl
scholarship reject the tinsel of Mr. Symonds's out Greek verse by the metronome and the rule
rhetoric and the wilful exaggerations of bril- of thumb: “ For in the higher poetry, especially
liant partial fancies that enliven the pages of when it employs the grand style, the movement
Mr. Ruskin, or Mr. Ernest Myers, or even oc of every modern language is slower than the
casionally of Matthew Arnold.
Greek.'
What, within these limits, could Professor Professor Jebb has learned much from Mat-
Jebb have told us of Homer that has not already thew Arnold, as all his writings show. Why
been said by Arnold, or in his own incompara- will he condescend to captious criticism of the
ble little introduction to the study of Homer? | great critic? He must know that when Arnold
How could he write of the Greek lyric poets describes Pindar as “ the poet on whom above
in one chapter more succinctly and soundly all other poets the power of style seems to have
than he has done in his excellent primer, or exercised an inspiring and intoxicating effect,
more eloquently than Mr. Symonds in his he does not in the least intend to imply “ a cer-
“Greek Poets”? How could he hope to sur tain absence of due self-restraint.” Else how
pass in one lecture his own admirable paper on could he have taken Pindar for a type of the
Pindar, published in the “ Journal of Hellenic | grand style in simplicity? And what can a


110
(Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
writer who uses words with Professor Jebb's be recommended to serious students who desire
habitual precision mean by the affirmation that truth and just opinions as well as entertainment
the style of Æschylus is always the grand style and mild titillation of the intellectual palate.
The style of Æschylus is, in passages, as vicious Even when gross inaccuracies as regards ex-
as Shakespeare's :
ternal fact are avoided, there is apt to be some-
“Till that Bellona's bridegroom lapped in proof thing limited, arbitrary, fantastic, exaggerated,
Confronted him with self-comparisong."
or wilfully perverse, in the expositions of Greek
Professor Jebb should leave it to the critics life and thought written for the general reader.
who think Arnold was “ running down ” Shake- The picture is slightly out of drawing, the ob-
speare to confound grand style and great poet. jects are out of focus, the values are not rightly
The most noteworthy thing in the chapters given, and there is a haze of false sentiment
on the Drama is the acute and sensible sum over all. It is not the least of the
many
merits
ming up of the controversy as to the merits of of Professor Jebb's work that it is free from
Euripides. It would perhaps have been more these defects. And the English reader may
amusing if Professor Jebb had “taken sides," almost employ it as a touchstone by which to
and either rehabilitated Euripides with Brown test his other helps.
PAUL SHOREY.
ing and Mr. Mahaffy, or denounced his plays
as “ shapeless abortions” with Mr. Swinburne.
Instead of this, he shows us, by an admirable
critical analysis, just why Euripides, though
ARCHITECTURE, PAST AND FUTURE. *
he failed as an Hellenic artist, became the ideal
A very interesting field of study might be
poet of the Hellenistic world, and appeals with found in the principles, if there be any, that
a legitimate attraction to the troubled romantic should govern the naming of books, or per-
modern spirit. He is a “ fascinating poet,” | haps the variations of fashion in book-naming.
the author of a “ dazzling compromise," and the If Mr. Van Brunt's book entitled “ Greek
" peculiar gift which his genius has bequeathed Lines” had been published a century ago, it
to the modern world” shows a “ blending of would probably have been called “ An Inquiry
Hellenic light, though its light is declining, with into the Present State of Architecture, espe-
the incipient promise of Romance." In spite cially in the United States; with some Observ.
of this scrupulous judicial fairness, it is easy ations upon the Nature of the Architectural
to feel that Professor Jebb is too good a Greek Art and its Connection with Poetry." Such,
not to prefer for himself the pure " Hellenic
at any rate, are the subjects chiefly considered
light.” His private and intimate feeling would, in his book, which takes its name from the title
if I mistake not, be that of Professor Jowett, of the first essay.
recently communicated by Mr. Swinburne in " Greek Lines" is a collection of studies on
his “ Recollections”: “ I have been reading architectural subjects ; but not merely a gath-
Euripides lately, and still retain my old badering together of separate papers, for the au-
opinion of him—sophist, sentimentalist, sensa thor has collated the essays so as “ to form a
tionalist—no Greek in the better sense of the
sequence in which from first to last there should
term." Professor Jebb is too urbane to disa be evident a more or less orderly development."
ble the judgment of Euripides' admirers, but Being, then, the presentation, in a somewhat
it is not difficult to apprehend his real meaning systematic form, of opinions concerning the
when he writes : “ The degree in which a mod present state of architecture and of principles
ern enjoys Sophocles is not necessarily a meas concerning architecture in general, by one of
ure of his feeling for poetry; but it may fairly the eminent practical architects of the day, the
be taken as a measure of his sympathy with book certainly commands attention; and it
the finest qualities of the Athenian genius." must at once be said that it well repays any.
In conclusion, I wish to call attention to one one who is interested in the matter, for it is
distinctive excellence which this interesting lit- original and scholarly and refined.
tle volume possesses in common with all the The present state of architecture is a very
work of its author. It will not mislead the interesting subject. On the one hand, we have
English reader. Greek literature is coming to jeremiads on the part of such as point out that
be studied more and more in translations, ex we have nowadays no distinctive style ; on the
positions, compendiums. There is no lack of other — just at present, at least — we have
such aids, and they are multiplying every day.
*GREEK LINES, and Other Architectural Essays. By Henry
But it is not easy to find books that may safely Van Brunt. Illustrated. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.


1894.]
111
THE DIAL
the joyful pæans occasioned by the successful fallacies nowadays. Why cannot “ the emotions
beauty of the World's Fair buildings. We see awakened in the mind of an intelligent expert
every day much that is distressing, and in our by the contemplation of a work of pure archi-
mind's eye we look forward on future beauties tecture” be awakened, at least in some degree,
flushing in the glow of hope. Meanwhile we in other minds by poetry? Mr. Van Brunt can-
have an enormous amount of building, espe not see why such a thing should not be natural;
cially in the West ; a number of young gentle- he comments upon architecture in the poets,
men in Paris learning how it should be done ; and finally offers an experiment of his own.
it.
Mr. Van Brunt is by no means discouraging. is a sweet and pleasing poem, and it would be
His book is in good part an exposition of the somewhat ungracious to take it as offered in
motto, “ Good Architecture, but not a Style.” proof of the point. I incline to compare it with
The motto is perhaps daring,—and yet it seems
Sir Edwin Arnold's Introduction to “ With
as though something of the sort were necessary, Sa'di in the Garden." But that effort to pre-
when we think of the Gothic revival, the Queen sent the impression of the Taj Mahal was by
Anne revival, even of the Richardsonian Ro no means the most poetical part of the book;
manesque. Good Architecture, of course ; but and its two most poetical passages were two
why not also a Style? Why not an American that had hardly any reference to architecture.
style (to go, let us say, with our American
EDWARD E. HALE, JR.
school in music, painting, literature), or a
Western style, or even a World's Fair style ?
Well, for one thing (I believe I am practically
quoting Mr. Van Brunt), because to have a
SOME RECENT BOOKS OF TRAVEL.*
style we must have a national feeling, an artis Mr. Frederick Diodati Thompson has given to
tic tradition, and a comparative ignorance of the world, in his “In the Track of the Sun,” the
other styles. And even if the first two of these most sumptuous itinerary of travel ever placed be-
possessions were ours, the last is practically im- fore the American public. Gorgeously bound in
possible.
the colors of the Orient, in scarlet, green, and gold,
But if we are not to have a style, what then? perfect in typography, exquisite in illustration, the
Mr. Van Brunt's answer to this question is, to
book is a delight to the eye. The first thought in
a layman at least, exceedingly instructive, both reading it is that, since Mr. Thompson has told his
story so well, we wish he had spent a much longer
as to what a style is and as to what American
time in each place; for nowhere did “the dust grow
architecture can achieve. In his different Es-
old upon his sandal-shoon.” He was but seven
says he treats the question in various ways; he months in making the entire trip round the world.
shows the value of an appreciation of the spirit But we have Biblical authority for the assertion that
of Greek art, he points out the value of con-
he who runs may
read. When we note Mr. Thomp-
science in modern architecture, he insists on son's cheerfulness, his fresh interest in everything,
the possibility of in some way manipulating the we recall Byron's lines in “Don Juan":
cumbersome knowledge of the present day into
“There is nothing gives a man such spirits,
Leavening his blood as cayenne doth a curry,
work that will be good. His treatment through-
As going at full speed - no matter where its
out is on a high plane, and one gets ideas even
Direction be, so 't is but in a hurry."
when disagreeing.
* IN THE TRACK OF THE SUN. Readings from the Diary
In his more general views on architecture, of a Globe-Trotter. By Frederick Diodati Thompson. With
Mr. Van Brunt propounds many opinions which
illustrations. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
THE RULERS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN. By Richard
it would be a pleasure to debate with him.
Harding Davis. Illustrated. New York: Harper & Bros.
The notion of Aphrodite, or the personification THE BARBARY Coast. By Henry M. Field. Illustrated.
of the great creative principle “ as lying at the New York : Charles Scribner's Sons.
root of all high art,” for instance, or the view
TEN YEARS' CAPTIVITY IN THE MAHDI'S CAMP. From
the Original Manuscripts of Father Joseph Ohrwalder. Illus-
of architecture as the most human of the arts, trated. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
these and other views, did only time and ADVENTURES IN MASHONALAND. By two Hospital Nurses,
Rose Blennerhasset and Lucy Sleeman, New York: Mac-
space permit, would in discussion lead to beau-
millan & Co.
tiful and interesting variations. To one mat-
A WILD SHEEP CHASE. Notes of a Little Philosophic Jour-
ter Mr. Van Brunt has devoted more than a ney in Corsica. Translated from the French of Emile Ber-
passing notice; namely, the analogy between gerat. Illustrated. New York: Macmillan & Co.
MY ARCTIC JOURNAL. A Year among Ice Fields and Eski-
Architecture and Poetry. The analogy be-
mos. By Josephine Diebitsch-Peary. Illustrated. New York
tween the arts has given rise to various pleasant | and Philadelphia : The Contemporary Publishing Co.
:


112
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
Everything seemed to come to this globe-trotter, raltar," "Tangier,” “From Gibraltar to Cairo,”
just as he went to everything; he had a perfect “Cairo as a Show Place," " The English in Egypt,”
genius for travelling. Earthquakes did not over * Modern Athens," and Constantinople.” The
look him, nor did he omit being tattooed. He must one on "The English in Egypt " is a thoughtful, a
have been exceptionally vigorous in health and alert powerful exposition of the condition of the govern-
of eye to have accomplished so much; but it all ment of Egypt to-day, wonderfully concise and
would have been as naught, he would have been but pointed in expression, yet perfectly and interest-
one of Lord Bacon's "land-lopers,” had he not also ingly explanatory; it is a chapter to set one think-
such a simple, unaffected, but thoroughly well-poised ing. The account of Modern Athens is appropri-
literary style of telling what he saw, and telling it ate; the style is suited to the theme. The book is
with point and humor. His good taste is also shown well illustrated.
in the illustrations chosen for his volume, which are The steamer that bore Mr. Davis to Gibraltar
extremely beautiful, and many of them novel, even carried another traveller, a far older one, who had
to the eye of a traveller. We might especially note visited the Mediterranean shores four times before,
the views in Japan and India. For its illustra and who was to write a book called “The Barbary
tions alone the book would be eagerly welcomed as Coast,"—the Rev. Dr. Henry M. Field, the editor
offering a method of exhibition of foreign pictures of " The Evangelist.” It affords much amusement
much more convenient than the ordinary burden to read Dr. Field's chapters on Gibraltar, Tangier,
some and expensive collection of photographs gath- | etc., after reading Mr. Davis's. I am bound to say
ered in travel.
that on the whole the two travellers agree very well
Mr. Thompson says very frankly: “ Almost every in their stories ; nor can I wholly decide which
writer seems to have his own method of spelling not gives the better account. I will follow the exam-
only the Hindoo names, but also other words not ple of the ambassador of France when asked by Queen
entirely relating to India, which is exasperatingly Elizabeth which danced the better, the Queen of
confusing.” This may account for some unusual | Scots or herself. He answered, “The Queen of Scots
spellings in the book Knas for Khas, Ledia for doth indeed dance most gracefully, but your Maj-
Sedia, and Munataz for Mumtaz; or these may be esty dances more high and disposedly.” Mr. Davis
simply errors in printing. One is impressed with wields certainly a most graceful pen, but the cler-
Mr. Thompson's care in relating his wondrous tales, gyman writes “more high and disposedly,” he tells
his evident intention to give as facts solely what more details of the various subjects. For instance,
that seventeenth century traveller James Howell in his chapter on Gibraltar he devotes eight pages
called his owne Optique obseruations." We have to the history of the Black Watch — becoming, in-
the full confidence, too, that the author saw more than deed, somewhat discursive thereon.
he told, but remembered and exemplified Schiller's Howell, in his book on “forreine travail," tells
line, “The artist may be known by what he omits.” of purblind travellers, whom he compares to Jonah,
But one regret arises in reading the book : it who travelled much and saw little. Dr. Field is
emphasizes the fact that we have now found the none of these ; he saw everything, and with clear
day of Seneca's prediction—there is no longer any and discriminating eye.
6. The common man,” says
“Ultima Thule."
Richter, "is copious in Narrative, and exiguous in
A few of the beautiful head and tail pieces through- Reflection ; only with the cultivated man is it re-
out the volume are accompanied with no significant verse-wise.' It may be said of Dr. Field that he
description, - notably that of a very good-looking is copious both in narrative and reflection. He has
man in a fez, who makes his bow on the last page an almost perfect narrative style ; he is a most dis-
of the book. Of his personality, we can, to use Sir passionate observer of mankind; he has wonderful
Thomas Browne's phrase, hazard a wide solution: depth of penetration into the character of men of
he might be Captain Parsell, whose name occurs on various nationalities, and much facility in the ex-
that same page; or Abdul-Hamid II., to whom the pression of his observations. His chapter on “ Lights
volume is dedicated. But we hope it is the “ and Shadows of African Life" is a profound study;
terfeit presentment” of the author, the alert, clear and that on “How the Islams Fast and Pray” is a
eyed traveller, to whom we say, as did an admirer most sympathetic one. A single sentence of Dr.
to another traveller, Captain John Smith of Vir Field's shows his character and the spirit of his
ginia, centuries ago :
book: “I never condemn a man without afterward
“Thou to passe the worldes foure parts dost deeme trying to clear him from my own condemnation.”
No more than 't were to goe to bed or dreame.”
The illustrations in Dr. Field's book are very
Some portions of Mr. Richard Harding Davis's fine; some of them are very remarkable. There is an
wanderings near the Mediterranean followed in absolutely unique and deeply interesting portrait of
the steps of Mr. Thompson; but Mr. Davis's de the Sultan of Morocco, showing a noble countenance
scriptions, in "The Rulers of the Mediterranean," full of the melancholy so characteristic of the Ori-
are much fuller, he tells much more of surround entals. A scene in the street of Algiers, a view of
ing circumstances and of his own impressions, and an Arab school, one of the lighthouse at Cape Spar-
with that ease and finish that comes from art, not tel, one entitled “ An African pet,” are particularly
chance. His chapters relate to “ The Rock of Gib- | striking.
coun-


1894.]
113
THE DIAL
Books on Northern Africa abound and are widely shoes and buckles. The next day his ungrateful flock
read, but Father Ohrwalder’s “ Ten Years' Captiv- commented in the papers on the thinness of his legs."
ity in the Mahdi's Camp” will scarcely find the cir The Mamica pastor they depict thus :
culation in America that it has had in England, “ He wore a helmet, a flannel shirt, and coarse blue
where it has been through nine editions within a trousers much too short, of the type dear to navvies.
year. Ninety pages have been struck out for the These were held in place by a large scarlet handker-
American public,—for which we are very grateful, chief, which, however, did its work so indifferently that
for there is enough of the book as it now stands to
Mr. Sewall was always hitching up his trousers like a
satisfy each and every reader, no matter what he
comic sailor in a pantomime. I may state here that the
seeks. But there is much that is interesting in it;
following Easter Mr. Sewall, to use his own expression,
chucked his orders' and went into partnership with a
many pages also that are dull; still more that are re-
Jew tavern-keeper."
volting; many that are pathetic; some that are
incomprehensible and bewildering. No Arabian
Sociological observations were little noted by
Nights tale ever was more romantic, apparently
these nurses. Living for two years in a land where
more impossible, than this story of the life of 1 polygamy and polyandry were practised, and hav-
Mahdi. No martyr of old suffered more or longer ing unusual opportunities of insight into the effect
than did these Romish missionaries and sisters dur-
of those institutions on the lives of native women
ing those years of captivity; and so long as Gordon
of all stations, from the queen to her slaves, they
and Hicks still live in the hearts of their fellow might have contributed much to our knowledge of
countrymen, or rather of the entire world outside primitive marriage customs ; yet the pages are bar-
of the Soudan, as emblems of patriotic heroes and
ren of these facts. Perhaps they felt as did another
martyrs, so long will such books as this be of liv-
woman traveller, two centuries ago, that such things
ing though gruesome interest. But the book is not were not “Proper to be Related by a Female pen.”
“pretty reading," nor soothing to the nerves, nor Contrary to the reports of many travellers in
has it any alluring literary qualities; and for my-
Mashonaland (Mr. Bent being one), but confirming
self I shall rejoice in what Carlyle calls “the tri-
the stories of Ňr. Selous, these nurses found plenty
umph of the Decency-principle,” when such blood-
of lions and wild beasts. At one point of the jour-
curdling details are not given to the reading public. ney they write:
To one who in days of his youth has pored en-
“The lions, coming down to drink at the swampy
chanted through many an hour of dim twilight and pool just in front of the huts, made such a terrific
firelight over what a friend designated as the “mlion
noise that the earth seemed to shake with their roar-
mpalm mtesai massegai-filled pages
of Bruce,
ing. It was a strange sensation to find ourselves so
near all these wild creatures, with not even the slender-
Baker, and Burton, of Speke and Livingstone, and
est door or mat to shut them out of our hut.”
of other more or less tergiversating African explor-
ers, who has in later days greeted with delight Umatili, the town, where two were killed, “
Lions were bold enough to make inroads into
even Rider Haggard's fairy tales of the Dark Con-
tinent, the volume of “ Adventures in Mashona- High Street and one near the oven of our friend
land” is as welcome as fresh news from an old
the baker,” and their spoor was found everywhere.
friend; and it has also an additional zest of novelty
The authors tell of the death of many natives through
in that the news has an unusual and somewhat fem-
lions; one horrible story of an attack and siege of
inine cast, albeit a professional one—the view taken
two Englishmen in their remote hut, and the piti-
by a trained hospital nurse. The book is written
ful death of one Mr. Teal. When the nurses them-
in a vigorous, hearty style, with much plainness of
selves were lying seriously ill with a fever, a great
speech, though never filippant, and with no flowers leopard tried to spring in through the upper half
of rhetoric, though thoroughly graphic. The authors
of the door, which was open to admit air.
are, on the whole, not very complimentary to the
Of their meeting with Mr. Selous, we read :
African clergy. They found the Bishop "young,
“We were much afraid we should miss Mr. Selous,
but he sent us word that he would come as soon as he
pleasant, persuasive, with an exceptional talent
could get his shirt washed. When we received this
for getting out of the room well. He evanesced
message we felt sure he was a delightful person; and
rather than left, and left behind him a little hush.”.
our instincts did not deceive us. Mr. Selous appeared
This talent for getting away was displayed by the to be a man about eight and thirty, light, active, and
Bishop on other occasions, in leaving the sisters giving one an impresssion of presence of mind and re-
in a most critical point on the road; and in promptly,
Of his personal appearance it is impossible to
on the day of the death of their first patient, leav- remember anything but his eyes, which are extraordi-
ing Mashonaland, and then Africa altogether, and
narily clear and limpid. He is known throughout Africa
going to England to collect money. He seems to
as the man who never tells a lie. What a splendid re-
have had a fine apostolic presence, with but little putation to have anywhere, but especially in Africa !
Of a rowdy ball at Johannesburg, their first
He told us he had shot twenty-three lions with his own
gun, and helped to put an end to nine others. He said
African home, they write:
our mode of travelling, sleeping about in the
open beside
“A Church of England clergyman played the fiddle dim fires, was extremely foolhardy, and we should pro-
in the orchestra. He was attired in the usual swallow bably have suffered for it had not the country been so
tail, and wore tight black knee-breeches, silk sto ings, well stocked with game.”
one in
source.


114
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
The chief nursing done by these two heroines “ The native method of treating the skins of all ani-
was in cases of fever; and we cannot wonder that mals intended for clothing is first to rid them of as
fevers were so violent and fatal in Mashonaland
much of the fat as can be got off by scraping with a
when we read of the climate, and of the vast amount
knife; then they are stretched as tight as possible and
of bad whiskey that is consumed there. The book
allowed to become perfectly dry. After this they are
taken by the women and chewed and sucked all over
shows, without ostentation or demand for sympathy in order to get as much of the grease out as possible;
or laudation, the noble life of self-sacrifice led for
then they are again dried and scraped with a dull in-
two years by these devoted Englishwomen among strument so as to break the fibres. Chewing the skins
most unwonted and even repulsive surroundings ; is very hard on the women, and all of it is done by them;
and proves that women will cheerfully endure, for they cannot chew more than two deerskins per day, and
love of God and their fellow-men, many privations
are obliged to rest their jaws every other day.”
that men will shrink from, even though lured on She tells of hiring a chewer for one seamstress too
by the all-powerful love of gold.
old to chew for herself. The work is held by the
The jesting and vivacious account of a visit to seamstress with her feet and legs. The thread is
Corsica, “ A Wild Sheep Chase," sparkles with that made by splitting narwhal sinews moistened in the
ironical French gaiety first made known to us in mouth. Mrs. Peary does not describe the thimbles
the writings of Rabelais, and since familar to us — used. I know nothing in the book more fairly pa-
almost too familiar - in the more or less successful thetic than her description of what she endured
imitations and variations seen in the works of many through the odor emanating from these seamstresses
successive French authors. Though the hero of this who must indeed “smell to heaven and her
tale chases, of course he never catches, or even sees,
invariable and necessary cleansing of person and
the wild sheep, the mouflon; but the recounting of
room with alcohol and corrosive sublimate, to be rid
the elusions and illusions of the chase affords him a of the parasites shed by the dirty chewers. The
felicitous opportunity to display for our amusement Chicagoized Esquimo wives and their villainous
and edification many clever anecdotes and vivid children make one fully believe Mrs. Peary's tale.
descriptions, and much half-serious information; to The book is illustrated from interesting photo-
give, indeed, as a whole, a most spirited picture of graphs taken by the Pearys. Some of the prints
life in Corsica - - a life which exhibits a simplicity are half-tinted, and prove very satisfactory in effect;
that will inevitably be soon altered, as there is now
the one entitled “The Sunset Glow" is especially
a railroad across the island. Doubtless in the Na beautiful with its opalescent tints. The chief thought
poleonic renaissance of the day, this account of the that rises upon reading this book is whether, after
birthplace of Napoleon will be much read. The all, Mrs. Peary's experience was “ worth the while.”
laughing by-play of wit suffers in the translation, When the courageous explorer visited one Innuit
as does nearly all humorous writing when rendered igloo, she was met by a very aged and oily Eskimo
into another language than its native one. Some woman, who scrutinized her closely, and then said
how the laughter, even in the original, seems a lit- slowly, “I have lived a great many suns, but I have
tle forced, and the eccentricities of style somewhat never seen anything like you.” May we live a great
monotonous. Pages peppered with exclamation many suns ere we see any other woman like her-
marks and interrogation points abound to satiety; ere we see any refined, intelligent, gently nurtured
and, altogether, we close the book feeling we are woman going unnecessarily upon any exploring ex-
not as amused as we ought to be.
pedition, in peril of her health, her comfort, her
It is a long way from Africa to the Arctic seas,
life; and at the additional peril of being a hind-
but the same glamour of novelty, of strangeness; ing party. And yet, what the hospital nurses did in
rance, in emergencies, to the success of the explor-
hangs around both lands. “My Arctic Journal,”
the interesting book of Mrs. Peary's life in the
Africa for love of Man, Mrs. Peary did in Greenland
also for love of man— for love of her husband !
Arctic regions, written only after much persuasion,
opens with a tender and manly preface from her
ALICE MORSE EARLE.
husband, Lieutenant Robert E. Peary, and ends with
an account written by him of “The Great White
Journey.” Though her publishers announce that
the fair traveller has made a valuable contribution
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
to ethnological learning, I think the book is in some
Professor Romanes has, perhaps
Prof. Romanes'
points of ethnological study somewhat disappoint- Studies in Organic more than any other writer in this
ing; notably so in information about the women Evolution.
country or in England, interested
of the isolated Eskimo tribe among whom she re himself in the critical examination of publications
sided. A year's residence among them should have relating to the subject of organic evolution. He has
given her a close insight into their lives; but she written voluminously on all its phases, and is a
seems (and who could blame her?) to have care sort of guardian of the faith, examining and pro-
fully avoided seeing too much of the “ huskies.”nouncing on all heresies and schisms. For this
Some of her information is curious, and all that she function he is eminently fitted by his intimate per-
gives is interesting. She writes :
sonal acquaintance with Darwin's modes of thought,


1894.]
115
THE DIAL
author says:
as well as by his wide acquaintance with the liter- ried along continuously from a generation to the
ature of the subject and by his experimental knowl next. The final structure, by whichever route at-
edge in certain lines. In “An Examination of tained, may be much as Professor Weismann has
Weismannism” (The Open Court Publishing Co.) formulated it. Professor Romanes, however, does
he has attempted only an examination seriatim of not admit this. But his main contention is upon
Professor Weismann's essays on this subject since the absolute stability of the germ-plasm, which no-
1886, including his latest theory of Amphimixis. tion he considers incompatible with the facts of both
The work is a keen scrutiny of all the positions heredity and evolution. If the germ-plasm, though
taken by the Freiburg Professor, and a testing of very stable, be still capable of alteration through
these in the light of facts. In a general way we the effects of influences, coming directly to it from
may say that Professor Romanes finds it impossible the organism, such as gemmules thrown off from
to assent to the doctrine of the continuity of germ various parts, then we should have the substance of
plasm, and appears to be inclined to advocate in its Galton's theory of “Stirp.” This latter seems more
stead Galton's idea of “Stirp," a continuous but probable; and Professor Weismann seems to be
open succession, which does not exclude from time drifting in this direction, without, Professor Ro-
to time new accessions capable of being grafted manes contends, sufficiently acknowledging the pri-
upon the ancestral stock, though due to the direct ority of the theory of Galton. In this work Pro-
action of the environment of the structure of the fessor Romanes does not appear sufficiently to ap-
parent. Though the present work is not an attempt preciate the value of Professor Weismann's efforts
to defend any thesis on the subject, but, rather, to arrive at a notion of the real structure of the
merely an examination of the structure reared by nucleus; but he does point out truly the limitations
another, there is no lack of glimpses of the Dar- of the germ-plasm theory as held by Professor Weis-
winian notion of “gemmules,” and some defences mann in the domain of Evolution.
of the same against the entirely opposite doctrine
of germ-plasm continuity. Of this doctrine our
“Tennyson, Poet, Philosopher, Ideal-
Tennysonian
Beautiful though it may be in its Studies and ist,” by Mr. J. Cuming Walters (im-
imposing elevation, this drawing of the architecture Criticisms.
ported by Scribner), is the work of an
of the germ-plasm must be regarded as a work of enthusiast, generally in full sympathy with his sub-
the artistic imagination rather than as one of sci- ject, not exaggerated in its estimates, but possessed
entific generalization.” This position will strike the of slight critical, as distinguished from expository,
reader of “The Germ-Plasm” as hardly fair, since value. Although it does not claim to be a biog-
the latter work, though highly speculative in its char- raphy of Tennyson, it nearly amounts to that, for
acter and in some respects doubtless in error, is never the history of the poet's works is really the history
theless as genuine an attempt to interpret the hidden of his life. A few features of the book are the
facts of nature from the patent ones as are many fine engraved portrait (from one of Mrs. Cameron's
of the notions passing current in biology and other photographs), the chapter on Tennyson's literary
sciences. Though Professor Weismann shall be characteristics, the study of his suppressed and re-
proved to be wrong in regard to the absolute sta vised poems, the note on Tennysonian volumes and
bility and perfect continuity of the germ, this will manuscripts, and the careful chronology. The book
not compel the rejection of his notion of the nuclear is also noticeable for the anecdotes which it gathers
structure. The central idea of this theory is the from out-of-the-way sources, and for its numerous
definite structure of the nucleus, whereby it is able selected passages from the earlier criticism made
to sort and distribute structural units whose devel upon the poems. But why, in this connection, the
opment will produce a new organism. This notion, author should have done Hain Friswell the honor
according to Professor Romanes, is not proven. of quotation, as he does upon three or four occa-
The further position of Professor Weismann is that sions, passes comprehension. If ever man wrote
the nuclear material has been derived from an ovum himself most unmistakably an ass, it was this same
of the preceding generation which before its own Hain Friswell when he set forth the reasons why
development set this aside as the nuclear material Tennyson should not, in his estimation, be held a
of the succeeding generation. On this conception great poet. Mr. Walters has gleaned an occasional
of the structure and history of the nucleus, heredity new fact, as when he discovered that Thomas Sun-
is the result of the continuity of nuclear material, derland of Trinity was the subject of “A Character,”
or, as Professor Weismann calls it, “ germ-plasm.” and has made an occasional mistake, as when he
Darwin's idea of the history of the ovum was en states that Mr. Frederick Tennyson wrote but one
tirely different. He supposed that all the cells of of the “ Poems by Two Brothers.” At least four of
an adult animal or plant throw off minute particles them are acknowledged by him. Like many of
called by him “gemmules,” some of which are at- Tennyson's otherwise intelligent critics, Mr. Walters
tracted together from all cells to constitute the joins in the cry against the dramas. He calls
ovum, so that this is a sort of epitome of the body “Queen Mary” incomparably ponderous and
to be developed. This, Professor Weismann also dull,” “The Falcon ” “unmeet for serious criti-
supposes ; but he views the egg-cell nucleus, not as cism,” and makes other no less inapt observations.
a new formation in each generation, but as one car But he subsequently bestows so much praise upon


116
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
6
did so
go without.
Pictures of
the Hibernian
at home.
the dramas taken in detail that these preliminary Tom Maguire what a miracle was. He gave him
depreciations lose most of their effect. He pretends a very full explanation, which, however, did not
to praise these details without being “antilogous," seem to satisfy the farmer, who said --Now do you
but this we cannot admit. And it is difficult to un think, your raverence, you could give me an exam-
derstand how
any true Tennysonian could have said ple of miracles ?' Well,' said Father Tom, 'walk
that the twenty-three poems of the posthumous vol on before me, and I'll see what I can do.' As he
ume would not have made any poet's fame. To our
he
gave him a tremendous kick behind. Did
mind, almost any single poem of that volume would you feel that ?' he asked. “Why wouldn't I feel
have won fame for its author had he been hitherto it?' said the farmer, rubbing the damaged place,
absolutely unknown. To recur to the plays once · Begorra, I did feel it, sure enough. Well,' said
more, the question of their fitness for the stage has Father Tom, it would have been a miracle if you
never been fairly tested. “Queen Mary” has been didn't.'” This demonstration a posteriori seems to
highly successful in Australia ; “ Becket” and “The have proved sufficient. Mr. Le Fanu's book will
Foresters in both England and America. The help to while away an evening or two very pleas-
fact that “The Cup" and “The Falcon” and “The antly.
Promise of May" have been rejected by the pub-
lic simply shows that they failed to find their proper
Two more volumes of the “Collected
Collected Essays of Essays” of Professor Huxley have
audience when the first attempt was made. We Professor Hurley.
may say, in conclusion, that, although a better book
just been published (Appleton). One
planned upon the same lines might be easily con-
of them, “Darwiniana,” reproduces the lectures and
ceived of, the book that Mr. Walters has made is
essays written in defense of “ The Origin of Spe-
one that the student of English poetry can hardly cies,” beginning with an essay which dates from the
very year (1859) of that epoch-making work, and
ending with an obituary notice written in 1888 for
The saying “ better late than never the Proceedings of the Royal Society. This is now
is well verified in “Seventy Years of all ancient history, yet not undeserving of preserva-
Irish Life” (Macmillan), a racy col tion. Professor Huxley did yeoman service for the
lection of Hiberniana by Mr. W. R. Le Fanu, who cause of natural selection, and bore, more than any
now makes his literary début at the age of seventy-other one man in England (except the Great Dis-
eight. The author, a brother of J. Sheridan Le coverer himself), the brunt of the battle. And he
Fanu, sketches with a light and rapid hand various must, in collecting these essays for republication,
phases of life in Erin, fairs, wakes, factions, duels, look back with peculiar satisfaction to his share in
and what not, the whole agreeably enlivened by the forcing the general public to its acceptance of the
sparkle of the national wit and the whack of the essential Darwinian doctrines. The volume is
national blackthorn. Touching that popular Hiber-pieced out by a series of six lectures to working-
nian social “ function " the faction fight, Mr. Le men “On Our Knowledge of the Causes of the Phe-
Fanu declares that the story that the row begins nomena of Organic Nature.” The lectures date
“by one man taking off his coat and trailing it behind from 1863, but many audiences might still profit
him, saying 'who dare tread on that ?' is a myth. | by them. “I am not without some grounds for
I have seen many a faction fight, every one of which suspecting,” says the author, “that there yet re-
began in the same way, which was thus: one man mains a fair sprinkling even of philosophic think-
“wheeled,' as they called it, for his party ; that is, ers' to whom it may be a profitable, perhaps even
he marched up and down, flourishing his black a novel, task to descend from the heights of spec-
thorn, and shouting the battle-cry of his faction, ulation and go over the A B C of the great biolog-
Here is Coffey aboo against Reaskawallahs ; here ical problem as it was set before a body of shrewd
is Coffey aboo — who dar strike a Coffey ?' 'I artisans at that remote epoch.” In “Science and
dar,' shouted one of the other party; "here's Reas Education,” the other volume now published, we
kawallah aboo,' at the same instant making a whack have no less than seventeen pieces, most of them
with his shillelagh at his opponent's head. In an relating to the place of science in educational
instant hundreds of sticks were up, hundreds of schemes. The author appears in a less favorable
heads were broken,” etc. Once, just after one of light than usual in this volume, for the zeal with
these little affairs, the author saw "an elderly man which he champions science leads him to say some
running after a young fellow of two or three and very indiscreet things about the humanities. We
twenty, every time he got near striking him on the are all glad that, thanks largely to Professor Hux-
head with a heavy blackthorn, and at every blow ley's efforts, science has obtained ample recognition
setting the blood streaming from his head. Why,' in the school and the college, but the exaggerated
said I, .does that young fellow let the old man beat claims made by him (and by Mr. Spencer) in its
him in that savage way?' 'Ah, sure, your honor,' | behalf at a time when it was struggling for recog-
said he, that's only his father that's chastisin' him nition will not bear the test of sober examination.
for fighting.'” Here is a
Here is a good story of a witty Even the Darwinian polemic has more of permanent
priest — no rara avis, by the way, in the Green value than this collection of addresses, however use-
Isle : “A farmer once asked the well-known Father ful they may have been in their time.


1894.]
117
THE DIAL
A readable and commendably con been furnished in the best Greek and Latin text-
Literary
anecdotes and cise volume of literary and other books." “ It is based on Professor Zupitza's Alt-
reminiscences.
reminiscences is Camilla Crosland's und Mittelenglisches Ubungsbuch zum Gebrauche
“ Landmarks of a Literary Life - 1820-1892” bei Universitäts-Vorlesungen," and " like its orig-
(Scribner). Mrs. Crosland's pages are well studded inal, it is emphatically an Exercise Book. Like
with eminent names Edmund Kean, Malibran, that, it is concise and comprehensive. Unlike its
Thomas Moore, Jenny Lind, Leigh Hunt, the Brown- original, in order to meet the requirements of En-
ings, the Howitts, Charlotte Cushman, Margaret glish-speaking teachers and pupils, it is supplied
Fuller, etc.—and her stories are mostly fresh and with illustrative etymologies, cognate words, phon-
crisply told. She met Hawthorne in 1854, and gives ological equations, necessary historical and literary
the following impressions of him : “In society he introductions, and bibliographical references.” The
was one of the most painfully shy men I ever knew. Introduction gives information as to the Old and
I never had the pleasure of an unbroken tête-à-tête Middle English dialects, and contains a special in-
with him, and am under the impression that with a troduction to each of the selections, with much val-
single listener he must have been a very interesting uable bibliographical detail, and critical notes on
talker ; but in the small social circle in which I first the text. A chapter on Versification, from the pen
met him it really seemed impossible to draw him of Mr. O. L. Triggs, M.A., of the University of Chi-
out. We were only five or six intimate friends, sit cago, gives, in concise and clear form, the most nec-
ting round the fire, and with a host remarkable for essary information on this important subject. The
his geniality and tact; but Hawthorne fidgeted on Selections are thirty-four in number, fifteen illus-
the sofa, seemed really to have little to say, and trating Old English, and the rest Middle English.
almost resented the homage that was paid him.” For schools in which both the Old and the Middle
Not so reticent was Mrs. Stowe, who“ did not ignore English periods are to be studied in one year or less,
the fact that she had done an important piece of
Professor MacLean's book is doubtless the best now
work in the world, but showed neither mock humil available in this country.
ity nor self-laudation on the subject.” Notwith-
standing the strong Yankee twang of her dialect," Dr. Murray's
Part VIII., Section I., of Dr. Mur-
New English
thinks Mrs. Crosland, "there was a very charming
ray's “New English Dictionary
Dictionary.
(Macmillan) is a thin quarto of about
simplicity about Mrs. Stowe." Here is an amusing
one hundred pages, and extends from Crouchmas to
story of her : "She was being entertained at one
of the ducal residences, and the occasion was a large
Czech, thus at once completing the letter C and the
second volume of the colossal work. Volume Three
dinner-party. In a momentary lull of conversation,
will include D and E, Dr. Murray assuming respon-
Mrs. Stowe, who had been gazing somewhat earnestly sibility for the former letter and Mr. Bradley for the
at her hostess, exclaimed in a voice that everyone
could hear - Duchess, however do you fix your
latter. The “C” volume complete fills 1308 pages,
hair ?' •You must ask Louise,' replied the Duchess
C being next to S in dictionary dimensions, and
of Sutherland, with a smile that in no way betrayed belong to s. The ten smallest letters, X, Y, Z, Q, K,
including 29,295 main words, nearly as many as
astonishment or rebuked her guest.” Apropos of
J, N, U, V, and O, taken together, might be brought
this British analogue of the episode of Ajax and
the lightning, Mrs. Crosland is good enough to add,
into a volume of hardly greater dimensions than
those of the volume now completed, whence we may
“ In glancing at the eccentricity of manners of a
see that the work will make greater apparent pro-
past generation of Americans, it is only fair to ac-
gress in the future than it has up to the present
knowledge how vastly they have improved of late
time. Those who wax impatient at the leisurely
years ” — largely, it seems, through much contem-
advance of the work may take comfort from the
plation of John Bull, the Chesterfield and the “ Tur-
veydrop" of national types, whose urbanity and un-
story of the “ Dictionnaire Historique de la Langue
Française." That monument of erudition, begun
failing tact are a byword among nations.
by the Academy nearly fifty years ago, has just
Old English and
That the historical study of English completed the letter A. Renan once prophesied
Middle English is gaining ground in this country is
that the work might be done in about twelve cen-
in one handbook.
attested by the large number of Old turies, whereupon M. Bergerat made the skeptical
English text-books that have appeared in America
comment: “M. Renan tells of only twelve centuries
in recent years.
Prominent among these are Pro-
as being enough for the purpose, in order to keep
fessor Cook's translation of Professor Eduard Sie up our spirits.
vers's “Grammar of Old English" and Dr. Bright's
An elaborate
“The Book of the Fair” (Bancroft)
“ Anglo-Saxon Reader.” The latest American pub Memorial of the continues to appear in parts, and we
World's Fair.
lication in the department of English philology is
have thus far received eleven of them.
Professor MacLean's “Old and Middle English Beginning with number six, we note the completion
Reader” (Macmillan), which deserves to be ranked of the chapter on the Manufacturers' exhibits, and
with the best of its kind. The book “is primarily the first pages of the chapter on the Liberal Arts.
an attempt to provide for the learner in Old and This chapter runs well into number seven, and gives
Middle English helps similar to those which have an intelligent account of the Educational exhibit.


118
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
The Woman's department is next taken up, and gets of notes is very full and satisfactory. The same pub-
rather more attention than Education. Machinery lishers also send us a “Complete Graded Arithmetic."
takes us well into part nine, where it is succeeded
in two volumes, by Mr. George E. Attwood; and, in
by Agriculture, which runs nearly through the tenth
their “ Pedagogical Library," a two-volume treatise, by
part. Part eleven is devoted to Electricity and Hor-
Mr. George Ricks, on “Object Lessons and How to
Give Them.” The parts of the two works just men-
ticulture. These parts of a very attractive work
tioned are designed, respectively, for primary and gram-
are abundantly supplied with processed illustrations,
mar schools.
to which the text is really subordinated. The paper “The Blind as Seen through Blind Eyes" (Putnam),
is heavy, smooth of finish, and receives the impres translated from the French of M. Maurice de la Sizer-
sion well. There are to be twenty-five instalments anne by Dr. F. Park Lewis, gives an excellent idea of
of the work, which will form, when complete, a
the intellectual and moral character of those who have
highly satisfactory memorial of the great undertak-
lost their sight, an account of the special methods em-
ing to which it is devoted.
ployed in their education, and a suggestion of the va-
rious avenues (more numerous than one would suppose)
open to such of them as must become self-supporting.
A considerable part of the work is devoted to the life
BRIEFER MENTION.
and labors of Valentine Haüy, the French founder of
schools for the blind.
There are many editions of Boswell, but for a com-
Messrs. D. C. Heath & Co. publish an abridged
bination of scholarly editing with inexpensive compact-
edition of Vigny's “Cinq-Mars” in their series of mod-
ness, the two-volume set just published by Messrs. T.
ern language texts. Mr. Charles Sankey is the editor.
Y. Crowell & Co. deserves special commendation. Mr.
The book is cut down to rather less than half-size, and
Mowbray Morris is the editor. He has given all of
provided with an excellent historical introduction. From
Boswell's notes and a few of his own in addition. The
Messrs. Ginn & Co. we have “Brigetta," one of Auer-
typography is clear and the paper is good, while the
bach's “Erzählungen,” edited by Dr. J. Howard Gore;
price is low enough for most purses.
and “ Popular Science," a volume of French readings
The “ Ariel " Shakespeare (Putnam) has been com edited by Dr. Jules Luquiens. The latter work consists
ing to us in instalments of seven booklets to a box. To
of seven chapters, by such writers as MM. Maxime du
the seven “Comedies" and the seven “ Histories” pre-
Camp, C. Flammarion, and E. Réclus.
viously published must now be added a series of seven
“ The Significance of Names” (Whittaker), by Mr.
Tragedies” in the same neat form of issue. A second
Leopold Wagner, is a volume of roughly classified and
set of seven “Comedies” will soon follow, and the nine
curious information about the proper and other names
plays remaining will appear in due time. The “Poems”
comprised under such heads as “ Nicknames of American
will eventually be added to the set, and the “ Ariel
States,” « Titles of Honor,” “Schools of Philosophy,"
Shakespeare will be complete.
and “Cordials and Beverages.” The information given
We recently noticed the abridgment, by Colonel Al is sometimes astonishing, as when we read of Chicago:
fred Pearson, of the late J. A. Symonds's history of “It is called the White City, from the general aspect
the Italian Renaissance. Our notice bad reference to
of its houses and public buildings, and the Windy City,
the English edition of that work, and now requires to owing to its exposed situation on the margin of a great
be supplemented by mention of an American edition
lake.” Other amusing trouvailles await the explorer of
(Holt), published in neat form, and at less than half the
price of the other. Those who wish to take their Sy Mr. E. A. Wallis Budge's "The Mummy: Chapters
monds condensed (or perhaps pruned) will do well to
on Egyptian Funeral Archæology” (Macmillan) is a
possess themselves of this book.
bandsome volume issued by the Cambridge University
A pretty little volume, of vest-pocket dimensions, Press. Its scope is considerably more comprehensive
with flexible leather covers, of “The Thoughts of the than the title would indicate, for it includes Egyptian
Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus” in Long's trans-
history and chronology, and a full account of the forms
lation, has been edited by Mr. Edwin Ginn, and is pub-
of Egyptian writing. The story of the Rosetta Stone is
lished by Messrs. Ginn & Co. The editorial part of told at length, and the conflicting claims of Champol-
the booklet comprises a preface, a biography, an essay lion and Young to the honor of its decipherment are
on the philosophy of the imperial sage, and an index. carefully and dispassionately discussed. The work is
The biography and the essay are condensed from Long. abundantly illustrated. There are Egyptian gods, pyra-
A similar edition of Epictetus is promised by Mr. Ginn. mids and other monuments, reproductions of notable
“ Hazell's Annual” for 1894 (imported by Scribner) inscriptions, and lists of hieroglyphs, scarabs, and royal
covers the year 1893 up to the close of November, and cartouches. The work is thoroughly scientific and up
remains one of the most useful of books for ready ref to date.
erence to topics of current interest. The present issue Under the title “ The Evanston Colloquium,” Messrs.
contains a number of maps, such as Siam, Matabeleland, Macmillan & Co. publish the “Lectures on Mathe-
and the Pamirs ; a lot of new biographies, such as matics" delivered last summer at the Northwestern
Messrs. W. W. Astor, T. F. Bayard, W. E. Henley, University, by Professor Felix Klein, of Göttingen.
William Watson, and Miss Ada Rehan; and timely ar This course of lectures was given as a sort of annex to
ticles upon such subjects as the Behring Sea question, the proceedings of the Mathematical Congress given
the Home Rule Bill, Bimetallism, Influenza, and the under the auspices of the World's Congress Auxiliary.
World's Fair.
The lectures are published from a report made by Pro-
Messrs. D. C. Heath & Co. have just published Dr. fessor Alexander Ziwet, and are followed by Professor
C. A. Buchheim's school edition of the first four books Klein's historical sketch of “The Development of Mathe-
of Goethe's “ Dichtung und Wahrheit.” The apparatus matics at the German Universities.” Among the sub-
22
these pages.


1894.]
119
THE DIAL
“ TO BAFFLE TIME.
jects discussed in the lectures are Clebsch and Sophus prominence of his own accord. But he responded nobly
Lie, ideal numbers, and recent work in the non-Euclid to the occasion, and, indeed, has written one of the finest
ean geometry.
things in the book, a sonnet embodying the sentiment of
Since Mr. Stevenson published his “ Child's Garden
its writers. I take the liberty of quoting it in full.
of Verse" there bas been no such book of rhymes for
the little ones as Miss Rossetti's “Sing-Song” (Macmil “To baffle time, whose tooth has never rest,
lan). Here is an example:
And make the counted line, from page to page,
“The city mouse lives in a house ;
Compact, fulfilled of what is apt and best,
And vibrant with the key-note of the age,
The garden mouse lives in a bower,
He's friendly with the frogs and toads,
This is my aim; and even aims are things ;
And sees the pretty plants in flower.
They give men value who have won no place.
We pass for what we would be, by some grace,
“The city mouse eats bread and cheese
And our ambitions make us seem like kings.
The garden mouse eats what he can;
But never yet has destiny's clear star
We will not grudge him see and stalks,
For aimless feet shed light upon the way.
Poor little timid furry man."
So have I hope, since purpose sees no bar,
The same publishers also send us an illustrated edition
To write immortally some lyric day,
As Lovelace did when he informed the lay
of “Goblin Market,” Mr. Laurence Housman being the
Inspired by his Lucasta and the war."
designer. He has happily seized the spirit of that fan-
tastic and remarkable poem.
Each author being at liberty to write what he pleases,
we find Dr. Felix Adler contributing an interesting study
of Sir Thomas More, while Mr. Henry M. Alden, of
“ Harper's Magazine,” has prepared a “fireside study,"
NEW YORK TOPICS.
“ Flammantia Mônia Mundi,” in his most mystical
vein. It is not surprising to find Mr. Poultney Bige-
New York, Feb. 10, 1894. low writing about “Russian Rule as It Is Felt by Ten
Sundry hints have reached me from time to time to Millions of the Unorthodox," and no one will look for
the effect that the brief description, in an earlier letter, complimentary references to Russia and the Russians
of the recently published “Liber Scriptorum ” was not in such an article. It contains some of his interesting
sufficient for the purposes of THE DIAL, and I have personal experiences while in Poland. From San Fran-
been asked to review the “ Book of the Authors Club” cisco, Mr. John Vance Cheney sends a dainty little
for that journal. Probably the makers of this request poem, “Noon in the Hills," while Major Joseph Kirk-
scarcely realized its formidable nature. To sit in judg land tells the story of Jean Baptiste Pointe de Sable,
ment on the work of one hundred and nine writers, and whose identity need not be explained to Chicagoans.
in a single article at that, is something which even Kit From England Mr. Harold Frederic and Mr. Henry
North might have shrunk from doing. Then again, if Harland contribute a story and a poem respectively.
I am rightly infor the “Liber Scriptorum ” has Mr. Harland's poem, entitled “The King's Touch,” is
not been offered for review to any periodical whatever, quite Browningesque in style, and is the first from his
but the committee in charge of its publication, Mr. pen which I remember to have seen. Poems by Colonel
Rossiter Johnson, Mr. John D. Champlin, and Mr. Hay, Mr. Gilder, and Mr. Howells lend to the distinc-
George Cary Eggleston, have very gladly shown copies tion of the volume, and a pathetic story by Mark Twain,
to representatives of papers which have wished to print “ The Californian's Tale,” shows how completely each
articles about it. Some description of the volume and contributor has followed his own impulse in writing for
its contents is all that can be attempted.
“Liber Scriptorum,” rather than the expectation of the
It is now nearly two years since the idea of publish reader.
ing such a book was first proposed to members of the Mr. Hamilton W. Mabie gives free play to his deli-
Club. The suggestion met with immediate favor, but cate fancy in “My Search for the Goddess,” following
it has taken a great deal ime to obtain the articles next to Dr. Ludlow's sketch, “ Afloat on the Ægean.”
contributed, to have the sheets printed and signed by Prof. Josiah Royce contributes a long and thoughtful
the contributors, to have the hand-made paper manu essay on “ Tolstoï and the Unseen Moral Order.” Some
factured in Holland, and to design and prepare the spe of the lighter articles are Mr. Warner's “ Literature in
cial binding used. Passing over details mentioned in a Dress Suit,” Mr. Hopkinson Smith's “How to Train
my former letter, it is perhaps well to say that the com Our Wives and Children," and Mr. Stockton's “ Pomo-
pleted books, in every feature of printing and binding, na's Club.” Pomona is made to preach so clever a ser-
are the sole work of the De Vinne Press, the managers mon on a burning literary question of the day that I
of which have spent much time and thought in their cannot forbear quoting the most of it.
preparation. The handsome volumes are bound in dark
“The human race [Pomona says) is divided into women
maroon leather, with gilt tops and uncut edges, and are and men, and literatoor is divided into romantickism and real-
sold at $100 each. Most of the edition of 250 copies istics. And the great trouble with both of them is that some-
has been disposed of, and Mr. Henry T. Thomas, the times there is too much of one and not enough of the other.
publisher, of 13 Astor Place, New York, who is a per Everybody knows that we can't git along without realistics,
sonal friend of many members of the Club, has taken
- that is, a certain amount of 'em; but if a boy puts too
charge of the sale of the remainder, thereby relieving
much rag-tag and bobtail to his kite, he can't make it fly.
There's times when you might git a kite up into the air with-
the committee of their long trusteeship.
out any tail, though it would be apt to spin about in an un-
Now, the only practical arrangement of the contribu-
certain way. But nobody could make a tail fly without any
tions to such a work is alphabetically, according to the kite.
names of the writers. This arrangement gave first “In my opinion, the worst thing about facts is that they
place to my friend, Mr. Henry Abbey, the poet, of are too common. Everybody's got 'em piled up around 'em
Kingston, N. Y., who would be very loth to seek such and all over the ground. . .


120
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
"But when the beautiful snows romantickism come novel departure has been taken in fixing beforehand
floatin' down and cover up all them facts, and spread a lovely that the magazine is only to last for three years, end-
white veil, like the icin'on a pound-cake, over all nature and ing, no matter what its success, with the appearance of
art, then them facts is of some use; they make a foundation
the twelfth number in December, 1896. Subscribers
for the snow and keep it from blowin' away. And what was
will thus know from the first when their set will be com-
perfectly horrid a little while ago becomes like dazzlin'
mounds, and domes, and minarets a-sparklin' in the sun.
plete.
It is stated by a correspondent of the New York
Bravo, Pomona! One question is settled at last. I
Evening Post ” that the editorship of the new “Revue
half forget whether your views coincide with those of
de Paris" was offered to M. Brunetière before he was
Mr. Howells or with those of Mr. Quiller-Couch. It
elected by the stockholders of the “Revue des Deux
must be one or the other, for Pomona never takes mid-
Mondes." His election was opposed by M. Pailleron,
dle ground with anyone or anything, be it lightning-rod
who has even threatened legal proceedings to oust him.
peddlers or literature. On second thoughts, it must be
M. Brunetière was elected by the influence of Mme.
Quiller-Couch.
Buloz. M. Pailleron, who is a son-in-law of Mme. Bu-
It is, then, only possible to mention a few of the con-
loz, wished the novelist, M. Victor Cherbuliez, to occupy
tributors to “Liber Scriptorum.” They have cheer-
the editorial chair of the great semi-monthly.
fully done their part, in the hope that a sufficient fund
might be obtained to provide their democratic little or-
According to “The Bookman,” there is to be a
ganization with permanent quarters. Their expectation
“Kelmscott ” Shelley. Mr. Morris has consented to
is about to be realized. The Authors Club is now in a
print an edition of the poet's works, which will be ar-
most flourishing condition, and those who founded it
ranged and edited by Mr. F. S. Ellis, whose edition of
and held to it during its early progress have been re-
Keats has just been completed for the press. The
warded by the great benefits resulting to the writing
“Shelley” is to be issued in three volumes, which will
guild in social and even professional directions.
contain the whole of the longer works, together with
most of the lyrics and other minor poems. Mr. Ellis
The original manuscripts of all the articles contributed
intends to omit all the translations and comicalities
to “Liber Scriptorum " have been inlaid in uniform
sheets, and bound up in three large volumes in crushed
(such as “ Peter Bell” and “Swellfoot the Tyrant”),
Levant morocco. They have been on exhibition all this
and also the fragments and unfinished work generally.
week in Tiffany's window, Union Square, and have at-
The Trustees of the Columbia University Press have
tracted crowds of people all day long, being opened at
made an arrangement with Messrs. Macmillan & Co.
the autographs of some of the best known writers. The
of New York and London to act as the publishers of
three volumes will be sold, as one lot, to the highest
the Press for a term of years. By this arrangement
bidder.
the works which shall bear the imprint of the Columbia
ARTHUR STEDMAN.
University Press will profit by the unusually ample fa-
cilities of distribution possessed by Messrs. Macmillan
& Co., not only in the United States and Great Britain,
but also on the continent of Europe and in the British
LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY. colonies. It is to be noted also that Messrs. Macmillan
Mr. Walter Besant is soon to publish two volumes of
& Co. have recently published or have now in prepara-
miscellaneous papers, entitled, respectively, “ Literary
tion works by a number of Columbia instructors, in-
Essays " and " Social Essays.”
cluding Professor Boyesen, Professor Cattell, Dr. Eg-
bert, Prof. Brander Matthews, Professor Perry, and
Mrs. Humphry Ward's new novel, “ Marcella," will
others.
appear very soon. The author's recent illness has pre-
vented earlier publication of the work.
From Mr. Leslie Stephen's recent article on Matthew
Messrs. T. Y. Crowell & Co. will publish early in
Arnold, in “ The National Review," we make the fol-
March a work by Mr. Edward Porritt, of London, on
lowing pithy extract:
the various departments of the municipal and national
Putting on a mask, sometimes of levity, sometimes
life of England. It bears the comprehensive title of
« The Englishman at Home: His Responsibilities and
of mere literary dandyism, with an irony which some-
times is a little too elaborate, but which often expresses
Privileges."
the keenest intelligence trying to pass itself off as sim-
Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons announce that they are plicity, he was a skirmisher, but a skirmisher who did
now printing the seventh thousand of the authorized
more than most heavily-armed warriors against the
American edition of Miss Harraden's clever story,
vast oppressive reign of stupidity and prejudice. He
“Ships that Pass in the Night.” Of the English edi-
made the old dragon Philistine (to use his phrase) wince
tion, over 17,000 copies have been sold. To meet the
at times, and showed the ugliness and clumsiness of the
popular demand for the book, Messrs. Putnam propose creature; and after all he did it in a spirit as of one
to issue immediately a railroad edition in paper covers. who recognized the monster was after all a most kindly
The London “ Atheneum,” summing up the English monster at bottom. He may be enlisted in useful serv-
literature of 1893, remarks that the year has been“ given ice if you can only apply the goad successfully; and
over almost entirely to the younger writers, who have made effective, in his ponderous way, like the Cartha-
discovered one another throughout its course with unani ginian elephant, if only you can mount his neck and
mous and touching enthusiasm. The older men have goad him in the right direction. No single arm is suf-
been silent, while the juniors have enjoyed the distinc ficient for such a task; the dragon shakes himself and
tion of limited editions and the luxury of large sales.” goes to sleep again in a stertorous and rather less com-
Messrs. Kegan Paul, Trench & Co. will publish some placent fashion, let us hope ! and we feel that the strug-
time in March the first number of a quarterly magazine gle will too probably endure till we have ceased to be
of bibliography. It will consist of a series of papers by personally interested.
writers of authority on various points of book-lore. A “I cannot, indeed, get it out of my head that we
MR. LESLIE STEPHEN ON MATTHEW ARNOLD.


1894.]
121
THE DIAL
slow-footed and prosaic persons sometimes make our ported, fall before the simple opposition of the committee
ground surer; and that, for example, poor Bishop Col. on ways and means, who admitted the force of the ar-
enso, whom Arnold ridiculed as the typical Philistine gument, but declared that after careful consideration
critic, did some good service with his prosaic arithmetic. they believed the duty should be retained. Under the
There are cases in which the four rules are better than circumstances, I was obliged, slowly and painfully, to
the finest critical insight. But there is room for poets renounce the hope of presenting and advocating the
as well as for arithmeticians; and Arnold, as at once claims of my own guild-a set of quiet modest men and
poet and critic, has the special gift—if I may trust my women, scattered all over the country, working under
own experience—of inaking one feel silly and tasteless heavy burdens for inadequate pay, and yet with this
when one has uttered a narrow-minded, crude, or un extra burden on what are for them the tools of trade.
generous sentiment; and I dip into his writings to re “ I trust you will not fail in pressing the objects of
ceive a shock, unpleasant at times, but excellent in its your petition in all public and private ways, and I can
effects as an intellectual tonic."
assure you
of my sympathy, which shall take a practical
form at every moment that I see a practical opening.
THE DUTY ON BOOKS: A LETTER FROM HON. Most respectfully yours, WILLIAM EVERETT."
WILLIAM EVERETT, M. C.
The House of Representatives having failed to re-
ELABORATION IN POETIC ART.
spond to the appeal made by the educated classes for the A recent critique, by Mr. Theodore Watts, in “The
removal of the stupid duty on imported English books, Athenæum, ,” includes the following considerations upon
the missionary efforts of the friends of culture should now
the labor limæ of the poet: “The subject of elabora-
be directed upon the Senate, and it is yet quite possible tion in poetic art, especially by Rossetti and Tennyson,
that the reform may be accomplished. Meanwhile, the remains still to be adequately handled by the poetic
following letter addressed to President Gates of Am-
critic. Improvisatorial poetry, so easy in Italian, is
herst College by Dr. William Everett will be found in-
impossible in a language so rich in rhyme-emphasis,
teresting. Dr. Everett took an active part in urging
and yet so comparatively restricted in rhymes, as En-
upon the Ways and Means Committee the desirability glish. But while it may be said that in English the
of the reform, and stood sponsor for a large number of
warring between the emphasis natural to the rhymed
THE DIAL's petitioners, among whom were President structure and the emphasis natural to the subject-mat-
Gates and the faculty of Amherst.
ter of the poem cannot be appeased offhand, it must
President Merrill E. Gates, LL.D., Amherst College, also be said that the very cause which makes it more
Mass.:
difficult to rhyme in English than in Italian is really
« MY DEAR SIR: I had the honor to present to the one of the causes of the superiority of English rhyming
House of Representatives, for the consideration of the over Italian rhyming. In Italian, where so many of
committee on ways and means, the petition of yourself the words rhyme with each other, the rhyme lends none
and your associates for the removal of the duty on of that sting to the thing said which is lent by English
books printed wholly or in part in the English language. rhyme. It was this stinging effect of the rhyme-em-
Similar petitions came in through myself and others, phasis of English poetry which gave Chaucer his ad-
from many universities and colleges, and from individ vantage over Langland's work in the great struggle be-
uals of the first consideration who understand the in tween the scansion of alliterative bars and the scansion
terests of literature and education. I am absolutely of the rhyme-pause which we have before alluded to.
in sympathy with the petition. I called the attention No good rhymed verse can exist in English, however,
of more than one member of the committe on ways and
without more or less elaboration on the part of the poet.
means to the propriety of removing what, with you,
I It is mainly in their methods of manipulation that poets
consider an inexcusable burden on a heavily burdened differ in this matter. And it would be easy to show
and ill-paid class. I had hoped to see free books in the that in this respect English poets have to be divided
bill; I dwelt on the subject in my speech; and I duly
into three classes: those who elaborate the material in
filed with the chairman of the committee of the whole their own minds, and bring it to perfection, or almost
an amendment in accordance with your petition. I am to perfection, before setting down the words on paper;
sorry that this and others could not have been presented
those who jot down their verses in the rough, but begin
at an earlier stage, though I am afraid its success was to change them before ever the ink is dry; and those
problematical.
whose elaborations are mainly effected after the verses
“ There was one fortnight devoted to amendments, have passed into type. To some poets the sight of their
as the chairman recognized their proposers. Far the
verses in manuscript produces that sense of finality
greater part of this time was absorbed in lengthy dis which to others only comes by the sight of their verses
cussions on amendments offered by the committee on in type. To others, again, not even type itself produces
ways and means. The rest of the time was given, after the sense of finality.
eager competition, to the representatives of various im “ The nearest approach to improvisatorial work was
portant industrial interests, who felt that their constit that of Byron; but then, great as was Byron's poetic
uents were injured by the bill as it stood. The chair energy, his verses are so loose that, as regards the
man was anxious to be perfectly fair in recognizing the merely artistic qualities, they are not much more than
proposers of amendments; but their number was be poetry in solution. Judging from what we know of
yond satisfactory arrangement. I found very early that the rarest fruit of the genius of Keats, the Ode to
it was almost impossible for me to get in the amend a Nightingale,' Keats seems to have belonged to those
ment for free books in time—and so it ultimately proved. who have the power of elaborating the verses in the
Even if I had got it in, it would have been subject to mind and then rolling them over the tongue, so to speak,
serious opposition from influential quarters. That I before setting them down on paper. But spontaneous
should have been willing to try to overcome; but I saw as seems this glorious ode, no one will contend that it
more than one amendment, boldly and skilfully sup has more apparent spontaneity than Shelley's Ode to


122
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
(The following list, embracing 50 tities, includes all books
received by THE DIAL since last issue.]
the West Wind' or his • Skylark,' and yet if Shelley
were to be judged by the state of some of the manu-
script he left behind he would be ranged among the
least spontaneous of poets. Dr. Garnett tells us of en-
tire sheets of manuscript so cut about that in some cases
one line only would be finally left to stand upon a page.
From this it would appear that while in Keats's case
the passage of the line or sequence from its first crude
form to perfection was partly achieved in the poet's
brain before the pen was taken in hand, in Shelley's
case this process went on during the very act of writing.
“ There is, however, as we have hinted above, a third
class of poets to whom neither manuscript nor type has
any suggestion of finality, and to this class Rossetti be-
longed. Although he did undoubtedly make altera-
tions in his verses while in manuscript, it was when they
lay before him in the sharpness of type that he saw how
far from, or how near to, his ideal of poetic expression
he had brought himself. And yet, howsoever great had
been the corrections he had introduced in his proofs,
the printed page never did suggest finality to him.
From the first appearance of • Sister Helen,' when the
poet was not much more than a boy, down to the year
preceding that of his death, the ballad was subject to
changes. And in this, as in certain other matters, be
was like Coleridge, that his changes were almost always
improvements."
ers.
ART.
Hlustrations to Shakespeare's Tempest. By Walter
Crane ;, engraved and printed by Duncan Č. Dallis.
Portfolio, plates 13 x 11. Copeland & Day. $6.
HISTORY
A History of Germany from the Earliest Times to the
Present Day. By Bayard Taylor, with an additional
chapter by Marie Hansen-Taylor. With portrait, 12mo,
pp. 476. D. Appleton & Co. $1.50.
BIOGRAPHY.
General Scott. By Gen. Marcus J. Wright. Illus., 12mo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 349. Appletons' "Great Command-
$1.50.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge: A Narrative of the Events of
his Life. By James Dykes Campbell. With portrait,
12mo, uncut, pp. 319. Macmillan & Co. $3.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Charles Lamb's Specimens of English Dramatic Poets who
Lived about the Time of Shakespeare. Edited anew by
Israel Gollancz, M.A. In 2 vols., illus., 16mo, gilt tops,
uncut. Macmillan & Co. $4.
The Skeptics of the French Renaissance. By John Owen,
author of "Evenings with the Skeptics." 8vo, pp. 830.
Macmillan & Co. $3.50.
The Writings of Thomas Paine. Collected and edited by
Moncure D. Conway, author of "The Life of Thomas
Paine." Vol. I. 1774-1779. 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 445.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.50.
The Longer Prose Works of Landor. Edited by C. G.
Crump. Vol. 2, with portrait, 12mo, pp. 360, uncut.
Macmillan & Co. $1.25.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
February, 1894 (Second List).
American Experiences. Emil Frey. North American.
Architecture, Past and Future. E. E. Hale, Jr. Dial (Feb. 16).
Arnold, Matthew, Poetic Characteristics. Poet-Lore.
Books, Uses of. Dial (Feb. 16).
Brazilian Rebellion, The. S. de Mendonça. No. American.
Browning, Religion in. M. J. Savage. Arena.
Burne-Jones, Edward. Illus. Cosmo Monkhouse. Scribner.
Dress for Women. A Symposium. Illus. Arena.
Eliot, George, Unpublished Letters of. Poet-Lore.
English at Columbia College. Brander Matthews. Dial (16).
Espinasse, Francis, Recollections of. Dial (Feb. 16).
Gliding Flight. Illus. L. P. Mouillard. Cosmopolitan.
Greek Poetry and Life. Paul Shorey. Dial (Feb. 16).
Income Tax in England. Sir John Lubbock. No. American.
Indian Wars and Warriors. Illus. Elaine Eastman. Cosmop'n.
Journalism and Literature. Margaret Deland. No. American.
Land Question and Other Reforms. J.G. Bellangee. Arena.
Lowell on Art-Principles. Ferris Lockwood. Scribner.
Lower Animals, Senses of. James Weir, Jr. No. American.
Money, Honest and Dishonest. John Davis, M.C. Arena.
Municipal Reforms. Dr. Parkhurst, J. W.Goff. No. American.
National Budgets. Review of Reviews.
New Bible, The Washington Gladden. Arena.
Orchids. Illus. W. A. Stiles. Scribner.
Perfume Worship. Illus. Esther Singleton. Cosmopolitan.
Piratical Seas, On. Peter A. Grotjan. Scribner.
Plutocracy, Are We a? W. D. Howells. No. American.
Plutocratic City, A. Illus. W. D. Howells. Cosmopolitan.
Poets and Environment. E. Vicars. Poet-Lore.
School-Masters. Illus. James Baldwin. Scribner.
Sea Island Hurricanes, The. Illus. Joel C. Harris. Scribner.
Serinagur, The Adepts of. H. Hensoldt. Arena.
Travel, Recent. Alice Morse Earle. Dial (Feb. 16).
Tyndall, John. Illus. Grant Allen. Review of Reviews.
Unemployed, How to Help. Henry George. No. American.
Unemployed, Relief of. Albert Shaw. Review of Reviews.
Warship, Building a. Illus. W. A. Dobson. Cosmopolitan,
Washington National Park. Illus. Carl Snyder. Rev. of Rer.
Whitman and his Art. John Burroughs. Poet-Lore.
Wilson Bill. Senator R. Q. Mills. North American.
POETRY.
Poems by Richard Garnet, 12mo, pp. 172, uncut. Cope-
land & Day.
FICTION
Two Lives. By Richard Fanshawe. 16mo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 180. Macmillan & Co. $1.75.
The Greater Glory: A Story of High Life. By Maarten
Maartens, author of “God's Fool.” 12mo. D. Appleton
& Co. $1.50.
Earlscourt: A Novel of Provincial Life. By Alexander
Allardyce, author of "Balmoral.” 16mo, pp. 357. D.
Appleton & Co. $1.
Ships that Pass in the Night. By Beatrice Harraden.
18mo, pp. 235. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.
The Woman of the Iron Bracelets. By Frank Barrett,
author of "Folly Morrison.” 16mo, pp. 433. J. Selwin
Tait & Sons. $1.
A Chronicle of Small Beer. By John Reid. 16mo, pp.
208. New York: Anglo-American Pub'g Co. $1.
Sylvie and Bruno Concluded. By Louis Carroll. Illus.,
12mo, pp. 423. Macmillan & Co. $1.50.
Quentin Durward. By Sir Walter Scott. Dryburgh edi-
tion, illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 461. Macmillan & Co. $1.25.
NEW VOLUMES IN THE PAPER LIBRARIES.
Harper's Franklin Square Library: The Swing of the
Pendulum, by Francis Mary Peard. 12mo, pp. 307. 50 cts.
Longman's Paper Library: Keith Deramore, by the au-
thor of “Miss Molly." 16nio, pp. 379. 50 cts.
Bonner's Choice Series: Countess Dynar; or, Polish Blood.
By Nataly von Eschstruth. Illus., 16mo, pp. 367. 50 cts.
SCIENCE
Electric Waves : Being Researches on the Propagation of
Electric Action with Finite Velocity through Space. By
Dr. Heinrich Hertz; trans. by D. E. Jones, B.Sc. 8vo,
uncut, pp. 279. Macmillan & Co. $2,50.
An Introduction to the Elements of Science. By St.
George Mivart, F.R.S., author of “Types of Animal
Life.' Illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 392. Little, Brown, &
Co. $2.


1894.]
123
THE DIAL
The Fauna of the Deep Sea. By Sidney J. Hickson, M.A.
Illus., 16mo, pp. 169. Appletons' "Modern Science
TO AUTHORS.
Series." $1.
POLITICS AND ECONOMICS.
THE DIAL PRESS, CHICAGO,
The Union Pacific Railway : A Study in Railway Politics,
History and Economics. By John P. Davis, A.M. 12mo,
Is prepared to undertake the publication of Au-
pp. 247. S. C. Griggs & Co. $2.
thors' Editions or Private Editions of merito-
Significance of the Frontier In American History. By rious works in any department of literature.
F.J. Turner, Ph.D. 8vo, pp. 35, pamphlet. Wisconsin
Historical Soc'y.
The services rendered will include the critical
Elective Franchise in Wisconsin. By Florence E. Baker,
A.B. 8vo, pp. 18, pamphlet. Wis. Historical Soc'y. revision of MSS. to prepare them for publica-
Financial History of Wisconsin Territory. By Matthew
Brown Hammond, M.L. 8vo, pp. 37, pamphlet. Wis.
tion, the editorial supervision of works passing
Historical Soc'y.
through the press, tasteful and correct typogra-
RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY.
phy, and the competent oversight of all details
The World's Parliament of Religions, held in Connection
necessary to the production of a complete and
with the Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893. Edited
by the Rev. J. H. Barrows, D.D. 2 vols., illus., 8vo. well-made book; also, the distribution of copies
Chicago: Parliament Pub'g Co.
The World's Congress of Religions. With an introduc-
to the press and elsewhere as desired. An ex-
tion by Minot J. Savage. 16mo, pp. 428. Arena Pub'g tended experience in all the practical details of
Co. $1.25.
Theosophy or Christianity ? A Contrast. By Rev. I. M. | book-production, both on the literary and the
Holdeman. 16mo, pp. 52. Crosscup & Co.
mechanical sides, justifies the guarantee of sat-
What Do We Stand For? By Felix Adler. 16mo, pp. 15.
Philadelphia: S. Burns Weston. 10 cts.
isfactory results to all in need of such services.
EDUCATION.-BOOKS FOR SCHOOL AND The typography of THE DIAL- spoken of by
COLLEGE.
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By William F. Poole, LL.D. 16mo, pp. 55. F. H. Re-
nal de luxe among American literary period-
vell Co.
icals "— is an example, in one direction, of the
Education in Delaware. By Lyman P. Powell, A.B.
Illus., 8vo, pp. 186, paper. Gov't Printing Office. work done at this establishment.
A History of Mathematics. By Florian Cajori. 12mo, Terms will be given on application. Address
uncut, pp. 422. Macmillan & Co. $3,
Elements of English Grammar. By Alfred S. West, M.A.
THE DIAL PRESS,
18mo, pp. 286. Macmillan & Co. 60 cts.
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Guide to the Study of Common Plants : An Introduction
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REFERENCE.
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BY CAPT. F. W. BACH.
Appleton & Co. $1.25.
A concise treatise as to its Qualities and Soundness-including
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position as Librarian, Secretary, Correspondent, Translator
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O
RARE BOOKS.
Address


124
[Feb. 16, 1894.
THE DIAL
THREE NOTEWORTHY BOOKS.
THE EVE OF THE FRENCH
REVOLUTION.
By EDWARD J. Lowell. Crown 8vo, $2.00.
“We find his book to be as thorough as it is read-
able.. A better exposition of the proximate causes
of the Revolution and a more trustworthy account of
the political and social institutions of the
age
that pre-
cede need not be desired.”_ New York Examiner.
“A penetrating, subtle, and comprehensive review of
the ante-revolutionary situation.”—The Literary World.
“ A book of conspicuous ability and interest.”— The
Scotsman, Edinburgh.
SAM HOUSTON
And the War of Independence in Texas.
By ALFRED M. WILLIAMS, author of “The Poets
and Poetry of Ireland.” With a Portrait and
Map. 8vo, $2.00.
“ In this very attractive and fascinating volume Mr.
Williams has performed a really important service to
American history.”— Philadelphia Times.
“ In the literary excellence of Mr. Williams's literary
work, as well as in the subject he has treated, we have
one of the most valuable contributions of the year to
American history and biography.”— Boston Traveller.
« The deepest impression his book makes on the per-
sonal side is that of absolute truthfulness."— Chicago
Journal.
“A good book upon a man whose like will probably
never be seen again in this country.”—N. Y. Tribune.
“ A very readable and interesting book, a real con-
tribution to American history and biography.”—Charles-
ton News and Courier.
“A remarkably interesting memoir, discriminating
in judgment and vividly pictorial in style.” – Philadel-
phia Public Ledger.
THE SON OF A PROPHET.
By GEORGE ANSON JACKSON. 16mo, $1.25.
“We do not hesitate to rank this story in respect
to both interest and power with • Ben-Hur' and The
Prince of India.' It resembles them, especially the
former, so much that the reader recalls them at once,
and that must needs be a remarkable work which does
not suffer by such a suggested comparison. But this
one does not suffer." The Congregationalist, Boston.
For sale by all Booksellers. Sent, postpaid, upon receipt of the price, by the Publishers,
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., Boston.
Only 9o Sets Left (No more will be Publisbed)
OF THE
NEW LEWIS AND CLARK'S EXPEDITION
Up the Missouri River, Across the Rocky Mountains, etc. Thousands of NEW Scientific, Eth-
nological, Historical, Geographical, Zoological, and Botanical Notes, by DR. ELLIOTT COUES,
with the assistance of the highest specialists in America. A complete Index, New Maps, Steel
Portraits, etc. The Edition consists of 200 Sets on hand-made linen paper, 4 vols., royal 8vo,
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To secure a copy Order AT ONCE, before the work is out of print. For sale by all Booksellers, or
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Catalogues of Rare Books are frequently issued, and will be
mailed to any address.
HAVE JUST PUBLISHED
Ships that Pass in the Night.
A Novel, by BEATRICE HARRADEN.
16mo, $1.00.
The LITERARY BUSINESS of
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is located at 22 East 16th St., New York.
RARE AND STANDARD BOOKS.
AUTOGRAPH LETTERS.
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“Ships that pass in the night, and speak each other in passing,
Only a signal shown, and a distant voice in the darkness;
So, on the ocean of life, we pass and speak one another,
Only a look and a voice — then darkness again and-silence."
THE DIAL PRESS, CHICAGO.
-
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