ill Lewis, M.A., F.G.S., edited
by Henry W. Crosskey, LL.D., F.G.S.- The Amateur
Telescopist's Handbook, by Frank M. Gibson. - The Out-
lines of Quaternions, by Lieut.-Col, H. W.L. Hime.-The
Fur and Feather Series, edited by A. E.T. Watson, illus.;
The Grouse, by A. J. Stuart-Wortley, the Rev. H. A.
Macpherson, and George Saintsbury, The Pheasant, by
A. J. Stuart-Wortley, the Rev. H. A. Macpherson, and
A. J. Innes Shand; The Hare and the Rabbit, by the
Hon. Gerald Lascelles ; Wildfowl, by the Hon. John Scott-
Montagu, M.P.- The Camel : Its Uses and Management,
by Major Arthur Glyn Leonard. (Longmans, Green, &
Co., New York.)
A Translation of Dr. Schreiner's Die Spectral-Analyse der
Gestirne, by Edwin B. Frost, $5.00.- Biological Lectures,
Marine Biological Laboratory, Wood's Holl, 1893, $2.15.
(Ginn & Co., Boston.)
The Silva of North America, by Charles S. Sargent, illus.,
$25. (Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston.)
According to Season, talks about the flowers in the order of
their appearance in the woods and fields, by Mrs. William
Starr Dana, 75 cts. (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.)
Travels in a Tree Top, by Charles Conrad Abbott, $1.25. –
Dictionary of the Active Principles of Plants, by Charles
E. John, F.I.C., F.C.S. (J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadel-
phia.)
The Story of the Sun, by Sir Robert S. Ball, F.R.S., $5.--The
Fauna of the Deep Sea, by Sidney J. Hickson, M.A., in
Modern Science Series, edited by Sir John Lubbock, Bart.,
$1. (D. Appleton & Co., New York.)
The Foot of the Horse, by David Roberge. (William R. Jen-
kins, New York.)
MEDICINE AND HYGIENE.
Introductory Lectures in Dermatology, comprising fifteen
lectures delivered at the University of Vermont, by Con-
dict W. Cutler, M.S., M.D.-An Aid to Materia Medica,
by Robert H. M. Dawbarn, M.D., third edition, revised
and enlarged by Woolsey Hopkins, M.D., $1.25.-A Clin-
ical Manual, a guide to the practical examination of the
excretions and the blood, by Andrew MacFarlane, A.B.,
M.D., illus. (G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York.)
Methods of Histological Research, for the use of students and
physicians, by Dr. C. von Kahlden, trans. by H. Morley
Fletcher.-Anatomy and Physiology for Nurses, by Diana
C. Kimber and Louise Darche. Macmillan & Co., New
York.)
Pain, by J. Leonard Corning, A.M., M.D.--Clinical Gynæcol-
ogy, Medical and Surgical, by John M. Keating, M.D.,
and Henry C. Coe, M.D., illus. $6. (J. B. Lippincott Co.,
Philadelphia.)
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
From Edinburgh to the Antarctic, by W. G. Burn Murdoch,
illus. Supplemented by the science notes of the natural-
ists of the expedition, W. S. Bruce, J. J. W. Campbell,
and C. W. Donald, M.B.-Studies of Nature on the Coast
of Arran, by George Milner, illus.- On the Wallaby, a
book of travel and adventure, by Guy Boothby.- Pictures
in Prose of Nature, Wild Sport, and Humble Life, by
Aubyn Trevor Battye, M.A., $1.75. (Longmans, Green,
& Co., New York.)
The Wee Ones of Japan, by Mae St. John, illus.-Our English
Cousins, by Richard Harding Davis, illus., $1.25. (Har-
per & Bros., New York.)
Folk Tales of Angola, by Heli Chatelain, $3.00.– An Island
Garden, by Celia Thaxter, illus. by Childe Hassam, $4.
(Houghton, Miffin & Co., Boston.)
Beyond the Rockies, a spring journey in California, by Dr.
Charles A. Stoddard, $1.50. (Charles Scribner's Sons,
New York.)
The Gypsy Road; a Journey from Krakow to Coblentz, by
G. A. J. Cole, M.R.I.A. – Life in Egypt, described by
Adolph Erman, trans. by H. M. Tirard, illus. (Macmil-
lan & Co., New York.)
ART AND ARCHITECTURE.
College Histories of Art series, edited by J. C. Van Dyke,
Vol. I., The History of Painting, by J. C. Van Dyke,
illus. (Longmans, Green, & Co., New York.)
The Venetian Painters of the Renaissance, with an index to
their works, by Bernhard Berenson, $1.25. -Art in Theory:
An Introduction to the Study of Comparative Æsthetics,
by George Lansing Raymond, L.H.D., $1.75. (G. P. Put-
nam's Sons, New York.)
Chapters on Greek Dress, by Maria Millington Evans, illus.
-Atlas of Classical Antiquities, by Th. Schreiber, edited
for English use by W.C. F. Anderson. (Macmillan & Co.,
New York.)


1894.)
191
THE DIAL
THEOLOGY, RELIGION, AND PHILOSOPHY. Stock, Stockholders, Bonds, Mortgages, and Corporation Law,
Sacerdotalism, when rightly understood : being a Letter Ad-
revised and enlarged, by William W. Cook, $12. - Law
dressed in Four Parts to the Very Rev. William J. But-
Dictionary and Glossary, by J. Kendrick Kinney, $5.
ler, D.D., by W. J. Knox-Little, $i.75.- The City of God:
Forms and Precedents in Federal Courts, by Oliver E.
Four Addresses delivered at St. Asaph on the Spiritual
Pagin. (Callaghan & Co., Chicago.)
and Ethical Value of Belief in the Church, to which are
EDUCATION AND TEXT-Books.
added sermons on kindred subjects, by the Rev. H. S.
Holland, M.A., $2. -Way-Marks in Church History, by First Lessons in Civil Government, by Jesse Macy. – The
Rev. William Bright, D.D.- Verba Verbi Dei, by the au Gate to the Anabasis, by Clarence W. Gleason.-- Thucyd-
thor of Charles Lowder.-The Gospel According to Peter, ides, Book III., edited by Charles Forster Smith.- Latin
a study by the author of Supernatural Religion, $2.-Saint at Sight, by Edwin Post. - Tacitus, Dialogus de Oratori-
Paul and his Missions, by the Abbé Constant Fouard, bus, edited by Charles E. Bennett. - P. Cornelii Taciti,
trans. by George F. X. Griffith, maps.- The Oracles Men Dialogus de Oratoribus, edited by Alfred Gudeman.-Old
tioned by Papias and Hierapolis: A Contribution to the English Ballads, edited, with notes, by F. B. Gummere.
Criticism of the New Testament, with appendices on the -Selections from the Poetry and Prose of Thomas Gray,
authorship (by Philo) of the De Vita Contemplativa, the edited by William Lyon Phelps, A.M. -Studies in the Ev-
date of the Crucifixion, and the date of the martyrdom of olution of English Criticism, by Laura Johnson Wylie. —
Polycarp.-Spiritual Law in the Natural World: a meta Grimm's Fairy Tales, edited by Sara E. Wiltse.- A Brave
physical and psychical exposition of the operations of the Baby, and other stories, by Sara E. Wiltse.-Stories from
Holy Spirit and other agencies, by J. W. Thomas, F.I.C., Plato and other classical writers, by Mary E. Burt. - The
F.C.S. - Practical Reflections of Isaiah, by the author of Contemporary French Writers, edited by Rosine Mellé.-
Practical Reflections on the Holy Gospel. - The English Storm's Geschichten aus der Tonne, edited by Charles F.
Church in the Nineteenth Century, by the Rev. John H. Brusie. – Freytag's Doktor Luther, edited by Frank P.
Overton, D.D., $4. (Longmans, Green, & Co., New York.) Goodrich, Ph.D. - A Preparatory German Reader, with
The Papers of the American Society of Church History, Vol.
notes by C. L. van Daell.--Examination Manual in Plane
VI. -Secularism: Its Progress and its Morals, by John M.
Geometry, by G. A. Wentworth and G. A. Hill. — First
Bonham, $1.75.- The Life and Teachings of Jesus, a crit-
Steps in Algebra, by George A. Wentworth.-Macaulay's
ical study, by Arthur K. Rogers.- The Apostolic Age of
Essay on Milton, edited with notes by Herbert A. Smith.
the Christian Church, by Carl von Weizsäcker, trans. by
-Technique of Sculpture, by William Ordway Partridge,
James Millar, B.D., Vol. I., $3.50. (G. P. Putnam's Sons,
illus. - Inflections and Syntax of Morte d'Arthur, by
New York.)
Charles Sears Baldwin. (Ginn & Co., Boston.)
Does God Send Trouble ? a volume of discourses intended to
A Three Months' Course of Practical Instruction in Botany,
appeal to those who are in suffering or sorrow, by Rev.
by F. 0. Bower, D.Sc. - Physiology for Beginners, by
Dr. Charles Cuthbert Hall, $1. Houghton, Mifflin &
Michael Foster M.A., and L. E. Shore, M.A.- A Short
Co., Boston.)
Manual of Philology for Classical Students, by P. Giles,
The Historic Episcopate, An Essay on the Four Articles of
M.A.-The Principles of English Composition through An-
Church Unity, proposed by the American House of Bish-
alysis and Synthesis, by P. Goyen.-Text-book of Embry-
ops, and the Lambeth Conference, by C. W. Shields, 60
ology: Invertebrates, by Drs. Korscheldt and Heider,
trans. and edited by Edward Laurens Mark, Ph.D., and
cts. - Basal Concepts in Philosophy, by A. T. Ormond, William McMichael Woodworth, Ph. D. - Modern Plane
$1.50. (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.)
Geometry, by the Rev. G. Richardson and A. S. Ramsey.
Judaism at the World's Parliament of Religions, by various -A School History of Rome, by Evelyn S. Shuckburgh,
writers, $2.50. (Robert Clarke & Co., Cincinnati.)
M.A., with maps and plans. - Elementary Algebra, by
Fishers of Men, being the charge delivered to the Diocese of
Charles Smith. Geometrical Conic Sections, by Charles
Canterbury in his third visitation, by the Most Rev. Edward Smith, M.A. - The Theory of Conditional Sentences in
White Benson, D.D:- A History of the Christian Church in
Greek and Latin, by Richard Horton Smith, M.A.-Prac-
the First Six Centuries, by the Ven. Archdeacon Cheetham, tical Plane Geometry, by J. Humphrey Spanton. -Ele-
-Village Sermons, second series, by R. W. Church, D.C.L. mentary Mensuration, by F. H. Stevens, M.A. Organic
-Elements of Metaphysics, by Karl Deussen, authorized
Chemistry for Beginners, by G. S. Turpin, M.A. (Mac-
translation.-Works of the Rev. F.J. A. Hort: The Way,
millan & Co., New York.)
the Truth, the Life, $1.75; Lectures on Judaistic Chris How to Study and Teach History, with particular reference
tianity; Introductory Lectures on St. Paul's Epistles to the to the History of the United States, by B. A. Hinsdale,
Romans and to the Ephesians. — Logic, by Williston S. Ph.D., LL.D., in International Education series, $1.50.
Hough, A.M. - Leibnitz's Critique of Locke, new essays (D, Appleton & Co., New York.)
on the understanding, trans. by Alfred G. Langley, A.M. Laboratory Course in Physiological Psychology, by Dr. E. C.
-Library of Philosophy, new volumes : Riddles of the Sanford. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.)
Sphinx, a study in the Philosophy of Evolution, by F. C.
S. Schiller ; The Principles of Psychology, by G. F. Stout,
MISCELLANEOUS.
M.A.-Sermons on the Acts of the Apostles, by Frederic
Denison Maurice.-The Incarnation and Common Life, by
The Principles of Strategy, by John Bigelow, Jr., $5. (J. B.
Brooke Foss Westcott, D.D., D.C.L. (Macmillan & Co.,
Lippincott Co., Philadelphia.)
New York.)
The Alchemical Essence and the Chemical Element: an Epi-
sode in the Quest of the Unchanging, by M, M. Pattison
ECONOMICS, GOVERNMENT, AND SOCIOLOGY.
Muir. - Sharps and Flats : a Complete Revelation of the
Secrets of Cheating at Games of Chance and Skill, by John
The Sphere of the State ; or, The People as a Body Politic,
with special consideration of certain present problems, by
Nevile Maskelyne, $1.50. (Longmans, Green & Co., New
York.)
Frank Sargent Hoffman, A.M., $1.50. (G. P. Putnam's
Sons, New York.)
The Chess Pocket Manual, by G. H. D. Gossip, $1. (Charles
Scribner's Sons, New York.)
Papers and Addresses on Work and Wages, by Lord Brassey.
Natural Resources of the United States, by Jacob Harris
(Longmans, Green, & Co., New York.)
Patton, A.M., Ph.D., $3. (D. Appleton & Co., New York.)
The Jewish Question and the Mission of the Jews, $1.75.
(Harper & Bros., New York.)
Key to the Hebrew-Egyptian Mystery in the Source of Meas-
ures, Originating the British Inch and the Ancient Cubit,
The History of Marriage, Jewish and Christian, in Relation
new and revised edition, with supplement, by J. Ralston
to Divorce and Certain Forbidden Degrees, by the Rev. Skinner, $5. (Robert Clarke & Co., Cincinnati.)
Herbert Mortimer Lucock, D.D. (Longmans, Green, &
Co., New York.)
Dictionary of Political Economy, by R. H. Inglis Palgrave,
The privately-printed tribute to his sister, written by
F.R.S., completion of Vol. 1.- Sources of the Constitu-
tion of the United States, by C. Ellis Stevens. - Ques Renan many years ago, and entitled “Henriette Renan:
tions of the Day, being sermons on social and other ques Souvenir pour ceux qui l'ont connue,” is about to be
tions preached in St. Martin's Church, Leicester, by David given to the public. M. Ary Renan is at work upon
J. Vaughan, M.A. - The American Commonwealth, by
James Bryce, D.C.L., new, revised, and enlarged edition
five pictures for its illustration. The brochure is a very
with additional chapters, 2 vols., Vol. II. $1.75. (Mac- charming one, and we are glad to learn that it will soon
millan & Co., New York.)
be brought within reach of all of the author's friends.


192
[March 16,
THE DIAL
York, and other Eastern cities, may not have carried
NEW YORK TOPICS.
back with him so many American dollars as some of the
New York, March 9, 1894. gentlemen who have since visited us under the expan-
Eighteen of the thirty parts of " The Art of the World sive auspices of the veteran manager, Major Pond, but he
Illustrated in the Paintings, Statuary, and Architecture
entered the houses of most of our (really) “ best peo-
of the Columbian Exposition,” published by Messrs. D. ple,” and made numerous warm friends. These will be
Appleton & Co., have now appeared, and all who have interested to learn that having married and settled down
seen them have had an opportunity to judge of the in Hampstead Vale, in the northwest of London, Mr.
work's success as an æsthetic undertaking. The names Rhys is meditating various literary ventures, some of
of the official contributors to the descriptive text, Pro which are approaching completion. His first volume
fessor Ives, Director Burnham, and others, are well of poems is already announced for publication, “ A Lon-
known to THE DIAL's readers. That of Mr. Ripley don Rose, and Other Rhymes,” which will be brought
Hitchcock, who has designed and edited the work, out in all the luxury of printing and binding which per-
may not be so well known to some of them, and it tains to the house of Elkin Mathews and John Lane.
seems desirable to give a little synopsis of his life and
Besides a little cycle of London poems, a love sequence,
work.
etc., Mr. Rhys's volume will contain some rhymes and
Ripley Hitchcock is the son of the late Dr. Alfred ballads of Wales, in which he has made some new ex-
Hitchcock, a distinguished physician of Fitchburg, periments with Kymric measures in English verse. Of
Mass., and was born in that city. He graduated at the limited edition one hundred and fifty copies are in-
Harvard in 1877, and, his interest having already turned tended for the American market. Mr. Rhys, it will be
to the fine arts, he remained at Cambridge for a grad- recalled, is the editor of the “Camelot Classics" series.
uate course under the direction of Prof. Charles Eliot I remember his telling me that he belonged to a little
Norton. Removing to New York, he soon began to London society, yclept « The Rhymesters,” the members
write, and after filling minor positions on the " Trib of which met every week and were obliged to produce
une ” he in 1882 became art critic of that paper. From a poem on a given subject, and how he planned an un-
this time on he became identified with the art movement pleasant “impromptu " surprise for them one evening
in his adopted city. He has not, however, confined him in the shape of a stinging satire on their alleged “smug-
self exclusively to art-criticism in his writings. Much ness," and how they rose up as one man and drove him
of his summers has been spent in travelling through out into the rain, hatless and umbrellaless, to find his
all parts of North America, and these journeyings have way home as best he could.
resulted in many descriptive articles. He has also writ There is just such a club in Philadelphia, called “The
ten a good deal about out-door life and sports. It was Pegasus," whose members have periodical meetings for
in 1885 that the “Century Magazine " commissioned the same purposes. One of these gentlemen, Mr. Har-
Mr. Hitchcock to visit the Western cities of the country, rison S. Morris, the poet, was recently invited to lecture
and report upon art conditions as he found them. His before the Browning Society of Boston. Mr. Morris is
“ The Western Art Movement” was the result of this himself a member of the Philadelphia Browning Society,
trip, and proved to be a revelation of the progress of the but he has a realizing sense of the m: ter's occasional
fine arts in the West. This work was translated and failings. So he treated his audience to what the Boston
republished in L'Art. Besides his earliest and his latest papers styled a “scathing analysis” of “ A Blot on the
works, Mr. Hitchcock has published “Etchings in Amer 'Scutcheon,” and stirred up considerable discussion
ica,” « A Study of George Inness,” “ American Water thereby, doubtless to the benefit of the down-east dilet-
Color Painting," and several kindred volumes. In 1890 tanti. Oddly enough, I saw not long since an announce-
he resigned his position on the “Tribune" to accept that ment of Mr. Morris's first volume of poems, to be brought
of literary adviser to the firm of Messrs. Appleton & out by the Lippincotts in dainty style next fall. So these
Co., and since that time has been manager of this firm's two young Arcadians seem to have much in common,
departments relative to the acceptance and publication though so widely separated.
of books.
Mr. Paul Leicester Ford has varied his labors on the
Messrs. Appleton & Co. publish next week the “Life Putnam edition of Jefferson's writings, now going
of Edward L. Youmans,” by Prof. John Fiske, a book through the press, with the editing of a new and, as far
which will at once find its way to every library in the as possible, complete edition of the writings of John
United States pretending to a department of science. Dickinson, the “Penman of the Revolution." The work,
The extracts from Professor Tyndall's letters to Pro-
in three volumes, will be published by the Historical
fessor Youmans, printed in THE DIAL just after the
Society of Pennsylvania. Two volumes will contain the
former's death, were taken from this volume. As foun-
political writings, and a third will be devoted to Dick-
der and editor of the “Popular Science Monthly” and inson's correspondence, which, with many political papers
originator of the “ International Science Series,” Pro-
now first collected, has been gotten together by Mr.
fessor Youmans was almost the first in this country to Ford during five years of research.
bring science to the knowledge of the masses. For
Mr. Gilbert Parker, who has been visiting us, has writ-
many years the professor and his talented wife, who has
ten from Mexico announcing his safe arrival in that city,
survived him, were conspicuous figures in the limited
literary circles of New York, and naturally his personal
and his intention of returning to New York by way of
Havana and Florida. I learn from Messrs. Stone and
presence and social abilities are greatly missed by those
Kimball, of Chicago and Cambridge, that Mr. Parker's
who knew him. He was succeeded as editor of the
“ Popular Science Monthly” by his brother, Mr. William
fine sonnet-sequence, “ A Lover's Diary,” which I had
the good fortune to see in manuscript, will soon be out.
Jay Youmans, the present editor.
Messrs. Appleton & Co. have announced his new novel,
That charming Arcadian, Ernest Rhys, who came over
“The Trespasser,” for the last of March.
from England a few years ago, and lectured in a quiet
way on literary subjects new and old in Boston, New
ARTHUR STEDMAN.


1894.]
193
THE DIAL
« It
which contains the whole of Chaucer's works. Various
LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY.
readings are recorded wherever they have any interest
Messrs. Copeland & Day will soon publish a volume
or value. The requirements of metre and grammar
of “Vagabond Poems,” by Mr. Bliss Carman and Mr. have been carefully considered throughout. Besides
Richard Hovey.
these, the phonology and spelling of every word have
“The Bookman” makes the astonishing statement
received particular attention, the spelling being, in fact,
that no book of Mr. Ruskin has ever been translated and
a fair guide to the true old pronunciation. The present
published in a foreign language.
edition is therefore the first that adequately represents
“ La Patrie," a French Canadian paper, has recently
the author's words. A complete commentary accom-
been threatened with the ban of the church for announc-
panies the whole, in which Chaucer's indebtedness to
ing “ Monte Cristo” as a feuilleton.
Boccaccio, Statius, Ovid, Boethius, etc., is duly pointed
out. In the notes every difficulty has been considered.
Mr. Evelyn Abbott, a Fellow of Balliol College, and
well known as the author of a history of Greece, will
The glossary is of exceptional fulness; and all necessary
indexes are appended. The English price of the vol-
prepare the biography of the late Benjamin Jowett.
umes is fixed at sixteen shillings each, but subscriptions
Colonel T. W. Higginson has nearly completed his
for the set, with advance payment, may be made for
“ Military and Naval History of Massachusetts," writ-
three guineas.
ten under appointment from the Governor of the State.
The American Folk-Lore Society is about to under-
A good story is told by Alphonse Daudet, illustrating
take an extensive scheme of publication, under the name
the attitude of the French Academy toward him.
of “Memoirs of the American Folk-Lore Society.”
often happens,” he says, “that letters from foreign
The first volume of this series, to be published in March,
countries are addressed to me at the French Academy,
will be “Folk-Tales of Angola,” by M. Heli Chatelain.
in the supposition that I am one of its members. These
The work, which, together with an explanatory intro-
letters are almost always returned to the post office with
duction, will give in original text and literal translation
the remark, · Unknown to the French Academy,' writ-
the oral literature of the West African Coast, will be
the
post office knows where to send my correspondence. But
tions, and moral sentiments of races from which has
the formula is droll. I have often given evidence of its
been derived a great part of the negro population of
authenticity."
the Southern States, and will therefore have an im-
Messrs. Stone and Kimball make the very important portant bearing on American history. Among other
announcement of a complete edition of Poe, in ten vol-
works intended to continue the series are collections of
umes, with critical introductions to the several works
the French Creole tales of Louisiana, and of the Cur-
by Mr. Edmund Clarence Stedman, and a biography by
rent Superstitions still found in great mass among the
Professor George E. Woodberry. It gratifies one's
English-speaking population. Persons interested in the
sense of the eternal fitness of things that just these two
work of the Society will gladly be received as mem-
men should bave agreed to coöperate in the production bers, the annual fee being three dollars, giving the right
of this edition. There will be a portrait and fac-simile
to a copy of the organ of the Society, the “ Journal of
illustrations, and, in the case of the large-paper edition,
American Folk-Lore" (quarterly). A subscription of
eight drawings by Mr. Aubrey Beardsley. There never
ten dollars to the publication fund will include the
has been even a respectable edition of Poe, but the one
membership fee, and entitle the subscriber to all the
now promised is likely to be everything that could be
publications of the Society, including the Memoirs, of
desired.
which it is proposed to issue several numbers annually.
Reference has already been made in these columns Persons wishing to become members, or subscribe to the
to the fine bronze monument provided by Mr. George M. publication fund, should address the permanent secre-
Pullman to commemorate the Chicago Massacre of 1812, tary, Mr. W. W. Newell, Cambridge, Mass.
and erected on the site of that historic incident - the
lake shore at Eighteenth street. The monument was
A NEW STORY OF PROFESSOR JOWETT.
formally unveiled in June last; and an account of the Prof. N. M. Butler, in “The Educational Review,"
ceremonies has, very appropriately, been published by tells the following story of Professor Jowett: “A few
the Chicago Historical Society, to whose charge the years ago he was one of those who extended an invita-
monument was transferred by Mr. Pullman. The most
tion to the Extension students to meet at Oxford. De-
important feature of the volume is the address of Mr.
siring to find lodgings for some of them at Balliol Col.
E. G. Mason, the President of the Society. It is a care lege, he suggested to the dons that it would be a grace-
fully-studied and spirited account, in small compass, of ful thing for them to vacate their rooms for a fortnight,
the tragic occurrence and the causes that led to it. The
and allow him to assign the rooms thus set free to the
volume contains, also, the address of ex-President Har visitors. The dons demurred, looking upon such a prop-
rison, delivered on the same occasion; and there are osition as an invasion of their ancient and honorable
some excellent views of the monument in photogravure. privileges. The Master, however, had other weapons
The new Chaucer, upon which Professor W. W. Skeat at his disposal besides persuasion. He had sole control
has been at work for twenty-five years, will be published of the chapel services and of the buttery. The former
in six volumes, to appear in rapid succession during the he lengthened very considerably, and the resources of
present year. The work represents the unremitting the latter were reduced to the lowest ebb by his con-
labor of a quarter of a century. It is a complete edi nivance. This policy had the desired effect, and the
tion of all the genuine works of Chaucer, whether in dons began to leave town for a holiday. As the last of
prose or poetry. It contains an entirely new text, them disappeared in the direction of the railway station,
founded upon the best manuscripts and the earliest weighed down with hand-luggage, the Master rubbed
printed editions. It is the first modern edition (not his hands and said: “This kind goeth not out but by
counting mere reprints from the old black-letter copies) prayer and fasting.'”


194
[March 16,
THE DIAL
GENEVIEVE GRAHAME GRANT.
the suc-
-I firmly believe—to the West, of which Chicago is
Mrs. George Rowswell Grant, who died on the twenty the natural centre, for many great things in literature
seventh of last month, was a woman of rare character and in art. The youth and vigor of the place;
and accomplishments. She was the daughter of Mr. cess of the place; the resolve of the young men and
Fernando Jones, one of the earlier among the Chicago maidens to achieve what can be achieved by study and
settlers. Much of her life was spent abroad, and few effort; the wealth of the place, which secures all that
women have compassed so varied a social experience can be obtained in learning and teaching; even the sep-
within so brief a term of years. Her acquaintance with aration of the place from the old continuity of English
people of literary, artistic, and other sorts of distinction, literature; the things that have already come from the
in England, France, and Italy, as well as in this country, place — all lead me to look on Chicago as a centre of
was extraordinary in its range. She was the founder of literature and art in the immediate future."
the Twentieth Century Club of Chicago, and acted as its
secretary from its beginning in 1889 to the time of her BALLADE OF MAISTRE FRANCOYS RABELAIS.
death. She was an occasional contributor to THE DIAL, The following “ballade," by Mr. Showell Rogers, is
one of her articles being a review of the “ Journal” of reprinted from the London « Author.”
Marie Bashkirtseff, made particularly interesting by the
“Over a jolly chapter of Rabelais."
fact of her acquaintance with the young Russian artist.
-R. BROWNING, in “Garden Fancies."
Her literary work was of a fugitive sort, and but the
Come down, old friend ; too long you've lain
earnest of what she might have accomplished had she
On yon high shelf. You're dusty ? Phew!
lived. As it is, she will live chiefly in the memory of
Certes, I hear you answer plain,
her many friends, but they will not easily forget her
*A judgment for neglect, pardieu !'
winsome disposition, her bright clear intelligence, or the
Ne'er fear, you'll always get your due,
never-failing charm of her presence and her conversa-
Tho' times go not the easy way,
When lusty clerics gave the cue ;
tion.
Eh? Master François Rabelais ?
BLESSING A NEWSPAPER ESTABLISHMENT.
The office of “ The Triluvian," a newspaper published
'Fair abbey gardens of Touraine
Long spoil'd, bloom in your page anew;
at Trois Rivières, in Lower Canada, has recently been
Old France unrolls her wide champaign
blessed in regular form by the authorities of the Church.
For great Gargantua's jovial crew,
The ceremony is thus described by the paper concerned:
Sly Panurge, Pantagruel too,
“ His installation being almost completed and the re-
And proud Thelema's mad array:
pairs which he had to make to our establishment being
Their legend - What thou Wilt, that Doe'-
ended, our proprietor, Mr. P. V. Ayotte, like a man
Yours, Master François Rabelais.
careful of his responsibilities, and being conscious of his “And tho' you seek your shelf again,
duties as a master who believes and acts accordingly,
Happier with dusty tomes than new,
invited his Grace of Three Rivers to come and bless
Know this: whate'er new lights may reign,
his different workshops. Monsignor acceded with good
You'll find fit company tho’ few.
grace to the desire, and, with that perpetual goodness
Tho' prudes with pain your volumes view,
Whate'er folk unco' guid may say,
which tempers the austerity of his life and the author-
The world will have its laughter through
ity of his word, he called us together all around him in
With Master François Rabelais.
the editorial office of this paper. Monsignor, who was
accompanied by Canon Cloutier, cure of the cathedral,
Envoy.
after having recited the customary prayers, made the
“Doctor, Franciscan, tho' tis true
tour of the different departments, which he blessed
Bookmen have all, like dogs, their day;
while he said the Miserere." The idea is a good one,
Long lease of life belongs to you,
Good Master François Rabelais."
although our own newspapers would not take to it
kindly. To be “ blessed " is the last thing that most of
MR. GOLDWIN SMITH ON A “SCHOOL OF ENGLISH
them would wish for.
LITERATURE.”
A WORD FROM MR. BESANT ON CHICAGO AND THE WEST. Professor Goldwin Smith comments upon the new
Mr. Walter Besant, writing in the London “ Author,” Oxford School of English Literature in the following
makes the following comment apropos of our recent effort not over-enthusiastic terms: “ The last new project is
to secure the free importation of English books : “THE a School of English Literature. In English literature
DIAL of Chicago has made an attempt to “enlist the are included, we must presume, all the great English
friends of culture, irrespective of party, in an effort to writers, grave or gay.
What is to give shape or sub-
secure the removal' from the United States tariff law stance to such a school ? Is Anglo-Saxon to be its
of the duty on books in the English language. The backbone ? Anglo-Saxon is a proper subject for the pro-
editor sent round in various directions a large number fessorial chair, which is at present most worthily filled,
of blank petitions, which were filled with signatures and but as a general study it is meagre, having for peo-
presented to the House of Representatives. It must be ple in general little more than an etymological value,
remembered that this kind of work is far more arduous nor does it seem likely to be effective in the way of
than it would be in this country on account of the great intellectual training. It was said by a Member of Con-
distances, and the difference in the average of culture gregation that the School of English Literature would
in the several States. For instance, not to be invidious, be, in the American phrase, “a soft option.' But Ox-
no one would expect in Texas the same intellectual stan ford dreads unpopularity and the imputation of being
dards as in Massachusetts. The result of the petitions behind the age. This is partly the emesis of her op-
is not yet apparent ; probably they were only expected position to progress in her Tory and High Church days.
to clear the way for another and a bolder attack. It is, The cat was probably let out of the bag by the Mem-
however, remarkable—though not astonishing—that this ber of Congregation who advocated the creation of the
movement should originate in Chicago. We may look school in the interest of the ladies.''


1894.)
195
THE DIAL
The Mystery of Abel Forefinger. By William Drysdale.
Illus., 12mo, pp. 208. Harper & Bros. $1.25.
The Holy Cross, and Other Tales. By Eugene Field. 16mo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 191. Stone & Kimball. $1.25.
Waring's Peril. By Captain Charles King, author of "The
Colonel's Daughter." 16mo, pp. 230. J. B. Lippincott
Co. $1.
Ten Notable Stories from Lippincott's Magazine. By Owen
Wister, Matt Crim, and others. 12mo, pp. 145. J. B.
Lippincott Co. $1.
The Countess Rodna: By W. E. Norris, author of "Adrien
Vidal.” 16mo, pp. 405. Lovell, Coryell, & Co. $1.
A Soldier and a Gentleman. By J. Maclaren Cobban, au-
thor of "Master of His Fate. 16mo, pp. 211. Lovell,
Coryell, & Co. $1.
The New Prince Fortunatus. By William Black. New
revised edition, 16mo, pp. 411. Harper & Bros. 80 cts.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
March, 1894 (Second List).
Anti-Catholic Crusade, The. Washington Gladden. Century.
Banks and the Panic of 1893. A. D. Noyes. Political Sci.
Bible, Human Element in. P.S. Moxom. New World.
Bribery in England. J. W. Jenks. Century.
British Local Finance. G. H. Blunden. Political Science.
Browning as a Musical Critic. Pauline Jennings. Music.
Childs, George W. Talcott Williams. Rev. of Reviews.
Constitutional Convention, The. Albert Shaw. Rev. of Revs.
Constitutional Revision. J. B. Uhle. Political Science.
Earthquakes. Illus. E. S. Holden. Century.
Education at Harvard, The Study of. Educational Review.
English at Stanford Univ'y. M. B. Anderson. Dial (Mch. 16.)
Feudalism in England. Edward Porrit. Political Science.
Goodness, Origin of. M. J. Savage. New World.
Gorilla, The. Illus. James Weir. Southern Magazine.
Governmental Maps in Schools. Educational Review.
Greenlander at Home. Fred'k Starr. Dial (Mch. 16.)
Grieg, Edward. Illus. William Mason. Century.
Japanese History. E. W. Clement. Dial (Mch. 16).
Language Study. D. K. Dodge. Dial (Mch. 16.)
Lotze's Doctrine of Thought. Henry Jones. New World.
Madison Square Garden. Illus. Mrs. Van Rensselaer. Century.
Municipal Reform. E. W. Bemis. Dial (Mch. 16).
Music and Sociology. H. A. Moore. Music.
Music. Camille Saint-Saens. Music.
Napoleon the Man, Dial (Mch. 16).
Paracelsus, Problem of. Josiah Royce. New World.
Placers, California. Illus. C. D. Robinson. Overland.
Polk, Leonidas. A. H. Noll. Dial (Mch, 16).
Poole, William Frederick. Dial (Mch. 16).
Religions, The Congress of. Illus. F.H. Stead. Rev. of Rev.
Sedan in '70. Bertha von Tauber-Harper. Southern Mag.
Tariff Controversy, The. Orrin Elliott. Overland.
Tramp, The City. Illus. Josiah Flint. Century.
Tuileries Under the Second Empire. Illus. Century.
Universities of Germany. E. D. Perry. Educational Review.
NEW VOLUMES IN THE PAPER LIBRARIES.
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Harper's Quarterly: The Rose of Paradise, by Howard
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Kerr's Unity Library: A Modern Love Story, by Harriet
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Neeley's Library of Choice Literature : On a Margin, by
Julius Chambers. - Love Letters of a Worldly Woman,
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SOCIAL STUDIES.
Social Evolution. By Benjamin Kidd. 8vo, pp. 348. Mac-
millan & Co. $2.50.
The Englishman at Home: His Responsibilities and Prin
ileges. By Edward Porritt. 12mo, pp. 379. T. Y. Crowell
& Co. $1.75.
The Evolution of Woman: An Inquiry into the Dogma of
Her Inferiority to Man. By Eliza Burt Gamble. 12mo,
pp. 356. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.75.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
(The following list, embracing 36 tities, includes all books
received by THE DIAL since last issue.]
RELIGION AND CHURCH HISTORY.
Inspiration: Eight Lectures on the Early History and Ori-
gin of the Doctrine of Biblical Inspiration ; Being the
Bampton Lectures for 1893. By W. Sanday, M.A. Sec-
ond edition, 8vo, uncut, pp. 464. Longmans, Green, &
Co. $4.
Speculum Sacerdotum ; or, The Divine Model of the
Priestly Life. By the Rev. W. C. E. Newbolt, M.A.
12mo, uncut, pp. 321. Longmans, Green, & Co. $2.
Secularism : Its Progress and Its Morals. By John M. Bon-
ham, author of
Industrial Liberty.' 12mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 396. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.75.
The English Church in the Nineteenth Century (1800–
1833.) By John H. Overton, D.D., author of “The En-
glish Church in the Eighteenth Century.” 8vo, uncut,
pp. 350. Longmans, Green, & Co. $4.
HISTORY.
Cartier to Frontenac: A Study of Geographical Discovery
in the Interior of North America, in Its Historical Rela-
tions, 1534-1700. By Justin Winsor. Illus., 8vo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 379. Houghton, Mifflin, & Co. $4.
Social England: A Record of the Progress of the People in
Religion, Laws, Learning, Arts, etc., from the Earliest
Times to the Present Day. By various writers. Edited
by H. D. Traill, D.C.L. Volume I., 8vo, uncut, pp. 504.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. $3.50.
A Child's History of Spain. By John Bonner, author of
"A Child's History of Rome.” Illus., 12mo, pp. 365.
Harper & Bros. $2.
BOOKS FOR SCHOOL AND COLLEGE.
Practical Methods in Microscopy. By Charles H. Clark,
A.M. Illus., 16mo, pp. 219. D. C. Heath & Co. $1.60.
A Short French Grammar. By C. H. Grandgent. 16mo,
pp. 150. Heath's Modern Language Series. 60 cts.
French Lessons and Exercises : To be Used with Grand-
gent's Short French Grammar., By C. H. Grandgent.
Number 1, 16mo, pp. 34. Heath's Modern Language Se-
ries. 15 cts.
The Sketch Book. By Washington Irving ; edited by Elmer
E. Wentworth, A.M. 12mo, pp. 423. Allyn & Bacon.
60 cts.
The Sir Roger De Coverly Papers. With an Introduction
and Notes. 16mo, pp. 192. Houghton's “Riverside Se-
ries." 40 cts.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
A Poet's Portfolio: Later Readings. By William Wetmore
Story, D.C.L. 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 293. Houghton,
Mifflin, & Co. $1.
Studies of the Stage. By Brander Matthews. With por-
trait, 18mo, pp. 214. Harper & Bros. $1.
Fairy Tales from the Arabian Nights. Edited and ar
ranged by E. Dixon. Illus. by J. D. Batten, 8vo, gilt top,
pp. 267. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.
Oxford and Her Colleges: A View from the Radcliffe
Library. By Goldwin Smith, D.C.L. With frontispiece,
24mo, gilt top, pp. 99. Macmillan & Co. 75 cts.
FICTION.
In Exile, and Other Stories. By Mary Halleck Foote, au-
thor of "The Chosen Valley.” 16mo, pp. 253. Houghton,
Mifflin, & Co. $1.25.
THE NEW YORK.BUREAU OF REVISION. For
AUTHORS: The skilled revision, the unbiassed and com-
petent criticism of prose and verse; advice as to publication.
FOR PUBLISHERS: The compilation of first-class works of
reference. — Established 1880. Unique in position and suc-
cess. Indorsed by our leading writers. Address
DR. TITUS M. COAN, 70 Fifth Ave., New YORK.


196
[March 16, 1894.
THE DIAL
GINN AND COMPANY PUBLISH:
The Athenæum Press Series.
This series is intended to furnish a library of the best English literature from Chaucer to the present time, in a
form adapted to the needs of both the student and the general reader. The works selected are carefully
edited, with biographical and critical introductions, full explanatory notes, and other necessary apparatus.
Already issued: Sidney's “Defense of Poesy,” edited by Albert S. Cook of Yale, Jonson's “Timber," edited
by Felix E. Schelling of Yale University, and “The Essays of Jeffrey," edited by Lewis E. Gates of Harvard
University
The Classic Myths in English Literature.
Based chiefly on Bulfinch's Age of Fable. Accompanied by an Interpretative and Illustrative Commentary.
Edited by CHARLES MILLS GAYLEY, Professor of the English Language and Literature in the University of
California. 12mo, cloth, xxviii-539 pages. $1.65.
The work is elaborately illustrated with a large number of specially prepared new cuts and reproductions from
the antique and from recent authoritative publications. The whole work will be found eminently satisfactory from
both the literary and artistic points of view, and as a manual of ready reference, being elaborately indexed, will
prove itself invaluable.
Albert S. Cook, Professor of the English Language and Literature, Yale University: It is scholarly, attractive, stimulat-
ing, and refining. The quotations, and the detailed references to English literature, contribute much to the value of the book,
and will make it seem indispensable to many who are familiar with the myths themselves.
Dante Handbook.
By GIOVANNI A. SCARTAZZINI. Translated from the Italian, with Notes and Additions, by THOMAS
DAVIDSON, M.A. 12mo, cloth, xii-315 pages. $1.25.
This Handbook, written by the first of living Dante scholars, contains everything necessary to enable the stu-
dent to study intelligently the supreme Christian poet - -“ The voice of ten silent centuries." It is divided into
two parts, the first treating of Dante's Life, the second of his works. To every section is appended a valuable
Bibliography.
L. Clark Seelye, President of Smith College: It seems to me to meet a real need of both teachers and students of Dante.
The notes by Mr. Davidson add much to the value of the book.
The Psychic Factors of Civilization.
By LESTER F. WARD. 8vo, cloth, xxi-369 pages. $2.00.
This book is a new presentation of the whole subject of
social progress, written from a scientific standpoint, but in a
popular style, and carrying the reader from the most funda-
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of the times. MIND, instead of brute force, is made the basis
of political economy.
Public Opinion : It bears a fundamental relation to the great social
problems that are now forcing themselves on public attention, and no
one who would properly prepare himself adequately to grapple with
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Handbook of Historic Schools of Painting.
By Miss DERISTHE L. HOYT, Instructor in the Massachusetts
Normal Art School. 12mo, cloth, 210 pages. $1.00.
This book gives in a concise and systematic manner the most
important facts regarding the principal schools of painting,
both ancient and modern, the most noteworthy masters, and
the most celebrated pictures, with many other points that
every well-informed person desires to know.
Unity, Chicago : It deals with facts, not criticism, yet its groups of
characteristics of the various schools are clear and strong.
The Mark in Europe and America.
A REVIEW OF THE DISCUSSION OF EARLY LAND TENURE.
By ENOCH A. BRYAN, President of Washington State Agri-
cultural College. 12mo, cloth, vii-164 pages. $1.10.
This book will appeal to all who are interested in any of
those sociological questions which are connected with the his-
tory of land-holding, and especially to teachers and students
of history and economics.
Boston Herald: This work is a good summing up of writings dealing
with the subject, and also contains much matter tending to explode
certain theories which are very attractive, but which lack authentic
data to prove theni.
Footprints of Travel;
or, Journeyings in Many Lands.
By MATURIN M. BALLOU, author of “Due West," Due
East," " Due North," “ Under the Southern Cross," eto.
Illustrated, 12mo, cloth, 370 pages, $1.10; boards, 80 cts.
In this book the author depicts foreign countries and fa-
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world; and yet he writes of no islands, continents, or seas, no
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N. Y. Independent: It is compact, rapid, and sketchy, but written
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198
[April 1, 1894.
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D. APPLETON & CO.'S NEW BOOKS.
A History of the United
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From 1775 to 1894. By EDGAR STANTON MACLAY,
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For nine years the author has devoted himself to the task
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development of our new navy.
(Vol. II. will be published next month.)
Natural Resources of the
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mon Story,” etc. 12mo, cloth, $1.50.
"Mr. Balestier has done some excellent literary work, but we have
no hesitation in pronouncing this, his latest work, by far his best.” —
Boston Advertiser.
Appletons' Monthly Bulletin of New Publications will be sent regularly to any address, free on application.
D. APPLETON & COMPANY,
Nos. 1, 3, & 5 Bond St., New York.
.


THE DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage
prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries
comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must
be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the
current number. REMITTANCES should be by check, or by erpress or
postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and
for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application;
and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished
on application. All communications should be addressed to
THE DIAL, No. 24 Adams Street, Chicago.
No. 187.
APRIL 1, 1894.
Vol. XVI.
.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
THE APPROACH TO LITERATURE
. 199
ENGLISH LITERATURE AT CORNELL UNIVER-
SITY. Hiram Corson
201
COMMUNICATIONS
202
Mr. Henry Carey Baird and Free Books. John J.
Jannez.
Misprints in the Text of Burns. John Phin.
"Columbian Exposition Latin " Once More. James
T. Hatfield.
Tycho Brahe in England. Daniel Kilham Dodge.
MEMORIALS OF TWO ENGLISHWOMEN. E.G.J. 204
GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERY IN THE INTE-
RIOR OF NORTH AMERICA. Edward G.
Mason.
206
DEMOCRITUS REDIVIVUS. C. A. L. Richards . . 208
AMERICAN POTTERY AND PORCELAIN. Alice
Morse Earle .
212
STUDIES IN AMERICAN POLITICS AND POLIT-
ICAL HISTORY. Harry Pratt Judson . 214
Thompson's Politics in a Democracy. – Carnegie's
Triumphant Democracy.- Davis's Mr. Fish and the
Alabama Claims. - Tuckerman's William Jay and
Slavery.—Bishop's Elections in the Colonies.--Stein-
er's Slavery in Connecticut.-Bemis's Local Govern-
ment in the South. - Haynes's Popular Election of
U.S. Senators.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
A Graphic Picture of Irish Life.- Historical interpre-
tations of Philosophy.- A practical book for history
teachers. - A pleasing literary memorial. -- A good
life of Reynolds. — A new edition of “The Social
Contract." – Florentine life in the Renaissance.
Life and Genius of William Blake. — An English
view of Dr. Holmes. - Completion of Vol. I. of the
“ Dictionary of Political Economy.” — The art of
writing paragraphs. — Two new volumes from Mr.
Huxley.-The pleasantly-stated faith of an optimist.
BRIEFER MENTION
221
NEW YORK TOPICS. Arthur Stedman
222
LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY
223
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS
224
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
225
THE APPROACH TO LITERATURE.
An excellent educational method, much in
vogue among the more progressive of modern
teachers, is based upon the principle of pro-
ceeding from the near and the familiar to the
strange and the remote. It is a method that
may be pushed to extremes, but it is funda-
mentally sound. In geography, for example,
a child starts with the schoolhouse, the village,
and the surrounding country made familiar by
his wanderings, and afterwards extends to
scenes unvisited the construction thus begun.
In history, the happenings of the day, as nar-
rated in the newspapers and talked about by
his acquaintances, provide the starting-point.
In seeking to arrive at a comprehension of the
nature and workings of government and the
organization of society, his attention is first di-
rected towards the town-meeting, which he has
possibly seen at work; towards the policeman
or the constable, whom he has learned to rec-
ognize as the embodiment of executive author-
ity before having learned the meaning of that
term ; or towards the tax-collector, about whose
visits certain ominous associations have clus-
tered, before the function of that persona non
grata has been realized.
Is there not in the method thus illustrated
a suggestion worth putting to the uses of liter-
ature? May not the young be led to a true
perception of literary values by just this pro-
cess of smoothing the ways that lead to a cor-
rect taste, this device of fitting the conscious
achievement to the earlier unconscious one ?
Those having occasion to observe young peo-
ple who are going through the educational mill
know that literary taste and a genuine delight
in “ the authors are not common, that they
are the exception rather than the rule. Yet
most children have, in the earlier stages of
their school life, some germ of literary appre-
ciation that needs nothing more than careful
nurture to be brought to flower in the later
stages. But when they come to the serious
study of literature in school or college, it pre-
sents itself to them as a part of the “grind ”;
it must be pursued in a certain prescribed way,
which is likely enough the wrong way; it is
treated as if it were geometry or linguistics;
· 217
.


200
[April 1,
THE DIAL
and the needs of the individual are lost sight But even for such as these the case is not
of in the application of the system.
altogether hopeless. The appeal of literature
It seems to us a fundamental principle that to the human soul is so manifold that it must
anything like rigidity in the methods employed find in every nature some pipes ready to be
for the teaching of literature and the develop- played upon. Dull though the sense may seem,
ment of literary taste will necessarily prove it is at some point waiting to be quickened.
fatal to success. In physics or in philology, the For literature is life itself, in quintessential ex-
66 course is a perfectly rational device; it is pression ; how then can it fail, in some of its
of the essence of training in such subjects that many phases, to have both a meaning and a
the work should be logical in its development. message
for
every human being? The earliest
The path of least resistance is in them the responsive vibrations may be rudimentary in
same, or nearly the same, for all normally con character, and combined in the simplest of
stituted minds. It is obviously the path to be harmonies. The heart may first be stirred by
followed, and the treatment of a class en bloc some bit of sentiment that would be accounted
becomes not only possible but desirable. With cheap by a refined taste ; the imagination may
literature the case is very different, and the first be fired by some grotesque Märchen, or by
path of least resistance must be discovered for some wildly improbable tale of romantic ad-
each individual separately. The imagination venture. The ripest literary taste has such be-
is a wayward faculty, and atrophy is likely to ginnings as these, and the surest appreciation
follow
upon the attempt abruptly to divert it of literature is built
of literature is built upon such a foundation.
into channels other than those it listeth to seek. Between the child, made forgetful of his sur-
The facts of literature may be apprehended by roundings by the spell of “ Robinson Crusoe”
the intellect thus constrained, but that emo or the “ Arabian Nights,” and the man, find-
tional accompaniment which makes of litera- ing spiritual refreshment in Cervantes or Mo-
ture a personal message to the individual, which lière, renewed strength in Milton, or solace
enshrines it, along with music and religion, in from grief in Tennyson, there is no real break;
the most sacred recesses of the soul, is not to the delight of the child and the grave joy of
be coerced. Mere didactics are as powerless the man are but different stages of the same
to impart the message of literature as they are growth, and the one is what makes possible the
to impart the message of music or of religion.other.
The reward of such an attempt may be theology How far this development may go is a prob-
or counterpoint, formal rhetoric or literary his- lem to be worked out for each individual sep-
tory; but not that spiritual glow which is the arately; and there are doubtless, in each case,
one thing worth the having, that kindling of distinct limitations. What we have sought to
the soul which comes, perhaps when least ex emphasize is just this individual nature of the
pected, with the hearing of some ineffable problem, and the fact that regimentation offers
strain, or the reading of some lightning-tipped no solution that can be accounted satisfactory.
The approach to literature is, in our current
There are many, no doubt, poor in emotional educational systems, hedged about with so
endowment, and unresponsive to the finer spir- many thorny obstructions that not a few young
itual vibrations aroused by the masterpieces of persons start bravely upon it only to fall by
verbal art, to whom literature has hardly more the way, disheartened at sight of the forbid-
meaning than nature had for the yokel of ding barriers erected by historical, linguistic,
Wordsworth’s hackneyed ballad. To one of this and metrical science, for the
and metrical science, for the purpose of taking
class, if he do not actually look upon
Homer toll of all wayfarers. Whatever the useful-
from the standpoint of Zoilus, or share in Iago’s ness for discipline of such subjects, the spirit
view of the character of Othello, it is at least of literature is not to be acquired by making
true that the last agony of Lear is nothing chronological tables, or tracing the genealogies
more than the death of an old man; for him of words, or working out the law of decreasing
the solemn passing of (Edipus
predication. We may even sympathize to some
“To the dark benign deep underworld, alone" extent with those who so revolt from all such
is only a sort of hocus pocus, and his ears are methods as to refuse literature any place in the
deaf to the
educational scheme. Turn the young person
"Sudden music of pure peace
loose, they advise, in a well-stocked library,
wherewith the stars seal the successive divis and let him develop his own tastes in his own
ions of Dante's threefold song.
way. He will make mistakes, they admit;
verse.
--


1894.)
201
THE DIAL
-
there will be false starts not quickly righted ; appreciation of what is essential and intrinsic, be-
but there will be, in the long run, a wholesome
fore the adventitious features of literature - fea-
development of taste, and a steady ascent to
tures due to time and place—be considered. What
higher levels of appreciation. In any case, as-
is regarded as of great, of chief importance, indeed,
similation will not be forced, and conventional
in literary study, in some of our institutions of learn-
ing, namely, the relations of works of genius to their
judgments will not be made to parade as per-
several times and places (miscalled the Philosophy
sonal convictions. This view has the one great of Literature), is of the least importance, so far as
merit of allowing full scope to individualism, culture, in its truest sense, is concerned. Litera-
but to admit that it speaks the last word would ture is thus made chiefly an intellectual and phil-
be to abandon altogether the position that edo osophical study; its true function, namely, to quicken
ucational theory is bound to maintain. That the spiritual faculties, is quite shut off. An exclu-
the young may profit by the guidance of the sively intellectual attitude is taken toward what is
older and wiser is as true in literature as it is a production of the whole man, as a thinking, emo-
in other of the great intellectual concerns.
tional, imaginative, moral, and religious being,— a
any
But the needs of the individual must be rec-
production which can be adequately responded to
ognized as they are not now recognized, if lit- only by one in whom these several attributes are,
in some degree, active; and literary education should
erature is to play its proper part in education.
especially aim after their activity; should aim to
Each case must be made the subject of a spe bring the student into sympathetic relationship with
cial diagnosis and a special prescription. We the permanent and the eternal with that which
might apply to this problem the favorite form is independent of time and place.
ula of one of the schools of modern socialism : There is danger, too, in presenting literature to
“ From every man according to his ability ; young people in its historical relations, and in “ phil-
to every man according to his needs” — al osophizing ” about it, of turning out cheap and pre-
though it is curious to see a socialist precept
mature philosophers. A work of genius renders
the best service when it is assimilated in its abso.
doing service in an individualist cause.
lute character. All great works of genius are inti-
mately related to the several times and places in
which they were produced ; and it is important to
ENGLISH LITERATURE AT CORNELL
know these relations, in the proper time when the
UNIVERSITY.*
“years that bring the philosophic mind” have been
reached, not before. But it is far more important
At Cornell University, lectures are given on En to know the relations of these works to the univer-
glish Literature, poetical and prose, from the four- sal, to the absolute, to that which is alive forever-
teenth to the nineteenth century inclusive, in eight more, by virtue of which alone they continue to
groups, of which Chaucer, Spenser, Shakespeare, live. Mrs. Browning, in her “Aurora Leigh,”
Milton, Dryden, Pope, Wordsworth, Browning, and speaks of great poets as “the only truth-tellers now
Tennyson, are made the central figures. The lec left to God — the only speakers of essential truth,
tures are given daily, except Saturday, and to the opposed to relative, comparative, and temporal
same class, so that there are about two hundred lec truths ; the only holders by His sun-skirts, through
tures given during the academic year.
conventional grey glooms.”
portion of the class are special students who have The mode in which genius manifests itself, at cer-
come to devote most of their time to English Liter tain times, in certain places, and under certain cir-
ature. They, accordingly, do a great deal of read-cumstances, may be explained to some extent; but
ing in connection with the lectures. It is made a the genius itself cannot be explained. Environ-
special object of the lectures to bring the students ments stimulate or suppress, they do not and can-
into direct relationship with the authors treated, and not make genius. The causes which bring it nearer
hence much reading is introduced. The literature to the essential world than men in general are
is presented mainly in its essential character, rather brought, we cannot know. The explanation which
than in its historical, though the latter receives at can be given of its mode of manifestation should
tention, but not such as to the minds of students be called the Physiology, not the Philosophy, of
in that direction. It is considered of prime import- Literature.
ance that they should first attain to a sympathetic And how is the best response to the essential life
This article is the fifth of an extended series on the Teach-
of a poem to be secured by the teacher from the
ing of English at American Colleges and Universities, of
pupil? I answer, by the fullest interpretative vocal
which the following have already appeared in THE DIAL: rendering of it. On the part of the teacher, two
English at Yale University, by Professor Albert S. Cook things are indispensable : first, that he sympathet-
(Feb. 1); English at Columbia College, by Professor Bran- ically assimilate what constitutes the real life of
der Matthews (Feb. 16); English at Harvard University, by
Professor Barrett Wendell (March 1); and English at Stan-
the poem ; second, that he have that vocal cultiva-
ford University, by Professor Melville B. Anderson (March tion demanded for an effective rendering of what
16).-[EDR. DIAL.]
he has assimilated. Lecturing about poetry does
A large


202
[April 1,
THE DIAL
not, of itself, avail any more for poetical cultivation having been required to read in advance the work
than lecturing about music avails, of itself, for mu in hand. The papers bear chiefly, almost exclu-
sical cultivation. Both may be valuable, in the sively, on what is understood by their authors to
way of giving shape to, or organizing, what has pre constitute the life, the informing spirit, the moral
viously been felt to some extent; but they cannot proportion, the motives, of the works treated. The
take the place of inward experience. Vocal inter merely technical is only incidentally, if at all,
pretation, too, is the most effective mode of culti treated. The present year, essays have been read
vating in students a susceptibility to form that on all the novels of George Eliot, and her poem
unification of matter and manner upon which so “ The Spanish Gypsy,” the seminary consisting of
much of the vitality and effectiveness of expressed twenty-seven members. All the essays have been of
spiritualized thought depend.
high merit, showing much insight into George Eliot's
There is no true estimate, among the leaders in "interpretation of life.”
the educational world, of what vocal culture, worthy It should be added that twelve Plays of Shake-
of the name, costs; and the kind of encouragement speare are read by me during the present academic
which it receives from them is in keeping with their year, so cut down as to occupy two hours each in
estimate. A system of vocal training should be in the reading. It is purposed so to read, in a sep-
stituted in the lower schools which would give pu arate course, next year, the thirty-seven Plays, two
pils complete command of the muscles of articula hours a week to be devoted to each play. I would
tion, extend the compass of the voice, and render also add that by the end of the present year I
it smooth, powerful, and melodious. A power of
shall have read entire, with requisite comment, to
varied intonation should be especially cultivated, as an outside class composed of graduate and special
it is through intonation that the reader's sympa students, Browning's “ The Ring and the Book.”
thies are conducted, and the hearer's sympathies The educating value of this great poem is of the
are secured.
highest character, embodying, as it does, the poet's
The reading voice demands as much, and as sys-
ideal of a sanctified intellect.
tematic and scientific, cultivation, for the interpre-
HIRAM CORSON.
tation of the masterpieces of poetical and dramatic
Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., March 24, 1894.
literature, as the singing voice demands for the
rendering of the masterpieces of music. But what
a ridiculous contrast is presented by the methods
usually employed for the training of the reading
COMMUNICATIONS.
voice, and those employed, as in conservatories of
MR. HENRY CAREY BAIRD AND FREE BOOKS.
music, for the training of the singing voice!
To return to the other work in the Department
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
of English Literature at Cornell:
I think THE DIAL departed from its usual fairness
Readings are given by me every Saturday morn-
and courtesy in its criticism of Mr. Henry Carey Baird,
in the issue for March 1.
ing, throughout the academic year, from English
1. It is hardly to be assumed that such a man as
and American prose writers. These are open to all Mr. Baird would advocate a measure which could prop-
students and to any visitors who may wish to avail erly be characterized as “stupid.”
themselves of them. The attendance is generally 2. May not Mr. Baird's opinion be based on the ob-
large. The selections read are chiefly such as bear vious fact that since the organization of this government
upon life and character, literature and art. The its legislation has been consistently based on the idea
present year they have been, thus far, from essays
that it should favor the citizens of this country in pref-
of George Eliot, Professor Dowden, Mr. Ruskin,
erence to the rest of the world, while during all that
Mr. Leslie Stephen, Matthew Arnold, Emerson,
time English books have persistently and urgently ad-
Lowell, Frances Power Cobbe, and some other es-
vocated the reversal of this practice, and argued that
the legislation should operate on all alike—should favor
sayists. The regular members of the class after-
the foreigner as much as the American; and that such
wards read for themselves the compositions entire has been their influence that one of the great parties of
from which the selections are made, and many are the country is trying to reverse the legislation of a cen-
inspired to read further from the same authors. tury ? May not this induce Mr. Baird to oppose grant-
There are four English Literature Seminaries, ing this literature special favors ?
devoted, severally, to nineteenth century prose not
3. As an abstract proposition, may not Mr. Baird be
including novels, seventeenth and eighteenth cen-
unable to see any good reason why the products of the
tury prose not including novels, novelists of the
English printing-presses and publishing-houses should
nineteenth century, and novelists of the eighteenth
be admitted free of duty, that does not apply as well
to products of her looms and workshops ?
century. The seminaries are open to graduates, spe-
JOHN J. JANNEZ.
cial students, and to undergraduates who have main-
Columbus, Ohio, March 15, 1894.
tained a high rank in the lecture courses. A work
is assigned to each member of a seminary, of which [Not to appear insensible to the good opinion of
he or she makes a careful study, and embodies the our correspondent, we give space to his communica-
result in a paper which is read in the seminary and tion. We had not thought of charging Mr. Baird with
afterward discussed by the members, each member a penchant for stupid measures,—nor, on the other


1894.)
203
THE DIAL
nore
hand, can we go quite so far in our correspondent's fidently an error in gender which did not exist ; but
way of thinking as to believe that a stupid meas the Commissioner will surely absolve from malice a
ure, in Congress or elsewhere, becomes divested of transcription which omits one combination even
its stupidity by the mere fact of Mr. Baird's ap-
impossible than those noted. Without compromising
proval. And of all possible reasons for prohibiting
my rigorous ideals of scholarship, I say frankly that I
conceived nobler uses of my time than in collating that
the importation of foreign books, we think the very
sort of material with the minuteness of an Umpfenbach's
worst one is that given by our correspondent as
Terence. But let not my Freshman screen himself be-
held by Mr. Baird, viz., that because certain books hind such a “ tu quoque" as a defense. Out he shall go!
contain ideas and doctrines that happen to be dis-
JAMES T. HATFIELD.
tasteful to one class of citizens, the use of these
Evanston, Ill., March 26, 1894.
books should be forbidden to citizens of all classes ;
and not these books only, but every kind of books
TYCHO BRAHE IN ENGLAND.
-science, history, poetry, fiction, or religion-com-
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
ing from the offending country. Even the Russian One is so accustomed to regard the Encyclopædia
system of literary censorship could hardly equal Britannica as an almost unquestioned authority on all
this. It may be true — we are afraid it is — that subjects treated in its columns, that I was surprised re-
Mr. Baird is “ unable to see any good reason ” for cently on reading the article on Tycho Brahe to find a
making a distinction between books and scientific
number of mistakes, both as to facts and spelling. It
is stated there that “ on the death of his father his uncle
apparatus—the means and implements of scholar.
sent him in April, 1559, to study Philosophy and Rhet-
ship and knowledge—and mere material manufac-
oric at Copenhagen,” whereas the father died in 1570.
tures. But this can hardly be offered as a reason It was in this latter year, too, that Tycho returned from
why such a distinction should not be seen by others, Germany, and not in 1571, as stated in the article. The
nor why it should not be generally recognized by pension granted to Tycho Brahe by the King was not
the enlightened sentiment of this and other civil of 2000 crowns, but 500 Rixdalers (1000 crowns).
ized countries. - EDR. DIAL.]
Among the orthographical slips may be noted Kunds-
torp for Kundstrup, Schonen for Shaane, and Roschild
for Roskilde. The spelling of the astronomer's island,
MISPRINTS IN THE TEXT OF BURNS.
Huen, while not perhaps incorrect, seems to be less de-
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
sirable than the Danish form Hven or Hveen.
On page 103 of your issue of February 16, a corre-
DANIEL KILHAM DODGE.
spondent calls attention to a “time-honored ” misprint University of Illinois, March 27, 1894.
in the text of Burns. Unfortunately, most of the edi-
tions of Burns are full of misprints, owing largely, it
would seem, to the fact that one of the earliest and PROFESSOR EDUARD ZELLER, who succeeded to the
most complete collections of the poet's works was set chair of philosophy at Berlin on the death of Trendelen-
up in London by men who evidently were unfamiliar. burg in 1872, reached his eightieth birthday on January
with the Scottish language. I refer to Currie's edition 22. He has retired from active service as a professor,
in four volumes (1801):
Dr. Karl Stumpf, formerly of Munich, having accepted
The words “gude-willie ” and “waught,” referred to a call to take the place thus left vacant. Professor Zel-
by your correspondent, are fully explained in Jamieson's
ler's career has been a remarkable one in many ways.
« Dictionary of the Scottish Language" ( 4 vols. quarto,
With the single exception of Lotze, perhaps no teacher
1808–25).
of philosophy in Germany since Hegel and Herbart has
“Auld Lang Syne " was not printed in any of the edi exercised an influence equal to his. And yet be pro-
tions of the poet's writings issued during his life.
fessed to teach no system of his own, but rather to ex-
JOHN PHIN.
pound and criticise by the historical method the main
Paterson, N. J., March 10, 1894.
problems of philosophy and the answers proposed to
P. S.-On page 72 of your issue of February 1, Mr. them. His literary style is remarkably good, and as a
S. R. Elliott writes of “Bobby” Burns. Elliott is a lecturer, while monotonous in his manner of delivery,
good border name, and it is a little surprising that any he is decidedly interesting. Like Schelling and Hegel,
one bearing it should apply to “ Rantin' Rovin' Robby" Baur and Strauss, he is a Suabian. His early training
so misplaced a cognomen as “ Bobby."
was largely theological, and both Baur and Strauss
were among his earliest university teachers. Baur's in-
"COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION LATIN" ONCE MORE.
fluence and example led him to the study of early Chris-
tianity, and from that it was a short step to the history
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
of Greek philosophy. The latter subject, originally
With deep pain I am reminded that I have done some taken up as a means to an end, proved to be his life-
injustice to our Columbian obelisk-inscription, which work. His “ Philosophie der Griechen” in six volumes
an inscrutable Providence has saved from the threaten - all of which have passed through three editions, and
ing element. Heaven forbid that even that vagary of some through as many as five — is a recognized stan-
the stone-cutter should suffer wrong at my hands. The dard. Its accurate scholarship, wide research, and con-
furnishing of a copy was intrusted to a friendly news stant subordination of speculation to interpretation, com-
paper reporter. Of the “eleven errors," ten have bine to make it in many ways a model of good historical
merely to do with the graphic form of a single charac- writing. Some of his most important critical contribu-
ter, and in no wise with its value or meaning. Not of tions to modern philosophy are contained in his “Vor-
this nature were the indicated solecisms which drove träge und Abhandlungen,” of which three volumes have
their iron into my soul. My informant reported con appeared.


204
(April 1,
THE DIAL
The New Books.
ant of Ireland. Lord and Lady Hardwicke's
third daughter, Lady Elizabeth Yorke, mar-
ried, in 1816, Lord Charles Stuart, British
MEMORIALS OF Two ENGLISHWOMEN.* Ambassador at Paris, afterwards Lord Stuart
Matthew Arnold's expression, “ the eminent
de Rothesay ; and this brings us down to Mr.
fine spirit of our type of aristocratic perfec- Hare's heroines proper, Charlotte and Louisa
tion,” becomes fairly intelligible and specific as
Stuart, children — as the epitaphs phrase it -
one reads the new work entitled “ The Story
“ of the above.” Into these genealogical de-
of Two Noble Lives," _ three comely volumes tails our author plunges with a zest, a parade
containing the memorials of two amiable, beau- of titles, and a general reverential suggestion
tiful, and gifted, if scarcely illustrious, sisters, of Mayfair, Belgravia, Burke's “Peerage,” and
Charlotte, Countess Canning, and Louisa, Mar-
the like exalted matters, that might, perhaps,
chioness of Waterford. The author, or rather
have drawn the fire of Mr. Thackeray, and will
the editor, Mr. Augustus J. C. Hare, preludes doubtless prove seductive to not a few Ameri-
his rather copious and rambling account of his
can readers.
heroines' ancestry with an anecdote which may
ay It was, we learn, a matter of surprise to their
be quoted for its humor, if not exaetly as an
friends that the daughters of the plain Lord
illustration of Mr. Arnold's phrase:
Stuart de Rothesay and his plainer wife should
“Lady Elizabeth Lindsay was one of a strange pro-
turn out so beautiful. In celebrating the charms
cession of children who were met in a desolate road in of the younger sister in particular, Mr. Hare
Scotland, walking in single file, headed by the eldest is prodigal of adjectives, but it must be ad-
boy, who was carrying the baby, gipsy-fashion, on his
mitted his raptures are fairly borne out by the
back. They were the eleven children of Anne, Coun-
tess of Balcarres, making their escape from her harsh
portraits submitted. At seventeen Louisa Stu-
treatment, and going forth to seek their fortunes in the art was duly “presented at Court,” and about
world. One of the younger boys had displeased his the same time her mother took her to be painted
mother, and she had ordered a footman to throw him
by Hayter. The courtly painter used after-
into the pond in front of the house. He managed to
wards to describe the effect produced on him
scramble out, and she desired that he might be thrown
in again. Once more he clambered out, and she shouted,
when Lady Stuart de Rothesay “took off her
• Throw him in again,' when, with comic solemnity, the daughter's bonnet and let down her hair." "I
child looked up in her face and exclaimed, Woman, was," he said, “ dazzled by a vision of the most
wad ye droon your ain son ?' and she desisted, but
forth with the children determined to make their escape.”
supreme loveliness, robed in a rippled vestment
of golden hair, reaching far below her knees.”
Despite the Spartan severities of their mother So far, however, from being spoilt by the ad-
(whom the radical reader will naturally at once miration she excited, Louisa Stuart would seem
set down as a type of her class), Lady Bal-
to have been surprisingly unconscious of it.
carres's children,- including, one hopes, the “ It is recalled,” says our author, “as an in-
hero of the horse-pond—“ grew up wise, clever, stance of her entire absence of self-conscious-
cultivated, and God-fearing men and women. ness at this time, that one evening, going up a
One of the daughters was the Lady Anne Bar stair-case to a ball, she exclaimed, Mamma, do
nard, celebrated as the author of that most pa look at that girl with the handsome profile,'
thetic of Scotch ballads, “ Auld Robin Gray.” | when her mother saw with amusement that she
The song made the greatest sensation at the
had not recognized her own reflection in a mir-
time, its popularity extending even to France :
One would like to believe that story.
««« Voilà l'auteur du fameux roman de « Robin Gray,”! While hardly a Penelope in point of suitors,
people used to say in Paris when Lady Anne visited it. Lady Louisa seems to have had the usual quota,
When she had written most of the poem she could not
tell how to bring the climax about, and read it to her
among them the Duke of Hamilton, “ the hand-
sisters. Mak the coo dee,' said her little sister Eliza somest man of his day,” and a certain rhym-
beth."
ing Lord Maidstone, who, on meeting her again
This inventive sister, Lady Elizabeth Lind many years after the day on which she had sent
say, was married, in 1782, to Philip Yorke, him away disconsolate, penned the following
third Earl of Hardwicke, son of the great Chan- lines.
lines. They have a pleasant ring of the old
cellor, and, from 1801 to 1806, Lord-Lieuten- | Annuals, with their “sweet L. E. L.'s," and
* THE STORY OF Two NOBLE LIVES: Being Memorials of
6 Persons of Quality.”
Charlotte, Countess Canning, and Louisa, Marchioness of Wa-
“And after many years we met,
terford. By Augustus J. C. Hare. In three volumes, with
And we were all alone;
portraits and other illustrations. New York: A. D. F. Ran-
I looked into her glorious face
dolph & Co.
As one gazes on a stone.
ror.'


1894.]
205
THE DIAL
more.
.
.
“The vision of my youth was flown,
Forgetting his irregular past as if it were a
The silver cloud was rent,
dream, the “ wild Lord Waterford ” entered
The wheel was broken at the fount,
The strong delusion spent.'
hand in hand with his wife into all her schemes
More fortunate than Lord Maidstone was
for ameliorating the lot of those about them,
and their efforts were crowned with success.
the Marquis of Waterford, whom Miss Stuart
met at a tournament in Scotland, in 1839. He Lady Waterford's whole heart was in Curragh-
had been known in youth as the “ wild Lord
Not less than six hundred men found
Waterford,” and, devoted as he was to hunting employment on the estate, and to these men
and sport, he seemed to have little in common
and their families she was ever the Lady Boun-
with the spirituelle art-loving daughter of Lord tiful, the wise and unobtrusive instructress, the
Stuart de Rothesay. “But from the moment,
ministering angel in the house of suffering
and want.
says our author, “when her glorious beauty
Mr. Hare details many of her use-
flashed upon him at the Eglinton tournament,
ful works and benevolences, of her lesser chari-
ties done in that Christian wise in which the
he was her devoted knight, and only lived to
win her.” Like many men of his type, Lord
left hand knoweth not what the right hand
Waterford was extremely diffident, and he
doeth.
shrank from a proposal till his sister had paved
• To introduce habits of cleanliness into the Irish cab-
the way for him by a letter to Lady Stuart de
ins, she would often go thither to make the beds herself,
to show how it ought to be done, and would give per-
Rothesay :
sonal lessons in cleaning the rooms. She gave them
“I have had the most extraordinary letter, Loo, lime to whiten their walls, seeds for their gardens, and
from Lady Sarah Ingestre,' said Lady Stuart one day; prizes for the best vegetables and most neatly-kept
it is a proposal for you from her brother, and, of houses, whilst supplying their wants in many other
course, I must lose no time in writing a refusal '; and
ways. To beautify the houses of the Irish poor, as
much was she astonished when her daughter said, 'Oh, well as to make them more wholesome and comfortable,
but wait a little; I should like to think about it was one of Lady Waterford's greatest wishes."
first."
Lord Waterford's tragic death, in 1859, was
The tenor of the young lady's reply certainly
a severe blow to the Curraghmore tenantry.
leaves little doubt as to the sequel. The mar-
riage took place on June 8, 1842, in the royal killed by a fall from his horse in the hunting-
A victim at last to his ruling passion, he was
chapel of Whitehall, and Mr. Hare presents field, near Castlemorris, County Kilkenny. The
the details of the ceremony, and the imposing injury was at first thought to be slight, for he
roll of titled personages who graced it by their
presence, with becoming unction. Touching unbruised and beautiful"; but it was soon seen
lay, said his
groom, “ in his hunting-dress quite
the appearance of the bride, a young girl who
to be fatal, and this truly worthy and generous
was present wrote, prettily enough, to Lady nobleman breathed his last on the spot where
Hardwicke:
he fell.
“ It was —
-Louisa, who at that moment appeared in
sight. By some accident her mother had moved from Oh, then,' said the faithful groom, there was an
her side, and she stood alone, like a glorious picture of
awful wail, though we would none of us believe it.
a poet's bride, in the arch of the chapel door, which had Dr. O’Ryan rode on to break the terrible news to my
the effect of framing the costly picture. There she
Lady, and he met her driving her two white ponies up
stood motionless, with her white robes and her long
to the door, all gay and happy, and told her at first
bridal veil, which covered her from head to foot. It that my Lord had broken his thigh-bone and was very
was impossible to distinguish a feature, but the form much hurt; but she saw by his face that it was worse
was that of a marble statue of Beauty veiled. She than that, and said so, but he could not speak to her.
looked extremely pale, and for a moment seemed to have Then she went away to her own room and locked herself
lost all consciousness of what was before her. Every-
in. When she knew by the cries and sobs in the court-
one said softly, · Look ! Look !'—the gentle music of yard that my Lord had been brought home, and when
the organ commenced a hymn of praise, and we held night was coming on, she ordered everybody away from
our breath lest the least earthly sound should make
her, and she looked on his face once more : but what
that heavenly vision glide away.”
my Lady did that night we none of us knew.''
The account of Lord and Lady Waterford's There were those, however, who knew what
administration of their vast estate of Curragh-Lady Waterford did that night, and the nights
more forms, we need scarcely say, a bright following, when the body lay in state in one of
chapter in the annals of Irish landlordism; and the state bedrooms of the castle. Throughout
towards the lovely bride that he had won, the the week she remained locked in her chamber
knight of the Eglinton tournament never wav by day; but when the night came, and the
ered in the most loyal and chivalrous devotion. watchers were gone, taking her palette and
There was no cloud upon their married life. I brushes, " she stole down the silent passages to


206
(April 1,
THE DIAL
.
the room where he lay, and she painted her was Governor-General of India at the time of
dead husband in his last sleep,” patiently and the mutiny, and her letters and journals cov-
lovingly transferring his features to the can ering that period are of considerable dramatic
vas, till the coffin-lid shut them away from her and historical interest.
forever. A letter written at this time by Lady We subjoin a letter (which is not without
Waterford is a touching example of Christian its analogies for the American reader) regard-
resignation, and faith in the transitoriness of ing the course of the Anglo-Indian Press at a
even the last of these earthly partings.
time when tact and a soothing of popular anx-
“I must tell you how merciful God has been to me, iety might well seem - even to the promoters
how tenderly He has dealt at this terrible time. I can
of a “commercial enterprise" — to rise to the
say with truth that He has let me rest myself on His
pitying breast. . . . I can feel that God has ordered all dignity of a public duty.
things rightly, and that I owe Him only the deepest “ The English Press has been very bad—civil enough,
thankfulness for the many happy years He gave me, usually, to C. himself, but running down others. That,
and the recollections that I love to dwell on, and, in however, is not the mischief: it points out all sorts of
the fatal moment, how much mercy too. I feel sure imaginary reasons and grievances as causes for mutiny,
there was no suffering; there were no hopeless hours of it spreads alarm, and shows up weakness, and gives in-
agony; and—oh! his beautiful dead face! Dear Jenny, formation, which, translated, may do untold mischief
you never saw such an expression of peace and happi-
among the natives.
Treachery is not worse than
ness, and not a scar - only a calm and lovely sleep, the such exceeding folly."
face in perfect health, not even the hue of death."
The following extract is not without a cer-
Soon after the burial of her husband, Lady tain tragico-humorous aspect:
Waterford left Curraghmore forever, taking
“ Dr. Leckie was on board the second flat to-day, and
up her residence at Highcliffe, in Hampshire, saw one of the American (Presbyterian ) missionaries
and afterwards at her seat of Ford Castle, in from Allahabad. Four of these and their wives were
Northumberland, where her last years were
saved by taking refuge in the fort. They had a print-
spent, and where she died May 11, 1891. The
ing-press, and large schools. The printers, Moham-
medan boys they brought up themselves, smashed the
good works begun at Curraghmore had been
whole concern to atoms with delight ! and hunted out
carried on at Ford ; and after her death they the native Christians, and a great many, who were eni-
wrote from there of how her coffin was borne ployed as servants, were killed.”
to the churchyard on the shoulders of her own To the varied mass of letters and journals
laborers. “When her things were being dis entrusted to him, Mr. Hare has supplied a
tributed, the distributors were surprised to hear thread of sympathetic, at times eloquent, nar-
that the odd man' most earnestly begged for rative; and his work as a whole affords a close
something: it was for her old sealskin jacket. and a very attractive view of English upper-
It was thought a singular request at first, but class life, manners, and character. A feature
he urged it very much : he should treasure of the work is the illustrations, several of them
the jacket as long as ever he lived.'” The
after original drawings from the gifted pencil
“odd man,” it seems, had once been walking of Lady Waterford.
E. G. J.
by her donkey-chair in the road, when they
found a female tramp lying in the ditch, ill
and deserted. Lady Waterford at once got
out of her chair, and helped the man lift the
GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERY IN THE INTE-
poor woman into it. Then she took off her
RIOR OF NORTH AMERICA, *
own jacket, and put it on the sick woman, and
Justin Winsor's latest work is a very inter-
walked home by the side of the chair, “tend-
ing and comforting her all the way.”
“But esting account of the progress of geographical
it was not,” said the wodd man,' "" it was not
discovery upon this continent and its relation
my lady's putting her jacket on the woman that
to contemporary history, from the tour of the
I cared about, but that she did not consider
Gulf of St. Lawrence by Jacques Cartier, the
her jacket the least polluted by having been hardy mariner of St. Malo, in 1534, to the
worn by the tramp-for she wore it afterwards death of Count Frontenac, the stormy governor
herself.”
of New France, in 1698. The story of the
In sketching, in a slight way, the career of exploration of the interior of North America
this truly good Samaritan, we have lost sight of * CARTIER TO FRONTENAC. Geographical Discovery in the
che elder sister, Lady Canning—a character no
Interior of North America in its Historical Relations. 1534-
1700. With full cartographical illustrations from contempo-
ss worthy of Mr. Hare's liberal encomiums.
rary sources. By Justin Winsor. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin
Her husband, Charles John, Viscount Canning, I and Company.


1894.)
207
THE DIAL
name.
is made striking and novel by the accompani- does not consider them well founded. We ar-
ment of the successive maps of the times. It rive at certainty only when we come to the voy-
is fascinating to follow upon these maps the ages of Jacques Cartier, who made the circuit
slow development of correct ideas of the geog of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and mapped its
raphy of our country, and to note the strange shores in 1534, and ascended the river St.
delusions in regard to it which so long held Lawrence as far as Hochelaga, the site of Mon.
sway over the minds of men. By the aid of treal, in 1535, giving the name by which both
these charts can be realized, more forcibly per river and gulf came to be known to a bay on the
haps than in any other way, the infinite toil and northern shore of the latter. Nine years passed
pains by which the truth was reached at last. before there was any recognition of Cartier's
With curious sensations one beholds the appear discoveries in a printed map, and for the rest
ance and disappearance of rivers and lakes, of the century there was little addition to the
their sudden shifting of locality, the upheaval knowledge he brought back to Europe. Many
and subsidence of mountains, and other start maps were put forth based upon his descrip-
ling changes of the map-makers, which seem tions and embodying various theories. One of
to belong to the era of the formation of the these, published in 1570, was by a famous
globe and to be geological rather than histor-Flemish geographer, Abraham Ortelius. A
ical. And almost with a feeling of awe do we copy of this, lately presented to the Chicago
trace the development in human thought of the University, has attracted attention because sup-
image of a New World from the chaos in which posed to have a name like that of Chicago in-
it lay, almost without form and void, to the par scribed near the site of our city. It is evident,
tial perception of its magnificent proportions. however, that the word in question—Chilaga-
At first believed to be only a group of islands is derived from Hochelaga ; and it is placed on
on the shores of far Cathay, then but a barrier Ortelius's map near the junction of the Ottawa
to the ocean approach to Asia almost as con and St. Lawrence, in the neighborhood in
tracted throughout as at the Panama Isthmus, which Cartier found the Indian village of that
again simply a narrow rim of land inclosing a
vast interior sea or an immense archipelago Champlain's era in Canada, from 1615 to
filled with channels, later a part of the Asiatic 1635, added the Ottawa route, the upper St.
continent, and for almost two centuries deemed Lawrence, the region of Lake Champlain and
chiefly important because possibly affording a Lake Huron, to the cartography of the period.
water-way to China, even in Count Frontenac's Champlain visited what is now Boston Harbor
time the main outlines of the region east of the in 1604, and believed from the accounts of the
Mississippi alone were known, and the vast ter patives that the River Charles extended to the
ritory west of the Father of the Waters re land of the Iroquois. Accordingly this stream
mained for later days to explore.
appears, from his map of 1612, as flowing from
It may be, as Mr. Winsor suggests, that Co a source southwest of Lake Champlain and
lumbus, at his death in 1506, was not ignorant well within the present state of New York. His
that the geographical conditions revealed by great map of 1632, representing Lakes Cham-
his discovery were those of a new continent; plain, Ontario, and Huron, also shows the Sault
although the evidence seems hardly sufficient Ste. Marie, a great lake beyond it, and the be-
to establish this. At all events, the compre- ginning of the Straits of Mackinac, but with
hension of the fact came very slowly to his suc Green Bay moved to the north Side of Lake
The two great valleys of the Missis- Huron. Lake Erie, for a long time after Lakes
sippi and the St. Lawrence, leading to the very Ontario and Huron were well known, eluded
heart of the New World, and practically unit the explorer and the geographer. Champlain's
ing where Chicago now stands, lay invitingly earlier maps ignored it; his later ones made
open ; yet it was full forty years after the land it narrow river.
This conception of it was
ing of Columbus before either stream was as accepted by Ogilby and other English cartog-
cended. The Spaniard Pineda, seeing the mouth raphers for many years. Jolliet, in return-
of the Mississippi in 1519, did not enter it, ing from Lake Superior in 1669, was the first
because it was too far from the tropics to find of white men to follow its northern shore,
gold therein. French and Portuguese fisher which Galinee's map, drawn in that year, de-
men, and English sailors as well, made some picted, but left its southern shore a blank. Jol-
claims to a knowledge of the St. Lawrence very liet's maps of 1674 fairly show its whole out-
early in the sixteenth century, but our author / line; but Hennepin in 1683, and even in 1697,
cessors.


208
(April 1,
THE DIAL
va-
extended it southward across the Valley of the
DEMOCRITUS REDIVIVUS. *
Ohio. Franquelin showed it correctly in 1684,
but it was hardly relegated to its proper posi-
An old friend of the seventeenth century
tion in the general understanding until the sev comes back to us in very fresh and sumptuous
enteenth century had nearly closed. Cartier apparel. · Mr. A. H. Bullen, who has lived
and Champlain both seem to have heard of the on familiar terms with the Elizabethan and
Falls of Niagara, but there was no adequate Jacobean worthies, accompanies him and rein-
idea of their magnitude until Hennepin saw troduces him to a generation that might have
them in 1679. He atoned for
He atoned for any shortcom- forgotten the old scholar's face. With words of
ings of his predecessors by making them 500 rare pleasantness, as one performing no formal
feet high! The journeys of Nicolet to the Wis- duty but speaking from his heart, he presents
consin country in 1634 ; of the daring coureurs this capped and gowned ancient as his life-long
de bois, Grosseilliers and Radisson, to Lake friend. A favorite with sturdy Samuel John-
Superior and the upper Mississippi in 1658–60; son, and with the capricious humorist, Charles
of Jolliet and Marquette in 1673–5, and those Lamb; an author who gave an impulse to the
of La Salle and Tonty and others of lesser note, muse of Milton ; whom Fuller praised for "
are all chronicled in this volume. By degrees riety of much excellent learning ”; of whom
the information obtained by these venturesome Wood of the Athene Oxonienses said, “Gentle-
explorers reached the cartographers and cor men who are put to a push for invention 'may
rected their work. One of these was Jean Bap- furnish themselves with matter from him,” a
tiste Louis Franquelin, at that time residing in hint which Sterne took, plundering from these
Quebec, where he held the post of King's hy“sumless treasuries” the out-of-the-way lore
drographer, in which Jolliet succeeded him. that ballasts the whimsies of - Tristram
In 1684, Franquelin, who zealously gathered Shandy,"—this contemporary of Shakespeare
every
discoverer's accounts, made a great map and Bacon still finds, in the age of Browning
of the interior of North America, which Park and Darwin, those who relish him. His sci-
man considered the most remarkable of all the ence is all grown obsolete, his facts are useless
early maps of that region. On this the Chi- without laborious sifting, his multitudinous
cago river is shown with the word “ Cheagou- quotations quite smother and obstruct his own
meman” at its mouth, with a building resem wit and sense; but his curious learning, his sim-
bling a chapel, and the inscription “80 h,' ple earnest rational religion, his generous and
doubtless referring to the number of Indian hospitable temper, his sub-acidulated, arch, and
lodges there. In 1688 he reproduced this map, playful humor, his keen insight into human
with some changes, and one of these is to note nature in scholar and divine, cloistered recluse
a “ Ft. Chicagou " located on the same river. and man of the world, hysteric girl and boy
It is known that there was a fort on the site of deep in the dumps,” and his multifarious ref-
Chicago as early as 1685, and it probably was erences to authors that only “live one day
built in that year, as it does not appear on
more
" because Burton has seen fit to quote
Franquelin's earlier map.
them, — all these things, combined with a
Many other things of interest to all who ap- shrewd, manly, pithy style, not, as one might
preciate the momentous and romantic history have feared, deformed with undue mixture of
of the interior of North America might be no latinisms, make the “ Anatomy of Melancholy”
ticed in the text and cartographical illustrations as good a book to lie on the window seat, or
of this handsome volume, did space permit. It on the bedside table with a match and a shaded
is summed up in the author's inscription of his candle handy, as any in the range of the whole
work to President Angell of the University of library. Not Howell, nor Montaigne, nor Cer-
Michigan, which describes it as relating to the vantes, not “ Elia” and not 66 Yellowplush,”
great valley shared by the American people nor our own “ Easy Chair,” nor“ Parson Wil-
with others in the North, and the greater val- | bur,” will prove a better nightcap, or better
ley of the interior, all their own, almost becom- while away the long drowsy hours of a summer
ing one with the other at various points, which afternoon.
afternoon. The book that plucked the reluct-
carry the streams of national life back and ant Johnson from his couch two hours before
forth between the gulf which Cartier opened his wonted rising has kept many another from
and that other gulf which Columbus failed to
comprehend."
*THE ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. By Robert Burton.
Edited by the Rev. A. R. Shilleto, M.A. With an introduc-
EDWARD G MASON.
tion by A. H. Bullen. New York: Macmillan & Co.


1894.]
209
THE DIAL
his pillow. Schoolboys have thumbed its pages, ruffler of the
pages
of the novels and magazines,
who needed a dictionary to decipher its endless the thin essays and compressed abridgements,
stores of choice and doubtful latinity, and of this present generation, will feel lost in the
lacked experience of life to understand its un dense growths of Burton's jungle, and sigh for
dercurrents of humor. Scholars have vexed barren asphalt or clear-swept cobblestones. I
themselves to conjecture where in the wide field know that this stout haggis with its “ deal of
of literature might lurk a line quoted, without fine confused feeding” will be to many a one
the usual clue in the crowded footnotes. One as the cold sirloin and strong tankard of good
such scholar, the editor of this edition, has Queen Bess's table, offered at breakfast-time
tracked, as with hawk or hound, numberless to a modern club-man, as he sips his tea and tri-
evasive fugitives to their lair in classic, patris- fles with his toast, a puny trencherman, over his
tic, scholastic, or renaissance folios. Had not morning paper. I know that there are those
ill-health forbade him to continue his chase, he who will quote, at the expense of this enor-
had doubtless brought home many another mous and catholic quoter, the words of his
brush in triumph. A very full index has light- great contemporary, and tell him that he has
ened the labor of all future explorers, who, been “at a feast of languages and stolen the
not content with straying over the fragrant scraps,” that his table is laden with cold vic-
meadows, desire to go deeper and make a study tuals begged all round the welkin. I recognize
of this curious treatise. The three volumes, the relief that the modern mind, impatient of
very unequal in bulk, each containing one of parentheses, with small leisure for loiterings,
the “partitions” of the work upon the causes cannot but feel when Burton lets his own cur-
and the cure of Melancholy in general, and rent flow unimpeded, nor delays to irrigate his
upon Love Melancholy and Religious Melan crops by opening endless floodgates and letting
choly in particular, are admirably printed. on the rush of authorities from fifteen Chris-
Very many of the
passages of his own and tian, and some earlier, centuries. One is often
other writing which our author, from negli- tempted to say to him, as to some modest and
gence or caution, left in their native Latin, kindly host, who persists in drawing out each
have been for the first time pithily Englished. of the guests, not all of his own calibre, about
And many an ancient worthy may turn to his his table, “ Will you not talk yourself, dear
neighbor on the page emerging from three cen sir, and let these minor fires flicker on, or out,
turies of obscurity, and cry “ Bless thee, Bot without the persuasion of your hospitable bel-
tom, thou art translated !” The above men lows? Give us Burton in undiluted potency.
tioned schoolboys will be frankly, and some We can spare for a while Fuchsius, and Fer-
other readers, whose “old Italian,” as the Au nelius, and Hercules de Saxonia. Cardan and
tocrat calls it, has grown rusty, will be covertly Paracelsus are workers of magic, but there is
grateful. We all read Latin like English, but it a certain Rector of Segrave and scholar of
is still pleasant to see another scholar's version Christ Church to whom we would listen gladly.
of it. If Mr. Shilleto's health had not failed A sentence from his mouth will be as weighty
him, doubtless the work in this regard had been as if uttered by Cappivaccius or Jason Pra-
completed, and some lack of consistency in the tensis."
placing of these translations been avoided. What an odd fantastic company of forgot-
None the less, the present issue, if not the ten worthies the “ Anatomy of Melancholy
6 definitive edition " which Mr. Bullen is dis brings before us! True, Virgil and Ovid,
posed to demand from Oxford scholars, may Tully and Plato, have seats at the table ; but
be pronounced by far the most elegant and ser what a throng of unnoted wits and doctors be-
viceable edition now to be procured of one of side! As one might dine to-day with some
the treasures of English literature.
whimsical Amphitryon who loves to collect
To be sure, Hazlitt did not relish the “ Anat 6 characters” about his board, and set their
omy of Melancholy,” and doubtless many a queer tongues wagging with his out-of-the-com-
nerveless reader will shelter himself behind mon vintages, and surprise his chance guest
that great critic's shield. But Hazlitt was fas with contact with persons whom one
tidious and whimsical. His eccentric taste, his meets in society," so a reader opens his Bur-
queasy appetite, found no savor in what others ton to find himself cheek-by-jowl with writers
relished, while detecting a special tang that nowhere else to be encountered. As the As-
allured his palate in viands that were caviare to syrian invader tauntingly inquired, “Where are
the multitude. I know that many a listless the Kings of Harmath and Arpad, and of the city
66
never


210
[April 1,
THE DIAL
answer.
of Sepharvaim, of Hena and Ivah ? and where Shakespeare who is quoted, nor even Hollin-
are the peoples of Gozan and Haran and Re- shed's Chronicles whence the Avon poet drew
zeph, and the children of Eden which were in his plot, but Hector Boethius — not by any
Thelasar ?” so we are tempted mockingly to means the Boethius from whom Hollinshed
ask, Who are these imposing authorities that are drew the story first. As you listen, what de-
dumped upon us by the dozen and the score as licious old-time phrases fly about you! You
men of substance and consequence? They are
hear of circumforanean rogues, of turgent and
like Rembrandt's furred and bearded Burgo- stupend titles, of pasquils and compellations,
masters, of tremendous presence, but of no rec of parats and foliots, of kells and tunicles.
ognized potency. Who is Rodericus à Castro, You hear “indecorum” and “catastrophe
to be distinguished from Rodericus à Fonseca ? used with an air of apology, italicised as not
Who are Prosper Calenus and Trincavellius and yet fairly good English, not at all “ - ingenite”
Zanchius Guianerius and Hildesheim and John in the language, but only “ acquisite” of late.
Baptista Silvaticus and Laelius à Fonte Eu- If you offend, you may be bidden to “go woll-
gubinus, that great doctor? Who has read ward,” but, while trembling at the awful un-
Saint Briget's revelations, or the dialogues of known penalty, receive “ so gentle and bart-
Cæsar Vanninus, or that pleasant_tract of able a pardon " that you fear no more, and in
Machometes Bragdedinus, or the Hodæpori- the “obnubilation” from the burning of Sir
cons of Jod. a Meggen? The
very names take
Walter's new plant from the Americas, the vis-
a modern man's breath away. They suggestion vanishes, and you are back in the nineteenth
more than mortal wisdom. Yet their sayings century again.
are no such mighty things. John Smith and If you are a comfortable Latinist you have
William Jones in their time have said better needed no interpreter. The Saxon and the
ones. We nudge our neighbor and ask, Who is Roman speech will serve. With all Burton's
yon
ancient sage who sits beside you ? “Never varied and recondite learning, he makes little
set eyes on him before, I assure you,” is the use of any other than the universal language
“One meets strange comrades here. of scholars and his own vernacular. In read-
All is fish that comes within the range of our ing with care nearly or quite half his treatise,
good Burton's drag-net.” You consult the en the reviewer has come across no single Spanish
cyclopædias and the biographical dictionaries. or Italian or German citation, but a dozen
Ten to one, there is no entry of the famous words of Greek (could Burton have read his
name, or some such record as this : “ A Dutch Plato or Thucydides with a “pony”?), and but
physician referred to in the · Anatomy of Mel- two briefest phrases from the French, which
ancholy.'” Ten to one, also, that if by chance any lad might have picked up
from
some tray.
a fact or two to mark the man remains, he eled neighbor or monsieur in exile, sans argent
proves no longer half so weighty as Burton and à la mort. But anything extant in choice
himself, and when you turn back to his saying or dubious Latin, anything on Burton's own
it proves neither epigram nor oracle, and you crowded shelves or in the alcoves of the Bod-
wonder why with all his haul of bigger fishes leian, may be drawn upon at any time, with
the author should have picked out this sprat quite undistinguishing regard.
or smelt and sent it to the frying-pan, and I do not think it was often the beauty, the
served it in his lordly dish.
fancy, the imagination of the passage that
All that is true enough; but presently your brought it to Burton's mind. Like many an-
insignificant neighbor at the board mentions other master of style, he was comparatively in-
carelessly that at “ Hammel in Saxony, on the sensitive to the charms of style was seeking
20th day of June, A. D. 1484, the devil, in not for ornament but use. The line of Ovid
the likeness of a pied piper, carried away one or the sentence of Livy was no more welcome
hundred and thirty children, who were never than the passage from Struthius or Curio. If
after seen,” and at the word the Pied Piper of it was in the line of his thought, that was all
Hamelin town is making his magic music in he cared for. The seeker for epigrams, for
your ears, and you know that Robert Brown- gems of verse or prose is not often gratified.
ing has sat at that rich table, and repeated its Burton quotes to confirm what he has said or
stories afterwards in his own wonderful way. to lead up to what he wants to say. The wit-
Or you catch a chance illusion to Macbeth and ness may talk twattle if he will only testify to
Banquo, and prick up your ears for something the one point in question.
wicked to come your way, and find it is not For in those days, a book was per se an au-


1894.]
211
THE DIAL
thority. What got in print was gospel until belauded, that earliest English Stuart, with his
at least a conflicting gospel was revealed. There tincture of honest scholarship but his unroyal
was a certain presumption in its favor, how- pettiness of fibre, had gone over to the major.
ever questionable that which it contained. An ity, in his next edition Burton improves the
author was still not far removed from his old- occasion, and adds, “But he is gone, this Sun
time priesthood. It was not yet credible that of ours is set, and yet no night follows. We
words in type conveying the observations of have such another in his room,”—and so makes
learned men might be as valueless as old crone's his bow to that falsest of melancholy monarchs,
tales. The sifting, discriminating, critical judg- Charles the First.
ment of science, that tests all things, that tries Did shrewd and sturdy men like Burton an-
each antecedent plausibility by repeated exper- atomize and decipher character no better than
iment, that proceeds by cautious induction from this ? Did they believe and hope such things,
selected facts, and not by brilliant deduction or only say such things, as we use unmeaning
from axiom or postulate, was not yet in vogue. social forms to-day?
It is hard to tell. Per-
The contemporaries of Francis Bacon still haps in the eyes of a recluse of loyal Oxford,
bowed to the authority of Aristotle, and the the divinity that doth hedge a King made such
author of the “Novum Organum ” was still an hyperboles of homage decent and credible.
unaccredited innovator. So Burton quotes, The turning of the compliment from James to
with varying emphasis indeed, and half sug Charles reminds us how a greater than Burton
gestion of a hesitating credence, but on the passed his plaudits on from Elizabeth to James
whole with large acceptance, ancients and mod “This bird of honour dies, this maiden phenix
erns, thinkers and pedants, philosophers and
Her ashes new create another heir
As great in admiration as herself
charletans, of Italy and Germany and France
“Who from the sacred ashes of her honour
and England, and lets them bear their quite Shall star-like rise, as great in fame as she was,
unequal testimony to all sorts of marvellous And so stand fixed”
events and opinions. That melancholy men transfixed, indeed, in sheer amaze at such an
are witty, Aristotle is authority; that blind apotheosis. Shakespeare wrote in verse with
men never blush, Dandinus says it; that the all a poet's license, and his play was to be en-
devil is an expert physician, so Godelman bears acted before the Court, which might account
witness; that a Spanish Marquis made one of for florid adulation. But, after eighteen years
his slaves young again, as Renatum Morey de of James's inglorious reign, the thing is strange
clares, — all these things Burton gravely re in Burton, who surely was no courtier.
cords, as what a sober mind would hardly deny, It is strange also that with all his quoting,
though an emancipated philosopher might hold Burton should have made comparatively little
his judgment in suspense as to some of them, use of the brilliant literature of the Elizabethan
where the doctors differ too widely. The me and Jacobean age. Had he read Shakespeare's
diæval identification of faith and credulity was immortal works? There is a quotation from
not yet broken up. Burton, though suspicious “ an elegant poet of ours” in his “ Rape of Lu-
of a pagan or a jesuit miracle, still allowed oc-
crece,” and another from the “ Venus and
cult causes generous playroom within the lim- Adonis”; but the only reference to the plays is
its of his large belief.
a quotation, mis-cited, of the doggerel couplet
The same deference to authority is visible in that ends the last scene of “Romeo and Juliet,"
Burton's homage to the royal pedant who fid-
“For never was a story of more woe
getted uneasily in the great queen's seat. James
Than this of Juliet and her Romeo."
I. had been eighteen years on the throne when
Of Francis Bacon we have three brief pas-
the first edition of the “ Anatomy of Melan sages; while of Roger Bacon there are nine.
choly," with its queer enigmatic frontispiece, Of Beaumont, of Fletcher, of Massinger, of
appeared. And Burton pays him tribute, not
him tribute, not Ford, of Middleton, there is not one. Daniel
in a set dedication, a mere form of custom, is more a favorite, and “the English Ovid”
courtesying even to small kings, but full in the Drayton. Spenser, “our modern Maro,” is
body of the text, once as “ Another Numa, a quoted half a dozen times ; Sidney's “ Arcadia”
second Augustus, a true Josiah," and again as once. Marlowe is noticed several times. But
“our Amulet, our Sun, our Ptolemy, our com a treatise upon melancholy could have found
mon Mæcenas, Jacobus munificus, Jacobus pa-
its richest illustrations in Hamlet and Mac-
cificus, mysta Musarum, rex Platonicus, grande beth and Timon and Othello and King Lear,
decus, columenque nostrum.” And when, thus and all the world of diseased contemplations


212
[April 1,
THE DIAL
66
66
that make
up the sum of the Elizabethan drama;
AMERICAN POTTERY AND PORCELAIN.*
and Burton evidently hunted far afield, while
regardless of much that lay close to his own Mr. Barber, the author of " The Pottery and
door. After all, authors are not always "up Porcelain of the United States," has been well
in the writings of their contemporaries. The known to china collectors for some years past
· Fable for Critics” had been published half as an indefatigable gatherer of items relating
a dozen
years
before Emerson had come upon to the pottery and porcelain of this country:
the passage that concerned himself.
His little printed slips, asking for information
It is comforting to note in any one direc and suggestions, are familiar to china-owners
tion a probable gap in Burton's omniscience. all over the country; and the result of his un-
It is far easier to guess what he had not read wearied investigations may be found in this
than what he had. Make a list of Greek and
beautifully printed and illustrated book. As
Latin classics, of the Fathers of the Eastern a work of the printer's art, it leaves nothing to
and Western Church, of the Arabian sages, be desired. The graceful and beautiful vases
of the schoolmen, doctors seraphic and doc and jars, and the portions of table services so
tors angelic, of the voyagers on unknown seas
and travellers in undiscovered countries, of bly those of the Chesapeake Pottery and the
the divines and the saints and the lawyers, Rookwood Pottery — make one thrill with pa-
the alchemists and the chemists, the physicians triotic pride, and renew the sense of satisfaction
and metaphysicians of all lands and ages, — felt at the Columbian Exposition at the sight of
then go to the index of “Burton's Anatomy the beautiful exhibits of the American manu-
as the likeliest place to encounter them every facturers of pottery and porcelain.
one. As we turn the pages we forget that they As in his preface Mr. Barber avows that
are but print and paper. We seem to be seated
one of “the main purposes of the work is to
on a magic carpet, or mounted on the horse of
furnish an account of such of the earlier pot-
brass, and to be borne across the world from
teries as, for any reason, possess some histor-
China to Peru, threading our way past Do- ical interest,” it is to be deplored that the
donian groves and Babylonian gardens, Egypt-chapters on Early Pottery in America"
ian temples and Roman palaces and Teutonic
(seventeenth century) and “Potteries of the
shrines, and listening to a Babel chorus of
Eighteenth Century" are not fuller and more
voices out of every nation under heaven. We
exhaustive. In the first-named chapter the
cry, in Burton's own eloquent and Jeremy-
author does not even refer to the possibility of
Taylor-like outburst, “ As a long-winged hawk,
pot-works existing in New England at that
when he is first whistled off the fist, mounts date. Yet in 1646 the General Court of Mas-
aloft and for his own pleasure makes many a
sachusetts ordered that “tyle earth to make
circuit . . . so will I, having now come into
sale ware shall be digged before the first of
these ample fields of air
9 mo, and turned over in the last or first be-
wander round about the world, mount aloft to
fore it be wrought.” In Connecticut and Mas-
those etherial orbs and celestial spheres, and
so descend to my former elements again.” As of freemen. Higginson, writing of the town
sachusetts, potters were frequently on the list
we descend, these former elements seem dull
of Salem, Massachusetts, in 1629, said: “It
and paltry. When again shall we ride Levia- is thought here is a good clay to make bricks
than, behold the Phoenix, talk with Prester
& tyles and earthen-pot as may be. . At this
John, and live with the wits, the poets, the
instant we are setting a brick kill to work."
scholars of all time? Only when once more The Salem or Danvers kilns were certainly as
we submit ourselves to Burton's mighty spell.
early in operation as any pot-works in the col-
C. A. L. RICHARDS. onies. In Mr. Barber's chapter on eighteenth
century works he scantily notices the progress
THE Turnbull lectures on “ Dante,” by Professor
of ceramic manufacture in the New England col-
Charles Eliot Norton, are now in progress at the Johns onies. The Danvers potteries, unnamed by him,
Hopkins University, the dates being from March 29 to
had become important. Morse's Gazetteer of
April 9. The first had for its subject “The Function
of Poetry” and “The Thirteenth Century in Italy."
1797 says of this town: “Large quantities of
The remaining five are devoted, respectively, to the
* THE POTTERY AND PORCELAIN OF THE UNITED STATES.
“ Vita Nuova,” the prose writings, and the three canti An Historical Review of American Ceramic Art from the
che of the Sacred Song. This is the fourth course of Earliest Times to the Present Day. By William Atlee Bar-
the Turnbull lectures on poetry.
ber. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
awhile rove,


1894.]
213
THE DIAL
brick and coarse earthen ware are manufac It would seem that such a contingency could
tured here.” It is said there were twenty pot scarcely arise in the future with regard to our
works in Danvers at that date. On Long present productions.
Island many potteries existed, though Mr. Bar Though this book is very valuable as a cata-
ber does not name them; at Whitestone, Flat- logue or manual, it need not be criticised as
bush, New Lots, and other Long Island towns, literature. Stopford Brooke says, “ Writing
quite an extensive manufacture of coarse pots, is not literature unless it gives to the reader a
pans, urns, etc., was carried on.
That con-
pleasure which arises not only from the things
siderable pottery was made in other parts of said, but from the way in which they are said."
Massachusetts, we cannot doubt. In the adver- Mr. Barber's “ way of saying”—his style—is
tisements of the “ Boston News Letter,” as not interesting. This fact does not, of course,
early as 1716, among the “ servants to be dis-impair the worth as a book of reference. It
posed of” on board the ship on which these might be argued that a technical work like this
redemptioners" came over, were “earthen is usually rather dry reading; but as an exam-
ware Pottery-makers.' “Mangness” for the ple of what such a book may be, or rather what
use of potters was an article of barter. By a work on precisely similar lines is, let me call
1769 much encouragement was given to the attention to Llewellyn Jewitt's “ History of the
manufacture of various fictile wares, and good Ceramic Art of Great Britain," a book univer-
wages were offered to potters —" Twenty Dol- sally interesting even to the reader who cares
lars per month, with Victuals, Drink, Washing nothing for china.
and Lodging.” And the Connecticut newspa Ruskin says, “Side - glimpses sometimes
pers, of dates immediately previous to and after bring home better results than a broad stare.”
Revolutionary times, contain many references to It is the side-glimpses at the potter's art of
pot-works and potters. Doubtless all this New early times that we miss in Mr. Barber's book.
England pottery was simple porous stoneware We should like to have known a little of the
milkpans, jugs, and pipkins,— but quite as amount of production and exportation of pot-
worthy of extended reference as the pottery of tery and porcelain in England; somewhat of
Pennsylvania, of which Mr. Barber writes. the condition and number of foreign-born pot-
I would also note, in passing, Mr. Barber's ters in America at that day; to be shown more
rather confusing arrangement. In the chapter fully why so little was made of American re-
entitled “The Eighteenth Century” he places sources in pottery materials, why so slowly
manufactories and manufactures of much later they were developed. But we have only a very
dates some 1809; Sgraffiato ware marked broad stare at the blank facts of the manufac.
1826; John Nases wares, 1812 and 1830, and ture of china in the United States.
even as late as 1847; Jacob Sholl's wares, And yet some side-glimpses are given. For
1831 ; and several others. The part of this instance, we are told much of one Mr. Taylor;
chapter devoted to slip decorated and Sgraffiato that he served in the army in the war of the
ware is perhaps the most interesting portion Rebellion, that he has been postmaster of his
of the book. The succeeding chapters on wares town, that he is a warm personal friend of Gov-
of our own times have been prepared with great ernor McKinley, etc., etc.,--all very estimable
care and intelligence, and appear to be very traits,—and then, after the index at the end of
exhaustive. The one on china-marks will cer the book, we have also a very pretty advertise-
tainly be valuable in future time, and the ones ment of Mr. Taylor's hotel ware. But these
on tiles and decorative terra cotta are very in- scarcely answer our notions of what might be
structive.
said on such an art-subject as china.
It is certainly praiseworthy to preserve in
ALICE MORSE EARLE.
such handsome form the actual accomplish-
ments of the pottery manufacturers of the
United States to-day, for facts are quickly for-
THE Woman's Education Association of Boston of-
gotten ; the history of the much disputed ively. Applications for these fellowships for the year
fers two foreign fellowships of $600 and $400 respect-
Lowestoft ware may be held up as an example 1894-95 should be sent before May 1, 1894, to Mrs.
of the short length of time in which authentic N. P. Hallowell, chairman of the committee, West Med-
data of a certain pottery manufacture may be ford, Mass. Candidates must be graduates of the col-
lost. Still, the Lowestoft wares were made be-
leges recognized by the Association of Collegiate Alum-
næ or graduates of the Harvard Annex, and should be
fore the days of trade catalogues, before the vast
women who expect to follow permanently professional,
advertisement of all manufactured materials.
scientific, or literary work.
-


214
[April 1,
THE
DIAL
low-downness, and this is a democratic country, the
STUDIES IN AMERICAN POLITICS AND
only rational thing is to get down to the general
POLITICAL HISTORY.*
level as soon as possible.
Mr. Daniel Greenleaf Thompson's “ Politics in a But is it true that democracy and venality are
Democracy” is an incisive study of some features inseparable? If a man earns a living by driving
in our American political life—from a point of view. a cart, is it so sure that he has more moral obtuse-
The author has very pronounced partisan prejudices, ness and less rugged common-sense than his pol-
and he sees facts accordingly. His characteriza ished neighbor in the brown-stone front?
tion of the modern Republican Party reads quite There are two things which Mr. Thompson makes
like the indictment which Callender or Benjamin plain, but the significance of which needs more em-
Franklin Bache were wont to draw against the Fed-phasis than he gives them. The essence of Tam-
eralists. The trouble with any strong partisan is, many Hall is venal politics. It is an organized con-
not so much that he is blind, as that his eyesight spiracy to get and keep control of the public funds
gives out before the facts do. Mr. Thompson has
of the city of New York. All other matters
a way of seeing quite clearly facts which are conven-
sympathy with foreign-born citizens, affiliation with
ient. But one who reads his discussion of Tam the Roman Catholic church, fellowship for the
many is apt to wonder whether a realizing sense of common people,"
,” alliance with one national party,
the value of that remarkable institution to the for-
support of the liquor business all these are inci-
tunes of a national party may not perhaps envel dental and subordinate. Of course, controlling the
ope the tiger in a somewhat mellowing atmosphere city funds does not necessarily mean stealing them
of sweetness and light. Mr. Thompson repeats -though Mr. Tweed showed quite plainly the pos-
some of the familiar things which Lalor's Cyclo sibilities in that direction. But Tammany means, at
pædia has to say about Tammany Hall, adds a few
best, getting the offices and the salaries and the con-
other equally familiar facts, and then proceeds to tracts and the jobs of all sorts. How much more it
chat and generalize in a very entertaining way. means in that same line of pecuniary profit is one of
While he points out the evils of Tammany, still he those things, as Lord Dundreary would say, “which
spends a large proportion of his strength in show no fellow can find out.” But before and above all
ing the good features. And really he makes out a els
else, Tammany is the incarnation of the spoils sys-
pretty strong case. As one closes the book one is tem in politics. If that is a good and a necessary
apt to feel a dawning suspicion that the standards
system, then Tammany Hall is merely the natural
of judgment taught in the colleges and churches
and laudable efflorescence of our democratic society.
and magazines are perhaps rather artificial and su-
If that system is radically needless and vicious, then
perfine — that these stalwart liquor-dealers who
Tammany is simply one of its sheet-anchors to wind-
make
up half of the Tammany executive committee ward.
are on the whole an honest and amiable set of fel-
This fact of the identity of Tammany with the
lows; that in managing politics with an eye single
to the emoluments of office and contracts, there is
spoils system has an immediate bearing on another
consideration. Tammany cannot be overthrown by
after all nothing vicious, but merely a tendency.
any mere revolt against the organization. An al-
Of course no moral quality inheres in a “tendency."
liance of anti-Tammany democrats with the Repub-
And there may be something essentially mistaken
lican organization of the city is no more than a tem-
in having high ideals at all. If democracy implies
porary expedient. The victory of a rival machine
* POLITICS IN A DEMOCRACY. An Essay. By Daniel Green-
such as Fernando Wood's “Mozart Hall,” just
leaf Thompson. New York : Longmans, Green, & Co. before the war—is merely the perpetuation of Tam-
TRIUMPHANT DEMOCRACY. Sixty Years' March of the many methods under another name. In other words,
Republic. Revised Edition, based on the Census of 1890. the thing to attack is not the organization, but the
By Andrew Carnegie. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
system which is the life of the organization. Tam-
MR. FISH AND THE ALABAMA CLAIMS. A Chapter in Dip-
lomatic History. By J. C. Bancroft Davis. Boston: Hough-
many is not a disease; it is merely a symptom—a cu-
ton, Mifflin & Co.
taneous eruption indicative of poisoned blood. And
WILLIAM Jay and the Constitutional Movement for the
if the system of spoils in city offices can be destroyed,
Abolition of Slavery. By Bayard Tuckerman. New York: Tammany Hall will vanish into the air.
Dodd, Mead & Co.
Whether such destruction is possible, may per-
HISTORY OF ELECTIONS IN THE AMERICAN COLONIES. By
haps fairly be questioned. But it is quite sure that
Cortlandt F. Bishop, Ph.D. Studies in History, Economics,
and Public Law, edited by the University Faculty of Political
it will never be at all likely so long as city elections
Science of Columbia College. New York: Columbia College.
are conducted by the machinery of national politics.
HISTORY OF SLAVERY IN CONNECTICUT. By Bernard C. If we can get rid of national politics in local elec-
Steiner, Ph.D. Johns Hopkins University Studies in Histor tions, we may be able to find something better than
ical and Political Science, Baltimore.
the spoils system. If we can break down the spoils
LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN THE SOUTH AND THE SOUTHWEST.
system, Tammany will at once become innocuous,
By Professor Edward W. Bemis, Ph.D. (J. H. U.), and Stu-
dents of Vanderbilt University, Baltimore.
and its braves may celebrate the season of flowers
POPULAR ELECTION OF U.S. SENATORS. By John Haynes,
in peace. The ghost of Tweed will be laid.
Graduate Student in Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. Mr. Thompson's remedy for the evils of Tam-


1894.]
215
THE DIAL
many is increase in righteousness. No doubt that has taller buildings than Paris, packs more hogs than
would do. But it will take considerable righteous- Rome. Ergo - To be sure, the Louvre is lack-
ness to purify Tammany Hall.
ing, and the British Museum. But we are big —
so big!
A new revision of Mr. Andrew Carnegie's “ Tri-
umphant Democracy," with the numerous figures
Mr. Carnegie's book needs to be read with cau-
tion. The truth is that in America our real tasks
adjusted to the census of 1890, is evidence that
there is a demand for the canny Scotchman's op-
have just begun. To succeed with them we shall need
timism, notwithstanding Homestead. Mr. Fuller,
all the rude strength which we have thus far lavished
in “ The Cliff Dwellers,” speaks of a Chicagoan’s and delicacy of touch as well. We shall need all
so prodigally — and we shall need fineness of mind
favorite occupation as talking about his city to a
stranger. And fully a half-century ago, young Mar-
the wide diffusion of knowledge which our schools
and newspapers afford — but we need knowledge
tin Chuzzlewit was meaningly informed by one of
much deeper and more exact than come from either.
the solemn Western Americans of that day that
It wouldn't hurt us if we had less bragging and
“We has to be cracked up." Mr. Carnegie certainly
more books - less show and fuss and more honest
pounds the drum and toots the horn with great skill
and volume of sound. His theme is the general nition was, "- Gentleman
living-less pork and more scholars. An old defi-
one who eats more than
bigness of the Republic; and he piles up figures
he earns.'
and rattles off adjectives with the enthusiastic aban-
That fits exactly both extremes of our
don of a Western real-estate agent. The late Mr.
social organism — the pauper tramp and the mil-
Disraeli once referred to Mr. Gladstone as “a so-
lionaire tramp. The wise man will consider both
phistical rhetorician, inebriated by the exuberance
with grave attention, not for themselves, but for
what they mean. Material obstacles we have over-
of his own verbosity.” One is inclined to fit the
coat on Mr. Carnegie, letting it out in spots: “A
come easily. How will our materialistic democracy
handle social difficulties which have perplexed the
sophistical statistician, inebriated by the exuberance
wisest men and the greatest nations ?
of his own statistical fecundity.” He oozes figures
at every pore. He points on nearly every page to A disputed question of our political history so re-
totals so tall that it makes one dizzy to look at cent as 1871 is the subject of an interesting little
them. The reader feels inclined to sympathize with volume by Mr. Bancroft Davis. It will be remem-
the honest Englishman who set out from New York bered that at the organization of the Senate of the
to cross the continent, but came back having gone no United States in March of that year, Charles Sum-
farther than Salt Lake, explaining that he was dis ner, long the chairman of the Committee on For-
couraged by “ the blarsted bigness of the country.” eign relations, was displaced in favor of Simon
Wendell Phillips, in his lecture on “The Lost Cameron. This act of the Republican majority in
Arts," reminds us of the German whom Coleridge the Senate has been claimed by Mr. Sumner's friends
met at Frankfort. He always took off his hat with to have been in revenge for that gentleman's stren-
profound respect when he ventured to speak of him uous and successful opposition to President Grant's
self. Mr. Phillips adds, “It seems to me the Amer- policy of annexation in San Domingo. On behalf
ican people might be painted in the chronic attitude of the President and of Secretary Fish, on the other
of taking off its hat to itself.”
hand, it has been asserted that Mr. Sumner was re-
The achievements of the American democracy moved from the chairmanship on account of his rad-
have been very great, no doubt. The world has ical disagreement with the administration in refer-
never before seen a virgin continent occupied by a ence to the claims against England, the settlement
vast migration of civilized men armed with all the of which was then pending.
appliances by which human power has in these last Mr. Sumner had insisted, in a speech in the Sen-
decades been so vastly multiplied. There have been ate in April, 1869, that the English recognition of
other historic race movements. But the German Confederate belligerency was itself an act which
Franks who went out west so many centuries ago made that nation responsible for any resulting dam-
and preëmpted homesteads in Gaul did not have age in the United States. Then, in estimating the
railroads or newspapers or steam threshing-machines. amount of damages, besides computing the direct
They created a great nation, to be sure; but it took value of the ships destroyed by the Southern cruisers
a thousand years to do it. We have created a fitted out in England at about $15,000,000, Mr.
greater nation, and it has only taken us a hundred Sumner added a claim for our loss of the carrying
years. And we do enjoy bragging about it. trade, estimating that at about $110,000,000. And
But are we quite sure that it is a greater nation to cap the climax he declared that the action of En-
which we have made ? Are we sure that we have
gland had doubled the duration, and hence the cost,
the right unit with which to measure greatness ? If
of the war.
As that cost was about $4,000,000,-
the unit is square miles, or millions of people, or 000, it followed that half that was justly due from
dollars, it is all plain sailing. A little of Mr. Car- England, if the theory was correct.
negie's arithmetic will do the business. And there Of course for the United States to insist on such
is no manner of doubt that we do dearly love big claims would have meant that any peaceable settle-
Chicago has a greater area than London, ment would be impossible. England would have
ness.


216
[April 1,
THE DIAL
incurred the risk of war with the United States Britain during our Civil War sank very deep into
rather than pay amounts so enormous. President the public consciousness. There is no manner of
Grant and Secretary Fish were content to place doubt that the moral and material support which
the English responsibility merely on official negli- the South received from England did greatly pro-
gence in allowing the Confederate vessels to sail in long the war, and did add largely to its cost in life
the first instance, and on aid given them subsequently and property. This was felt very bitterly at the
in British ports. The damages they did not desire North, and there was no time from 1865 until 1871
to extend beyond the direct loss.
at which a war with England would not have been
But in January, 1871, when negotiations with an exceedingly popular measure. In fact, war
Great Britain were assuming shape, Secretary Fish
would have been regarded by many as far prefera-
consulted the Massachusetts Senator to get a final ble to any money compensation. There are some
statement of his views. These were embodied by injuries in private life for which it is commonly
Mr. Sumner in a memorandum dated January 17, felt that law affords no adequate redress, and for
1871. He retained emphatically the extreme ground which retribution in blood, stern and speedy, is the
he had already assumed, and now added the sugges-
only possible atonement. This may not be the most
tion that the readiest solution of all matters in dis advanced civilization, but it is an elemental instinct
pute would be for England to cede Canada,- in
of human nature. And that feeling to this day
short, “To make the settlement complete, the with modifies the regard of great masses of Americans
drawal should be from this hemisphere, including for Great Britain. The settlement affected by the
provinces and islands.” Such a scheme of settle treaty of Washington was undoubtably a wise act
ment might have been practicable had it come at of statesmanship. Imperfect as it was, it was bet-
the close of a victorious war against Great Britain. ter to accept it as final, and to close the account.
It was certainly chimerical under the conditions National revenges are better unsatisfied. But it is
prevailing in 1871. True, English relations with not easy to forget. And Mr. Sumner in 1871 was
Russia at that time were such as to make a settle a more accurate interpreter of the popular feeling
ment of troublesome disputes with the United States
than was Secretary Fish.
highly desirable. But to secure India against a
Mr. Tuckerman's life of Judge Jay is a contribu-
possible danger by the surrender of America, or to
tion to the history of a peculiar phase of the aboli-
avert the cost of a contingent war by a contribution
tion movement. It exhibits the share in that move-
equal to the cost of an actual one, was hardly to be
ment taken by a man of excellent birth, of inherited
expected.
wealth, of high religious and intellectual culture,
Under these circumstances it certainly made for
and at the same time of great sanity and sweetness
the success of a peaceful settlement to have another of character. Such men were not many among the
chairman at the head of the Senate Committee on
agitators; and the course of Judge Jay throws in
Foreign Affairs. And Mr. Davis makes a plausi- strong relief the erratic and fanatical tendencies
ble case in showing the development of the breach
which did so much to stamp the name Abolitionist
between Mr. Sumner and the administration, and
with contempt.
the apparently irreconcilable nature of those differ-
The son of Chief Justice John Jay, a graduate of
ences. However, he does not attempt to prove Yale College in the year which witnessed the incep-
which indeed might be difficult of proof-that aside
tion of Jefferson's embargo, a churchman high in the
from this grave question of public policy the smart counsels of the Protestant Episcopal church in the
of the successful opposition to other administrative State of New York, a jurist of so great purity and
plans may have made it much easier for supporters ability that for a quarter of a century he was con-
of the President to realize the pressing importance tinued on the bench by appointment from govern-
of a change in the committee. And the precise fit ors irrespective of party, — these are the outward
ness of Mr. Simon Cameron to succeed Mr. Sum-
features of the life of William Jay. Early inter-
ner would be an interesting matter of inquiry. The
ested in the question of freedom for the slave, his
political bearing of the quarrel between President
pen was active in disseminating ideas of emancipa-
Grant and a portion of the Republican party did tion. But he was from the outset firmly of the
not become quite obvious till much later. The
opinion that interference with slavery in the States
grotesque nomination of Greeley in 1872 prevented in which it existed was wholly beyond the constitu-
present danger to Republican ascendancy. But yet tional power of Congress. That power, he held,
this break in the party was the “beginning of woes.” could be exerted only to abolish the institution in
Ten years later it was followed by the second great the District of Columbia and in the territories, and
quarrel among leaders. And these dissensions dis-
to put a stop to the inter-state trade in human beings.
rupted the party. The history of the Federalists
This constitutional doctrine was very conserva-
in 1800 was repeated in 1884.
tive in the view of the advanced abolitionists. It
As to Mr. Sumner's position on the main ques was essentially the ground on which the Republican
tion, it must be admitted that it had the sympathy party was formed later, and was the only possible
of the American people very generally. The un ground for political action against slavery, short of
friendly, selfish, and malicious conduct of Great | revolution and civil war. But it was with great dif-


1894.]
217
THE DIAL
There was another difficulty. In the view of a am
ficulty that the American Anti-Slavery Society was America. Since then there has been a renascence
held to this view of the question. Reformers tend of patriotic scholarship, and the scientific method
to become extremists, and Judge Jay found his has been applied with energy and intelligence to
abolition associates becoming more and more rest the study of our own institutions. The patient and
ive under any declaration of principles short of minute work which has been encouraged at Johns
root-and-branch extermination.
Hopkins and Columbia has already sufficed to
T
amass material which will be of priceless value to
variety of people, society needs reforming in a va the historian. Three of these studies are before us.
riety of ways. And a mind which has once for all Mr. Bishop's “ History of Elections in the Ameri-
adjusted itself to some radical social reconstruction can Colonies " is a valuable compilation from the
has usually so effectually thrown itself out of adjust- early laws and records, and will be of decided help
ment with what is that it fits in readily with almost in tracing the form taken by the elective franchise
any scheme of alleged reform. And so all sorts of in our early State constitutions. Mr. Steiner's “ His-
6 isms ” in which the decades before the Civil War tory of Slavery in Connecticut” is a contribution
were so prolific naturally attached themselves to towards a systematic and scientific study of that in-
the Abolition movement. Women's rights, dress stitution in the United States a work which still
reform, food reform, temperance, table-tipping, com remains to be done. The study of “ Local Govern-
munism, all sorts of odds and ends of social vaga ment in the South and the Southwest,” by Prof. E.
ries, become thoroughly mixed up with Abolitionism. W. Bemis and students of Vanderbilt University, is
The resolutions of Anti-Slavery societies became an example of what may be done by college stu-
more and more turgid and multifarious. And peo dents when their work is directed to a purpose. A
ple in general came to associate the Abolition cause more exact bibliography would add to the value
with the general domain of crankdom. All this of the work. Mr. Haynes' paper on “Popular
must be taken into account in trying to understand Election of U. S. Senators” is an argument for that
the odium which attached to the name Abolitionist method. It should be timely reading just now in
among so many excellent people. It was not pure many quarters.
HARRY PRATT JUDSON.
wickedness which caused the violent opposition to the
Anti-Slavery movement in New England and New
York and other free States. If that cause could
have been kept clear of “entangling alliances ” with
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
other
good, bad, indifferent, immoral,
whimsical, what not, - Abolitionism would have
Dr. William Wright's “The Brontës
A graphic picture in Ireland” (Appleton) is a rarely
quite a different savor.
of Irish life.
Judge Jay devoted all his large influence and
interesting book, almost as much so,
clear intelligence to keeping opposition to slavery
to our notion, as the best of the novels which have
independent of other movements, and within consti-
made the Brontë name famous. (And touching
tutional lines. When he saw that the American
this name we may add that Dr. Wright decides
Anti-Slavery Society was hopelessly in the hands of
once for all that it is and always was Brontë — not
the professional “reformers,” he withdrew, and
“ Brunty," or the still more ignominious “Prunty,"
aided in forming another association. He always
as some authorities have it. “ Brunty,” however,
opposed the disunion schemes of some Abolitionists
seems to have been the local Irish pronunciation.)
and the “no government” policy of others. The
We have several Lives of the author of "Jane Eyre
Constitution, the Union, lawful methods—these he
- Mrs. Gaskell's, Mr. Wemyss Reid's, and Mr.
held adequate to a reasonable movement against the
Birrell's, each capital in its way; but it has re-
system of human slavery. And his constant efforts
mained, we believe, for the present author to trace
were given to the effort to hold the friends of Abo-
the current of Brontë life back to Ireland, and to
lition in this impregnable position. He lived long explore its head-waters there. This he has done
enough to see a great national party founded on his
with patience, enthusiasm, and literary skill; and
the result is a book that is not only satisfactory
principles—a party destined to destroy slavery with-
out destroying the Union. His death in 1857 was
from a biographical standpoint, but is a strikingly
too soon for him to share in the great events which
fresh and graphic picture of Irish rural life as well.
The Doctor is a capital hand at a story. Thrilling
at last made the Republic the home of free men.
indeed almost Homeric is his account of the
But it cannot be doubted that his was a powerful in-
combat between Welsh Brontë and Sam Clarke of
fluence in giving shape to that wise popular view of
the case which in the end was able to deal with
Ballynaskeagh—an era-making event even in County
slavery. Jay and Lincoln and Seward, not Garri- Down, and, in a way, the Hegira of the local cal-
endar.
son and Phillips and John Brown, represent the
“Women,” he says, “would speak of their
children as born or their daughters married so
Anti-Slavery force which put the Thirteenth Amend.
ment into the Constitution.
many years before or after the fight, and old men
in referring to their ages would tell how they had
Twenty-five years ago, but little attention had been present when Welsh Brontë licked Sam. Clarke,
been given to the study of political history in and that they must have been of such an age at the
causes


218
[April 1,
THE DIAL
time.” We are glad to record, to the Brontë honor, philosophy. It is asserted in the introduction that
that the victor, more magnanimous than Achilles, all conclusions that lie beyond the primary con-
bore the defeated Samuel home in his arms,
and
put
victions of men will be found aberrations, vagaries."
him to bed for bodily repairs. Striking, too, is the Punctilious historical accuracy was perhaps hardly
picture of stern Hugh Brontë, Charlotte's uncle, as compatible with the main design of the work. But
he prepared his new blackthorn and crossed to En it is a little startling to find Berkeley removed from
gland to wreak Irish vengeance on the scoundrel his true position in the development between Locke
who traduced his niece's honor in the infamous and Hume, and classed with Lord Herbert of Cher-
“Quarterly” review of “Jane Eyre":—“Hugh had bury, Clark, and Dr. Martineau among the dissent-
for many years been watching over the growth of a ers from the predominant school of English philos-
young blackthorn sapling, as if it had been an only ophy. The exigencies of Professor Bascom's method
child. It had arrived at maturity about the time have led him, we fear, into unintentional injustice
the diabolical article appeared in the Quarterly. towards the estimable Locke. “He raised the ques-
The supreme moment of his life had arrived, and tion,” we are told, “ Does matter think? Why
the weapon on which he depended was ready. . not, pray, if the mind be material? Can things fly?
His first act was to dig up the blackthorn carefully, Why not, if flying is being hurled from a catapult?”
so that he might have enough of the thick root to But surely Professor Bascom is aware that Locke
form a lethal club. Having pruned it roughly, he never asserted the possibility of matter thinking as
placed the butt end in warm ashes night after night an ultimate metaphysical principle. He declared
to season. Then, when it had become sapless and that, for aught we know, God might have arbitra-
hard, he reduced it to its final dimensions. After rily annexed to a certain arrangement of matter the
wards he steeped it in brine, or put it in pickle' power of thought, but he explicitly denied that the
as the saying goes; and when it had been a suffi divine thought itself could result from any disposi-
cient time in the salt water, he took it out and tion of material particles. In other words, he af-
rubbed it with shamois and train oil for hours. firmed that thought could ultimately originate only
Then came the final process. He shot a magpie, in mind. “ Dear old Locke," as Professor James
drained its blood into a cup, and with the lappered calls him, has often before been misrepresented
blood polished the blackthorn till it became glossy upon this point, and is likely to be so again.
black with a mahogany tint. ... No Sir Galahad
ever valued his shield, or trusted his spear, as Hugh
"How to Study and Teach History,"
Brontë cherished and loved his shillelagh.' Dr.
for history teachers. (Appleton), a duodecimo of three
Johnson's memorable preparations for Ossian Mac-
hundred and forty-six pages, appears
pherson were nothing to this. Dr. Wright adds an
in the “International Education” series, whereof
interesting chapter concerning the long-disputed
Dr. William T. Harris is editor. This volume, by
identity of the rascally reviewer in question, and he
Professor Burke A. Hinsdale of the University,
seems to have solved the mystery satisfactorily.
of Michigan, is introduced by a delicious bit of
For the culprit's name, and for the degree of his or
Hegelianism by Dr. Harris, and a brief preface
her responsibility in the case, we must refer the
by the author, who says that he has had in mind
reader to the original.
more particularly the needs of teachers in element-
ary and in secondary schools, though he thinks much
Professor John Bascom's “Histor of the work should interest teachers of history in
Historical
Interpretations ical Interpretation of Philosophy colleges. He calls it a practical work, “not indeed
of Philosophy.
(Putnam) would make an excellent in the narrow mechanical sense of the word: no
course of lectures for the senior class of a minor effort is made to tell the teacher just what he shall
college, whom it was not desirable to feed on too teach or just how he shall teach it.” The wisdom
strong meat. Are we mistaken in suspecting that shown in that statement appears throughout the
much of the material of the book has already seen book in many valuable suggestions of method, the
service in this way? It presents a judicious but not author recognizing the fact that every good teacher
burdensome selection of facts from Ueberweg, and a is his own method, while the best
may
learn from
sensible pleasantly written commentary which warns others. He discusses the educational value of his-
the student against pernicious tendencies of thought, tory; its field ; its sources; choice of facts; organ-
and directs him into the safe via media of an in- ization of facts into history: time, place, cause, and
tuitionist realism, avoiding the dangerous extremes effect in history, both physical causes and spiritual
of monistic idealism and monistic materialism. The or human. There are valuable chapters on histor-
style is easy and flowing, and in places prettily fig-ical geography. Then, as the book is for the ben-
urative, reminding us occasionally of Dr. Martineau, efit of that large number of teachers who in that
to whom Professor Bascom will not object to be function are never called to go beyond the history of
compared. The various systems passed in review the United States, Professor Hinsdale proceeds to
are judged mainly by their tendencies, and approved exemplify his methods and philosophy in one hun-
of or condemned according as they approach or di- dred and twenty-two pages on North America and
verge from the standard of what the author, although the United States. There is an abundant suggestion
he nowhere defines it, clearly feels to be the true of books to be read or consulted. We have thus


1894.]
219
THE DIAL
poems, and
given an outline of the book as the best beginning tion of Frederika Bremer as a “Norwegian,” and
of a criticism of it. For the ordinary reader, and still by the curious reference (p. 203) to “ Arnold's
more for the teacher, it is a very valuable book. We scholar, Gypsey.” Messrs. J. Selwin Tait & Sons
have read with interest many of its pages, and young publish the work.
teachers will find all the book helpful and instruct-
ive. The chapter on the Slave-Power shows in a
A compact yet comprehensive Life
A good Life
good light Dr. Hinsdale's judicial qualities of mind.
of that amiable man and, in his way,
of Reynolds.
He writes good English, not ornate or rhetorical,
great painter, Sir Joshua Reynolds,
but clear and forceful. We have found but a sin has long been a desideratum. Such a life is that.
gle sentence to alter: on page 122 he says the sea
written by Mr. Claude Phillips, and imported by
was “not too far off to prevent” trade: he means
Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons. Mr. Phillips is a
the opposite —“not so far off as to prevent” trade. competent art-writer, and his summary of Sir Joshua's
And surely on the next page he should prefer Aqui- merits is, on the whole, just and discriminating.
leia to the rarer and hardly correct form Aquilia. He notes en passant the grain of truth in shrewd
When a new edition is called for, will he not favor Horace Walpole's paradox-contained in his par-
us with a bibliographical index ?
allel between Sir Joshua and Allan Ramsay—that
“Mr. Reynolds seldom succeeds in women: Mr.
Professor Vincenzo Botta, of New Ramsay is formed to paint them.” To say that
A pleasing
York, has edited an interesting vol.
literary memorial.
“ Reynolds seldom succeeds in women” is of course
ume intended as a memorial to his
an over-statement. Says Mr. Phillips : “Where
wife, the late Anne C. Lynch Botta. Mrs. Botta Reynolds approached nearest to greatness, and
was a conspicuous figure in New York literary cir showed a measure of that much-abused word genius,
cles during a long period of years, and her drawing was in the presentment of the great men who were
rooms were the scene of many a brilliant gathering. his friends, and for observing whom, in every phase
She came as near,
in fact, as any woman has done and every mood, he had all through his career op-
in this country to the maintenance of a salon in portunities unequalled by those afforded to any
the Parisian sense. Her own literary work included artist of his time.” Mr. Phillips's observation is
a useful compendium of the history of general lit a very just one. Gracious and charming as Sir
erature, a considerable number of
many Joshua's women and children nearly always are,
productions of a more fugitive character. How they still fall short (not excepting even the superb
happy she was in her friends appears from the list “Nelly O'Brien ") of such masterpieces as the por-
of those whose personal tributes make up the first traits of Dr. Johnson, Sterne, Sir Joseph Banks,-
half of this memorial volume. There are contribu- and, farthest of all, of the pathetic picture of Gold-
tions from Messrs. A. D. White, S. Parke Godwin, smith, in which the artist has succeeded, without
James A. Froude, Justin McCarthy, E. C. Sted- sacrificing truth, in conjuring away the traditional
man, Charles Dudley Warner, R. W. Gilder, Mrs. homeliness, whim, and absurdity, leaving for pos-
Julia Ward Howe, Miss Edith M. Thomas, and terity the underlying kindliness, modesty, and worth.
many others. Professor Froude, for example, writes: “I shall never think Dr. Goldsmith ugly again,"
I have known many interesting women in my life, said a lady after reading "The Deserted Village.
but about her there is a peculiar grace which I have certainly no one could think him ugly after seeing
never seen in any other person.” This tribute may Reynolds's portrait. Every face, the plainest, lights
be taken as typical of all the collection, which leaves up at times, under the proper emotion, into a de-
unstruck few notes in the whole gamut of possible gree of beauty and dignity; and Reynolds seemed
praise. Mrs. Botta, among other good works, it seems, to have the gift of evoking this look in his sitters,
discovered ” Miss Edith M. Thomas. " When and of fixing it upon his canvas. Mr. Phillips's
Miss Thomas presented herself at Mrs. Botta's door, book combines biography, criticism, and anecdote in
she was entirely unknown; but the portfolio of man due proportion, and the photographic plates after
uscripts she had under her arm made it impossible Reynolds are pleasing and well-chosen.
for her to remain so any longer. Mrs. Botta de-
tected the divine spark, and passed the poet on to
Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons' neat
that other poet, Helen Jackson ('H. H.'), who set of “ The Social and inexpensive edition of Rousseau's
herself to work at once to make Miss Thomas known
“Social Contract is a useful and,
to the world.” The second half of this memorial in a special sense, a timely publication. Professor
volume includes letters to and from Mrs. Botta Huxley and others have pointed out the fact that
(among her correspondents having been Kossuth, Rosseauism, so far from being dead, is coming to
· Èmerson, Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, George the front again, and bids fair once more to exert a
Ticknor, Frederika Bremer, and “Fanny Kem grave influence on practical life. It is easy at this
ble”), and selections from her writings in prose and day to criticise, from the “hard fact” standpoint,
The volume makes a pleasing impression, the Contrat Social ; to point out its contradictions,
and enshrines a personality that was clearly of the its impracticabilities, the hopeless disagreement with
most lovable sort. The editing has not always been ascertained facts of its theory of society. It is no
done with accuracy, as is witnessed by the descrip- less easy to show that, underlying its errors of lit-
66
A new edition
Contract."
verse.


220
[April 1,
THE DIAL
eral detail, is a ground-work of moral truth, a body no exception to the rule. The book _“ William
of logically-flawless abstract principles that to the Blake: His Life, Character, and Genius” (Mac-
end of time will continue, in one form or another, millan) — is a special plea, full of animated super-
to justify revolt against social and political injus- | latives whose very passion deprives them of per-
tice. In proportion as the natural inequalities of suasiveness. The happenings of the poet's life are
men ripen into the iniquities of caste and tyranny, rather diffusely told, and the rest of the book is
so will the gospel of Jean Jacques, or this or that given to a running commentary on his poems. Mr.
rendering of it, grow in favor. Its errors of fact Story rightly praises the few beautiful things that
will finally be once more cast to the winds by those Blake wrote, and interprets, probably as well as
in need of a theoretical justification for the doing anyone could, the incoherent mass that remains.
away of a greater by the perpetration of a lesser in Waiving Blake's power as an artist, and thinking
justice. Professor Huxley hints that Rousseauism, of him merely as a literary man, a reader who had
with modern variations, has been coming into fash- previously deemed the mystic half-mad would rise
ion at a rather alarming rate of late. If this be from the perusal of the book deeming him three-
true, there is no surer sign of the growth of abuses fourths so. But that is only another way of saying
which pave the way for it and render it acceptable.
for it and render it acceptable. that this book is not the final interpretation of the
Certainly readers of the present volume will not fail man.
to note that the views of our modern political a-pri-
An attractive number of the pretty
orists essentially coincide with those held long ago An English view
“Dilettante Library" series (Mac-
of Dr. Holmes.
by the Savoyard Vicar and applied by Robespierre
millan) is Mr. Walter Jerrold's criti-
and Saint Just—with what results, immediate and
cal and biographical study of Oliver Wendell Holmes.
net, the world knows. The present edition of “The Mr. Jerrold writes with warmth as well as discrim-
Social Contract” is well translated by Miss Rose M. ination, and his pages are very liberally peppered
Harrington, and Professor E. L. Walter furnishes
with quotation and anecdote. From the verbal por-
a really luminous critical and historical introduction. traits cited we select the following, which describes
the Doctor as he appeared to a Scotchman who
Dr. Walter B. Scaife's “Florentine
heard him lecture in the sixties: “Holmes is a plain
Florentine life in
Life during the Renaissance” (Johns little dapper man, his short hair brushed down like
the Renaissance.
Hopkins Press) is the work of an
a boy's, but turning gray now; a' trifle of furzy hair
American who has spent some time abroad and under his ears ; a powerful jaw, and a thick, strong
been attracted by the charm which Florence has underlip that gives decision to his look, with a dash
always possessed for those who live by thought."
of pertness. In conversation he is animated and
The volume derives its interest from the material
cordial — sharp, too, taking the word out of one's
which it contains rather than from any special ex mouth.” The last touch rather bears out “the land-
cellence of style or method of treatment.
lady's” view of her Autocratic boarder: “He was
thor's style is awkward and at times obscure, and
a well-behaved gentleman at table, only talked a
the generalizations which he deals out, in order to
good deal, and pretty loud sometimes, and had a
make the book “ helpful amidst the trials and com-
way of turnin'
up
his nose when he did n't like what
plications of modern life,” are usually of a common folks said, that one of my boarders, who is a very
place and superficial sort. Authorities are not
smart young man, said he could n't stand, nohow,
always used with proper discrimination ; Roscoe is
and used to make faces and poke fun at him, when-
frequently referred to, and in one case Webster's ever he see him do it." The volume contains a
Dictionary is quoted as a better authority than bibliography and a fair portrait.
Burckhardt. Even a slight acquaintance with the
correspondence of the fifteenth century would have
Completion of With the publication of Part Six, the
Vol. I. of the
prevented such a mistake as occurs on page 84, “ Dictionary of
first volume of the “ Dictionary of
where the use of the common form “I recommend Political Economy.” Political Economy (Macmillan),
myself always to you," at the close of a letter from edited by Mr. R. H. Inglis Palgrave, is completed.
the wife of Lorenzo de' Medici to her husband, is
A title-page, introduction, and table of contents are
said to show lack of conjugal affection, and the furnished, and cases for binding will be supplied by
phrase characterized as “an expression which a per-
the publishers at a low price. The remainder of
son seeking office or favor might adopt."
the work will be issued in completed volumes only,
and of these we assume there will be two, as the
William Blake was a man who in his first volume covers the first five letters of the al-
Life and genius character and in his poetry was so phabet. Some expansion beyond the original plan
of William Blake.
unlike an ordinary genius (if so an is already manifest, since the early announcements
omalous an expression may be used) that it seems contemplated but twelve or fourteen parts. As the
extremely hard to write a biography or criticism of several instalments of this work have appeared, its
him that shall be impartial and sympathetic too. great usefulness has become more and more appar-
Especially does sympathy with his work incline a ent. It does not conflict in any way with Cherbu-
writer to hold a brief for him. Mr. Alfred T. liez or with Lalor, its scope being more restricted,
Story's sympathetic study of his mystical subject is and its articles at once more numerous and more
The au-


1894.]
221
THE DIAL
on
compact. It bears to those works about the same Schopenhauer “a small philosopher," with an “in-
relation in plan as is borne by the new Chambers's effably petty and uncomfortable disposition.” Un-
to the “Encyclopædia Britannica.” It is thoroughly comfortable, possibly, or rather uncomforting, to the
up to date, and must be considered indispensable to mild optimist of Mr. Le Gallienne's type, but not
the working library of the economist.
exactly petty. Such vagaries, however, are not of
the essence of the author's doctrine, which is, for
“Paragraph-Writing," by Professors
The art of writing Fred N. Scott and Joseph V. Denney
the most part, as sweetly reasonable as even Arnold
paragraphs.
could have wished.
(Allyn & Bacon), is one of the really
practical books - there are not many of them
English composition. It is a book that has already
stood the test of classroom use, and the theory on
BRIEFER MENTION.
which it is founded must be deemed established.
The theory is novel and definite: the way to learn
Mr. H. S. Salt's “ Richard Jefferies” (“ Dilettante
to write English is first to learn to write paragraphs. study, critical rather than biographical, which may be
Library," Macmillan) is a concise and soberly-written
To teach this art is the object of the book. Part I. read to advantage in connection with Mr. Besant's de-
deals with the nature and laws of the paragraph; lightful, if rather over-charged, “ Eulogy." The author
first, as an independent piece of discourse -- the discusses, very briefly, Jefferies as “Man," as “ Natural-
isolated paragraph,—and second, the paragraph as ist,” “ Thinker,” “ Writer," etc., presenting what seems
one of a series. Part II. briefly discusses the theory to be the net result of current criticism, with a due
of the paragraph; and Part III. furnishes the teacher
measure of shrewd comment and observation of his own.
with an abundance of material for classroom work
There is a useful appendix, and a portrait of Jefferies,
- selected paragraphs, hints on teaching, a list of
the expression of which confirms in a way what has been
about two thousand subjects, and useful references
said regarding his being a far less agreeable companion
as a man than as a writer.
of
many kinds. It is a book that successfully illus-
M. Paul Gaulot's spirited Life of Count Fersen, Marie
trates the three articles of the rhetorician's creed-
Antoinette's chivalrous Swedish ally and admirer, loses
theory, example, and practice.
little if anything of its charm in Mrs. Cashel Hoey's
The publication of Mr. Huxley's col-
capital translation, lately issued by Messrs. D. Appleton
& Co. under the title “ A Friend of the Queen." Re-
Two new volumes
lected essays (Appleton) is continued
from Mr. Huxley.
cent disclosures have enabled M. Gaulot to throw addi-
with two volumes devoted, respect tional light upon the romantic episode upon which his
ively, to “Science and Hebrew Tradition” and narrative naturally hinges, as well as upon the charac-
“ Science and Christian Tradition.” These volumes ters of those most concerned in it. The story of the
contain all of the author's contributions to the con ill-starred flight to Varennes is admirably told, and the
troversy into which he has been drawn of late years
book altogether forms a not unimportant contribution to
by the over-zealous champions of an over-literal
the annals of the period. There are portraits of Count
Christian theology. They exhibit the author's po-
Fersen and the Queen.
lemic at its best, and will doubtless have a certain
Professor Rawlinson's “Story of Parthia” (Putnam)
is an adaptation and in many places a close paraphrase
permanence as examples of brilliant controversial
of his “ Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy," which first ap-
writing. The popular and unscientific forms of the-
peared more than twenty years ago. The importance
ological belief towards which Mr. Huxley's attack
of the story lies in the clearness with which it brings
is directed no longer, of course, claim the assent of out the character and position of the power which for
really serious thinkers even among professional the three centuries « balanced Rome, acted as a counter-
ologians, and it may be said that Voltaire suffit for poise and a check, had to be consulted and considered,
all that sort of thing. But for the battle of truth held a place in all men's thoughts, and finally furnished
with superstition each age must forge its own wea-
a not intolerable refuge to such as bad provoked Rome's
pons, and Mr. Huxley has shown himself an accom-
master beyond forgiveness.” Such negative forces have
plished artificer. Each of these volumes has a
an influence in history which we too often overlook.
Mrs. Frances Elliot's “Old Court Life in France,"
preface written for the collective edition, that of the
latter volume being considerably the more lengthy
which was published some twenty years ago, enjoyed a
considerable popularity with readers who were not ex-
of the two.
acting as to accuracy of statement, and who liked to
Mr. Richard Le Gallienne's account
The pleasantly-
take their history well-diluted and strongly flavored
stated faith of “ The Religion of a Literary Man” with romanticism. The author now puts forth two vol-
of an optimist.
(Putnam) is a pleasantly-written es umes of “Old Court Life in Spain” (Scribner), similarly
say, which shows the author to have thought seri told, and likely to attract the same sort of audience. It
ously if not deeply upon the most important of hu-
tells us of the Moors, of Bernardo del Carpio and the
man concerns. This religio scriptoris is a very un-
Cid, and of various kings and other potentates down to
the times of Ferdinand and Isabella. The manner of
dogmatic sort of faith, so vaguely expressed that the
the telling is both incoherent and stilted, and serious
most liberal-minded will find little difficulty in ac readers will not care for the work.
cepting it, if, indeed, it do not appear to be made Modern language texts are multiplying at the usual
up of the merest truisms. Occasionally the author From the Cambridge University Press (Mac-
registers a most amazing judgment, as when he calls millan) we have Delavigne's “ Louis XI.,” edited by


222
[April 1,
THE DIAL
9
Mr. H. W. Eve; Mérimée's “Colomba,” edited by Mr.
Arthur R. Ropes; and “Die Deutschen Heldensagen
(Hagen and Hilde: Gudrun), by Dr. Gotthold Klee,
edited by Mr. H. J. Wostenholme. Messrs. Ginn &
Co. send us a new collection of “Morceaux Choisis
d'Alphonse Daudet,” edited by Mr. Frank W. Freeborn,
and authorized by M. Daudet himself, who has written
one sketch especially for this volume. “Gustav Adolf's
Page," by Herr C. F. Meyer, edited by Professor Otto
Heller; and two “Novellen " by Herr W. H. Riehl, ed-
ited by Miss Abbie Fiske Eaton, are published by
Messrs. D. C. Heath & Co. Last of all, we must men-
tion Miss Carla Wenckebach's abridgement of “ Ekke-
hard,” also published by the Messrs. Heath.
The “ Practical Business Book-keeping of Double En-
try” (Heath), prepared by Mr. Manson Seavy of the
Boston English High School, appears to be an excep-
tionally complete and up-to-date presentation of the
subject, useful not only as a text-book, but also as a
book of reference and as a self-instructor. The book
is attractively printed and substantially bound.
“ Letters to Marco " (Macmillan), an attractive little
volume of letters from George D. Leslie, R.A., to his
friend H. Stacy Marks, R.A., should appeal to readers
who love Nature for her own sake and can seek her
precincts unallured by the proverbial Anglo-Saxon crav-
ing to “ go and kill something." Mr. Leslie's letters
teem with original and curious observations on plant and
animal life in the southern counties of England, with
occasional “ asides" on art topics and on the life bu-
colic in general. The letters are crisply and pleasantly
written, and there are many wood-cuts, mainly corrected
reproductions of the original pen-and-ink scribbles.
Mr. St. George Mivart's “Introduction to the Ele-
ments of Science” (Little, Brown, & Co.) is a book in-
tended for the general reader, and not at all like, for
example, the “ Elements of Science” of Professor
Jevons, although having the same universal scope.
Mathematics, mechanics, physics, biology, logic, and his
tory are the main subjects taken up. Neither Mr. Mi-
vart's psychology nor his philosophy of history is likely
to find general acceptance, for the personal equation of
the writer gives them too marked a coloring; but in the
simpler matters of physical and biological science he is
a competent, and usually a trustworthy, guide.
an English country village, along the lines of the new
Socialism. An engagement to the son of a lord is not
allowed to interfere with this work, and it is the en-
gagement and not the work that comes to an end when
interests clash. I am not sure, however, that Mrs.
Ward makes the new Socialism attractive, or does it
full justice. She seems to have studied it “from above,”
as Marcella accuses her lover of doing in the case of a
condemned poacher. The book is quite as long as the
two which preceded it, but it is well proportioned, in-
teresting, and full of material for reflection. Mrs.
Ward has evidently taken the advice of her critics, for
the action of the story is not interrupted by long de-
scriptions of unimportant characters or by digressions
into the fields of religion and philosophy.
Edgar Stanton Maclay, whose « History of the United
States Navy” is just about to be published, is the son
of the president of the Maclay Theological Seminary of
Los Angeles, California. He graduated from Syracuse
University in 1885, having devoted himself particularly
to the study of history. Since his graduation he has
been constantly engaged upon this history of the navy.
He has spent much time in France, where the Minister
of Marine opened the official archives to him, and also
in England, where he was aided by the late Admiral
Provo Wallis, a survivor of the Chesapeake-Shannon
fight. In this country Mr. Maclay has been given ac-
cess to many family papers and unpublished documents,
and has been assisted by Admiral Jouett and other
naval officers. Mr. Maclay will have an article de-
scriptive of the cruise of the United States frigate “ Po-
tomac” for the chastisement of the Qualla Battooans
in 1832, in the May “Harper's."
In addition to the volumes of the “Ex Libris " series,
edited by Gleeson White, already mentioned in this
correspondence, Messrs. Macmillan & Co. announce
“ The Decorative Illustration of Books,” by Walter
Crane, “Modern Book Illustration,” by Joseph Pennell,
and « Decorative Heraldry," by G. W. Eve. The in-
terest in book-lore seems to have culminated with the
proposed new English bibliographical magazine.
Interest in Napoleon seems to increase with each suc-
cessive work relating to his life and surroundings. The
latest Napoleon volume is the “Memoirs of the Baron
de Meneval,” which Messrs. Appleton are about to pub-
lish. As private secretary to the emperor from 1802
to 1814, Baron de Meneval had, of course, special op-
portunities for observation, which he did not neglect, as
these selections from his diaries and notes plainly show.
They have been edited by his grandson.
The poems of the unfortunate Richard Realf are at
last to be collected in a volume. Since his suicide at
Oakland, California, in 1878, there have been several
announcements of proposed volumes of his poems, but
none of these has appeared. Meanwhile, Realf's liter-
ary executor and former comrade, Col. Richard J. Hin-
ton, has gathered together copies of all the poems that
could be found, and has awaited a favorable opportunity
for publication. This has now come about through the
instrumentality of Col. Alexander T. Hawes, of San
Francisco, also a comrade of Realf, having commanded
a regiment in the Army of the Cumberland. “The Po-
ems of Richard Realf,” with a brief biography by Col-
onel Hinton, will be issued in the Fall under the direc-
tion of Colonel Hawes, to whose address in the Mills
Building, San Francisco, subscriptions may be sent. A
large number has already been received. Colonel Hin-
ton has collected nearly two hundred poems by Realf,
NEW YORK TOPICS.
New York, March 26, 1894.
The publication of Mrs. Ward's “ Marcella” will be
the most significant literary event of the coming week.
Doubtless this third work of importance will be made
the criterion of Mrs. Ward's success as a novelist. The
general impression seems to have been that “ David
Grieve” did not quite fulfil the promise of “Robert
Elsmere.” To my mind, “Marcella” is an advance, in
the art of novel-writing, upon both of the former books.
The story is more connected, and the characters as a
whole are drawn with greater clearness, although there
is no one character which equals that of the Squire in
“ Robert Elsmere.” The girl of the period, either with
or without a purpose, seems just now to engross the
attention of the English-speaking race, and Mrs. Ward
has hit the spirit of the times very happily with her
“ Marcella.” The latter young woman is decidedly
purposeful, and sets out to reform her part of the world,
.


1894.]
223
THE DIAL
and the volume will also contain the latter's youthful emie, where, by way of a prelude, Bülow just played
verses originally published in London as “Guesses at the first few bars of Figaro's aria, “Se vuol ballare, Sig-
Truth.” There will be three portraits, one taken dur nor Contino !'"
ing the John Brown period in Kansas, another during Perhaps the most extensive literary work ever under-
the War, and the third at a later date.
taken in this country is the military history now being
In “ Joanna Traill, Spinster,” Miss Annie E. Holds produced by the government of the United States, un-
worth, one of the most popular of the younger English der the title of “War of the Rebellion, a Compilation
novelists, has drawn an interesting picture of rescue of the Official Records of the Union and Confeder-
work in the London slums. Much is expected of this ate Armies." It was begun just twenty years ago, and
book, which will be published in London and New York will be practically finished at the end of the next fiscal
simultaneously on the first of the month. Mr. W. T.
year. The work when completed will embrace 120 large
Stead, who is particularly interested in this author and royal octavo volumes of 1000 pages each, and a gigan-
her work, has said of the book, which he saw in manu tic atlas, and the ultimate cost will be something like
script, that “ It is a tale of London life, painted from $2,500,000 for the 11,000 copies printed. Up to this
life, full of the pathos and tragedy and also of the date eighty-nine serial volumes have been published,
brightness and vitality of modern London.”
and about $1,800,000 has been spent in all branches of
ARTHUR STEDMAN. the work, or about $20,000 per volume. The printing
and binding alone cost $10,000 per volume, while the
previous preparation of each volume for the printer's
hands cost an equal sum of $10,000. Something like
LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY. a thousand copies of this work are offered for sale at a
trifle above actual cost. The price of the eighty-nine
Professor R. T. Ely's forthcoming work on “Social-
parts now published is $56.10 in cloth, and $145.10 in
ism” will be published by Messrs. T. Y. Crowell & Co.
half morocco.
Messrs. C. H. Sergel & Co. announce a “History of
A remarkable literary find has be made by the
Bohemia,” by Mr. Robert H. Vickers, author of “The
American Press Company of Baltimore, in the shape of
Martyrdoms of Literature.'
an original first edition of the poems of Edgar Allan
The Rev. Dulaney Addison, of Beverly, Massachu-
Poe, one of the rarest books in the world. For many
setts, is preparing a life of Lucy Larcom, and asks for
years this unique volume was sought in vain by collect-
the loan of any of her letters that are likely to prove
ors of rare books, the only copy known to be in exist-
helpful to him.
ence being an imperfect copy in the British Museum.
The Jewish Publication Society of America announce Two years ago, a copy was offered at a book auction
Volume Three of Professor Graetz's “ History of the sale in Boston, and, after a lively bidding, was bought
Jews" and the “ Papers of the Jewish Women's Con by a New York dealer for $1,850; it was then sold to
gress” of last summer.
a private buyer for $2,500, who sent the treasure to
Mr. A. D. F. Hamlin, of Columbia College, will per Paris, where it was exquisitely bou at a cost of $300.
sonally conduct a class in architectural history through The copy just discovered by the American Press Com-
Italy during the coming summer. The cost of member pany was picked up at a second-hand bookstore some
ship will be at least five hundred dollars.
sixty years ago, and has since remained in the posses-
The Baker & Taylor Co. announce “ With the Wild sion of the purchaser. It is in an excellent state of
Flowers," by Miss E. M. Hardinge; “The Amateur preservation, and is worth its weight in gold ten times
Aquarist,” by Mr. Mark Samuel; and “Christianity The title-page reads as follows:
Practically Applied,” being the proceedings of the 1893
TAMERLANE,
meeting at Chicago of the Evangelical Alliance.
and
Messrs. C. L. Webster & Co. announce for imme-
Other Poems.
diate publication a new novel by Miss Annie E. Holds-
By a Bostonian.
Young heads are giddy, and young hearts are warm,
worth, entitled “ Joanna Traill, Spinster,” and also a
And make mistakes for manhood to reform. - Cowper.
new story from Mark Twain's pen, depicting the ad-
Boston:
ventures of “Tom Sawyer Abroad.” The latter vol-
Calvin F.S. Thomas . . . Printer.
ume will be illustrated by Mr. Dan Beard.
The following Bülow story is from “ The Saturday A new work by Mr. Ruskin is just being published,
Review”: “It will be remembered how, some two or entitled “Verona, and Other Lectures,” and illustrated
three years ago, the German Emperor in a speech re with frontispiece and photogravure plates from draw-
ferred rather rudely to the “Grumblers' (Nörgler) at ings by the author. Of its five chapters, four were pre-
the existing régime, and advised all such to shake off pared to be delivered as lectures, during Mr. Ruskin's
the dust of the Vaterland's soil. The speech created tenure of the Slade Professorship at Oxford. One has
an unusual stir in all circles, and there was a large con been written since his resignation. The lecture which
tingent of officials and others who took the hint, and gives its title to the volume, “Verona and Its Rivers,"
became known forthwith as Staubabschüttler. Bülow, was delivered at the Royal Institution in 1870, and is
who had always something to say or to write, held his now printed in extenso for the first time. The second,
tongue this time; but, at the first Philharmonic Concert “ The Story of Arachne," dealing with Greek mythology,
he conducted in Berlin, as he stepped on the platform was read at Woolwich in 1870, and has hitherto been
he took out a very large handkerchief and in full view of represented only by a brief report in a daily newspaper.
the audience began to dust his shoes, just to show that he “ The Tortoise of Aegina" was prepared for the Ox-
was not satisfied with the existing state of things ! He ford course on Greek sculpture, known as “ Aratra Pen-
took it also musically out of Count Hochberg when that telici,
,” but it was not delivered, and has remained until
amiable despot had him turned out of the Berlin Opera now in manuscript. The last two chapters of the book
House. It was at a pianoforte recital at the Singacad are connected with the projected series of “Our Fathers
over.
1827.


224
(April 1,
THE DIAL
spend these, after which he again rests in hiding until
another supply of stamps has been obtained. When in
his den, his favorite employment is tearing up manu-
script, with the exception of a few especially worthless
articles, which latter he uses for filling his paper. It
is also a well-known fact that he puts all the poems he
receives into a hat, and draws out one or two at random
for use from time to time; the rest he destroys. A
further point observed by many zoologists is the edi-
tor's fondness for cliques; they do not explain very
clearly what these are, or how they are formed, but
their existence is denounced by almost every writer on
editors. Some facts concerning them will be found in
a later chapter. It is sufficient to say here that they
are represented as herds of selfish and incompetent
monsters, whose only aim is to prevent any recognition
being given to true genius."
this
Have Told Us”; “ Candida Casa, treating of the be-
ginnings of Christianity in Britain," and "Mending the
Sieve," a lecture on the Cistercians and their architec-
ture, given at the London Institution in 1882.
The Department of Philosophy and Education of Co-
lumbia College announces the early appearance of the
first of a series of contributions on philosophical, psy-
chological, and educational subjects that are to appear
under the editorship of the members of the Department.
These contributions are not intended to interfere in any
way with existing journals, to which the members of the
Department will continue to lend their cordial support
as heretofore, but the new series will contain: (1) the
longer and more important dissertations submitted by
advanced students in philosophy and education, in par-
tial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy; (2), occasional longer and more
technical studies by the professors and instructors them-
selves; (3) reprints from other journals of contributions
made to them by members of the Department of Phil-
osophy at Columbia. The contributions will appear at
irregular intervals, and will be numbered consecutively
for binding and preservation. The editors propose to
conform in every respect to the directions regarding
such publications recently formulated by the Trustees
of the Columbia University Press. The new contribu-
tions will appear under the editorial direction of Pro-
fessors Butler and Cattell and Drs. Hyslop and Far-
rand. The first of the contributions to appear will be
entitled “Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi: A Study in the
Origins of German Realism,” by Mr. Norman Wilde,
A.M. The second will be “ Kant's Inaugural Disserta-
tion of 1770,” including a translation of the dissertation,
together with an elaborate introduction and notes, by
Professor W. J. Eckoff of the University of Colorado.
Orders for these numbers, or requests for information
concerning them, should be addressed to the Department
of Philosophy at Columbia College.
THE EDITOR : A STUDY IN NATURAL HISTORY.
The following notes upon that interesting specimen,
the common editor, are taken from "The Author" of Lon-
don: “ The common editor is chiefly remarkable for the
mixture of ferocity and cunning which he displays. He
lives in a remote cave, or cell, situated in almost inac-
cessible places, and extremely difficult to find. The
approach to his lair is commonly invested with swarms
of the Office-Boy Hornet (see Chapter LXII.), which
do all in their power to prevent the intrusion of a
stranger. Strychnine, done up in the form of chocolate
drops, is probably the best means of destroying these.
But even when they have been overcome, the zoologist
is not unlikely to find the lair deserted; for it is a habit
of the editor to roam forth in search of food, which he
does at frequent intervals. Those scientists who have
made a determined effort to capture an editor, declare
they have approached his den at all times, from eleven
in the morning to late in the afternoon, and that they
have been informed on each occasion that their prey has
just stepped out to luncheon,' and is not expected to re-
turn for several hours. Another well-marked trait in the
creature's character, and one upon which all writers are
agreed, is his passion for unused postage stamps, which
he obtains from innocent contributors in enormous quan-
tities. Hence a learned Professor has conjectured that
it is the habit of the editor to lie concealed in his den
until such time as he has accumulated sufficient stamps
to secure him a meal, and that he then sallies forth to
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
April, 1894 (First List).
“Americanism." Theodore Roosevelt. Forum.
American Politics and Political History, Studies in. Dial.
Arnold, Matthew. Florence Earle Coates. Century.
Art in the Theatre. Illus. Richard Marston. Mag. of Art.
Art, Origin of. M. Lazar Popoff. Popular Science.
Battle Ship in Action, A. Illus. S. A. Staunton. Harper,
Beaver Eater, The. Illus. H. T. Martin. Pop. Science.
Bowery and Bohemia, The. Illus. H. C. Bunner. Scribner.
Capital, Combination of. E. B. Andrews. Journal of Ethics.
Comet-Finder, A. Illus. Frank W. Mack. Century.
Consular Service Reform. Wm. F. Wharton. No. American,
Democritus Redivivus. C. A. L. Richards. Dial.
Co-operative Housekeeping. H. C. Walsh. Lippincott.
Emperor William's Stud-Farm. Poultney Bigelow. Harper.
English at Cornell University. Hiram Corson. Dial.
English Senate, The. George W. Smalley. Harper.
English Speech in America. Edward Eggleston. Century.
Farmer in the South, The. Illus. Octave Thanet. Scribner.
Flying, The Problem of. J. Le Conte. Popular Science.
Forgery, Professional. R. A. Pinkerton. No. American.
Foulis Academy and James Tassie. Illus. Mag. of Art.
French Caricature of To-Day Illus. Scribner.
Geographical Discovery in the Interior of North America. Dial.
Gods of India. Illus. F. Marion Crawford. Century.
Hawaiin Traditions. Abraham Fornander. Lippincott.
Homing Pigeons, Method of. Illus. Popular Science.
Ice Age, The. A. R. Wallace. Popular Science.
Immigration, Restriction of. J. H. Senner. No. American.
Inter-State Commerce Law, The. A. F. Walker. Forum.
Italian Crisis, Causes of the. W. R. Thayer. Atlantic.
• Italy and the Papacy." Mgr. Satolli. Journal of Ethics.
Latin Poetry, Early. R. Y. Tyrrell. Atlantic.
Lee in the Seven Days' Campaign. E. G. Scott. Atlantic,
Life under Water. Illus. Gustav Kobbé. Scribner,
Lincoln's Literary Experiments. John G. Nicolay. Century.
Literature, The Approach to. Dial.
Memoirs of Two English women. Dial.
Millet's Life at Barbizon. Illus. Pierre Millet. Century.
Municipal Reform. Herbert Welsh. Forum.
Nature in Old English Poetry. Richard Burton. Atlantic.
Navigation Laws, Our. C. H. Cramp. No. American.
Occult Compensation. H. C. Lea. Journal of Ethics.
Painting. William A. Coffin. Scribner.
Parliament, New Parties in. Justin McCarthy. No. Amer.
Pottery and Porcelain, American. Alice Morse Earle. Dial.
Punishment. F. H. Bradley. Journal of Ethics.
Referendum in Switzerland and America. Atlantic.
Republican Outlook, The. Thomas H. Carter. No. Amer.
Roseberry and the Liberal Crisis in England. Forum.
Sewage Disposal, Methods of. G. E. Waring, Jr. Century.
St. Paul's, The Decoration of. Illus. Magazine of Art.


1894.]
225
THE DIAL
Storage Battery Cars. George J. Varney. Lippincott.
Surgery in America. George F. Shrady. Forum.
Swan, John Macallan. Illus. Magazine of Art.
Tariff and Monetary Reform. North American.
Telegraph in France, The. Illus. Popular Science.
Trusts. George A. Rich. Popular Science.
Tyndall. Herbert Spencer. Popular Science.
Universities, American. G. Stanley Hall. Forum.
Yale University. Arthur T. Hadley. Harper.
ART.
The Venetian Painters of the Renaissance; with an In-
dex to their Works. By Bernhard Berenson. With
frontispiece, 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 141. G. P. Put-
nam's Sons. $1.25.
POETRY.
Sonnets, and Other Verses. By George Santayana. 16mo,
uncut, pp. 90. Stone & Kimball. $1.25.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
(The following list, embracing 76 titles, includes all books
received by THE DIAL since last issue.]
FICTION
Katharine Lauderdale. By F. Marion Crawford. In 2
vols., illus., 16mo. Macmillan & Co. $2.
Benefits Forgot. By Wolcott Balestier, author of “A Com-
mon Story." 12mo, pp. 460. D. Appleton & Co. $1.50.
Our English Cousins. By Richard Harding Davis, author
of " Gallagher.” Illus., 12mo, pp. 228. Harper & Bros.
$1.25.
For Honor and Life. By William Westall, author of Her
Two Millions." 12mo, pp. 260. Harper & Bros. $1.25.
Life's Little Ironies: A Set of Tales ; with some Colloquial
Sketches entitled, A Few Crusted Characters. By Thomas
Hardy, author of "Tess of the D'Urbervilles." 12mo,
pp. 268. Harper & Bros. $1.25.
A Ward in Chancery. By Mrs. Alexander, author of “The
Wooing O't.” 16mo, pp. 304. D. Appleton & Co. $1.
The Story of Margrédel: Being a Fireside History of a
Fifeshire Family. Copyright American edition, 18mo,
uncut, red top, pp. 269. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.
Tales of a Nomad; or, Sport and Strife. By Charles Mon-
tague. 12mo, uncut, pp. 208. Longmans, Green, & Co.
$1.50.
The Bedouin Girl. By Mrs. S. J. Higginson, author of " A
Princess of Java." Illus., 16mo, pp. 347. J. Selwin Tait
& Sons. $1.25.
Cheap Jack Zita By S. Baring-Gould, author of "John
Hering.” Illus., 12mo, pp. 402. J. Selwin Tait & Sons.
$1.25.
Redgauntlet: A Tale of the Eighteenth Century. By Sir
Walter Scott, Bart. Dryburgh edition, illus., 12mo, un-
cut, pp. 459. Macmillan & Co. $1.25.
Donald Ross of Heimra. By William Black. New and
revised edition, 16mo, pp. 368. Harper & Bros. 80 cts.
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
The Life of Sir Harry Parkes, K.C.B., sometime Her Ma-
jesty's Minister to China and Japan. By Stanley Lane-
Poole, author of "Life of Viscount Stratford de Red-
cliffe." In 2 vols., illus., 8vo, uncut. Macmillan & Co. $8.
The Story of Two Noble Lives: Being Memorials of Char-
lotte, Countess Canning, and Louisa, Marchioness of Wa-
terford. By Augustus J. C. Hare, author of "Memorials
of a Quiet Life." In 3 vols., with portraits, 12mo, gilt
tops. A. D. F. Randolph & Co. $8.
Memoirs of William Nelson Pendleton, D.D., Rector
of Latimer Parish, Lexington, Va.; Brigadier-General,
C.S.A.; Chief of Artillery, Army of Northern Virginia.
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KATHARINE LAUDERDALE.
By F. MARION CRAWFORD, author of “Saracinesca," " Pietro Ghisleri,”! “Mr. Isaacs,” etc. With illustrations and a new
portrait of the author. In two volumes. Small 12mo, in a box, $2.00.
"To say that the most sanguine expectations which had been received concerning this latest of F. Marion Crawford's novels has been fully
met is to award it at once the highest praise. Mr. Crawford at his best is a great novelist, and in ‘Katharine Lauderdale 'we have him at his
best."- Boston Daily Advertiser.
A New Novel by the Author of “ The Stickit Minister."
THE RAIDERS.
Being Some Passages in the Life of John Faa, Lord and Earl of Little Egypt. By S. R. CROCKETT, author of "The Stickit
Minister, and Some Common Men." 12mo, $1.50.
“The Raiders' vibrates with sufficient action for a dozen ordinary novels. . . . It possesses a mingled strength and simplicity absolutely
Homeric."- The Outlook.
A New Book by the Author of “Miss Stuart's Legacy.”
A New Novel by the Author of "Robbery Under Arms."
The Flower of Forgiveness, and Other Stories.
A Modern Buccaneer.
By FLORA ANNIE STEEL. 12mo, $1.00.
By ROLF BOLDERWOOD. 12mo, $1.25.
A New Novel by the Author of " A Mere Cypher."
A VALIANT IGNORANCE.
By MARY ANGELA DICKENS, author of "A Mere Cypher," " Cross Currents,” etc. 12mo. Just Ready.
To be Ready April 17.
SOURCES OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.
Considered in Relation to Colonial and English History. By C. Ellis STEVENS, LL.D., D.C.L., F.S.A., Edin. 12mo.
Town Life in the Fifteenth Century.
European History. Period V.
By Mrs. JOHN RICHARD GREEN, author of “Henry the Sec-
A.D. 1598-1715.
ond." (Twelve English Statesmen Series.) 2 vols., 8vo, By H. O. WAKEMAN, M.A., Fellow of All Souls' College and
$5.00.
Tutor of Keble College, Oxford. 12mo, $1.40.
To be Ready Shortly. Vol. IV., New Edition.
The Diary of Samuel Pepys,
In the Press.
M.A., F.R.S., Clerk of the Acts and Secretary of the Admir-
The Friendship of Nature.
alty. Edited by HENRY B. WHEATLEY, F.S.A. In 8 vols.
Vol. IV., 12mo, with additions, $1.50.
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Vols. I., II., III. already published.
J. O. WRIGHT. 18mo, cloth, 75 cents.
Also an Edition, on Large Paper, limited to 100 copies, sold only Also a Large-Paper Edition, limited to 250 copies, with twelve
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full-page plates. Crown 8vo, $3.00.
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MACMILLAN & CO., No. 66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK.


THE DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, 82.00 a year in advance, postage
prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries
comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must
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current number. REMITTANCES should be by check, or by express or
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for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application ;
and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished
on application. All communications should be addressed to
THE DIAL, No. 24 Adams Street, Chicago.
No. 188.
APRIL 16, 1894.
Vol. XVI.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
EDUCATED MEN IN THE FOREIGN SER-
VICE.
231
.
ENGLISH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA.
Charles W. Kent.
233
235
.
COMMUNICATIONS
The Early Home of the Aryans. Julius E. Olson.
HENRIK IBSEN. William Morton Payne
236
THEORIES CONCERNING ART.
Hale, Jr..
Edward E.
.240
EDUCATED MEN IN THE FOREIGN
SERVICE.
The gravest of the charges brought against
democracy declares it incapable of selecting
suitable representatives for the performance of
its public functions. This charge is no mere
speculation, but rather an induction from suf-
ficient experience to give it considerable weight.
Our own experience of a century joins with the
briefer but no less emphatic experience of the
more democratic among the European com-
munities in showing, or tending to show, that
the rule of average opinion in a country results
in putting the average man into public office,
and that the average man is not often compe.
tent to perform the delicate and highly spe-
cialized work of administration. Even the
Athenian democracy, at the time when its rep-
resentatives were chosen by lot, was in better
case than our more modern examples, for the
average Athenian had a better training in the
duties of citizenship than is got by the average
Frenchman or American of to-day. If our
modern democracy cannot solve the problem of
making the common suffrage result in the se-
lection of uncommon men for public office, its
future is not promising, and its boastful pre-
dictions will prove anything but justified. That
the problem eventually will be solved, we firmly
believe; but the first step towards its solution
must be taken by forcing the popular conscious-
ness to a recognition of the fact that the prob-
lem exists, by getting a healthful spirit of un-
rest at work, instead of the complacent but
deadly optimism that has come to be thought
patriotic.
Civil service reform is, of course, one of the
agencies whereby thoughtful people expect to
see brought about the performance of work for
the public by persons selected upon a basis of
fitness for the work to be performed. But
what is at present practically understood by
reform in the civil service is only the beginning
of what must be accomplished before democracy
can safely lay aside that problem to engage
upon some of the others that will be certain to
confront it. When we shall have found out
how (or rather agreed, for we perfectly well
242
THE NATURAL AND THE SUPERNATURAL.
John Bascom
Bonham's Secularism. — De Molinari's Religion.
Sanday's Inspiration.--Newbolt's Speculum Sacerdo-
tum. - Hart's The Way, the Truth, and the Life.-
Stokes's Natural Theology. – Ward's Witnesses to
the Unseen. - The Trial of Dr. Briggs. – Barrows's
The World's Parliament of Religions. – Mercer's
Review of the World's Religious Congresses. — Mo-
zoomdar's Heart-Beats and The Spirit of God.
247
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
Astronomical Significance of Egyptian Temples. —
Rapid Sketches of English Life.- The treasures of
unprinted books.— The witticisms of some famous
wits.--Studies and essays on dramatic art.- Vene-
tian painters and paintings.-Studies of insect life.
- Contemporary biographies of Washington. - Fas-
cinating Stories of the Civil War.
BRIEFER MENTION .
. 250
.
.
NEW YORK TOPICS. Arthur Sted man
. 251
LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY
. 251
.
.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS
253
.
.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
253
.


232
[April 16,
THE DIAL
know how to organize without any reference has for many years been urged by all thought-
to politics the clerical forces of our municipal, ful persons having regard for our national dig.
state, and national governments, we shall still nity and honor. It is entirely practicable, for
have to face the difficulty of getting the right it is what every other important nation does as
men into the elective and higher appointive a matter of course, and what we ourselves do in
offices. If these are to remain what they now the naval and military branches of our public
are, the stake of the professional politician and service. We might criticise some of the details
the sport of popular caprice, the cause of civil of the bill, such as the low scale of salaries
pro-
service reform, even if triumphant upon the posed, the failure to recognize certain univer-
lines now laid down by its devoted champions, sity degrees as evidence of fitness in lieu of
will have won but a dubious and imperfect vic- examination, the proposition to examine exist-
tory. The stability of its triumph will, more ing incumbents, and some aspects of the ma-
over, remain uncertain, constantly menaced by chinery suggested for the work of reorganiza-
powerful adverse influences.
tion and of examination. But the plan as a
It is because of these considerations that we whole is so commendable, and its adoption would
welcome, as a step in the right direction, the prove of such incalculable value to the nation,
bill for a reorganization of our diplomatic and that we are not disposed to dwell upon
minor
consular service, just introduced into the United objections.
States Senate by Mr. Morgan. Our foreign That almost anything would be better than
service is not numerically important, but a the state of things existing in our foreign serv-
great deal depends upon its efficiency, and it is ice is apparent to most serious people, and to
peculiarly well fitted to serve as an object-lesson all who have had occasion to observe the work-
in administration. How completely demoralings of that service in foreign countries. Our
ized it has been in the past, and still is, may recent experiences with a South American re-
be read in many a paper upon the subject (such, public provided a humiliating object-lesson in
for example, as Mr. Wharton's recent review the consequences of using diplomatic appoint-
article), and illustrated from the recollections ments for the payment of political debts. Every
of every intelligent American who has kept an American who has lived for any length of time
eye upon public affairs for a few years past. in foreign capitals knows how we suffer as a
What it might become is well enough shown nation from the frequent incompetency of our
by a glance at the similar service of France, or representatives. The American minister or
England, or any other nation of the first class. consul and his queer doings furnish in almost
Senator Morgan's bill proposes to take the for every important European city the subject of
eign service out of politics, and make of it a a choice collection of anecdotes to which every
professional career that may be chosen by a newly arrived American colonist is called upon
young man just as he chooses law or divinity. to listen with feelings of mingled amusement
It provides for a systematic classification of the and shame. In some cities, the antics of a suc-
diplomatic and consular posts, for entrance ex cession of American representatives becomes
aminations in foreign languages and such sub- fused into a sort of legendary epic, from which
jects as history and political science, for promo the type alone emerges, the individual being
tions based upon merit, and for fixity of tenure lost to sight. That he is not dear to the mem-
unless incumbents shall prove inefficient. Such ory of self-respecting Americans goes without
an organization of our foreign service would saying. Of course, our haphazard system of
certainly attract the best sort of men, for it pitchforking office-seekers into diplomatic and
would insure the proper qualifications, and consular offices, with regard to neither their
would open as definite a career as is now of training, nor their culture, nor the peculiar re-
fered by the military and naval services. The quirements of the posts to which they are re-
two highest grades of diplomatic appointments spectively assigned, sometimes results in a for-
are not included within the proposed scheme, tunate selection. But in view of the whole
and it is not well that they should be at pres measure of our offending, there is little conso-
ent. But twenty years from now, with such a lation in the thought that we did contrive to
reformed service in full operation for that pe- send Taylor to Germany, Motley to Vienna,
riod, there would be no good reason for going and Lowell to Madrid and the Court of St.
outside the ranks even for the selection of am James. And for the sake of having a body of
bassadors and ministers plenipotentiary. thoroughly educated and cultivated gentlemen
Such a plan as Senator Morgan contemplates in our foreign service, of providing them with an
-


1894.]
233
THE DIAL
occupation that they might honorably select to ture ever offered in America was planned and car-
follow as a life-calling, most of us would gladly ried out by three University of Virginia graduates,
consent to see even the highest posts filled by who were associated in the management of a school
regular promotion from the ranks, and to re-
for young ladies. But the interest in the English
nounce the privilege of occasionally honoring
language and literature, indicated by the import-
a distinguished man of letters by making him
ance attached to them by the founder of the Uni-
versity and her sons, did not manifest itself in any
our officially accredited representative in some
very active development of their study. These sub-
foreign capital.
jects, at first assigned to the chairs of Modern Lan-
guages and of Philosophy, and later grouped in part
with History, were not recognized as a distinct de-
ENGLISH AT THE UNIVERSITY partment until 1882, when Professor James M. Gar-
OF VIRGINIA.*
nett was elected Professor of English Language and
Literature. Ten years later, in 1892, the Board of
It has been pointed out by Professor March that
Visitors created the Linden Kent Memorial School
the study of English in America may be traced to
of English Literature. The establishment of this
two men, Noah Webster and Thomas Jefferson. It
chair enables Professor Garnett to devote his entire
is well known that as early as 1818 Mr. Jefferson
time to English Language, while the new chair in-
included Anglo-Saxon “ as a part of the circle of in-
cludes Rhetoric and Belles Lettres besides English
struction to be given to the students ” of his pro Literature.
jected University. When the University of Vir-
With the full freedom of election characteristic
ginia was finally opened, in 1825, Anglo-Saxon was
of this institution since its foundation, young men
included in the courses offered, and from that day
to the present it has always been given. But it was
may pursue courses in either or both of these schools.
In the School of the English Language, B.A., M.A.,
intrusted, along with some eight or ten modern lan-
and Ph.D. courses are offered. A synopsis of these
guages, to Dr. Blätterman, whose time must have
been very fully occupied. After him, Dr. Kraitsir
courses is herewith given:
occupied the chair for two years; and in 1844 Dr.
B.A. Course: Modern English. In this class,
M. Schele De Vere entered upon his distinguished
the study of the English drama and of the descrip-
career, which with the end of the present session
tive history of the language is pursued. Shake-
rounds out its fifty years. It is computed that since
speare is made a special subject of study. The
the establishment of the University about seven
critical study of one or two plays of Shakespeare,
hundred students have elected courses in Anglo-
with private reading of about a fourth of the plays,
Saxon. But the influence of Jefferson was not lim-
is followed by similar study of selected works of
ited to the University of Virginia. Professor March,
other dramatic authors. Lectures on the history of
trained under the Websterian influence, but ac-
the Elizabethan drama are given in connection with
quainted by residence in Virginia with the work of
the study of Shakespeare. These treat the early
the University of Virginia, was called in 1857 to
dramatic forms prevalent in England, the rise of
Lafayette College, where “ English and Anglo regular comedy and tragedy, the Pre-Shakespear-
Saxon as a separate department of philological study ian dramatists, the Shakespearian period, and the
coördinate with Latin and Greek was first recog-
Post-Shakespearian dramatists to the close of the
nized. The influence that had previously led to the
theatres in 1642. The study of the English drama
study of English at Lafayette was Jeffersonian.
occupies the first half-session; that of the history
Professor March says:
“ Mr. Jefferson's plans for
of English treated from an elementary point of
his University attracted attention through the whole
view, the second half-session. The course closes
country, and it was very likely on their suggestion
with the reading of some work in practical illustra-
that the founders of Lafayette College, which was
tion of the formation of English. The aim is to
chartered in 1826, made the study of Anglo-Saxon
give such a knowledge of the history of the lan-
and English prominent in their proposed curricu-
guage as every educated man should possess. Three
lum.”
lectures a week are given.
There is a tradition - how well-grounded it is
The object of the B.A. course is to treat specific
impossible to say without further examination
periods of the language from both a philological and
that the first distinctive course in English Litera- literary point of view, stress being laid upon the
former; and the Shakespearian period has been se-
This article is the sixth of an extended series on the Teach lected as that best suited to the beginner, and per-
ing of English at American Colleges and Universities, of
which the following have already appeared in THE DIAL:
haps the most interesting.
English at Yale University, by Professor Albert S. Cook M. A. Course: Old and Middle English. - In
(Feb. 1); English at Columbia College, by Professor Bran this class the historical and philological study of the
der Matthews (Feb. 16); English at Harvard University, by language is pursued, the class beginning with its
Professor Barrett Wendell (March 1); English at Stanford
University, by Professor Melville B. Anderson (March 16);
oldest forms, and tracing the language, by the
and English at Cornell University, by Professor Hiram Cor study of specimens, through its different periods to
son (April 1).- [Edr. DIAL.]
the formation of modern English. After a thorough


234
[April 16,
THE DIAL
study of the grammar, selected pieces of Old and English Literature prior to Chaucer; (b) English
Middle English prose and poetry are read, with Literature from Chaucer to Dryden; (c) English
a view to acquiring a philological knowledge of the Literature from Anne to Victoria.
origin and structure of English. Lectures on the Besides general references published in the Cata-
position of English in the Indo-European family of logue, numerous special references for authors, pe-
languages, and on the history of the language, are riods, works, etc., are given throughout the course.
also given. These treat in outline the other branches In addition to the various written exercises of the
of the Indo-European family of languages, and in class, five essays are required of each student ap-
detail the Teutonic branch. Special stress is laid plying for graduation in the B. A. course.
upon the development of the language during the M. A. Course. In this course there are occa-
Old and Middle English periods, and the infusion sional lectures, but in general the exercises of the
of the Romance elements which so greatly affected class are conducted by means of questions, conver-
its character. The study of Old English (Anglo-sations, and conference. Readings are assigned,
Saxon) occupies the first half-session ; that of Mid- independent investigations insisted upon, and writ-
dle English the second half-session. In addition to ten reports required from time to time. The stu-
what is read in class, assigned parallel reading of dents are encouraged to form their own judgments,
Old and Middle English works is also required. and to express these orally and in writing. Refer-
It is well for the student to have studied the his-
ences for each author or period studied are given,
tory of English as given in the class of Modern En and the free use of the library in this and all courses
glish, or some similar course, before entering upon is cordially recommended. There are four and a
the study of the course in Old and Middle English, half hours a week. As an essential part of this
although this is not essential, as the two may be course a dissertation showing independent and orig-
studied together. Some antecedent philological inal work is required.
study is, however, necessary. The aim is to lay the Ph. D. Course. This course will be, in some
foundation for more advanced studies in English
measure, adapted to the needs of the students de-
Philology There are three lectures a week.
siring to pursue it. Its purposes will be to culti-
Ph.D. Course. - In this course, to which the vate more fully the love of letters, to encourage in-
M. A. course is a necessary preparation, the method dependent and scholarly research, and to further
pursued is freer, and the taste of the individual stu the art of literary expression. It will include the
dent is consulted to a greater degree. The more study of some writer, or school of writers, or of
advanced study of English Philology is the general some period or movement of literature, and will
subject ; and whether the students shall accomplish take into consideration the political, social, and lit-
this by a more extensive reading of Old and Mid erary characteristics of the time under discussion.
dle English works, or by a study of Gothic as the
In conclusion it may be said that the relations
basis for comparative study of the Teutonic lan-
existing here between students and professors is so
guages, is left to the student himself. In either cordial and frank that there is no lack of oppor-
case, encouragement to individual research is given tunity for personal contact and conference. This
by the requirements of a dissertation on some sub enables the Professor of Rhetoric to supplement
ject cognate with the course pursued. In all classes the written correction of essays and the general re-
the work is not limited to that assigned for class marks before the class by private conversation and
preparation, but a course of parallel or private read individual advice. On the other hand, some of the
ing is prescribed, on which also the class is duly best of these essays are published in the “Univer-
examined.
sity of Virginia Magazine.” This students' publica-
In the Linden Kent Memorial School of English tion and their weekly “College Topics” are appre-
Literature, as in the School of the English Lan ciated adjuncts to the work in composition ; while
guage, three courses are offered.
the debating societies, in lieu of systematic training
B. A. Course. The class meets three hours a in oratory, give abundant opportunity for practice
week throughout the session. For convenience of in speaking.
presentation, the course is divided as follows:
The foundation for the library (now about 52,-
1, Rhetoric. This comprises a careful study of 000 volumes) was judiciously laid by the purchase
the principles of style and of invention in prose dis of works of permanent and substantial value, and
course, with exercise in essay-writing and in the crit the wisdom which characterized the selection made
ical analysis of selected specimens of English prose. by the first professors has in the main been exhib-
2, Versification. This course is based on the Pro ited by later literary committees. The library is
fessor's notes on Poetics. The lectures discuss the stronger in English Literature prior to the nine-
ories and principles of versification, morphology of teenth century than it is in the products of this cen-
verse, history of verse forms, kinds of poetry, etc. tury or of our own country, but the deficiencies are
Class exercises of various kinds are assigned from fully recognized and the want is being supplied as
time to time.
fast as limited means allow.
3, History of English Literature. This course
CHARLES W. KENT.
comprises : - (a) Lectures on the Development of Professor of English Literature, University of Virginia.


1894.]
235
THE DIAL
COMMUNICATIONS.
author “ wisely contents himself with stating the various
arguments in favor of a European and an Asiatic site,
and leaves the choice to his readers.” Now, as a mat-
ter of fact, Clark does not state the arguments in favor
of an Asiatic site any more fully than is given in the
extract from p. lviii., and there only to pronounce against
it. The time has come for repudiating the Asiatic the-
ory. There is not one single indisputable argument to
commend it.
JULIUS E. OLSON.
University of Wisconsin, April 5, 1894.
THE EARLY HOME OF THE ARYANS.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Your issue of March 16 contains a review of Clark's
“ Manual of Linguistics,” under the heading of “ Pop-
ular Studies in Language,” in which the following state-
ment is made : “ As regards the early home of the
Aryans, our author wisely contents himself with stat-
ing the various arguments in favor of a European and
an Asiatic site, and leaves the choice to his readers.
He seems to show, however, a leaning towards Schrader's
selection of Eastern Iran.”
Knowing that Schrader abandoned the Asiatic theory
a number of years ago (see his Sprachvergleichung und
Urgeschichte, 1883), I was somewhat startled at the
above statement, and upon examining Clark's work was
surprised to find that the author not only showed no
predilection for the Asiatic theory, but did not even rep-
resent Schrader as favoring it. This the following ex-
tracts from his book will show:
“ If it be right to locate, with Schrader, the original
home in the district of the Middle Volga," etc. (P. xxix.)
“ The absence of common names for ass and camel
does not suggest an Asiatic site for the original home.”
(P. liii.)
“ It falls now to utilize all that has been learnt regard-
ing Aryan culture to assist in determining the scene of
the joint-life. This used to be laid in Asia. The prim-
itiveness of Sanskrit, the ancient civilization and tradi-
tional antiqueness of the East, the reputation of Asia
as the officina gentium, all tended to the allocation of an
Asiatic site as the scene of the joint life. Primitiveness
of language proves nothing as to primitive home, and
the presence of archaic traits in a language manifestly
does not prove its speakers autochthonous in the dis-
trict or zone." (P. lviii.)
Concerning Schrader's contention for a European ori-
gin, Clark says: "Schrader's theory of the original home
is plausible, well-reasoned out, and merits attention.”
After having given a brief account of it, he adds: “A
good case is thus made out for the site tentatively
chosen as the scene of the joint-life. The inductions
that an examination of the language caused to be drawn
are fairly well borne out by the objective realities of
the steppe country of the Middle Volga.” (P. Ixiii.)
But the author goes on to say: “It seems to me that
Hirt ( Die Urheimat der Indogermanen,' Brugmann's
Journal, Vol. I., p. 464) has picked some holes in this
theory. . . . If this presentation of cognates is correct,
the site chosen for the original home must be one where
the four Indo-European trees (the birch, the willow,
the pine, and the oak) grow together. Such a condi-
tion throws out of count not only Asia, but Schrader's
steppe country. The site must be European and wooded,
and Hirt pitches on the country on the Baltic just out-
side the N. E. corner of the beech zone." (P. Ixix.)
Would it not seem from this that Clark rather has a
“leaning towards” Hirt's selection of the Baltic country?
After having read Clark's book I was at first at a loss
to account for Professor Dodge's slip, but I think the
following sentence from Clark (p. Ixi.) will show what,
in a hasty reading, has misled him: “The choice of
Eastern Iran as the scene of the Indo-Iranian period
of common culture has much to recommend it.” Evi-
dently he has read Indo-Iranian as being synonymous
with Indo-European.
Just a word more: Professor Dodge says that the
Two jurists of the highest eminence, a great English
orientalist, and a popular American novelist crowd the
literary death-roll of the closing days of last month.
Sir James Fitzjames Stephen (born in 1829) found time
to do the work of a journalist for many years, contrib-
uting, among other things, to “ The Saturday Review
those remarkable historical papers that have recently
been published in book form as “Horæ Sabbaticæ."
He also wrote a profound treatise on “ Liberty, Fra-
ternity, and Equality,” a “History of the Criminal Law
of England," and " The Story of Naucomar," which lat-
ter work showed the career of Warren Hastings in its
true light, and relegated Macaulay's famous essay to
the realm of fancy or of fable. George Ticknor Curtis
(born in 1812) was the author of many legal works of
standard value, as well as of biographies of James Bu-
chanan and Daniel Webster, “ John Charaxes, a Tale
of the Civil War in America,” and a “Constitutional
History of the United States.” William Robertson
Smith (born in 1846) was of the first eminence as a
student of Hebrew and Arabic. As the former, he pub-
lished “The Old Testament in the Jewish Church,”
« The Prophets of Israel and their Place in History,"
“ Lectures on the Religion of the Semites," and the
« Old Testament" article in the “ Encyclopædia Brit-
annica," which brought him into bad odor with the or-
thodox and into high esteem with scientific theologians.
In Arabic, he succeeded the lamented Palmer at Cam-
bridge, and occupied the chair of Arabic at the time of
his death. Mrs. Jane G. Austin will be remembered
as the author of a remarkable series of novels of early
life in Massachusetts, “Standish of Standish” being
perhaps the best of them, although many votes will be
recorded for “ A Nameless Nobleman.” She depicted
the Puritan life nd che cter with both knowledge and
sympathy, and endeared herself to all readers having
New England blood in their veins.
Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes is reported to have said
in a recent conversation, apropos of his autobiography:
“I work at the memoirs an hour or two each day, and
am making satisfactory progress. That is, I have about
one-half completed of all I shall write. Then I shall
place the manuscript in the hands of my publishers, and
they will keep it in their safe until I shall have passed
away. My belief has always been that a man's memoirs
should be distinctly posthumous, and I shall carry out
that belief in my own case.”
Mr. Gladstone's Hawarden library, consisting of over
twenty-four thousand volumes, having been placed in
the iron building constructed for it, he has just issued
a circular declaring it ready for the use of students,
lay and clerical, of any age, of inquirers, and of clergy
or others desiring times of rest”; and he does not de-
sire the visits to it of mere sightseers. It is expected
that students will reside in the hostelry adjoining.
66


236
(April 16,
THE
DIAL
This is per-
been laden with some message.
The New Books.
haps the chief characteristic of modern, as
distinguished from earlier, poetry. Goethe's
HENRIK IBSEN. *
message was that the experience a man gets
is the experience he needs, that we may find
With respect to the fundamental classifica- in our environment the means of the broad-
tion of poets, the classification based upon the est culture if we will but determine, once and
distinction between poetic form and poetic for all, to do away with half-measures and all
thought, between energy and beauty of expres- forms of incompleteness, and live with fixed
sion, Dr. Ibsen must be ranked with the in- resolve in the whole, the good, and the beauti-
ferior class, with the class of poets who aim
ful. Hugo's message was that of the Gospel
to say things forcibly rather than to say them repeated, of the brotherhood of man and the
beautifully, with the Brownings rather than
freedom of the soul. Shelley's message took
with the Tennysons. Like all the greater poets the form of a dazzling dream of the future,
of this class, he offers abundant evidence of held up for the comfort and the inspiration of
the ability to express himself in supremely ex-
men battling with the darkness and the folly
cellent form, but obviously does not care to
of the present. Wordsworth's message was
make the effort except upon rare occasions. one of healing and consolation. Arnold shall
Nearly always his chief purpose is to say some tell us what it was :
thing forcibly; hence he uses prose or verse
“He found us when the age had bound
indifferently as the vehicle of expression. With
Our souls in its benumbing round;
what energy he is able to embody an idea, how
He spoke, and loosed our heart in tears;
He laid us as we lay at birth
provocative of thought and discussion is his di-
On the cool flowery lap of earth,
rect and compact mode of speech, we have all
Smiles broke from us and we had ease;
The hills were round us, and the breeze
seen in the little drama of “A Doll Home," and
Went o'er the sun-lit fields again;
in the eager interest with which that compara-
Our foreheads felt the wind and rain.
tively unimportant play was received a few years
Our youth return'd; for there was shed
On spirits that had long been dead,
ago by our reading public. And it excited the
Spirits dried up and closely furl'd,
same eager interest in the Scandinavian coun-
The freshness of the early world."
tries when it first appeared. It is stated upon It takes no Browning Club to discern what
excellent authority that in Stockholm, the win- Browning's message was. We may find it any-
ter of the production of this piece, invitations where in his pages, and perhaps as well as any-
to social gatherings often included a particular where else in “ Pippa Passes":
request that guests should abstain from dis-
“God's in his Heaven,
All's right with the world."
cussing “A Doll Home.” How often we all
wished that some such practice might obtain And Tennyson's message ? That, too, seems
during the acute stages of the “ Robert Els- clear enough. It is, if anywhere, in the sec-
mere fever! This incident shows
ond “ Locksley Hall”:
very clearly
how imperative is the demand made by Dr.
“Follow Light, and do the Right-for man can half-control
his doom-
Ibsen upon the attention of his readers. Far
Till you find the deathless Angel seated in the vacant tomb."
more, even, than the play mentioned do such
Now, Dr. Ibsen's message may be described
works as “Brand” and “ Peer Gynt,” the
as an intensified form of Goethe's. The in-
poet's real masterpieces, rivet the attention and junction of both alike is to live wholly, to make
stimulate the thought. For their author is dis- life as complete as possible ; but Goethe lays
tinctly a poet with a message. To borrow a
more stress upon range, upon wideness and di-
phrase applied by Professor Royce to Hegel, versity of interest. Dr. Ibsen, on the other
and far more truly applicable to the subject of hand, with all the emphasis at his command,
these remarks, he is one of the most note- enjoins an absolutely consistent and unflinch-
worthy of all the chosen instruments through ing persistence in some definitely chosen pat
which, in our times, the Spirit has spoken.' of life. Both Goethe and Dr. Ibsen appeal to
Nearly all nineteenth century poetry has
us to do away with incompleteness, with vacil-
* BRAND. A Dramatic Poem in Five Acts. By Henrik
lation, with “ halfness,” to use the latter poet's
Ibsen. Translated in the Original Metres, with an Introduc favorite word; but Goethe's meaning is that
tion and Notes, by C. H. Herford, Litt.D., M.A. New York:
we should be broad and catholic in our view,
Charles Scribner's Sons.
A COMMENTARY ON THE WRITINGS OF HENRIK IBSEN.
while Dr. Ibsen's meaning is merely that we
By Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen. New York: Macmillan & Co. should follow out logically whatever course we
In


1894.]
237
THE DIAL
for rev-
have chosen. With him, the distinction be them. Men still call for special revolutions -
tween good and bad is not half so important thing is trumpery. It is the human soul that must re-
olutions in politics, in externals. But all that sort of
as the distinction between hesitancy and firm-
volt."
ness, between the haphazard life and the life
But the Paris Commune came with its excesses;
that has a purpose of some sort.
then the inevitable reaction, and the hopes thus
"If pleasure's thrall
Thou art, be that from year to year;
expressed were rudely dashed to the earth.
But be not that to-day, to-morrow,
This plea for individualism, one of the strong-
And then next year a prey to sorrow;
Be altogether what thou art, –
est that have ever been made, is chiefly embod-
Be something wholly, not in part!”
ied in two great dramatic poems, "Brand"
We moderns bungle our lives so unspeakably and "Peer Gynt.” Nothing could be more
because we are so ready to make concessions ; instructive than a detailed analysis of these two
because we bow down to the spirit of compro-
works; but such an analysis would take us far
mise in order to get along comfortably with beyond the limits of this brief paper. The
our fellow-men.
What Dr. Ibsen says upon
barest outline must content us here. 66 Peer
this point has no uncertain sound. Being a
Being a Gynt” is a semi-allegorical creation, suggestive,
dramatist, his characters do not always give with its richness of incident and bewildering
expression to his own opinions ; but we may be scene-shifting, with its variety of figures real
sure that Brand is speaking for the author when, and fanciful, of nothing so much as of the sec-
after a vehement harangue addressed to the ond part of Goethe's “Faust.” Peer Gynt,
wavering multitude, he tells them that the Spirit like Faust, sees something of the lesser and
of compromise is no other than Satan him the greater world, and works out a rude sort of
self.
salvation for himself; although the certainty of
In other words, Dr. Ibsen stands for indi- any sort of salvation for him remains problem-
vidualism first and last. A man's first duty to
atical enough at the end, for the drama closes
himself and to the world is to make sure that he with the menace of the melting-pot-into which
is an individual; not a thing of cross-purposes
all souls that have frittered away their individ-
and wavering impulses, a caricature of human. uality are cast to be melted over for the sake
ity. The modern State — especially the mili-
of the raw material — hanging over him, and
tary State — with its paternalisms and its arti the suggested possibility of redemption is, as
ficial class distinctions, is the curse that rests with Faust, through the instrumentality of a
upon individualism at present. Revolutions do woman's faith and unswerving devotion. For
not accomplish much, for they only substitute in Peer Gynt Dr. Ibsen has presented, with all
one form of machinery for another, and the in-
the satirical energy at his command, what he
dividual remains almost as trammelled as ever. conceives to be the essentially modern type of
The only revolution that ever amounted to any.
character: the soul that has stood for nothing
thing, that was not hopelessly mismanaged from positive, either good or bad, that has failed to
the start, was the Deluge; and even that re-
assert its individual dignity, that has lived in
sulted in Noah's assumption of a dictatorship, dreams and in concessions, not in act and con-
affording a prototype for the action of the First sistent purpose.
Consul some thousands of
years afterwards. In Brand, on the other hand, the poet pre-
Dr. Ibsen watched with much interest the de sents us with what is clearly his ideal type of
velopments of the War of 1870 and the crea character. He pictures him as a village priest,
tion of the new French Republic. Here at last although he might just as well, for the purpose
seemed to be the opportunity for a new order of the work, have pictured him as engaged in
of things. He wrote to a friend :
any other calling. But, since he is a priest, a
“ The old illusory France has gone to pieces; when priest he will be with all his heart and soul.
the new actual Prussia likewise shall go to pieces, we “ All or nothing" is the stern formula which
shall advance with a leap into the coming age. Hej! sums up his creed, and in the light of which
how ideas will tumble about us ! And it will be high
time, in truth. For up to date we have been but living Providence into a little mountain village far to
he shapes his own life. Thrown by chance or
upon the crumbs from the revolutionary table of the
last century, and that food has been long enough chewed the north, he renounces the ambition that would
and re-chewed. Our concepts call for new meanings impel him to seek a wider field for his activity,
and new explanations. Liberty, equality, and fraternity
and devotes himself utterly to his mission. His
are no longer what they were in the days of the guillo-
tine, of blessed memory. This is just what the politi-
mother lies at the point of death, but is un-
cians will not understand, and for that reason I hate regenerate, according to his strict interpreta-


238
[April 16,
THE DIAL
tion of the divine behest; he refuses to bear and provided with notes and an elaborate in-
the consolations of religion to her bedside, and troduction. The prose translation published
she dies in despair. His child falls a victim by Mr. William Wilson two years ago, was,
to the severity of the climate, but Brand will from the very fact of being in prose, hopelessly
not forsake his mission for the chance of saving inadequate to embody the passionate energy of
its life. Last of all, his dearly beloved wife the original. „Professor Herford's translation
pines away and dies in the struggle, strong in gives us both the substance and the form, and
spirit but weak in the flesh. No amount of
No amount of everyone acquainted with the original knows
suffering can make him swerve one inch from them to be inseparable.
them to be inseparable. Moreover, he has re-
the path of duty as he understands it. Yet produced the form with singular fidelity, al-
he is not hard-hearted; on the contrary, there | though it is so difficult to put into English
is something quite ineffable in the depth and mould that we frankly admit having doubted
tenderness of his human feelings. But his call the possibility of anyone doing at all what Pro-
ing demands absolute and unflinching devo- fessor Herford has now so triumphantly accom-
tion, and shall have it as long as life endures. plished. His version reads, for the most part,
He cries in the hour of his anguish :
like an English poem,
and
many
of its passages
“Be steadfast to the end, my soul,
seem to us quite as strong and as beautiful as
All to renounce is victory's goal;
the original. We will not cavil about a few
What we gain is ours never,
trifling defects here and there, when the work
What we lose we gain forever!”
And, contrasted with the splendid heroism, mendation. To one slight matter, however, we
as a whole is deserving of such cordial com-
moral and physical, of his life, we have all the
must call a moment's attention. The two bits
petty and provincial types of character that
of macaronic verse that occur in the poem
have
abound in such a village, and one by one they been translated into plain English; and we
come under the lash of the poet's merciless
cannot but think that much of the intended ef-
satire. There is the sexton, the type of petty fect has thereby been lost. There is something
officialdom, who does not dare to exhibit ordi-
too characteristic to be spared about Brand's
nary human feeling —
last passionate cry:
"Not even he who would be can
“Svar mig, Gud, i döden's slug ! -
At once official be, and man."
Gælder ej et frelsens fnug
There is the bailiff, who has no conception of
Mandeviljens quantum satis-
any higher life-purpose than that of perform and the voice that calls from above, as the ava-
ing, with strict regard to rule, the functions of lanche overwhelms him :
his office. And then there is the dean, Brand's
“Han er deus caritatis !"
ecclesiastical superior, who looks upon religion The ending is thus translated :
as a convenient instrument for the
preservation
BRAND.
of the social order, and upon the Church as
“God, I plunge into death's night, -
Shall they wholly miss thy Light
being merely a part of the mechanism of the
Who unto man's utmost might
State. Against all these narrow theories and
Will'd - ?
influences Brand pits himself, single-handed,
A VOICE.
“He is the God of Love."
and wages with magnificent energy and single-
ness of purpose the hopeless fight. There are
Since the translator has given us one macar-
few more impressive things anywhere in litera- onic bit of his own devising -
ture than the story of the words and acts of
“My worthy friend, I needs must hold
His breeding scarcely quantum suff.
this man—this type of what the poet conceives
For whom it is not great enough”-
man could and might make himself, had he but he might have kept for us the Latin phrases
the will to do so. To us, at least, this work
that Dr. Ibsen saw fit to employ upon two crit-
has for nearly twenty years past been a source ical occasions.
of consolation and inspiration. We have often
It only remains for us to exhibit the quality
recurred to it, and each time with a deepened of Professor Herford's work by an extract or
sense of its almost matchless energy and eleva two. The satirical aspect of the poem appears
tion. As a moral tonic, the work has few equals to advantage in a conversation between Brand
in literature.
and the Bailiff (Fogden). The latter seeks to
It is, then, with peculiar gratification that condone the degeneracy of his townsmen by
we welcome the English translation of "Brand" recalling the fact that their ancestors made for
that has just been made by Professor Herford, I themselves a name in history.
?
79


1894.]
239
THE DIAL
may
THE BAILIFF.
Let the other nations glow,
Let the mighty meet the foe,
“Now the land's dwindled and decay'd,
We can ill afford to bleed,
But our renown still lives in story.
The days of our reputed glory
We are weak, may fairly plead
From a giants' war exemption,
Were when the great King Bele sway'd.
Need not offer All as meed
Many a tale is still related
For our fraction of Redemption.
About the brothers Wulf and Thor,
Not for us the cup He drank,
And gallant fellows by the score,
Not for us the thorny wreath
Went harrying to the British shore,
In His temples drove its teeth,
And plunder'd till their heart was sated.
The Southrons shriek'd with quivering lip,
Not for us the spear-shaft sank
In the Side whose life was still.
*Lord, help us from these fierce men's grip';
Not for us the burning thrill
And these fierce men,' beyond all doubt,
Of the nails that clove and tore.
Had from our harbours sallied out.
We, the weak, the least accounted,
And how these rovers wreak'd their ire,
Battle-summons may ignore !
And dealt out death with sword and fire !
Not for us the Cross He mounted !
Nay, legend names a lion-hearted
Just the stirrup-slash's stain,
Hero that took the cross; in verity,
Just the gash the cobbler scored
It is not mentioned that he started
In the shoulder of the Lord,
BRAND.
Is our portion of His Pain!"
“He left behind a large posterity,
This promise-maker?
These extracts sufficiently illustrate the spirit
and the manner of Professor Herford's trans-
THE BAILIFF.
“Yes, indeed;
lation, and hardly less the spirit and the man-
But how came you to ?
ner of the original poem. We
add that
BRAND.
the translator's introduction is an admirable
“O, I read
piece of thinking. This, for example, is a sin-
His features clearly in the breed
Of promise-heroes of to-day,
gularly profound saying about Dr. Ibsen's
Who take the cross in just his way."
work: “ His most vehement teaching is apt to
Satire gives way to indignant scorn, when, in be coupled with the materials for criticising it.
the subsequent scene with the Doctor, Brand His most definite and dominant thoughts come
is told that to be humane is the first of the mod to the surface laden with that tangle of counter-
ern commandments.
thought which gathers about every peremptory
“Humanity! - That sluggard phrase
conclusion in the depths of a critical mind.”
Is the world's watchword nowadays.
Professor Boyesen's recent Commentary
With this each bungler hides the fact
That he dare not and will not act;
on the Writings of Henrik Ibsen” consists of
With this each weakling masks the lie,
a lengthy introduction, followed by a dozen or
That he'll risk all for victory;
With this each dastard dares to cloak
more chapters upon as many separate plays.
Vows faintly rued and lightly broke ;
These chapters were originally written with lit-
Your puny spirits will turn Man
tle reference to one another, and published in
Himself Humanitarian !
The Dial and other periodicals. Taken sep-
Was God 'humane' when Jesus died ?
Had YOUR God then his counsel given,
arately, they are interesting ; but taken as a
Christ at the cross for grace had cried
whole, they do not make a very satisfactory
And the Redemption signified
A diplomatic note from Heaven!"
book. There are many evidences of haste in
The height of passionate expression is reached
the preparation of this “ Commentary,” and
in the last act, when Brand, spurned by the quite unworthy of the translator. Still, it is
some of the verse translations interspersed are
people whom he has sought to lead to a higher well that such a critical review of the whole of
life, and driven out into the ice-bound moun-
Dr. Ibsen's work should have been placed be-
tain wilderness, reviews the past and forecasts
fore English readers, many of whom base a
the future in the magnificent soliloquy of which
distorted notion of the Norwegian poet upon
these are the closing verses (the particular his-
a few of the social dramas, these being, to one
torical reference being to Norway's virtual re-
who knows his Ibsen, relatively unimportant.
fusal to join with Denmark in repelling the Occasionally Professor Boyesen says a notable
Prussian and Austrian invasion of 1864):
thing, as when he remarks that in writing
“ Direr visions, direr doom,
“ Brand” and “ Peer Gynt" the author polar-
Glare upon me through the gloom.
Craft, the wolf, with howl and yell,
ized himself. And thoughtful readers of the
Bays at Wisdom, sun of earth ;
great Norwegian will assent to our commenta-
Cries of ruin ring to North,
Calls to arms by fjord and fell;
tor's closing words:
And the pigmy, quaking, grim,
“Though not always agreeing with Ibsen, I am greatly
Hisses : What is that to him?'
indebted to him for having kindled in my mind many


240
(April 16,
THE DIAL
sparks of vital thought, and aroused my interest in sub Leaving ethics on one side, as far as the
jects of vast concern which formerly I passed by with present article is concerned, there are several
the Pharisee, and the Levite, and the rest of the re-
spectable herd. He has the courage to look the ugli-
books among the recent publications which are
est truths in the face without flinching, and to record interesting from the scientific point of view.
what he sees and feels with a relentless disregard of Just at present the scientific æsthetician is very
revered conventionalities. What he offers is not food scientific indeed. In fact, it is often quite im-
for babes; but to a mature mind it is wholesome and
stimulating reading."
possible for the average unscientific reader to
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
understand a word of what he is saying. One
is inclined at first to resent this difficulty, as
Macaulay resented his inability to understand
Kant: it
may
be that the reason is the same.
THEORIES CONCERNING ART.*
Whether this be or no, Mr. Marshall, in his
The garden of art has been rather invaded, treatise on “ Pain, Pleasure, and Æsthetics,"
in these latter years, by the lovers of wisdom
realizes the situation and provides against any
from the one side and by the lovers of man such protest. His book is, first and foremost,
kind from the other. The philanthropists have a treatise in Psychology; but, as he himself
urged that the flowers be cut for baskets to remarks, he hopes to interest the artist and the
send out to the hospitals, or else decocted into general reader.
general reader. For these last, therefore, he
herb-teas for suffering humanity, or even that
has resumed the sum of each chapter in lan-
essences might be distilled from them for the guage that they can understand. Elsewhere
making of panaceas. The philosophers, at first he feels free to be technical; but even here
content with mingling reminiscences of the gar “the average reader can sometimes follow
den with their other dreams, have now conde- him, although it must be confessed that he will
scended to more particular acts of usefulness. often find himself beyond his depth. Mr.
Some of them analyze the flowers after the Marshall's book is a special treatise, and M.
most rigid botanical methods; others devise Souriau's “La Suggestion dans l’Art” is an-
the most scientific means for improving their other. But the latter, perhaps because the au-
growth ; and others, finding the garden agreea-
thor is a Frenchman, is not only expressed in
ble to such as happen past, explain to those for terms comprehensible to the majority, but is
tunates why such should be the case. As to
written in a very agreeable manner. It is based
the gardeners, they view this irruption in vari on a theory quite fascinating in itself, and
ous ways. Some of them retire to their own worked out into a very interesting presentation.
private arbors, where they either forget the More general in scope than either of these
strangers entirely, or else (sometimes ) call is “ Art in Theory,” by Professor G. L. Ray-
out injurious names at them or make faces. mond. In this book the author's previous
Others, however, are a good deal fascinated by works are seen to have their place in a definite
the philanthropists, and busy themselves with system, the general plan of which is now for
the hospital baskets and the herb-teas. And the first time, I believe, made public. This
others still take council with the scientists, and particular book, the third in publishing, would
by means of their phosphates and nitrates pro- be the introductory volume. Next would come
duce new blossoms of very strange loveliness.
“The Genesis of Art-Form,” which appeared
Meanwhile the world travels by on the high- last year; a volume on “Rhythm, Proportion,
way outside, enjoys the flowers to some extent, and Harmony in Art” is promised ; and lastly,
but does not allow itself to become painfully I should suppose, are special treatises on the
excited at what is going on within.
various arts, of which that on Poetry was pub-
At bottom there is good reason for all this. lished some time since. But whatever be the
Ethics and science certainly have something order in which Professor Raymond arranges
to say here. A man cannot well make him his work in his mind, he has done enough al-
self independent of duty or of facts by being ready to show that he intends a systematic view
an artist. So, on the whole, good will come
of Art, both in its general characteristics and
of the matter in some way or other.
in particular. Of such a view “Art in Theory”
* ART IN THEORY. By George Lansing Raymond. New
supplies the standpoint. It is, in general, on
York : G. P. Putnam's Sons.
the nature of the fine arts (including, of course,
PAIN, PLEASURE, AND ÆSTHETICS. By Henry Rutgers music and poetry), considering also, of neces-
Marshall. New York : Macmillan & Co.
LA SUGGESTION DANS L'ART. Par Paul Souriau. Paris :
sity, the theory of beauty and the relation of
Alcan.
the arts among themselves.


1894.]
241
THE DIAL
Perhaps the first thing to be said of this book sion that the Fine Arts are arts which (among
is that in general structure it is an exceedingly other things) represent the effects of nature
nice piece of argument and exposition. One upon the mind, he uses a phrase which, although
may differ on particular points, one may even necessary to his line of thought, rather veils
hold that the logic is not always severe, but I an interesting branch of inquiry. If we said,
think every careful reader must be delighted at rather, that art was the presentation of that
a handling of the subject at once so harmonious which will cause in the mind of another the ef-
and symmetrical as well as natural. It is not the fects which have been caused in the mind of
easiest of reading, naturally enough; but there the artist, we should at once see that it was of
is a pleasure in considering the general plan of importance to know what it was that was pre-
what one has read when it appears in a form sented and how it caused its effects. This, re-
which one may almost call artistic in itself. marks Professor Raymond in a later part of
The basis of Professor Raymond's work is his book, is the subject of other volumes of the
the idea that so long as we consider art as the series. It is also the subject of M. Souriau's
mere representation of the forms of nature or book - a book extremely interesting, compre-
as the mere expression of the conceptions of hensive, and entertaining. How do works of
the mind, we take a view that is wrong, not art induce in our mind the ideas which nature
only because it is partial but also because it is has called up in the mind of the artist? For
indiscriminating. And even if we recognize one thing, M. Souriau propounds a curious
both elements, so long as we recognize them theory. The mental state caused by a work of
as independent we fail of a full understand-art, he argues, is physiologically akin to the
ing. The representation of nature in the arts state of hypnosis : a state in which the imag-
involves the ideas of the mind, and the expres ination works powerfully while the will is re-
sion through the arts of mental conceptions duced. Hence, however art creates its effects,
demands the forms of nature. The two are in the matter is rendered more easy by the phy-
terdependent. On this basis is worked out a de- siological condition of whomever is affected.
termination of the Higher Representative Arts. But this idea, although it is wrought out in
Here the subject divides. On the side of the some detail in the book, is not necessary to the
forms of nature, we come to a consideration of main theme, which is an inquiry into the means
beauty, and reach a definition involving a rec whereby the artist suggests (to use the word
ognition not only of nature but of the mind. in the technical sense) to another mind such
On the other hand, in a study of the modes of things as he desires. And here developes a
representation as affected by the conditions of most interesting study of the methods and ef-
the mind we are led through a discussion of the fects of the arts, which, unfortunately, can be
characteristics of the different arts and their followed no farther just here.
relations to each other. Here the treatment M. Souriau's book, then, covers a field that
terminates as far as this particular book is con is not treated in the present work of Professor
cerned, but the two lines of study are continued Raymond. Mr. Marshall, on the other hand,
in the other volumes of the series.
studies some matters which Professor Raymond
One will hardly be expected, in an article like has treated very differently. “Pain, Pleasure,
the present, to offer special criticisms. It must and Æsthetics ” is a special work in Psychol-
be enough if one can give a general notion of ogy ; its general purport has for some time
the purport of a book and indicate its relation to been known through the author's articles in
other lines of thought. Professor Raymond's "Mind.” It will therefore call for no elab-
work has one value which some systems of orate notice here; an indication of its drift will
thetics by no means possess : that of laying out be enough for our purpose. Here we have a
the ground in such a way that one can readily new theory of art, of beauty; a theory which
find a local habitation for such other notions as differs from Professor Raymond's in that it
one may have on hand. This is an excellent arises from a consideration of the causes of
thing ; until one has such a basis it is difficult to art and its effects, while Professor Raymond
feel that one has any consistent ideas at all. It considers chiefly its character and conditions.
will be useful, therefore, to show what relation Not that either view excludes the other; in-
to Professor Raymond's theory is borne by the deed, the theories may be compared. Accord-
studies already mentioned of M. Souriau anding to Mr. Marshall, the impulse to art is an
Mr. Marshall.
instinct that leads us to wish to attract others
When Professor Raymond reaches the conclu to ourselves, and beauty is that which causes
æs-


242
(April 16,
THE DIAL
in us pleasure which exists not only in the mo Whether one gains greater artistic pleasure
ment but in revival. According to Professor or not may be doubtful. What is not doubt-
Raymond, the impulse to art is an instinct that ful is that, whatever may be our artistic pleas-
leads us to exercise our faculties in ways not ure, we all love to talk about art. Rightly or
needful to our existence (the so-called “play wrongly, people cannot be restrained from talk.
impulse”), and good art is that which gives us ing about it. And such being the case, it is,
in a great degree apprehensible unity of varied on the whole, a thing greatly to be desired (if
effects upon the sensation or the imagination people are to be still allowed to talk to others
or upon both. Without going into details, it on the subject or to write about it ) that they
is not hard to see that where the two theories should talk or write sense instead of nonsense,
come into contact there is a clash (Marshall, which end may possibly be attained by the dif-
pages 103-5, 332-3). Of the two, in spite fusion of a more accurate knowledge of the na-
of the value of Professor Raymond's basis, ture of beauty and of the conditions under which
Mr. Marshall's is by far the stronger, and it only the arts can be rightly pursued and en-
is probable that when fully apprehended and joyed. In other words, we all tend to think
applied it will prove the more vital and preg about those things which delight us, and hence
nant. At present, however, it stands in great every real step toward clearer and surer thought
need of an interpreter before the public; not on such matters is of some general interest.
on account of its technical expression only, but
EDWARD E. HALE, JR.
because its very ideas, both in premise and con-
clusion, are such as can be fully appropriated
by the psychologist alone.
THE NATURAL AND THE SUPERNATURAL.*
Interesting as the study of such books is,
one is led in reading them to ask, What is the
It is impossible to justly characterize in brief space
use of it all? They are as a rule pretty hard
so comprehensive a volume as that on “Secularism,”
reading, and it hardly seems as if an increased *SECULARISM: Its Progress and Its Morals. By John M.
knowledge concerning the nature of art resulted Bonham. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
in
RELIGION. By G. De Molinari. Translated from the
any increase in our enjoyment of art itself.
French by Walter K. Firminger, B.A., Merton Col., Oxford.
Mr. Pater remarks that “the value of such at New York: Macmillan & Co.
tempts has most often been in the suggestive INSPIRATION. Bampton Lectures for 1893. By W. San-
day, M.A., D.D., LL.D. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co.
and penetrating things said by the way.” If
SPECULUM SACERDOTUM; or, Divine Model of the Priestly
such were certainly the case, it would be a great Life. By the Rev. W. C. E. Newbolt, M.A. New York:
saving of time if someone would go through Longmans, Green, & Co.
the great tract of æsthetic writing in order to
THE WAY, THE TRUTH, THE LIFE. The Hulsean Lectures
for 1891. By Fenton John Anthony Hort, D.D. New York:
pick out the suggestive and penetrating things Macmillan & Co.
and make a little book of them. But it may NATURAL THEOLOGY. The Gifford Lectures, delivered be-
be that such is not the only value. The intel-
fore the University of Edinburgh in 1893. By Prof. Sir G. G.
Stokes, Bart. New York: Macmillan & Co.
lectual exercise we may set aside, for the phil-
WITNESSES TO THE UNSEEN, and Other Essays. By Wil-
osophy of art as philosophy gives no more frid Ward, author of “William George Ward and the Ox-
pleasure and no less than other branches of
ford Movement,” and “ William George Ward and the Cath-
olic Movement." New York: Macmillan & Co.
the science. The question may be, rather, Is THE TRIAL OF DR. BRIGGs before the General Assembly.
our power of artistic enjoyment made greater, A Calm Review of the Case. By a Stranger who attended all
more vigorous, by such reading? There are
the sessions of the Court. New York: Anson D. F. Ran-
dolph & Co.
certainly not a few who would say that the case
THE WORLD's PARLIAMENT OF RELIGIONS. An Illustrated
was quite the reverse, that our power of artis and Popular Story of the World's First Parliament of Relig-
tic enjoyment was crowded to the wall and
ions, held in Chicago in Connection with the Columbian Exposi-
tion of 1893. Edited by the Rev. John Henry Barrows, D.D.,
smothered by the force of scientific inquiry. Chairman of the General Committee on Religious Congresses
To the point is the remark of Sir Joshua, who of the World's Congress Auxiliary. Chicago : The Parlia-
once said that a reason which lessened his af-
ment Publishing Company.
REVIEW OF THE WORLD'S RELIGIOUS CONGRESSES OF THE
fection for the study of criticism was that crit WORLD'S CONGRESS AUXILIARY. By the Rev. L. P. Mercer,
ics, so he had observed, “debar themselves Member of the General Committee. Chicago : Rand, Mc-
from receiving any pleasure from the polite
Nally & Co.
HEART-Beats. By P. C. Mozoomdar. With a Biograph-
arts, at the same time that they profess to love ical Sketch of the Author. By Samuel J. Barrows. Boston:
and admire them.” I do not think he is right George H. Ellis.
about all critics, but there is certainly some-
THE SPIRIT OF GOD. By P. C. Mozoomdar, author of
"The Oriental Christ,' ""Heart-Beats," etc. Boston: George
thing in his view.
H. Ellis.


1894.)
243
THE DIAL
a
the separa-
by Mr. John M. Bonham. The author is earnest, a very different estimate of faith from that which
thoughtful, and means to be candid; he has also a pervades Secularism.” “It is religion, rather than
real contention : yet his oversight of the world—the the aptitude to invent tools, that has created civili-
entire world to which we belong—is so narrow that
zation”
(p. 29). “ If religion shows itself too
he has added one more book of dogma to the many obstinate in maintaining its traditions and pre-
books of dogma which he was striving to thrust aside. scriptions, science, in its turn, shows itself too
He understands by secularism, knowledge of the eager to impose theories whose truth it has not as
physical world which finds its most accurate expres yet verified, and practices whose morality is as yet
sion in physical science; and he regards this knowl doubtful” (p. 188). The author looks upon re-
edge, with the feelings and methods connected with ligion as a permanent school of human thought, a
it, as silently taking possession of the human mind most pervasive and powerful incentive in conduct,
to the ultimate exclusion of all other forms of thought. and one, in common with all other natural tenden-
He accepts this tendency as both inevitable and de- cies, slowly purifying and perfecting itself as civil-
sirable. * The hope of the theologian to make any ization progresses. The discussion is clear, concise,
final adaptation of theology which shall enable the and cool to the point of frigidity. It expresses the
ology to remain permanently in such adaptation, conclusion of one who looks upon religious evolu-
must therefore be illusive” (p. 48). “ The whole tion in the world from the outside, but is not dis-
movement of her law determines that there is one posed to underrate the importance of the phenom-
path, and only one, which marks the course from ena involved in it. It does not identify religion
ignorance to the highest attainable knowledge, and with any one faith, but treats in critical
way
the
that this path lies in the line of the ultimate subjec- successive phases through which it has passed, and
tion of all ideals to the tests of progressive knowl the successive difficulties it has encountered. The
edge” (p. 375). Is it not a little strange that one discussion leads up to one conclusion-
who believes that all labor devoted to theology and tion of religion from the State as a necessary con-
metaphysics is futile, that there is but one form of dition of its own liberty and highest development.
real knowledge—that known as science,-should add The aloofness of the author makes the work the
to these worthless discussions a volume of four hun more effective in enforcing this one purpose
- the
dred pages, containing hardly a trace of science, and ultimate independence and freedom of religious life.
resting exclusively on a philosophical basis ? This It is a book that is local in its atmosphere, in the
incongruity of method is hidden from the author by sense that it is fitted to enforce on Frenchmen the
the superficial fact that his conclusions are negative respect which is due to religious evolution, and the
in form. He is forgetful of the fact that it requires free form it is destined ultimately to assume.
essentially the same knowledge to deny as to affirm, Dr. Sanday's lectures on “ Inspiration” are com-
and that his entire method of reasoning, from be- prehensive and liberal. The author deals with the
ginning to end, is at one with that which he would history and construction of the canon of the Old
reject as infinitely variable and wholly uncertain in and of the New Testament with reference to a more
its issue. The dogmatism of theology has often definite and admissible doctrine of inspiration. He
been battered; he batters it once again, but seems accepts, in a conservative way, the results of crit-
utterly oblivious of the large candor which has taken icism as expressed in the works of Kuenen and
its place in many minds. He has evidently felt the Wellhausen. He thinks, however, that this criti-
powerful drift of secularism,--the force and value cism is pushed too exclusively in the interest of
of which, in its own limits, we fully admit, — but naturalism, and is not sufficiently free in recogniz-
hardly at all the strength of those deeper under-cur- ing the divine element in the sacred history. Inspi-
rents which are restoring the balance of our lives. ration, in the author's view, finds its typical highest
He personifies theology, metaphysics, nature, sci- expression in the words of the prophets, and from
ence, in so positive a form that they seem to become this point shades down in various parts of the
malign and benign spirits in the world, having their canon till it quite disappears. “How do we know
way with it for good or for evil. He forgets that that they are not projecting their own thoughts out-
it is man alone, and precisely the same man, who side themselves, and ascribing them to an external
has busied himself respectively with theology and cause ? This is the heart of the matter. And the
science; and that if man has made of theology that one point on which we must firmly take our stand
co lete mess the author supposes him to have is the belief that in this contention of theirs the
made, it would be a most unexpected result to find prophets were not mistaken, that their utterances
him wholly and finally right in his second inquiry. had a cause outside themselves, a real objective
Here is a single leap from darkness into absolute cause, not to be confused with any mental process
light. There is a class of physicists who do not of their own" (pp. 145, 146). The theory of the
understand their own doctrine of evolution in its author would seem more consistent if he were con-
bearing on spiritual life; and I know no better tent to yield this objective source of inspiration and
proof of the general validity of the spiritual move accepted the fact of inspiration on the personal side,
ment among men than the way in which it con with whatever limitations this may impose. The
stantly extends and renews itself.
objective fact, whatever it may be, is very obscure,
The volume entitled “ Religion” is written with very troublesome, and very much out of harmony


244
[April 16,
THE DIAL
;
with a truly spiritual method. The mind itself is of an interior personal life, as to exclude all the for-
the only medium of truth. Truth and the Spirit mal doctrinal renderings of the words of Christ.
of Truth must finally work in and by it; and we He is the way and the life because he is the truth.
gain nothing by delaying the process. The object- He, in his thought, character, and action, becomes
ive declaration must submit itself at once, in its such a disclosure of the spiritual world that he is
spiritual uses, to the mind that receives it. The henceforth and forever a guide in it; he deepens
spirit alone is the vehicle of truth; it alone is ca and widens all our experiences of it. Dr. Hort
pable of a true inspiration, an elevation into the re conceives very fully and tenderly the circumstances
gion of spiritual light. God works under his own under which the words were called out; the sense
laws, according to his own methods, in quickening of hopeless loss and confusion that was overtaking
the thoughts of men ; and this process loses charac the disciples, as Christ, in bodily presence, seemed
ter rather than gains it by any objective constrain- ready to slip away from them, leaving no sufficient
ing cause whatever. Truth is not truth, nor inspi- clue, either to their thought or their action, by
ration inspiration, till the mind, by its own powers which they could follow him. Thomas, with dis-
in its own right, grasps the revelation. We gain turbed and narrow vision, exclaims, “We know
nothing whatsoever by delaying this consummation. not whither thou goest; how then can we know the
The prophet is prophetic by virtue of his superior way ?” To lift the disciples off from a semi-sen-
insight. The inspiration which blesses us is the in suous life into a purely spiritual one, was what
spiration of Christ, which enabled him to lift the Christ assayed to do in the words, “I am the way,
familiar texts of Scripture into a new meaning, and the truth, and the life.” His departure demanded
run his lines of exposition parallel, indeed, with fa the transition; and the transition was secured by
miliar ideas, but on a much higher level. The au his departure. The spirit of this comprehensive
thor might the more readily make this concession, as text is rendered with great fulness, and often with
he regards the Messianic prophesies not as historic much depth. The only criticism we make upon
the
foresights, but rather as spiritual insights,—a fore- book is that at times the connections of thought be-
shadowing of the things sure to be contained in the come thin and slight, and do not fully sustain the
providence of God. Whatever trouble the super-general force of the exposition. This may arise
natural may give us elsewhere, it ought not to give from the fact that the contents of the volume were
us trouble in inspiration, since the natural is here first given as lectures.
the best possible vehicle of the supernatural. The
Something of the same difficulty appears in the
truth can declare itself no otherwise than by its own
next volume, “Natural Theology,” also delivered
medium, the human mind.
on a lecture foundation. The lecturer spins his
The volume entitled “
“Speculum Sacerdotum
thread thin, a little according to his exigencies. One
contains a series of addresses intended to present cannot now write profitably on Natural Theology
the true function and temper of the minister of without a truly scientific temper; a thorough appre-
Christ. The author is guided chiefly by St. Paul ; hension of how the world has come together, part
and under such titles as “Self-Denial,” “ Purity," with part; and without also being quite free from
“Long-Suffering,” “ Reputation,” “Self-Surrender," a disposition to fall back readily on the supernatural.
he defines on various sides the spirit of service in
Professor Stokes, being thoroughly versed in physics,
holy things. The temper of the work is conven meets well the first requisite, and fairly well the
tional, very devout, and fairly penetrative. The
second requisite. There are two tendencies that
conventionalism of the book is real, though decis are barren, though not equally barren, in discussing
ively of the better order. It is in a distinctively physical things in their spiritual bearings: a dis-
religious method, though in a broad way, that the
position to be satisfied with a mechanical explana-
author would render his word and work. The
tion of them, leaving out of sight all the inner mys-
preacher is not to bring social and political truth, tery of construction. The mind darts about, like
but divine truth to his hearers. The region has not
a water-fly, just dimpling the surface of things, dis-
been attained in which the two are inseparable. turbing nothing and disturbed by nothing beneath.
Sacred things are still to be spoken as sacred things, This tendency Professor Stokes wholly escapes, and
and secular things as secular. In this method, is an earnest theist because of his deep sense of the
neither is well spoken. We must, like our Lord, ultimates our explanations are constantly reaching.
have the parables of life on our lips, before we can The second impediment to any adequate growth of
either deeply see divine things, or adequately ex thought is an easy solution of all dependences by
pound them, or correct the world by them.
referring them at once to the will of God. I can-
The volume of Hulsean Lectures, by Dr. Hort, not feel that the author has come quite as fully into
is one of genuine insight. The passage, “I am the the light in dealing with the supernatural as in deal-
way and the truth and the life,” must return fre- ing with the natural. The two seem to remain some-
quently to every spiritual mind as a most compre what in collision with him, as they still do with
hensive summation of the Gospel. Indeed, to me most minds. A reconciliation of the natural and
it seems a declaration so explicit, to put our faith supernatural in one coherent system of thought is
so thoroughly and so exclusively within the range a very urgent demand. It is not unlike that by


1894.]
245
THE DIAL
which we unite in man causal and free dependences. When it was first foreshadowed it seemed about to
The universe can no more have spiritual life with become one more sharp contention for religious lib-
out that immediate presence of the Divine Spirit erty. It turned out rather a muddle, in which men,
which is shadowed forth by the supernatural, than like disturbed bees, confusedly sought their enemy
the brain of man can be the seat of the soul of man, and inflicted their wounds at random. The some-
obeying no causes except physical ones. Professor what voluminous account of the trial, now before us,
Stokes thinks there is a different force of proof in is written with perfect candor by one in full sym-
the pleasing marking of flowers and birds from that pathy with Presbyterian belief, who is prompted to
found in the colors of the rainbow. That is, phy his task by the feeling that Professor Briggs in no
sical law in its apparent necessity and permanence material way departed from that faith. He is
yields less proof, at least less impressive proof, than convinced that the Assembly misapprehended the
physical law in connections not involved in the en grounds of contention and fell into an act of injus-
tire system of things. The immanence of the mind tice. This conclusion is carefully, quietly, and thor-
of God — the supernatural at the centre of the nat oughly presented. In tracing the history of the
ural-seems to be overlooked by this opinion. The trial, we draw attention simply to the first charge,
book, especially in its treatment of physico-spiritual as indicating the kind of confusion which charac-
questions, is one of insight and feeling.
terized it. This charge rested chiefly on the words
The volume by the Rev. Wilfrid Ward is made
in the inaugural of Professor Briggs." There are
up of essays, published in English reviews. Though historically three great fountains of divine author-
not formally united, they are united in their gen-
ity, the Bible, the Church, and the Reason.” Most
eral drift. They are very able and interesting.
men, inclined to accept liberal beliefs, looked upon
This volume, like previous works by the same au-
this affirmation, when it was made, as a clear and
thor, has been called out by his intimate connection
earnest assertion of relatively independent lines of
with the Catholic revival known as the “Oxford
revelation in the minds of men, in human history
Movement.” He aims to show, and does show, the and in the Scriptures. It was this conviction that
extreme overruling force which a sceptical or ag-
aroused interest everywhere in the action of the
nostic movement for the moment acquires, leading Presbyterian Church toward so salient and suggest-
to the oversight of truths and tendencies equally ive a position. It is not strange that that church
permanent and more powerful than those with which
looked on the declaration—taken in connection with
it itself is dealing. There is no disparagement of the universal movement toward liberality—as break-
the critical temper,—there is simply an assertioning with the authority of the creed, and was dis-
of the under counter-current that is deeper and no
turbed by it. The only surprising thing is that this
less inevitable. The work is well-fitted to awaken adverse prepossession was so strong ; that the As-
a more catholic temper by imparting a broader and
broader and sembly gave no weight to the words of Professor
more appreciative one. Its closing essay, “ The Briggs discarding explicitly and repeatedly the or-
Wish to Believe,” is the longest one, and enters dinary interpretation, and putting in its place a
fully into those conflicting feelings which mingle rendering of the assertion to which the most rigid
with our beliefs and unbeliefs, inclining us to ac-
doctrinaire could hardly object without self-stulti-
cept or reject conclusions even in the very act and
fication. The natural conclusion of the trial would
attitude of asserting the power of pure reason. In-
seem to have been, “How great a matter a little
deed, outside of mathematics there is no pure rea-
fire kindleth.” Events, however, did not take this
Reason, as it deals with the facts of being,
turn. The Assembly was disposed to force on Pro-
dissolves at once into feeling, as certainly as light
fessor Briggs's incautious expression the obnoxious
breaks into color when it falls upon this changeable
meaning first attached to it; and thus the trial
world of ours. As color brings additional disclos-
added to its mediæval character a touch of the
ure, so do feelings help to give us the very terms
ludicrous. The Assembly was in haste for the
in life with which we are dealing. Half our errors
auto-da-fé, and was not to be balked by any state of
come from the want of those truly empirical data
mind or change of mind on the part of its victim.
which are due to the emotions. This volume touches It was in vain that Professor Briggs denied that
deeply, interestingly, and instructively that true spir he intended to assert any independence in these
itual equilibrium that arises from both partaking of
three sources of truth ; in vain that he affirmed the
the spiritual world and thinking about it. It is a very
dependence of each and all of them on the spirit of
admirable and instructive work, and cuts deeply
God; and in vain that he affirmed infallibility as
into a great deal that is self-confident yet superficial attaching to the Scriptures alone. Instead, there-
in human thought. It puts a true logic of life over
fore, of a stimulating contention for higher forms
against the formal logic with which it is often con of truth, we have, in the trial of Professor Briggs,
fronted and apparently overthrown.
a peculiarly perverse presentation of the narrowness
The trial of Professor Briggs before the General
of the human mind.
Assembly of the Presbyterian Church proved less There has been, perhaps, no event on this con-
significant, less of a landmark in our progress to tinent in the religious world so simple, so spectacu-
ward liberal faith, than it gave promise of being. lar, and so significant as the Parliament of Relig-
son.


246
[April 16,
THE DIAL
ions. It was not a more thorough disclosure of warping force of dogma, and the perverting power
facts nor a sharper enunciation of principles that of asceticism. They are the wholesome experiences
made it remarkable; but rather the direct address of a healthy spirit, and yet of one that has the vis-
to the eye, ear, and he due to the spectacle of ion and impulse of the prophet. They contrast
men from all parts of the world, and with great va very favorably with the carefully reproduced devo-
riety of faith, in warm and respectful conference tions of the good Bishop Hall.
with each other on the same platform before an en Another volume by Mr. Mozoomdar, entitled “The
thusiastic audience. This is a fact reached by many Spirit of God,” gives expression to such a rhapsody
years of preparation, and one which will define à
of spiritual life that one needs to take it a little at
point for many subsequent years of fulfilment. The
a time, in an elevated mood. The soul is simply
more conservative minds—those who in cool relig- rising and riding, like a wide-winged bird on a
ious decorum held back from participation, or were strong wind. The immanent mind of God is most
not willing by implication to weaken the infallibil- fully and freely present to the author under the
ity of their own faith—cannot fail to feel the gen term Spirit: Spirit in Nature, Spirit in Life, Spirit
tle sympathetic stir of thought which has gone forth in Reason, Spirit in Christ, Spirit in History, Spirit
from that assembly to the very corners of the earth. in All Religions. Mr. Mozoomdar escapes mysti-
The religious world is altered by it. Its hostilities cism more perfectly than most who are possessed
are softened; its spiritual penetration and power of a like sweep and elevation of feeling. It is im-
are enlarged. The call for a muster of the forces
possible that some things should not seem mystical
of faith, one and all, has been heard through all the in an author whose experiences are so remote from
land.
those of the average man.
His own firm hold on
Two works, now before us, spread out fully this things is especially seen in the chapter on “ The
great event, and preserve, as far as possible, by a Spiritual Power of the Senses.” The coherence of
detailed report and by many illustrations from far the volume does not lie in any nicety of delineation,
and near, its sensuous power. The same marvel any orderly accumulation of thought, but in the sin-
lous executive ability that was everywhere present gle centre to which the eye is always turning - the
in the Columbian Exposition was also present in spiritual glory of God in all his works.
full measure in the Parliament of Religions. Dr.
We have united these brief notices under the
John Henry Barrows, the efficient Chairman of its
Executive Committee, has summed up and finished, title, “The Natural and the Supernatural.” The
first volume, “Secularism,” rests very flatly on the
in two affluent volumes, his great labor in devising physical world. The last volume, “The Spirit of
and securing this assembly.
God," rises very freely and serenely into the empy-
The review by the Rev. L. P. Mercer necessarily rean of spiritual life. Naturalism is the soul of
suffers somewhat in the presence of the larger work. the one; Supernaturalism of the other. Are these
It has, however, a distinct
purpose,
and
two things antagonistic ? Not if our vision is single
the wants of many. It aims, by a careful analysis and wide. The supernatural is the inner force of
of the subjects involved in the speeches and papers the natural; the natural is the clear, definite
expres-
presented, and by offering only those portions of sion of the supernatural. We have the same para-
them which bore most directly on these topics, to ble in many forms. Life does not work beyond
put in a brief, manageable compass the thought and the chemical and physical powers at its disposal ;
intellectual force of this grand occasion. Those who
yet it disposes them in a way all its own. The mind
are confused and wearied by the miscellaneous and of man does not transcend the nervous conditions
multitudinous character of the complete event may which are its instruments ; but it uses these condi-
be glad to sample it in this book. Those who wish
tions, wields this instrument, for objects hidden in
the feast entire will prefer the larger volumes, even itself alone. The world is God's chosen rational term
though they burden the table with 1600 compact of expression; but it is only an expression. The sub-
pages.
stance of spiritual being lies deeper in the mind of
A book that has grown immediately out of the God. The natural is thoroughly supernatural,--not
Parliament of Religions is “ Heart Beats,” by P. C. a bar to it, nor restraint upon it. When the super-
Mozoomdar. It opens with a brief but very
natural pushes farther than it is wont, it is in no
teresting biographical sketch of its distinguished way other than itself. It is still the visible made
author. It is in all respects a spiritual gem. Mr. vital by the invisible. Our first author has no more
Samuel J. Barrows says of it, at the close of the right to deny as hallucination the experiences of our
biography, “ To me it seems the most remarkable last author, than the unpoetic mind has to charac-
devotional book since that of Thomas à Kempis.” terize the impressions of the poetic mind as idle
The work is made up of brief detached spiritual rhapsodies. The worlds in which the two live are
experiences, carefully treasured as they have oc very distinct, yet one world; no more distinct, nor
curred in the life of the author. They denote a less distinct, than are the dark day dying out in
keen, incisive intellect, strong and delicate spiritual the cold gray light of evening, and the morning
sensibilities, and a practical, proportionate bent of breaking through a golden and roseate mist on the
mind. They are widely theistic. They escape the earth which it claims as all its own. The one au-
may meet
in-


1894.]
247
THE DIAL
thor has the taper with the extinguisher upon it,
the light of certain bright stars, such as Vega, Arc-
and hardly knows what use he can make of it. The turus, the Pleiades, Aldebaran, Sirius, and Canopus ;
other author carries it, lighted, in his hand, and it but when Mr. Lockyer contends that the Egyptians
does not so much as occur to him to ask why it was oriented temples to such small stars as a Ursae
given him. The one has the empty cup; the other, Majoris, and g Draconis, his argument can hardly
the same cup running over with water—the water be deemed worthy of serious consideration. It is
of life.
JOHN BASCOM.
known that the Egyptians worshipped the sun under
the name of Ra, because they were aware that the
whole world depends upon the light and heat of
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
the sun; they also worshipped Sirius under the name
of Isis-Sothis, because the heliacal rising of Sirius
The results of Professor J. Norman
Astronomical
heralded the rising of the Nile, upon which all life
significance of Lockyer's studies on the construc-
in the Nile Valley depended. It would therefore
Egyptian Temples. tion, orientation, and astronomical be natural to expect to find temples oriented to
significance of the Egyptian Temples, written in these fundamental celestial objects; but Mr. Lock-
the form of lectures delivered to classes in the yer's logic would imply that the temple-builders
School of Science at South Kensington, have now were primarily astronomers, and secondarily priests.
appeared in book form with the title'" The Dawn
Hence we may remark that while a number of the
of Astronomy" (Macmillan). The work opens up suggestions in “The Dawn of Astronomy" are in-
a wide field for speculation and for legitimate sci- teresting, and some of them doubtless correct, many
entific research ; but one cannot escape the feel of them are hypotheses pure and simple. The idea
ing that of the many points put forth, only a few that astronomical considerations entered into the
are really established. Its outcome tends to show orientation of the Egyptian Temples is by no means
that the ancient Egyptian Temples, or at least some new, and it had been treated in a scientific manner
of them, were erected for an astronomical purpose; at an earlier date by Professor Nissen (“ Reinisches
and Professor Lockyer finds that different temples Museum für Philologie,” 1885). Mr. Lockyer,
were erected for observing the rising and setting however, deserves credit for presenting in a popu-
of different objects at certain seasons of the year. lar form the results of scientific research, and for
Since the Egyptian Temples are very numerous, personally inspecting the temples and securing rough
and are oriented in all possible directions, it follows measures of their orientation, in some cases where
that they could not all be Temples of the Sun. such data were wanting. It is unfortunate that the
Hence the author concludes that the various shrines book is somewhat permeated by small incidental
were sacred to their respective deities, which were errors, which would of themselves prevent the work
represented in the heavens by certain stars or con from taking high rank as a scientific contribution.
stellations. In order to make his theory fit the For instance, on page 8, the author says: “ Plato,
facts, he takes account of the effects of Precession on the ground that the cube was the most perfect
in changing the amplitudes at which the stars rise, geometrical figure, imagined the earth to be a cube,
and in this way, by taking stars small enough and the part of the earth known to the Greeks being on
spaces of time long enough, he can find some ex the upper surface." It has long been recognized by
planation of the orientation of nearly all the im all critical scholars that Plato fully understood that
portant temples in Egypt. The whole argument the figure of the earth was spherical (Zeller's
seems to proceed upon the supposition that the tem Grundriss der Geschichte der Griechischen Phil-
ples were erected mainly for astronomical purposes. osophie, page 131); the same was known to Par-
But it will be evident to those who are at all fa menides and many other philosophers who preceded
miliar with the religions of antiquity that this view Plato. Mr. Lockyer's work does not treat of the
is untenable. It is certain that the temples were beginning of the Greek Astronomy; and since this
erected mainly for religious purposes ; but since, in is the real source of Astronomy proper, which de-
later times, the priesthood became a learned hier-pends upon exact observation and measurement,
archy, it is natural to suppose that some of the tem many
will think that the title of the work should
ples served incidentally to secure astronomical ob have been less comprehensive. It is well recognized
servations, and thus enabled the priests to discover by such authorities as Professor Zeller that Greek
the length of the year, and to institute the calendar, philosophy originated in Greece, and was not im-
so that the religious and state festivals might be ported from the East, as the early and obscure tra-
regularly observed. Most of that part of the work ditions declared. In like manner, contrary to gen-
which treats of the year, the calendar, the Sothic eral opinion, it has been shown by Whewell and
period, etc., appears to be reasonably sound. It others that Astronomy proper did not arise from
will also readily be conceded that a number of the the Astrology of Babylonia and Egypt; Astronomy
temples may have been so oriented as to receive on originated with the Greeks, at Athens and Alex-
their sacred altars (at sunrise) the light of the sun andria, whence it was spread throughout the Roman
at the equinoxes or solstices. And it may be that Empire. We conclude, therefore, that whilst Mr.
some of the temples were so 'oriented as to receive | Lockyer's work is not critical or exact, it deals with


248
(April 16,
THE DIAL
an interesting topic which is deserving of study and ing their pluck that it appeared to me rather fine
investigation, and the general reader will find in it than otherwise, but from this calmer distance I can
a fairly complete presentation of the results of the see nothing in the active work of the English wo-
studies of Egyptologists.
man in politics which justifies the risks she volun-
tarily runs of insult and indignity and bodily injury.
“Our English Cousins ” (Harper), A seat in the House would hardly repay a candidate
Rapid sketches
a series of five descriptive sketches
of English life.
for the loss of one of his wife's eyes, or of all of his
by Mr. Richard Harding Davis, is
sure of its welcome. Mr. Davis is an entertaining brutally, it is putting it fairly.
sister's front teeth, and though that is putting it
brutally, it is putting it fairly.” Mr. Davis's book
writer, clever, off-hand, pungent, not profound cer-
is a long way the brightest and freshest one of its
tainly, yet not exactly superficial. No good ob-
kind that we have seen of late, and it is capitally
server is superficial ; and Mr. Davis is, after the
illustrated.
rapid journalistic fashion, a very good one. If
asked to define Mr. Davis's special genre, we might
Until the appearance of Mr. Fal-
that he is, in current parlance, an eminently
The treasures of
coner Madan's “ Books in Manu-
unprinted books.
“up to date ” writer
writer - in phrase, tone, and equip-
script” (imported by Charles Scrib-
ment. Certainly the trait goes far to explain his ner's Sons), we had nothing on the subject, in handy-
vogue with the younger generation, whose literary volume form, that served as adequate guide to the
dulce decus he now seems to be. They have de amateur. As Lecturer in Mediaeval Palæography
cided unanimously, if not elegantly, in their figur- in the University of Oxford, and Bibliographer to
ative way, that Mr. Davis is "no back number”; the Bodleian Library, Mr. Madan has placed his
which is high praise. He is master of their shib rich store of knowledge at the service of those who
boleths, knows their ways, understands their ideals, wish to study the subject, and in the appendices
and embodies them (say in “ Van Bibber") to an to his book he has given us an ample bibliography
iota ; therefore they rejoice in him, and read him. compiled with great care and discretion. A list of
They might do worse. In the present volume Mr. Public Libraries that contain more than four thou-
Davis presents the literary results of his recent sand manuscripts each ; another of Printed Cata-
jaunt to England, and it must be admitted he hits logues of Manuscripts in European languages in the
off John Bull remarkably well. He writes of En British Museum, the Bodleian Library at Oxford,
glish Race Meetings and General Elections; of the the Cambridge University Library; and still an-
Oxford Undergraduate, the London Season, and other list of books useful for the study of manu-
the West and the East Ends of London; and his scripts, enable us in a moment to find reference to
sketches are brimful of incident, local color, and the most minute and out-of-the-way information
character. Especially good are the reproductions of bearing on the subject. The printed book has so
dialect. Here is a sample of oratorical “chaff” completely supplanted the work of the scribe that
from two rival clothes-dealers in “ Petticoat Lane": it is hard for us in the new world to realize what a
“Go on," one of the men will cry from the back of wealth of manuscript material still rests in the de-
his cart—“go on an'buy 'is rotten clothes. O'course positories of the eastern hemisphere. With the
he sells 'em cheap. 'Cos why! 'Cos he never pays thousands upon thousands of printed books in
his pore workin' people their waiges. He's a bloomin’ American libraries, we are somewhat startled, on
sweater, ’e is ; 'e never gives nothink to his workers referring to Mr. Madan's work, to find we have
but promises and kicks; that's all ’Ammerstein no place in his list of Public Libraries containing
gives. Yes, you do ; you know you do. And wot more than four thousand manuscripts each. That
'appens, why, 'is clothes is all infected with cholera, there are manuscripts in the Lenox and Astor Li-
and falls to pieces in the sun and shrinks up in the braries of New York, and in our own Newberry
rain. They aint fit for nothink but to bury folks Library, as well as in our private libraries, goes
in, 'cos if yer moves in 'em they falls to pieces and without saying; but our poverty would be appar-
leaves yer naked. I don't call no names, but I will ent on comparison with the British Museum and
say 'Ammerstein is a
thief, 'e is, and a its 52,000 manuscripts, the National Library of
liar, and 'is clothes is moth-eaten Paris and its 80,000, or the Vatican and its 25,600.
cholera blankets, robbed from ’ospitals and made The manuscript treasures housed in the great in-
over.” To which the accused “o”.
“'Ammerstein” (on stitutions of learning in the British Isles constitute
the next cart), cheerfully replies: “You musd egs one of the richest legacies left to an ungrateful pos-
cuse dot jail-birt on the nexd cart. He vas a clerk terity. A single instance of the wonderful human
of mine, but he stole oud of der till, und I dis interest possessed by some of these relics of art and
charged him, und he feels bat aboud id.” In the letters, described by Mr. Madan, is the “Book of
capital paper describing a General Election, Mr. Kells,” the chief treasure of Trinity College, Dub-
Davis says, apropos of the part taken by women in lin. The book takes its name from the Monastery
the canvass : “I have seen women of the best class of Kells, founded by St. Columba, and was written
struck by stones and eggs and dead fish, and the apparently in the seventh century. To abridge Mr.
game did not seem to me to be worth the candle. Madan's description, “the volume contains the
I confess that at the time I was so intent in admir Four Gospels in Latin, ornamented with extraor-


1894.]
249
THE DIAL
Venetian
dinary freedom, elaboration, and beauty. It ex must adopt that which the broad public will accept;
hibits, both in form and color, all the signs of the as to dimensions, since his work must be bulky
full development and maturity of the Irish style, enough to last from half-past eight to half-past ten
and must of necessity have been preceded by sev at the shortest, or from eight to eleven at the long-
eral generations of artistic workers, who founded est; as to characters, since there must be so many
and improved this particular school of art.” that no one shall seem unduly obtrusive, and, al-
though sharply contrasted, most of them must be
“Bon-Mots" is the title of three little sympathetic with the spectators; and, above all, he
The witticisms of books lately issued by Macmillan &
some famous wits.
is restricted as to external aids, since neither de-
Co., the witticisms of Sidney Smith scription nor comment nor analysis is available to
and R. B. Sheridan making up the first, and "potted” him for showing the progressive and well-nigh im-
puns by Charles Lamb and Douglas Jerrold the perceptible disintegration of character under the
second. The third volume is devoted to Theodore influence of its environment or circumstance. But
Hook and Samuel Foote. Mr. Aubrey Beardsley the drama, notwithstanding these metes and bounds
decorates the margins of these comely volumes with --in fact, because of them—has always had a fas-
“grotesques,” and Mr. Walker Jerrold provides cination for the literary artist; it is really the no-
introductions. George Eliot has said that “a dif blest form of literature, because the most direct.
ference of taste in jests is a great strain of the Other important subjects discussed by Professor
affections.” But there is sufficient variety here. Matthews are: “ The Dramatic Outlook in Amer-
Sheridan's dictum was that “ a true-trained wit lays ica,” which is regarded as highly favorable; “The
his plan like a general,” but one of his best sal. Old Comedies" which seem less wonderful than
lies was made in the coffee-house as he watched the they are commonly considered, when we note that
burning of his theatre: “Surely a man may take a only about twenty-five survive to-day, out of a list
glass of wine at his own fireside.” Wit bubbled of five thousand written during the century and a
from Sidney Smith and Charles Lamb, as from a half preceding our own generation ; and two de-
spring. Their Irish bulls had not been “calves in lightful bits of comment and analysis of the two
Greece.” When Mrs. Grote, wife of the historian, French theatrical critics, M. Francisque Sarcey and
entered a drawing-room with a rose-colored turban M. Jules Lemaitre.
on her head, Sidney Smith at once knew the mean-
ing of the word grotesque.” He tells us that Lady
Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons have
Cork was so moved by his sermon on the subject painters and made an exceedingly pretty volume
of charity that she begged a guinea of him for her
paintings. of Mr. Bernhard Berenson's essay
contribution, and then spent the money on herself.
“ The Venetian Painters of the Renaissance.”
Carlyle found Lamb's fun a “strain of the affec Mr. Berenson's essay owes its origin to his belief
tions,” but this verdict will hardly be assented to by that Venetian painting is the most complete expres-
readers of these volumes. The publishers have done sion in art of the Italian Renaissance; and in order
well in putting them into portable form; either of to keep his main idea clearly before the mind of
them
may be recommended for one's vest-pocket - the reader he has written as succinctly as possible,
to be taken as medicinal pellets, “as often as needed.” pruning away all matter not strictly relevant to his
thesis. The main points once grasped and con-
Mr. Brander Matthews's “Studies
Studies and
nected with the more important painters, the reader
of the Stage” (Harper), though a will find little difficulty in seeing the proper place
dramatic art.
book small as to size, is not small or
of any given work by a great master, or the relative
insignificant as to contents, since it deals with some importance of second-rate and third-rate painters of
of the most interesting subjects now under discus whom no special mention has been made. Apart
sion in relation to dramatic art. Professor Mat- from its purely critical value, the work makes a
thews announces in a prefatory note that he is useful handbook to Venetian painting -- to which
“quite willing to have this little volume considered
end lists are appended of the chief works, in and
as an argument in favor of the contention that dra-
out of Italy, of the Venetian school. There is an
matic literature must approve itself as drama first, especially attractive frontispiece after Giorgione's
before it need be discussed as literature.” The first
“Shepherd ” at Hampton Court.
of the ten essays composing the volume considers
the subject of " The Dramatization of Novels," and
Two books about insects, intended for
shows the reasons why a good novel frequently fails
Studies of
insect life.
popular reading, have recently been
to make a good play ; in fact, how the difficulty in
published. The first of them, entitled
dramatizing it is increased in proportion to its del “Romance of the Insect World” (Macmillan), is the
icacy and delightfulness in workmanship, its subtlety work of Mr. L. N. Badenoch. In half a dozen pleas-
in psychology, and its fineness of treatment. The antly-written chapters the author treats of the food,
dramatist works under much greater limitations the homes, and the metamorphoses of insects, and of
than the novelist. He is restricted as to subject, the various cases of protective mimicry that so puz-
since he is obliged to choose such an one as will in zled the observer until Darwin supplied the key to
terest the broad public ; as to treatment, since he the mystery. The other book is by Mr. Edward A.
on
essays on


250
[April 16,
THE DIAL
Butler, and has for its subject “Our Household In lection from the Essays of Francis Jeffrey," and is ed-
sects” (Longmans). They are all here, the name ited by Mr. Lewis E. Gates, of Yale University. It
able and the unnameable species, and their ways and
probably contains all of Jeffrey that the general reader,
propensities are minutely described. The author
or even the student, will want.
evidently views them as interesting objects of study
Two or three books of popular science call for brief
rather than as obnoxious things to get rid of, and
mention. « Some Salient Points in the Science of the
the housewife who is incapable of rising to the
Earth,” by Sir William Dawson (Harper) has all the
scientific plane of observation will have no use for
charm of that accomplished writer's earlier books for
the general reader. Some of his conclusions are over-
this book. But amateur naturalists will find it both
conservative, and will gain little assent from the younger
instructive and entertaining.
geologists; but no one can question the great ability of
the writer, or his high rank among the scientists of a gen-
Contemporary
In a handsomely-printed volume, lim eration that has now nearly passed away. “The Fauna
biographies ited to an edition of 250 copies, Mr. of the Deep Sea" (Appleton) is a popular treatise by
of Washington.
William Spohn Baker has collected Mr. Sidney J. Hickson, and brings together a good many
from many sources the “ Early Sketches of George
scattered facts of recent determination. The govern-
Washington” (Lippincott). The first account of
ment scientific expeditions of recent years have furnished
Washington that may fairly be called a biography
the writer with the bulk of his material. “ According
was compiled by Thomas Condie, and published
to Season” (Scribner) is a little book by Mrs. William
Starr Dana, and is made up of “talks about the flowers
at Philadelphia in 1798. Mr. Baker's collection
in the order of their appearance in the woods and fields."
comprises only accounts anterior to this publication, It is charmingly written in entirely untechnical language.
the most important of them (by John Bell and
Jedidiah Morse) having been freely used by Condie.
For many years, the Rev. T. W. Webb's “Celestial
Objects for Common Telescopes" (Longmans) has been
They range from 1760 to 1795, the first being from
in use by astronomical amateurs, who have found it
a letter written to a friend in Europe by Captain helpful if not indispensable in their work. The new
George Mercer, descriptive of Washington's per- (fifth) edition of the book has been prepared by the
sonal appearance at twenty-eight. Among the Rev. T. E. Espin, the author having died nearly ten
sketches are some from Tory pens; and it is inter years ago. It will occupy two volumes, of which the
esting, for example, to read in one of them that
first, devoted to the solar system, has just appeared.
Washington's "total want of generous sentiments,
The new editor (or author) has called a number of spe-
and even of common humanity, has appeared no-
cialists to his assistance, and made the book far more
valuable than ever, which is as high a compliment as we
toriously in many instances."
know how to pay it.
An altogether capital sheaf of war
Volume by volume, the proceedings of the World's
Fascinating stories
of the Civil War.
stories, each by one specially quali-
Congress Auxiliary of 1893 are getting into print, and
ified to tell it, is the Century Co.'s
the outside world is becoming acquainted with the range
and weight of the discussions held upon that occasion.
“ Famous Adventures and Prison Escapes of the
The latest publication of this sort takes the shape of
Civil War.” The papers, seven in number, are re two large volumes from the International Congress of
printed, with the original cuts, from the Century Charities (Johns Hopkins Press). “Hospitals, Dispen-
Magazine. Notably graphic and stirring are the saries, and Nursing " are the allied subjects dealt with
accounts of “The Locomotive Chase in Georgia,” in the thicker of these volumes, which is edited by Dr.
"Morgan's Rough-riders," and "Colonel Rose's Tun John S. Billings and Dr. Henry M. Hurd. It contains
nel at Libby Prison.” The last named paper, by
many plates illustrative of hospital architecture. The
Frank E. Moran, gives, we believe, the only accu-
other volume deals with “The Organization of Chari-
rate and circumstantial account yet published of
ties," and is edited by President Gilman of the Johns
this most ingenious and daring escape -- an adven-
Hopkins University. The two volumes taken together
ture before which the half-mythical feats of Jack
contain over eleven hundred pages of matter, most of
it of the highest practical value.
Sheppard and Turpin sink into insignificance. The
book should prove specially fascinating to younger
The Bishop of Peterborough's great "History of the
Papacy during the Period of the Reformation” (Long-
readers, and it is wholesome and accurate into the
man's) has reached its fifth volume, which is devoted
bargain.
to the German revolt of the decade 1517-1527. Luther
is, of course, the chief figure of this portion of the his-
tory. The concluding chapter describes the sack of
BRIEFER MENTION.
Rome in 1527. An appendix reprints a number of im-
The “ Athenæum Press” series, published by Messrs.
portant contemporary documents, the most important
Ginn & Co., “is intended to furnish a library of the
of them being the letters of Gambara, Giberti, and Guic-
best English literature from Chaucer to the present
ciardini.
time, in a form adapted to the needs of both the stu In “Sunny Manitoba: Its Peoples and Its Industries"
dent and the general reader.” This is perhaps a trifle (Unwin), Mr. Alfred 0. Legge writes with temperate
misleading as an account of a series of books which, if enthusiasm of the Canadian Northwest. His book,
we may judge from the one now before us, would be which has both a map and pictures, will be found use-
better described as a series of critically edited texts se ful by the intending visitor or settler, and not uninter-
lected from the best English literature, and mainly use esting by the general reader. It contains a good deal
ful for college study. The volume just issued is a “Se of practical and up-to-date information.
--


1894.]
251
THE DIAL
NEW YORK TOPICS.
New York, April 10, 1894.
Readers of “Scribner's Magazine” will remember a
notable article in one of the earlier numbers, in 1887,
I think, on “The Ethics of Democracy," written by Mr.
Frederic Jesup Stimson, who is a lawyer and a writer
of law books as well as of novels. In the course of his
studies it had devolved upon him to examine and com-
pare all the statute books of the United States. This
examination and comparison had called his attention to
certain socialistic tendencies in our legislation, and led
him to the conclusion that “measures of universal social-
ism, although in no case yet enacted, appear to be on the
verge of a trial”; also, to“ the perhaps unforeseen result,
that democracy, when crowned with power, seeks rather
what it considers the well-being of the community than
the liberty of the individual.” This article of Mr. Stim-
successful year of “ Uncut Leaves" yet, and what at
first seemed a slightly unpractical plan has turned out
to be eminently practical and the means of bringing
together under pleasant circumstances a large number
of highly cultured people.
A few friends of the English poet and novelist Mr.
William Sharp have received from him copies of his
last book, " Vistas.” It is composed of a series of dra-
matic sketches, in which the descriptive text occupies
as much space as the dialogue. “Vistas " is the second
volume of the “Regent Library,” a series of books of
romance by various authors, which deal with human
emotions and passions in an unconventional spirit. Mr.
Sharp in his dedication speaks of “ Vistas” as “ ce livre
d'âme et de rêve,” and this description is wonderfully
accurate. The succeeding volume of the “ Regent Li-
brary” will be “ Pharais " by Fiona Macleod, the scene
of which romance is laid among the lonely islands which
lie between the Hebrides and Argyll. It seems that a
was quoted in recen House of Commons, talde ili brought "Celtic Renaissance" is now in progress in England,
the author a complimentary letter from Mr. James
and this book is a manifestation of the Scottish side of
Bryce, who was then just completing his “ American
the movement, the Welsh side of which is represented
Commonwealth.” The enormous success of Mr. Ed-
by the experiments of Mr. Ernest Rhys in Kymric pros-
ward Bellamy’s “ Looking Backward” in the following ody, already mentioned in this correspondence. The
year would seem, in a certain way, to have confirmed
Cymmrodorion Society has, I learn, just reprinted Mr.
Mr. Stimson's discovery.
Rhys's paper on “ Welsh Bards and English Reviewers,"
Without expressing any opinion as to the merits or
which created some discussion on its original delivery,
demerits of universal socialism, it is interesting to state
and in which there is a prediction of the brilliant ca-
that Mr. Stimson will have in the May “Scribner's"
reer open to Celtic literature under modern conditions.
another equally pertinent article on the same subject.
A long-time literary friend of Constance Woolson
He has examined and tabulated all the laws passed by
has asked a lady now visiting in Rome to place a wreath
all the States and Territories during the years 1889 and
for him on Miss Woolson's grave in the Protestant cem-
1890 with reference to their socialistic character. Leav-
etery. The letter he received in reply is so interesting
ing out all private laws, regulative acts, etc., which in-
that I have obtained permission to quote a few lines
from it:
volve no principle of social science, he has examined
some twelve hundred laws, and of these he finds that
“The cypress-sentineled garden, with the filtered golden
light caught up by the new green of the budding willows be-
almost thirty per cent are distinctly socialistic in char-
neath, the heavy velvet fall of violets flung everywhere, can
acter. The percentage varies, according to the section,
never be more beautiful than it was this afternoon. The
from twenty per cent in the New England States to flowers here are as plentiful as dust anywhere else, and our
over forty per cent in the North and Northwestern man caught our idea and made a lovely thing, all violets,
States. In the light of these facts, Mr. Stimson asks, white azaleas and camellias, with an outer fringe of fern and
Are we still in possession of our liberty ? “Yes,” he white hyacinth. . . . Her grave is purple with the violets
writes, “we are still free. But no candid mind can
that flood everything--they flow up like waves over each new
rise from the perusal of these twelve hundred laws
wreckage. . . . I send you two from Shelley's grave-under
which a single period of two years brings upon us with-
the shadow of the crumbling wall — two from your friend's,
and the box leaves from Keats’, most touching of all with its
out the desire to call attention, if not to warn." Grant-
piteous epitaph, but very beautiful, almost joyous, in the royal
ing Mr. Stimson's premises, his article is extremely in Italian sunshine. Over the ripe old wall, and all along the
teresting
foot of the Aventine Hill, the almond and cherry trees are in
Chronological Outlines of American Literature," by bloom, and still the west wind sends sweet buds like flocks
Mr. Selden L. Whitcomb, which Messrs. Macmillan & to feed in air.'"
ARTHUR STEDMAN.
Co. will bring out late in the Spring, is, I am told, the
first really scientific work of the kind yet published.
It is, of course, uniform with Ryland's "Chronological
Outlines of English Literature," and it contains tables LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY.
of comparison with English and Continental literature
as well as with historical events. Mr. Whitcomb is a
Mr. Bliss Carman has accepted an engagement as
fellow in literature at Columbia College, and Prof.
the literary adviser of Messrs. Stone & Kimball.
Brander Matthews of that institution has written an in-
An international exhibition of books is to be held at
troduction for the volume. Professor Mattbews's own Paris in July, remaining open until late in the autumn.
book, “ Vignettes of Manhattan,” will be published later Prince George of Prussia (G. Conrad), the author of
in the season, from the press of the Harpers. Some of “Phædra” and many other dramas, is reported to be
these “ Vignettes” appear first in the magazine, but writing his memoirs.
there are twelve of them in all, the aim being to pre A monument to Madame de Sévigné is to be erected
sent a picture of New York for each month in the year. at Vitré in Brittany, a town near which many of the
Mr. Luther J. B. Lincoln's “ Uncut Leaves ” readings famous letters were written.
end the season with next Saturday's meeting, when Mrs. The hundredth anniversary of Bryant's birthday will
Burnett will give her first reading in New York, and be celebrated November 3, at Great Barrington, Mass.,
other writers will take part. This has been the most where the poet was married and lived for several years.
66


252
(April 16,
THE DIAL
some-
£. 8. d.
0 3 4
0 6 8
0 13 4
1 1 0
1 11 6
3 3 0
5 5 0
7 17 6
10 10 0
Mr. Richard Henry Stoddard is to make his not very The libretto (Cambridge: Sever) includes the text, an
youthful début as a lecturer this spring at Cleveland, English prose translation (highly vernacular) by Mr.
the subject of his course being “English Lyrical Poetry.” M. H. Morgan, a prologue in verse (Latin and English)
Miss Elizabeth Robins, who has played in several of
by Jac. Br. Gronovius (in such guise does Professor
Dr. Ibsen's dramas with much success, is to visit this
James B. Greenough masquerade for the occasion), and
country, and will probably appear in “Hedda Gabler,”
a series of twenty-six miniatures reproduced from a
“ The Master Builder," and other dramas.
tenth century manuscript. This manuscript is one of
Messrs. Frederick Warne & Co. announce “ The
the treasures of the Vatican, His Holiness the Pope
Royal Natural History,” to be edited by Mr. Richard
having consented to a reproduction for the present pur-
Lydekker, in thirty-six monthly parts, each to contain
pose of these curious illustrations. This book of the
two colored plates and many other illustrations.
play is well worth preservation on its own account.
Mr. Rounsevelle Wildman, late United States consul,
The following quatrain is from London Nursery
has assumed business and editorial charge of “The
Rhymes for Novelists":
Overland Monthly.” Miss Shinn will remain “
'John Oliver Hobbes, with your spasms and throbs,
what closely connected with the literary management."
How does your novel grow?
With cynical sneers at young Love and his tears,
Messrs. D. Appleton & Co. are to publish a sympo-
And epigrams all in a row."
sium, edited by Mr. Thomas Mackay, on “A Policy of
The following Southey autograph, recently sold in
Free Exchange"; "A Yellow Aster," by Mrs. Manning-
London, is contributed to “ Poet-Lore" by Mr. W. G.
ton Caffyn; and the memoirs of the Baron de Meneval,
Napoleon's private secretary.
Kingsland:
“Mr. Southey, writer of