autographs, in consequence of the Some of the friends of the late Theodore Child have great and unsolicited employment which he has obtained in raised a sum of over seven hundred dollars to be used that line of business, begs leave to lay before his friends and for a inemorial. It has been sent to the American Pres the public the following scale of charges : byterian Mission in Tabriz, Persia, where Mr. Child was A Signature . cared for during his illness with the cholera. Probably Ditto in extra penmanship, with date of time and place it will be used to establish a hospital room or bed, to be Ditto with a motto or text of Scripture known by his name. Ditto with an extract from the writer's poetry The Clarendon Press announces a posthumous vol- Ditto with the poetry unpublished. Ditto with the poetry composed for the occasion ume of Freeman's “ History of Sicily," covering the Ditto being sentimental, and not exceeding six lines period from the tyranny of Dionysios to the death of Ditto being humorous Agathokles. It has been edited from his MSS. by his Ditto being complimentary N.B.-All warranted original.' son-in-law, Mr. Arthur J. Evans, who has also added supplements and notes. It will be illustrated with maps OUTLOOK IN THE PUBLISHING TRADE. and a plate of coins. It is understood that one of the most prominent mem- The following interesting remarks on “ The Spring Outlook are quoted from a recent editorial in the bers of New York society is shortly to make a début « Publisher's Weekly": in literature. The name of the coming author is known “ The book trade through all the panic has suffered throughout the country and the book is certain to at- less than almost any other branch of trade from which tract general attention. It appears that the writer has we have had reports. Publishing activity during the devoted much time to scientific studies, and the book is past six months, or, more strictly speaking, up to within said to be a romance of the future showing remarkable two months, has been without abatement; if anything, knowledge and ingenuity in the development of the pos- it has been a trifle more than normal. Since the begin- sibilities of science. ning of February there has been a tendency to put on As an outgrowth of the Parliament of Religions of the brakes, which can but be considered a healthy sign. last September, an American Congress of Liberal Reli “We think there has been decidedly too much un- gious Societies will be held May 22-24, at Sinai Tem- healthy activity in the publishing world here as well as ple, Chicago. The call for this Congress is signed by abroad. A few weeks ago we gave a glimpse of the many Unitarian, Universalist, and Jewish clergymen, conditions of the book trade and literature in France. as well as by such well-known laymen as Professor They are not much better in England, nor anywhere John Fiske, President J. G. Schurman, Dr. Paul Carus, else, excepting possibly in Germany, where a rigid trade Mr. Henry D. Lloyd, and Mrs. Potter Palmer. Dr. H. W. Thomas is chairman of the committee in charge, lishing methods generally tend to preserve the equilib- organization, and more conservative and scientific pub- and may be addressed at 175 Dearborn street, Chicago. rium. Mr. Francis P. Harper, New York, announces that “The tendency of modern publishing, as in other he will have ready early in April a new edition of the trades, has been towards over-production, without re- “Memoirs of King Richard the Third, and some of his gard to the capacity for consumption. This has brought Contemporaries,” by John Heneage Jesse, who has been about a congestion that has entailed unnumbered hard- called the “Francis Parkman of English History.” It ships upon the bookseller, has rendered the public apa- will be published in two volumes, post octavo, with illus thetic, and is beginning to react on the publisher. trations printed on Japan paper. The same house makes So, for instance, during the past season the publishers the announcement that Dr. Elliott Coues is editing Ma have had no trouble in disposing of the new books—the jor Z. M. Pike's “ Explorations and Discoveries through fads of the hour — while their best books of previous the West and South-West during the years 1805–1806– seasons rested idly in their bins. There is no overlook- 1807.” The work will be published uniform with the ing the fact that books require leisure to read, and that edition of Lewis and Clark. the publisher who markets a few books well will in the The “ Phormio” of Terence is to be given at Har end fare better than the one who indifferently tumbles vard on the nineteenth of this month (Concord Day). many into the market." 1894.] 253 THE DIAL TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS. April, 1894 (Second List). Art, Theories Concerning. E. E. Hale, Jr. Dial (Apr. 16). Atlanta, Ga. Illus. Anna W. Young. Southern Mag. Australasian Politics. Sir Henry Parkes. Rev. of Reviews. Battersea Polytechnic Institute. Illus. Rev. of Reviews. Beardsley, Aubrey. Illus. W. I. Way. Inland Printer. Canal, The Great. Illus. G. T. Ferris. Cosmopolitan. Colonial Women. Illus. Anne H. Wharton. Cosmopolitan. English at the Univ'y of Virginia. C. W. Kent. Dial (Apr. 16). Fitch, Dr. J. G. Francis Storr. Educational Review. Foreign Service, Educated Men in the. Dial (Apr. 16). Handel in the 19th Century. D. E. Herney. Music. Harvard, Spirit and Ideals at. Geo. Santayana. Educ'l Rev. Home Rule in Cities. E. E. Hale. Cosmopolitan. Ibsen, Henrik. W. M. Payne. Dial (Apr. 16). Law and Lawyers. R. D. Doyle. Southern Magazine. Liquor Traffic without Private Profits. J. Koren. Arena. Midwinter Fair, The: A Symposium. Illus. Overland. Monism, Three Aspects of. C. Lloyd Morgan. Monist. Municipal Reform. Leighton Williams. Arena. Music, Americanism in. Arthur Weld. Music. Natural and the Supernatural. John Bascom. Dial (Apr. 16). Negro Progress at Tuskegee. Illus. Albert Shaw. Rev. of Rev. Patents of Interest to Printers. Illus, Inland Printer. Plutocratic City Life. W. D. Howells. Cosmopolitan. Religious Parliaments. M. M. Trumbull. Monist. Russian Sailor, The. Illus. V. Gribayédoff. Cosmopolitan. Schumann. W. S. B. Mathews. Music. South and Its Problems. L. B. Evans. Educational Rev. Southern Flowers. Illus. Patty Thum. Southern Magazine. Tramps, Rights of. Elbert Hubbard. Arena. Tenement-House Curse : A Symposium. Arena. Tennyson's Religion. W. H. Savage. Arena. Three English Liberal Leaders. W.T. Stead. Rev. of Revs. Von Bülow, Anecdotes of. Frances E. Regal. Music. Women, Exemption from Labor. L. F. Ward. Monist. GENERAL LITERATURE. Orations and Addresses of George W. Curtis. Edited by C. E. Norton. Vol. 3, Historical and Memorial Ad- dresses. With portrait, 8vo, pp. 407, gilt top. Harper & Bros. $3.50. The Writings of Thomas Jefferson. Collected and edited by Paul Leicester Ford. Vol. III., 1781-1784 ; 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 502. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $5. The Letters of Thomas Lovell Beddoes. Edited, with notes, by Edmund Gosse, M.A. 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 271. Macmillan & Co. $2. Salomo: A Tragedy in One Act. Translated from the French of Oscar Wilde; pictured by Aubrey Beardsley. 8vo, pp. 70, uncut. Copeland & Day. $2. Random Roaming, and Other Papers. By Augustus Jes- sopp, D.D. With portrait, 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 264. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.75. Aphorisms from the Writings of Herbert Spencer. Se- lected and arranged by Julia Raymond Gingell. With portrait, 16mo, uncut, pp. 170. D. Appleton & Co. $1. Bon-Mots of Samuel Foote and Theodore Hook. Edited by Walter Jerrold. Illus., 24mo, pp. 192, gilt top. Macmillan & Co. 75 cts. In Maiden Meditation. By E. V. A. 16mo, pp. 217. A. C. McClurg & Co. $1. Juliet and Romeo. From the Italian of Luigi da Porto. Illus., 32mo, gilt top, pp. 138. Joseph Knight Co.'s "World's Classics." Boxed, $1. The Sorrows of Werther. By Goethe. Illus., 32mo, gilt top, pp. 329. Joseph Knight Co.'s “World Classics." Boxed, $1. POETRY. Brand: A Dramatic Poem. By Henrik Ibsen. Trans., with introduction and notes, by C. H. Herford, M.A. 12mo, gilt top, pp. 288. Chas. Scribner's Sons. $2,50. A Sheaf of Poems. By George Perry. With portrait, 16mo, gilt top, pp. 149. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50. 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Macmillan's "Rulers of India.' 60 cts. Dictionary of National Biography. Edited by Sidney Lee. Vol. XXXVII., Masquerier to Millyng ; Vol. XXXVIII., Milman to More. Each, 8vo, gilt top. Macmillan & Co. Per vol., $3.75. 254 (April 16, THE DIAL TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION. EYLLER & COMPANY, Beyond the Rockies: A Spring Journey in California. By Charles Augustus Stoddard, author of “ Across Russia." Importers of GERMAN and Other Foreign Books. Illus., 12mo, pp. 214. Chas. Scribner's Sons. $1.50. Scarce and out-of-print books furnished promptly at lowest Bayou Folk. By Kate Chopin, 12mo, pp. 313. Houghton, prices. Literary information furnished free. Mifflin, & Co. $1.25. The Wee Ones of Japan. By Mae St. John Bramhall. Catalogues of new and second-hand books free on application. Illus., 16mo, uncut, pp. 137. Harper & Bros. $1. Eyller & Company, 86 Fifth Ave., Chicago, Ill. NATURE STUDIES. Our Literary Business requires an active, energetic An Island Garden. By Celia Thaxter. With pictures and representative in the West. Correspondence Invited. illuminations by Childe Hassam. 8vo, gilt top, pp. 126. FORDS, HOWARD & HULBERT, New York. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $4. Send for Catalogue “ Choice Reading." A Bird-Lover in the West. By Olive Thorne Miller, au- thor of " Bird Ways." 16mo, pp. 278. Houghton, Mif- flin & Co. $1.25. The Protection of Woodlands Travels in a Tree-top. By Charles Conrad Abbott. 16mo, Against Dangers Resulting from Organic and Inorganic gilt top, uncut, pp. 215. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.25. Causes. RELIGION AND THEOLOGY. By HERMANN FÜRST, Translated by Dr. John NISBET, of the Indiana Forest The Apostolic Age of the Christian Church. By Carl Service. Von Weizsäcker; trans. from the second edition by James Millar, B.D. Vol. I., 8vo, gilt top, uucut, pp. 405. G. “A thorough and conscientious work; one that arouses_reflection, and is therefore worthy of careful reading."- Garden and Forest. P. Putnam's Sons. $3.50. 8vo, cloth, illustrated with colored plates, $3.50. The Evidence of Salvation; or, The Direct Witness of the Spirit. By Rev. Everett S. Stackpole, D.D. 10mo, pp. For sale by all booksellers, or sent, postpaid, upon receipt of 115. T. Y. Crowell & Co. 50 cts. price, by WILLIAM R. JENKINS, SOCIAL STUDIES. 851 and 853 Sixth Avenue NEW YORK. Social Reform and the Church. By John R. Commons, THE BOOK SHOP, CHICAGO. with introduction by Richard T. Ely. 16mo, gilt top, pp. SCARCE BOOKS. BACK-NUMBER MAGAZINES. For any book on any sub- 175. T. Y. Crowell & Co. 75 cts. ject write to The Book Shop. Catalogues free. The Organization of Charities: Being a Report of the Sixth Section of the International Congress of Charities. POSITION as Librarian, Secretary, Correspondent, Translator Edited by Daniel C. Gilman, LL.D. 8vo, pp. 389. The or similar work, wanted by first assistant (male) in large library; Johns Hopkins Press. $1.50. conversant with literature and languages. Terms moderate. Address LIBRARIAN, care DIAL. REFERENCE. Rare Books. Prints. Autographs. A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles. Edited by_Dr. James A. H. Murray. Concluding section of Vol. WILLIAM EVARTS BENJAMIN, IfI., Everybody-Ezod. 4to, uncut, pp. 143. Macmillan No. 22 East SIXTEENTH STREET, NEW YORK & Co. $1.25. Catalogues Issued Continually. EDUCATION.-BOOKS FOR SCHOOL AND COLLEGE. WILLIAM R. HILL, BOOKSELLER. Symbolic Education: A Commentary on Froebel's "Mother MISCELLANEOUS BOOKS, Play." By Susan E. Blow: 12m0, pp. 231. Appletons' OLD AND RARE BOOKS. International Education Series." $1.50. The Phormio of Terence. Translated into English prose by M. H. Morgan. With a new prologue by J. B. Green- A Large Collection of Rare Prints ough. "Illus., 12mo, pp. 101. Cambridge: Chas. W. Sever. for Extra Illustrating. 75 cts. L'Ore e l'Orpello: Commedia in Due Otti. Di Gherardi del Nos. 5 & 7 East Monroe St., CHICAGO. Testa. 16mo, pp. 68. Heath's Modern Language Se- ries. 25 cts. THE NEW YORK BUREAU OF REVISION. FOR AUTHORS: The skilled revision, the unbiassed and com- MISCELLANEOUS. petent criticism of prose and verse; advice as to publication. Sandow on Physical Training: A Study in the Perfect FOR PUBLISHERS: The compilation of first-class works of Type of the Human Form. Compiled and edited, under reference. – Established 1880. Unique in position and suc Mr. Sandow's direction, by G. Mercer Adam. Illus., 8vo, pp. 244. J. Selwin Tait & Sons. $3,50. cess. Indorsed by our leading writers. Address Hospitals, Dispensaries, and Nursing: Papers and Dis- DR. TITUS M. COAN, 70 Fifth Ave., New YORK. cussions in the International Congress of Charities, Chi- cago, 1893. Edited by J. S. Billings, M.D., and H. M. AUTOGRAPH LETTERS AND Hurd, M.D. Illus., 8vo, pp. 719, The Johns Hopkins Press. $5. HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS. The Expert Waitress: A Manual for the Pantry, Kitchen, and Dining Room. By Anne Frances Springsteed. 16mo, SEND FOR PRICE LISTS. pp. 131. Harper & Bros. $1. WALTER ROMEYN BENJAMIN, No. 287 Fourth Avenue, NEW YORK CITY. EDUCATIONAL. GEORGE P. HUMPHREY, BRYN MAWR COLLEGE, Bryn Mawr, Pa. Ten miles . . . from Philadelphia, A College for Women: The Prof ANTIQUARIAN BOOKSELLER, study for the academic year, will be sent on application. MISS GIBBONS' SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, New York City:: No. 55 West 47th st. Mrs. SARAH H. EMERSON, Prin- cipal. Will reopen October 4. A few boarding pupils taken. 25 Exchange Street, ROCHESTER, N. Y. Catalogues of Rare Books are frequently issued, and will be mailed to any address. 1894.] 255 THE DIAL THE DIAL'S CONTRIBUTORS. The following list of The DIAL's contributors is published for the purpose of showing how varied are the intel- lectual interests represented by the review, and how serious and authoritative its contents. It will be noticed that the institutions of higher learning have furnished THE DIAL with a large proportion of its contributors, and that our most important universities, with hardly an exception, are represented in the list. THE DIAL feels that it has reason to be proud of a list that includes the chief justice of the United States, presidents or professors of some thirty colleges and universities, and many of the most distinguished private scholars in the country. Pres. C. K. Adams, University of Wis. Miss Alice French (Octave Thanet), Da- Prof. A. G. Newcomer, Stanford Univ. Prof. H. C. Adams, University of Mich. venport, Ia. Rev. Arthur Howard Noll, New Orleans. Prof.H.B. Adams, Johns Hopkins Univ. Chas. W. French, Chicago High School. James S. Norton, Chicago. *Prof. W. F. Allen, University of Wis. W. M. R. French, Director of Art Insti- Mrs. Minerva B. Norton, Evanston, Ill. Prof. E. P. Anderson, Miami University. tute, Chicago. Rev. Robert Nourse, La Crosse, Wis. Prof. M. B. Anderson, Stanford Univ. Hon. Melville W. Fuller, Chief Justice *Rev. George C. Noyes, Evanston Ill. Prof. R. B. Anderson, late U.S. Minis of the United States. Prof. J. E. Olson, University of Wis. ter to Denmark. Henry B. Fuller, Chicago. James L. Onderdonk, Chicago. Dr. Edmund Andrews, President Chicago William Elliott Furness, Chicago. Prof. Henry L. Osborn, Hamline Univ. Academy of Sciences. Prof. C. M. Gayley, Univ. of California. Eugene Parsons, Chicago. *Hon. Isaac N. Arnold, Chicago. Frank Gilbert, Chicago. Prof. G.T. W. Patrick, University of La. *Walter R. Barnes, Stevens Point, Wis. Rev. Simeon Gilbert, Chicago. William Morton Payne, The Dial. Elwyn A. Barron, Chicago. Richard Watson Gilder, New York City. Dr. S. H. Peabody, Late Pres. Univ. of IU Prof. John Bascom, Williams College. Rev.Washington Gladden, Columbus, O. Norman C. Perkins, Detroit, Mich. *Lieut. Fletcher S. Bassett, Chicago. Frederick W. Gookin, Chicago. Prof. W. R. Perkins, University of la. Rev. George Batchelor, Lowell, Mass. * Mrs. Genevieve Grant, Chicago. Egbert Phelps, Joliet, Ill. Prof. Geo. Baur, University of Chicago. Prof. Edward E. Hale, Jr., Univ. of Iowa Hon. J. O. Pierce, Minneapolis, Minn. Prof. E. W. Bemis, Univ. of Chicago. Dr. Fitzedward Hall, Marlesford, Eng. * Dr. W. F. Poole, Librarian Newberry Pres. W. M. Blackburn, University of Prof. Newton M. Hall, Iowa College. Library, Chicago. North Dakota. Prof. J. J. Halsey, Lake Forest Univ. *Rev. H. N. Powers, Piermont, N.Y. Rev. J. Vila Blake, Chicago. Rev. Leon A. Harvey, Des Moines, Ia. * William H. Ray, Hyde Park High Louis J. Block, Chicago. Prof. C. H. Haskins, University of Wis. School, Chicago. Charles C. Bonney, Pres. World's Con- Prof. J.T. Hatfield, Northwestern Univ. Rev. C. A. L. Richards, Providence, R.I. gress Auxiliary, Chicago. Prof. George Hempl, University of Mich. Prof. C. G. D. Roberts, King's College, Lewis H. Boutell, Evanston, Ill. Mrs. Ellen M. Henrotin, Chicago. Windsor, N. S. Prof. H. H. Boyesen, Columbia College. Rev. Brooke Herford, London, England. J. B. Roberts, Indianapolis, Ind. Francis F. Browne, Editor The Dial. James L. High, Chicago. John C. Ropes, Boston, Mass. John Burroughs, West Park, N. Y. Prof. Emil G. Hirsch, Univ. of Chicago. Prof. E. A. Ross, Cornell University. Mary E. Burt, Chicago. Prof. E. S. Holden, Director of the Lick James B. Runnion, Kansas City, Mo. Richard Burton, Hartford, Conn. Observatory. William M. Salter, Philadelphia, Pa. George W. Cable, Northhampton, Mass. Charles S. Holt, Lake Forest, Ill. Prof. M. W. Sampson, University of Ind. F. I. Carpenter, Chicago. Prof. Williston S. Hough, Univ. of Minn. * Thorkild A. Schovelin, New York City. Prof. H. S. Carhart, University of Mich. Mrs. Sara A. Hubbard, Chicago. Clinton Scollard, Clinton, N. Y. Mrs. Mary H. Catherwood, Hoopston, II. Prof.W. H. Hudson, Stanford University M. L. Scudder, Jr., Chicago. Prof. T.Č. Chamberlin, Univ. of Chicago Capt. E. L. Huggins, U.S.A., Chicago. Prof. Paul Shorey, University of Chicago. *Pres. A. L. Chapin, Beloit College. Henry A. Huntington, Rome, Italy. Albert Shaw, Ed. Review of Reviews. *James F. Claflin, Chicago High School. Dr. James Nevins Hyde, Chicago. Prof. W. E. Simonds, Knox College. H. W. S. Cleveland, Minneapolis, Minn. Edward S. Isham, Chicago. William Henry Smith, New York City. Ernest W Clement, Univ. of Chicago. Prof. H. C. G. von Jagemann, Harvard Prof. D. E. Spencer, University of Mich. Dr. Titus Munson Coan, New York City. University, Prof. H. M. Stanley, Lake Forest Univ. Rev. Robert Collyer, New York City. * Hon. John A. Jameson, Chicago. Prof. Frederick Starr, Univ. of Chicago. Prof. Albert S. Cook, Yale University. Rev. Kristopher Janson, Minnesota. Frank P. Stearns, Boston, Mass. Hon. Thomas M. Cooley, Univ. of Mich. Prof. Joseph Jastrow, University of Wis. Arthur Stedman, N. Y. City. Prof. C. H. Cooper, Carleton College. Prof. J. W. Jenks, Cornell University. Richard Henry Stoddard, N. Y. City. Prof. Hiram Corson, Cornell University. W. L. B. Jenney, Chicago. Mrs. Margaret F. Sullivan, Chicago. Dr. Elliott Coues, Smithsonian Institu'n. * Dr. J. S. Jewell, Chicago. Rev. David Swing, Chicago. Rev. Joseph H. Crooker, Helena, Mont. Edward Gilpin Johnson, Milwaukee, Wis. Slason Thompson, Chicago. Prof. E. L. Curtis, Yale University. Rossiter Johnson, New York City. Miss Edith M. Thomas, W. P. Cutler, Columbus, O. Prof.W. H. Johnson, Denison University Henry W. Thurston, La Grange, III. Clarence L. Dean, Marshall, Mich. Pres. David S. Jordan, Stanford Univ. Henry L. Tolman, Chicago. VanBuren Denslow, New York City. Prof. H. P. Judson, Univ. of Chicago. William P. Trent, Sewanee, Tenn. Mrs. Anna Farwell DeKoven, N. Y. City. Prof. F. W. Kelsey, University of Mich. Prof. F. J. Turner, University of Wis. Eugene L. Didier, Baltimore, Md. Prof. C. W. Kent, Charlottesville, Va. Prof. Herbert Tuttle, Cornell University. Prof. D. K. Dodge, University of Illinois. Capt. Charles King, U.S.A., Milwaukee. Edward Tyler, Ithaca, N. Y. Col. Theo. A. Dodge, U.S.A., Boston. Joseph Kirkland, Chicago. George P. Upton, Chicago. Prof. M. L. D'Ooge, University of Mich. Walter C. Larned, Chicago. Rev. David Utter, Salt Lake City, Utah. Prof. J. G. Dow, Univ. of South Dakota. Bryan Lathrop, Chicago. Prof.J.C.Van Dyke, New Brunsw'k,N.J. Pitts Duffield, Mackinac Island, Mich. Rev. William M. Lawrence, Chicago. Horatio L. Wait, Chicago. Prof. Louis Dyer, Oxford, England. Prof. W.C. Lawton, Bryn Mawr College. Charles Dudley Warner, Hartford, Conn. Dr. Carl H. Eigenmann, Academy of Sci- Henry D. Lloyd, Chicago. Stanley Waterloo, Chicago. ences, San Francisco, Cal. Dr. H. M. Lyman, Chicago. W. Irving Way, Chicago. Alice Morse Earle, Brooklyn, N. Y. James MacAlister, Pres. Drexel Inst. * William H. Wells, Chicago. Prof. O. L. Elliott, Univ. of Chicago. Franklin MacVeagh, Chicago. Prof. Barrett Wendell, Harvard Univ. S. R. Elliott, Alexander C. McClurg, Chicago. Pres. D. H.Wheeler, Alleghany College. Prof. Richard T. Ely, University of Wis. Prof. A. C. McLaughlin, Univ. of Mich. * Prof. N. M. Wheeler, Appleton Univ. Prof. O. F. Emerson, Cornell University. Mrs. Anna B. McMahan, Chicago. Dr. Samuel Willard, Chicago High Sch. Edgar Fawcett, New York City. E. G. Mason, Pres. Chicago Hist. Society. Rev. E. F. Williams, Chicago. C. Norman Fay, Chicago. Mrs. Miriam P. Mason, Chicago. R. O. Williams, New Haven, Conn. H. W. Fay, Westborough, Mass. Miss Kate B. Martin, Chicago. Gen. Robt. Williams, U.S.A., Washington Walter T. Field, Chicago. Prof. Brander Matthews, Columbia Col. Prof. Woodrow Wilson, Princeton Univ. James E. Foreman, Chicago. Miss Marian Mead, Chicago. * Dr. Alex, Winchell, University of Mich. William Dudley Foulke, Richmond, Ind. Prof. A. C. Miller, Univ. of Chicago. Prof. Arthur B. Woodford, N. Y. City. Mrs. Mary H. Ford, Kansas City, Mo. Miss Harriet Monroe, Chicago. J. E. Woodhead, Chicago. Prof. N. C. Fredericksen, late of the Uni- Miss Lucy Monroe, Chicago. Mrs. Celia P. Wooley, Chicago. versity of Copenhagen. Mrs. A. W. Moore, Madison, Wis. Prof. G. Frederick Wright, Oberlin, O. * Deceased. 256 [April 16, 1894. THE DIAL Warne's Library of Natural History. PUBLISHED MONTHLY. PRICE, 50 CENTS. MESSRS. FREDERICK WARNE & COMPANY take pleasure in announcing that about May 1 they will com- mence the issue of a new monthly serial under the above title, of which the first instalments will compose THE ROYAL NATURAL HISTORY. Edited by Mr. RICHARD LYDEKKER, B.A., F.G.S., F.Z.S., joint author of “ An Introduction to the Study of Mammals," etc. The Preface by P. L. SCLATER, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary of the Zoological Society of London. This work is entirely new, and will include the four orders of creation ; thoroughly abreast of the age, full, accurate, and readable, and abounding in anecdote. 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TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the current number. REMITTANCES should be by check, or by express or postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application ; and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished on application. All communications should be addressed to THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago. No. 189. MAY 1, 1894. Vol. XVI. CONTENTS. PAGE CANADIAN LITERATURE 259 ENGLISH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. D, K. Dodge 261 262 . COMMUNICATIONS Interpretations of Ibsen. M. Wergeland. Local Usage in American Speech. George Hempl. PASQUIER'S PICTURES OF NAPOLEONIC TIMES. E. G. J. 264 CANADIAN LITERATURE. Our esteemed contemporary over the north- ern border, “ The Week” of Toronto, has re- cently been publishing a series of letters from Canadian writers of more or less repute, upon the subject of the Canadian literature which they unite in thinking ought to result from the literary activity of the younger generation, but which they regretfully admit to have given as yet hardly any signs of existence. The term litera- ture has many meanings, but we are now using it (as these anxious inquirers seem to use it) for the purpose of designating such writings as produce a distinct impression upon the mass of the people in whose language it is written. In this sense, no production of merely local interest or appeal may be called literature, how- ever vehemently its friends may put forward a claim to the title. In this sense, the United States has not yet produced any great quantity of literature, while Canada and Australia have produced, we may almost say, none at all. En- gland can still claim most of the writers whose audience is coëxtensive with the English-speak- ing world ; there are a few names from our own country, such as those of Emerson and Longfellow, upon the list; the other English- peopled lands remain unrepresented. The test that we have suggested is doubtless a severe one, and there is no other language whose literature must, as a condition of success, answer to the wants of so many communities geographically so far apart. On the other hand, there is no language comparable with our own in the compensations which it offers to the suc- cessful man of letters. He who gains the ear of the English-speaking world commands an audience so vast that the imagination does not easily grasp it, and his reward, whether in profit or in fame, is proportional to the numbers of those whom he addresses. It is vain to deny the unifying effect of a language upon the com- munities that share its use; however alien the race - elements concerned, a common bond of speech must make them one in sympathy and in ideals. Looked at from this point of view, the ques- tion of Canadian literature is very simple. There are not many Canadians altogether (for AN INDEX GUIDE TO VENETIAN PAINTERS. Jefferson B. Fletcher . 268 NEW CHAPTERS OF AFRICAN DISCOVERY. Alice Morse Earle . 269 . • RECENT BOOKS OF POETRY. William Morton Payne 272 Fenollosa's East and West.-Hay's Created Gold.- Santayana's Sonnets and Other Verses.-Fanshawe's Two Lives. - Allen's The Lower Slopes. --- Garnett's Poems.- White's Book-Song.-Rossetti's The House of Life. BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 275 Reconstruction of the science of logic. — A readable volume on the Jacobean Poets.-Tales of an English Hunter in South Africa. - Contemporary Composers of France. - The Story of the University of Oxford. -Art and its influence on Civilization. BRIEFER MENTION 277 O NEW YORK TOPICS. Arthur Stedman 278 . . . LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY 279 . TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 280 . . LIST OF NEW BOOKS 281 . . 260 [May 1, THE DIAL the French are not to be included in this cal the happy discovery that a literature has been culation), and it is only within a very few years growing up unnoticed in their midst. But we that the conditions have been found under which do not expect it for some time, and we are sure the very existence of literature is possible. that it will not come with observation. There When the “ epic passion” of a people has to is a good deal in this discussion of The Week" vent itself in the felling of forests and the to remind us of discussions not unfamiliar in building of cities, there is little chance to cul our own country. With us the question is tivate the rather exotic flower of literature, and somewhat more complicated, for we have not poets are likely to be of the inarticulate sort so only loud outcries for an American literature, dear to Mr. Carlyle. Other reasons for the but still louder and more blatant demands for non-existence of a Canadian literature are fur a Western, or a Southern, or a Mississippi nished by the contributors to “ The Week.” Valley, or a Pacific Coast literature. One of these reasons is found in the fact that Reduced to this absurdity, the contention be- there is no recognized intellectual centre for comes merely amusing, and is made none the English Canada. Toronto comes nearer than less so by the efforts of our too-zealous section- any other city to being such a centre, but To alists to decry the work done in older and more ronto is still so provincial, we are told, that it cultivated intellectual centres, and to exalt, by seems to have a prejudice against books pro all the devices of the clique for mutual admir- duced outside of Ontario. Another reason is ation, every petty local performance. We are the absorption of Canadian literary talent by not even sure that the demand for a distinct- the publishers and magazine editors of the ively national literature of our own is a justi- United States. Still another reason is the ten fiable one, and we may certainly be permitted dency of Canadian writers to produce hasty to doubt the wisdom of a similar demand for a and slovenly work. This is brought forward This is brought forward Canadian literature. One of the “Week” corre- by Dr. Bourinot, who certainly speaks with spondents speaks of certain causes which“ tend authority. But no reasons are really needed to intensify the general movement towards to explain so natural a fact as that of a small literary centralization throughout the English- and struggling community, as yet hardly in- speaking world, and to choke the independent fused with national feelings, having produced literary life of the smaller communities." In- no distinctive literature of its own. stead of deprecating this tendency, as the Of course we do not ignore the fact that writer seems to do, we are inclined to think it many Canadian writers have done excellent a fortunate one. The best literary life for the work in prose and verse. Haliburton and De small community is likely to be a life fed from Mille, for example, among those who have the best sources of inspiration, and drawing its passed away, Professor Roberts and Mr. Car-nourishment from the common stock of English man, for example, among the younger men, are literary achievement. It seems to us that no widely known, as widely in this country as in other than a stunted literary life would be pos- their own. And Canada has at least half own sible for a community that should seek a strictly ership in that great scholar and profound polit- independent development. The great tradition ical thinker, Professor Goldwin Smith. But of expression, as embodied in the five centuries these excellent writers, and a dozen more whose of our literary production since Chaucer first names at once occur to any well-informed per- fashioned English speech for the purposes of son, are not enough to make a literature, at art, is too splendid a heritage to be disdained best they add but a slender rill tributary to the or lightly cast aside. There is but one English broad stream of English letters. literature at present, and we hope that there One thing is quite certain : Talking about a wi will never be more than one. national literature and the desirability of hav- things that make for unity among all English- ing one will not do anything to stimulate its speaking people, literature is the most import- emergence. Literature is almost never the pro ant, and experience affords no warrant for the duct of self-consciousness ; self-conscious pe-apprehension that unity may ever generate into riods in the life of a nation may precede or fol mere uniformity. low periods of productivity, but the two are “In der Beschränkung zeigt sich erst der not likely to coincide. Some day, when our Meister,” said Goethe. For the literary artist Canadian friends have ceased to scan the hori- who has as a medium of expression the English zon for the coming literature, and have turned language, whether he live and work in the to thinking about other things, they may make | United States or in Canada, in Africa or in Of the many - 1894.] 261 THE DIAL Australia, the lesson of this dictum must be upon his artistic and ethical qualities, rather than that truth to himself will always mean truth to upon the language in which these find expression. the English literary tradition, coupled with a But of far greater importance is the question of recognition and a cheerful acceptance of what- how to approach Shakespeare. It is bad enough to ever limitations that tradition may be found to confine ourselves to the grammatical forms of Chau- impose. cer; it is little far from criminal to do so with our mighty dramatist. Not that the grammatical and linguistic side shall be ignored; it must, however, be reduced to a minimum, as a means to a greater ENGLISH AT THE UNIVERSITY end. Richard Grant White to the contrary, Shake- OF ILLINOIS. * speare requires much annotation of various kinds, in order that the study may yield its full return. The courses in English at the Illinois State Uni- versity being at present confined to the undergrad- throughout the year to the detailed investigation of Our Shakespeare class devotes two hours a week uate classes, an account of the work must differ ma- four plays—a comedy, an historical play, a tragedy, terially from one dealing with the full university and one of the so-called romances. One hour a week curriculum. The aim of such a course is, or should during the first term is devoted to the pre-Shake- be, the development of general culture rather than the preparation for later scientific research. It aims spearian drama, and the same time during the last two terms to the reading of eight or ten of Shake- to be, as far as possible, complete in itself. speare's plays in the order of Furnivall's chronolog- Keeping this end in view, we devote the whole ical table, bearing chiefly in mind the development of the first year to a general survey of English and American literature, dwelling particularly on the of the author's genius. In these “Hamlet” is in- variably included. Free discussion by the members great names and the significant periods. From this of the class is heartily encouraged. Special stress as a centre all the subsequent courses are made to radiate. Those students, furthermore, who wish to is laid upon the different conceptions of characters and situations by leading actors, and upon the stage devote only a single year to the subject are thus requirements of the plays,—the student being never given a bird's-eye view, which, while necessarily in- ai allowed to forget that Shakespeare wrote primarily complete and superficial, is the best substitute for for the stage and not for the closet. Textual crit- an extended course. In connection with this sub- icism is treated even more sparingly than grammat- ject, as with all others, much outside reading is re- ical study, its proper place being in the advanced quired. The results of this method of Shake- In the three succeeding years the time is divided speare study have been very encouraging, many of as equally as possible between two subjects, so that the pupils seeming to develop from it a real love the students may have variety without distraction. for the subject, which it is to be hoped may be In the junior and senior years the line is drawn ried still further outside of the college walls. between language and literature, and anyone so de- The other courses offered are the prose of the siring may elect only one of these. As might be nineteenth century, the poetry of the nineteenth expected, the preference in the large majority of cases is given to the latter subject. This compara- century, special stress being laid in the former on the novel, in the latter on Wordsworth, Browning, tive unpopularity of language-study suggests the and Tennyson, eighteenth century literature, the lit- advisability of providing a special course of one or two terms in elementary Old English (Anglo- including Chaucer. There is also a special course erary study of history, and Old and Early English, Saxon) grammar and prose for literary students. of one year for scientific and engineering students, This is the more desirable as the earliest period of consisting of a general survey of the literature, En- our literature cannot satisfactorily be included in the general survey, and yet some knowledge of it is glish grammar, and the critical study of scientific prose. essential to a comprehensive knowledge of our lit- erary development. It is also a serious question In addition to the instruction in language and lit- whether Chaucer should be studied in the language erature, which is elective, a certain amount of work course, as at present. But in any case, stress should is required in rhetoric and theme-writing of all mem- be laid, in an ordinary college course such as ours, bers of the university, the object of which is the practical one of endeavoring to give training in the * This article is the seventh of an extended series on the use of English. Much freedom is left to the stu- Teaching of English at American Colleges and Universities, dents in the choice of subjects, and satisfactory ar- of which the following have already appeared in THE DIAL: English at Yale University, by Professor Albert S. Cook ticles in the college paper and the various college (Feb. 1); English at Columbia College, by Professor Bran- societies are accepted as equivalents for the regu- der Matthews (Feb. 16); English at Harvard University, by lar class themes. This latter plan has yielded ad- Professor Barrett Wendell (March 1); English at Stanford mirable results this year, the first of its trial. University, by Professor Melville B. Anderson (March 16); English at Cornell University, by Professor Hiram Corson It may be added that while, as has been stated, (April 1); and English at the University of Virginia, by Pro no attempt has yet been made to offer systematic fessor Charles W. Kent (April 16).- [EDR. DIAL.] instruction in English for graduates, provision is courses. car- 262 [May 1, THE DIAL made for all those desiring to pursue higher studies ter, to give us the sense about them, if you will. Neither in this subject. The time is not far distant, it is does the poet so absolutely “stand for individualism hoped, when this deficiency will be remedied. first and last,” as the reviewer seems to think; that sounds a little too much like celebration of egotism, DANIEL KILHAM DODGE. and to this Ibsen is vehemently opposed. His demand is Professor of English Language and Literature, University of much more strictly ideal. He asks for the true man as Illinois. “God saw him in his mind on the day of creation," the man with character and yet humble, the man that knows his will and is still obedient, the man that has COMMUNICATIONS. learned and broadened his spirit and grown in mind and body. Herein is his point of contact with Goethe. That INTERPRETATIONS OF IBSEN. he does not remain in this serene tranquillity and men- tal elevation that characterizes the teaching of Goethe, (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) but wages incessant warfare, is due to the critical fault- In the recent review of Ibsen's “ Brand” in The finding and active idealism of his spirit. In this, per- DIAL there are two statements that to my mind do not haps, is found the reason of his chief distance from the quite do justice to the work, nor to Ibsen himself. It ant originality: that where Goethe is always synthetic, miliar with a language, to appreciate its nature thor Ibsen is the born revolutionary and analyst. But to oughly; and thus it may be permitted me to express a return to “ Brand.” different opinion concerning some things stated in the The book itself dates from the period of the great review. For example, at the beginning, where the dis pietistic movement in Norway, and is in the widest tinction is made between authors of poetic form and sense a poetical-philosophical summary of the interest those of poetic thought, Ibsen is classed with the lat for life of such a wave of strong religious feeling and ter, and somewhat categorically denied beauty of form. fanaticism as that period witnessed. This great ques- Now, to all Norwegians, nay, to all Scandinavians, with tion certainly touched Ibsen's searching mind more than out exception, Ibsen is the master of form par excel any other man's, far and wide. It is with the glaring lence; none of our poets being, as is he, the absolute ar light of his Diogenes' lantern that he reveals the scene tist that bends and shapes the language into perfect as it is stereotyped in “ Brand." If any moral sentence rhyme and perfect rhythm alike. Surely he is no Ten should be the motto of the book, it might be that of nyson; he carries the sword rather than the wreath of Goethe: “ Licht, mehr Licht !” Broader views, better roses; but his weapon is as finely-wrought and well understanding! Ibsen is here questioning the right and tempered a blade as any masterpiece of Damascus. value of the spiritual supremacy that some ardent na- The question of his superiority of form may safely be tures claim (in religious matters) over their fellow- left with his people, who have long deemed him beyond beings, and he shows the form such spiritual supremacy criticism on that point. The English-speaking nations takes when the mind is powerfully agitated. Brand is naturally have a standard of form of their own, but it the type of a leader, ophet, a spiritual fire, as his would be rather unfair to apply this to other languages. name indicates, the reformer that will strike down and Besides, the miserable translations in which Ibsen's annihilate by the blaze of his wrath the dull and vicious works have suffered in almost every foreign tongue vermin that poison the world and infect the pastoral have done their utmost to obscure the excellence of his herd, and will put up instead a new altar and establish style. Those that understand his « Terje Viken " and a new devotion to God. He means to wake them up his “Comedy of Love” know better what to think. with his word as well as with his example. He is of The Norwegian tongue, with its stock of good dialect unflinching belief in his right and his mission, a zealot words, is capable, we are proud to say, of expressing with as narrow a view of Christianity as any of the fa- whatever an artist may choose to confide to it; and Ib natics fostered in those valleys where the mountains sen has been able not only to use it with virtuosity, but crowd out the sky and the hardships of life seem to lie also to increase even further its capacity of expression. in wait for one's very soul. As severe as is existence But as the tongue is spoken by only two millions of are the views of all those that strive for it. The word people, students of European literature, naturally, do “sin" covers such a vast field of harmless enjoyment ! not generally take the trouble to learn it; but in order The minds are shy and bitter, the deadening of the to gain some acquaintance with the leading ideas in flesh is the highest achievement comprehended. The works that have caused such stir as have Ibsen's, they most innocent play incites severe reproof — how can turn to translations that are often translated from other feeling or compassion, warmth of heart and spontaneity, translations, both alike being misrepresenting and poor. but freeze and crystallize in such surroundings ? Another remark concerning the idea and bearing of Brand is as erring in his converting frenzy as are “ Brand." The author justifies his hero less, perhaps, those that beguile him and finally drive him out beyond than the reader is apt to think. Ibsen is anything but the boundaries of his parish into the lonely wilderness, dogmatic; his satire is entirely too keen and clear to perish in the cold and snow. This utter lack of re- sighted for that, - or, as the translator so well puts it, sponsiveness, the absolute failure of his mission, strikes “ His most definite and dominant thoughts come to the a harder death-blow than his exposure and his un- surface laden with that tangle of counter-thought which happiness. The doubt, the feeling of inability to un- gathers about every peremptory conclusion in the depths derstand more than one side of the reforming work, of a critical mind." We wish the reader could always gnaws on his conscience; he feels overcome, and in the keep these lines in mind. Humanity has no heroes to anguish of death the cry goes up to heaven whether Ibsen, unless it be his women; but there he is probably after all, he has not been mistaken, whether the un- influenced from other sources. The figures are never swerving energy of his man's will shall not be the fea- seen with a naive, admiring glance, but rather with a ture that redeems him; and he receives as an answer searching eye, in order to bring out their whole charac that God is not the God of law but of love. Thus 1894.] 263 THE DIAL 6 "I had the opor- Brand sinks perishing at the feet of the mercy he has ply you'? 18. Which word has the stress ? 19. If not understood, and the snow-storm that has swept you say 'you' all,' do you do so in speaking to one per- around him covers him up and extinguishes the last son? 20. Is yous ' in use for you'? 21. Is you'n's' sparks of the fire that burned so fervently. used for “you'? 22. Is «yous ' used in speaking to one To translate Ibsen, we may safely say, is by no means person. 23. Is you’n’s'? 24. Do you say “What all an easy task. How many efforts have been made in did he say"? 25. “ Who all were there" ? 26. Is earlier times to interpret other masters of thought and "a bunch of cattle familiar to you? 27. Would you fiction — such as Shakespeare, Byron, and Goethe say “ I want up"="I want to get up'? 28. Would without succeeding in making the authors at home in a you say “ The butter is all” = It is gone, there is no foreign literature. If Professor Hereford in his ren more'? 29. Do you occasionally say “ I guess "="I dering of Ibsen is able to introduce him at his best to think?? 30. Do you occasionally say “ I reckon”. the American world of readers, the admirers and friends •I think'? 31. Might you say “I wonder if I shall of the great poet cannot but be deeply beholden to the get to go"— shall be able to go'? 32. Would you translator for his noble work. M. WERGELAND. say “I got to go riding yesterday” Champaign, Il., April 21, 1894. tunity'? 33. Do you say “I shall wait on you for you'? 34. Do you use "carry' in the sense of escort'? 35. Is the word creek' in common use? LOCAL USAGE IN AMERICAN SPEECH. 36. Does it usually rhyme with speak’or withóstick'? (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) 37. Is tote' to you a common word, or a comparatively The systematic study of American speech and cus recent slang word ? 38. Just what does it mean? toms is made difficult by the fact that no map has yet 39. Would you say “ Just taste (smell, feel) of it”? been made of the centres and currents of diversity of 40. Or“ Just taste it” ? etc. usage. In order that this may be done it is necessary 41. Does to' rhyme with 'grow' or with 'true'? that as many answers as possible be obtained to a num 42. Do you pronounce • where' and 'wear,'' whet,' and ber of test questions. Such a list has been prepared wet' alike? 43. Has anyone ever said he thought from questions suggested by members of the Modern you pronounced wh like w? 44. Do you pronounce Language Association of North America. I would call excursion' with the sh-sound in shun' or that of s in the attention of readers of The Dial to this list, and (vision ?' 45. In which (if any) of the following does urge those that have interest in the matter to answer as s have the sound of z: the grease,'" to grease,'' greasy?? many of the questions as they conveniently can, and for 46. Do you pronounce th in the following cases as in ward the answers to me; or hand the list to some one thick' or as in the’: (a) with' 'em, (b) with' me, (c) with who has the time and inclination to do so. Other in all'? 47. Do thought, taught, ought, daughter, author, etc., formation than that asked for will be gladly received, sound like 'hot'? 48. Does the vowel in hot' re- but would better be written on a separate sheet. It semble that in • law' or that in board,' or neither ? may be some time before the results of the investiga 49. Which of the following words usually have a as tion can be published, but when they are, THE DIAL in cat,' or nearly that? 50. Do any have a sound re- will be notified. What is wanted is a report of natural sembling a in make'? 501. Do any have a sound re- speech, without regard to what dictionaries and teach sembling a in art ? 51. Do any have a sound resem- ers say is “correct." If a word or usage is in vogue bling a in all'? after, almond, answer, ant, ask, aunt, only among the illiterate, mark it “I”; if only among basket, calf, calm, can't, command, dance, draft, drama, negroes, “N”; if rare, “ R.” Correspondents will please fasten, gape, glass, grasp, half, haunt, laugh, ma’m in write only on one side of the paper, and number the 'yes ma'm,' etc.), nasty, past, path, plant, psalm, rather, answers as the questions are. salmon, såmple, sha'n't, staff. 1. State your name and present address. 2. Where 52. Which is most usual: "pa'pa,' 'papa',' pap' was your usage formed ? [Give county and state, and or 'pa'? 521. If .pap,' does the a sound as in “art,' add “S,” “SW,” “C,” etc., according as the county is in hat,' or 'all’? 53. If 'pa,' does the a sound as in the southern, southwestern, or central part of the state. 'art,' hat,' or 'all’? 54. Do you say down' town'or The basis of one's usage is usually what one hears be down town''? tween the years 8–18.] 55. Is the word • shilling' in use in business ? If so, 3. Has your speech been modified by that of persons what is its value? 56. Is • levy' in use? If so, what speaking differently from what is usual in your neigh- is its value? 57. Is "bit' in use? If so, what is its borhood? If so, explain. [For example, are your pa value? 58. Is 'fip'in use ? If so, what is its value ? rents foreigners, or from another state, or have you 59. Do you call the pipe that conducts smoke from been taught by or associated much with such persons ?] a stove to the chimney a stovepipe' or a "funnel'? 4. Where did most of the settlers in your neighborhood 60. Do you call a small tin vessel of the size of a cup and come from? 41. If there is a large foreign popula with a tin looped (not long straight) handle a 'tin cup' tion, of what nationality is it ? ora dipper'? 61. Would you call an iron utensil having 5. Is to you the word “stoop' (=porch) familiar, a large open top and used for boiling potatoes, meat, strange, or unknown ? 6. Is • bayou' to you a familiar etc., a pot' or a kettle'? 62. If large and made of word or a book word? 7. If a familiar word, does brass, what would you call it ? 63. Would you call a the first syllable rhyme with by' or 'bay'? 8. Does wooden vessel for carrying water, etc., a 'pail' pr a the second rhyme with 'go' or 'you'? 9. Are the .bucket'? 64. What would you call a similar vessel two syllables separated by the sound of y in 'yet'? of tin for carrying water, milk, etc.? 65. Would you 10. Which syllable has the stress? 11. At what time call a covered tin vessel for carrying a small amount of day do you begin to say “Good evening”? 12. Do of milk or a dinner a “pail,' a 'can,' or a kettle'? you speak of the forenoon'? 13. Of the afternoon '? 66. Do you say frying pan,'' skillet,' or 'spider'? 67. If 14. Do you say “Good forenoon” ? 15. “Good after more than one, how do you differentiate ? noon”? 16. Do you use “pack' in the sense of carry'? GEORGE HEMPL. 17. Does you all’ mean “every one of you’or sim University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., April 20, 1894. 6 264 [May 1, THE DIAL standing was reached allowing the Russian The New Books. troops to leave their cantonments in Finland and march to the rescue of Riga; to this was PASQUIER'S PICTURES OF NAPOLEONIC to be added the diversion likely to be made in TIMES. * Pomerania by a Swedish army. Yet in the Chancellor Pasquier's second volume, cover- face of it all Napoleon decided, after taking ing the period (1812–1814) from the French Smolensk, not to halt his sorely fatigued troops advance on Moscow to the first Bourbon res- for rest, but to move on to Moscow! Had he toration, serves on the whole to strengthen the halted for the winter on the Düna, he might, favorable impression left by the first. As a Pasquier thinks, have organized in his rear the picture of Napoleonic times it is of special old Polish provinces, and have thus placed him- value — partly in that it is the account of a self in a position either to dictate a peace or fresh witness and not a mere editorial pouring begin a decisive campaign in the Spring. The of old wine into new bottles, and partly because apparent infatuation of the Emperor was freely the witness himself is a rarely competent one. censured by his officials at Paris. Said M. As prefect of police under the Consulate and Decrès, the Minister of Marine, after detailing the Empire, it was his official duty to keep the facts just noted : himself informed on public matters and to care- “What everybody sees the Emperor does not see, or fully sift and generalize his information. Po- else he is mad enough to cast from him all that seems to run counter to his presumptuous hopes. In the mean- lice business, too, at that time of civil unrest and while Marmont is being beaten in Spain, and, within six shifting opinion, took on a color strongly polit- months, the result of his defeat may be the loss of Spain. ical. Briefly, then, we are to regard Pasquier as All this, moreover, has not and will not have any a first-rate authority on the questions handled effect on him. He will imagine that he can find a way in this volume, and not as the mere quidnunc out of the difficulty, by making a further demand for conscripts; the Senate has just turned over one hundred and retailer of the current political chit-chat of and forty thousand of them to him, which makes four the period of Napoleon's waning fortunes. hundred and forty thousand for the year; and do you The narrative opens, as we have said, at the think that a rope on which there is such a tension can outset of the Russian campaign. The early endure for any length of time ? —No, I tell you he is a lost man." optimistic bulletins from the Grand Army did not, says Pasquier, impose on those at Paris Evidently the Napoleonic superstition, like in a position and a temper to judge coolly of the Napoleonic star, had already begun to wane. the Fabian policy of the Russian commanders. Meanwhile the Emperor pursued his fatal jour- The continuous retrograde movement, from ney. On September 7 the battle of the Mos- which many drew the brightest. conclusions, kowa was fought, and a victory was won, which, was rightly viewed by others as the result of however, at Paris, “struck consternation into a system the primary object of which was to the hearts of the most steadfast of Napoleon's exhaust the French army by long marches friends, and produced a sort of stupor in the through a country in which it had no base of public mind.” The road to Moscow lay open; supplies, and to draw it away from its stores but never, in twenty years of stubborn combats, and reinforcements. It was even feared—and had so many generals and officers of note been killed or wounded. The substantial fruits of with reason, as the event proved—that Napo- leon himself would end in sharing the illusions victory, moreover, were lost through default. he sought to disseminate. His situation was, All are agreed that the battle of the Moskowa even at the outset when he had most to hope, was wrongly engaged by the Emperor — who and irrespective of the inherent dangers of a was, however, it is fair to say, indisposed, and Russian campaign, a serious one. consequently obliged to act largely on the ad- concluded between Russia and Turkey had re- vice of his generals. Moreover, after the day leased a Russian army corps and left it free was won, argues Pasquier, by refusing to send to attack the French in the rear. It was known, his guard into action, he failed to complete the moreover, that a meeting had taken place at rout of the Russians and allowed them to or- Abo between the Emperor of Russia and the ganize their retreat and to re-form their lines without hindrance. Prince Royal of Sweden, and that an under- “ He therefore, through his own fault, reduced almost to nothing the *A HISTORY OF MY TIME: Memoirs of Chancellor Pas- quier. Edited by the Duc D'Audifret-Pasquier. Translated result of this so eagerly sought for battle." by Charles E. Roche. Volume II., 1812-1814. New York: The truth is that Napoleon's situation, after Chas. Scribner's Sons. crossing the Niemen, was such that he had no The peace . 1894.] 265 THE DIAL man. knowledge whatever of the disposal or numbers ernment's enemies, of whatever political stripe, of the forces opposed to him. He had com with the hope of overthrowing it; and towards pletely lost his reckoning, or was, at least, feel the end of October a most audacious scheme ing his way by the roughest of dead-reckoning to that end came to the surface. We allude, Perhaps, like Wallenstein, he trusted to what of course, to the famous Malet conspiracy. As he called his "star". an astronomical or as this episode falls peculiarly within Pasquier’s trological figment whose baleful influence on competency as a witness, and as he avers, more- the fortunes of France culminated in 1871. over, that received accounts of it are more or The swarms of Cossacks did not permit him less falsified, it may be worth while to devote to extend his reconnoitring beyond a league some space to his version. or so, and as the peasantry Aed at his approach The hero of the plot, General Malet, a rest- all means of getting information were shut off. less spirit whose ardent (“virulent” is Pas- It is known that he was for two days after the quier's word) republicanism neither the woes battle of Moskowa unable to discover the road of the Terror nor the glories of the Empire by which the Russian army was retreating. Is could shake, was at the time no longer a young it not, then, asks Pasquier,- He began his military career in the “ Perfectly just to conclude that his enterprise, con mousquetaires ; with the Revolution he became ceived with the greatest rashness, was no less madly ex a zealous patriote, and he rejoined the army in ecuted, without any settled plan of campaign, without 1792; in 1799 he was a général de brigade. any assured means of communication with the rein- forcements of which he daily stood in greater need ? His services were dispensed with in the first Pursuing, as he was, an enemy whose strength was un days of the Empire, when he settled in Paris known to him, he was marching on Moscow without be and at once began plotting against the man ing able to say what he would do when he reached whom he regarded as the assassin of the lib- there, seemingly under the impression that everything depended on his occupying that capital." erties of France. Probably, at bottom, Malet was one of those chronic malcontents who vat- While thus severely and justly criticising urally constitute the radicals of any given pol- Bonaparte's Russian venture, Pasquier does not ity or arrangement whatsoever-provided only fail to note his returning energy and resource it exists. As with the newly-arrived Hibernian fulness amid the thickening disasters of the re- treat. He says: immigrant of the story, the phrase “agin the government” might at any time and under any “If, on the one hand, no other man but Napoleon could have conceived and ventured on so mad an expe- conditions have precisely defined his political dition, on the other he was the only man whom it could attitude. At any rate, about 1809, the Gen- not crush. So magnetic was the power which he exer- eral's sinister activities landed him in the prison cised over the men who perished while following him, of La Force, whence, in 1812, he was trans- that not the slightest sign of disobedience manifested ferred, through the indulgence of Fouché, who itself, that not a murmur arose from the ranks of an owed him a kindness, to a private hospital in army which was dying of cold and hunger. Such an ex- ample has never been set the world, and Napoleon has the Faubourg Saint-Antoine. Here he was never appeared greater than to those who saw him on only nominally a prisoner ; escape was easy, the banks of the Beresina, walking along those unknown and there was no obstacle in the way of inter- shores, stick in hand, absorbed in a study of the chances remaining to him of concealing from the enemy the course with the outer world. Naturally, he did crossing of the river by his army, giving his orders with not neglect his opportunities. On entering the undisturbed, unruffled coolness, and finally triumphing hospital he found there several kindred spirits, over a difficulty which would have seemed insurmount MM. de Polignac, Berthier de Sauvigny, M. able to any other man. de Puyvert, and the Abbé Lafon—the last of Napoleon left Moscow in October, 1812, and whom, only, it is important for us to note. reached Paris on the 18th of December, at mid As this coterie were held as participants in night. On the following Sunday, at his usual a royalist plot, it will be seen that the General levee, says Pasquier, “ he approached me most and his fellow captives were by no means birds affably, and whispered to me so that I alone of a political feather, the bond between them should hear his words : • And so, Monsieur le being rather a common hatred than a common Préfet, you too have had your day of tribula ideal. The tie, however, sufficed ; a comfort- tion; there is no lack of such in a man's life!'" able modus vivendi was established, and things To explain this allusion of the Emperor's, let went merrily forward. In M. Lafon, Malet us a retrace our steps a little. The discontent found a zealous ally—one, it is said, who, de- awakened at Paris by the later bulletins from spite his cloth and his politics, did not scruple the Grand Army naturally inspired the Gov to diligently fan the flame of his friend's repub- 266 [May 1, THE DIAL lican ardor. About this time, as we have seen, Saint-Gilles, where they found two confederates events in Russia were exciting the gravest awaiting them, Boutreux, a young advocate of alarm at Paris, and it naturally occured to Ma- Angers, and Rateau, corporal in the 1st bat- let that the moment had come to strike. He talion of the Paris garde, who brought the persuaded himself that the downfall of Napo- watchword. These two men, says Pasquier, leon might be compassed by a very slight action, together with a Spanish priest.who occupied and it was on the basis of this idea that he laid the room where the meeting was held, “ are the his plans. These were very simple : only persons who are clearly known to have “They consisted in taking advantage of the night to been entrusted in advance with the secret of make an appearance at the gates of a couple of bar the conspiracy.” The business of drawing up racks, make announcement of the death of Napoleon, the spurious documents was at once begun. read out an alleged senatus-consultum repealing the Im- perial Government, establishing a provisional govern- These were the senatus-consultum, the procla- ment, and investing General Malet with all the powers mation, an order of the day signed by Malet, necessary to take command of the armed force, to re and two letters of instruction as to the distri. quire and command it as he should see fit; to thus get bution and duties of the troops, the one ad- for bis use a cohorte and one battalion of the regiment; dressed to M. Soulier, commanding the 10th to lead and send detachments of these two bodies to such points as it was most important to occupy; to em- cohorte, the other to M. Rouff, commanding ploy it in arresting public functionaries whose resist the 2d battalion of the garde de Paris. These ance was most to be feared; this done, to publish and papers were not only faulty in point of form, proclaim the spurious senatus-consultum throughout the but they provided for a régime which was, to city; call to them the discontented men of whatever shade, of whatever party, and assemble at the Hôtel say the least, extraordinary. The senatus-con- de Ville the most important among them; form a pro- sultum, on the one hand, named as members of visional government with them, with the aid of which the provisional government men known for they fondly expected to conquer every kind of opposi their royalist and anti - revolutionary senti- tion and win the obedience and assent of all France." ments; while the order of the day handed over Such were in their entirety the operations to the army to Generals Guidal, Desnoyers, and be carried out by General Malet and M. Lafon Pailhardy, all pronounced revolutionaries, and after leaving the hospital at eight o'clock on it appointed to the command of a central Paris- the night of October 23. The scheme (" an ian force General Lecourbe, a violent Jacobin, act of madness,” Pasquier calls it) had, of and a personal enemy of Napoleon. Plainly, course, a hundred inherent difficulties; and the astute Abbé was the author of the senatus- there was one very patent obstacle which alone consultum, and General Malet of the order of should have given the conspirators pause. This the day. The greater part of the night was was the presence, in the environs of Paris and spent over these sufficiently clumsy writings, within easy call, of some 5,000 troops of the and it was half - past three when Malet, with Imperial Guard — a corps devoted to the Em- Rateau, reached the Popincourt barracks, the peror, the Empress, and the King of Rome. quarters of the 10th cohorte. Soulier, the com- Malet should have known, moreover, that the mander, was ill with fever. Guard was not subject to orders he proposed “ The announcement of the Emperor's death, super- to have sent from staff headquarters. added to his sickness, upset his faculty of reasoning; he believed without hesitation and without verification all When the plot burst there remained in the that was told him, and gave orders that the senatus- hospital only Malet, Lafon, and de Puyvert, consultum and the proclamation should be read to the the last of whom took no part whatever in its troops, which he then placed at the general's disposal." execution. Its responsibility, therefore, falls A like success awaiting Malet at the Min- entirely upon the General and the Abbé, the imes barracks, he presently had at his disposal latter's assertion that he had many correspond about 1200 soldiers. To direct and handle ents and that extensive preparations had been these soldiers resolute and experienced men made for a rising being formally disproved by were required, and our hero at once set about our author. In a word, surprise, bewilderment, getting them, with an energy and a fertility of was to be the order of the day, the conspirators resource worthy of the great Emperor himself. trusting that in the political chaos following In the prison of La Force were two political the news of Napoleon's death, their own swift, captives, Generals Lahorie and Guidal, who, concerted, and definite action would effect the once at liberty, could undoubtedly be relied ends they desired. They found no difficulty upon for coöperation ; and Malet at once re- in leaving the hospital on the evening named, solved to secure them. and proceeded at once to a room in the Rue “In their case, also, he made use of the senatus-con- 1894.] 267 THE DIAL sultum, and he confirmed to them the news of the Em himself driven to the Hôtel de Ville where he presented peror's death, successful in this as in his previous un himself as Minister of Police." dertakings. . . . It was half-past six o'clock when he Meanwhile, Pasquier, still under guard in his made his appearance at La Force, followed by a section of the cohorte ; the remainder had gone to occupy the bedroom, had prevailed on the unwary Bou- Hôtel de Ville. The doorkeeper of the jail, seeing a treux to show him the senatus-consultum and body of soldiers, in good order, and commanded by a the proclamation. A glance confirmed his sus- general in uniform, had no doubt that he was acting picions that both were apochryphal. He was lawfully, and hastened to obey him.” still pondering over the probable outcome of Lahorie and Guidal were accordingly at once this mad enterprise, when a sub-lieutenant of released, and the former received orders to pro the cohorte, one Lefèvre, entered the room with ceed, with a squad of soldiers, to the Préfec- an order for his commitment to La Force, ture de Police, and to arrest the prefect (M. whither he was at once conveyed. Arrived at Pasquier), installing in his place Boutreux, who the prison, he was handed over to Lebeau, the accompanied him. This disposed of, he was to jailor jailor -- a worthy man, who, says Pasquier, arrest the Duc de Rovigo, the Minister of War, owed his situation to me.' " As soon as the and himself assume his functions. As to Malet, doors were closed behind me,” he adds, “he he took with him 150 men, and proceeded to placed himself at my disposal.” From Lebeau the military headquarters in the Place Ven- Pasquier learned the events of the early morn, dôme, whither we shall follow him presently. when Lahorie and Guidal had been freed, and It was past seven o'clock when Lahorie reached also that the Duc de Rovigo and M. Des- the Préfecture de Police. Says Pasquier : marets had just been registered as prisoners. “I had just arisen from my bed, when I heard con Obviously, in La Force, the Prefect was as lit- siderable noise coming from the rooms leading to my tle under duress as were the General and the bedroom. My valet left me to ascertain the cause of Abbé in the sanitarium of Saint-Antoine; and all this commotion. On finding himself in the presence of soldiery, he tried to stop its further progress, and he was about “escaping with the kindly barred the way to my door, displaying in so doing re- connivance of Mme. Lebeau by a side en- markable devotion; he was thrust aside, and received a trance, when M. Saulnier, the Duc de Rovigo's bayonet wound in the leg. I was attempting to reach secretary, and M. Laborde, the town adjutant, the stairway leading to the garden, when I was assailed arrived with the news that all was over, and by a band of soldiers, led by an officer, who forced me to return to my bedroom, while forbidding his men to that Generals Malet and Lahorie were under lay violent hands on me. This officer, whom I did not arrest. recognize, wore a mantle; his characteristic feature, his The following is what hastened the issue : incipient baldness, was concealed by a large hat. It was General Lahorie. He informed me of the death of On reaching the Place Vendôme, Malet pro- the Emperor, killed under the walls of Moscow, and ceeded to the house of General Hulin, com- notified me of the alleged senatus-consultum, which he, mander of the military division. Leaving his however, did not let me read. He likewise told me that troop at the door, he mounted to the General's the citizen Boutreux was going to assume my functions, and then made me a prisoner in my own room, placing room, accompanied by two or three of his offi- a couple of soldiers on guard over me.” Here he informed Hulin of the Empe- ror's death; but noting, as he thought, a cloud From the Préfecture Lahorie hastened to the Ministry of Police. Here a far more of disbelief on his face, he bade him step into exciting scene was enacted, which, however, an adjoining room to look over the vouchers. need not be detailed here. Suffice it to say The luckless Hulin acquiesced ; and no sooner had the door closed behind them than Malet that the Duc de Rovigo was arrested and hur- shot him dead with a pistol — thus indicating ried away to La Force by General Guidal, an inveterate personal enemy, who was only re- the degree of “ violence” he expected from his strained by his superior from obeying to the lieutenants. Having perpetrated this crime, Malet hurried back to his command. By this letter Malet's order “ to have recourse to the most violent methods.” Lahorie, who signed that something wrong was passing at General time, as may be supposed, it had been noticed the commitment, had at once usurped the min- Hulin's, and an alarm was raised. Still, Malet ister's functions, with the object, as he sub- managed to gain admission to General Doucet, sequently declared at his own trial, of saving chief of the staff, who was at the time reading Rovigo's life. This assertion, says Pasquier, the senatus consultum just handed him. Dou- “ Is not consonant with truth, for immediately upon cet had detected the forgery, and was protest- being installed in the official residence, he sent for a tailor, of whom he ordered the habit of a minister; he ing against the imposture. Noting this, the then entered the carriage of his predecessor, and had now desperate Malet drew his pistol, and was cers. 268 [May 1, THE DIAL about to dispose of Doucet as he had already raphy to history. Throughout the work there is disposed of Hulin, when Adjutant Laborde an abundance of historical and political narra- promptly disarmed him and placed him under tive, with the sagacious, well-weighed views and arrest, and then summoned to his aid the troops judgments of Pasquier the statesman ; but there that guarded the residence. The soldiers of is relatively little that might serve to bring us the cohorte, however, on learning what had hap- closer to Pasquier the man. The book is richer pened, at once surrendered to Laborde and Gen- in political reflection and criticism than in per- eral Doucet. Thus, all was over with General sonalia and anecdote though the latter ele- Malet, after a rather amazing success of four ments are not absent. Of humor we discover or five hours' duration. no trace. The Chancellor's story flows on with Pasquier goes rather fully into the subse the dignity and philosophic calm - at times quent trials—especially that of Lahorie, whose with a degree of the penetration - of a De case was a singularly hard one. It is pretty Tocqueville ; and one notes throughout a cer- evident that he was completely deceived. As for tain stateliness of phrase, a balance of period, Malet himself, it is due to his memory to say and an elimination of color and detail, trace- that he did not hesitate, at his trial, to assume able, perhaps, to the classicist standards of the entire responsibility for the foolhardy enter- writer's earlier years. Closing with the depart- prise, expressly exonerating his companions, ure of the Allies from Paris, the volume covers and revealing thereby the strain of nobility in an eventful period—a time of shifting political his character. As with so many Frenchmen fortunes, of fateful struggles on the field and of that time, his political ideal inspired him in the cabinet. Pasquier treats of these matters with the fervor and fanaticism of a religious with a largeness of view and a precision of belief; and he died for it cheerfully. It is some- knowledge that will commend his work to all thing of a satisfaction to know that he died a serious students of the Napoleonic era. The soldier's death — by the bullet. He summed good work of the translator, Mr. Charles E. up his cause in these few words: “The man Roche, calls for a word of praise. E. G. J. who has constituted himself the defender of his country has no need of any defence; he tri- umphs, or goes to his death.” AN INDEX-GUIDE TO VENETIAN Malet, Lahorie, Guidal, Boccheiampe, Sou- PAİNTERS. * lier, and eight officers, were sentenced to death, Few things are more irritating to the aver- and shot the next morning on the plain of age man than to be told his taste in pictures is Grenelle. “And I am of opinion,” says Pas bad. In the matter of books, he has probably quier mildly, “that a lesser number might have acquired habits of submission at an early age; been brought to trial, and that fewer lives but in most cases he is first seriously introduced might have been sacrificed.” As Malet was to pictures when of mature years. He is jeal- probably the only victim (except Boutreux) ous of his personal rights ; he refuses to be dic- who was actually guilty of the charge laid, the tated to by self-constituted connoisseurs; but he Prefect's “opinion" seems not unreasonable. generally ends by quietly acquiescing in their It remains to account for M. Lafon - the judgments and by reverently if unintelligently good Abbé who discreetly vanished when the prostrating himself before each and every can- waves ran high. He was diligently hunted, vas that may happen to be called after the ortho- as it was known that if the Royalist party had dox masters. This is as it should be, because countenanced the conspiracy, the threads of it untrained instinct is just as likely to miss in could only be grasped by securing him. All pictures as in books or in life, –and half-trained efforts proved unavailing, however; and M. instinct is sure to miss. But there are diffi. Lafon, it seems, busied himself thenceforth in culties in the way of the neophyte in the gal- dodging from one hiding-place to another (do leries of Europe, especially of Italy. He sees ing, meanwhile, as much mischief as was com the name of, say, Leonardo da Vinci in his cat- patible with his personal safety), until the Res- alogue or on the frame before him. In his new toration enabled him to float serenely to the submissiveness he straightway worships — a surface. much-rubbed copy by a pupil of a picture by Chancellor Pasquier has supplementally a pupil of Leonardo. Italy is full of these styled his Memoir “A History of My Time,' *THE VENETIAN PAINTERS OF THE RENAISSANCE. With thus forestalling a possible stricture that he an Index to their Works. By Bernhard Berenson. New has, in composing it, unduly subordinated biog York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1894.) 269 THE DIAL concern false painted idols. How they came to be — to conquer,— will prefer being right to being by the unscrupulous vanity of picture fanciers, original. Now to say, indeed, that Mr. Beren- by sheer carelessness, by honestly stupid attri son's luminous and condensed translation of bution, this does not us here. the picture-language of Venetian painters is in Enough that they exist, and are a trap for the all respects right, would be to assume for our- unwary. Existing in such numbers, moreover, selves a finality even greater. His interpreta- these lying attributions have of late years tions are at least plausible and suggestive, and piqued connoisseurship to finer and more exact the historical nexus of which they form links methods, which, aided by the growth of rapid is clearly and graphically presented. transit and the perfection of isochromatic pho It would be unjust to his own disclaimer to tography, are now capable of practically certain attempt to crowd the progress of Venetian art conclusions. Such up-to-date attributions are into any single formula ; but very roughly to be found in Mr. Berenson's account of “The speaking, Venetian painters may be said in the Venetian Painters of the Renaissance," which first place to have been formed under the tute- is among the very first fruits in English of the lage of the Church, then later to have passed new art criticism. With Mr. Berenson’s In- through the stage of the patronage of the city dexes in hand, the student and the traveller to the final independence of the schools. And may feel reasonably confident of worshipping, still more roughly, the three stages may be typ- at least among Venetian masters, no false or ified by the Pietà, the Pageant, and the Por- unknown gods. He will find two catalogue trait. But we are indulging in generalizations indexes : one to the works of the principal Ven for which the soberer study before us hardly etian painters in the public galleries, private gives warrant. collections, and churches of Europe ; the other The make-up of the book is tasteful outside to the various places in Europe containing and in, from the pretty Venetian binding to these works. the frontispiece, a reproduction of Giorgione's But the serious lay-student needs fuller in- fascinating “ Shepherd with Pipe.” Some hesi- struction yet. He may stand before the right tation may be felt as to the primer-like method picture in the wrong mood. It is true that of paragraphing with numerals in bold type; most people will object most strenuously against this device undoubtedly facilitates reference, having their moods cut out for them. Titian, but it breaks continuity of attention and spoils they will say, has not the same message for the page. In so short a book the device hardly everyone ; everyone has a right to his own par seems necessary. ticular reading of the master. Now we believe JEFFERSON B. FLETCHER. this much-flaunted relativity of tastes to be wrong. If painting is to give higher pleasure than cooking, it must appeal to our intelligence New CHAPTERS OF AFRICAN DISCOVERY.* as well as to our senses. And it can only do so by conveying some sort of meaning. Now Lieutenant von Höhnell's book of travels in Titian's meaning, being expressed in a definite Africa is one of the most important contribu- and peculiar picture-language, is not open to the tions to our knowledge of that country that has chance comer any more than the meaning of a been published in many a year; and had it ap- Parisian is open to a German who has never peared three years ago, when African explor- learned French. Indeed, the picture-language ers were the rage of the day, would have made a of Titian is even more difficult to the unin- marked sensation. It possesses every qualifica- structed than the sound-language of the Paris- tion to insure to it a positive success and perma- ian. To translate the former for ourselves we nent value. It is written in a dignified and inter- must have acquainted ourselves with the nature esting narrative style, without any of the cheap and limits of picture-language in general and and ejaculative dialogues that disfigure Stan- of Titian's picture-language in particular; we ley's books; with no pretense at literary art, but must know if and how far the religious and with the impressiveness of intelligent simplicity political prejudices of his time allowed him to and directness. The line of travel of the two paint his meaning as clearly and plainly as the explorers—Count Teleki, a Transylvanian no- medium permitted ; in fine, we must slowly and * DISCOVERY BY COUNT TELEKI OF LAKES RUDOLPH AND at many pains learn numerous things of which STEFANIE. By his companion, Lieut. Ludwig von Höhnell. Translated by Nancy Bell (N. D'Anvers). In two volumes, the chance comer has no conception whatso- with illustrations and colored maps. New York : Longmans, ever. The sensible student, therefore, will stoop Green, & Co. 270 [May 1, THE DIAL ; bleman, and Lieut. von Höhnell, who is the chief 1886, was made by Parson Rebman in 1848 narrator—was, in the earlier stages, the famil with nine men and “weaponed only with an iar one of Livingstone and Stanley inland from umbrella." Mombasa in Zanzibar, the oldest mission sta Lieutenant von Höhnell's description of the tion in eastern Africa. Instead of going west-primeval forests found on these mountains, for- ward to Victoria Nyanza, they turned north ests which no man could penetrate save through ward through the mountain regions, which they paths trodden by the mighty elephants ; of thoroughly explored; through the wild and the giant trees, dead through their burden of uncultivated Masailand, and the shunned and strange, weird, clinging parasites and lurid- dreaded Kikuyaland; discovering new volca- flowered creepers ; with the painful stillness, noes, and discovering and thoroughly investi- unbroken by cry of bird or beast or bum of gating two great lakes which they named for insect, where even at midday, under a tropical the Crown Prince and Princess of Austria, Ru sun, a chill, gloomy, greenish twilight pre- dolf and Stefanie. Lake Rudolf is about one-vailed,- this forceful story makes us compre- third the size of the Victoria Nyanza. hend and almost feel the welcome which our The trickiness, greediness, quarrelsomeness, travellers gave in the higher grass-belt to a and elusiveness of the Africans, the rebuffs, cheerful, homely, well-known face—that of our disappointments, and obstacles so trying to common violet. the patience of other African explorers, were The description of the happy life in Taveta promptly encountered by these travellers ; and --that orderly, prosperous African Arcadia the Lieutenant says, “We soon gave up the idea confirms Joseph Thomson's account in his that we could wander around Africa in a light Through Masailand.” We can but wonder hearted, careless way.” Indeed, the parapher- Indeed, the parapher- that some Aryan race has not ere now chosen nalia of an African trip would prohibit any and invaded that highly blessed and charming thought of care-free days. These two sports- spot, and there founded a colony ; though this men started from Zanzibar with two hundred would never seem feasible while there still ex- Zanzibari, nine guides, nine guards, and four ists in eastern Africa the slave-trade, and no hundred and fifty porters, and a vast number of means of transport from the coast save by hu- cattle and donkeys. The food for such a regi- man carriers. ment of men would be no light burden or consid These travellers cannot boast, as does Dr. eration, the wages no small sum. The list of the Johnston in his recent book of African travel, arms and ammunition is in itself astonishing. that they did not lose a follower by death. It is with a pleasant sense of renewal of old Scores fell by the wayside, were lost or drowned, acquaintance that we find in the early pages of or died of fever. All endured great privations, this work, among the newly engaged guides horrible thirst, sicknesses, and dangers, and and escorts, the names of various dusky natives were in waterless Samburu in very desperate of varying reliability who served with Stanley, straits. So gaunt was Count Teleki, a power- Thomson, Junker, the unfortunate Bishop Han ful giant whose normal weight was two hundred nington, and other travellers ; and we even note and thirty-eight pounds, that he weighed but that itinerant culinary treasure, Speke's and a hundred and forty pounds. Cameron's cook, Mhogo. One of the objects of the expedition was the Among the most thrilling pages are those pursuit of big game, as well as “ heroic ardour which tell of the ascent of Mt. Kilimanjaro, to adventurous deeds,” and in that end it was Mt. Kenia, Mt. Kibo. Those of us who are signally successful. Many of the records of familiar with the old missionary accounts of the hunts are most spirited and thrilling. I Africa will remember that these mountains have had curiosity enough to make a summary were discovered about the middle of this cen of the game shot by Count Teleki from Feb- tury by missionaries of the Church Missionary ruary 18 to September 28, and find he bagged Society of London, and that the story told by seventy-nine rhinoceroses, three hippopotami, those pious gentlemen, of snow-capped peaks thirty-eight elephants, one giraffe, two lions, so close to the equator, was universally discred one panther, one wildcat, one leopard, and a ited. Not recalling that these missionaries trav vast number of buffalo, antelope, zebras, harte- elled with any extraordinary outfit or attend bestes, and other variety of deer. The infre- ance, I have searched for and re-read their story, quency of the slaughter of or encounter with and find that the journey to the mountains, members of the feline tribe is notable, and con- which required seven hundred followers in firms the reports of recent African travellers 1894.] 271 THE DIAL (except of Mr. Selous in Mashonaland) that blood streaming down on the still smoking gun. the African lion and his congeners are fast be- The wounded elephant approached a step nearer and coming as extinct as the sabre-toothed tiger of was apparently about to charge. There he stood, drawn up to his full height, so that he looked enormously tall the Drift in western Europe. and thin, his ears outspread, and his trunk, which he Lieutenant von Höhnell does not appear to wound in serpentine coils, threateningly uplifted. On have been so successful a shot as his compan- either side of him, shoulder to shoulder, stood two of ion, and the records of wounded and maimed his comrades, also with outspread ears and uplifted trunks, whilst behind him loomed the fourth. Motion- brutes that escaped death or capture are painless the four remained, sniffing the air and peering to- fully frequent to an unsportsmanlike and bes ward our acacia, the silence only broken by the drip- tiarian sensibility. Such accounts as this are ping down of my blood. I had been almost stunned by interesting, probably, to a hunter: the blow on my face, and my mad zeal for hunting was gone, and I felt incapable of firing another shot how- “ A great yellowish-brown creature suddenly came in ever necessary in my own defence. Presently the ele- sight at a distance of eighty paces. It was a giraffe; but I phants all turned tail and dashed off, the noise of crack- was so taken by surprise at seeing it so near me and far ing branches gradually dying away. I now discovered from the steppes these shy creatures generally haunt, that that my nose was split nearly open, the right nostril I could not at first believe my eyes. I crept cautiously hanging loose. The bands of the elephant-gun have a nearer so as to get a good view of the body and choose the strong tendency to fly up in firing. The sharp-edged best point at which to aim. The giraffe, a splendid full comb of the left hammer had slit up one nostril, and grown male, did not budge, but went on feeding on the cut the bridge of my nose. I bound up my nose as well tender topmost leaves on an acacia, without the slightest as I could, noted the direction of the elephants' spoor, suspicion of danger. All the hunter's zeal laid to rest and returned to camp in the dark. Count Teleki did among the quantities of game awoke within me again, not let me go till my face was done up in a regu- and as I approached I spied a second smaller giraffe, lar mask as stiff as plaster of Paris. The wound was and realized that the two were a pair who had with not painful, but it was six weeks before it healed. A drawn together to the forest. After long consideration small scar and a numbness of the tip of the nose still as to where the heart might be in a body of a form so remind me of my first elephant hunt.” unfamiliar to me, I fired. The buck was wounded to death; and as he struggled in his last agonies, he turned It is impossible to overpraise the variety and slowly towards his wife, who stood rooted to the spot, exactness of the information given in this work, her great gazelle-like eyes fixed on her mate. The nor the lucidity and conciseness of its expres- hunting fever once roused, I had lost all mercy, and I sion. With these volumes in hand, one could did not hesitate to fire at the female. Though both now were mortally wounded, the two remained standing, purchase the exact stock necessary for travel with their forelegs stuck out in front of them; so I put in eastern Equatorial Africa ; could know what a rapid end to their sufferings by firing again. The lit to select for trading purposes, what to employ tle wife was the first to die; she fell forwards, and then to facilitate progress through the various states. wound her long neck over on the left till her head al- We are shown the best methods of packing most touched her tail. I did not actually see the buck die, as I was watching the passing away of his mate. these wares; the best food for the journey, and ... I am sorry now I did not measure the male. The the proper proportions of food. Though the ex- size of wild giraffes is ever so much greater than one pedition was not formed with scientific intent, would imagine from seeing them in zoological gardens its scientific results were eminently satisfactory. as half so imposing as a half-grown giraffet in the forest Ethnological, ethnographical, and sociological tastes not unlike venison. The skin is nearly as thick questions receive due attention throughout the as that of buffalo, and tremendously tough. . I also pages, and show careful, unbiased, and unim- came upon another pair of giraffes which gazed upon me aginative investigation. The geological and inquisitively and made no effort to escape. Though there was really no need to secure any more meat, i petographical results were important, and have could not refrain from firing at the male. Mortally been recorded in the Imperial Academy of wounded, he tried to save himself from falling by stand- Sciences at Vienna. The orological surveys ing with forelegs wide apart whilst he swayed his long were of exceptional value. The entomological neck to and fro. A second shot brought him down. and botanical lists given in the appendix are His wife ran off at the first shot for scarcely two hun- dred paces, and then remained standing, gazing sadly attractive, and reveal many hitherto unknown at her mate, not even moving away when we busied our- species and varieties ; indeed, one of the most selves about his corpse." charming characteristics of the book is the love It is with a certain sense of retributive justice of nature shown in the constant description of that we read the record of the Lieutenant's first flowers and trees. The vigilant eyes of the trav- elephant hunt, where he was successful in bring ellers, and what La Bruyere called the spirit of ing down other game. discernment, noted every detail of natural phe- “I raised the heavy gun and fired at the shoulder nomena with the same intent love that Emin near the edge of the huge unwieldly ear. At the same Pasha bestowed on like subjects, and that Stan- moment I got a tremendous blow in the face, and saw ley so constantly derided. 272 [May 1, THE DIAL >> Large and strongly-affixed maps, showing brought about by the conquests of Alexander. Then ethnological, geographical, geological, and other follow “ The Separated East” and “ The Separated statistical data ; a glossary of native words and West," themes of which the author has conceived phrases, and an exceptionally good index, make in the following terms: “Eastern culture, slowly elaborated, has held to ideals whose refinement seems perfect the book. As a piece of book-making markedly feminine. For it social institutions are it can scarcely be surpassed, not only in its or- the positive harmonies of a life of brotherhood. derliness and good literary proportions, but in Western culture, on the contrary, has held to ideals its mechanical attributes. I have not noted in whose strength seems markedly masculine. For it the eight hundred pages a single typographical law is the compromise of Liberty with her own ex- error; paper and print are alike perfect. The cesses, while conquest, science, and industry are but illustrations, chiefly taken from photographs, parallel channels for the overflow of hungry person- are profuse in number, equally interesting and ality. But this one-sidedness has been partly com- varied, and (of the native men and women) pensated by the religious life of each. The vio- are bideous and startling enough to satisfy the lence of the West has been softened by the feminine faith of love, renunciation, obedience, salvation from most crying demands for novelty. Weapons, without. It is the very impersonality of her great costumes, headgear, and ornaments are liberally ecclesiastical institute which offers to man a refuge portrayed. The grotesque presentments of the from self. from self. On the other hand, the peaceful impo- latter would have proved invaluable to Mme. tence of the East has been spurred by her martial Cocheris for her new book, “ Les Parures Prim faith of spiritual knighthood, self-reliance, salvation itives.” from within. The intense individuality of her eso- On closing the book we are impressed that teric discipline upholds the fertile tranquillity of her there is scarcely any attribute a successful Afri- surface. This stupendous double antithesis seems can explorer does not need, for all seem abso- to me the most significant fact in all history. The lutely imperative: health, wealth, patience, future union of the types may thus be symbolized as a twofold marriage.” In “ The Present Meeting courage, endurance, craft, enthusiasm, asceti- of East and West," the author deals with “ the first cism, handiness at every trade and calling, - attempts to assimilate alien ideals,” which have but, above all, energy. Emerson says: “ This led to the irony of a quadruple confusion, analogous world belongs to the energetic.' Certainly to the disruption of Alexander's conquest.” Africa does. ALICE MORSE EARLE. there is to be another and more intimate union, brought about in some mysterious way by the art of music, and in a manner foreshadowed in some sort by the compositions of Herr Brahms. Here, RECENT BOOKS OF POETRY.* we must confess, we are unable to follow the argu- ment. And the poem ends with a rapturous song Mr. Fenollosa's “East and West” consists of of « The Future Union of East and West." .” This is two long and very ambitious poems, and a number a good deal of philosophical machinery with which of minor pieces. The titular poem is a sort of ver- sified Culturgeschichte, philosophical and mystical, and the work is too ambitious to be wholly success- to burden a composition of fifteen hundred lines, in spirit not unlike Mr. Block’s “El Nuevo Mundo,” ful. But it abounds in strong passages, such as the which we reviewed a year or so ago. In this poem, finely imaginative struggle of the archangels, who says the author, “I have endeavored to condense “Met as mountains meet, when Titans cast my experiences of two hemispheres, and my study Pelion on Ossa, and their fragments spurt of their history.” The poem is in five parts. The Through startled space a jet of asteroids,' first considers the early meeting of East and West, or the stanzas to Hangchow, where among other EAST AND WEST. The Discovery of America, and Other things), Poems. By Ernest Francisco Fenollosa. New York: T. Y. “In a tangle of leaves with silken sleeves Crowell & Co. Thy poets sing on the terraced beach, CREATED GOLD, and Other Poems. By Henry Hanby Hay. Where the blue-flagged taverns with mossy eaves Philadelphia : A. Edward Newton & Co. Are starred by the pink of the blossoming peach," SONNETS AND OTHER VERSES. By George Santayana. or the following fine epitome of the Viking con- Chicago: Stone & Kimball. quests: Two LIVES. A Poem. By Reginald Fanshawe. New York: Macmillan & Co. "Now shot from polar coasts see meteors flash, Long lines of Viking ships, with low black hulls THE LOWER SLOPES. By Grant Allen. Chicago: Stone Like vultures, plunging through the Northern seas, & Kimball. Hovering like gulls in track of channel storms, POEMs. By Richard Garnett. Boston: Copeland & Day. Scouring for prey the long white sunlit cliffs; BOOK-SONG. An Anthology of Poems of Books and Book Wailing their chant to Odin like wild winds men from Modern Authors. Edited by Gleeson White. New Sarging through organ pipes of naked fjords, York: A. C. Armstrong & Son. Wooing Valhalla to Northumbrian hills THE HOUSE OF LIFE. By Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Bos Or primrose-garnished banks of lovely Seine. ton: Copeland & Day. Now, drunk with richer wine of vanquished worlds, 1894.] 273 THE DIAL 92 To gaze, Wielding the cross as once their bolt of Thor, " Patient and passionless Joan led her flock, They skirt with gorgeous sweep Hispania's curves, When, visioned dimly, bleeding France appeared, Through pillared gateway of the land-locked sea Circled with rained homes and fields war-seared. Set in its rifted coasts of gilded cloud, It made her life one plan ; her pity, rock. A blue enamelled dragon! Now they break, She snatched a sword : France rose 'mid England's mock; Those strange Norse champions of a Hebrew god, Joan drove the foe like sheep, their fleeces sheared. The threatening onsets of the Saracen, With fleur-de-lis in maiden hand upreared, Dispersed like storms which strew with wrecks thy coast, She chased and routed Britain, shock on shock. - Nurse of a hundred races, Sicily!" France crowned her, 'Bravest Virgin 'neath the sun,' And then betrayed to England's baffled host We should like to quote also the fine description of That Maid whose form is skyed till time shall cease. the destruction of the Summer Palace in 1859, but Joan, great in triumph, greater was undone : Mr. Fenollosa's other poems claim our remaining France gave her much, harsh England gave her most ; space. Of these, the most important is “The Dis- Three royal gifts – Fame, Martyrdom, and Peace." covery of America,” described as “a symphonic A noticeable lack of finish frequently lessens the poem,” in four movements, and in a great variety acceptability of Mr. Hay's poems, excellent though of metres. Since both the manner and the matter the stuff with which they deal. of the author constantly invite musical comparisons, A contemplative philosophy, the gentle melan- we will remark that the suggestion of Liszt is here choly of the soul that has borne disillusion with little very evident. A passage from the soliloquy of Co of the shock that it has for a more passionate nature, lumbus may be reproduced : and a semi-religious sentiment tending towards qui- “And yet I knew; and yet I dimly guessed etism, seem the characteristic notes of Mr. George When as a guileless boy Santayana's sonnets. The restfulness of their effect, I climbed the steep Ligurian cliffs in lusty joy, and the placid flow of their thought, may be well And gazed far off upon the dimpled breast felt in this example: Of blue-eyed seas that slumbered in the West. For was I not compelled “A wall, a wall around my garden rear, As by a great hand held And hedge me in from the disconsolate hills; and gaze, and gaze Give me but one of all the mountain rills, Through tender brooding miles of purple haze, Enough of ocean in its voice I hear. Till soft-winged isles Come no profane insatiate mortal near Seemed lifting orange bosoms to the sun's last smiles, With the contagion of his passionate ills; And my light will, a feather free, The smoke of battle all the valleys fills, Was blown like a trembling bird far out to sea Let the eternal sunlight greet me here. By storm-winds, Alpine-brewed, of passionate prophecy ?” This spot is sacred to the deeper soul And to the piety that mocks no more. The poem from which this extract is taken must In nature's inmost heart is no uproar, certainly be reckoned among the most notable in- None in this shrine; in peace the heavens roll, In peace the slow tides pulse from shore to shore, spired by the recent quadri-centennial year. As for And ancient quiet broods from pole to pole." Mr. Fenollosa's minor poems, they are always in- teresting, and often satisfying. We will end our A group of Sapphic odes, metrically less happy examples with the lines to “Fuji at Sunrise": than in expression, follows the sonnets in Mr. San- tayana’s volume, and these are in turn followed by a “Startling the cool gray depths of morning air few miscellaneous and occasional pieces. “Lucifer," She throws aside her counterpane of clouds, And stands half folded in her silken shrouds a slight dramatic sketch in lyrical measures and With calm white breast and snowy shoulder bare. blank verse, closes the thin but not unattractive vol. High o'er her head a flush all pink and rare ume. It gives us only the pale reflex of a cloistered Thrills her with foregleam of an unknown bliss, mind, but delicacy of touch and the perceptions that A virgin pure who waits the bridal kiss, Faint with expectant joy she fears to share. accompany the cultured outlook are not lacking, Lo, now he comes, the dazzling prince of day! and the pages are distinctly pleasing, although their Flings his full glory o'er her radiant breast; perusal occasions hardly an emotional ripple. Enfolds her to the rapture of his rest, Mr. Reginald Fanshawe’s “Two Lives” is an in- Transfigured in the throbbing of his ray. O fly, my soul, where love's warm transports are ; tensely subjective poem whose subject is described And seek eternal bliss in yon pink kindling star.' as a spiritual pilgrimage from nothingness and de- nial to hope and fulfilment; as a vision of the pro- Lest this review would seem to have abrogated the gress of life, through the experience of nature, self, traditional fault-finding function of criticism, we and history, to God." It is put forth as a fragment, will close by remarking the false quantity in the and provided with a philosophical preface which author's use of “Granicus." But this defect is at strikes the high note of seriousness maintained least partly atoned for by his getting “Himálya” throughout the poem. It is written in the Spen- right, which few succeed in doing. serian stanza, with interspersed lyrics. The title, A rather striking imagination, expended impar “ Two Lives," is to be taken in a twofold sense. tially upon the most disparate themes - Semitic, Primarily, the song is one of personal bereavement, Greek, and mediæval — coupled with some com of two actual lives sundered by the death of a be- mand of dramatic effect, appears in Mr. Hay's loved wife. Secondarily, it is a song of the higher “Created Gold.” We quote the sonnet on “Joan life superadded upon the lower by the stern but of Arc": ultimately gracious ministries of sorrow and of 274 [May 1, THE DIAL thought. This latter aspect of the poem finds ex are facile in versification, more or less imitative, oc- pression in the “Introduction,” wherein we read : casionally humorous. Touches of passion are not “Two lives — The human woof, wanting, as the revolutionary stanzas having three The mystic warp divine, dates —"1789, 1848, 1870” — for their title shall Woven by God, who worketh not aloof testify: To his design Intrinsic; whither all things climb and cross, "The song of nations. Sing and clap your hands : Fulfilled, begun, Burst into blossom, all ye barren lands : Through death and beauty, dream and love and loss, She comes, to break the linked chains asunder, So subtly pierced and spun And snap in twain the adamantine bands. By His pure Spirit, He doth use “She came before. Her cruel face and fair The whole world's service, sacramental, one, Smote all our breasts with infinite despair: Unto its form's full continent, She passed. The brightness of her lurid beauty For high prophetic truth, and doth Himself infuse, Was fiercer than our dazzled eyes could bear, Till twain be blent." “She came again. In milder mien she came, It is not often that the ancestry of a poem is so With fruits and flowers crowned, but still the same. strongly marked as in the present case. If the One lurid day crushed down her risen splendour; form derives from Spenser, the thought has the in She passed in murky clouds of smoke and flame. spiration of Tennyson, while of Shelley is the pas “Once more she comes. Surely our hearts are tried, sion and the lofty idealism. Indeed, this twofold And every lesser passion cast aside : debt is fully acknowledged, and the tributes to those Shall she not dwell among us now forever, Our one and only love, our deathless bride ?" great poets are among the finest things in Mr. Fan- shawe's spiritual autobiography. Here is one of This is from a group of poems written in 1871, and the stanzas dedicated to Shelley : inspired by the Third Republic and the Commune. “And though anon his vision floated thin A bas la bourgeoisie! is the cry of one of them, As dreamful cloud across the breathless blue, and the verses live up to their subversive text. But A pale soul, half monastic, half akin it is a little curious to find these things reprinted a To earth, his passion, as it melted, drew score of years afterward. The veil from off a far and sunny view Of a beauty and a brotherhood more free, If we are not mistaken, it is a quarter-century And from a dawning, dyed to the full hue since Dr. Garnett published his last volume of po- Of his own faith and golden phantasy, ems, and, indeed, the collection now published is Sank in the purple bosom of a southern sea." made up in considerable part of pieces from the And here is a stanza upon the death of Tennyson : “Io in Egypt " volume that appeared as long ago “Leave him, where death's completing touch doth paint as 1859. It evidently represents the author's ripest Round his pale forehead time's last aureole, And canonize in calm so true a saint judgment upon his own work, and is a volume re- Of song, who ever held his vision whole, markable for elevation and originality. Such are Unsoiled; through the pure ether of whose soul, the poetic glories of the Victorian age that Dr. Gar- As one sublimed to listen, set apart, nett, we fear, is fated ever to be reckoned a minor God's music wrought and ripened by control For reconcilement's broad and mellow art, poet; yet we cannot escape the thought that such a And beat through nature's bosom to his human heart." volume, in almost any other age of our letters, would Mr. Fanshawe has written a very have enshrined its author in all the literary histo- noble poem, and ries and made his name famous for years to come. the world that cherishes “ Epipsychidion” and “In Memoriam” will not lightly cast it aside. We have chosen three extracts in illustration of the various aspects of Dr. Garnett's verse. The first Mr. Grant Allen's versatility is so considerable is a passage from the blank verse Nausicaa," in that the public has learned not to be surprised at which the maiden bewails the loss of Odysseus. anything he may undertake. From his ingenious “I cannot bear this evil any more. contention that Englishmen are Celts to his novel Teach me, again I pray, the art that comes interpretations of Botticelli, from his opinion of Of wrestling with the lithe Protean sea. Mr. George Meredith as the only living English Then, some night, while these cliffs and feathery trees novelist worth considering to his view of socialism Spread the deep bay with shadow, ere the moon Surmounts them with her lamp, I will be here, as the only form of political organization that a Stand at the boat's prow, hallow the salt wave serious thinker can advocate, we cheerfully accept With sacrifice, then with a timorous oar the whole series of vagaries and wonder what outlet Wrinkling the liquid darkness, urge myself will be the next sought by the author's busy imagin- Out on the bitter waste of death that hems ation. To consider Mr. Allen as a poet we are in My little isle of life, look where I may. For of three things the one, either I find a measure prepared. He has put forth before this My Ithacan, my royal mariner, ballads of evolution and of socialism, as well as Safe sceptered with the grey Penelope ; verses of classical provenance. His present “rem- Then will I sue and serve her, spinning out iniscences of excursions round the base of Helicon, My heartstrings with her wool, until I die. Or haply he has perished, and I crowd undertaken for the most part in early manhood," Long anguish into momentary death. include a number of things that we have seen be- Or liker, veers the blast, fills the frail bark, fore, and a number of others that we doubtless might And o'er it mourns the sorrow of the sea." have seen also had we searched for them. They | The sonnet “ To Dante," selected, not without dif- 1894.] 275 THE DIAL ficulty, from upwards of a score, all subtly wrought, but the criticism which universally selects them for shall be our second example: discussion and condemnation is extremely indecent." "Poet, whose unscarred feet have trodden Hell, The present publishers of “The House of Life” By what grim path and red environing have reproduced the work (so they put it) “ in its Of fire couldst thou that dauntless footstep bring innocence and perfection.” In thus acting, they have And plant it firm amid the dolorous cell Of darkness where perpetually dwell raised a delicate question of literary ethics, and even The spirits cursed beyond imagining ? incurred some censure. “ Have the dead no rights Or else is thine a visionary wing, that the living are bound to respect ?” cries one in- And all thy terror but a tale to tell ?' dignant moralist. The cry seems to us entirely be- "Neither and both, thou seeker! I have been No wilder path than thou thyself dost go, side the question. When a book has been given to Close masked in an impenetrable screen, the world it is, in a sense, irrevocable. With the Which having rent I gaze around, and know right of keeping it to himself the author parts by What tragic wastes of gloom, before unseen, the act of voluntary publication. If he afterwards Curtain the soul that strives and sins below.'' wishes to withdraw it, or any part of it, he and his Last of all we give the last two of the four stanzas friends may plead for a deference to his wishes ; that make up an exquisite poem called “ Even- they cannot fairly invoke his right. And in a case Star." like this, where those nearest to the poet deprecated “I see great cities rise, which being hoar as unworthy the concession to a philistine sentiment Are slowly rendered unto dust again; that was involved in the revisions made, it is some- And roaring billows preying on the shore; And virgin isles ascending from the main ; what hypercritical to take a publisher to task for The passing wave of the perpetual river; preferring to reproduce the earlier of the two edi- And men depart, and man remaining ever. tions. One might as well object to having the first "The upturned eyes of many a mortal maid edition of FitzGerald's "Omar" reprinted. And Glass me in gathering tears, soon kissed away; the whole question is surely one of anise and cum- Then walks she for a space, and then is laid Swelling the bosom of the quiet clay. min in an age which has tolerated the publication I muse what this all-kindling Love may be, of the manuscript fragments of Shelley, the letters And what this Death that never comes to me.” of Keats to Fanny Brawne, and the private papers This reminds us of one of Tourguénieff's “Senilia of Carlyle. Until we have settled the weightier - the striking dialogue of two Alpine peaks — but matters of the ethical law of literary property, it has a touch of tenderness foreign to the suggested will be a misapplication of energy to discuss what prototype. are, in comparison, scholastic trivialities. Mr. Gleeson White is an expert anthologist, and WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE. his “Book-Song" will be welcome to all who love the subject of which it sings. It contains poems, to the number of over one hundred and fifty, written BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. in praise of books or their authors. The pieces are all modern, but we are told that a similar collection Reconstruction Few departments of learning have of “the golden numbers of past times” is in course of the science suffered so severely from the bane preparation by Mr. William Roberts. A certain of Logic. of tradition and technicality as that indefiniteness of aim results from the fact that the which deals with the principles underlying all sound compiler has ventured beyond the strict category of knowledge, the science of thinking. It is a most poems about books, and brought into his collection hopeful indication of the comprehensive and funda- a number of personal tributes to the writers of books, mental character of the modern scientific reforma- thus drawing from a practically inexhaustible source. tion, that it has brought with it a most thorough But the collection displays good taste throughout, and radical recasting of the logician's outfit. After and no one can complain of it as far as it goes. centuries of scholasticized Aristotle, and generations A limited edition of the sonnets and lyrics com of text-books with no wider horizon than the re- prising Rossetti’s “House of Life,” beautifully quirements of an artificial educational scheme or printed after the fashion of the Kelmscott Press, still more artificial examination, it is the laudable has recently appeared in Boston. The work is re achievement of the last half century to have laid printed from the original text published in 1870. the foundations of a more vitalized and progressive The later edition of 1881 differed from the earlier logic, — to have overthrown the pertinacious and in the omission of one sonnet—“Nuptial Sleep (Pla- pernicious notion that the science of thought sprang, catâ Venere)”—and in the alteration of a few others. Minerva-like, perfect and pure from the head of the Rossetti was influenced to make the changes by the logical Zeus. It is as a contribution to this spirit disgusting pseudonymous attack of Mr. Robert of logical reform that the little volume by Mr. Buchanan, and most of his friends thought him Alfred Sidgwick entitled “The Process of Argu- over-sensitive for so doing. A remark by one of ment,” recently issued by Messrs. Macmillan & Co., Whitman's recent critics is equally to the point in will find a ready welcome. Mr. Sidgwick devotes the case of Rossetti and his contemptible assailant: his pages to a general discussion of the principles “Indecent, in my opinion, these poems are not ; for the determination of argumentative discourse, of 276 [May 1, THE DIAL the fixation of belief,—not as it might be carried on are a known phenomenon on Kamschatka's frozen in the old-time disputations in which one champion shores ; and we see him in America, touring prairie- set up a dogmatic chip on his shoulder and dared wards, with his hat-box, tub, and other sporting es- his opponent to find adequate authority for knock sentials, in quest of buffalo, sentials, in quest of buffalo,-an enlivening specta- ing it off, but as it occurs in the live and profitably cle to the frontiersman. Mr. Charles Montague, debatable questions of modern science and modern author of “Tales of a Nomad" (Longmans), is one thought. The distinction between observation and of these roving Britons who, for reasons to us in- inference, the nature of generalization, the function scrutable, prefer “roughing it " in the wilds to a of criticism, the significance of belief, the under life of ease in Pall Mall or Piccadilly. To do him lying conceptions of cause and connection, the in- justice, Mr. Montague seems to have really been a herent complexity of the arguments that dominate mighty hunter. The book is chiefly made up of and create a point of view, the psychological basis hunting-sketches, in which the writer gives the pith of the thought-habit,--are all suggestively but some of his experiences, in a pleasantly off-hand, jaunty what vaguely sketched. This indefiniteness of state style, and without a touch of braggadocio. South ment and purpose is in part inherent in the topic, Africa was the field of his operations, and all was but a skill in presentation could have much reduced game that came to his rifle—including, on occasion, its prominence. No intelligent reader, however, is a stray Zulu, or even a Boer or two. He served likely to leave the volume without conceding to Mr. as a volunteer in the Boer War, and gives a good pa- Sidgwick the success of his main purpose, “to reach per on “ The Siege of Marabastadt.” Mr. Montague a conception of the general nature of argument' concludes the paper by predicting a “great future” (or battle between belief and doubt) which shall be for South Africa. Ultimately, he says, there will a little less abstract, less artificially simplified, than be a confederation of South African States, and I that which the traditional logic bas provided." think the Transvaal and Free State will join, pro- vided that such confederation is not under the Brit- A readable Mr. Edmund Gosse has just pub- ish flag. In another fifty years the people of South volume on the lished an excellent manual of that Africa will be united in the bond and sentiment of Jacobean poets. section of English literature which in Africanderism, and the sad records of strife between cludes the works of “ The Jacobean Poets” (Scrib- British and Dutch will be blotted out forever from ner). Pending the appearance of the master who their historic pages.” will some day tell for us the whole story of our lit- erature as it should be told, these careful studies of Mr. Arthur Hervey's “Masters of Contemporary narrow periods are things to be grateful for, although French Music" (imported by Scrib- of France. there is no finality about them. The period with ner) includes five names of living which Mr. Gosse's book deals is, of course, some composers besides Gounod, who died before the vol- what arbitrarily limited by the dates of King James's ume was out of the press. These are Ambroise reign, and is not a-natural subdivision of our liter- Thomas, Saint Saëns, Massenet, Reyer, and Bru- ary history. Perhaps the chief value of the present neau. The sketches are written with intelligence treatment is to be found in its calling attention to and sympathy, and unite a happy mixture of biog- the fact that we often mean Jacobean when we raphy and criticism not too profound for the appre- loosely say Elizabethan. For an assignment to ciative but untrained concert and opera goer. The “ Eliza and our James” of the literary trophies of author detects in contemporary music the same ten- their respective reigns gives to the latter a large dency to realism that now invades art and liter- share of Shakespeare, and nearly all of the so-called ature. As in literature the physiology of the mind Elizabethan dramatists - Jonson and Chapman, appears to be the leading factor, so in music it is Beaumont and Fletcher, Heywood and Middleton, rather the minor motives of the action than its out- Tourneur and Webster. Ford and Shirley were ward details that the serious operatic composer is too late to be even Jacobean. Mr. Gosse has writ- tempted to depict. Truth of expression and dra- ten a book of temperate and carefully-worded criti matic characterization are his chief aim. The French cism, rather thickly packed with titles and dates, school has, during this century, left its mark in an but for all that very readable, and extremely happy undeniable manner upon operatic history, and the in its illustrative extracts. versatility of its composers has been proved over and over again. Hence a work like the present, Tales of an To be a sportsman or at least to analyzing the special peculiarities of the principal English hunter be thought one -- is the cherished am- representatives of this school, is a welcome addition in South Africa. bition of the leisured Englishman. to musical criticism. If he cannot be an out-and-out Nimrod, he would rather be a Nathaniel Winkle than no sportsman at The story of In “Oxford and Her Colleges” (Mac- all. He shows a curious tendency to "revert,” to pre the University millan), Prof. Goldwin Smith has fer the ways and the habitat of the natural man to of Oxford. gathered together an interesting body the milder arrangements of civil society. The jun- of information, descriptive, historical, topographical, gle of India, the “ bush” of Australia and South Af and architectural. The story of the University of rica, echo the crack of his rifle ; his knickerbockers Oxford dates back to the twelfth century, when, composers 1894.] 277 THE DIAL printing not having been invented and books being scarce, the lecture of the professor was the fountain of all knowledge. In the history of the human in- tellect, there is no more romantic period than this of the Mediæval Renaissance. The students of that day were a rough set, wearing arms, and using them not only on the roads, beset by robbers, but in con- flicts with the townspeople, with whom the Univer- sity was, as it were, at war. Between this time and the present, with its comparatively mild town and gown rows, many changes have occurred. The Uni- versity has become a Federation of Colleges, each a little polity in itself, each cherishing its own tra- ditions and affiliations. The description of these in detail forms the principal subject-matter of Pro- fessor Smith's little volume. Prof. W. H. Goodyear's treatise on Art and its influence on “ Roman and Mediæval Art” (Flood civilization. & Vincent) deals with the subject not so much in its technical aspects as with the history of art in its relations to civilization. Part I., occupy- ing about a third of the volume, treats of Roman art from prehistoric times to its decadence in the third and fourth centuries after Christ. The his- tory of medieval art of course covers a longer pe- riod and extends over a wider area of country. It terminated when mediæval thought and culture, and consequently mediæval art, were displaced by the movement known as the Renaissance. One hun- dred and fifty fine illustrations add greatly to the value of the volume, and a good index aids one to turn readily to any special subject among the many and varied branches of art discussed. of India," we are told, “is so familiar or held in such veneration as that of Munro is in the Madras Presi- dency, though two generations have passed away since his death." The new biography is based mainly on Gleig's “Life” and on the published letters of Munro. A pair of tasteful booklets come from the Joseph Knight Co., Boston. One is a translation of Goethe's “ Werther," the translator not being named. The other is the “ Juliet and Romeo" of Luigi da Porto, in the translation by Brydges (1823). Mr. W. J. Rolfe writes an introduction almost as long as the story itself. Both of these “ World Classics" are illustrated, bound in cloth, and neatly boxed. We may at the same time mention the pretty paper-covered reprints (Crowell) of Mrs. Gaskell's “Cranford” and M. Halévy's “ The Abbé Constantin,” the former with a preface by Mrs. Ritchie, the latter with Madame Lemaire's charming illustrations. « The South Sea Islanders and the Queensland Labour Trade” (Macmillan) is further described as “a record of voyages and experiences in the Western Pacific from 1875 to 1891." It is the work of Mr. William T. Wawn, “ Master Mariner.” Mr. Wawn was engaged during all these years as an importer of Kanaka labor into Queensland, and his book, which is little more than a roughly edited “log," is the record of a man who knows his subject. The book is a large octavo, with many illustrations. The biography of Coleridge prepared by Mr. James Dykes Campbell for the recent complete edition of Col- eridge's poetical works, and already mentioned by us in that connection, has been published as an independent volume (Macmillan), expanded to portly dimensions by the use of thick paper and larger type. This work took rank from the start as the authoritative biography of Coleridge, and is not likely to be improved upon. There are, however, a few revisions in the present issue, although it gives substantially the text printed with the poems. Volume XXXVIII. of the “ Dictionary of National BRIEFER MENTION. Biography” (Macmillan) extends from Milman (Sir Francis preceding Henry Hart) to More (ending, not Mr. Charles Lewis Tupper, of the Indian Civil Serv with the Thomases, but the Williams). The Moores ice, has prepared an exhaustive historical and political and Mores get nearly a fourth of the volume. William study of “Our Indian Protectorate” (Longmans). The Minto died just in time to get in. The most important work has little excellence of a literary sort, but great of the articles is the “Milton,” by Mr. Leslie Stephen, value as a storehouse of facts and first-hand observations. filling over sixteen pages, an unusual but certainly not To the important series of brief biographies entitled undeserved allowance of space. “ Rulers of India” (Macmillan) two additions have Mr. Henry Bradley, who undertook to edit the let- been made. One of them, by Mr. Lewin B. Bowring, ters E, F, G, and H, for the “ New English Dictionary is devoted to “ Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan,” the Mus (Macmillan), has completed his work upon the first of sulman usurpers of Mysore. The other has for its sub these four letters, and the last instalment of the “ Dic- ject the great Clive, and is the work of that brilliant tionary," just published, begins with “Everybody" and writer, Colonel G. B. Malleson. In connection with this ends with “ Ezod,” an obsolete variant of “Izzard," group of books should be mentioned Mr. William otherwise “Z.” When Dr. Murray shall have finished Forbes-Mitchell's “Reminiscences of the Great Mu his list of “words that begin with a D,” they will form, tiny" (Macmillan), a graphic narrative from the pen of together with the Es, the third of the portly quartos in a participant—not in the Mutiny—but in the dramatic which the work takes its final shape. events which that uprising added to history. Mr. The fourth instalment of the “ Ariel ” Shakespeare, Forbes-Mitchell served in the ranks, and was in the now published (Putnam), presents a second group of thick of the fight during the eventful years 1857–59. seven comedies, including “ The Two Gentlemen of Ve- To the “ Rulers of India" series (Macmillan) Mr. rona," ," « The Merry Wives of Windsor, " « The Comedy John Bradshaw has added a life of Sir Thomas Munro. of Errors,” “Love's Labour's Lost," « Measure for The author, who died before the book was printed, de- Measure," « Taming of the Shrew," and “ All's Well voted a quarter-century to educational work in India, that Ends Well.” Each play is prettily printed in a most of that time being spent in the Madras Presidency, simple volume, and provided with outline illustrations. of which Munro was governor. “ No name in any part An early completion of the edition may be expected. 278 [May 1, THE DIAL or without any real intention to use them for actual NEW YORK TOPICS. books. This copyright in a title or titles lasts for the New York, April 23, 1894. full English term of forty-two years, or seven years Mr. George Haven Putnam's thoughtful article on after the copyrighter's death. In many cases, au- “ Results of the Copyright Law," in the January thors of books have had to pay such copyrighters to « Forum,” was an excellent summing up of the situa relinquish titles on which they unluckily had stum- tion as developed since the passage of the Copyright bled. Mr. Putnam thinks that authors should be at Act of March 4, 1891. To my mind, his opinion that liberty to copyright the titles of their proposed books, in spite of the law's defects “it would be unwise at this but that such copyright should be completed by the time to make any effort to secure amendments" is the publication of the book within a reasonable period (six correct one. At the same time, the fact that a petition months or a year), and that failing of this the copyright has been brought into the German Parliament calling should become void. Also he thinks that copyright in for the abrogation of the copyright agreement between a title should lapse if the book which it represents is the United States and Germany, and that this petition out of print for a long period. The proposed new En- has been approved by the committee having it in charge, glish law, introduced by Lord Monkswell in the present gives a serious turn to the copyright situation. Mr. parliament, and still pending, covers these points very Putnam in his article noted that “it is almost impos- fully. Copyright in a title must be perfected by pub- sible for a French or German author to arrange to issue lication of the book within six months, and is lost in his book in this country (either in the original or in a the case of books which remain out of print over two translation) simultaneously with the publication abroad. years. The resetting in the original language, for such limited Pleasant news comes from the society of Provençal sale as could be looked for here, would be unduly ex poets known as the “ Félibrige.” M. Félix Gras is now pensive, while time is required for the preparation of a "capovlie," or president of the society, and will without satisfactory translation.” The great trouble, Mr. Put- doubt be reëlected at the annual meeting to be held at nam tells me, is that to secure copyright in a work in Nîmes on the twenty-ninth of April. The members are a foreign language, it must be re-set here in the original making preparations to take their share in the “floral language. The copyright of a translation protects that games " this summer at Toulouse, which were instituted translation only, and if the book is not also published by the troubadours in the fourteenth century, and have in the original, anyone is at liberty to issue a new trans- never ceased since then. The games are open compe- lation. This state of affairs was brought about by the titions in poetry and prose, and the prizes, it will be re- eagerness of the typographical unions to grasp every membered, are gold and silver flowers, or for the first advantage. The French Society of Authors made this prize a natural flower presented with a kiss to the suc- discovery some time ago, and now that Germany threat cessful competitor by some damsel of the ancient aris- ens to take the matter up, the result of the immense tocracy. is somewhat discouraging. After all, I presume that our own annual feast in August, on the day of their patron copyright relations with Great Britain are the chief saint, Ste. Estelle. This year it will take place at issue at stake, and these are progressing in a fairly sat- Avignon, and will be distinguished by the dedication isfactory manner at present. It is curious to observe of monuments to Roumavilles, the founder of the Pro- how closely the success of books by new English authors vençal literary movement, and to Aubanel, who have is watched by the American reprinters. Of course, the recently died. “Les Cigalières,” the Paris chapter of successful English author's second book at once finds an the Félibrige, will come down the Rhone on a boat from authorized publisher in the United States, and is copy Lyons to take part in the ceremonies, and there will be righted; but the way every new English success is pi- performances of the Antigone and Edipus in the old rated in this country shows plainly the need of a time Roman theatre at Orange, by the Comédie Française clause in the Copyright Act as long as the printing company. ARTHUR STEDMAN. clause remains. Another vexatious copyright question has been raised in a recent interview with Mr. Spofford, Librarian of Congress. I have not the slightest doubt that ninety LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY. in a hundred of those interested will be immensely sur- Lord Macaulay's “ Journal” is to be published in full prised to learn from that interview that in the United sometime during the year. States the name or title of a book is not protected by “ The law is,” said Mr. Spofford, “that the The life of the late Sir James Stephen will be writ- copyright. substance, the literary contents, of a book or publica- ten by Mr. Leslie Stephen, his brother. tion may be protected by copyright, but not the name Mrs. W. Pitt Byrne, author of “Gossip of the Cen- not the title.” The filing of title-pages of books in tury” and many other popular books, died last month. this country, which is required by law, is not, then, for Mr. Edmund Gosse will publish a new volume of purposes of protection, but for identification merely. poems in the autumn. It is now nine years since his This seems to be a great injustice, and I asked Mr. Put- last volume, “ Firdausi in Exile," appeared. nam if a change in this respect were not needed when We learn from an English exchange that Mr. Theo- the Copyright Act is next amended. Mr. Putnam as dore Watts has at last decided to publish a volume of sented, and gave me some interesting information as to poems, which will be printed at the Kelmscott Press. the present condition of English copyright law on this The “Goethe-Jahrbuch” for 1894 will contain an point, and as to certain proposed changes. In England, account, by Dr. Suphan, of “ Napoleon's Unterhaltun- Mr. Putnam said, the law as to book titles goes as far gen mit Goethe und Wieland und F. von Müller's Mem- in the contrary direction as does ours, in that it permits oire darüber für Talleyrand.” anyone to copyright all the titles he can think of with Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons announce “In Varying 1894.] 279 THE DIAL Moods,” by Miss Beatrice Harraden; “Red Cap and LORD BOWEN'S TRANSLATION OF VIRGIL. Blue Jacket," a tale of the French Revolution, by Mr. The late Lord Bowen was best known to literature as Robert Dunn; and an “ Autonym” series of stories by a translator of Virgil. “ The Saturday Review” has well-known writers. this to say of his work: “The lay reader will attach Mr. James Bryce has consented to deliver the inau greater interest to the work in which — in intervals of gural lecture at the summer meeting of university ex the leisure of which his life now allowed_Lord Bowen tension students at Oxford this year, and has chosen for indulged alike his taste for intellectual exertion and his his subject “The Worth of the Study of Ancient Lit passionate admiration of the great master of Latin erature to our Time." poetry. The task had for him a fascination which not On the 23d of April (Shakespeare's birthday), the all his consciousness of its difficulty enabled him to re- statue of the poet by Mr. William Ordway Partridge sist. He was travelling, as he described himself, along was unveiled in Lincoln Park, Chicago. On the same a road strewn with the bleaching bones of unfortunate day the German Shakespeare Society of Weimar cele- pilgrims who had preceded him. They had perished brated its thirtieth anniversary, it having been founded in the wilderness. No one had satisfied the require- in the tercentenary year. ments of this unachievable performance. In Dryden the silver trumpet has disappeared, and a manly strain The Massachusetts Society for Promoting Good Cit- izenship has arranged a course of lectures for the pur- is breathed through bronze.' In Conington the sweet and solemn majesty of the ancient form has wholly dis- pose of stimulating a distinct effort to secure more at- tention to the beautiful in cities. These lectures, now appeared.' The task thus shown to be difficult Lord Bowen proceeded, with characteristic craving for per- in course of delivery, began with «The Lesson of the White City,” by Professor E. S. Morse. Other lectures fection, to surround by "conditions which rendered it ob- in the course are “Municipal Art,” by Mr. Edmund viously impossible. The English rendering of Virgil must, if it is to be worth anything, be an English poem; Hudson; “ Art Museums and the People,” by Mr. E. F. Fenollosa; and “ Art in the Public Schools,” by Mr. the English poem must be a translation, not a mere paraphrase; and, as if these conditions were not suffi- Percival Chubb. The Rev. C. C. Ames will close the series with a discourse somewhat enigmatically entitled cient to discourage endeavor, the poem must be made to rhyme, to indulge the English ear, and must be not “ Boston, the City of God." only literally but lineally translated, in order to pre- The trustees of Dartmouth College have announced serve the integrity of the famous Virgilian lines, which the offer for 1894 for the Fletcher prize of $500 for are the common coinage of civilized mankind. How the best essay calculated to counteract the present ten- far towards the accomplishment of such a feat it was dency to a “Fatal Conformity to the World.” The fol Lord Bowen's good fortune to advance we care not now lowing subjects are assigned, with the date at which to estimate. Suffice it that on every page are to be each essay is to be forwarded: (1) “In what ways ought | found the same exquisiteness, the same patient indus- the conception of personal life and duty to be modified ?” try, the same conscientious efforts at completeness that December 1894. (2) “Should any restrictions, le characterized every phase of Lord Bowen's work." gal or moral, be placed upon the accumulation of wealth ?” December 31, 1896. (3) “How can edu- WHY RENAN WAS NOT CONVINCED. cation be made a greater safeguard against material- M. Jules Simon, contributing some reminiscences of ism?” December 31, 1898. These subjects may be Renan to the “ Revue de Paris," tells how the latter, in treated singly or in course. No essay is to exceed 250 his seminary days, came to the author for advice. “ He said that he came to see me because I was a Breton ther particulars will be forwarded to those who apply and a professor of philosophy. He wanted, he said, to to President William Jewett Tucker, of Dartmouth Col. ask my advice. His first word explained the situation lege. to me. • I am,' he said, 'a pupil at Saint-Sulpice. I Few men have been such “ all around" scholars as the must leave the seminary and put off this gown.' late William Robertson Smith. We get from “ The « This was not the first confession of the sort that had Saturday Review” this glimpse of his manifold acquire been made to me. But the others had spoken to me as ments: “He knew many arts and sciences,- few men philosophers, about the conditions of certainty, and the have ever been privileged to know so many; but he impossibility of reconciling miracles with rational prin- made each of them, as it were, a part of his existence, ciples. M. Renan talked nothing but philology. and was a specialist in each. Apart from the two sub You know,' he said, “how inaccurate is the version jects which have made him famous, he was a well-read of Saint Jerome, and the advantage derived by the mathematician, and, in fact, held a mathematical chair | apologists from the famous phrase. -,' He flattered for a time at Aberdeen as deputy to the professor. He The most remarkable thing about me is my pro- was a profound student of most branches of law, En found ignorance. I bemoan and blush for it, but have glish and foreign. He understood the more abstruse never been able to make up for the defects of early edu- branches of anatomy, especially that relating to the move cation. I warned him of this, and begged him to enter ments and functions of the eye. He was a good theo into all the details necessary to explain the situation. retical astronomer. He might easily have posed as an “It seems that Abbé Le Hir had quoted the phrase of eminent naturalist. He was both a botanist and a gar Saint Jerome, and had deduced from it, in a luminous dener-an unusual combination. He had a fine ear for commentary, the authenticity of Revelation, with all music, and a real knowledge of it. He was an admir the ensuing consequences. able architectural critic, with a strong leaning towards «It was evident to me,' said M. Renan, that Abbé Gothic. He was a great numismatist, so great, and Le Hir did not know Hebrew, which was sad in a pro- his collections so judiciously made, that we must hope fessor of exegesis.' I nodded in assent. • Although his gold coins, at least, will now be acquired by the Uni much agitated,' my visitor went on, 'I felt bound to versity or some other public body.” warn him of his misunderstanding. I rose, bowed ac- me. 280 [May 1, THE DIAL a de- cording to custom, and pronounced the usual formula: perative. The study of grammar begins the regular Liceat loqui, pater reverendissime. Do veniam, he kindly academic course; then follows a course in religion, and said. I then set forth that his argument was very one in the science of law." strong, but that it rested upon the text of Saint Jerome, The account is brought to a conclusion as follows: which embodied a contradiction. “You would be right, “ There are three grades of sheikhs, the last being sel- I said to him, “if Saint Jerome had faithfully translated dom attained. Up to the year 1871 any student who the Hebrew. But here is the Hebrew text, which says bad committed the whole of a book to memory was the exact contrary, hence it follows that you are wrong. dignified with the title of sheikh, and enjoyed the priv- • And what did Abbé Le Hir say?' I exclaimed, much ilege, accorded to the instructors only, of leaning against interested by this glimpse at the seminary household. a pillar. Since that time a formal examination has been • He reflected for some time,' said M. Renan, then required, and six sheikhs belonging to different sects he gently addressed to me these very words: “ Monsieur judge of the fitness of the competitors for the position. l'abbé, you will recite the seven psalms of penitence on The largest attendance at the university was in 1876, your knees before the holy sacrament.”' · And you,'I when the scholars numbered over eleven thousand and said to him, what did you reply?' I replied what the professors three hundred and twenty-five; yet only is replied in such a case: Gratias ago quam maximas, one year later the number of pupils had decreased by paler dilectissime. “And you did your penance ?' I more than three thousand, and that of the sheikhs by did it.' Then he delivered a panegyric upon Abbé Le nearly a hundred. This extraordinary decline Hir, which he concluded with these words: · But he did cline still continuing — is to be ascribed to the ravages not know Hebrew.' of war among the Mohammedans, and to the civilizing “. And then ?' I asked. “I returned to the charge, influence brought to bear upon the Egyptians by the said Renan, and only got the same answer. But I can't English government, which is doing so much for their spend my life in reciting the psalms of penitence.' enlightenment." “I smiled. He mused. But I did not perceive the poignant anxiety of a Christian who is about to lose his faith. I saw rather a philosopher who, taking a step TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS. in the direction of truth, discovers new horizons. I was at once much struck by the situation. I said to myself May, 1894 (First List). that this was no passionate, self-tormented soul like African Discovery. Alice Morse Earle. Dial. Lamennais; that he lived upon curiosity, calm, resolute, Americans Abroad. Francis B. Loomis. Lippincott. smiling." Anderson, Mary. Illus. B. H. Ridgely. Southern Mag. Bookbindings of the Past. Illus. Brander Matthews. Century. INSIDE VIEW OF AN EGYPTIAN UNIVERSITY. Browning's “Luria." John W. Chadwick. Poet-Lore. A correspondent of the New York “ Evening Post” Browning Rarities. William G. Kingsland. Poet-Lore. gives the following interesting particulars about the Canadian Literature. Dial. University of Cairo: “The scene presented by the uni Charleston, S. C. (1861). Anna C. Brackett. Harper. versity when teachers and pupils are absorbed in their Chemistry, Ancient. M. P. E. Berthelot. Popular Science. tasks is strange indeed. The various classes are com- Cotton-seed Oil. F. G. Mather. Popular Science. posed of singularly incongruous elenients, for childhood Dagnan-Bouveret. Illus. W. A. Coffin. Century. Education, Cause and Effect in. C. H. Henderson. Pop. Sci. and old age, beardless youths and mature men, sit side by side and learn and recite the same lesson, all sway- Egotism in Contemporary Art. Royal Cortissoz. Atlantic. Electricity, Portable. John Trowbridge. Chautauquan. ing to and fro as incessantly as the pendulum of a clock. English at Illinois University. D. K. Dodge. Dial. These motions are sometimes of a wild and convulsive English and American Scenery. E. S. Nadal. Century, character, painful to witness, and bear a strong resem Fiction, The Maelstrom of. Richard Burton. Dial. blance to the ecstatic contortions and twitchings of the Henry, The. T. C. Mendenhall. Atlantic. dervishes. The majority of the scholars, too, whether old Imitative Functions, The. Josiah Royce. Century. or young, are not pleasing to look upon, for the Egyptians Italy's Future. R. Bonghi. Chautauquan. Java, A Journey in. Illus. F. M. Burr. Harper, are a far less handsome and less cleanly race than the other Arabs of northern Africa, nor are their costumes nearly Kindergartens, Free. Anna P. Siviter. Chautauquan. Life and Style in Architecture. Thomas Hastings. Harper. as picturesque. Each class consists of about a dozen Light and Colour Sensations, Measurement of. Mag. of Art. members, who form a circle around the sheikh or pro Liquor Traffic in New York, Richard Wheatley. Chautauquan. fessor, by whom they are initiated into the mysteries Malcolm Drawings at the British Museum. Illus. Mag. of Art. of the alphabet or made acquainted with a page of the Mayflower, Guests of the. Illus. Popular Science. Koran, as the case may be. The voices are harsh and Mollusks, The Sleep of. C. T. Simpson. Popular Science. discordant, so that a lesson in progress sounds like a Napoleonic Times, Pictures of. Dial. dispute. The teacher tests the knowledge of the pupils Non-edible Fish, Uses of. Illus. R. F. Walsh. Pop. Sci. Novel, The, Ethical Value of. D. H. Hill, Jr. Southern Mag. by questions, and they in turn question him." O'Brien, Fitz-James. Champion Bissel. Lippincott. The curriculum of the university is thus described : Panics and Their Causes. J. F. Bullitt, Jr. Southern Mag. “Chemistry, astronomy, astrology, and the higher Parkman, Francis. Justin Winsor and John Fiske. Atlantic. mathematics, once considered indispensable acquire. Pecuniary Independence. Junius H. Browne. Harper. ments for a scholar, have for many centuries been laid Poetry, Recent, W. M. Payne. Dial. aside, and importance is attached only to the study of Public Schools, The Problem of. W.F. Slocum, Jr. Atlantic. the Koran, including a knowledge of rhetoric and logic. Qualla Battooans, Chastisement of. Illus. E.S.Maclay.Harper. This rote-like system of education naturally represses Railroading as a Career. Brandt Mansfield. Chautauquan. all originality of thought. Besides the Koran, a few Russia, Village Life in. Victor Yarros. Chautauquan. Slave-Ship Cora, Capture of. Illus. Wilburn Hall. Century. primers and readers are in use as text-books, and slates Sordello. Annie T. Smith. Poet-Lore. and blackboards are employed as in other schools. Sound Effects. A. A. Knudson. Popular Science. Even less reading than writing is taught, a certain fa Venetian Painters. J. B. Fletcher. Dial. cility in learning by heart alone being considered im Wauters, Emile. Illus. A. J. Wauters. Magazine of Art. 1894.] 281 THE DIAL LIST OF NEW BOOKS. (The following list, embracing 62 tities, includes all books received by The DIAL since last issue.! HISTORY. Town Life in the Fifteenth century. By Mrs. J. R. Green, 2 vols., 8vo, uncut. Macmillan & Co. $5. Ancient Ships. By Cecil Torr, M.A. Illus., 8vo, uncut, pp. 139. Macmillan & Co. $3. Slav and Moslem: Historical Sketches. By J. Milliken Napier Brodhead. 12mo, pp. 301. Aiken, S. C.: Aiken Pub'g Co. AUTOBIOGRAPHY. The Autobiography of Theobold Wolfe Tone, 1763-98. Edited, with introduction, by R. Barry O'Brien, author of “Life of Thomas Drummond." 2 vols., with portrait, 8vo, gilt top. Imported by Chas. Scribner's Sons. $7.50. The Diary of a Cavalry Officer in the Peninsular and Wa- terloo Campaigns, 1809-1815. By the late Lieut.-Col. William Tomkinson ; edited by his son, James Tomkin- son, Illus., 8yo, uncut, pp. 358. Macmillan & Co. $3. Journal of Martha Pintard Bayard, London, 1794-7. Ed- ited by S. Bayard Dod. With portrait, 16mo, pp. 141, uncut. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50. Mr. Bailey-Martin. By Percy White. 12mo, pp. 318. Lov- ell, Coryell & Co. $1. Love Affairs of a Worldly Man. By Maibelle Justice. 12mo, uncut, pp. 311. Chicago: F. Tennyson Neely. $1. The Two-Legged Wolf: A Romance. By N. N. Karozin ; trans. from the Russian by Boris Lanin. Illus., 12mo, pp. 322. Rand, McNally & Co. $1. The Betrothed, and The Highland Widow. By Sir Walter Scott, Bart. Illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 497. Macmillan & Co. $1.25. NEW VOLUMES IN THE PAPER LIBRARIES. Tait's Kenilworth Series: Americans Abroad, by One of Them; 16mo, pp. 241. 50 cts. Tait's Ilustrated Library: The Soul of the Bishop, by John Strange Winter; illus., 16mo, pp. 310.50 cts. Tait's Idler Series: The Doomswoman, by Gertrude Ather- ton; 16mo, pp. 263, 25 cts. 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Prepares pupils for College. Broader Seminary Course. Room for twenty-five boarders. Individual care of pupils. THE BOOK SHOP, CHICADO. Pleasant family life. Fall term opens Sept. 12, 1894. SCARCE BOOKS. BACK-NUMBER MAGAZINES. For any book on any sub- Miss EUNICE D. SEWALL, Principal. ject write to The Book Shop. Catalogues free. BRYN MAWR COLLEGE, BRYN MAWR, PA. POSITION as Librarian, Secretary, Correspondent, Translator or similar work, wanted by first assistant (male) in large library; For Women. conversant with literature and languages. Terms moderate. Address Situated ten miles from Philadelphia. Offers undergraduate LIBRARIAN, care DIAL. and graduate instruction. Awards annually two European Fellowships (value $500), five Graduate Scholarships (value THE NEW YORK BUREAU OF REVISION. For $200), and nine Resident Graduate Fellowships (value $525) AUTHORS: The skilled revision, the unbiassed and com- in Greek, Latin, English, Teutonics, Romance Languages, petent criticism of prose and verse; advice as to publication. Mathematics, History or Politics, Chemistry, and Biology. FOR PUBLISHERS: The compilation of first-class works of Full undergraduate and graduate Courses in these depart- reference. - Established 1880. Unique in position and suc ments, and in Philosophy and Physics. Graduate Courses in Semitic languages. For Program or Graduate Pamphlet, ad- cess, Indorsed by our leading writers. Address dress as above. DR. TITUS M. COAN, 70 Fifth Ave., NEW YORK. nouncer." 1894.] 283 THE DIAL THE DIAL'S CONTRIBUTORS. The following list of The DIAL's contributors is published for the purpose of showing how varied are the intel- lectual interests represented by the review, and how serious and authoritative its contents. It will be noticed that the institutions of higher learning have furnished The Dial with a large proportion of its contributors, and that our most important universities, with hardly an exception, are represented in the list. THE DIAL feels that it has reason to be proud of a list that includes the chief justice of the United States, presidents or professors of some thirty colleges and universities, and many of the most distinguished private scholars in the country. Pres. C. K. Adams, University of Wis. Miss Alice French (Octave Thanet), Da- Prof. A. G. Newcomer, Stanford Univ. Prof. H. C. Adams, University of Mich. venport, Ia. Rev. Arthur Howard Noll, New Orleans. Prof. H. B. Adams, Johns Hopkins Univ. Chas. W. French, Chicago High School. James S. Norton, Chicago. *Prof. W. F. Allen, University of Wis. W. M. R. French, Director of Art Insti- Mrs. Minerva B. Norton, Evanston, Iul. Prof. E. P. Anderson, Miami University. tute, Chicago. Rev. Robert Nourse, La Crosse, Wis. Prof. M. B. Anderson, Stanford Univ. Hon. Melville W. Fuller, Chief Justice * Rev. George C. Noyes, Evanston Ill. Prof. R. B. Anderson, late U.S. Minis of the United States. Prof. J. E. Olson, University of Wis. ter to Denmark. Henry B. Fuller, Chicago. James L. Onderdonk, Chicago. Dr. Edmund Andrews, President Chicago William Elliott Furness, Chicago. Prof. Henry L. Osborn, Hamline Univ. Academy of Sciences. Prof. C. M. Gayley, Univ. of California. Eugene Parsons, Chicago. *Hon. Isaac N. Arnold, Chicago. Frank Gilbert, Chicago. Prof. G.T. W. Patrick, University of Ia. *Walter R. Barnes, Stevens Point, Wis. Rev. Simeon Gilbert, Chicago. William Morton Payne, The Dial. Elwyn A. Barron, Chicago. Richard Watson Gilder, New York City. Dr. S. H. Peabody, Late Pres. Univ. of III Prof. John Bascom, Williams College. Rev.Washington Gladden, Columbus, O. Norman C. Perkins, Detroit, Mich. *Lieut. Fletcher S. Bassett, Chicago. Frederick W. Gookin, Chicago. Prof. W. R. Perkins, University of Ia. Rev. George Batchelor, Lowell, Mass. * Mrs. Genevieve Grant, Chicago. Egbert Phelps, Joliet, Ill. Prof. Geo. Baur, University of Chicago. Prof. Edward E. Hale, Jr., Univ. of Iowa Hon. J. O. Pierce, Minneapolis, Minn. Prof. E. W. Bemis, Univ. of Chicago. Dr. Fitzedward Hall, Marlesford, Eng. * Dr. W. F. Poole, Librarian Newberry Pres. W. M. Blackburn, University of Prof. Newton M. Hall, Iowa College. Library, Chicago. North Dakota. Prof. J. J. Halsey, Lake Forest Univ. * Rev. H. N. Powers, Piermont, N.Y. Rev. J. Vila Blake, Chicago. Rev. Leon A. Harvey, Des Moines, Ia. * William H. Ray, Hyde Park High Louis J. Block, Chicago. Prof. C. H. Haskins, University of Wis. School, Chicago. Charles C. Bonney, Pres. World's Con- Prof. J.T. Hatfield, Northwestern Univ. Rev.C. A. L. Richards, Providence, R.I. gress Auxiliary, Chicago. Prof. George Hempl, University of Mich. Prof. C. G. D. Roberts, King's College, Lewis H. Boutell, Evanston, Ill. Mrs. Ellen M. Henrotin, Chicago. Windsor, N. S. Prof. H. 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"One of the most delightful of volumes of nature studies. “ Deserves rank among the classics of American patriotism."-Stan- author not only loves nature, but is in most sympathetic touch with dard Union. her various moods."- Advertiser. BY MOORLAND AND SEA. By FRANCIS A. KNIGHT. Illustrated by the Author. 16mo, cloth, $1.50. THE AIM OF LIFE. KEYNOTES. Plain Talks to Young Men and Women. By Rev. PHILIP A Volume of Stories. By GEORGE EGERTON. 16mo, S. Moxom. 16mo, cloth, $1.00. cloth, $1.00. ALLEGRETTO. “A work of genius. Characterized by a striking naturalness. A positive moral value - such, indeed, as genuine and honest art always A Volume of Poems. By GERTRUDE HALL, author of "Far has." - London Speaker. from To-day." Illustrated by OLIVER HERFORD. Small quarto, cloth, $1.50. GOETHE. "Exquisite in its appeal to the eye and the imagination; the lightest, airiest, most dashing, merry, audacious productions in verse that have Reviewed after Sixty Years. By J. R. SEELEY, author of of late years got themselves into print." - The Beacon. “Ecce Homo." 16mo, cloth, $1.00. At all bookstores. Mailed, postpaid, on receipt of price by the publishers. ROBERTS BROTHERS, Boston, Mass. 1894.] 289 THE DIAL BOOKS OF ESSAYS. PROGRESSIVE TEXT-BOOKS. The Normal Course in Reading, by Miss EMMA J. TODD and Supt. W. B. POWELL. Supplies every grade with choice, instructive reading. The Normal Course in Spelling, by LARKIN DUNTON, LL.D., and C. GOODWIN CLARK. Fulfils its mission in pro- ducing good spellers. The Normal Review System of Writing, by Prof. D. H. FARLEY and W. B. GUNNISON. Contains new and valuable features never before used. The Normal Music Course, by John W. TUFTs and H. E. Holt. The most complete system of music instruc- tion ever produced in any country. The Normal Course in Number, by Pres. JOHN W. Cook and Miss N. CROPSEY. Furnishes a thoroughly prac- tical course in arithmetic. The Normal Course in English, by Prof. A. H. WELSH and Supt. J. M. GREENWOOD. Teaches how to speak and write with accuracy and ease. A First Book in Algebra, by WALLACE C. BOYDEN, A.M. Designed especially for grammar grades. The Health Series of School Physiologies, by CHARLES H. STOWELL, M.D. The Cecilian Series of Study and Song. The Young Folks' Library (Supplementary Readers). Mowry's STUDIES IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT and ELE- MENTS OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT, Sprague's SHAKE- SPEARE (4 volumes now ready), Baldwin's SELECT ENGLISH CLASSICS (3 vols.), and many others. We publish superior text-books for all grades of instruction, from the primary school to the university. Send for illustrated catalogue, giving full description. SILVER, BURDETT & COMPANY, Publishers. BOSTON. NEW YORK. CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA. NEW PUBLICATIONS. Horace E. Scudder. MEN AND LETTERS. Elisha Mulford, Longfellow and his Art, Emerson's Self, etc. 12mo, gilt top, $1.25. “Rich enough in observation and suggestion to win attention from those who overlook all but the best.” - New Englander. 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"Mr. Stedman is the ideal critic, for no other could be named so well equipped, not with knowledge alone, or with the critical faculty, but with the needful tact of pen to supply courage to conviction.- New York Times. Edwin P. Whipple. ESSAYS AND REVIEWS. (Two vols.) LITERATURE AND LIFE. CHARACTER AND CHARACTERISTIC MEN. SUCCESS AND ITS CONDITIONS. THE LITERATURE OF THE AGE OF ELIZABETH. OUTLOOKS ON SOCIETY, LITERATURE, AND POLITICS. AMERICAN LITERATURE, and Other Papers. RECOLLECTIONS OF EMINENT MEN. With a Por- trait, and an Introduction by Rev. C. A. BARTOL. Nine vols., crown 8vo, gilt top, $i.50 each; the set, $13,50. “We hold that Edwin P. Whipple is one of the most subtle, discrim- inating, and profound of critics. The Spectator (London). Richard Grant White, EVERY-DAY ENGLISH, 12mo, $2.00, WORDS AND THEIR USES. 12mo, $2.00; School Edi- tion, $1.00. ENGLAND WITHOUT AND WITHIN. A charming book of travel observation, 12mo, $2.00. STUDIES IN SHAKESPEARE. Brilliant essays on va- rious topics connected with Shakespeare. Crown 8vo, gilt top, $1.75. “He possesses a rare faculty of delicate and acute literary criticism and insight, combined with a hardly less rare faculty of expressing fine distinctions of thought." - The Nation (New York). George E. Woodberry. STUDIES IN LETTERS AND LIFE. Landor, Shelley, Bunyan, Cowper, Channing, Darwin, Browning, etc. 16mo, gilt top, $1.25. ** These remarkable essays. . . The beauty and distinction of their style, the wisdom and rightness of the opinions they express, entitle them to a longer lifetime than the allotted span of critical work." - The Nation (New York). Sold by all booksellers. Sent, postpaid, by HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., BOSTON. THE DISEASES OF THE WILL. By Th. RIBOT. Authorized translation. 134 pages. Cloth, 75 cents. Also, by the same author, “The Diseases of Per- sonality and' "The Psychology of Attention." Price, 75 cents each ; per set, $1.75. THE SCIENCE OF MECHANICS. A Critical and Historical Exposition of its Principles. By ERNST MACH, Professor of Physics in the University of Prague. Translated from the Second German Edition by THOMAS J. McCORMACK. 250 cuts, 534 pages. Half mo- rocco, gilt top. Price, $2.50. PRIMER OF PHILOSOPHY. By Dr. Paul CARUS. Neatly bound in cloth. With a very complete index. Pages vi.-232. Price, $1.00. AN EXAMINATION OF WEISMANNISM. By GEORGE JOHN ROMANES, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. With portrait of Weismann, and a Glossary of Scientific Terms. Thoroughly indexed. 236 pages. Cloth, price, $1.00. THE MONIST for April, 1894, Vol. IV., No. 3. Price, 50 cents; yearly, $2.00. Three Aspects of Monism Prof. C. Lloyd Morgan. The Parliament of Religions Gen. M. M. Trumbull. Modern Physiology Prof. Max Verworn. Kant's Doctrine of the Schemata H. H. Williams. The Exemption of Women from Labor. Lester F. Ward. Notion and Definition of Number Prof. Hermann Schubert. Ethics and the Cosmic Order Editor. Karma and Nirvana Editor. 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By RICHARD HOLT HUTTON, M.A. (London), Fellow of University College, London. 2 vols. Crown 8vo, cloth, $3.00. Now Ready. Vol. II. Select Statutes and Other Constitutional English Prose Selections. Documents. With Critical Introductions by various writers, and General Introductions to each period. Edited by HENRY CRAIK, Illustrative of the Reigns of Elizabeth and James I. Edited C.B. In 5 vols. 12mo, cloth, Students' Edition, $1.10 each, by G. W. PROTHERO, Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. net ; Library Edition, gilt top, $1.50 each. Vol. II., Six- Crown 8vo, $2.60, net. teenth Century to the Restoration. Already Published: Vol. I. Fourteenth to Sixteenth Century. The Third Edition of Mrs. Humphry Ward's New Novel. Marcella. By Mrs. HUMPHRY WARD, anthor of "The History of David Grieve," "Robert Elsmere," etc. With New Portrait. In 2 vols. Small 12mo, polished buckram, in box, $2.00. Fifth Edition of Mr. F. Marion Crawford's New Novel. Second Edition of S. R. Crockett's New Novel. 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MACMILLAN & CO., No. 66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. 1 THE DIAL A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information. PAGE . . THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, 82.00 a year in advance, postage prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries The valuable character of the work done for comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the secondary education by the Committee of Ten, current number. REMITTANCES should be by check, or by express or and the cordial reception everywhere given to postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and its report, have led to the organization of a sim- for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application; and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished ilarly representative Committee of Fifteen for on application. All communications should be addressed to the purpose of considering the important sub- THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago. ject of city school organization. This Com- mittee, consisting for the most part of school No. 190. MAY 16, 1894. Vol. XVI. superintendents, has already held a number of meetings, and has planned its work in a man- ner at once practical and exhaustive. It will CONTENTS. be at least a year before the conclusions of the Committee can be fully formulated, but an out- CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS 291 line of the work to be undertaken has already JOSEPH KIRKLAND. 293 been published, and proves so suggestive that ENGLISH AT LAFAYETTE COLLEGE. F. A. we cannot refrain from a few comments. March 294 In the first place, the composition of the Committee of Fifteen commands respect, in- COMMUNICATIONS 296 Education and Literature. Hiram M. Stanley. cluding, as it does, many educators of the high- Unexpected Happenings. R. O. Williams. est professional standing. The names of Dr. W. T. Harris, Mr. W. H. Maxwell, Mr. A. S. BOOKS ABOUT THE SEA, E. G. J. 299 Draper, Mr. A. G. Lane, Mr. A. B. Poland, SOME RECENT EDUCATIONAL BOOKS. B. A. and Mr. H. S. Tarbell are a sufficient guaran- Hinsdale .. 302 tee of the scholarship and the experience that Preyer's Mental Development in the Child.—Tracy's The Psychology of Childhood. - Herbart's The Sci- will be brought to the deliberations of this ence of Education. - Lange's Apperception. - Susan body. The Committee has been divided into E. Blow's Symbolic Education. — White's School three subcommittees, having for their respect- Managenient. ive subjects, city school systems, the training THE ADVANCE IN EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOL- of teachers, and the correlation of studies. OGY. E. B. Titchener . 304 This corresponds with an eminently wise and STUDIES IN SOCIAL SCIENCE. Edward W. Bemis 306 practical classification of the work to be done. Mallock's Labour and the Popular Welfare. -- Hob Finally, a carefully-considered list of questions house's The Labour Movement. — Morris and Bax's has been prepared for each of the sub-commit- Socialism. — Josephine Lowell's Industrial Arbitra- tion. – Helen Campbell's Women Wage-Earners. tees, and will form the basis of the discussion. Emily Balch's Public Assistance of the Poor in Expert opinions upon these questions will be France.-Julie Sutter's A Colony of Mercy. collected by the members of the subcommittees; BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 308 each member will report to his chairman; and The schoolmaster in literature, and folk-lore studies. each chairman will report to the full Commit- - The biography of Joseph E. Johnston.- Child-life in Japan.-A volume of sprightly essays. --Specimens tee of Fifteen, which is to meet in November. of American humor.- Selections from Gray, prose This admirable plan of work should result in and verse.-A transition period in the English Church. bringing together a body of competent opinion - The memoirs of General Pendleton, of the South- ern Army.- A volume of astonishing adventures. sufficiently weighty to force itself, in its main lines, upon the acceptance of educational au- BRIEFER MENTION 311 thorities throughout the country. NEW YORK TOPICS. Arthur Stedman 312 We have space to call attention to only a LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY 313 few of the questions offered for discussion, but it is easy, for our present purpose, to distin- TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 315 guish between questions of broad and theoret- LIST OF NEW BOOKS 316 ical interest and those of a more technical char- . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 [May 16, THE DIAL acter. In the consideration of the former, counties or smaller cities is not a person to there is an a priori element (or at least an ele- whom we may point with pride. Even in our ment based upon inductions made in a wider great cities, the superintendent is too likely to than the strictly educational field) to be taken fall a victim to the mania for mechanical uni- into account; the latter are mostly to be de- formity, whereupon dull routine displaces vital cided by an appeal to educational experience teaching in the schools that are unfortunate alone. Should the members of a board of ed- enough to be subject to his rule. A case in ucation be elected or appointed ? To what ex point is offered by the question, By whom tent should teachers study psychology? What should text-books be selected ? which is among should be the purpose of attempting a close those proposed for this subcommittee. To our correlation of studies? are questions of the first mind, the answer is clear enough. Subject to class. Of how many members should a board certain limitations of cost and scope, they of education consist? At how early an age should be selected by those who are to use them. should young men and women be allowed to Nothing stands in the way of this natural and teach? What should be the length of recita- rational answer but the bugbear of uniformity, tion periods ? are questions of the second class. or the notion that teachers are incompetent to We hope that the committee will recognize this select their tools (to which objection the reply distinction, and, with the first class of ques- is obvious), or some utterly trivial talk about tions, collect their opinions largely from work the cost of buying new books when there are ers in extra-educational fields. old ones in the family. As if the education of To the subcommittee on city school systems every child, upon which we lavish money so a highly important series of questions is as freely in other directions, were not worth the signed. They deal with the organization of paltry additional price of a few books. the executive machinery of education, the dis The questions proposed to the subcommittee tribution of powers among boards, superintend on the training of teachers cover such matters ents, and teachers, and many cognate topics. as the requirements of scholarship, the accept- A committee made up of superintendents will ance of successful school work in lieu of exam- probably seek to magnify the importance of the ination, the scope of the training-school, and function of superintendence, at the expense of the value of such subjects as psychology and the board of education and the staff of instruc- the history of education. While we do not dis- tion. They will be justified in the one attempt, pute the advantages of normal school work in but hardly in the other. Whether a board of many cases, we do not think it should be treated education be constituted by election or appoint as an indispensable requirement. After all, ment (and we look for a strong consensus of the practice of teaching is not a subject to be opinion in favor of the latter method), it is not taught very effectively ; people learn to teach likely to prove competent to direct the profes- by actual experience, and hardly in any other sional work of instruction. A wise board will way. The teacher should doubtless know some- delegate nearly the whole of its nominally ab- thing of the history of education, but this knowl- solute powers to the educators directly in edge is best acquired by one who is really doing charge of the school system, and restrict itself educational work, and its previous acquisition, to the function of business management. from books and lectures, is of questionable The relation of superintendent to instruct value. As for psychology, it would be difficult ors, on the other hand, is not so easily to be to overrate the importance of this subject, but defined. The writer whose recent criticism of the sort of stuff that passes for psychology in our public schools has attracted more attention too many of normal schools is about as use- than any other, and whose opinion certainly less as anything that could be devised. We be- deserves consideration, loudly proclaims that lieve emphatically in admitting young people to more superintendence is the one thing needful the work of teaching upon their school records for the well-being of the body educational. rather than upon examination, but the records But there is something better than superin- must be intelligently made and used as a basis for tendence, and that is a teaching force which judgment. Those who have had actual charge of does not need superintendence. And even with a young woman's education, who have come into the teaching bodies that we now have, there is daily contact with her for years, and studied the a good deal of superintendence that does more development of her mind and character, know harm than good. The sort of person who gets very well whether or not she is a fit person to to be superintendent of schools in many of our entrust with the delicate work of teaching chil- our 1894.) 293 THE DIAL dren; no examination, however well-planned and scientific pedagogy. In conclusion, we must comprehensive, can possibly furnish so trust express our great satisfaction at the new evi- worthy an estimate as may be had from her dence offered by the constitution of the Com- teachers, in her last year or two of school work. mittee of Fifteen that the organization of Amer- This leads us to a point of fundamental im- ican education is rapidly advancing, in spite of portance, one not expressly suggested by the the necessary and permanent decentralization questions proposed. Fitness to teach is too fre- imposed by our political system, and that by quently regarded as a matter of scholarship the sort of concerted action of which the Com- alone, to be determined by examination or re mittees of Ten and Fifteen offer types, our edu- citation records. But even scholarship is less cational system seems likely soon to emerge important than character, and what sort of ex from the haphazard stage, soon to enter upon amination can be suggested as a test of moral a more scientific, and hence a more fruitful, fitness? In some of our city school systems lit- phase of its development. tle attention, or none whatever, is paid to char- acter; that is, no systematic inquiry is made into the spirit in which the student has done JOSEPH KIRKLAND. her school work, into her application, her trust- worthiness, her moral habit, her general serious The author of " Zury” and “The McVeys” died ness of aim. No examination and no scholar- in Chicago the morning of April 29, at the age of ship record sheds other than a weak reflected sixty-four. Among men of letters having their homes light upon these things, and thus can furnish in this city, no one was more widely known than no real test of fitness in the highest sense. In Major Kirkland, or more deserving of his reputa- cities where teachers of the primary and gram- tion. That reputation was acquired late in life, and based mainly upon three novels (“The Captain of mar grades are mainly furnished by the grad. Company Kº” in addition to the two above named) uating classes of the high and normal schools, which take a high rank among American works of it ought to be made a sine qua non that the realistic fiction. Their author was an enthusiastic applicant for a position should have a certif admirer of the work of Mr. Thomas Hardy, and it icate of character from those who have taught was upon the lines laid down (or, at least, chiefly her during the closing year, or possibly two represented in contemporary fiction) by that novel. years, of her course. In this matter, an abso- ist that his indubitable success was achieved. In lute veto should be placed in the hands of the addition to the three novels named above, Major instructors. We hope that the Committee of Kirkland published “A History of the Chicago Fifteen will add this to their list of subjects, cago" in a large volume, the most interesting treat- Massacre of 1812,” and told “ The Story of Chi- and pronounce upon it in no uncertain tones. ment of the subject that has ever been made. He We can think of no single reform that would also contributed to the magazines, and was for a do more for our city school systems than a gen- time literary editor of the Chicago “ Tribune.” He eral recognition and application of the princi was one of the organizers of the Twentieth Century ple above enunciated. The difficulty under Club of Chicago, and was its first president, hold- lying the whole school problem is the difficulty ing the office for two years. He was prominent in of getting good teachers ; defective scholarship the Chicago Historical Society and the Chicago Lit- and upfit character are the twin roots of the dif- erary Club. He was also one of the few Western members of the Authors Club of New York. He ficulty, and the reform that we now urge would came of an intellectual ancestry, his father having strike most effectively at one of these roots. been a professor in Hamilton College, and his mother The subcommittee on correlation of studies a writer of some note in her day. He was born at is occupied mainly with questions of a techni- Geneva, N. Y., in 1830, and came to Chicago in cal character, such as may safely be left to the 1856. At the outbreak of the Civil War he en- expert judgment of its members. Some of the listed in the Twelfth Illinois Infantry, became suc- questions have already been discussed by the cessively lieutenant, captain, and major, and was Committee of Ten ; others of them offer new for a time attached to the staff of General McClel- problems for solution. To determine the dis- lan. He was in the battles of Rich Mountain, Lau- rel Hill, Williamsburg, and Fredericksburg, and at tinct pedagogical value of the several studies, and to establish the sequence of topics upon a the siege of Yorktown. He practised law in Chi- cago from 1880 to 1890. Personally, Major Kirk- rational basis, appear to be the chief tasks set land was one of the most genial of men, always before this subcommittee. The conclusions bright and companionable, and he made many warm reached will cause much discussion, for the friendships. He will be sincerely mourned by an problems are among the deepest that confront exceptionally wide circle of friends and associates. 294 [May 16, THE DIAL be studied like Greek.” A special professorship ENGLISH AT LAFAYETTE COLLEGE.* was established coördinate with the Greek and Latin It is thought to be somewhat of a specialty in professorships, with the arrangement emphasized the Lafayette teaching of English, that the profes- that the professor was not to have the rhetoric, sors in all departments take part in it. The theory and general theme-writing, and other the like du- is that the main cause of mistakes in speaking and ties, but was to handle English classic authors with writing English is ignorance of the meaning of his classes, study Chaucer, Shakespeare, and Milton, words. Our grammar is simple, but we catch up our after the same methods as Homer and Demos- words without thought, and utter them again in the thenes. This was a pretty precise description fifty same way. On the athletic field we do not know years ago. Now there are many ways of study- walking from running, nor at the banquet pie from ing Greek, and all of them often scamped in our pudding. When we undertake to talk about any universities. It meant then thorough work. Teach- scientific subject, the expert detects us instantly ; ers were fond of repeating after Dr. Arnold of we call whales fishes, mix up sewage and sewerage, Rugby, “ What a treat it would be to teach Shake- and use force, energy, and power as if they were all speare to a good class of young Greeks in regener- the same. ate Athens ; to dwell upon him line by line and An earnest attempt is made at Lafayette to train word by word, and so to get all his pictures and the students in each department to write on sub- thoughts leisurely into one's mind, till I verily think jects connected with it in the words and phrases one would, after a time, almost give out light in the current among experts. The professors in each de- dark, after having been steeped, as it were, in such partment are, of course, authorities. Every stu- an atmosphere of brilliance.” dent is required to hand in two papers a term; there The Lafayette courses are still constant to this are three terms in the college year. The professors central idea. They are primarily devoted to the give out subjects which demand research and de- study of the language as it is found in masterpieces scription in their own departments, and much time of literature, the immediate aim being the interpre- is spent by many of them in inculcating not only tation of these masterpieces, the rethinking of the clear-cut meaning, but also the etymology of scien- thoughts of master minds, and storing the memory tific terms. They find the sesquipedalia of the sci- with their words. Four hours a week during two ences cannot be held in memory with precision un- terms, Junior year, are spent with a professor in less their elements are distinctly perceived. This recitations; two additional hours are allotted to the leads to some knowledge of scientific philology, and preparation for each recitation. Three of the reci- of accurate spelling. The students in the chemical tation hours each week are occupied in the Arnold laboratory under Professor Hart, the president of fashion, dwelling line by line and word by word the Chemical Section of the American Association upon worthy passages. In a play of Shakespeare, for the Advancement of Science, use the rules of for example, and one term is regularly devoted to the Association for spelling and pronunciation; they a play of Shakespeare,-a scene, a short scene, may know when to write the termination -in, and when be given out for a morning's study. A consider. -ine; they are not to be caught blundering with able part of it will be read rapidly, or the gist of chlorin or quinin, hydrid or oxid, or sulfur. The it given in a few words, and most of the hour will amended spellings recommended by the joint action be devoted to a few lines selected as worthy of thor- of the English and American Philological Societies ough study. Any obsolete words or phrases, or and given in the Century Dictionary are accepted singular constructions, will be explained; but the as correct in college papers, as well as the common secret of Shakespeare's power is not to be found in spellings in Webster and Worcester. these. The words which are bearers of special Over and above all this is the study of English meaning or feeling are usually familiar words. In in literature. searching for their power and charm, the student We find the statement in the his- tories of Lafayette that the college had “ European will trace them through all the places where Shake- recognition " for its study of English before the speare uses them, using the Concordance to bring present historical and literary courses were known them all together. He will use the Historical dic- at other colleges. The Lafayette courses were tionary to learn what associations had gathered around them in the earlier ages, beginning some- established with the maxim that “English should times in Beowulf, and accumulating as they pass to * This article is the eighth of an extended series on the Alfred, to Chaucer, to Tyndale, to Spenser, and are Teaching of English at American Colleges and Universities, used by each with some happy turn or in some mu- of which the following have already appeared in THE DIAL: sical rhythm. He will often find that the peculiar English at Yale University, by Professor Albert S. Cook (Feb. 1); English at Columbia College, by Professor Bran- meaning in Shakespeare begins with him, and then der Matthews (Feb. 16); English at Harvard University, by it will be pleasant to trace it in later authors, re- Professor Barrett Wendell (March 1); English at Stanford peated in quotation or allusion until it becomes per- University, by Professor Melville B. Anderson (March 16); haps the most familiar meaning. All the resources English at Cornell University, by Professor Hiram Corson (April 1); English at the University of Virginia, by Professor of philology, the comparative study of languages Charles W. Kent (April 16); and English at the University and literatures, rhetoric and oratory, prosody and of Illinois, by Professor D. K. Dodge (May 1).- [EDR. DIAL.] rhythmic art, psychology, and biography, may be 1894.] 295 THE DIAL drawn upon, and all available pedagogical arts used There are two divisions of the students who do to lead the student livelily to rethink the thought not take courses in Greek and Latin. These take and perceive and feel and remember the beauty courses of English, German, and French, which are of the language. In this way students come to re so taught as to supply similar linguistic training to joice in these noble passages, and remember them that obtained from the Latin and Greek. They forever. They are thus provided with the very study term by term some English classic just as words to guide their higher thought, and with forms the others do their Latin classic, giving it four reci- of graceful speech which prompt them to easy utter tation hours a week. Authors commonly selected ances of courtesy and affection and devotion. are Bunyan, Spenser, Chaucer, Bacon. With a gen- Three of the four hours a week with the professor eral method such as has been spoken of in connec- are used in this way; the fourth is given to a kind tion with Shakespeare, philological topics are taken of symposium or seminar. Some topic of research up in progressive order, term after term, such as to belonging to the subject is given out for an essay, prepare these students to unite with students of which all the class are required to hand in. The Latin and Greek in the second term of the Junior hour is spent in the reading of essays and criticism year, and go on with the philological study of En- of them, and further discussion of the topic car- glish. Four lessons a week in Anglo-Saxon for ried on by the class under the prompting and guid-two terms are required of all students except tech- ance of the professor. One such hour may be given nicals. They are given near the end of the lin- to the life and environment of the author; another guistic courses required in college when the students to the plot of the play, if one of Shakespeare's plays have studied their German, French, Latin, Greek, is to be studied; others to critical discussion of par- nearly to their completion. The West Saxon as it ticular scenes as wholes and as proper parts of the appears in the principal literary works is presented play; others to notable characters in the play. as a classical language, and the whole time is de- There may be philological papers on the language voted to it as to a sister speech of classical Latin. of the play and of the poet; papers on the origin- It is studied, we say, like Greek. The class begin ality of the work, how much of it is Shakespeare ; to read at once extracts from the Gospels. They reports of the criticism of particular great critics; also learn the grammar, the rules for pronunciation, outlines of other related works. We used to have and practice reading the text aloud. They learn the lively work of research, frequent peering into all paradigms, and rules of syntax, so as to parse rapidly, corners of the library, and rejoicing in exploiting declining and inflecting freely. They learn the fresh mines of fact; but bibliographic indexing is rules of letter change, a selected set of them. They now so copious,—Poole's Indexes in the van,—and already know from their other language studies the librarians are so at the service of everybody, Grimm's law and the like. They learn for continual and omniscient, that research begins and ends too use the paradigms and syntax, and the common often with asking the librarian to hand over every- phonetic changes within the West Saxon, and from thing there is on the topic, and point out the pages. West Saxon to English. The examination at the end And the essays are apt to show plainly enough that of the first term of Anglo-Saxon is almost wholly de- they were written with the books open before the voted to these matters, and it is known from the writers, as Shakespeare had North’s Plutarch when first that they must be learned in order to pass with- he wrote Julius Cæsar. The essays can hardly out conditions. claim the credit of research, but often have merits In the second term Anglo-Saxon prosody is added which students rank higher than research, and make to the grammar work, but the time is given mainly good material for collisions of memory and wit com to reading Anglo-Saxon authors as we read modern bats at the symposia. English authors in this course, and to throwing, All this is required work. For Shakespeare there light upon modern English words and idioms by con- is also a prize examination open to all who have fin- necting them with their ancient forms. Besides the ished the required work. This is general, covering class examinations, a prize is offered to those who his life, character, all his works, from any points of complete the courses for the best general examina- view which the examiners may choose at the exam tion in English before Chaucer; and an additional ination. The professor is content with questions optional course is given to prepare for examination which call for direct knowledge of the works and questions upon the deduction of the Anglo-Saxon reflection upon them; such as naming plays and forms from originals in the Parent Speech and other asking for a description of them, and asking which comparative grammar, and for additional reading, is the best and why; when they were written and and literary and biographic and bibliographic study the evidence for the dates ; naming persons and in connection with it. asking for their characters and action; giving quo The chief use of study of English before Chau- tations and asking where they are found, and the cer to the American college graduate, the person like simplicities ; but examining committees are apt who used to be known as the gentleman and scholar, to confront the student with the profoundest ques is to help him to better understanding and mas- tions in psychology and history which the Germans tery of English in Chaucer, and since Chaucer. have evolved. The winning of this prize is esteemed The literary charm and power of the works which one of the highest college honors. have survived from the earlier period is slight in 296 [May 16, THE DIAL comparison with that of the old masters of Greece COMMUNICATIONS. and Rome, and of the still greater modern authors in our own language and other modern languages, who mold the thoughts of modern men. It would EDUCATION AND LITERATURE. seem best, therefore, to devote that moderate por- (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) tion of time which ought to be given to this study in In connection with the discussion in THE DIAL on college to a few typical specimens of Anglo-Saxon, the Teaching of English at American Colleges and and to the comparative study of their idioms in re- Universities, it may not be amiss to emphasize certain lation to modern English, so as to fix in memory tendencies in the scope and method of literary educa- illustrative originals to guide and strengthen our tion, as bearing on the future of literature. Certainly the immediate prospect for literature is not bright. speech. No one but an incipient professor of lan- Our civilization is daily becoming more democratic; guages can well afford to spend his days and nights the people draw all activities toward themselves; and for long periods of his crowded college life in study the literary artist is more than ever tempted to be un- ing books of specimens of all the various early dia true to himself, to yield to the popular demand and lects of those groping centuries. truckle to the average taste. Style, as characteristic This series of required studies for the whole class creativeness, as the expression of lofty individuality, is is continued during the second term of Senior year neither wanted nor appreciated by the great mass of by two exercises a week, with weekly written papers readers. Your thorough-going democrat believes in from each student arranged for the general study who is unlike or peculiar is regarded as either foolish complete equality, material and intellectual; and he of some author, and the writing of an elaborate ar- or conceited. The great host of self-assertive self-sat- ticle, as if for a quarterly review, which must con- isfied people despise what they cannot understand, or tain a discussion of the language of the author. jest at it. An illustration in hand is the recent vulgar With the work of this term goes another prize. skit, so universal in the newspapers, about President The best work is done when the author selected is Cleveland's hard lot in being obliged to hear Mr. Gilder an American. Students find their own life and read his latest poem. Such is the bourgeoise temper. thought depicted in the American authors. The It may appreciate literary cleverness or smartness, but language is their own. They are specially drawn it will flout at talent and genius, at all sustained and to them. In the college reading-room the Amer- dignified discourse and high poetic sentiment. In the ican periodicals are worn to tatters, while the En- hurry of this eager, unquiet, democratic age, if men read at all they will read only what appeals directly to glish publications, which were the main reading of them at the first glance, what is short to scrappiness students of the last generation, lie in fair covers, and is startling staccato in expression. In brief, the looking fresh from the binder. Bryant, Irving, democratization of literature means a childish impres- Longfellow, Lowell, Mrs. Stowe, Whittier, Holmes, sionism. have been handled with most hearty and sympa However, it is folly to lament this tendency, with the thetic admiration and intelligence. One of the tra pessimists, or, with Matthew Arnold, to rely hereafter ditional high-days of Lafayette is that on which upon a "saving remnant.” Since literature is not, and Mr. Bryant made the public presentation of this is never likely to be, as in the past, a product for the prize for the best study of his own works to J. W. few, since the kind of writing which the people demand Bright, of '77, now Professor of English Philology is the kind of writing which will be done, the only hope of literature is an educated public. I take it, then, that in Johns Hopkins University, his torch still burn- the importance for literature itself of the right study ing as he runs in the front. of literature in our schools and universities can scarcely During the same term a rapid general survey of be overrated. But the results of present methods can English literature is given with a compendium, class hardly be regarded as satisfactory. Many of our col- discussions, and conversations, two hours a week. lege graduates and most of our high-school graduates And four hours a week of the last term of the Senior read little more than that lowest form of literature, the year are given to a review and summary of the lin newspaper. Not one in a hundred, in consulting his guistic side of the college studies in connection with own taste, takes up an English classic, reads Milton and Professor Whitney's Language and the Study of Shakespeare and Wordsworth simply because he likes them. And certainly, for the great majority, school in- Language, a required study. struction in literature results in no marked and perma- Lafayette is a college of some three hundred stu- nent uplifting of taste. I am far from saying that liter- dents, and does not advertise University courses. ary education is a complete failure, but I thoroughly It receives, however, graduate students, and there believe that it is generally very defective in spirit and are always some such pursuing English studies. A method. few continue them, as major courses, far enough to The chief difficulty arises at bottom from a lack of earn a Ph.D. It might be said, therefore, that we practical realization of the true end of education as to- have all the courses in English, the description of tal process. The real object of education may be de- which fills so many pages of the great University fined as a preparation for that largest, freest, most orig- catalogues. There are two professors: F. A. March, inal development of the mind which is the goal of Professor of English and of Comparative Philology; human evolution. And this development ever has been, and F. A. March, Jr., Professor of English Liter- and ever will be, distinctly five-fold: religious, moral, philosophic, scientific, and artistic,— each in its own ature. F. A. MARCH. way, yet forming an interdependent organism of cul- Lafayette College, Easton, Pa., April 21, 1894. ture. A true education, as the vestibule of life, must 1894.] 297 THE DIAL us. contain all these forms as coördinate; every scheme of I conclude that a genuine revival of high art in our unprofessional education ought to realize these factors, democratic civilization is impossible until the general each for its own sake, an ideal which is yet far before taste be elevated, and this elevation must be largely at- Just now parvenu science, crass, boorish, and over tained through the improvement in scope and method of bearing, as the parvenu generally is, has got the upper artistic education. Goethe truly says, “ Happy is the man hand in education. Hence we see in literary education, who early in life knows what art is”; and this insight as everywhere else, the undue stress laid on the scientific into the real nature of art can only be reached and sus- method, and literature constantly and dominantly in tained by a constant familiarity with the best art dur- terpreted from the standpoints of anthropology, psy ing the whole period of education. chology, history, and philology. It is certainly inter- HIRAM M. STANLEY. esting and useful to look at literary art from other Lake Forest University, April 20, 1894. standpoints than its own; but for the educative study of literature the main point of view must always be the purely æsthetic. The prime object is not to inform the UNEXPECTED HAPPENINGS. understanding, but to develop the taste, to lead the stu- (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) dent to spontaneously recognize the best art whenever While the readers of The DIAL have in memory Dr. and wherever he finds it, and, what is more, to like it, Hall's replies to my letters, kindly permit me to bring yea, even to love it. Not one educated man in a hundred to their attention two or three of the odd things with knows good literature when he sees it; he must rely which these replies abound. A brief preliminary ex- upon some critic, or upon his knowledge as to the fame planation in each case is necessary. of the author, and straightway he will try to discover I. Although a word or a phrase in Lord Macaulay's the beauties he has been taught to expect. But this writings has sometimes arrested the unfavorable atten- is not genuine taste; the deeper and real life does not tion of Dr. Hall, yet, in the main, Lord Macaulay's En- respond, and if emotion there be, it is wholly artificial. The student openly applauds what he is taught to ap- glish has received Dr. Hall's approbation. In fact, there are passages in Dr. Hall's discussions of good and plaud, but in secret he reads and praises the meretri- bad English which give one the impression that, at the cious and sensational. time they were penned, he looked up to — or, rather, For the formation and development of a genuine in upon-Macaulay as an unquestionable exemplar of cor- dividual taste the student should be led into direct and rectness. Among the evidences of his regard for the unbiased contact with the best art. He should not even authority of Lord Macaulay are the following: know the author of the piece he is reading, but by re- “Let us now turn to another writer of high and deserved peated study should get a thoroughly original impres- repute, the last of our really well informed lingual conserva- sion and give expression to it orally or in writing be- tives. Like Dr. Newman, Lord Macaulay uses,” etc. ("Mod- fore he receives any instruction. The free initiative and ern English," p. 292, footnote.) spontaneous interest must always be led up to and “I have called the word (helpmate) classical. Lord Macau- waited for. I would suggest giving a class a short poem lay writes, in the first chapter of his History: 'A waiting for a half-hour's original study, and asking for written woman was generally considered as the most suitable help- answers to such questions as, What lines please you mate of a parson.' (Ib., p. 156, footnote.) most? Why? What is the strongest part of the poem ? . . it has been seen how many fashions of speech which What the weakest? How does it compare with poems he [R. G. White] rejects and ridicules are practically war- previously read ? What would you judge as to the au- ranted by Lord Macaulay. ..." ("Recent Exemplifications of False Philology," p. 107.) thor from internal evidence? The student should grad- “That which he [De Quincey] deems to be the English of ually come to a knowledge of authorship from internal * French reporters' was good enough English, in the last cen- criticism alone, and the author should always be subor- tury, for Jeremy Bentham, and is good enough, in our cen- dinated to his works. That best art which is self-in- tury, for Lord Macaulay." (Ib., pp. 18-9.) terpreting and simple in its æsthetic elements should even such a purist as Lord Macaulay has used" [cer- mainly be used. After a measure of taste for the good tain words named). ("Modern English," p. 142.) art is definitely formed, examples of poor and bad lit "Even such a purist as Lord Macaulay uses it more than erature should be interspersed for detection and criti once." (Ib., p. 300.) cism. If this appreciative direct study of literature It was natural that I should want to avail myself of were made the main method throughout the whole an authority so highly esteemed by Dr. Hall, when, in course of education, the ground covered would not be reference to a certain use of known to and a similar use so great as now, but the results in the improvement of of unknown to, I was citing (THE DIAL, July 1, 1893), taste, and indirectly in the elevation of literature itself, in opposition to Dr. Hall's opinion, quotations from many would, I think, be far more considerable. writers of excellent standing. Several passages from A subsidiary method which may sometimes be of Macaulay's writings containing the “ breach of idiom ” value in sharpening the critical sense with advanced stu disapproved by Dr. Hall were before me, but limita- dents is to require from them actual literary work. tions of space prevented the use of more than one, viz.: However, appreciativeness is by no means vitally con "Most of these wretches were not soldiers. They acted nected with executive ability. Indeed, the literary critic under no authority known to the law." (Macaulay, “Hist. and the littérateur are often quite distinct. To enjoy Eng.," ch. xii.) good writing I no more need to be a writer, than to be To which I added: a musician to enjoy good music, or a preacher to enjoy "A remark made by Dr. Hall concerning another locution good preaching. The greatest fallacy in the education may be appropriately quoted here : *Even such a purist as of to-day is the so-called laboratory method, so far as it Lord Macaulay uses it more than once.' ('Modern English,' supposes that we need to become scientists in order to p. 300).” appreciate science, and artists in order to appreciate Now, as to the point so made (which to me seemed art. However, we cannot enlarge on this point here. rather strong), there was an unexpected happening. All 298 [May 16, THE DIAL that Dr. Hall said about this point was in a postscript “Descanting on English Imperfects Passive, in the Appen- to his reply. It reads as follows: dix to my Modern English' (1873), I say, respecting the "P.S.-'Even such a purist as Lord Macaulay uses it more sort of phraseology under consideration,' that 'some of the than once.' This sentence Mr. Williams quotes from me as choicest of living English writers employ it freely.' I pro- a remark' which I make 'concerning another locution.' Is ceed : ‘Preëminent among these stands Dr. Newman, who my remark amiss as to its wording? or in what it expresses ? wrote, as far back as 1846,' etc. A single relevant citation I am at a loss to know." (THE DIAL, August 16, 1893.) from him is then adduced. “Mr. R. O. Williams, in your issue of September 1, takes This postscript is Dr. Hall's whole reply to my cita- exception to my qualifier 'freely.' tion of Macaulay and to my quotation from “ Modern English ” showing Dr. Hall's opinion of Macaulay as No,-begging the writer's pardon—I have never in- an authority, and that the censured locution was used timated a doubt of the alleged fact that “ some of the by him more than once. That the author of Modern choicest of living English writers employ it freely.” Dr. Hall's statement of the issue does not define it with English ” should fail to see the obvious application of sufficient exactness. that plain sentence cited against himself from his own The question raised by me was book, who could have anticipated ? But so it came to “ whether Dr. Hall, at the time he wrote the remarks quoted by him above, “ had knowledge of such a num- pass. II. Most people when expressing their thoughts in ber of instances where Dr. Newman had used this lo. print take more care in regard to forms of expression cution in his voluminous writings, that he, Dr. Hall, than when writing confidential letters to familiar friends. could fairly say, either by direct assertion or by impli- This, I suppose, is true even in the case of writers whose cation, that Dr. Newman employed it “ freely," style in print is colloquial and familiar. Moreover, a whether, in other words, Dr. Hall, at the time he made form of expression found in a private letter is not an the assertion relative to Newman, had in his knowledge instance of its use by the writer in print, even though sufficient evidence to justify it. The doubt was sug- the letter be subsequently published in a book. Private gested by (among other things): (1) a very strong an- letters often get into books, but publication does not tipathy which Newman had expressed for is being; (2) convert their phraseology into expressions used in print. the fact that Dr. Hall, in thirty-nine pages of text given My apology for stating and insisting on matters so to the discussion of is being, etc., had cited but one in- obvious will be found in the fact that, obvious as these stance of its use by Newman, notwithstanding the pre- simple truths are, they have been wholly overlooked by living English writers "; (3) that several inferior writ- ëminence assigned him among “some of the choicest of Dr. Hall in his reply (THE DIAL, Dec. 1, 1893) to my letter published in The DIAL, September 1. Strange, ers were, each, cited more than once; (4) a strong be- lief that the use of is being, etc., by Newman " at as it is, with my words before him (for he quotes them correctly), Dr. Hall offers, in contradiction of a remark least in print was very rare." of mine, citations which by the very terms of the remark Dr. Hall, in the course of his desultory reply tells us itself are excluded. And strange, too, he rests his case when he found in 1872) the said instance of the use of on those citations. He produces no other new ones. the “imperfect passive" by Newman, and that, at the In The DIAL for September 1, I said: time he found it, he recalled the fact that he had in the past observed his use repeatedly of like expres- “Although I have noticed two instances (one in a letter) sions.” besides the one cited above by Dr. Hall, where the imperfect "My memory,” Dr. Hall adds, “ though I sel- passive' was employed by Dr. Newman, yet I am confident dom trust to it, seldom plays me false.” He then proves that its use by him at least in print - was very rare." the accuracy of his memory and my ignorance of New- After more than a column of desultory preliminaries, man's usage in regard to is being, was being, etc., by Dr. Hall proceeds to upset the confidence expressed by bringing forward the quotations I have commented on me above in this manner: “ Between 1832 and 1846 he above (II.), - quotations cited from an edition of [Dr. Newman) was, according to his own adjudication, letters published nineteen years after his memory had rendered the service specified. The citations would * guilty of ’:"-—then follow six quotations from Cardinal Newman's “ Letters (1891) "published since his death. be pertinent if offered by Dr. Hall as evidence of his As the volumes in which these letters appear contain, clairvoyance—especially if they had been produced by besides the "Letters,” some things actually written by him before the publication of the private letters where Cardinal Newman for publication, I have taken pains the passages quoted occur—but they cannot prove that, to find the context of these quotations, in order to as- in and before 1872, Dr. Hall had seen in Newman's certain beyond a doubt whether the passages cited by publications so many examples of the “imperfect pass- ive” that he could fairly put Newman among the au- Dr. Hall are parts of private correspondence or whether thors of whom he said “some of the choicest of living they occur in writings intended for the public. Every one of these six instances of the “ imperfect passive” cited by English writers employ it freely.” That Dr. Hall could Dr. Hall occurs in a private confidential letter written take such a view of the matter as his reply discloses was to a familiar friend. Not one of them militates against by me quite unexpected. my reservation as to the use of the imperfect passive IV. The likening me to a lame devil that needs spec- by Cardinal Newman in print. Dr. Hall, however, in- tacles (I admit the spectacles imputation) was unex- troduces them with, “ If he [Mr. Williams] had gone pected in merely this—the particular form of similitude chosen. farther afield, he would have made the discovery," etc.; and supplements them with “ Nor, perhaps, would it be V. Some unexpected things in Dr. Hall's replies have altogether amiss, if he redoubled his diligence of re- been mentioned. Another thing not at all unexpected search.” All this, be it remembered, after quoting from should be noticed by a brief remark. A characteristic me the precise words that shut out such citations. A feature of all Dr. Hall's replies to my letters is the as- very unexpected happening. sumption that convincing evidence can be rebutted by III. Dr. Hall's reply (THE DIAL, Dec. 1, 1893) opens his bald assertion. R. O. WILLIAMS. with the following statement: New York, April 21, 1894. 1 1894.] 299 THE DIAL The New Books. teen; and his log recounts his professional pro- gress from the greenhorn phase of “granny knots and deck-swabbing, to the dignities and BOOKS ABOUT THE SEA. * emoluments of able seamanship. The narra- Fifty years ago a sailor was a sailor - not tive is duly spiced with mutiny, pirates, “shang- the mere lubberly roustabout or deck-hand one haeing,” etc.; and the best of it is, it is all true. sees on an ocean steamer nowadays. His du- Part II., “In the Naval Service,” relates to ties were as multifarious as his oaths, and his the Civil War; and here the author recounts yarns were as stiff as his tarpaulin hat. His some sufficiently thrilling exploits and inci- accomplishments were endless. He could " reef, dents, quorum pars magna fuit. Mr. Hill's furl, steer, and handle,” splice you a rope (not manner is well suited to his matter, and his forgetting the main brace) in a twinkling, tie book is emphatically one that any normally- twenty different knots wall knots, diamond minded boy (and we believe there are some knots, bowlines, loop, reef, or stopper knots, or left, in spite of Lord Fauntleroy) can revel in what you will — in as many minutes ; he was and profit by. sailor, sail-maker, rigger, carpenter, painter, The work entitled “ The British Seas” is a tailor—a nautical Jack of all trades, in short, collection of picturesque notes of the British to order; usually he was a cheery companion coast and its adjacent waters, by W. Clark and a fertile and engaging liar to boot. His His Russell and others. To the reader at all “ salt” delight in telling of what he had seen only fell in his tastes it is a captivating book, brine- short of his delight in telling of what he had scented and echoing the voices of the ocean not seen. Fifty years ago, too, a ship was a like a Norse saga. Six of the papers—“The ship—not a dirty, snorting Brobdignagian tea- Downs," Downs," “ Down Channel," "The North Sea," kettle, a thing the gallant Farragut refused to etc.—are Mr. Russell's, and we need scarcely go to—well, to Tarturus in. She was a thing add they contain some capital “ bits of marine," of grace and sentiment; a part integral of the as the painters say. Here is one a fleet of element she adorned ; a pearl on the expanse of North Sea smacks putting out for the fishing lapis lazuli; in the distance, a white-winged grounds: phantom slanting away before the breeze like a “ As they clear the entrance the tide catches them, mist-wreath. But, as the song says, “ the ship and away they go in fine style, scattering as the tow- ropes are let slip, and plunging like galloping cart-horses is gone and Jack is gone"; and with them the as they take the first of the seas and wash away to the glamour of sea-faring and its legendary lore. northward. Others again, to save towage-charge,‘ratch,' “ Tom Bowling” is no more ; and we suppose out as it is called, and a spirited sight it is to witness. Black-eyed Susan waves her lily hand' The seamanship of the fellows is excellent; they appear nowhere but in Mr. Gay's ballad. Nobody den for years ; you see a smack under a heavy press to know their little ships as a man the horse he has rid- cares to picture a “ Vanderdecken” leaning down to it till her waterways are under, and “ Ancient Mariner” cruising about in a steam heading direct for the granite of the pier ; her bowsprit boat; and the “ sea-change" suffered is, on the seems to be in the act of spearing the solid wall, when -down goes her helm, round she spins like some waltz- whole, a very prosaic one indeed. ing girl, nimble of foot; in a breath or two all is flat- The little book entitled “ Twenty Years at tened in fore and aft, and she is smoking through it on Sea," by Frederick Stanhope Hill, gives, in the other tack." Part I., a very realistic picture of sea-life half In other papers Mr. Russell takes us to Rams- a century ago. As far as it goes, it is as good gate (that paradise of London “'Arry” and as Dana. The author, now an “old barnacle “’Arriet”), Sandwich, Hastings, Brighton, the back” (his own phrase), went to sea at thir- Isle of Wight, Cardiff, Newcastle, Whitby, *TWENTY YEARS AT SEA; or, Leaves from My Old Log- etc.; he describes the life-boatmen, smugglers, Books. By Frederick Stanhope Hill. Boston: Houghton, whalers, fishermen, and the like amphibians, Mifflin & Co. in a way that must have charmed Ed'ard Cut- THE BRITISH SEAS. Picturesque Notes. By W. Clark Russell, and Others. With many illustrations. "New York : tle, mariner; he sketches with graphic pencil Macmillan & Co. many a sound, harbor, and foreland; and he VOYAGES OF ELIZABETHAN SEAMEN. Edited by Edward opens for us the door of tiny public houses, John Payne, M.A. First Series : Hawkins, Frobrisher, and Drake. New York: Macmillan & Co. haunted by 'longshore Jack, who loves, as Mr. A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES NAVY (1775 to 1893). Besant truly says, when not afloat, “ to sit By Edgar Stanton Maclay, A.M. With technical revision where he can gaze upon a harbor, and ships, by Lieutenant Roy C. Smith, U.S. N. In two volumes. Vol- ume I., with maps, diagrams and illustrations. New York : and the blue water outside.” And through the D. Appleton & Co. open door of these snuggeries there floats an or an 300 [May 16, THE DIAL ! eloquent whiff of rum and tobacco, and usually The last though most important work on our the sough of some sailor's yarn. - There she list is Mr. Edgar Stanton Maclay's “ History blows!”—one seems to hear him say. There of the United States Navy"- a book, by-the- she blows!' I sung out from the foretopmast bye, that is not likely to cool the ardor of those head. • Where away?' they bawls from the young naval men who are charged with a sin- deck. “On the weather quarter,' says I. •There ful desire to test their new ships and new guns she blows !' Up comes the cap’n. • Down hel on a real enemy. Mr. Maclay's History is, we lum!' he says, says he. Luff her to the wind. believe, the first attempt at a full and contin- Round in on them lee braces, and aft with your uous record of the kind, and it is in the main main-sheet, Mr. Deadeye,' says he to the mate. a satisfactory one. The style is spirited and • Get them jib-sheets flattened in, and make 'er popular, and the author has evidently tried to all snug for goin' about. Shake a reef out o' be accurate and full. New facts have been the foretopsail, and loose the foretop-garns'l. drawn from the records, old facts have been This ’ere bucket's got to laugh to-day!'” And reweighed and recast, and altogether the book so he drowses on, hoarse as a nor'wester, com is likely for some time to hold its place as the fortable, mendacious. Almost as good as Mr. chief popular authority on the subject. Mr. Russell's are the sketches by Messrs. Cagney, Maclay is a specially good hand at describing P. G. Hamerton, and James Purvis. The vol. a sea-fight. The immortal duel between the ume is liberally illustrated with half-tone plates “United States" and the Macedonian," for after Turner, J. C. Hook, H. Moore, Colin instance, is depicted in a style that would not Hunter, Arthur Turner, and others. discredit Smollett, and will probably set the The initial volume (devoted to Hawkins, Fighting Bob Evanses” of our navy to fur- Drake, and Frobisher) of the series of selected ther lowering themselves in the eyes of quer- narratives from Hakluyt entitled “ Voyages ulous and low-spirited editors. In his intro- of the Elizabethan Seamen to America" has ductory Mr. Maclay summarizes the services reached a second edition. Three voyages of of the navy. of the navy. These, he thinks, “it would be Hawkins are given, three of Frobisher, and difficult to exaggerate.” During the Revolu- one of Drake, together with Briggs's account tion the Continental cruisers took from the en- of the Armada. The narratives, on the whole, emy about 800 vessels, which involved the cap- seem to bear out Mr. Froude's characterization ture of, at a modest estimate, 12,000 prisoners, of Hakluyt's book as “ the prose epic of the 500 of whom were soldiers of the best English modern English nation.” Of the several rela- regiments. In the two years' naval war with tors in the present volume, John Sparks, who France, about 80 vessels, carrying over 3000 writes of Hawkins's second voyage, seems to men, were taken; and the Barbary wars gained bear away the palm, at least in point of liter- for the United States privileges that were de- ary quality. The negroes of Africa, the West nied to European powers. Indian Caribs, the Florida Indians, are described The naval war of 1812, Mr. Maclay rightly by him with much freedom and vivacity, and says, " did more to humble the pride of Great not altogether, one fancies, without a touch of Britain than any other contest.' For the sec- Sir John Mandeville's inventiveness. Writing ond time since the Armada there was a cloud of Florida, Sparks makes a deduction in nat upon her title of Mistress of the Seas. At the ural history that is very amusing. Having“ as outbreak of the war the British navy was in certained" that the region possesses unicorns, the zenith of its glory; when it closed, British he straightway concludes that it abounds in commerce was “almost annihilated.” Out of lions, on the cogent ground that “every beast eighteen engagements, the royal navy counted hath its enemy.” Thus, the wolf is the natural fifteen defeats; and this after the London enemy of the sheep, the polecat of the rabbit, “Statesman" of June 10, 1812, had said: the rhinoceros of the elephant. So it is with " America certainly cannot pretend to wage the lion and the unicorn. Now Florida “ hath war with us; she has no navy to do it with.” its unicorns ”; ergo, lions must abound there Over 1500 vessels were taken from the En- also. Q.E.D. That Mr. Sparks fortified his glish, and more than 20,000 of their seamen argument by first catching his unicorn, does were made prisoners. John Bull was hit hard, not appear. The volume is edited by Edward in his purse and in his pride, and for the time John Payne, M.A., who has added a full and even the new-blown glories of Trafalgar were scholarly introduction, and a brief account of forgotten. The American victories spread Hakluyt's life and works. a degree of gloom over London that was most 1894.] 301 THE DIAL painful to observe ”—wrote an eye-witness, in able compound of the martinet and the snob: a tone that recalls Pepys's lament over the ad “He may not have been a first-class sailor, but he vent of the Dutch in the Medway. When the was thoroughly conscious of his exalted rank, and was news of the loss of the first frigate reached En- an enthusiastic disciplinarian. Bold indeed was the officer who had the temerity to address him as .cap- gland, the “ Times” gravely observed : “ The tain,' or to reply to his commands with a “Yes, sir,' loss of a single frigate by us, it is true, is but instead of My Lord,' or “Yes, me lud.' The · Mace- a small one; when viewed as a part of the donian' had not been many days out on her maiden British Navy it is almost nothing; yet under cruise when an incident happened that will illustrate all the circumstances of the two countries to Captain Fitzroy's temperament. While she was at Lis- bon one of the sailors, named Bob Hammond, came which the vessels belonged, we know not any aboard intoxicated, and on the next day he received calamity of twenty times its amount that might four dozen lashes for the offense. As soon as the pun- have been attended with more serious conse ishment had been inflicted, Bob applied himself lustily quences to the worsted party.” But when the to the bottle, and before night he was again "gloriously drunk,' and while in this condition he suddenly conceived capture of the second royal frigate was an- the idea of making a sociable call on the captain, just nounced, the “ Thunderer” exclaimed, fairly to show that he harbored no ill will for the flogging he startled for the moment out of its measured had received. Marching up to the quarter-deck, he ac- monotone: “In the name of God, what was costed his commander in the free-and-easy style with done with this immense superiority of force ! which one good fellow should address another, and said, • Hello, Billy, my boy, is that you ?' Observing that Oh, what a charm is hereby dispelled! The he had made an impression, Bob followed up his ad- land spell of the French is broken, and so is vantage by saying, "you are young and foolish, my boy our sea spell !” It was manifest the thick - just fit to launch. You are like a young lion, Billy, est British apprehension that the superiority lord could recover his voice he shrieked out, "Put that of the English to the American navy lay in man in irons !'" numbers and armament alone; and that Brit- annia's sea-rule had passed from the roll of the History records that next day Robert was “eternal verities.” Napoleon's prediction in again triced up to the grating, and received his 1803, when Louisiana was ceded, that he had reward in the shape of an extra five dozen from given to England “a maritime rival that would the boatswain's cat. We regret to say that sooner or later humble her pride,” had reached Captain Fitzroy was not aboard the “Mace- an early fulfilment. donian" when she fell in with the United Mr. Maclay devotes some space to showi States some months later. that the figure-juggling resorted to by English The present volume, opening with a résumé writers to explain away English defeats only of colonial maritime matters, treats of the naval exemplifies the pliability of figures in the hands phases of the Revolution, of the French and of those who have a case to make out. He has the Tripolitan Wars, and of the War of 1812 taken, we think, some unnecessary trouble here. up to the action between the “ Essex" and the The childish excuse that in every case (and « Phæbe" and the “ Cherub,” off Valparaiso. there were a good many of them) in which a The narrative will be continued and the record British ship was worsted by an American the brought down to date in Vol. II. Print and pa- latter was superior to the former in guns and per are good, and the illustrations are interest- tonnage, is a lame one on the face of it. Plainly ing. We think it regrettable that there are no stated, the truth seems to be that in the naval portraits. Mr. Maclay has evidently written con war of 1812 John Bull, grown somewhat over amore ; and while his work is free from brag confident, was soundly thrashed, at his own and jingoism, it shows a hearty enthusiasm that style of fighting, by his vigorous offspring. goes far to cover minor faults of style. It is Whatever consolation he may draw from the a good book to read and to cause to be read- fact that the victor was his own flesh and blood especially now that American patriotism is be- he is entitled to; but we respectfully decline come a rather parti-colored affair and largely to entertain the plea that in each encounter he the resultant of a half-dozen or so exotic pa- was “ out of condition." triotisms. It will certainly do our racially- Mr. Maclay has spiced his narrative with a diverse coming generation no harm to learn sprinkling of anecdotes, one of which (smack- from Mr. Maclay what they owe to the Deca- ing not a little of “ Roderick Random ") touch-turs, Lawrences, and Perrys, the men who made ing Lord William Fitzroy, a son of the Duke of the flag of the young Republic a valid passport Grafton and the first commander of the "Mace on the high seas. donian," we quote. His lordship was an agree- E. G. J. 302 [May 16, THE DIAL SOME RECENT EDUCATIONAL BOOKS.* left by a great array of papers, dissertations, studies, essays, and articles devoted to almost No feature of current educational history in every conceivable educational subject, many of the most progressive countries is more marked which contain valuable materials that will ulti- than its literary feature, as expressed both in mately find their way into the standard litera- periodicals and in books. The volume of such ture of education. It may justly be said that, literature is constantly swelling. Buisson's list as the volume of this literature worthily repre- of works in French (Dictionaire de Pedagogie, sents the totality of educational activity, so its 1882–87) contains two thousand titles, and is variety well represents the multiform character confessedly incomplete ; while Compayré states of such activity. quite correctly that the German language is Within a generation there has been a notice- still richer in such publications. The two great able change in the general character of the English-speaking countries have done less than more permanent literature. A vigorous at- France and Germany, but they have still con tempt has been made to remove from mental tributed largely to swell the stream. In the and moral training the old-time reproach of United States, besides importing and publish- empiricism, by seeking a scientific basis for its ing much of the best that appears abroad, trans- processes. The term “pedagogy" has not only lating it when necessary, we every year pro come into reputable use in Germany, France, duce a considerable number of new educational and Italy, but it has gained considerable head. books, of varying degrees of value, — to say way in the United States, and even made some nothing of the mass of periodical publications, impression in England. But those who dis- in which no doubt we surpass any other coun allow the word recognize the thing. Dr. Bain try. Unfortunately, we have no American calls his well-known book “Education Consid- pedagogical bibliography that is complete or ered as a Science," and other writers give us approaches completeness. Inferior as our work other combinations of the same words. In this may be, in some particulars, to the best that country the new tendency may be very easily is produced abroad, we still have in Dr. Bar- illustrated. Page's “Theory and Practice of nard's “ Journal of Education ” the most val. Teaching,” published in 1847, was fully abreast uable magazine of educational knowledge that of the best thinking of the time, in its partic- has ever been collected in any single work in ular field. It was an excellent book, and has any country. Then the increasing variety of been more widely read than any other book on educational literature should be remarked. teaching ever published in the United States. The two great departments, of course, are It is still read, and is still well worth reading, theory and practice and history ; but the works abounding as it does in sound ideas, in admir- devoted to these subjects are flanked right and able illustration, and in enthusiasm. But it is * MENTAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE CHILD. By W. Preyer, not scientific; the “ theory” is as practical as Professor of Physiology in Jena, author of "The Mind of the theory can well be made. “ Consciousness” Child." Part I., The Senses and the Will; Part II., The De- velopment of the Intellect. Translated from the German by is found four times in the index, and is always H, W. Brown, Teacher in the Normal School at Worcester, limited by the phrase “ of success”; neither Mass. New York: D. Appleton & Co. “psychology” nor “ mental science” THE PSYCHOLOGY OF CHILDHOOD. By Frederick Tracy, appears. B.A., Fellow in Psychology in Clark University, Worcester, A better book of the old type can scarcely be Mass. found, but it does not suit the changed tem- THE SCIENCE OF EDUCATION. Its General Principles De- duced from Its Aim, and the Æsthetic Revelation of the per of the times. World. By Johann Friedrich Herbart, Professor of Philos- In no point is the new tendency more pro- ophy at the University of Göttingen. Translated from the nounced than in the scientific exploration of German, with a biographical introduction, by Henry M. and the child mind; or, using the latest neologism, Emmie Felkin. Preface by Oscar Browning, M.A., Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. Boston: D. C. Heath & Co. what is called “ paidology.” This movement APPERCEPTION: A Monograph on Psychology and Peda had long been heralded. Rousseau sent his own gogy. By Dr. Karl Lange, Director of the Higher Burgher- School, Plauen, Germany. Translated and presented to Amer- children to the foundling hospital, but behind ican teachers by members of the Herbart Club. Boston: D. doors he would listen eagerly to the talk of C. Heath & Co. the children of others. Madame Neckar ad- SYMBOLIC EDUCATION : A Commentary on Froebel's vised mothers to note in a journal each step of “Mother Play." By Susan E. Blow. New York: D. Apple- ton & Co. progress that their children made in all the vi- SCHOOL MANAGEMENT: A Practical Treatise for Teachers cissitudes of physical and moral health. “Like and all other persons interested in the right training of the the psychology of the child, pedagogy itself, young. By Emerson E. White, A.M., LL.D. Chicago : Amer- ican Book Co. at least in its first chapters,” says Compayré, 1894.] 303 THE DIAL “ ought to be conceived and written near a brought before them, or old ideas in a new and cradle.” No other name is so closely iden- striking way, exemplify the tendency to over- tified with this new line of research as that of emphasis. It may be difficult to over-value such Professor Preyer, whose previous treatises, factors in education as interest and appercep- “ The Senses and the Will” and “ The Devel- tion, but it is not impossible. The German pbil- opment of the Intellect,” together constituting osopher no doubt gave to these two factors a new one work entitled “ The Mind of the Child," and a well-deserved value, but he did not dis- are a magazine of facts, carefully observed, cover them. Neither do they render simple closely sifted, and wisely discussed. Preyer's and easy even those parts of training to which new book, “Mental Development in the Child,” they directly relate. It will not answer to fol- is on the same lines, only it is much less com low the criterion of interest, absolutely, in mat- prehensive, and is particularly intended to ters of education. It is often purely factitious, bring the subject down to date and to initiate and is by no means difficult of creation. Again, mothers into the science of child study. “For if Herbart over-emphasizes the teacher, he errs after all,” the Professor observes, “ the observ on the safe side. Instruction is indeed the com- ation of mental development in the earliest plement of experience and intercourse. “Who years naturally falls to the mother more than can dispense with experience and intercourse in to any other person. person. But in order to initiate education ?" asks Herbart. “ To do so would mothers into so complicated a science as that be to dispense with daylight and content our- of psychogenesis, the results already attained selves with candlelight. Fulness, strength, in- in it must be presented to them in a form as dividual definiteness in all our presentations, easy of assimilation as possible. Other per- practice in the application of the general, con- sons also — teachers, both male and female, tact with the real, with the country and the fathers, older brothers and sisters — are to be age, patience with men as they are, all these induced to consider the importance of the facts must be derived from those original sources of in this field, which has indeed been lying open mental life.” Still, they are inadequate. “The for hundreds of years, but has been little trod kernel of our mental being," he continues, “can- den, and is therefore a new field.” not be cultivated with certain results by means For some years American investigators have of experience and intercourse. Instruction most been pressing into the field of child study, Dr. certainly penetrates deeper into the laboratory Stanley Hall leading the way; but no better of the mind. Only think of the power of every work has been done by any of these students religious doctrine! Think of the dominating than by Mr. Tracy in his “ Psychology of Child influence which a philosophic lecture so easily, hood.” The thesis is not, indeed, fundamentally nay, almost unawares, exercises over an atten- a study, but rather a compilation of what has tive listener. Add thereto the frightful power been discovered relating to the subject; still, it of novel-reading, of novel-reading,— for all this belongs to in- is also a substantial contribution to knowledge. struction, either bad or good. . . . Instruction Particular attention is paid to the subject of alone can lay claim to cultivate a balanced all- language, and not the least valuable feature of embracing many-sidedness.” Dr. Harris justly the book is its bibliography relating to that remarks, in the preface of the book next to be topic. Besides fifteen unpublished studies that mentioned, “ a correct method is very important the author used, he gives one hundred and one in higher education ; it is indispensable in pri- titles of printed documents, making much the mary education.” It is all right, indeed abso- best list with which we are acquainted. lutely necessary, to lay stress on scholarship in The publication by the same house in the selecting a college professor, but it is unsafe year of translations of Herbart’s “ Science to forget, as some do, that there is a teaching of Education ” and Lange's “ Apperception ” art. There can be little doubt that at present testifies to the growing interest in the pedagog- the teaching found in the best public schools, ical ideas that Herbart organized into the sys as a whole, is much better than that found in tem that bears his name. Beginning with the colleges of the same grade of standing. To- postulate that ethics furnishes the end of edu- gether with Herbart's “ Text Book in Psychol- cation and instruction the means, these ideas ogy,” which appeared in the “ International are both too many and too important to be dis- Series " three years ago, these books furnish cussed in this place, beyond the offering of two an excellent outline of the Herbartian system, or three reflections. And first, both pedagog- by its authoritative expounders. ists and practical teachers, when new ideas are The alternative title to Miss Blow's "Sym- same name. 304 THE DIAL [May 16, The alternative title to Blow's Sayme bolical Education ” shows that it is a contribu- study. In the best sense, it is a “practical tion to the steadily increasing volume of kin- book for teachers, and all other persons inter- dergarten literature. To appreciate some of the ested in the right training of the young.” We author's names and headings requires something are confident that there is no better book of of that transcendental talent which abounded in the kind extant. Nearly two-thirds of the mat- Froebel. However, the leading ideas are clearly ter is found in the chapter entitled “Moral and forcibly put. Probably many readers will Instruction.” The author is evidently in ac- wonder what “ vortical education ” can be, and cord with the opinion expressed by Dr. Bain: we fear that in some cases the feeling will sur “ The difficulties of moral teaching exceed in vive a reading of the chapter that bears that every way the difficulties of intellectual teach- Still, we find here such paragraphs as ing. The method of proceeding is hampered this: “Many mothers live for their children; by so many conditions, that it barely admits of fewer live with their children ; fewer still per- precise demonstration or statement.” This chap- mit their children to live with them. Yet noth ter will furnish the practical teacher, and the ing is more certain than that doing for child parent also, with more real practical help than dren when dissociated from living with them any other similar discussion known to us. Dr. breeds selfishness and fails to awaken love. Hu- White has a firm grasp of the problems of will- man hearts can be knit together only by com- training and of motive. He declares in his mon experiences and sympathies, and every preface that “the two most obstructive foes of mother would do well to adopt as her motto needed progress in school training are artifi- the words of Luther: God, that he might | cialism in motive and mechanism in method.” draw man to him, became man ; we, if we would There is also a chapter entitled “Religion in draw children to us, must become children.'” the School.” The book deserves the wide cir- The chapter called “ Atomism” is a vigorous culation that it is sure to command. Its timely criticism of Rousseau's central ideas. Deserved appearance is proof that the new devotion to stress is laid on the idea of “ Member-whole the science of education will not obscure teach- (Gleidganzes), which the editor calls the deep- ing and school management as practical arts. est and most fruitful in the philosophy of edu- B. A. HINSDALE. cation. Dr. Harris opens his preface with some statistics showing the progress that the kindergarten is making. Since 1872 the kin- THE ADVANCE IN EXPERIMENTAL dergartens in this country have increased from PSYCHOLOGY.* 42 to 3000, the teachers from 73 to 5000, and It is a lamentable fact that there exists in the pupils from 1252 to 100,000. Still, we see English no adequate text-book of experimental no reason to swerve from the opinion that Froe- psychology Although every important seat bel's ideas, in the long run, will influence educa- of learning in the country possesses its psycho- tion far more indirectly through the primary logical laboratory, and although there is con- school than directly through the kindergarten. siderable uniformity of doctrine in modern Few Americans now living have had an equal educational experience with Dr. E. E. psychology,--- far more than could have been expected, seeing that the science is not half White. He has taught in every grade of a century old, yet the extant text-books are school from the bottom to the top of the scale, almost as individual and arbitrary in selection has served as a school superintendent and a and interpretation of facts as were the pre- college president, and has lectured to tens of scientific manuals, from Aristotle to Herbart. thousands of teachers in institutes and summer Dr. Külpe's book, the work of a pupil of schools. He was also for many years the editor Wundt and Müller, should find a translator ; it of a widely and favorably known educational is the best in the field. The worst that can be journal, and has reflected patiently and clearly said of it is, that its author is too original a on educational problems. Besides these qual psychologist to be content with simple tran- ities, he is also master of a clear and direct lit- scription and resumption : he cannot resist the erary style, and of rich sources of illustration. temptation of making, here and there, positive No man whom we can recall is so well fitted as contributions to our psychological knowledge. he to write such a book as “School Manage- Modern psychologists, almost without excep- ment.” Very naturally, and also very properly, the standpoint of the book is that of the au- *GRUNDRISS DER PSYCHOLOGIE, AUF EXPERIMENTELLER GRUNDLAGE DARGESTELLT. By 0. Külpe. Leipzig: W. thor's personal experience, observation, and | Engelmann. 1894.] 305 THE DIAL tion, follow Wundt in dividing up the subject- half the book. And in this are included a long matter of psychologyinto description and theory and masterly exposition of the psychophysical of elements, and description and theory of com measurement methods, and a very original and pounds. Description means here what it means thorough-going discussion of reproduction and in the natural sciences. By theory is meant association. It can never again, then, be made the giving of the conditions, psychical and a reproach to experimental psychology, that it physical, under which a particular state or pro is incompetent to handle anything else than sen- cess of consciousness comes into being. The ele sation. And yet why should the preponderance ments of mind are, possibly, three: sensation, of the treatment of sensation, in a scientific affection (pleasure-pain), conation (effort). psychology, be in itself a matter for reproach ? Some psychologists (Münsterberg) seek to re There are from fifty to a hundred thousand irre- duce these to one : sensation. Others posit all ducible qualities of sensation: there are at best three (Ladd); while others, again, regard sen but two qualities of affection, and one of cona- sation and conation as underivative, and treat tion. And even when sensations are grouped of affection as an attribute of sensation, ap- under modalities, by reference to the various pearing under certain circumstances (Wundt). sense-organs, we have qualities from those of For Dr. Külpe the elementary processes are sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch (skin and those of sensation and affection,—effort” be articular surface), temperature, strain (ten- ing regarded as a complex of sensible qualities, dons), fatigue (muscle), equilibrium (semi- and “ will” (e.g., in attention) as an inference circular canals), and from the internal organs from the phenomena of mental inhibition. of the body. So that less must always be said “ Will” is not given in experience; it is the of affection and conation than is said of sensa- supposed psychical cause of these facts of in tion: they have fewer qualities, of which any- hibition, which is hypostatised, and then intro- thing can be said. The current objection ap- duced into experience. plies only to that pseudo-psychology which is It must not be imagined that the psycholo- based upon sensation statistics. These, it is gist chooses his "elements ” at random. The true, can never supply trustworthy inferences difficulty of decision points simply to the dif- for individual psychology. Le chiffre, c'est un ficulty of introspective analysis ; and this will grand mensonge is, perhaps, truer here than it grow less and less, as the methodology of the was in its original connexion. science is perfected. The radicalness of sen The author distinguishes two forms of the sation is not disputed. That of pleasure and combination of mental elements : the fusion pain is arguable, but can, I think, be demon- and the association. and the association. In the former occurs a strated. The existence of a separate conative blending of the intensive and qualitative aspects process it is at present impossible either to prove of conscious content; in the latter, an approxi- or to disprove. Only we may be certain of one mation of their temporal or spatial attributes. thing: that the final appeal must be, not to un. The fusion is different from any of its constit- trained self-observation, but to experiment; to uents ; a new, total process overshadows the controlled and repeated self-observation. If we original, component processes (e. g., a chord find any set of experimental results, which can in music). In the association, on the contrary, not be adequately interpreted in terms of sensa the primary factors become even more distinct tion and pleasure-pain alone, we are justified in than they were in their previous state of isola- assuming the influence of a third process, which tion of the contrast of colors upon a playing crosses and modifies these. Such results would card). Emotion and impulse are thus analyzed be, e.g., those of recent investigations into the as fusions; our space-constructions and volun- so-called time-sense, or into the “oscillations tary actions as associations. The distinction of attention.” It is here, and among similar promises to become fundamental in future psy- facts, that the criterion must be looked for; and chologies. Dr. Külpe's treatment is necessar- there is no reason to despair of its discovery. ily condensed, but none the less clear and con- Of the 470 pages of his Grundriss, Dr. tinuous. Külpe devotes 250 to the elements of mind, The book is not easy reading,” even for 150 to their simpler and less permanent com the comparatively advanced student; but it will binations, and the rest to conscious “ states amply repay labor spent upon it. It is well (attention, self-consciousness, sleep, hypnosis, printed, and contains a good index in addition etc.) Of the 250, sensation claims 200: its to the table of contents. consideration, i. e., occupies much less than E. B. TITCHENER. 306 [May 16, THE DIAL from the Fabian standpoint. Nothing is said of STUDIES IN SOCIAL SCIENCE.* Karl Marx's exploded theory of surplus value; and With exaggerated optimism, Mr. W. H. Mallock, where any really great changes in industrial organ- in writing of " Labour and the Popular Welfare," ization are advocated, their full realization is con- attempts to brush away all efforts for a fairer dis- sidered so distant and their precise form so uncer- tribution of wealth. He claims that rent secures tain, while the justice underlying the proposed in Great Britain only two and one-fourth per cent changes is so strongly presented, as to disarm much of the national income; whereas Mr. Giffin's figures, criticism. How far a better educated society than on which Mr. Mallock's estimate is based, giving ours will be able to work out the suggestions of the £65,039,000 as the total income of lands, are entirely Fabians, depends much on the extent to which am- misleading. "Lands” in the British income tax bition for social honor, place, and difference of sal- include farm-houses, but not urban land or railroad ary, will equal in motive force the profit-making or mineral or forest lands, which far exceed the ambition of present business. We may not all be value of agricultural land. Mr. Mallock further so confident on this point as Mr. Hobhouse, but we arouses suspicion by all manner of calculations as cannot fail to be stimulated by his treatment of it. to how little of wealth would be each one's share A brief quotation or two will show his point of on an equal“ divvy,” and how difficult or impossible view. He does not favor the poor because of su- it would be to divide equally among a million peo-perior worth, but because of greater need. Admit- ple some costly mantle or carpet in the palace of a ting that improved environment is only an antece- duke. Because the much greater annual product dent condition for the development of moral forces, per capita to-day over a century ago can be ascribed and does not of necessity produce such improved to brain-power and the growth of capital, more than morality, he says: to increased efficiency of manual labor, the author « There is no spite in the Labor movement of to-day, endorses, with some exceptions, the general propo but there is a strong sense of the poverty and misery sition that all the results of past ability should of around us, and a clear conviction that a better use might right be the monopoly of living ability, though he be made of our enormous wealth. We have no wish holds that, in fact, labor is securing a larger and to send the rich empty away, but, cost what it may, we larger proportion of the product. This conclusion are determined to fill the hungry with some of the good radically differs from that of the best American things of life. . . . Collective control has not so much authority on the subject, Mr. Holmes of the U. S. to make people good and happy, as to establish the necessary conditions of goodness and happiness, leaving Mortgage Census, who in the December number of it to individual effort and voluntary association to de- the "Political Science Quarterly” estimates that velop freely and spontaneously all the fair flower and nine per cent of our population own seventy-one per fruit of human intercourse and knowledge and beauty cent of our country's wealth, and 3-100 of one per which can spring from a sound root firmly planted in cent, or 4,097 families, own one-fifth of it, or seven life-giving earth." tenths as much as 11,593,887 families. And accord- The work on the growth and outcome of Social- ing to the same authority, this inequality is much ism, by the well-known writers Mr. William Morris greater than it was twenty and forty years ago. and Mr. E. B. Bax, is most disappointing. Its In marked contrast with Mallock's book is that historical part lacks in judicial and philosophical on “The Labor Movement,” by Mr. L. T. Hob breadth and candor. The present private owner- house, an M.A., and Fellow of Merton College, Ox- ship of capital and land is treated as a conspiracy, ford. Writing from the standpoint of the mod against which even violence is not blameworthy, erate Fabian Socialists, and at the same time being rather than as an historical evolution whose work well read in Marshall and other recent economists, is certainly not yet accomplished, however great Mr. Hobhouse presents the most reasonable discus may be some of its evils. At least until a new so- sion of trades unions, cooperation, and gradual ex cial conscience and a far greater intelligence among tension of societary action, that has yet appeared the people are developed, all true students must LABOUR AND THE POPULAR WELFARE. By W. H. Mal- agree that such private ownership is a necessity. lock. New York: Macmillan & Co. Our authors appear to rejoice at the passage by the THE LABOR MOVEMENT. By L. T. Hobhouse, M.A. Lon Commune of "enactments of a distinctly socialistic don: T. Fisher Unwin. nature, involving the suspension of contracts, aboli- SOCIALISM: Its GROWTH AND OUTCOME. By William tion of rents, and confiscation of the means of pro- Morris and E. Belfort Bax. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. duction”; while the destruction of the Column INDUSTRIAL ARBITRATION AND CONCILIATION. By Jose- Vendome, “ that base piece of Napoleonic uphol. phine Shaw Lowell. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. stery,” is spoken of as “another mark of the deter- WOMEN WAGE-EARNERS. By Helen Campbell. Boston: mination to hold no parley with the old jingo Roberts Brothers. legends.” The surplus-value theory of Marx, over- PUBLIC ASSISTANCE OF THE POOR IN FRANCE. By Emily Greene Balch, A.B. Baltimore : American Economic Asso- thrown by Boehm-Bawerk and others before him, ciation. and no longer insisted on by many Fabian Social- A COLONY OF MERCY ; or, Social Christianity at Work. By ists, is endorsed here. The authors present many Julie Sutter. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. suggestions and ideals for the future. A gradual 1894.] 307 THE DIAL en Miss Balch has given us an evolution, with possibly some degree of violence at sus of 1890, but may add the little that can be a late stage, will, it is thought, practically eradicate gathered of facts about women in our trades-unions, our capitalistic system. Our present national gov- and may also consider the optimistic side of wo- ernment will largely disappear; instead will come men's work brought out by Miss Katherine Coman a universal federative State, in which industry will of Wellesley before the Labor Congress in Chicago be conducted by villages or cities and by trade asso last summer. ciations. Our authors appear at their best when excellent summary outlining the past and future of art and the mission of the history and principles underlying the relief of machinery - pages presumably written in large of the unemployed and needy in France, which is part by the artist-poet Morris. especially timely just now. Two principles every- The growing power of women in the domain of where appear in French poor-relief. One is the lack social science is well illustrated in the fact that they of recognition of any duty by society to provide for are the authors of four of the seven books included the pauper class. The state department and com- in the present review. In “Industrial Arbitration mune largely aid private charities, but are not dis- and Conciliation,” Mrs. Lowell, after briefly sum turbed as they would be, in theory at least, in England marizing the work of the famous boards of concil and America, in case no provision whatever for pau- iation and arbitration in the North of England, gives perism should exist in hundreds of communes, or in- for the first time, in English at least, an account of adequate provision in others. The second principle a successful experiment of the same kind among is the strict control by the state and minor public bod- the ignorant and poorly-paid miners of Belgium, in ies of all private charity. All are supervised by pub- the collieries of Bascoup and Mariemont. Where lic officials; and without their consent no money can success has been attained in these methods of in be collected, even in churches, for charitable pur- dustrial peace, it is shown to be largely due to the poses. Although there appear to be fewer paupers in readiness of the employer to deal considerately, and France than in England, it cannot with any certainty on terms of equality, with committees of his men be ascribed to this system of relief. French thrift, and of labor organizations. The most valuable part a racial characteristic, stimulated by admirable of the book for Americans is the clear account of the school and postal savings-banks and public pawn- formation and working of the system of conciliation shops, briefly touched upon in this monograph- and yearly contracts between organizations of em seem more responsible. In fact, there has of late ployers and of men in some of the building trades of in France been some approach to the English sys- New York, Boston, and Chicago, where employers tem; but that amusing terror over any socialistic have found it decidedly to their interest to recognize measures, which is the outcome of so many revolu- the unions, to employ none but union men at eight tions, and, as Professor Gide has shown, has bound and nine hours a day, and have yearly contracts and nearly all French economists hard and fast to the standing committees of conference and conciliation car of extreme conservatism, operates also to prevent with the representatives of the unions. Even where recognition of any duty of the state to the poor. the contractors felt justified in crushing a certain Although Miss Balch does not make the comment, union in New York because of its alleged arbitrary it seems as if the very refusal of the state to actually character, they at once helped reorganize it. Mrs. undertake much poor-relief is driving it into a greater Lowell should get out a new edition of her work, interference with real liberty, through its resulting incorporating studies of the Massachusetts and New control of private philanthrophy, than would follow York boards of arbitration, such as she in part at from the nominally mere socialistic English and tempted in her paper before the American Social American plan, however great the shortcomings in Science Association in 1891. The remarkable his execution of this English system. tory of conciliation in the Ohio and Western Penn Miss Julie Sutter, in “A Colony of Mercy, or sylvania coal fields, which the reviewer once tried Social Christianity at Work," has shown how Ger- to cover for its first three years up to 1889, should many has well-nigh completely solved the problem also be included and brought down to date. Un- of the proper care of both the professional tramp fortunately, the best-known example hitherto of con- and of the far more important honest traveller in cilation in America — the arrangement of the slid search of work. There are three parts to the Ger- ing-scale in steel and iron work-has been greatly man system : the Labor Colonies, of which there shattered by the weakness of the Amalgamated As- are now twenty-six ; the Relief Stations, of which sociation and the arbitrary action of the Carnegie there are two thousand; and the Homes, of which Company at Homestead. there are four hundred. Pastor von Bodelschwingh, Mrs. Helen Campbell has drawn from the little the hero of Miss Sutter's book, was chiefly con- read reports of our various bureaus of labor statis cerned in developing the Labor Colonies by his tics, and from other original sources, a vivid account wonderful success in the first of them at Bethel, of “ Women Wage-Earners ” in America. In a new near Bielefeld in Westphalia. Started in 1867 as edition, which we understand she contemplates issu a home for epileptics, other features were from ing, we hope she may not only incorporate the fig time to time added. The Labor Colony, called ures on the subject, now just appearing, of the cen Wilhelmsdorf-named for the then Crown Prince, 308 [May 16, THE DIAL Frederick William-was started in 1882, to reclaim spread influence primarily to the wonderful self- to honest livelihood the submerged population of devotion of Pastor von Bodelschwingh, united to the district. No one is allowed to stay in any one his remarkable ability as a financier and business colony more than a year and eleven months, and manager; and she is convinced that no such work may leave at any time, with the right to draw could hope for similar success without some such through the postoffice, at any safe distance from any strong personality at the helm. This country bids outlying saloons, the small earnings allowed besides fair to discover before long that the same spirit has board. He needs no money immediately, thanks been working quietly, and is making itself widely to the Relief Stations, as he can tramp all over felt in such work as is being done at Hull House Germany without a penny in his pocket, if hon and a few other such settlements. Miss Sutter's estly in search of work. By no means all are re book is fascinating in interest, and most valuable claimed, but military discipline and the industrious in suggestion to all students of the problem of the habits required at the Colony work wonderful re unemployed. EDWARD W. BEMIS. sults. Bodelschwingh showed the magistrates of the province that under favorable conditions economy pointed toward the providing of work for the beg- gar, instead of letting him prey upon the people. A BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. grant was made by the province, and the success of the venture was so far proved that each of the The Schoolmaster Two neatly-printed volumes, both other twenty-five colonies, started by private action, in Literature, and by the same author and publishers Folk-lore studies. has received grants from the province upon organ- American Book Company ), are ization, and subsidies, as there is need. Much is worthy of being commended to the attention of the The one is en- done by private effort and contribution, but public teacher and the general reader. reports are rendered annually, and the colonies are titled “The Schoolmaster in Literature," and con- to all intent public organizations. This state aid tains choice selections from the writings of Ascham, and supervision is claimed to be one element of their Molière, Fuller, Rousseau, Shenstone, Goethe, Cow- great success. Ten thousand unemployed pass per, Pestalozzi, Page, Mitford, Bronté, Hughes, through them yearly. An outgrowth of this work, Dickens, Thackeray, Irving, George Eliot, and the Natural-Verpflegungs Station, or Relief Station, others, with an introduction by Dr. Edward Eggles- must be referred to. They extend all over the land, ton. The compilation is made to show " the part but a half-day's journey apart, where the tramp or played by the schoolmaster in the literature of di- unemployed may stay one night, working a half verse ages and of different nations.” As stated by day for his lodging and meals. He then must pass Dr. Eggleston, “it is quite worth while to take the to the next station, first having his name recorded ideal of a good schoolmaster constructed by quaint in a book, or receiving a vagrancy certificate, which old Thomas Fuller, and put it alongside the Blim- he carries. Each station is an employment agency bers, and to place Shenstone's village school, for its own district, and the probability is that un •Where sits the dame disguised in look profound, less he be a willing idler he will find some work in And eyes her fairy throng and turns her wheel around,' the course of his tramp. If he is proved an invet in juxtaposition with the immaculate Miss Pinker- erate tramp, the workhouse is likely to receive him ton's most respectable seat of learning in Chiswick at last. These stations partly support themselves Mall, or with quaint old Bartle Mussey's night- by work done, the deficiency being supplied by the school for full-grown men." Teachers reading- district, all realizing that “it is cheaper to aid your cles will find an abundance of amusement and beggar than to let him beg." Eight thousand on instruction in this work. The other volume is the average stay in these Stations every night. A · Readings in Folk-lore,” being a series of short still more advanced form of help is the Herberge studies on the mythology of America, Great Brit- zur Heimath, or Homes, where the journeyman ar ain, the Norse countries, Germany, India, Syria, tisan, travelling for work, may lodge at lowest pos- Egypt, and Persia, with selections from standard sible rates. These Homes are not forms of parish literature relating thereto. The author, Mr. Hubert relief, as are the others, but rather are efforts to M. Skinner, has given in this work a very fair con- supply food and lodging to the recipient at mere ception of the mythology and folk-lore of the va- cost, and also to furnish for resident workmen in rious peoples mentioned. The meaning of mythology the neighborhood a chance to smoke, buy a single and folk-lore is presented with fulness and accuracy, glass of beer if sober, and secure the light and com and the selections show to what use these things panionship which in America are only to be found can be put by the poet. The selection has been in the saloon. The 13,000 beds in these places are made with excellent judgment. Mr. Skinner some- always full, the price for meals and lodging being times goes astray in orthography—as when he writes thirty-six cents a day. Miss Sutter strongly em Frigga for Frigg, the wife of Odin, Hela for Hel, phasizes throughout the work that the Labor Col the goddess of death; but in such things many emi- ony, and nearly all of the many other lines of work nent writers have stumbled, and the blemishes are carried on at Bethel, which unfortunately cannot not of a kind to mar the work materially. Correc- be touched upon here, owe their success and wide tions should, however, be made in a new edition. 1894.) 309 THE DIAL The life of Joseph E. Johnston, by The 17th century Mr. Henry Offley Wakeman has The biography of Robert M. Hughes, in the “Great in European dealt with the fifth of the eight “Pe- Joseph E. Johnston. Commanders series (Appleton ), history. riods of European History” (Mac- may serve a useful purpose in removing the impres- millan) to be covered by the series of volumes which sion, which the general history of the Civil War is Mr. Arthur Hassall is now editing. Mr. Wake- apt to produce, that Johnston was an unsuccessful man's period is, roughly, the seventeenth century; commander; an estimate as unjust as that which exactly, the years 1598–1715. It is “ the period would place him on a level with Washington, Grant, when Europe, shattered in its political and religious Thomas, or Lee. Like McClellan, Johnston was a ideas by the Reformation, reconstructed its political doubtful if he was in any way great. Like Mc the rule of absolute monarchs. It opens with Henry Clellan, he seems never to have thought he had IV., it closes with Peter the Great. It is, therefore, forces enough to do what he was set to do; although the century in which the principal European States it must be confessed that he estimated the forces took the form and acquired the position in Europe opposed to him more accurately than McClellan was which they have held more or less up to the present usually able to do. General Johnston was careful, time. A century in which France takes the lead however, of such forces as he commanded ; and in European affairs, and enters on a course of em- this may account for the caution of Sherman while bittered rivalry with Germany, in which England conducting operations against him. But if John assumes a position of first importance in the affairs of ston was not a great general, he always proved him- Europe, in which the Emperor, ousted from all effect- self a good soldier; his plans seem to have been ive control over German politics, finds the true cen- well formed, and based on correct theories of strat tre of his power on the Danube, in which Prussia egy. He deserves the credit of winning the first becomes the dominant state in north Germany, in battle of Manassas—if, indeed, that fight can be truly which Russia begins to drive in the Turkish outposts called a victory for the Confederates, who were left on the Pruth and the Euxine—a century, in short, in possession of the field. His conduct of the re- which saw the birth of the Franco-German Question treat up the Peninsular, and of the battle of Seven and of the Eastern Question.” This passage from Pines to the moment of his being wounded and the opening chapter shows the main lines upon which forced to relinquish the command, was such as per Mr. Wakeman has dealt with the subject. He has haps to justify his biographer in claiming that had left out some things, such as “ Portugal and the Pa- he continued in command he would have scored a pacy, the internal affairs of Spain, Italy, and Russia.” substantial triumph. As regards the part played by It must also be remembered that the history of En- Johnston in the Vicksburg campaign, it should be gland enters only incidentally into the plan of the remarked that the forces he controlled were too few series to which this volume belongs. The develop- to enable him to accomplish any substantial result, ment of the French monarchy is naturally the cen- and Pemberton's disobedience prevented the saving tral subject of the work. The style is pleasing, and of the army he commanded, which would probably the book more readable than manuals of such com- have been effected had Johnston's directions been pactness are likely to be. The author's judgments followed. The conduct of the retreat from Dalton are now and then open to question, as when he to Atlanta seems to be the achievement on which gives Turgot less credit as a minister of finance than General Johnston's reputation as a military leader is accorded to Sully or Colbert, or when he makes must always chiefly rest. In reading Mr. Hughes's the statement that the monarchies of Europe are account of this exploit, one cannot help feeling that now as absolute as they were in the seventeenth cen- not one movement made by the Confederate army tury. This statement is really extraordinary. was wrong, and that every movement was managed with great skill; yet General Hood, who relieved “The Wee Ones of Japan” (Har- General Johnston, in his book, “ Advance and Re- Child-life per), by Mae St. John Bramhall, is in Japan. treat," claims with considerable force that the con- principally, if not entirely, a reprint stant withdrawal from before the enemy demoralized of a series of articles recently published in “ Har- the Confederates, and was more injurious than the per's Bazaar.” The subject is written up, with the loss of many lives would have been. The reader The reader exception of an occasional “gush,” in a charming cannot fail to admire the personal character of Gen way; and is finely illustrated by Mr. C. D. Weldon, eral Johnston. He served the cause he had espoused with typical Japanese pictures. The work is marred faithfully and zealously; he was able to bear injus- by errors, mostly typographical, in the translitera- tice and slights with dignity and patience, and in tion of Japanese words. But, in spite of these mi- the end to accept the results of the war with good nor faults, the book is interesting; and, though it faith and resignation, and to serve his reunited gives nothing specially new, it shows that the author country with credit to her and to himself, winning has gained a clear insight into the life and spirit of the respect and confidence of his late adversaries, Japanese children. Having " omitted all mention and holding the love and confidence of his state and of the made-over' Japanese child” with knee- section to the end of a long and useful life. breeches, shoes, stockings, etc., the author succeeds 310 [May 16, THE DIAL A volume essays. in giving a good picture of the child-life of old Japan. the humor nor the lyric poetry of one race can ever The five chapters, extending over 136 pages, tell be successfully put into the language of another. The of the indoor and outdoor games and sports of Japa only way to get at them, to pluck out the heart of nese children; of the family life, with its “sternest their mystery, is to read one's self into the languages discipline and frolicsome joyousness”; of the physi- to which they belong, and view them in the light cal appearance, the dress, the diet, the mental and of the body of associations that cluster about those moral training of the boys and girls; of their recre languages. A volume of “ American Humour” has ations, such as theatre-going, card-playing (more in just been prepared for this series by Mr. James structive than amusing, like our “Authors,” “ Logo- Barr, and here, at least, the American reader may machy,” etc.), temple-outings, feasts of flowers (each feel at home. The selection is a good one, for it in its season); of the Feast of Dolls (for girls only); minimizes the newspaper variety of our native hu- of the Feast of Flags (for boys only); of the New mor that stands for the species with many innocent Year's festivities for all, even children of a larger persons, and gives us good examples from such men growth; and of the ceremonial and hereditary po as Saxe, Lowell, Irying, 6 Artemas Ward," and liteness in private and in public. There are also Benjamin Franklin. Even Hawthorne figures in interesting digressions with reference to the be the collection, and, after the first shock is over, we loved Empress, who, childless, is the kind mother must recognize the distinctly humorous quality of of 41,000,000 people, and the sympathizing helper Mr. Higginbotham’s “Catastrophe," the piece chosen especially of the 20,000,000 and more of women of to represent our most serious writer and greatest that land ; and to the law and ethics (if there were literary artist. Among living humorists, we have any) of the married state, which, so far as the woman good examples from Messrs. Harte, Clemens, War- is concerned, is appropriately called, not “wedlock," ner, Bunner, Aldrich, Howells, Cable, and Holmes. but "padlock.” There is also a really useful bibliographical index, In the style of sprightly allusiveness the first dictionary of American humorists (as far of sprightly made familiar of late by the essays as we know) that has ever been made. It includes of Mr. Lang, Mr. Birrell, and Mr. nearly two hundred writers (many more than are Stevenson, are the papers included by Mr. W. P. represented by selections), among them such unex- James in his volume of “ Romantic Professions” pected names as those of Major André, President (Macmillan). These eight essays, which are re- John Quincy Adams, Mather Byles, Mr. Chauncey printed magazine articles, are remarkable for finish Depew, and Thomas Morton “ of Clifford's Inne, and point; their writer has a sort of genius for style, gent," upon the strength of his ridicule of the Puri- and there is not a dull page in his book. For the tans! A few Canadians are included in this index. rest, they are the kind of thing that may be pro- duced by any man who will keep a note-book, and, Mr. William Lyon Phelps, to whose Selections from Gray, when enough instances have accumulated under careful study of the English Roman- tic Movement we called attention a some particular head, will take the pains to serve up his facts in an attractive way, seasoning them few weeks ago, has edited for the “ Athenæum with satire, sentiment, and wit. It must be admit- Press” series (Ginn) a volume of selections from He gives as an ted that Mr. James does the seasoning unusually Gray, in both prose and verse. excuse for this edition the fact that Gray's prose well. A pleasant example of the author's manner is this opening paragraph from the closing essay : and verse are not commonly found in one volume; “ A writer in the • Daily News,' for reasons of his but still better reasons are provided by the carefully- own, entered a protest lately against what he called edited text (which is closer to the original editions the Magnum Opus theory. A man's friends and than anything published since Gray's death"), by the acquaintances, he complained, were continually urg- exposure of some more of Mr. Gosse's blunders, ing him to write a Great Work. It was in vain by the study of Gray's literary development, and by that the victim protested that he did not want to the helpful body of annotations. In his introduc- write a Great Work; or that he had written a Great tion, Mr. Phelps opposes Arnold's theory of Gray's Work which nobody ever heard of; or that he sterility, and accounts for the fact in a more com- could not live (in this mortal state) by a Great monplace but more convincing way. “Gray was a Work, and must produce things which would yield scholar, devoted to solitary research, and severely critical ; this kind of temperament is not primarily him his daily bread. He might have added that if he did write one, the very last to read it would creative, and does not toss off immortal poems every be these same monitors." few weeks.” But possibly the prosaic spirit of the age had something to do with it also. An interest- We have had collections of French, ing chapter of the book is contributed by Professor Specimens of Italian, German, and Dutch humor G. L. Kittredge, who discusses “Gray's Knowledge American humor. in the “Humour” series (Scribner), of Old Norse,” and incidentally shows that Mr. and have read them with an occasional gleam of Gosse is weak in one of his own special strongholds. intelligence, but predominated by the feeling always The statement of the latter that “The Fatal Sisters” experienced by the uninitiated in the presence of and “The Descent of Odin ” were translated direct work that is clearly esoteric in its appeal. Neither from the Icelandic is shown to be entirely baseless. prose and verse. 1894.] 311 THE DIAL A transition Anyone first seeing the title of the captives a Kurd, a Spaniard, a German, a noble period in the Rev. Dr. John H. Overton's “The lady of Florence, etc. While hardly up to Mün- English Church. English Church in the Nineteenth chausen in point of mendacity, Master Dudgeon Century” (Longmans) would be apt to wonder why nevertheless does pretty well, as the following may its author had not waited until the century had testify: “One thing occurred during the fight which closed before attempting to write its history. And I did then look upon as of evil omen: at a broadside when, upon closer examination, it is revealed that which we both fired at the same instant, one of their this is a sketch of the English Church in the first shot met one of ours in mid-air, and in the encounter third only of the present century, it would appear split in two pieces, one of which flew back upon our that the title was a misnomer. Be this as it may, captain and killed him. Truly it was a marvellous the book has a peculiar mission to perform, some chance that he should thus be slain by one of his what analogous to that of the historical books in own shot.” A carper might suggest that the inci- the Apocryphas. And it fulfils this mission admir dent itself was scarcely so“marvellous” as the eye- ably, furnishing a detailed picture of a period hith- sight that followed it. erto much slighted by historical writers. Dr. Overton not only emphasizes the importance of a knowledge of this period as necessary to a full appreciation of BRIEFER MENTION. the lively times that followed in the Tractarian Movement, but he actually relieves his subject of Completion of Macmillan's Dryburgh Waverley” is much of its dulness. It must be admitted that his now near at hand, twenty of the twenty-five volumes hav- careful attention to men who are otherwise unknown ing been issued. The last five received by us are “Quen- gives to his work something of the character of a tin Durward,” “St. Ronan's Well,” “Redgauntlet," local history, and rather emphasizes the insularity “ The Betrothed and Highland Widow," and that old- time favorite of all healthy youth, “ The Talisman." of the English Church; still, the book comes op- Each of these volumes has its special set of original portunely, and properly belongs on the same shelf drawings, those of “ The Talisman,” for example, being with Dean Church's “Oxford Movement,” Liddon's ten in number, the work of Mr. Godfrey C. Hindley. “ Pusey," and Prothero's “Dean Stanley." They are unusually spirited, as befits the stirring scenes that they illustrate. This volume also contains some of The Memoirs of The life of William Nelson Pendle the “Chronicles of the Canongate.” Gen. Pendleton of ton, D.D., who was rector of Lati “Mathematics for Common Schools” (Heath) is an the Southern Army. mer Parish, Lexington, Va., both be- arithmetical treatise by Mr. John H. Walsh. There fore and after the war, a Brigadier-General C.S.A. are three parts, primary, intermediate, and higher, each and Chief of Artillery in the Army of Northern in a distinct volume. The “ higher" section of the work includes those elementary parts of algebra and geometry Virginia during that great struggle, and sometime that educational opinion is more and more coming to de- professor in several institutions of learning, bears mand should be included in the grammar school cur- a striking resemblance to that of Leonidas Polk, riculum. In making room for this new matter, the au- Bishop and General, whose biography was recently thor does not seem to have missed anything essential, reviewed in THE DIAL. The Memoirs of Pendle and his book is to be commended as being in the line of ton (Lippincott), prepared by his daughter, Mrs. a much needed educational reform. Lee, are more in the nature of family memoirs than “The Merry Wives of Windsor," with the Chandos is the biography of Polk. The point of view from portrait for a frontispiece, and “The Two Gentlemen which they are written is emphatically Southern, of Verona,” with an engraving of the bust in Stratford though undoubtedly the pictures given of the hor- Church, have just been added to the “ Temple” Shake- rors of the war are accurate. A little more careful speare (Macmillan). A charming feature of each of these little volumes is a prefatory tribute to the poet, editing of documents might have been done in the from some one of his early admirers. Ben Jonson and interests of good English. It gives one something L. Digges are thus far represented. The prefaces and of a shock to find a learned Bishop writing, "It notes by Mr. Israel Gollancz strike the happy mean be- looks like it may be my duty” to do something tween penurious reserve and exhaustive pedantry. which he names ; and a boy's remark, “I thought Miss Julia Raymond Gingell has made a selection of you was dead,” might judiciously have been cor “ Aphorisms from the Writings of Herbert Spencer" rected before being put into cold print. (Appleton), w 'ch appears prefaced by a fine portrait of the philosoph. Mr. Spencer's lumbering style can The author of “ The Adventures in hardly be char cterized as aphoristic, and many of Miss A volume of astonishing Algiers of Matthew Dudgeon, Gent.” Gingell's selections, such as “ a man's character may be adventures. (Longmans), a tale “now for the told by the company he keeps,” are but bald expressions first time printed," shows a very pretty talent for of commonplace thought. “Only by varied iteration can alien conceptions be forced on reluctant minds" is an drawing the long bow. The story of a man taken aphorism” which Mr. Spencer's writings abundantly by Algerine pirates and sold into slavery in Morocco and humorously illustrate. is not exactly a new one; but the present writer « Un Cheval de Phidias” is one of the earliest writ- has managed to furbish up the old theme accept- ings of M. Victor Cherbuliez, having been published ably, and he has added a variation in the shape of somewhere in the sixties. It is a playful study of Greek the corresponding tales told by his supposed fellow- | horsemanship and related archeological topics put into 312 [May 16, THE DIAL however, the form of a story, or at least of a series of causeries. pete with five-cent editions of current books by leading Under the title “ A Phidian Horse: Art and Archäol. English authors, but issue their works in even competi- ogy on the Acropolis” (Wanamaker) the book has been tion with the latter. In view of the working of the translated by Mrs. Thomas Roberts, with the consent Act, there may be a modicum of wisdom in requiring of the author. A series of photogravure illustrations plates to be manufactured in this country, as otherwise add to its attractiveness. we might be swamped by cheap English sheets in a way Under the title “ Ausgewählte Meisterwerke des Mit to shut off American authors and publishers from fair telalters" (Heath) Miss Carla Wenckebach has edited competition. These are the views of a protectionist, a series of selections from the masterpieces of Middle and I understand that those interested in copy- High German literature. The selections are translated right reform insist that protection and free trade ought into modern German, in some cases by the editor. We not to enter into the question. have examples from the “Waltharilied,” the “Nibelun International Copyright is now secured between the genlied,” « Parzival," " Tristan und Isolde,” “ Das Nar United States and Great Britain, France, Germany, Bel- renschiff," “ Das Volksbuch von Dr. Faust,” and many gium, Switzerland, Denmark, and Italy. The Amer- other sources. The object of the work is to attract atten ican Copyright League, its secretary tells me, is tion to the originals and lead to their study. But the now working for copyright with Greece, Norway and value of a book of mere translations appears to us ques- Sweden, Spain, and Austria. Russia is considered hope- tionable. less on account of the press-censorship. Austria, I be- Mr. Frank M. Gibson's “The Amateur Telescopist's lieve, objects to the printing clause. Oddly enough, Handbook" (Longmans) is designed for possessors of the printing clause is not considered a grave objection instruments without equatorial mounting, and with the by the Spanish authorities, but they do object seriously modest aperture of two or three inches. It does not to the requirement that American editions of Spanish conflict with Webb, for that manual is mainly designed books be registered at Washington and the fee paid be- for use with telescopes of higher powers. Mr. Gibson fore copyright can be secured. In most international gives us, besides classified lists of celestial objects, a copyright agreements between European countries, reg- good many hints about the construction of telescopes istration in the author's country is all that is necessary and the precautions to be taken in their use. for protection in other countries. Our late minister to Spain, the Hon. E. Burd Grubb, was unable to overcome this objection on the part of the Spanish authorities. It has been suggested that a certificate of copyright from NEW YORK TOPICS. the United States consul at Madrid, or from the Span- New York, May 10, 1894. ish minister of foreign affairs, could be made to serve The Copyright questions touched upon in my last at Washington by a special act of Congress. The bene- letter have brought me further information as to the fit would accrue chiefly to Spanish authors, so that Span- ish hindrance seems absurd. working of the Act of 1891. A sufficient time has now passed to enable publishers generally to understand Congress, by the way, has passed the bill giving Li- what methods of procedure to follow in securing them brarian Spofford an increased clerical force in the Copy- selves and their authors here and abroad. Single stories, right department, although the House reduced the ap- poems, and articles in English periodicals, which have propriation_$10,000, I think, it was one-third. This not been “placed” in the United States, are now sent increase will be very helpful to Mr. Spofford, and he over in advance to this country, put in type, and issued proposes to make it serve if possible. Business in the in pamphlet form on the day of the periodical's publi- Copyright department had reached a point of arrears in cation in England, thus securing copyright here for the which it required six months to reach and return the same matter when subsequently issued in book form. copyright certificates sent in by publishers. It is becoming more and more dangerous to reprint such Among forthcoming books to be published by Messrs. articles from English magazines, especially if the au- Macmillan & Co. is “ The Friendship of Nature,” by thors are distinguished. All this has, of course, become Mabel Osgood Wright, a daughter of the late Dr. Samuel the a b c of the trade among publishers; but it will be Osgood of New York, who exerted a wide influence in in the nature of information to many of the writing literary and scientific circles. Mrs. Wright's book has guild. Such copyrighted matter as that just mentioned for its sub-title - A Chronicle of New England Birds is published here in three different ways: first, by the and Flowers,” and will appeal strongly to sentimental American branch of the English house; second, by an lovers of Nature. There will be an édition de luxe lim- American publishing house which is the agent of the ited to 250 copies. English firm; third, by the private agent of the English Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons will issue on May 25 publisher. In any case protection is legally secured. the authorized translation of the Rev. Paul Sabatier's So thoroughly do the English houses understand this “ Life of Saint Francis of Assissi,” which has passed question, and in so many cases have they established through several editions in Paris and created much branch firms here for the publication of their own books, talk in clerical circles. Alphonse Daudet has remarked that a leading Boston author was tempted to remark to of it that "for long, very long, nothing has moved me the head of a large American publishing house that the so deeply as this lofty, simple story." The same firm chief effect of the International Copyright Act seemed will publish, in quite another line, "The Navigator's to be to enable English publishing firms to establish Pocket-Book,” by Captain Howard Patterson. It is in- branch houses here, manufacture duplicate plates, and tended especially as a handy guide for yachtsmen, among flood the market with English books. This is only par whom Captain Patterson has classes in navigation. tially true, however, as most English publishers still Messrs. Scribner's Sons are also bringing out a popular prefer to issue their books through American houses, series of fiction for summer reading, of which the books who manufacture the plates for both sides of the ocean. by Bliss Perry and Noah Brooks, already announced, As to American authors, they no longer have to com form the opening volumes. - 1894.] 313 THE DIAL The annual dinner of the Authors Club took place in Dr. Friedrich Paulsen's important work “ The Uni- this city this evening and was attended by about one hun versities of Germany,” which has been done into En- dred members and guests. Among the latter were Mr. glish by Professor E. D. Perry of Columbia College, John Burroughs, Mr. George W. Cable, Professor will be published by Messrs. Macmillan & Co. Lounsbury of Yale, and Mr. Joseph Jefferson. Mr. “Common Sense Applied to Woman Suffrage,” by Dr. Frank R. Stockton presided, and in his opening address Mary Putnam Jacobi; “ Joint-Metallism,” by Mr. A. P. referred to the increasing prosperity and influence of Stokes; and “ The Ills of the South,” by the Rev. C. H. the Club, but said that after all its chief characteristic Otken, are announced by Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons. was that of being “a band of jolly good fellows.” Mr. Richard Henry Stoddard, of the honorary members, The Gounod family has decided to publish a memorial volume, which will consist of the fragmentary manu- read an original poem. He was followed by Mr. Jef- scripts left by the composer, some of them being of an ferson, who spoke in his mellowest and wittiest vein. Mr. Burroughs gave a little allegory, drawing a poetic autobiographical nature, and of numerous letters to and from him. contrast between the pursuit of literature and the cul- tivation of the vine. Speeches were made by Mr. Cable, “ The Cosmopolitan” is going into the country, edi- Professor Lounsbury, Mr. George Haven Putnam, Mr. torial office, printing establishment, and all. Mr. Walker Horace E. Scudder, Mr. F. Hopkinson Smith, President has bought a piece of property at Irvington on the Hud- Low of Columbia, and others. Among those present son, and there the new home of the magazine will be established. were Mr. W. Hamilton Gibson, Prof. Arthur Sherburne Hardy, Mr. Hamilton W. Mabie, Mr. Richard Watson Mr. B. F. Stevens has nearly completed the first se- Gilder, Mr. Laurence Hutton, Mr. Frank Dempster ries, in twenty-five volumes, of his facsimiles of manu- Sherman, Dr. James M. Ludlow, Mr. John Kendrick scripts in European archives relating to revolutionary Bangs, Mr. Charles G. Whiting of the “Springfield America. His health will not permit him to carry out Republican,” and Messrs. Francis Howard Williams his plan of a second series. and Harrison S. Morris of Philadelphia. M. Zola's “ Lourdes ” is now appearing in “Gil Blas," ARTHUR STEDMAN. and has noticeably increased the sale of that paper. M. Alexandre Dumas is said to have taken it upon himself to secure M. Zola's admission to the French Academy. This is to be brought about by “packing " that august LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY. body! Miss Laurence Alma-Tadema has in press a novel A collection of drawings of especial interest to littér- called “The Wings of Icarus." ateurs is now on exhibition at Messrs. Frederick Keppel Messrs. Ginn & Co. announce “ The Technique of & Co.'s new quarters at Michigan Avenue and Van Buren Sculpture," by Mr. William Ordway Partridge. Street, Chicago. This collection is the series of orig- inal drawings made by Mr. Albert E. Sterner for Messrs. Mr. Henry T. Finck is writing a book about Japan, Harper & Brothers' fine edition of “ Prue and I.” There which will be published by Messrs. Charles Scribner's are 124 pictures in all. Sons. Miss Beatrice Harraden is in this country in search A reviewer in the London “ Academy” shows that Mr. Gosse, in his “ Jacobean Poets,” has been at his old of health, and will spend some months on a farm in Cal- trick of getting dates and such like minutiæ wrong, and ifornia. that his treatment of Donne, for example, is a “very The Hartford Seminary Press will publish “ Wealth comedy of errors.” One would have thought, after the and Moral Law," by Dr. E. B. Andrews, being the raking-over given to “From Shakespeare to Pope" by Carew lectures for 1894. Mr. Churton Collins, that Mr. Gosse would mend his Messrs. Ginn & Co. will add two volumes of Grimm's ways and seek to display a less “slipshod scholarship.” “ Märchen ” in English to their “Classics for Children.” Professor Brander Matthews addressed the Twentieth They will be edited Miss Sara E. Wiltse. Century Club of Chicago on the evening of May 11, his “ Architect, Owner, and Builder Before the Law" is subject being “ The Conventions of the Drama.” The the title of a forthcoming work by Mr. T. M. Clark, to meeting, which was one of the most brilliant in the his- be published by Messrs. Macmillan & Co. tory of the Club, closed the fifth season of that organiza- Messrs. T. Y. Crowell & Co. will have ready about tion. Thirty-two meetings in all have been held by the June 1 Prof. Richard T. Ely's historical and critical Club during the five years of its existence, and the list treatise on “Modern Socialism and Social Reform.” of speakers includes many of the most distinguished En- Prof. W. H. Goodyear will lecture on the history of glish and American men of letters. art at the New York Teachers' College. He announces Messrs. D. C. Heath & Co. are just publishing a a course of forty lectures, extending over two years. History of the United States " by Mr. Allen C. Thomas, The registration of the Anti-Spoils League now em Professor of History in Haverford College. The aim of braces over ten thousand persons, and is representative this work is to give the main facts of the history of the of the best social and intellectual interests of the coun United States clearly, accurately, and impartially. In try. the belief that the importance of the events which have Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co. have become the occurred since the adoption of the Constitution is be- owners of Colonel T. W. Higginson's histories and mis coming more and more recognized, much the greater cellaneous works, by purchase from Messrs. Lee & Shep- part of the book is devoted to the era beginning with ard. 1789. The earlier period, however, is treated with suf- Mr. John Jacob Astor is about to make his first ven ficient fulness to show clearly the origins of the people ture in literature with a story of the year 2000, entitled and their institutions. Throughout special attention is “ A Journey in Other Worlds: A Romance of the Fu- given to the political, social, and economic development ture.” of the nation. 66 314 [May 16, THE DIAL A REVIVAL OF STENDHAL IN FRANCE. TO THE PILGRIMS OF GREATER BRITAIN. I. II. We take the following note from “ The Book-Buyer": have the maid hand him the basket, saying that, as the “A very interesting contribution to a knowledge of Sid eggs have lost their freshness and are uneatable, her ney Lanier's life and work bas come into the possession mistress returns them, with thanks for the opportunity of The Atlantic Monthly,' and will appear in two sum for purchasing, and hopes that the farmer will call when- mer numbers. It consists of many letters written by ever he is in town and allow an examination of his stock." Lanier to Mr. Gibson Peacock, editor of the Philadel. phia • Evening Bulletin.' Through the most active years of the poet's life, Mr. Peacock and he were intimate « S. D." writes as follows from Paris to the “ Even- friends. From Mrs. Peacock, the letters, full of detail ing Post” of New York: and rich in all that reveals the writer's nature, came to “ Another hitherto unpublished work of Stendhal is Mr. W. R. Thayer, editor of The Harvard Graduates' | coming out soon. The cult of this harsh but powerful Magazine,' who has prepared them, with an introduc author of sixty years ago is rather on the increase than tion, for print. It seems indeed as if the whirligig of otherwise, after a period of waning. It is likely to be time were well at work when a magazine so identified fed for some time to come from the six volumes of with the North finds the opportunity of rendering gladly MSS., preserved mainly in the library of Grenoble. The a great service to the memory of a poet so distinctly present is the sixth volume in book form already pub- associated with the South." lished from this source. • Lucien Leuwen,' the name of the new romance, was never finished by the author, THE BREATH OF AVON. though begun before any of his