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166
[March 16, 1895.
THE DIAL
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THE DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
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on application. All communications should be addressed to
THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago.
No. 210.
MARCH 16, 1895.
Vol. XVIII.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
THE REPORT ON ELEMENTARY EDUCATION . 167
. 169
COMMUNICATIONS
The Humanities and the Sciences. Frederic
L. Luqueer.
Rome and Chicago. Samuel Willard.
THE LIVES OF TWO ENGLISH NATURALISTS.
Sara A. Hubbard .
171
.
· THE ANTENNÆ IN POETRY.
Hale, Jr..
Edward E.
174
.
•
.
.
THE STORY OF DEAN CHURCH'S LIFE. C. A.
L. Richards.
176
.
.
THE REPORT ON ELEMENTARY
EDUCATION.
The Preliminary Report of the Committee
of Fifteen, presented last month to the confer-
ence of school superintendents at Cleveland,
is an educational document of the first import-
ance, and at once takes rank with the Com-
mittee of Ten’s Report on Secondary Educa-
tion. These two documents may fairly be said
to mark a new era in educational discussion, to
more than prepare
the
way for that rational
and scientific plan of coöperation among our
educators that has so long been hoped for, yet
but dimly descried upon the horizon. The
American political organization, with its un-
paralleled measure of local autonomy, has cre-
ated a special educational problem in the
United States, and calls for the evolution of a
special system adapted to its needs. We are
doubtless still in the period of scattered aims
and half-wasted energies, but order is slowly
emerging from chaos. The fermentation must
go on for many years yet; but the clarified
final product will, we trust, prove superior to
the product of the centralized European sys-
tems. We have to attain the golden mean
between license and rigidity, to devise a plan
sufficiently elastic to fit with all of our widely
varied conditions, to combine respect for law
in the fundamentals with much exercise of free-
dom in the details.
To the National Educational Association is
due our gratitude for the movement which has
resulted in the two Reports above alluded to.
The Committee which has framed the Report
now to be considered was appointed at the in-
stance of the Association early in 1893. It
was divided into three sections of five members
each, having for their respective subjects “The
Training of Teachers,” “The Correlation of
Studies,” and “The Organization of City
School Systems." Nearly two years have been
spent in the collection and collation of expert
opinion upon these three subjects ; the digested
result now appears in the Report as presented
at Cleveland. The text of this Report makes
up the entire contents of the March issue of
“The Educational Review," and is thus easily
accessible to the public. The members of the
sub-committees are nearly unanimous in their
CHAPTERS OF POPULAR SCIENCE,
Dolbear
A. E.
176
SOME RECENT BOOKS ON SOCIAL SUBJECTS.
C. R. Henderson
177
Flint's Socialism. - Nicholson's Historical Progress
and Ideal Socialism. Göhre's Three Months in a
Workshop. – Barnett's Practicable Socialism. —
Towards Utopia. – Kelley's The Law of Service.-
Warner's American Charities. — Tolman's Municipal
Reform Movements in the United States. - Atchi-
son's Un-American Immigration. - Otken's The
Ills of the South.-Schindler's Young West.-Ostran-
der's Social Growth and Stability. - The Rights of
Labor.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
181
Erratic criticism by Mr. Saintsbury. - Historical
essays by Frederic Harrison. -- Stevenson as a steer-
age passenger.-Folk-songs of many lands.-German
studies of Shakespeare's women. – A French sailor
turned author.-The London of To-day. - Memories
of Brook Farm.- Napoleon on the battle-field and by
the camp-fire.
;
BRIEFER MENTION .
184
.
NEW YORK TOPICS. Arthur Stedman
185
.
LITERARY NOTES
186
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF SPRING PUBLICATIONS 187
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
191


168
[March 16,
THE DIAL
respective recommendations. To the first sec- study, not as objects to be acquired, but as ob-
tion of the Report there is no dissenting voice;jects to be presented, that their treatment shall
to the third, but one or two trifling divergences be wholly professional.” We believe that the
of opinion. To the second alone, as one might work of a normal school should be very largely
have predicted from its subject, are any con of this character, and wish that the Report
siderable number of exceptions taken. These had more distinctly emphasized its importance.
minority opinions, while helpful as offering But there still remains, of course, a certain
special points of view, tend, of course, to amount of professional training of a more
weaken the force of the document as a whole, technical character, and with this the major
and are, pro tanto, to be regretted.
part of the Report is concerned. The follow-
The first section of the Report, signed, as we ing six elements of such training are differ-
have said, by all five members of the sub-com- entiated: Psychology, Methodology, School
mittee, lays down the fundamental principles economy, Educational history, Observation of
that should be consulted in the training of teaching, and Practice-teaching under criti-
teachers for their professional work. At the cism. We think that the Report overestimates
start, the requirement is made of high-school the relative importance of the last two of these
education for elementary work, and of collegiate six elements in recommending that one-half of
education for secondary work. We have no the total period of training be devoted to them.
doubt that the equivalent for these respective On the other hand, there is no undue
exagger-
amounts of school-study would be acceptable ation in the position so squarely assumed with
to the signers of this Report, but we wish that reference to psychology. “ Most fundamental
it had been more explicitly stated. If a teacher and important of the professional studies which
has the necessary education, it does not matter ought to be pursued by one intending to teach
where or how he got it; yet the indolence of is psychology.” This is no whit too emphatic,
school officers, or their tendency to discrimi and it has our cordial approval. But by psy-
nate in favor of routine acquisition, often chology must be understood the real thing, not
makes them look askance at a well-prepared the sorry stuff that parades under that name.
applicant merely because he has not been in too many of our normal schools, and which
through the regular educational mill. Again, consists for the most part of empirical facts
when we come to the main subject of the Re- couched in a meaningless jargon. “Pyschology,
port - the kind and amount of professional what crimes are committed in thy name!” is
training that ought to be exacted of teachers an exclamation that must often rise to the lips
in addition to the merely academic prepara-
of those who have had occasion to make ac-
tion—we cannot help noting a tendency to quaintance with the popular text-books of the
ignore the fact that a considerable number of past generation. On the whole, scientific psy-
the best teachers need little or none of this chology being given, together with the thorough
special training, although there is no doubt of study of a few carefully chosen subjects con-
its beneficial effect upon the rank and file. sidered “as objects to be presented," we should
Still, those who are fitted by natural parts or be inclined to make light of special methodol-
predispositions to dispense with normal school ogy, of school economy, and of the history of
training ought not to have it forced upon them. education. These things will all be added, in
The test of practical success is worth more due time, to the equipment of the serious
than any academic tests whatsoever, and some teacher, but they are not of the essentials, and
way of giving it a trial ought to be devised for the mind that has had the proper fundamental
use in promising cases of well-developed nat- discipline may as well be left to find its way
ural aptitude.
them unaided.
This exception being taken, we are free to The Report on the organization of city school
admit that most young men and women who systems exhibits sound judgment and a proper
look to teaching for a career will be helped by distribution of emphasis. “ The instruction
the work of the professional school. The first will be ineffective and abnormally expensive
point considered is whether academic studies unless put upon a scientific educational basis
belong to the course of such a school. The
The and supervised by competent educational ex-
admission is made, although somewhat grudg- perts." These words from the opening pages
ingly, " that methods can practically be taught of the Report summarize its recommendations.
only as subjects,” and that the work of the More specifically, the Report calls for a con-
normal school “ may so treat of the subjects of
may so treat of the subjects of centration of responsibility — for appointment
to


1895.]
169
THE DIAL
rather than election of school directors; for and the continuance of his position, he con-
boards of education numbering from five to cedes, surrenders, and acquiesces in their acts,
fifteen members, “not chosen to represent any while the continually increasing teaching-force
ward or subdivision of the territory or any
becomes weaker and weaker and the work
party or element in the political, religious, or poorer and poorer. If he refuses to do this, they
social life thereof”; for absolute independence precipitate an open rupture and turn him out
of the superintendent in all matters relating to of his position. Then they cloud the issues and
the selection of teachers and the shaping of shift the responsibility from one to another.”
instruction. The latter of these points is the This vigorous exposure of a great evil and
most important, and here the language of the suggestion of a remedy carries conviction in
Report has no uncertain sound. “A city school its every phrase. It is indeed, as the Report
system,” we are told, “may be able to with says, “unprofitable to mince words about this
stand some abuses on the business side of its all-important matter.” The dissenting opinions
administration and continue to perform its of individual members of the Committee are
function with measurable success, but wrongs upon trifling matters of detail, and only serve
against the instruction must, in a little time, to bring out by contrast their unanimity upon
prove fatal. Government by the people has the great questions at issue. Dealing with the
no more dangerous pitfall than this, that in weightiest of educational matters, this Report
the mighty cities of the land the comfortable voices the great body of intelligent opinion, and
and intelligent masses, who are discriminat cannot fail to become a power for good. It
ing more and more closely about the educa will be read by every American educator worthy
tion of their children, shall become dissatisfied of the name, and will strengthen its readers in
with the social status of the teachers and the their determination to uphold the dignity of
quality of the teaching in the common schools. their profession, to resist to the utmost the ef-
In that event, they will educate their children forts everywhere made by the vulgar dema-
at their own expense, and the public schools gogue and the ignorant politician to fit our city
will become only good enough for those who school systems to their base ideals.
can afford no better.
The third and longest of the Reports, hav-
There is one way, and one way only, to averting for its subject the correlation of elemen-
this danger. The whole work of instruction tary studies, must be reserved for considera-
must be put upon a professional and scientific tion at some other time. It is marked off from
basis by securing competent teachers, ade the two others by its academical or philosoph-
quately compensating them for their work, as ical, as distinguished from their distinctively
suring them of fixed tenure and advancement practical, character, and it raises a set of prob-
according to merit, and reducing to a minimum lems of an entirely different sort. It is also
the formal regulations and petty restrictions the only Report which exhibits a serious diver-
that hamper the individual and wantonly lower gence of opinion on the part of those who have
the tone of the whole teaching-force. Now all drawn it up. It may well, for these reasons,
" this cannot be secured if there is any lack of be made the subject of a separate article.
authority, and experience amply proves that it
will not be secured if there is any division of
responsibility.” We have to choose between
COMMUNICATIONS.
a superintendent fully empowered in these
matters and fully responsible, on the one hand,
THE HUMANITIES AND THE SCIENCES.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
and “administration by boards or committees"
on the other. Whatever may be the possibili-
Culture deprecates polemics. It rejoices when forces
unite that were before at odds. Yet how often is “cul-
ties of evil in the former alternative, they are ture" made the battle-cry of partisanship. It has been
trifling when compared with the well-proved so in the formation of our college curricula. The hu-
evils of the latter. Boards or committees are
manities were first supreme in the universities. But
simply“ not competent to manage professional their supremacy was not long unchallenged. The sci-
ences called for admission. Unfortunately, this was at
matters and develope an expert teaching-force. first denied. They had to fight their way in step by
Yet they assume, and in most cases honestly, step. Just as unfortunately, the sciences, now having
the knowledge of the most experienced. They gained high ground, look down patronizingly at the
override and degrade a superintendent, when
humanities. And there is back-biting between the two.
But better things are near. At first, forced toleration,
they have the power to do so, until he becomes
then self-sought copartnership, will result. The scien-
their mere factotum. For the sake of harmony | tist is seeing that he must be broadly human ; and the


170
[March 16,
THE DIAL
humanist is becoming scientific. Sir Philip Sidney said between Maple and Oak streets, with the Vatican ex-
of Cato : “He misliked, and cried out against, all Greek tending north across Division street. The middle of the
learning, and yet, being fourscore years old, began to Forum is about east of Indiana street: the Colosseum
learn it, belike fearing that Pluto understood not Latin." corresponds to the space between Illinois and Kinzie
So the scientist, crying out against the humanistic learn streets. The Theatre of Pompey, place of the greatest
ing, and regarding its language as pedantry, will in time of assassinations, the fall of Julius Cæsar, lay almost
be forced to acquire it, if for no other reason, to gain exactly in the line of Erie street.
the ear of a culture even more exacting perhaps than The whole of old Rome, then, as bounded by the
was Pluto.
“What lumps of raw fact are flung at our Aurelian Wall, lay between the latitudes of our Schiller
heads !” wrote Frederic Harrison. " Through what tan street and Van Buren street.
gles of uninteresting phenomena are we not dragged in Compared with our modern cities, the area of Rome
the name of Research, Truth, and the higher Philosophy! was small. The Servian city, that is, the city included
Mr. Mill and Mr. Spencer, Mr. Bain and Mr. Sidgwick, within the walls ascribed to Servius Tullius, thus the
have taught our age very much ; but no one of them was city strictly, as known to Cæsar, Cicero, and Horace-
ever seen to smile ; and it is not easy to recall in their had an area almost exactly two square miles; our great
voluminous works a single irradiating image or one mon fire of 1871 ran over three and one-fourth
square miles
umental phrase.” This is the over-statement of parti- of surface, or as much as the Servian city and sixty-two
sanship. But it indicates the nature of the demand that per cent more. The Aurelian Walls added about as
will humanize the sciences.
much as our burnt area, say three and three-eighths
On the other hand, the humanities are growing up to square miles, making the new area 5.3228 square miles,
the level of the scientific conscience. History and lit say five and one-third square miles. In our city, the area
erature are becoming scientific studies. Sociology, the bounded by North avenue and Harrison street, Ashland
humanity of humanities, is making good its claim to be avenue and the Lake Shore, is rather large for this.
reckoned with as a science.
If now we add the later annexations west of the Ti.
Thus each is learning from the other. Science and ber, the Leonine city, say nine-sixteenths of a square
the humanities alike are carried on by men. And sym mile, we have a total area of 5.8831 square miles, al-
pathetic iptercourse is discovering a common standing most six miles; less than is included by our Chicago
place and horizon. Ogden N. Rood, professor of phy avenue, Ashland avenue, Twenty - second street, and
sics at Columbia, was speaking of his walks and talks State street. Such was the mighty ruler of the civil-
with the late Dr. Merriam, professor of Greek. “Dur ized world.
ing these,” he said, “I became a great deal better ac It is to be wished that we could deal with population
quainted with his habits of mind than I had ever been as we can with latitudes and areas. But a Roman cen-
before, and was very much astonished to find that he sus did not involve an enumeration of the whole popu-
undertook to treat those matters—those things that hap- | lation in our sense of the term: its main object was to
pened ages and ages ago — very much upon the same make up the voting lists, dividing the voters into cen-
principles that we employ in physical laboratories. I turies,* the tax lists, and the military lists: hence we
would say to him, with regard to a certain theory : have not definite information. We have a census of
• This thing looks all right, isn't that so ?' He would houses taken by the emperor Theodosius, which found
reply, “Yes, it is plausible ; there are some things in its of the houses (domus) of the rich, 1780; and of the in-
favor, but not enough; we need to study the matter a sulæ, flats and dwellings of the middle class and poor,
great deal more.' So, from time to time, it happened 46,602.
to me that I received at his hands a dose of my own The population of Rome under the early emperors,
medicine - the kind of medicine that we are in the habit
say in the first century, is estimated by Gibbon (chap.
of administering to students in the physical laboratory.". xxxi.) at 1,200,000. With this, Milman, from whose
Intercourse such as this will harmonize the efforts of
notes I quote, agreed; Dureau de la Malle says 562,-
educators. We shall have a wide curriculum in our 000, or less than half of Gibbon's number. Zumpt says
colleges — wide enough for the sciences and the human-
2,000,000; Dr. Thomas Henry Dyer, the sturdy de-
ities to run side by side to the same goal. Students, fender of the reality of Romulus and Numa Pompilius,
taking the hand of either, will not be led, one east, one estimates aliens, 100,000; slaves, 800,000; and a total
west, as so often happens now.
FREDERIC L. LUQUEER.
population of 2,045,000. Hoeck raises it to 2,265,000;
and Lipsius crowns all with 8,000,000! Where could
Columbia College, March 4, 1895.
he stow them away? If we leave out Lipsius's exag-
geration and take the average of the estimates of the
ROME AND CHICAGO.
other six, we have 1,545,333: a number not far from
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
the present population of our city by the lake.
Some years ago I noticed the near coincidence of the But if Chicago be like old Rome in latitude and in
latitudes of Rome and Chicago. Thomas's Gazeteer population, God forbid that our city follow the other in
gives the latitude of St. Peter's as 41° 54'6". The lati-
the horrors of her history! SAMUEL WILLARD.
tude of Dearborn Observatory at the former Chicago Chicago, March 8, 1895.
University was 41° 50' 1". Mr. Elias Colbert favored
me with the information that at Chicago one minute * Centuries. I venture to call in question the ordinary der-
of latitude is 6074 feet in length—hence one second of
ivation of this word from centum, a hundred. I think centu-
latitude is 101.23 feet. With these data and maps
ria to be an identical form from two unrelated roots, like jet,
lake, last, scald, in English. Thus from centum we have cen-
the cities, I find these relations of place:
turia, a collection of a hundred things, and centurion; but
Extend our Madison street straight east, and it will
from censeo, with fundamental meaning to divide, discrimin-
run over the Aventine Hill. Van Buren street's line
ate, we have century, a division of the people, censor, the officer
passes just south of the Aurelian Wall, near the Porta who made the division, census, and censure ; and these have
Appia. St. Peter's is east of Maple street, and the an no relation to number.
of


1895.]
171
THE DIAL
indenture, to teach him the “ arts, business, pro-
The New Books.
fession and mysteries of a surgeon, apothecary,
and man midwife, with every circumstance re-
THE LIVES OF Two ENGLISH
lating thereto.” His new situation undoubtedly
NATURALISTS.*
revealed him to himself, for he discovered imme-
The two eminent English naturalists, Pro- diately the pursuit for which he was endowed,
fessor Richard Owen and Dean Buckland, were
that of dissecting animal organisms and dis-
for many years coadjutors in science, in phil cerning their internal structure and relations.
anthropy, and social reforms. Every measure
A term at the Edinburgh University in the
for the general good received their hearty sym-
winter of 1824-25 was so faithfully improved
pathy and support. They were men of integ-
that his chief medical instructor commended
rity rare and fine, with personal traits adding him to the patronage of the famous Abernethy
the finishing grace to their mental endowments. of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London. Mr.
They adorned the new learning, to which they
Owen afterwards said :
lent dignity and distinction. The records of
“I shall never forget the day when I arrived for the
first time in London, where I had literally not one sin-
their life-work, published simultaneously by an gle friend. ... The sense of desolation which I expe-
American house, borrow interest from each rienced in walking up Holborn towards St. Bartholo-
other. They are fitting monuments to the mem-
mew's Hospital was something indescribable.”
ory of two noble scholars and faithful expo The contrast is sharp between this experi-
nents of the best spirit of the nineteenth century. ence of the desolate youth, not yet twenty-one,
It is illustrious and charming company to and that which, after a brief interval, enriched
which we are introduced in the volumes com all his remaining years. Dr. Abernethy di-
memorating the life of Richard Owen, “the vined his abilities at a glance, and gave him
Cuvier of England.” From the very outset the post of prosector for his lectures. The
of his career he came in contact with distin- following year he became a member of the
guished personages, and, winning his way rap- Royal College of Surgeons, and was appointed
idly among them, the circle of his friendly and assistant curator of the Museum, with a salary
familiar acquaintance widened, until seemingly of six hundred dollars a year. In another
it embraced every notable character from the twelvemonth he was lecturing upon compara-
heads of the Royal House down through the tive anatomy at St. Bartholomew's Hospital.
various ranks of inherent and acquired nobility. Professor Owen earned his promotions by tire-
He bore himself through it all with the quiet, less toil.
less toil. In addition to his work as curator
simple grace of one born to the purple, or, bet- and lecturer, he cultivated a small medical prac-
ter still, of one unconscious of worldly honors tice at Lincoln's Inn Fields,
tice at Lincoln's Inn Fields, and gave his ser-
and successes, intent solely upon the accom vices liberally to the sick poor within his reach.
plishment of the work he was given to do. He availed himself of the opportunity of dis-
Richard Owen was born in Lancaster in secting the animals which died under the care
1805. His father dying in the boy's early of the Zoological Society of London, and thus
childhood, he was left to the care and guardian-secured valuable materials for increasing his
ship of his mother, a woman of rare intelligence knowledge of comparative anatomy. At the
and refinement. She was of French extraction, age of twenty-six he began the long and able
and from her the son doubtless derived many series of original papers contributed to the
of his mental gifts and personal attractions. various learned associations of London, and
As a schoolboy he did not in any way distin- these papers soon procured him the rank of
guish himself, unless, as his sister said, by being leading anatomist in England, and after the
“ very small and slight, and exceedingly mis- death of Cuvier, of all Europe. Eight of these
chievous.” At the age of sixteen he was appren valuable monographs were the product of his
ticed to a surgeon, who was, in the words of the twenty-seventh year. Directly after them came
* THE LIFE OF RICHARD OWEN. By his grandson, the
the famous “ Memoir on the Pearly Nautilus,”
Rev. Richard Owen, M.A.; with Essay by the Right Hon.
which established his repute everywhere among
T. H. Huxley, F.R.S. In two volumes, illustrated. New his peers. Along with this manifold and severe
York: D. Appleton & Co.
THE LIFE AND CORRESPONDENCE OF WILLIAM BUCK-
work, he was performing the herculean task of
LAND, D.D., F.R.S., sometime Dean of Westminster, twice cataloguing the Hunterian Collections, compris-
President of the Theological Society, and First President of ing 3970 specimens, all requiring careful ex-
the British Association. By his daughter, Mrs. Gordon.
With Portraits and Illustrations. New York: D. Appleton
amination and description. The completed lists
& Co.
filled five octavo volumes. They were the fruit


172
(March 16,
THE DIAL
of stupendous labor, but it had afforded their perintendent of the Departments of Natural
compiler a liberal education in his special de History in the British Museum. To his per-
partment.
sistent efforts in organizing and furthering the
It is impossible to speak in detail of Owen's plan, England owes the establishment of the
achievements. They may be summed up in a superb institution at South Kensington, which
passage from Professor Huxley :
houses the crowded and neglected collections
“ During more than half a century Owen's industry formerly under the roof of the British Museum.
continued unabated; and whether we consider the quan With the completion of this enterprise in the
tity, or the quality, of the work done, or the wide range
of his labors, I doubt if, in the long annals of anatomy,
year 1883, the work of the great anatomist was
more is to be placed to the credit of any single worker." practically done.
practically done. The Queen had generously
furnished him a home in one of the houses per-
Among the men of letters who were drawn taining to the crown—Sheen Lodge, Richmond
to the great master of science, Carlyle was con-
Park, which his family are permitted still to
spicuous, himself requesting an interview with
“the tall man with glittering eyes " who had
occupy. He had declined the honor of knight-
hood offered by Sir Robert Peel in 1845, but
excited his interest. Visits were exchanged
between them, after which Owen said to his
accepted it on a second presentation in his old
age. Honors had fallen thick
upon
wife: “I have such a dread of the personality
him dur-
ing his long and distinguished career, and gen-
of an author destroying in great measure his
tle, peaceful memories sweetened his declining
ideality, that I am pleased to find in this case
that it is not so, and that Carlyle proved to be, 1892, and like one gliding into dreamless sleep.
years. His passing was with the last days of
as far as I am concerned, much what one could
Appended to his biography is a comprehen-
wish.” Carlyle described Owen as that rare
sive and discriminating survey of “ Owen's Po-
thing among men, “neither a fool nor a hum-
sition in the History of Anatomical Science,"
bug. ” Mrs. Owen jotted down in her journal,
by Professor Huxley. A number of portraits
after one of Carlyle's interesting visits:
and illustrations enrich the work, which is com-
“ It is curious how like his books Carlyle's conversa-
tion is. He grew very eloquent when telling us of the
pleted by a bibliography of the scientific pa-
way in which he is plagued by people who would insist
pers published by Professor Owen, covering
upon sending him their books. Young ladies especially fifty pages, a list of the honorary distinctions
often wanted his opinion on their poetry. “I bate po conferred upon him, numbering nearly a hun-
etry,' he said comically. I asked him if he hated
dred, and an index.
Horne's • Orion.' • Ah,' he said, · Horne's a clever man."
Leave should not be taken of the eminent The life of Dean Buckland carries us back
anatomist without giving one example of his to the early part of our century and the begin-
remarkable power of re-creating an entire ani- ning of the acquisitions of modern science.
mal structure from a small given fact. The He was one of the fathers of geology, who laid
fragment of a thigh-bone, unearthed in New the foundations of that domain of knowledge,
Zealand, was brought him by a sailor one day. along with such intellectual giants as Sedgwick,
It belonged to no existing creature, and its like Murchison, and Lyell. Dr. Buckland had the
Owen had never seen. After a brief inspection advantage of a training in natural history from
he drew the entire femur, and built upon
it his boyhood, his father, the Rev. Charles Buck-
gigantic wingless bird, which at full size would land of Devon, carefully directing his atten-
exceed the ostrich, reaching a stature of sixteen tion, in their daily walks, to the fossils which
feet. The description he presented to the abounded in the lias rocks underlying the soil
Zoological Society excited intense surprise and of his native section of the southern sea coast.
incredulity. It was with difficulty that Owen The rocks “stared me in the face,” he declared
secured the admission of his monograph in the years after ; "they wooed me, and caressed me,
Proceedings of the Society. He waited with saying at every turn, · Pray be a geologist!””
eagerness further discoveries of the skeleton of He could not resist the appeal, especially as his
Dinornis, as he named the huge bird. When in born proclivities, stimulated by a parent's
in the course of years, bones composing the en enthusiasm, moved him to the study of the
tire frame of the avian were found and for earth's antiquity as recorded in libraries of
warded to him, they conformed exactly with mineral and stone.
the structure he had prefigured.
At Oxford, which he entered in 1801, the
In 1856, through the generous services of same influences were about him, and in his
Macaulay, Professor Owen was appointed Su- | early residence he took his first lesson in field


1895.]
173
THE DIAL
geology, in a walk to Shotover Hill. The
every respect a perfect mate, was renowned for
stones he brought back from that day's excur its cheerful and charming hospitality. It was
sion formed the nucleus of a collection that a scene of delightful order in disorder, where
grew, through forty years, into the largest and the happiest events were sure to be evoked
most valuable private store of the kind in Eu from circumstances always picturesque and
rope. The youth took his university degree often startling.
often startling. Mr. Ruskin states, from his
with honors in 1804, and five years after was knowledge of them during his student life, that
elected a Fellow of Corpus Christi College. the Doctor, with his wife and family, had “orig.
The same year he was admitted into Holy Or- inality enough in the sense of them to give sap
ders. Geology was not then admitted into the and savor to the whole College. . .
All were
curriculum at the University, nor recognized frank, kind, and clever, vital in the highest
by many of the grave and reverend teachers as degree ; to me, medicinal and saving.” Another
worthy the consideration of a Christian being. writer, telling of the amiable freedom that per-
Young Buckland persisted in the study; and vaded the household, which comprised an ex-
as he started on one of his periodical tours of traordinary assemblage of animate and inani-
research, the devout Dean Gaisford exclaimed mate creatures, relates that
with satisfaction: “Well, Buckland is gone to “Guinea-pigs were often running over the table; and
Italy; so, thank God, we shall hear no more occasionally the pony, having trotted down the steps
of this geology.'
from the garden, would push open the dining-room
Neither Buckland nor geology were to be
door, and career round the table, with three laughing
children on his back, and then marching through the
suppressed, however, and in 1813 he was made
front door, and down the steps, would continue his
Reader of Mineralogy in the University, and in course round Tom Quad."
1819 was elevated to a full Professorship of There was wise discipline to counteract such
his beloved subject. He toiled like a hero to unusual license, and parents and children pre-
reduce the chaotic materials at hand into a dis-
sent many a wholesome example in their busy
tinct and systematic science, and spent all his and lovely home-life. How the seniors of the
leisure and money in travels over England and household ever found time to sleep, is a mys-
Europe to observe and classify fossils and strata tery; for they appear to have used the night
in situ and in cabinets, and get them arranged as well as the day in diligent reading, writing,
and mapped out in something like regular and and study. For example, pondering over the
comprehensible order. His classes at Oxford
fossil footprints on a slab of sandstone, between
were well attended, as he possessed uncommon two and three o'clock in the morning, the Doc-
tact and talent as a lecturer. Full of ardor, tor suddenly called up his wife to make a paste,
of genial good humor, of keen, ready wit, with while he rushed to bring in a pet tortoise from
apt powers of description, he kept his audiences
its haunt in the back yard. On his return the
on every occasion tense with interest in the paste was duly spread over the kitchen table,
theme he was expounding. Always vivacious, the tortoise placed upon it, and, to the delight
merry, and kindly, he was as attractive and of the excited couple, the animal traced in the
persuasive in conversation as in a set discourse.
plastic dough an exact reproduction of the foot-
Says Professor Masqueline:
prints on the sandstone. It was a happy so-
· Nothing came amiss to him, from the creation of lution of the problem.
the world to the latest news in town; . . . through all
Their life was a ceaseless round of investi-
intermediate time, he was equally at home. . . . There
were few subjects which he could not more or less illus- gations and experiments. Even meal-time was
trate. In build, look, and manner he was a thorough a period of practical investigation. Lord Play-
English gentleman, and was appreciated in every circle.” fair recollects various queer dishes of the Doc-
He was the first to interpret the significance tor's contriving. “The hedgehog was a suc-
of the bone-caves in Europe, and the result of cessful experiment, and both Liebig and I
his discoveries and theories regarding them was thought it good and tender.” A dish of croco-
published in 1823, in a volume entitled, “ Re- dile, on the other hand, proved an utter fail-
liquiæ Diluvianæ,” which is still regarded as a As in a similar attempt with garden
classic, despite the changes opinion has under- snails, it was impossible to swallow a mouthful.
gone meantime. The facts treasured in the
The facts treasured in the Such incidents were a perpetual spice in the
book give it lasting value.
life of the Bucklands, and gratefully enliven-
In 1825 Dr. Buckland was appointed to a ing to their guests and friends.
canonry at Christ Church, and the home he then After a residence of forty-five years at Ox-
established, by the aid of a partner who was in ford, from 1801 to 1845, Canon Buckland was
ure.


174
[March 16,
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promoted to the Deanery of Westminister. Interesting as are the wings and the mandi-
Here he infused the same vigor into his ad- bles, and the nectar-lapping ligula, I find more
ministration that had been manifest in al pre- present interest in the antennæ. The antennæ
vious undertakings, and reforms and amend are the sort of feelers that a Hymenopteron
ments were the rule throughout his new prov sticks out in front of himself, to see where he
ince. There was with him no conflict between is going, to experiment, to investigate, to bring
science and religion. He had faith in their
He had faith in their himself into relation with things lying a bit be-
fundamental harmony, and both were pursued yond his particular sphere. They fulfil a very
in a consistent, thorough-going manner for the useful function, for Poetry or indeed for any
benefit of mankind. An insidious disease laid kind of art, being always on the look-out for
its paralysing hand upon him several years be- things that are new and edifying and amusing.
fore his death, quenching his ardor and cutting “ Vistas," by Mr. William Sharp, is then an
short his usefulness. When, in 1856, at the experiment, or a series of experiments. When
age of seventy-two, his final summons came, Mr. Aldrich asked the author what his aim was
the earth was poorer for the loss of one who in writing such things, what was the purpose
had devoted his rich and varied talents to the he would realize, Mr. Sharp found it exceed-
enlightenment and elevation of his fellow - | ingly difficult to make a definite answer; and the
beings.
SARA A. HUBBARD.
reader will perhaps pardon me if I am not abso-
lutely categorical either.
It is, however, obvious that we have here
new modes of conceiving things and new means
THE ANTENNÆ IN POETRY.*
of expression. The eleven pieces which make
THE PHILISTINE. I don't like Whitman. I like
up
66 Vistas” are of the nature of reveries, of
either Poetry or Prose when they are
visions which have been given as clear a form
good. But this is something betwixt and
as could well be. Questionings as to the mys-
between, neither one nor another. I can't
give it a name. I don't like it.
tery of life, passionate struggles of love, brood-
THE AMATEUR (is silent).
ings on the origin of sin and its influence upon
If the reader can conceive of Poetry under this life and that which is to come, imaginations
the guise of a member of the sub-order Hy- concerning the life but just beyond the grave,
menoptera, he will be able to begin this article a playing on the chords where love and death
without trouble. The comparison is possibly are bound together,—such things as these have
a quaint one, but it is not wholly out of the taken form and are presented to us in these dra-
way. I read of the Hymenoptera, that “the matic interludes. Now, since these matters are
mouth-parts are well developed both for biting of course by no means extraordinary topics,
and feeding on the sweets of plants, the ligula the experimentary character lies in the mode
especially, used in lapping nectar, being greatly of their conception, or, perhaps more properly,
developed.” The wings are said to be adapted of their presentation. They are not conceived
for powerful and long-sustained flight,” which in any approach to the classic manner, but in
is very well, although some people who write a manner ultra romantic. For although the
poetry are like some exceptional members of main emotion is always present before us, it is
the Hymenoptera and have no wings at all. It not presented simply, but always by means of
is also said of this sub-order or I sometimes a multitude of extremely fine and delicate
hear of it as an order that they have very
nuances. Indefinite hopes and fears, presen-
large heads (which seems to me character. timents, imaginings of spiritual accompani-
istic], with large compound eyes and three ment, premonitions almost occult, faint rip-
ocelli.” Some of them have stings. So if the plings of emotion, the little wavelets that skim
muse of Poetry should ask me what costume to over the waves of passion, it is in such forms
wear to the fancy ball, I should say,
that Mr. Sharp conceives his subjects and in
one of the higher and more typical forms of such forms that he presents them to us. To me
Hymenoptera.
it seems that he is remarkably successful in
communicating to us the emotion that he has
* Vistas. By William Sharp. Chicago : Stone & Kimball.
THE PLAYS OF MAURICE MAETERLINCK. Princess Ma-
it at heart to give : the touches are slight, but
leine, The Intruder, The Blind, The Seven Princesses. Trans the effect is cumulative. Somewhat new as is
lated by Richard Hovey. Chicago : Stone & Kimball. his mode of expression, the means of expres-
MAURICE MAETERLINCK. PÉLLÉAS AND MÉLISANDE ; a
drama in five acts. Translated by Erving Winslow. New
sion is also an experiment. The dramatic in-
York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co.
terlude" is what Mr. Sharp calls it. Here I
-
66
Go as
-


1895.]
175
THE DIAL
must confess I do not think him so successful. others seem extremely incoherent. Still, the
Most dramatic pieces convey their impression reader is carried along, even though he may not
chiefly by the speeches of the characters. So always be sure whither or why. M. Maeter-
do some here. But others have much more linck has evidently no such definite elements of
stage direction.
“The Passion of Père Hila- subject-matter as has Mr. Sharp. The atmos-
rion” consists chiefly of narrative and descrip- phere of the two is entirely different. Mr.
tive passages, with one long dialogue in the Sharp's world is sensuous (one may be allowed
middle. - The Lute Player” has hardly a hint to suggest that it is somewhat improper), full
of dramatic form, except for being printed in of the delight of color and odor, glowing and
two kinds of type. It is at least an extension throbbing with life. M. Maeterlinck’s is low-
of the usual conception of the word “dramatic” toned, troubled, generally of a malefic green
to apply it to such work. It may be pictorial, tone. His characters are always in gloomy and
but it is hardly dramatic. It is possibly very awe-inspiring places (the weight of evil seems
Philistine, but it has seemed to me in reading brooding over everything), but they never
several of the pieces that the chief thing dra seem to have any understanding of their rela-
matic about them is the manner of printing. tion to their surroundings. One feels that if
I should like to see a copy printed with the any one of the characters could make a violent
stage direction in large print and the speeches effort he might wake from the nightmare and
not given each a line to itself. This would do have no more to do with it.
much to take away the dramatic character Of Maeterlinck there is much more to be
which they seem to possess in the mind of the said. It was a pity that anyone called him the
author. They would then be seen to be mostly Belgian Shakespeare, and also that everyone
prose phantasies, not very different in structure bothers about his symbolism. But these mat-
from a good deal of De Quincey.
ters, and many others, I must leave on one
It seems to have been hinted that Mr. Sharp .side. It may be remarked that Mr. Hovey's
is an imitator of M. Maeterlinck. There is translation is very much better than Mr.
certainly a superficial resemblance between the Winslow's. But both give a good idea of the
two which lies largely in the fact that both use original.
a dramatic form, both have a very pictorial way Such work as this, and as Mr. Sharp's, is at
of conceiving things, both have a certain studied -once a challenge and a stimulus,—and as such,
simplicity of diction, both endeavor earnestly one is glad to receive it. A certain artist, in
to give an indefinite sort of toning to every sit- writing of landscape painting, remarked, “ To
uation. But in some important respects they this sort of man [the Philistine) it does not
are certainly very different. In the power of seem possible that Monet or Pizzarro can seri-
conceiving and presenting character, M. Mae- ously think that their pictures in any way sug-
terlinck is immensely the superior. Mr. Sharp gest nature. Goliath is quite convinced that
presents situations vividly enough, but such they paint in that manner from perversity,
characters as he presents vanish from the mind chiefly to irritate him.” So with Mr. Sharp
almost before they enter it. In “ The Coming and M. Maeterlinck. But we must not think
of the Prince” and “A Northern Night" the two thus. There have been those who wrote strange
pairs of lovers are merely two pairs of lovers, things merely to astonish and bewilder and irri-
and not four people. M. Maeterlinck, on the tate the ordinary person. But the work of these
other hand, discriminates
very delicately. The men has too much to it to be that kind of thing.
King in “ The Princess Maleine" is very dif It is the work of men who are striving to ex-
ferent from the King in “ The Seven Sisters," tend our power of feeling and of expression ;
and both differ from the King in “ Pelléas and and as such, one welcomes it gladly, and tries
Mélisande." As to the value of the characters, to gain its secret and its method.
opinions may differ ; but the power of conceiv-
EDWARD E. HALE, JR.
ing and drawing is conspicuous.
This means, to my mind, that M. Maeter-
ANSELME MATHIEU, a Provençal poet, and the friend
linck is a true dramatist.
Eccentric in many
and associate of Frédéric Mistral, died recently at
of his ideas, he undoubtedly creates persons Avignon, at the age of seventy. He was one of the
and sets them in relation to each other. It seven founders of the Félibrige, and was known in the
seems, rather, as though he then left them to florid terminology of his school as the “ Poet of Kisses.”
Of the seven founders of the Félibrige, two only are
pursue their own devices. Some of his plays
now left: Mistral and Alphonse Tavau. Five are dead:
have a very definite scheme and structure, but Aubanel, Roumanille, Roumieux, Brunte, and Mathieu.


176
[March 16,
THE DIAL
he did not say that checked and repressed them.
THE STORY OF DEAN CHURCH'S LIFE.*
His silences were speeches ; his suppressions
“ A book of letters rather than a complete were verdicts. Wisely bold at need, he had no
biography," such is the modest claim made by love of figuring at the front of the stage. He had
the editor of the “ Life and Letters of Dean greatness thrust upon him. He could be gen-
Church.” We think the reader's verdict will erous and expect no recognition. You cannot
be that a book of letters thus edited comes think of his taking an unfair advantage or at-
quite near enough to a complete biography. tempting to hold untenable ground. He knew
Certainly the best biographies in our language | how to handle hot coals without fanning them
are little more than well-edited correspondence, into a blaze. He could write history from one
or, as in the case of “ Boswell's Johnson,” notes side of a controverted position, and remain im-
of familiar conversation ; and nothing is so like partial — just to opponents, and no more than
good talk as a good letter. Whatever Miss just to friends.
Church's own work might seem to lack is abund Miss Church has caught her father's mood.
antly supplied by Dean Paget's Preface and No line of hers can em bitter controversy. She
Canon Scott-Holland's brilliant estimate. “The has set forth the moral beauty, the placid wis-
letters," writes the Dean, “tell the story of their dom, the sweet temper, of her father's life; has
writer's life ; what he was in the depth of char measured fairly his relative importance in his
acter and personality, must be left untold.” time, and has kept her story within moderate
Doubtless all that close friends saw in Dean bounds—which is something that sufferers from
Church cannot be told, but the distinctive some recent biographies may well be grateful
notes of his mind and work ” are clearly and for. She nowhere errs by exaggeration or ex-
sufficiently indicated in this very attractive
cess.
You feel that she loved her father too
volume.
well to risk an over-estimate of his place in his-
The person thus outlined before us proves tory; that she knew too well his refined taste,
to be well worth considering. It was said of his sober judgment, his native modesty of spirit,
him, on his election as Fellow of Oriel, that to jar them even in the grave.
“there is such moral beauty about Church that
C. A. L. RICHARDS.
they could not help taking himn"; and that
seemed the general judgment among those who
knew him when Gladstone drew him from his
CHAPTERS OF POPULAR SCIENCE.*
rural retirement and made him Dean of St.
Paul's. It is what you feel in all his writings Popular lectures on scientific subjects, by
-the moral beauty of the man, a measure and competent men, are much too rare. Especially
charm which are no tricks of a well-trained pen, is this true in the department of physics. Such
but the natural outcome of character. It is not lectures used to be more common. Faraday
the beauty of flexible weakness, but of polished and Tyndall and Tait have given us some in
strength; the beauty not of a fragile carving English, and Helmholtz’s lectures have been
but of a columnar shaft finely proportioned to
well known for
years.
It
appears
that there
bear its burden to the best advantage. Large has grown up lately the notion that people can-
intelligence, thorough scholarship, rare and del not be made to understand physical matters
icate taste, simple and earnest devotion, were all unless they have been well disciplined in math-
combined with a certain judicial poise, a just ematics and in the physical manipulations of a
measure in thought and conduct. The friend laboratory. That physical subjects should be
and disciple of Newman and Pusey, he was the instructive as well as entertaining, it is need-
partisan of neither, and could recognize the ful that the lecturer should have somewhat
worth of Arnold and the chivalry of Stanley. wide sympathies and know how to meet his
He was himself of weight oftener by a certain hearers half way.
The exclusive devotion to
unconscious influence than by any direct effort. the laboratory aspect of a subject is not con-
His character acted as a force. Holding him ducive to exposition nor even to the understand-
self apart in a certain wise reserve, he the more ing of the subject itself in a large way. Truth
thoroughly affected the judgment and conduct of for truth's sake is good, but truth for human-
his fellows. It was less what he said than what ity's sake is better; and every effort toward a
* THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF DEAN CHURCH. Edited by * POPULAR SCIENTIFIC LECTURES. By E. Mach, Professor
his daughter, Mary C. Church. With a Preface by the Dean of Physics in the University of Prague. Translated by Thomas
of Christ Church. New York : Macmillan & Co.
J. McCormack, Chicago: Open Court Publishing Co.


1895.]
177
THE DIAL
popular presentation of the interesting matters
SOME RECENT BOOKS ON SOCIAL
of science is to be commended.
SUBJECTS.*
Professor Mach, of the University of Prague,
In this article we give a suggestion of the con-
is a master in physics, so much so that he sees
tents and points of view of a dozen or more writers
as few others do that some of our fundamental
who start from very different grounds. Five of
conceptions and phraseology need attention
these relate to some phase of socialism; one to the
even more than fresh experimental results, as
social management of dependents and defectives ;
his recent book on “ Mechanics” shows; a book, and the others to special problems or local interests.
by the way, that I heartily wish every teacher Professor Flint's work on Socialism grew out of
of physics would read and digest. These “ Pop a course of lectures to workingmen, and son.e arti-
ular Lectures ” treat of various subjects, such
cles in "Good Words.” The style is clear, strong,
as “ The Forms of Liquids," ". The Causes of
and popular. The author is a distinguished writer
Harmony,” “ The Velocity of Light,” “The
on philosophy, and the teaching of economics in
earlier
years
made him familiar with the elements
Principle of the Conservation of Energy,” in a
of this discipline. The first chapters offer a survey
way easy to apprehend by persons who have
of the historical phases of socialism and State inter-
had no special training in physics. There are vention. Some of the most important documents
others on more recondite subjects. The lec of recent theories are printed, and references to re-
ture on “ The Fundamental Concepts of Elec cent discussions are frequent. The doctrines of
trostatics” is interesting and helpful to every Marx are somewhat fully analyzed. The relations
one, however familiar with the subject, for it of socialism to labor, capital, land, social organiza-
is much simplified by the treatment.
tion, democracy, morality, and religion are discussed
The last three or four chapters rise into phil-
in other chapters. The standpoint is that of ortho-
osophy, and in them the relationships that phys- quoted as a favorite interpreter. Socialism is de
dox political economy, and M. Leroy-Beaulieu is
ics bear to other lines of thought and human
fined as “any theory of social organization which
interest are treated. The one on
6. Mental sacrifices the legitimate liberties of individuals to
Adaptation ” is excellent, for it calls attention the will or interests of the community.” Pure in-
to the necessity for ideality in science. dividualism is repudiated as the opposite extreme.
have been so busy gathering the facts of sci The fundamental doctrines of Marx are regarded
ence, that but little attention has been given a mass of congealed fallacies." Labor is not
to their signification, and many scientific men
the sole origin of wealth. Capital and direction are
have come as far short in their judgments of
essential factors in progressive industry, and they
men and of things as have any of those who
are entitled to a share of the product.
knew nothing of science. In the teaching of * SOCIALISM. By Robert Flint. Philadelphia: J. B. Lip-
physics it is assumed generally that one must
pincott Co.
HISTORICAL PROGRESS AND IDEAL SOCIALISM. By J. Shield
become familiar with a great number of facts Nicholson, Professor of Political Economy in the University
before he can be permitted to generalize at all. of Edinburgh. New York: Macmillan & Co.
Professor Mach says substantially that it is not THREE MONTHS IN A WORKSHOP. By Paul Göhre. Trans-
needful to know very much — that is, many
lation by “ A. B. Carr," with Introduction by Professor R. T.
Ely. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
details of a subject — in order to understand PRACTICABLE SOCIALISM. (Second edition.) By S. and H.
fundamental principles. If this idea were gen Barnett. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co.
eral, it would make much difference in the TOWARDS UTOPIA. By“ A Free Lance." New York: D.
Appleton & Co.
amount and kind of instruction given in schools
THE LAW OF SERVICE, A STUDY IN CHRISTIAN ALTRUISM.
of all grades.
By James P. Kelley. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Finally, the lecturer takes a hand in the old AMERICAN CHARITIES. By Amos G. Warner, Professor of
controversy about the curriculum, and speaks University. New York: T. Y. Crowell & Co.
Economics and Social Science in the Leland Stanford Junior
as one familiar with the data on both sides of
MUNICIPAL REFORM MOVEMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES.
the question as to the relative value of classical By W. H. Tolman, Ph.D., Secretary of the City Vigilance
and scientific educations.
League, New York. Chicago : Fleming H. Revell Co.
UN-AMERICAN IMMIGRATION. By Rena Michaels Atchi-
Altogether the book is a good one, and will
son. Chicago : Charles H. Kerr & Co.
serve a good purpose, both for instruction and
THE ILLS OF THE SOUTH. By Charles H. Otken. New
suggestion. The translation, by Mr. T. J. Mc York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Cormack, is well done; and the Open Court
YOUNG WEST. By Solomon Schindler. Boston: Arena
Publishing Co.
Company has put the work into a very present SOCIAL GROWTH AND STABILITY. By D. Ostrander. Chi-
able volume of three hundred pages.
cago: S. C. Griggs & Co.
THE RIGHTS OF LABOR. By “W.J." Chicago: Charles
A. E. DOLBEAR. H. Kerr & Co.
as
It is pre-


178
[March 16,
THE DIAL
men.
posterous to seek a measure of wages in a mere time alogies are misleading, since economic advance is
standard. Mr. George's half-way socialism is re due to “the suppression of those animal instincts
jected. The author once believed in the absorption and the substitution for them of propensities and
by society of the “unearned increment,” but now practices peculiar to man,” to invention, language,
accompanies Mr. Spencer in abandoning the doc and free contract. Socialism is condemned by his-
trine. The government that should attempt to man tory because it involves ruinous taxation, abolition
age all industrial enterprises would break down of exchange, the suppression of liberty, security, and
under the weight of administration. Democracy | private property. The State is not a good instru-
organized in socialism would perish under the hands ment for the management of capital and the regu-
of a corrupt element. Democracy can exist only as lation of income. Short of socialism, governmental
it reverences ability and moral greatness, while so agencies may do much to promote self-help. "The
cialism would debase life with its materialistic ethics. growth of knowledge and industry opens up new
The fundamental. error and evil in current social- | possibilities for the beneficial action of the State and
ism is its denial of the true grounds of morality. It the municipalities, and even imposes on them new
is a Hegelian dialectic, with matter in place of idea duties.” The classic political economists are de-
as creative force. Circumstances are said to deter fended from the charge of ignoring social sympathies
mine life, and character is effect and not cause of and the beneficent activity of the State. One does
prosperity. There is a one-sided emphasis on econ not find here, however, any statement of a princi-
omic forces. Duties to God are ignored. Personal ple of inclusion and exclusion in respect to State
morality is sacrificed to society, and the individual functions.
is not esteemed as an end in himself, but is looked
“ Three Months in a Workshop " is a remark-
upon as an atom or organ in a great Leviathan. It
able account of a singular experience. Paul Göhre,
is admitted that not all socialists are thus commit-
ted to an agnostic and unethical view of the world,
a young divinity graduate, wished to learn at first
hand the facts about the life of German working-
but the dominant forces move in this direction.
He entered a machine shop in Saxony,
What the world has called theft they re-christen
worked eleven hours a day as a common laborer,
justice. Their opposition to war and class oppres-
conversed with the men, attended socialistic meet-
sion is recognized as worthy of praise, but their con-
ings, and went to the places of amusement. His
stant and general appeals to class hatreds tend to
study has produced a deep impression in Germany,
produce the worst of all wars, that of citizens against
and the author has been made Secretary of the Evan-
each other. As to the attitude of the Church, the
gelical Social Congress. Deep and extreme want
author declares that it has no political or economi-
he did not find. The worst feature of the material
cal programme. The Church can do its work under
condition was the inhuman crowding of dwellings.
any form of government or industrial organization.
Low wages compels the larger families to take in
If socialism succeeds, profound changes would come, boarders. Practical communism takes the place of
but religion would find its best form of expression.
Of course, with the immoral and irreligious dog-
separate family life. Socialistic philosophy is nat-
ural to those who are thus compelled to live in com-
mas of socialism, the Church is forced into an atti-
mon. Food and dress are suitable and sufficient,
tude of uncompromising antagonism. Whatever
and excessive drinking is not common.
“ The use
measures the socialists propose for the true amelio-
of domestic beer at seven pfennigs the bottle was
ration of mankind should find in the Church hearty
support. The function of the preacher is judiciously the place of brandy drinking. The chief cause of
constantly on the increase, and more and more took
distinguished from that of editor, statesman, and
this change is the invention of the familiar patent
economist. “The power of the State, just because
cork; and the workman who formerly bad his
the more extended and superficial, may seem the brandy flask in his pocket now carries an equally
greater, but is really the lesser. Spiritual force is
transportable bottle of beer. So a small technical
mightier than material force.” The Church can well
afford to be content with the use of the primary and
invention becomes a great social and ethical influ-
highest motives of conduct.
ence, and accomplishes more than many sermons
and efforts at reform.” The technical processes in
The object of Professor Nicholson's vigorous at the factory are described in detail : the military or-
tack on Socialism is to “test the ideal by the real,ganization, social classifications, moral effects of in-
the possible future by the actual past.” Altruism has terior arrangements, and the material environment.
not yet come to the dominating position assigned There is a vivid picture of socialistic agitation, and
to it in Kidd's “Social Evolution” and Drummond's of the educational, religious, and moral habits of the
“Ascent of Man.” The standing armies of Europe laboring people. The author finds that the labor
and the recent railroad strikes in America are evi- question is not merely a stomach or wage question,
dences that the old Adam of egoism must be con-
but an educational and religious question of the first
sidered in our calculations of the possible. Yet in- importance. There is an ardent longing for more re-
dustrial progress is not due to a mere struggle for spect and recognition, for larger share in the knowl-
existence, and must be accounted for by consider- edge and culture of the age. Social democracy is the
ing characteristic human qualities. Biological an mouthpiece of the labor movement in Germany.


1895.]
179
THE DIAL
“No liberal trades unions, no young men's Christian cialized effort to “make poor neighborhoods as clean,
associations, no evangelical working-men's unions, as healthy, as well provided with means of study,
can stem this process of evolution.” Social democracy cleanliness, and play, as rich neighborhoods. These
may be directed, elevated, regenerated, but cannot things stimulate and do not paralyze energy.” The
be destroyed. What the government can do to alle criticism of Chicago life, after a visit here, deserves
viate their lot should be attempted with their good serious reflection. The pages are crowded with
will, and after consulting them, not in the way of practical suggestions of ways in which philanthro-
lofty patronage by the upper” classes. What the pists can study, help, and humanize the life of the
Church can do must follow the same principle. So poor: but on one condition—that they live with the
cial democracy is now closely bound up with materi poor, and know them personally and in natural re-
alism. Its philosophy of life is narrow and de lations, as Mr. and Mrs. Barnett know them.
grading. If learned professors and pastors have a The writer of "Towards Utopia” resolutely re-
higher view of life they must descend from their
fuses to attempt to wade an ocean or walk to the
pedestals and mingle with the people, in order to moon. He insists that we can take but one step at
diffuse the culture for which many of the socialists a time. Experience, however, tells us at a given
are really hungry. Parish work must be organized moment the wisest direction for the step. We should
to cover all the territory and touch all the social begin at home and relieve the burdens of the ser-
needs of each community. The Social Congress vant girls. These modern helpers of domestic life
must awaken and direct the interest of educated have breathed the air of democracy. They are half-
men and women, so that they will learn how to come conscious of the vast change which all society has
in contact with the democracy, educate the working undergone. They resent badges of inferiority, and
classes, and inspire them with higher ideals of life. their assertion of womanhood in curious and trying
The translation of this work is smooth and clear,
ways must be met by a frank and honest adaptation
and great care has been taken to render technical
to the fact of democracy. The illustrations of waste
terms as accurately as possible. Professor Ely has
of food, clothing, time, strength, and even of cigar
taken great pains to have the work thoroughly done,
ashes and stumps, are very interesting. The author
and his Introduction indicates the place of the book does not seem to be aware of the difficulties of mak-
in current discussion.
ing the sewage of cities into fertilizers in such a
The Rev. S. A. Barnett and his wife have lived in place as London or New York. The criticism of
the classic region of poverty, face to face with the lingering caste spirit and caste immoralities is search-
pathetic reality, and have maintained high ideals of ing and caustic. The epithets sometimes come close
a beautiful human life. This second edition of their to billingsgate idioms, but the level of view is high
“ Practicable Socialism,” an already famous work, enough. The chief value of the book lies in its
has an Introduction which gives a “twenty years' specific examples of the vices of the rich and lux-
retrospect.” In one of the essays, long before the urious, and of many who regard themselves as very
Dockers' strike, they had pleaded for the organiza- patterns of goodness. Few persons can read the
tion of the undisciplined mob who fought each other pages without being startled and made to wince
for an odd job at the wharf gates. Now they can
under the keen discernment of the lines. Possibly
say, "It is satisfactory that dock labor is organized.” some of the proposed reforms are not practicable,
Other objects of their social effort have been gained.
and not “ towards Utopia,” but the exposure of fol-
“Workmen are eligible as guardians, houses have
lies and wrongs is wholesome. The author's agnos-
been built fit for habitation, free libraries, open ticism, his despair of immortality, and certain other
spaces, and baths have been opened, the poor-law very gloomy vistas of life, will be judged by each
administration has been made more humane, public
reader according to his own life philosophy. It is
opinion against impurity is strengthened, some of only fair to notify the reader that such views are
the restrictions imposed by a narrow code on chil-
in the book. But the tendency of the work must
dren's education have been removed, twenty thou-
be to make believers in democracy and Christianity
sand or thirty thousand children spend their holi both live up to their creed, or be uncomfortable
days in the country, the status of young servants
with their consciences if they refuse.
has been raised, the People's Palace and polytech Mr. Kelley's teaching, in “The Law of Service,"
nics have been provided, universal pensions and
is that the ethical law of life is the law of the ut-
agricultural training farms are within the range of most possible service. Whatever
may
practical politics, the offer of the best - the best tion, this is certainly of the essence of Christianity.
pictures, the best music — to all is not so unusual, The Church has always recognized the law, but its
the entertainment of the poor as equals is not so
view has been obstructed by egoistic and introspec-
uncommon, and university settlements have been tive habits of mind. Sermons fall short of their
started.” But work remains to be done. “ There full force, because they teach too little aud pass over
has been no attempt to fit the Church for its work.” difficult duties with commonplaces. “The feeble-
Dishonesty, gambling, and impertinence have in ness and inconsequence of the average prayer-meet-
creased. Dole charity is still expected to relieve ing need only be mentioned. The inefficiency of the
the poor, whereas the chief aid must come from so Sunday School is monumental.” Selfishness rules
be in ques-


180
[March 16,
THE DIAL
our social life, and vulgar ostentation desecrates form movement in the leading cities and large towns
even the sanctuary. The rich and the poor do not of the United States. In Part III. the author gives
meet on fraternal terms in the house of God. Du the names and principles of the educational organ-
ties to dumb animals hardly find place in religious izations. In Part IV. we have an exhibition of the
instruction. Business and politics become corrupt increased activities of women in promoting civic
because they are divorced from religion. Art, fallen righteousness. In Part V. the City Vigilance League
from the law of human service, pursued for its own is treated as the typical organization of the United
sake, ministering only to the rich, becomes de States for municipal progress, and a more detailed
graded ; only under the law of utmost service can explanation is offered of its origin and methods.
it become noble and enduring. Art is a slave when In a volume of a little over two hundred pages we
it serves mere luxury. Literature becomes worthy, have a fairly complete story of the present state of
in journalism and books, only as it is altruistic. Col the effort in this country. The materials for plans
leges and universities used simply for the conven of organization are here supplied in a most conven-
ience of a class, and given over to research without ient form.
teaching, are checked in their development. The
The study of “Un-American Immigration” is
writer is a believer in Christianity, and his criti.
based on the census of 1890. It is an argument
cism is intended to be the wound of a friend. It
against free immigration of foreigners, rather than
has something of the faithful searching quality of
an investigation. The conclusions reached relate
the old Covenanters.
to a law regulating the subject : it should be gen-
“ American Charities” is a welcome volume, the eral and not special, excluding the unfit but admit-
ripe fruit of scientific study and of the author's expe- ting others without distinction of race ; illiterate im-
rience as a superintendent of charities, and it deserves migrants should be excluded ; each one must have
special notice. It presents the select results of the money for his support for at least six months; crim-
discussions of the specialists who form the National inals and paupers should be deported at the cost
Conference of Charities and Corrections, fused into of the transporting company; immigrants must de-
one logical whole by long reflection. The field of clare their intention in respect to naturalization, and
view is indicated by the title. The social treatment only those naturalized should vote; the law should
of the criminal is only incidentally touched. Atten be enforced by officers free from bias. To enforce
tion is concentrated upon the almshouse, out-door these recommendations, the influence of immigra-
relief, the unemployed dependent children, the des tion on crime, pauperism, illiteracy, and corrupt pol-
titute sick, the insane and feeble-minded. A care itics, is traced. The statement made on page 56,
ful review of the causes of poverty and degenera- in respect to the apparent increase of
me, is mis-
tion, personal and social, illustrates the great value leading, as Mr. F. H. Wines has pointed out. The
of statistics in social inquiry. Under the topic “ Phil- suggestion that child labor is due to immigration
anthropic Financiering" the author discusses public alone leaves out of account the universal effect of
and private charities, endowments, and public subsi- factory organization in the absence of rigid legisla-
dies to private charities. He has studied Chicago char tive control. The collection of statistics will be
ities, and finds them chaotic and full of grave abuses, found convenient, and the general effect of the dis-
due to absence of charity organization. The list of cussion ought to be helpful.
books cited, and a full index, make the work con-
A very depressing picture of social conditions in
venient for reference. The style is sober, yet inter-
the South is that drawn by Mr. Otken. There is
esting, and the attacks on wrongs of administration
a description of the desolations of the Civil War,
are frequently shrewd and incisive. It is the best
the consequent poverty of the whites, the suspicion
work available for its purpose. The luminous ac-
and hate of the blacks, the heavy taxation imposed
count of the objects, methods, and machinery of
by the carpet-bag governments. The author tells
charity organization would of itself give a high place
of a merchant class which is growing rich out of
to the discussion.
the farmers, but he does not seem to explain the
Mr. Tolman's book on “ Municipal Reform Move abundant supply of blood for so many leeches.
ments in the United States ” is a timely and perti Then he reveals the cause of the ruin of the far-
nent publication. The author's association with Dr. mers, by telling us that they keep no accounts, have
Parkhurst in the City Vigilance League of New no idea what compound interest means, and insist
York has given him exceptional means of studying on impoverishing their land by excessive growth of
the new movements and methods of municipal re one kind of crop. He insists on the obsolete method
form. Dr. Parkhurst furnishes a suggestive intro of computing ante-bellum wealth by adding the
duction to his work. Part I. discusses the “ Civic market value of slaves. He declares that the negro
Renaissance,” and lays down the ethical principles is a hopeless failure. Education is wasted on him.
and social forces of the movement. Here are dis He will not work regularly, but he will lie and
cussed the functions of the city, the causes of the steal. In both North and South he eats more than
awakening and of encouragement, and the way to his share of penitentiary bread. The only hope of
utilize the victory. In Part II. we have eighty-four the South is in transporting the whole race to Af-
pages devoted to an account of the municipal re rica. But the author himself suggests here and


1895.]
181
THE DIAL
Erratic criticism
there the outlines of a more humane and practicable Rights of Labor” proposes a remedy: “ Fix by
policy. What certain industrial schools have done statute a maximum per cent profit upon capital in-
for some of the blacks, they can do for all. Some vested. . . . Declare by statute that all profits real-
thing more is required than the “ Three R's,” and ized from any enterprise, after expenses and the
this by the poor whites as well as by the blacks. per cent allowed to those contributing money or
The difficulties are intellectual and moral, and there property, be divided among those who do personal
fore can be overcome by changes within human service in the factory or other industry.”
power. The case is a hard one; but the writer
These books may be taken as indications of the
gracefully shows that Northern philanthropy and intense and general interest in social questions, and
Southern self-help have already removed many ob some of them are real contributions toward pro-
stacles to the splendid future which a great and gress of thought and action. This article attempts
noble and brave people ought to expect for them to give means for the foundation of an independent
selves. The book gives many statistics with illus- judgment of their relative value, so far as the limits
trative examples, but the presentation is too pes of space permit.
C. R. HENDERSON.
simistic to be complete.
“Young West” is a sequel to Bellamy's “Look-
ing Backward,” another castle in the air. One can
imagine anything which can be constructed out of
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
mundane materials. Plato in picturing an ideal
Mr. George Saintsbury is an acute
Republic, More in giving us his fancy of Utopia,
and widely-read critic of literature,
John the Seer in presenting the New Jerusalem,
by Mr. Saintsbury.
and his opinions are always put with
must employ the materials furnished by actual life.
This author cannot escape from the nineteenth cen-
a pungency that arrests the attention. The verbal
tury, and the attempt to do so is amusing. Telephones
tricks by which this effect is secured are often far
from admirable, and the opinions themselves some-
are somewhat improved ; aluminum is so cheap and
times display an indiosyncrasy as far as possible
plentiful that columns and beams are made of it ;
removed from what is sane and veracious. In his
glass is substituted for stone ; but there is no new
recent volume of Corrected Impressions" (Dodd),
machine, no new law. Romancers must wait for
for example, he is capable of describing George
men of science and invention. Some of the social
Eliot's fame as “ almost utterly vanished away," and
changes expected by socialists are promised : an
eight-hour day, and all working ; women serving Dogma” is “ now abandoned to cheap beginners in
of saying that Matthew Arnold's “Literature and
their time in the industrial army; bad tempers are
cured by mesmerism, and electrified water is used
undogmatism alike by the orthodox and the unor-
for a disinfectant; volapük is the universal language ; judgments as these do not inspire confidence, and
thodox of some mental calibre.” Such amazing
family affection is pale and feeble; death is with-
yet there is no little criticism of a really valuable
out a pang and without a' hope ; in a funeral dis-
sort in the volume from which we have taken them.
course, God is not hinted at; Vedas, Koran, and
In a series of brief papers on Thackeray, Tenny-
Bible are all put on a forgotten shelf, for reasons
which would consign much of Shakespeare, Dante,
son, Carlyle, Macaulay, Browning, Dickens, Ar-
Tennyson, and all the rest, to oblivion; hope of
nold, Mr. Ruskin, Mr. Swinburne, and Mr. William
Morris, the author has given us “ a kind of fore-
immortality perishes, because the earth has become
80 comfortable for all; children are brought up by
shortened review of the impressions, and the correc-
tions of them, which the great Victorian writers ”
state officers, and so bereavement of families falls
have made at different times upon a reader of
lightly. The outlook is that in Tennyson's picture thirty years' standing. The personal note in these
of the despairing agnostic, “ love and die.” One
can hardly tell whether the work is interpretation
essays gives them their main attractiveness, and is
of materialistic communism or its caricature.
obtruded in many places. Some incautious critic
has said, for example, that Dickens's “ Agnes is
In “Social Growth and Stability,” the author's perhaps the most charming character in the whole
purpose is to promote a better understanding in
range of fiction.” Most sympathies will be with
regard to men's relations to one another, and to
Mr. Saintsbury's outburst: “Agnes! No decent
stimulate increased effort in behalf of the unfor-
violence of expletive, no reasonable artifice of
tunate wage-earners.” He has had business expe- typography, could express the depths of my feel-
rience in manufacturing during thirty years, and ings at such a suggestion.” The paper on Mr.
writes a series of brief reflections, in pleasing Swinburne is particularly appreciative and enjoy-
popular form, on the measures which he believes
able, although anything but adequate. This bit
would promote social welfare. He favors protec- about the poet's parodists is simply delicious : “Mr.
tive tariff, an eight-hour day, restriction of immi-
Swinburne, like other poets on the right side of the
gration, regulation of trusts, and compulsory edu-
line, is not imitable, — at any rate, he has not been
cation.
imitated. They have gotten bis fiddle, but not his
After stating the nature and causes of friction rosin, they can pile on alliteration, and be biblical
and unrest in industrial relations, the author of “The in phrase, and trench on things forbidden in sub-


182
[March 16,
THE DIAL
ject, and make a remarkably dull Italian into a best examples of Stevenson's exquisitely finished
god, and a great but not rationally great French prose composition, and the reader will do well not
man into a compound of Shakespeare and Plato. to let a single word escape him. The little volume
They can write lines in twenty-seven syllables or is packed full of sanity and wholesome views of
thereabouts if necessary; but they can't write life. Pregnant passages, such as the following,
poetry. Mr. Swinburne can and does."
abound: “One thing, indeed, is not to be learned in
Scotland, and that is the way to be happy. Yet
Mr. Frederic Harrison has collected
that is the whole of culture, and perhaps two-
Historical essays by
Frederic Harrison.
seventeen papers upon historical sub-
thirds of morality. Can it be that the Puritan
jects into a volume entitled “The
school, by divorcing a man from nature, by thin-
Meaning of History, and Other Historical Pieces" ning out his instincts, and setting a stamp of its
(Macmillan). Most of the papers have appeared disapproval on whole fields of human activity and
in English or American reviews during the past ten interest, leads at last directly to material greed?”
years, but they are of sufficient value to be welcome
An amusing story is told of the ship's purser, who,
in book form. Indeed, the brilliant and forceful learning that his passenger was a writer, "touched
style of Mr. Harrison, his knowledge and grasp, his to the heart by my misguided industry, offered me
subordination of details to general principles, fit him some other kind of writing, for which,' he added
as few are fitted to set forth the educational value pointedly, “you will be paid. This was nothing
of history and to arouse enthusiasm in the pursuit else than to copy out the list of passengers." There
of historical studies. There are not many writers, is no more truthful touch in the whole volume than
for example, who could make so clear, so sound, the description, so familiar to every ocean voyager,
and so penetrating a survey of universal history as of the occasional excursions made by cabin passen-
is embodied in the second of these essays,
6. The
gers into the steerage. “It was astonishing what
Connection of History.” Nor are there many who insults these people managed to convey by their
could set forth “The Use of History" as eloquently presence. They seemed to throw their clothes in
as it is done in the opening chapter of the volume. our faces. Their eyes searched us all over for
The chapter on “Some Great Books of History” | tatters and incongruities.
tatters and incongruities. A laugh was ready at
is as helpful to the beginner or the general reader their lips; but they were too well-mannered to in-
as the author's familiar essay on “ The Choice of dulge it in our hearing. Wait a bit, till they were
Books,” and its leading ideas are even sounder. all back in the saloon, and then hear how wittily
Other chapters of the present volume include the they would depict the manners of the steerage. We
delightful dialogue on - The History Schools," in
were in truth very innocently, cheerfully, and sen-
which adherents of Freeman and Froude argue, each sibly engaged, and there was no shadow of excuse
for his favorite master; the somewhat overdone skit
for the swaying elegant superiority with which
on “ Palæographic Purism,” which really needs its
these damsels passed among us, or for the stiff
“ Nineteenth Century” antidote ; the plea for “ The and waggish glances of their squire. Not a word
Sacredness of Ancient Buildings," a masterly “Sur was said ; only when they were gone Mackay sullen-
vey of the Thirteenth Century,” and two papers on ly damned their impudence under his breath; but
the France of the Revolution and the France of to-
we were all conscious of an icy influence, and a
day. The essays that we have thus far enumerated dead break in the course of our enjoyment."
make up about one-half of Mr. Harrison's volume.
The other half is devoted to a group of studies of
Mr. Alfred M. Williams's “Studies in
Folk-songs
the great cities that have so largely influenced and
Folk-Song and Popular Poetry
of many lands.
shaped European history-studies of Athens, Rome,
(Houghton) is a collection of re-
Constantinople, Paris, and London. Introductory printed and original essays. Besides chapters on
to this
group
of special studies is the
essay on
“The
the popular poetry of Lower Brittany, Poitou, Por-
City: Ancient - Mediæval — Modern Ideal.” | tugal, Hungary, and Roumania, on American sea-
We cannot promise readers of this volume that the songs and on the folk-songs of our Civil War, and
author will always compel them to agree with him, besides a newspaper review of Professor Child's
but we can safely promise them intellectual stimu- / great collection of ballads, the book contains three
lation and pleasure in its perusal.
essays that at first blush appear out of place in this
volume. But the author's treatment of Lady Nairne,
Stevenson as
Messrs. Stone & Kimball have dis- Sir Samuel Ferguson, and William Thom (the
a steerage played commendable enterprise in Weaver Poet) brings these three essays easily within
passenger.
securing for publication “ The Ama the scope of the book : “ The Land o' the Leal,"
teur Emigrant,” which is Robert Louis Stevenson's “ The Laird of Cockpen,” and other songs of Lady
account of his experiences upon his famous trip to Nairne, are true folk-songs, not literary makings ;
the United States as a second cabin or steerage “the main literary work of Sir Samuel Ferguson
passenger. His subsequent adventures, on the way was devoted to [the] revivification of the spirit of
to California with an emigrant train, have already ancient Celtic poetry"; William Thom is a speci-
been publicly told in the volume entitled "Across men, not a type, and has been remembered by the
the Plains.” The posthumous book is one of the accidents of his personal fortunes, not by any indi-


1895.]
183
THE DIAL
German studies
women.
viduality of his genius. The essay on Sir Samuel showed that, though a prince of the blood, he was
Ferguson, by the way, suggests a previous work by no mere holiday captain and fair-weather sailor.
Mr. Williams, “The Poets and Poetry of Ireland.” He made a tour overland of this country in 1841,
Our author evinces a fine appreciation of folk-song, visiting the chief points of interest, playing (rather
but he possesses the critical instinct rather than the reluctantly) the social lion, and showing, like most
critical faculty; he knows songs, not texts.
The of his countrymen, a kindly disposition to make the
volume before us gives vivid first-hand impressions, best of things and to shut his eyes to the seamy side
richly illustrated by full and free and admirable of Brother Jonathan's coat. Returning to France
citation. The style of the writer is spirited and in 1843, Joinville was appointed to the Admiralty
readable, but careless : there is no excuse for “a Board, then engaged in paving the way for the re-
comic opera libretto writer,” none for the telescop- modelling of the French navy; and later on, after
ing of paragraphs at page 91, none for the hopeless a season of active work on the Bårbary Coast, he
confusion of nomen et omen at page 108, where the had the satisfaction of overseeing, with M. Dupuy
Laurence Oliphant of our own generation seems to de Lôme, the construction of France's first ironclad
be identified with the Laurence Oliphant of the ship. After the revolution of 1848, he went into
Jacobite rising in 1745. In fine, the book is a wit exile in England—destined, as he says, “ not to see
ness to the abiding interest of its new-old themes, my country again for two-and-twenty years, and
though hardly a contribution to the fund of knowl then in all the horror of invasion and dismember-
edge on the subject of folk-song.
ment and the terror of the Commune.” A hearty,
kindly sailor, standing as it were midway between
The work which Miss Helen Zim-
the old school and the new, Joinville knew his call-
of Shakespeare's mern has translated from the Ger- ing thoroughly, from reefing a top-sail to manæu-
man of Louis Lewes, and published vring an iron-clad. Yet, good sailor as he was, one
with the title “ Shakespeare's Women” (Putnam), is tempted to say that he missed his calling by not
has little to distinguish it from the hundreds of sim turning author. The crisp, fluent style loses little
ilar books of Shakespeare commentary. It begins, in the hands of the excellent translator, Lady Mary
as such books usually do, with chapters on Shake- Lloyd.
speare's times, Shakespeare's life, the English stage
before Shakespeare, etc. The author claims some
Of the making of books about Lon-
The London
don there has been no end since the
originality, however, in the fact that he presents of To-day.
studies of the whole line of Shakespeare's women,
days of Stow, nor need there be an
chonologically, in what he conceives to be the order
end, the metropolis (that “great wen," as virulent
of their creation ; beginning with Venus in “ Venus
Cobbett called it), changing socially and archi-
and Adonis,” and ending with Queen Catharine. tecturally from decade to decade. That the Lon-
His reason for this is that Shakespeare's own life
don of to-day is not the London of Pierce Egan,
and character being developed by a process of evo-
or even of Thackeray and “Boz,” no one who has
lution, so these characters of his creation were of
travelled thither with anticipations founded
necessity subjected to the same psychological pro-
these authors needs be told. Much that they espe-
But this petitio principii has so little justifi- cially delighted to honor has vanished. The taverns
cation in any exact knowledge, and the learned
and cider-cellars, the cozy inns and 6 back-
author's style being moreover heavy and verbose,
kitchens," where Costigan warbled and Mr. Guppy
one fails perhaps of being sufficiently grateful for
dined with the knowing Mr. Smallweed, exist
his endeavor, except as another illustration of the
only in print. They belong to ancient history, like
capacity of the German mind for exploring every
sedan chairs and link-boys; and their places are
nook and corner of a subject, and bringing to light filled by, great, flaring establishments, all plate
with equal pains the infinitely little and the infi-
glass and gas jets, show, swagger, and discomfort.
nitely great.
Thirty-seven years ago Mr. George Augustus Sala
published his “ Twice Round the Clock; or, The
Seldom has a more delightful book Hours of the Day and the Night in London"; and
of its kind fallen in our way than the he now supplements it with “ London Up to Date”
“ Memoirs of the Prince de Join (Macmillan), a collection of descriptive papers on
ville" (Macmillan). Joinville was the sailor son of what is to be heard, seen, and commented on in the
Louis Philippe, and he served his country with dis British metropolis of 1894. “They are,” says the
tinction in many parts of the world. In his
open-
author, “so many detached essays describing scenes
ing chapters he draws a lively picture of his child and characters which did not find a place in • Twice
life and school-days, and then passes on to the story Round the Clock.'” In Mr. Sala's new book there
of his professional wanderings, which takes up the is little or nothing of what is called “low life”.
bulk of the volume. Born in 1818, Joinville en save, indeed, in a Police Court sketch that “ Boz”
tered the navy in 1831. He visited the United bimself might have written. The author is no longer
States for the first time in 1837, and in the follow at an age when one cares to go, or can go, "slum-
ing year was put in command of a ship and sent to ming”; therefore it is mainly the sights and humors
Mexico, where he saw active service, and plainly of the “ West End ” that he draws for us. Such
on
cess.
A French sailor
turned author.


184
[March 16,
THE DIAL
do a
chapter-headings as “A First Night at the Lyceum,”
" A Ballot at a Pall Mall Club,” “ A Charity Ba-
BRIEFER MENTION.
zaar,” “ A Picture Sale at Christy's,” “ A Culture We note the completion, by publication of the second
Conversazione,"
,” « Travels in Regent Street,” etc., volume, of the fine edition of Malory's “Morte Dar-
convey a fair notion of the scope of the book. thur” (Macmillan) edited by Professor Rhys and illus-
trated by Mr. Aubrey Beardsley. The work of the
The many fragmentary accounts of artist is, after its peculiar manner, admirable; but ex-
Memories of the famous “ Brook Farm " experi-
amination only confirms our first impression that of all
Brook Farm.
ment are now supplemented, in a
manners that of Mr. Beardsley is least suitable to adorn
the text of our great fifteenth century prose classic.
fairly authoritative way, by Dr. John Thomas Cod-
But the volumes are in all other respects worthy of
man's - Brook Farm Personal and Historic Me-
the noble piece of literature that they enshrine, and
moirs" (The Arena Co.). Dr. Codman is one of the most book-lovers will be willing to put up with Mr.
few surviving members of the Community, and his Beardsley's eccentricities for the sake of such beauty of
work is therefore based upon intimate personal print, generosity of margin, and chaste simplicity of
knowledge of the inner workings of the scheme and cover decoration.
of the character and personalities of those inter Three more parts—XVII., XVIII., XIX.-of “ The
ested in it. He traces the history of the little pol. Book of the Fair” (The Bancroft Co., Chicago) con-
ity through its manifold phases, social and indus firm the favorable opinion we have several times ex-
trial, touching and humorous, from its germ in the pressed as to the merits of the work. The illustrations
Transcendental Club of 1836, down to its disrup-
are profuse and attractive, and their subjects are chosen
tion ten years later. The book is plentifully be-
in a way to represent the varied aspects of the Exposi-
tion; while the accompanying text is fairly satisfactory.
sprinkled with memories of the more notable Brook
It becomes evident, as the work nears completion, that
Farmers. Hawthorne spent some months at the
it will become the chief literary and artistic record of
Farm, thinking, it seems, “ his manual labors might the world's great event of 1893. As the printing of this
in a small
way
trifle towards aiding the ideal work must be regarded as the most notable achieve-
state.” That the great romancer's “manual la ment of Chicago typography, it is fair to mention that
bors" (which must have been largely emblematical, it comes from the Blakely Printing Co. « The Book of
like the Emperor of China's annual ploughing)
the Fair" is sold only by subscription.
would really have done much to lighten Mr. Rip Three recently-published chemical treatises are of
ley's subsequent load of debt, may be doubted ; and
much interest to the student. Mr. Douglas Carnegie's
one may add here (on our author's authority) that
“ Law and Theory in Chemistry” (Longmans) is a course
Hawthorne himself was one of the creditors, and
of lectures given before a summer school of teachers at
that he “growled,” in a rather unidealistic way,
Colorado Springs. It runs all the way from the al-
chemists to the latest theories of molecular architecture.
over the amount due him. The volume provides
“ A Text-Book of Inorganic Chemistry” (Longmans),
data for a thorough understanding of the theoret-
by Mr. G. S. Newth, is a compact systematic work based
ical and fiscal basis of the Community ; and there upon the periodic classification of the elements. The
is an appendix containing letters to and from Mr. late Carl Schorlemmer's “ Rise and Development of Or-
Ripley, which throw much light upon the moral and ganic Chemistry” (Macmillan), in a new and revised
intellectual temper of the times. Dr. Codman's edition, is third of our treatises. The work of revision
book is not only extremely interesting as a narrative,
has been done by Mr. Arthur Smithells.
but it furnishes an instructive economic study of the In our recent editorial on the subject of poetry as
practical workings, under favorable conditions, of a literary criticism, mention was made of two anthologies.
socialistic phalanstery; nor do we mean to imply
One of these, edited by Mrs. Richard Strachey, is en-
here that the Fourierist needs read nothing but fail-
titled “ Poets on Poets,” and is imported by Messrs.
Charles Scribner's Sons.
ure in the lessons of “ Brook Farm.”
"English Poets on English
Poets ” would have been a more exact title, for the ed-
itor does not go outside of our own literature either for
Napoleon on the
Mr. Montgomery B. Gibbs's “Mili-
subjects or extracts. She also excludes living writers,
battle-field and tary Career of Napoleon the Great”
which keeps Mr. Swinburne from being represented
by the camp-fire.
(Chicago: The Werner Co.) is an at all. The selections are arranged chronologically by
effort to portray the Emperor as his marshals and authors, while marginal notes indicate the subjects.
soldiers knew him on the battlefield and beside the There are many fragments as well as whole poems.
campfire. Mr. Gibbs has clearly given his subject
The whole is ushered in with some pleasing and sensible
much thought and study; and as he is possessed of prefatory remarks.
a notably lively and easy style his book should Messrs. Macmillan & Co. have begun the publication
prove popular. Napoleon's battles are described in of a series of selected English novels, which is designed to
turn, from the pictorial and anecdotal rather than
include many of the favorites of a past generation. The
volumes will be illustrated, and each is to have an intro-
the technical standpoint, from Toulon to Waterloo ;
duction. Maria Edgeworth's “Castle Rackrent" and
and the graphic quality of the text is enforced by
“ The Absentee " are grouped in the first volume of
numerous full.
l-page illustrations in half-tone, largely this series, and the introduction, which is of some
after well-known painters. The publishers issue the
length and extremely readable, is the work of Mrs.
book in good shape, and it is altogether likely to Anne Thackeray Ritchie. The volume is moderate in
hold its own against its numerous competitors. price and attractive in appearance.


1895.]
185
THE DIAL
the Carlyle memorial appeals naturally to those to
NEW YORK TOPICS.
whom it is presented, it ought to be dropped; and the
New York, March 9, 1895. names of princes and potentates of church and state
Mr. Smalley's return to America and acceptance of
should not be dragged in to give it life. As for the
the position of New York correspondent of the London Curtis memorial, all that our British friends have done
“ Times” is among the more interesting literary an-
about it is to inquire, “Who is Curtis, anyhow ? "
nouncements made this year. But the New York press An absence of thirty years from one's native land
has, so far as I have been able to observe, ignored it gives large opportunities for observation and compar-
editorially, without exception ; the “Tribune” perhaps ison. Will Mr. Smalley be eqnal to these? I believe
because that paper may be unwilling to admit the loss that he can be. He has lately been in this city, and he
of one who has shed such lustre on its pages, the other has written his impressions of his visit to the “ Tri-
daily papers for fear of seeming to proclaim the « Tri bune.” It is a trifle discouraging to find that they have
bune's " excellence now or formerly. I refer to the an-
most to do with the gilded interiors of fashionable New
nouncement of Mr. Smalley's intended return to Amer York houses of entertainment, and with those true ex-
ica as a literary” announcement because much of his otics, often grafted upon sturdy native stock, the New
work as correspondent may be classed as literature. York society girl and married belle. Does Mr. Smalley
The general correspondent of a great newspaper holds really consider these the choicest flowers of republican
a half-way position between the newspaper man and
culture? We shall see; and also we shall see whether
the creative writer, for it sometimes devolves upon
bim he chooses to take his view of American life through
to write for all time as well as for the passing mo-
the opalescent windows of our Fifth Avenue palaces. It
ment.
is not necessary, far less than the other, that he should
It is now thirty-three years since Mr. Smalley joined
look through the dingy window-panes of what a pom-
the editorial staff of the New York “Tribune," having pous candidate for the laureateship has called our " new
proved his ability as an all-around newspaper man by
Grub street." Let Mr. Smalley keep clear of all en-
brilliant reporting in the field during the first year of tangling alliances, either with the residents of million-
the Civil War. In 1866 he was sent to report the war
aires' row or with the literary shysters unfortunately
between Prussia and Austria, and the following year so numerous in this city.
he became London correspondent of his paper. It is Mr. Smalley, by his own statement, returns to Amer-
believed by some people here that on Mr. Greeley's ica a poor man. The chief reason for this, it may be
death, in 1872, the mantle of the great editor might supposed, is that he has been a sort of uncommissioned
naturally have fallen upon Mr. Smalley's shoulders; ambassador at the court of St. James, sometimes repre-
but circumstances brought about a different arrange senting his country more truly than the resident at the
ment, and he was content to retain his London position. legation. He has spent his means freely, and he de-
As to Mr. Smalley's ability to edit a great paper, I am serves honor for his openhandedness. Of late, ill-
free to say that I think there are but two other men in health has also drawn upon his resources.
As to his
this country with equal qualifications - and fate has “ London Letters and Some Others," published two or
decreed that one of these should be his bitterest enemy. three years ago, the only fault I have to find with the
The other, of course, is Mr. Dana.
work is that it is in two volumes instead of in ten. His
Mr. Smalley, then, has for twenty-eight years pre letters are in every sepse a history of Great Britain in
sented to us varying pictures of London and Conti our own times, and many of the author's best things
nental social and political life. He has been a constant are unduly abbreviated or not given at all.
attendant at “functions” of every character; he has There have been several book-clubs in the United
held high converse with leaders of every type, even States whose chief object has been the publication of
with royalty itself; and he has at the same time kept a fine editions of original or selected books, but Mr.
careful watch upon the manifestations of the arts and Thomas B. Mosher, of Portland, Me., is, I think, the
the sciences. In all this he has assumed the attitude of pioneer publisher of éditions de luxe exclusively, at
a candid friend of both the American continent and the moderate prices. His triumphs of daintiness and cheap-
British archipelago, and has never hesitated to express ness have been duly chronicled in this correspondence,
his views as to the past, present, or future conduct of and I am now glad to announce for immediate publica-
any living person. One may then feel quite at liberty tion his new edition of “ A. E.'s” charming book of
to speculate upon his probable career as New York “ Homeward Songs by the Way," so warmly praised
correspondent of the London “Times.” In a cabled ex last year by English reviewers both in and out of the
tract from an interview, he is represented as saying: “log-rolling" set. “A. E.,” whose identity is not yet
• My experience in London has taught me how Ameri revealed, is a young Irishman, and the first edition of
can life ought to be represented in order to interest the these poems was published in Dublin. Mr. Mosher's
British public, and to doing this I shall devote myself.” edition will consist of 925 copies, with fifty Japan vel-
On the face of it, this statement seems a little discour lum copies at a slightly higher price. Mr. Bruce Rogers,
aging, as if to imply that there were any need of inter a young designer of promise in Indianapolis, will be re-
esting the British public in American life, and that the sponsible for the cover design and title-page, as well as
true perspective must be altered in order to do so. I for some head-pieces and tail-pieces to the poems. “A.
am proud of Mr. Smalley, as a Yale man, and as an E." has contributed fifteen new poems to Mr. Mosher's
American; but I have soinetimes felt that his attitude edition.
toward his fellow-countrymen was slightly deprecatory, I must defer until another time mention of the pro-
as distinguished from the sturdy assumption of Mr. posed consolidation of our Astor and Lenox libraries
Lowell, for instance. This attitude has been shown in with the Tilden fund into one vast Public Library of
the recent controversy with Mr. Hutton over the Car the city of New York, representing eight millions of
lyle memorial, in which the Curtis memorial has been property. It is less than a month since I wrote you that
brought up.
The fact is that unless such a scheme as “ New York has no public library.” The plan awaits
66


186
[March 16,
THE DIAL
approval by the trustees of the Astor library, and action
by the New York legislature.
“ The Fine Arts Federation," composed of societies
interested in the fine arts, now organizing, will no doubt
assume national proportions.
By offering new professorships of political economy,
history, and mathematics, the friends of Barnard Col-
lege have secured admission for their women students
to the Columbia School of Political Science, in the face
of a previous refusal. Professor John B. Clark, author
of “The Science of Wealth," has accepted the political
economy professorship.
It may be fitting to mention a recent social event, in-
volving a member of a noted literary family. Miss
Francesca Monti Lunt, the daughter of George Lunt,
the poet, and the niece of Dr. Thomas W. Parsons and
of Luigi Monti, has just been married at old Trinity to
an Italian nobleman. Mr. Monti, it may be remem-
bered, is the “young Sicilian " mentioned in Longfel-
low's “Tales of a Wayside Inn.” He and the late
Mr. Lunt married Dr. Parsons's sisters, I believe. Mr.
Monti has given lectures in Italian literature here for
many years.
Mrs. Henrotin has made a decided impression here
and elsewhere during her visit East as president of the
General Federation of Women's Clubs. No less was
to be expected of this brilliant woman.
ARTHUR STEDMAN.
LITERARY NOTES.
A posthumous volume of poems by James Russell
Lowell will soon be published.
The Massachusetts Horticultural Society proposes to
erect a monument to Francis Parkman, for many years
its president.
Mr. Korolenko, the Russian novelist, who visited
America in 1893, is about to publish a volume of his
impressions of travel.
Edward Fitzgerald's letters to Fanny Kemble, now
running in “ Temple Bar,” will be published in two vol-
umes at the end of the year.
The March“ Magazine of Poetry” is devoted to “ No-
table Single Poems,” by English authors, to the number
of three or four score, mostly, if not all, now living.
Mr. Richard Harding Davis has gone to Honduras
in search of literary material for the Harper periodi-
cals. He will afterward go to Panama and Caracas.
An American Committee on the Carlyle House Pur-
chase Fund has been formed, with Bishop Potter as
chairman. The English contributions to the fund now
amount to £1300.
There will be a classical conference at Ann Arbor,
March 27 and 28, arranged by the Michigan School-
masters' Club. An extremely attractive list of papers,
reports, and lectures is offered.
Cesare Cantù, born in 1807, died at Milan on the
eleventh of this month. He is best known for his his-
torical novel “ Margherita Pasterla," his “ Storia Uni-
versale," and other historical books.
Once more the press dispatches announce the death
of Leopold von Sacher-Masoch. Misled by the pre-
vious report of his demise, we published a brief obituary
note June 1, 1894, to which the reader is now referred.
A new batch of eight “Old South Leaflets" includes
documents illustrative of New England history, by Brad-
ford, Winthrop, Cotton, John Eliot, Roger Williams,
and others. The series now numbers fifty-five, most of
them being sold at five cents a copy.
“ Der Conjunktiv bei Hartmann von Aue,” by Pro-
fessor Starr Willard Cutting, has just been issued by
the University of Chicago Press as the first of a series
of “Germanic Studies." It is a pamphlet of fifty odd
pages with a score of tables as an appendix.
The latest of the educational history monographs
issued from the Government Printing Office is a “ History
of Education in Maryland,” by Dr. Bernard C. Steiner.
Many of the chapters are contributed by special writers,
that on the Johns Hopkins University, for example, by
President Gilman.
The monthly bulletins of the Providence Public Li-
brary, compiled by Mr. W. E. Foster, are extremely
valuable for their reference lists on subjects of timely
interest. The numbers for the current year give us
lists on Holines, Korea, Buddhism, Stevenson, Munici-
pal Government, German Literature, Wagner, and
“Trilby.”
Two games, in boxes, come from Mr. W. R. Jenkins,
the publisher of modern language books. “ Das Deut-
sche Litteratur Spiel " is the familiar game of “ Au-
thors” in Teutonic guise. “ The Table Game" is a sim-
ilar device for pupils in French, and seeks to familiarize
them with the names of things that appear on the din-
ing-room table.
On March 2, Professor John Stuart Blackie died in
Edinburgh, at the age of eighty-five. He was one of
the famous group of men born in 1809. For eleven
years he occupied a chair in an Aberdeen college, and
for thirty years thereafter taught Greek at the Univer-
sity of Edinburgh. His publications were numerous,
ranging from classical philology to philosophy, literary
criticism, and poetical translations. Of recent years he
has been noted among the champions of the modern
Greek language as an introduction to the ancient.
Sir Henry Rawlinson, news of whose death came on
March 5, was born in 1810. He entered the Indian
army, and served in Bombay and Persia for a number
of years. His studies of Cuneiform began during these
years, and his first decipherments were published in
1838. In 1856 he retired from the Indian service, and
returned to England to receive all sorts of honors from
the scientific world. His subsequent life was that of a
scholar, a statesman, and a diplomatist combined. His
baronetcy dates from 1891. Of his many claims to re-
membrance, his interpretation of Cuneiform is probably
the greatest.
No serious literary journal would waste its space upon
the endless task of correcting the blunders made by
newspapers, but occasionally there occurs one so con-
spicuous as to be deserving of a moment's attention.
The literary critic of a leading Chicago daily recently
reviewed Ten Brink's lectures on Shakespeare, and
wrote of the author as follows: “ Professor Ten Brink's
is a new name, but it will not long remain unfamiliar if
he continues to write in this clear, sensible, forcible way.
He is in touch with the best Shakespearian scholarship
in Germany, England, and the United States.” The
words the best Shakespearian scholarship in Germany
are particularly good. Poor Ten Brink! If he could
only have lived to read this flattering tribute to his
worth !


1895.]
187
THE DIAL
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF SPRING BOOKS.
We present herewith our annual list of books an-
nounced for Spring publication, classified as accurately
as our information would allow, and with the books of
each publisher arranged in a separate paragraph under
the various departments. The list embodies informa-
tion furnished us by thirty-four publishing houses; the
average of titles is about nine to each house,- the list
containing something over three hundred books as the
prospective output of the Spring season. This list is
somewhat larger than that of a year ago, which, as we
then stated, was the largest Spring list yet published.
Book-buyers and readers of all classes will find items
of special significance to them in the various categories,
while the list as a whole furnishes an interesting and
an encouraging exhibit of our literary activities as ex-
pressed in books. It should be noted that such Spring
publications as have already reached us are not to be
looked for here, these being given, instead, in the “List
of New Books” in the present issue; also, that forthcom-
ing English works are not included, except in cases of
re-publication or importation by American publishers.
HISTORY.
History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850,
by James Ford Rhodes, Vol. III., with maps.- Constitu-
tional History of the United States, by George Ticknor
Curtis, edited by Joseph C. Clayton, Vol. II.- The Amer-
ican Congress, a History of National Legislation and Po-
litical Events, 1774–1895, by Joseph West Moore, $3.
(Harper & Brothers.)
History of the People of the United States, by John Bach
McMaster, Vol. IV., $2.50. (D. Appleton & Co.)
History of the People of Israel, by Ernest Renan, Vol. V.,
Period of Jewish Independence and Judæa Under Roman
Rule, per vol., $2.50. (Roberts Brothers.)
English Seamen of the Sixteenth Century, by James A.
Froude. Churches and Castles of Mediæval France, by
Walter Cranston Larned, illus., $1.50.-The Revolution
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Colburn, 25 cts. Terminology and the Sociological Con-
ference, by Prof. H. H. Powers, 15 cts. - A Neglected
Socialist, by Dr. F. C. Clark, 25 cts. (Am. Academy Polit-
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LAW.
The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I.,
by Sir Frederick Pollock, and Frederic William Maitland,
LL.D., two vols., $9. net. (Little, Brown, & Co.)
EDUCATION.— Books FOR SCHOOL AND COLLEGE.
The Educational Ideal, an outline of its growth in modern
times, by J. P. Munroe. - English in American Universi-
ties, a series of papers prepared for THE DIAL by profes-
sors of English in leading institutions, edited by William
Morton Payne.-A Topical Outline in English History, for
high schools and academies, by F. J. Allen.-An Inductive
Course in Physical Science, an outline of simple experi-
ments, by F. H. Bailey.-Coleridge's Principles of Poetry,
from the Biographica Literaria," edited by A. J. George.
Racine's Athalie, edited, with introduction, by C. A.
Eggert. - Maerchen und Erzaehlung, an elementary Ger-
man book, with vocabulary and questions in German, by
Miss H. A. Guerber. – A schedule for Plant Study, pre-
pared by George L. Chandler.-Mathematics for Common
Schools, two book courses, by John H. Walsh.- A Series
of Five Place Logarithmic Tables, by E. A. Bowser. (D.
C. Heath & Co.)
Greenough's New Virgil, revised by J. B. Greenough and
George L. Kittredge. — Molière's Les Précieuses Ridic-
ules, edited, with introduction and notes, by Marshall W.
Davis, A.B.-Carlyle's Sartor Resartus, edited, with in-
troduction and commentary, by Archibald MacMechan.-
The Colloquies of Erasmus, edited. with introduction and
vocabulary, by Victor S. Clark.-Odyssey, Book VI., ed-
ited by Charles W. Bain.--Nepos, edited, with notes and
vocabulary, by A. W. Roberts, Ph.D.-The New Grada-
tim, revised and edited by William C. Collar.-A Primer
of Argumentation, by George Pierce Baker.-Principles
of Physics, by Alfred P. Gage, Ph.D.-Harvard Studies
in Classical Philology, Vol. V. (Ginn & Co.)
The Study of Roman History, by the Laboratory Method, by
Caroline W. Trask, 50 cts. net.- A Reference Handbook
of American History, by the Library Method, by A. W.
Bacheler, 50 cts. net. - The Study of English History,
by the Laboratory Method, by Mary E. Wilder, 30 cts.
net. -The Study of Grecian History, by the Laboratory
Method, by Caroline W. Trask. (Lee & Shepard.)
An Historical Survey of Pre-Christian Education, by Simon
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(Longmans, Green, & Co.)
Irving's Alhambra, student's edition, edited, with introduc-
tion and notes, by Arthur Marvin, B.A., $1. (G. P. Put-
nam's Sons.)
A Latin Grammar, by Prof. Charles E. Bennett, 80 cts.-
First Latin Reader, by Jared W. Scudder, 90 cts.-Para-
graph-Writing, by Prof. F. N. Scott and Prof. J. V. Den-
ney, new and enlarged edition, $1.-Composition-Rhetoric
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fessors Scott and Denney. --Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar
and Macbeth, edited, with notes, by Samuel Thurber, two
vols.-Orations and Arguments, edited by Prof. C. B.
Bradley, $1.-Electrical Measurements, by Prof. H. S.
Carhart.-Elementary Chemistry, by Prof. Paul C. Freer.
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Cicero de Oratore, Book I., by Prof. W. D. Owen.- Burke's
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Sanborn.)
A Manual of Pedagogics, by Daniel Putnam, A.M., $1.50.-
The Rational Method in Reading, second book, by Edward
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mans, Green, & Co.)
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LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 66 titles, includes books re-
ceived by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
GENERAL LITERATURE.
The Plays of Shakespeare Founded on Literary Forms.
By Henry J. Ruggles, author of "The Method of Shake-
speare as an Artist.” 8vo, gilt top, pp. 700. Houghton,
Mifflin & Co. $4.
The Saga of King Olaf Tryggwason, who Reigned over
Norway A. D. 995 to A. D. 1000. Translated by J. Seph-
ton, M.A. 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 500. Macmillan &
Co. $5.
Essays and Studies. By John Churton Collins. 8vo, un-
cut, pp. 369. Macmillan & Co. $3,
Bibliographica: A Magazine of Bibliography. In 12 quar-
terly parts; Part IV., illus., 4to, uncut. Charles Scrib-
ner's Sons.
The Student's Chaucer: Being a Complete Edition of his
Works. Edited from numerous manuscripts by Rev.
Walter W. Skeat, Litt.D. 12mo, gilt top, pp. 881. Mac-
millan & Co. $1.75.
An Introduction to English Literature. By Henry S.
Pancoast. 16mo, pp. 473. Henry Holt & Co. $1.25.


1895.]
191
THE DIAL
The Chronicles of Froissart. Translated by John Bour-
chier, Lord Berners ; edited and reduced by G. C. Ma-
caulay. 12mo, uncut, pp. 484. Macmillan & Co. $1.25.
Lingua Gemmæ: A Cycle of Gems, with their History,
Signification, etc. By Ada L. Sutton. Illus., 12mo, gilt
edges, pp. 222. The Merriam Co. Boxed, $1.50.
HISTORY,
A History of Spain from the Earliest Times to the Death of
Ferdinand the Catholic. By Ulick Ralph Burke, M.A.
In 2 vols., 8vo, uncut. Longmans, Green, & Co. $10.50.
History for Ready Reference from the Best Historians,
Biographers, and Specialists. By J. N. Larned. In 5 vols.;
Vol. IV., Nicæa to Tunis; with maps, large 8vo, pp. 769.
Springfield, Mass.: The C. A. Nichols Co.
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
John Addington Symonds: A Biography Compiled from
his Papers and Correspondence. By Horatio F. Brown.
In 2 vols., with portraits, etc., 8vo, gilt tops, uncut.
Charles Scribner's Sons. $12.50.
A Modern Priestess of Isis. Abridged and trans. from the
Russian of Vsevolod Sergyeevich Solovyoff, by Walter
Leaf, Litt.D. 12mo, uncut, pp. 366. Longmans, Green,
& Co. $2.
Recollections of Life in Ohio, from 1813 to 1840. By Wil-
liam Cooper Howells; with introduction by his son, Wil-
liam Dean Howells. With portrait, 8vo, pp. 207. Robert
Clarke Co. $2.
Half a century with Judges and Lawyers. By Joseph
A. Willard. With portrait, 12mo, gilt top, pp. 371. Hough-
ton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25.
John Russell Colvin: The Last Lieut.-Governor of the
North-West under the Company. By Sir Auckland Col-
vin, K.C.S.I. With portrait, 12mo, uncut, pp. 214. Mac-
millan's “Rulers of India."' 60 cts.
NEW REPRINTS OF STANDARD FICTION.
Japhet in Search of a Father. By Captain Marryat; with
introduction by David Hannay. Illus., 12mo, uncut, pp.
401. Macmillan & Co. $1.25.
Peregrine Pickle. By Tobias Smollett. In 2 vols., with
bibliography; illus. by Cruikshank ; 12mo, uncut. Mac-
millan & Co. $2.
Roderick Random. By Tobias Smollett. With memoir
and bibliography ; illus. by Cruikshank; 12mo, uncut, pp.
522. Macmillan & Co. $1.
NEW VOLUMES IN THE PAPER LIBRARIES.
Harper's Franklin Square Library: Some Every-Day
Folks, by Eden Phillpotts, author of “Folly and Fresh
Air "; 12mo, pp. 300, 60 cts.
Bonner's Choice Series: On a False Charge, by Seward W.
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Rand, McNally's Rialto Series: Dorothy's Double, by G.
A. Henty: 12mo, pp. 334, 50 cts.
Home Book Co.'s Premium Library: His Egyptian Wife,
by Hilton Hill; illus., 12mo, pp. 214, 50 cts.
Holland Pub'g Co.'s Holland Library; Allouma, and
other tales, by Guy de Maupassant; 12mo, uncut, pp. 127,
25 cts.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
Chinese Central Asia: A Ride to Little Tibet. By Henry
Lansdell, D.D., author of “Through Central Asia." In
2 vols., illus., 8vo. Charles Scribner's Sons. $5.
Diary of a Journey Through Mongolia and Tibet in 1891
and 1892. By William Woodville Rockhill. Illus., 8vo,
uncut, pp. 413. Washington: The Smithsonian Institute.
Rhodesia of To-Day: A Description of the Present Condi-
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FINANCE.-SOCIOLOGY.-POLITICS.
The Canadian Banking System, 1817-1890. By Roe-
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American Economic Association. $1.50.
Trusts; or, Industrial Combinations and Coalitions in the
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How Shall the Rich Escape? By Dr. F.S. Billings. 12mo,
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Darwinism and Race Progress. By John Berry Hay-
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Parallel Chapters from the 1st and 2d editions of “The
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Government of the Colony of South Carolina. By Ed-
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POETRY.
The Lyric Poems of Robert Burns. Edited by Ernest
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millan & Co. $1.
Poems by Robert Southey. Chosen and arranged by Ed-
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millan's "Golden Treasury Series. $1.
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The Tale of Chloe and Other Stories. By George Meredith.
Illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 345. Ward, Lock & Bowden,
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The Amber Witch: A Romance. By Wilhelm Meinhold;
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Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.50.
The Sons of Ham: A Tale of the New South. By Louis
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Miss Cherry-Blossom of Tôkyó. By John Luther Long.
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Kitty's Engagement. By Florence Warden, author of "My
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Prince Zaleski. By M. P. Shiel. 16mo, pp. 207. Roberts
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“Chimmie Fadden,” Major Max, and Other Stories. By
Edward W. Townsend. Illus., 12mo, pp. 346. Lovell,
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A Forgotten Debt (Dette Oubliée). Trans, from the French
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“Beholding as in a Glass." By Mrs. Virginia D. Young.
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Rest. By William W. Wheeler, author of “ Life." 12mo,
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Brother of the Third Degree. By Will L. Garver. 12mo,
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One Thousand Dollars a Day: Studies in Practical Eco-
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Tryphena in Love. By Walter Raymond, author of “Gen-
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millan & Co. 75 cts.
A Man of Mark. By Anthony Hope, author of "The Pris-
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Henry Holt & Co. 75 cts.
ART AND ARCHITECTURE.
Atlas of Classical Antiquities. By Th. Schreiber; edited
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face by Prof. Percy Gardner. Illus., 4to, pp. 203. Mac-
millan & Co. $6.50.
Greek Sculpture: Select Passages from Ancient Writers
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and notes, by H. Stuart Jones, M.A. 8vo, uncut, pp. 231.
Macmillan & Co. $2.25.
The Technique of Sculpture. By William Ordway Part-
ridge. Illus., 12mo, pp. 118. Ginn & Co. $1.10.
Rational Building. Translated from the French of M.
Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc, by George Martin
Huss, Architect. Illus., 8vo, pp. 367. Macmillan & Co. $3.
THEOLOGY AND RELIGION.
A Creedless Gospel and the Gospel Creed. By Henry
Y. Satterlee, D.D. 8vo, gilt top, pp. 522. Charles Scrib-
ner's Sons. $2.
Studies in the Christian Character: Sermons, with an In-
troductory Essay. By Francis Paget, D.D. 12mo, un-
cut, pp. 258. Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.75.
EDUCATION.-BOOKS FOR SCHOOLS.
The French Verb Newly Treated: An Easy, Uniform, and
tic Method of its Conjugation. A. clango
8vo, pp. 205. Macmillan & Co. $1.25.


192
[March 16,
THE DIAL
The Advanced Fourth Music Reader for Upper Grammar
Classes and High Schools. By James M. McLaughlin and
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Selections from Alfred de Musset. Edited, with introduc-
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Deutsche Gedichte. Selected, with notes and an introduc-
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Episodes from Dumas' La Poudre de Soissons. Edited,
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The Broken Heart. By John Ford ; edited by Clinton
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1895.]
193
THE DIAL
ROBERTS BROTHERS' SPRING ANNOUNCEMENTS.
History of Dogma.
By Dr. ADOLPH HARNACK, Ordinary Professor of
Church History in the University, and Fellow of the
Royal Academy of Science, Berlin. Translated from
the third German edition by Neil Buchanan. Vol. I.
8vo. Cloth. $2.50.
“Dr. Harnack's History of Dogma' shows mastery of the sources,
originality, acute discrimination, conscientiousness, and courage. It is
a work of unusual power. No student of its subject can afford to neg-
lect it."- Prof. Egbert C. Smith.
History of the People of Israel.
By ERNEST RENAN. Vol. IV. From the Rule of the
Persians to that of the Greeks. 8vo. Cloth. $2.50.
Vol. V. Period of Jewish Independence and Judæa
under Roman Rule. 8vo. Cloth. $2.50.
These last pages, written with all the vigor that characterizes his
earliest productions, furnish an admirable means of forming a fair esti-
mate of the man Renan himself. To those who are fond of denouncing
him as a cynic, the sympathy which his last words breathe for suffering
and struggling humanity constitute the best reply.
The Life of Jesus.
By ERNEST RENAN. Author of “ History of the Peo-
ple of Israel,” “ The Future of Science." From the
twenty-third French edition. With notes. Revised
and enlarged. 8vo. Cloth. $2.50.
Modern German Literature.
By BENJAMIN W. Wells, Ph.D. 16mo. Cloth. $1.50.
It is an excellent popular account of the rise and progress of German
Literature, comprehensive, and well adapted to its purpose.
Tales from Scott.
By Sir EDWARD SULLIVAN, Bart. With an Introduc-
tion by Edward Dowden, LL.D. Illustrated. 12mo.
Cloth. $1.50.
An attempt to do for Sir Walter Scott what Charles Lamb did for
Shakespeare.
Columbian Knowledge Series.
NO. 3. STARS AND TELESCOPES. A Handy-
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Ph.D., and WILLIAM T. LYNN, F.R.A.S. 16mo.
Cloth. Gilt. $1.00.
A compendium of the astronomy of all times; the story of the large
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them; together with numerous portraits and biographic sketches of
eminent astronomers. Fully illustrated.
NO. 4. HANDBOOK OF ARCTIC DISCOVERIES.
By General A. W. GREELY. 16mo. Cloth. Gilt. $1.
The book sets forth clearly the origin, progress, and extent of Arctic
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made by successful expeditions and avoiding repetition of experiences
over well-known ground.
The Sons of Ham.
A Tale of the New South. By Louis PENDLETON, au-
thor of “In the Wire Grass," The Wedding Gar-
ment,” etc. 12mo. Cloth. $1.50.
“Merits a careful reading, not only for its literary merit as a novel,
but for its discussion of what is still a most vital question at the South,
that of race."— Boston Advertiser.
Balzac in English.
LUCIEN DE RUBEMPRE. By HONORE DE BALZAC.
This is the third part and conclusion of Lucien's Life
as depicted in “ Lost Illusions” and “ A Great Man
of the Provinces.” 12mo. Half Russia. $1.50.
HISTORY OF THE THIRTEEN: FERRAGUS.
THE LAST INCARNATION OF VAUTRIN. By
HONORE DE BALZAC. 12mo. Half Russia. $1.50.
The Condition of Woman in the
United States.
A Traveller's Notes. By MADAME BLANC (Th. Bent-
zon). With a Portrait, and a short Biographical
Sketch by Mario Bertaux. Translated by Abby L.
Alger. 16mo. Cloth. $1.25.
In addition to a critical sketch of our noted women, Madame Blanc
gives us her impressions of women's colleges, university extension,
women's clubs and societies, and popular fads, gleaned during her
recent visit to America.
From Jerusalem to Nicæa.
The Church in the First Three Centuries. Lowell Lec-
tures. By PHILIP STAFFORD Moxom, author of
« The Aim of Life." 12mo. Cloth. $1.50.
The Son of Don Juan,
By Don JOSE ECHEGARAY. Translated into English
with biographical introduction, by James Graham.
With etched portrait of the author by Don B. Maura.
16mo. Cloth. $1.00.
Mariana.
By Don JOSE ECHEGARAY. Translated into English
by James Graham. With a photogravure of a re-
cent portrait of the author. 16mo. Cloth. $1.00.*
As mathematician, poet, dramatist, orator, cabinet minister, civil en-
gineer, lecturer in political economy and in natural science, Echegaray
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Imagination in Landscape Painting.
By PHILIP GILBERT HAMERTON. Author of “The
Intellectual Life," etc. 12mo. Cloth. With many
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Young Ofeg's Ditties.
Translated from the Swedish of OLA HANSSON by
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The obvious difficulty of writing within the limits of this volume is
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ROBERTS BROTHERS, No. 3 SOMERSET STREET, Boston.


194
[March 16,
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IMPORTANT BOOKS.
NEW PUBLICATIONS.
A Literary History of the English People.
From the Earliest Times to the Present Day. By J. J.
JUSSERAND, author of “ The English Novel in the
Time of Shakespeare," etc. To be complete in three
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Day.” (In preparation.)
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THE STORY OF ASSYRIA.
THE STORY OF MEDIA, BABYLON, AND PERSIA.
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DR. ROBINSON'S NEW BOOK ON SIMON PETER.
SIMON PETER: His Later Life and Labors. By CHARLES S.
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“Dr. Robinson has a remarkable aptitude in what we inay call mod-
ernizing historical themes, combining a vivid sense of what was with a
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"Dr. Robinson is a master of Bible biography, and knows how to pre-
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plication of both to everyday life. It is a worthy successor to the for-
mer volume, and the two together give an insight into the life of the
most popular of the Apostles, at least to many men." The Christian
Intelligencer.
By the Same Author.
SIMON PETER: His Early Life and Times. 12mo, cloth, $1.00.
A NOTABLE NEW BOOK.
HEROES OF ISRAEL. By WILLIAM G. BLAIKIE, D.D., LL.D., au-
thor of “A Manual of Bible History in Connection with the General
History of the World." With numerous Illustrations. Svo, cloth
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“This volume, which is fully illustrated, will be cordially welcomed
by every student of Scripture biography."- New York Observer.
“ As a delineator of Scripture biography, strong and picturesque,
thoroughly evangelical and scholarly, Dr. W. G. Blaikie has already
been widely read on this side of the sea. This new volume will find, as
it certainly deserves, a cordial welcome in every pastor's study. It
ought to be placed in every church library. These books make excel-
lent and helpful presents for superintendents and teachers during the
holidays."- Rev. Chas. S. Robinson, D.D. (Pastor of New York Pres-
byterian Church).
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be enjoyed generally also.”—The Congregationalist.
VOYAGES AND TRAVELS OF CAPT. BASIL HALL. With
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The writings of Captain Basil Hall have all the interest of a good sea
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A biographical sketch of the author, who was a contemporary and
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MY STRANGE RESCUE, and Other Stories of Sport and
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1895.]
195
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TRILBY!
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O'BRIEN'S ART GALLERIES,
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TION."
paper, $1.00.


196
[March 16, 1895.
THE DIAL
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN
& CO.'S NEW BOOKS.
AS OTHERS SAW HIM.
A Retrospect. A.D. 54. 16mo, $1.25.
A book of remarkable interest, written to show how the
Jews, of different classes, especially the ruling classes, were
impressed by the words and works of Jesus. It purports to
be written at Alexandria, about twenty-five years after the
Crucifixion, by a Scribe who was Jerusalem during the
public life of Jesus, and was a member of the Council which
delivered him to death. The unique interest of the subject,
the perfectly reverent spirit of the writer, and the literary
charm, lend to the book a profound interest.
OUT OF THE EAST.
Reveries and Studies in New Japan. By LAFCADIO
HEARN. Attractively printed, with artistic binding.
16mo, $1.25.
Mr. Hearn's fascinating “Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan"
has had a remarkable success, both in this country and in
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qualities which most impress its readers are its ample and
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qualities characterize in equal degree this new book by Mr.
Hearn.
THE PLAYS OF SHAKESPEARE.
Founded on Literary Forms. By HENRY J. RUGGLES,
author of “The Method of Shakespeare as an Artist."
1 vol., 8vo, $4.00 net.
A Philosophical Study of eleven of Shakespeare's plays as.
illustrating the doctrines laid down by Bacon, – but not dis-
cussing the theory of Bacon's authorship of them.
SELECTED ESSAYS OF JAMES
DARMESTETER.
Translated from the French by HELEN JASTROW. Ed-
ited, with an Introduction, by MORRIS JASTROW, Jr.,
Professor in the University of Pennsylvania. 1 vol.,
12mo, $1.50.
CONTENTS: The Religions of the Future; The Prophets
of Israel ; Afghan Life in Afghan Songs ; Race and Tradition ;
Ernest Renan; An Essay on the History of the Jews; The
Supreme God in the Indo-European Mythology.
M. Darmesteter was one of the foremost scholars of the
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tention of thoughtful and cultivated readers.
THE STORY OF CHRISTINE ROCHEFORT.
By HELEX CHOATE PRINCE. 16mo, $1.25.
This novel, by a granddaughter of Rufus Choate, is likely
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great interest of the subject. The story is French in scene
and characters. Anarchism pleads its cause in some of the
conversations, and shows its destructive spirit in the strike it
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is an interesting story, and a good deal more; and in view of
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timely story, which may be commended to a wide reading.
THE DAUGHTERS OF THE REVOLUTION.
By CHARLES CARLETON COFFin, author of “ The Boys
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Under this attractive title, Mr. Coffin, to whom American
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mote the cause for which the men battled; how strong, self-
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the variety, freshness, and validity of its historical informa-
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A SATCHEL GUIDE
For the Vacation Tourist in Europe. Edition for 1895,
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"A miracle of conciseness, clearness, and accuracy."
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A Novel. By MARY CATHERINE LEE, author of " A
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A singer with a wonderful voice, but little feeling, has
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ner, and is likely to be one of the most popular of the season's
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LETTERS OF CELIA THAXTER.
Edited by Mrs. Jas. T. FIELDs. With Portraits. [April.]
Mrs. Thaxter was so full of life, so deeply and sensitively
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touch, that her letters are of uncommon interest.
MISS BAGG'S SECRETARY.
A very bright and entertaining West Point romance.
By CLARA LOUISE BURNHAM, author of “Sweet
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DRAGON'S TEETH.
A Novel. By EÇA DE QUEIROS. Translated from the
Portuguese by MARY J. SERRANO. Riverside Paper
Series. 16mo, 50 cents.
THE LIFE OF THE SPIRIT IN THE
MODERN ENGLISH POETS.
By Vida D. SCUDDER, Associate Professor of English
Literature in Wellesley College. Crown 8vo, gilt
top, $1.75. [April.]
Miss Scudder has made a thoughtful, philosophical, and
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teenth century to discover the development of thought on the
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*.* Sold by all Booksellers. Sent, postpaid, on receipt of price, by
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THE DIAL PRESS, CHICAGO.


051
754
STATE
v.18
no.al/
SYLVANIA
April 1895
Zibrary
UNIVERSITY
THE
THE DIAL
A SEMI-MONTHLY FOURNAL OF
Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
EDITED BY
FRANCIS F. BROWNE
Volume XVIII.
No. 211.
CHICAGO, APRIL 1, 1895.
10 cts. a copy.) 315 WABASH AVE.
82. a year. I Opposite Auditorium.
A Great Historical
Romance :
IMPORTANT NEW
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JOAN
OF ARC
A NEW SERIAL
IN
An Historical Masterpiece — Superbly Illustrated.
COMPLETION OF GREEN'S SHORT HISTORY.
A Short History of the English People. By JOHN RICHARD GREEN. Illus-
trated Edition. Edited by Mrs. J. R. GREEN and Miss KATE NORGATE. In
four volumes. With Colored Plates, Maps, and Numerous Illustrations. Royal
8vo, Illuminated Cloth, Uncut Edges and Gilt Tops, $5.00 per volume.
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London Times.
“Taking the work from cover to cover, it reaches a standard seldom attained in undertakings
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think Mrs. Green has well carried out what, she informs us in the preface, was her husband's
favorite wish."- Tribune (New York).
“A most curiously, richly, and satisfactorily illustrated edition. The pictures are them-
selves history, and history in a very fascinating form."-Sun (New York).
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The Opening Chapters of
PERSONAL RECOLLECTIONS
OF
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FOUR AMERICAN UNIVERSITIES.
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198
(April 1,
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Little, Brown, & Company's
SPRING ANNOUNCEMENTS.
A New Novel of great interest, by the author of “With Fire and Sword."
CHILDREN OF THE SOIL.
Translated from the Polish of HENRYK SIENKIEWICZ, author of “With Fire and Sword,” “The Deluge,"
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gravure frontispiece. 16mo, cloth extra, gilt top, $1.25.
This brilliant novelette, which has just been rendered into English for the first time, although the work of a
German writer, breathes the atmosphere of Italy and the very spirit of Italian life. Its principal characters are:
an Alpine guide, living on the shore of Lago di Garda; his wife, from whom he is estranged through a supposed
crime; and a band of German artists. The beautiful scenery of Lake Garda and the Tyrolese Alps is charmingly
described, and the dramatic qualities of the book are of exceptional strength.
A New Volume of Irish Legends.
TALES OF THE FAIRIES AND OF THE GHOST-WORLD,
Collected from oral tradition in Southwest Munster. By JEREMIAH CURTIN, author of “Myths and
Folk-Lore of Ireland," "Myths and Folk-Tales of the Russians, Western Slavs, and Magyars,”
“ Hero-Tales of Ireland,” etc. 12mo, cloth, $1.25.
Mr. Curtin needs no introduction to the lovers of Gælic lore and legend. “ He has approved himself,” says
Mr. Alfred Nutt,“ the foremost collector of Irish oral literature, and has brought together an amount of material
which, for intrinsic interest, holds its own by the side of Campbell of Islay's • Popular Tales of the West Highlands.'
The present collection supplements his previous volumes, “ Myths and Folk-Lore of Ireland” and “ Hero-Tales
of Ireland.”
A Useful Handbook for all Cyclists.
PLEASURE-CYCLING.
By HENRY CLYDE. With 34 Silhouettes and Vignettes. 16mo, cloth, $1.00.
This book, which has been carefully prepared, is intended to serve as a full manual of useful information and
instruction for cyclers in their first season on the wheel, and to promote a sport which the writer believes easily
leads all others as a means of pleasure and health. It is intended for the use of amateur riders, or those who
intend to become such, and does not treat of racing, or the training therefor.
TABLE OF CONTENTS: I. The Poetry of Motion.-II. Choosing a Bicycle.—III. How to Ride.—IV. Taking
care of a Bicycle.—V. Dress and Equipment.–VI. Cycling and Health.–VII. On the Road.—Index.
THE CAUSE OF HARD TIMES.
By URIEL H. CROCKER. 16mo, cloth.
Pollock and Maitland's History of English Law.
THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH LAW BEFORE THE TIME OF
EDWARD I.
By Sir FREDERICK POLLOCK, LL.D., etc., Corpus Professor of Jurisprudence in the University of Oxford,
and FREDERIC WILLIAM MAITLAND, LL.D., Downing Professor of the Laws of England in the Uni-
versity of Cambridge. 2 vols., 8vo, cloth, $9.00 net.
LITTLE, BROWN, & CO., Publishers, No. 254 Washington Street, BOSTON.


1895.]
199
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in verram rerum cognitionem dirigitur. Translated from
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thing so poétical, so deeply pathetic, and so delightfully simple.”
THE CANADIAN BANKING SYSTEM.
1817-1890.
By ROELIFF MORTON BRECKENRIDGE, Ph.D. Being Volume X., Nos. 1-2-3, of the Publications of the AMERICAN ECONOMIC
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over Norway A.D. 995 to A.D. 1000.
lege, Oxford, author of “Rites of the Coptic Church," etc.
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ram, pp. 382, $6.50 net.
Translation of M. Viollet-le-Duc's Treatise on “Construction."
RATIONAL BUILDING: the Article “ CONSTRUCTION.”
By E. E. VIOLLET-LE-Duc, from the Dictionnaire Raisonné de l'Architecture Française. Translated by GEORGE MARTIN Huss,
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SELECTED CONTENTS : General View-Greek and Roman Construction. Principles-Romanesque Architecture ; Roman and Romanesque
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Materials ; Thirteenth Century Developments. Civil Constructions - A Medieval Dwelling ; Use of Corbles; Nature of Materials Influenced
Methods of Construction. Military Constructions - Towers, Fortresses, etc.
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200
[April 1, 1895
THE DIAL
D. APPLETON & Co.'s NEW BOOKS.
VOLUME IV. OF THE
HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE OF THE
UNITED STATES.
By John Bach McMASTER. (To be completed in six vol-
umes.) Svo, cloth, gilt top, $2.50.
The fourth volume opens with the repeal of the British Or-
ders in Council and the close of the armistice concluded just
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ond war for independence. The chapter called " The Return
of Peace" ends the story of the war, and gives with great ful-
ness an account of the treaty-making at Ghent. At this point
a new era opens in our history. The war is over, the foreign
complications which distracted the country since 1793 no long-
er trouble it, and the people begin to turn their attention to
domestic affairs. The remainder of the volume therefore
treats of our economic history. "The Disorders of the Cur-
rency" is a chapter in our annals which has never before been
told. Chapters on political reforms, the Missouri Compro-
mise, and the hard times of 1819 and 1820 complete the vol-
ume, which is illustrated with many diagrams, and maps in
outline and in color.
DEGENERATION.
By Prof. Max NORDAU. Translated from the second edition
of the German work. 8vo, cloth, $3.50.
This brilliant analysis of the literary, æsthetic, and social
phases of the end of the century includes an examination of
decadence in France, the work of Maeterlinck in Belgium,
Wagnerisin in Germany, Ibsenism in the north, and other as-
pects of contemporary æstheticism which are dissected with a
thoroughness that renders the book a niost remarkable con-
tribution to social psychology. Prof. Nordau summarizes the
mental unrest and thirst for novelty, which he finds as symp-
toms of a phase of alienism due to two generations of over-
stimulated nerves. His survey is modern to the last degree,
and his conclusions are of intense interest. His fascinating
and most suggestive book gives a picture of the æsthetic man-
ifestation of the times, drawn with rare adroitness, vigor, and
command of satire, and it will be found to hold a place which
has not been occupied.
THE STORY OF THE STARS,
Simply Told for General Readers. By GEORGE F, CHAM-
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HANDBOOK OF BIRDS
OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. With Keys to the Species ;
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tion and Migrations. By FRANK M. CHAPMAN, Assistant
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The author's position has not only given him exceptional
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MAJESTY.
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VERNON'S AUNT.
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A Semi-flonthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
PAGE
.
.
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
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THE NEGLECTED ART OF
prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries
TRANSLATION.
comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must
be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the
current number. REMITTANCES should be by check, or by express or
These closing years of the nineteenth cen-
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and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished
respects, than we ever were before. The
on application. All communications should be addressed to
world has shrunk for us in several ways; as
THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago. a mere matter of geography, the greater part
of it is within easy reach; politically and soci-
No. 211. APRIL 1, 1895. Vol. XVIII. ally, the sense of human solidarity is growing
all the time; and in intellectual affairs it is
safe to say that no voice having a real message
CONTENTS.
to deliver is likely to wait long for apprecia-
tive listeners. Neglected genius seems to have
THE NEGLECTED ART OF TRANSLATION 201
become a thing of the past, and we now suffer
FROM SOPHOCLES TO IBSEN
203
instead from a tendency to exalt with undue pre-
COMMUNICATION.
cipitancy to the ranks of genius every ques-
203
The Aims of Literary Study. Oscar Lovell Triggs.
tionable and imperfectly-realized talent that
appears upon the intellectual horizon. In liter-
A PSYCHOLOGICAL AUTOBIOGRAPHY. E.G.J. 205
ature, particularly, we are alert as never before
LAFAYETTE IN THE AMERICAN REVOLU to catch the new note, to seize upon and ex-
TION. D. L. Shorey
208 ploit the new thing. Let a poet, or novelist,
TRAVELS IN THE ORIENT. Alice Morse Earle. 210
or essayist but raise his head in any corner of
Miss Fielde's A Corner of Cathay.-Allen and Sach-
civilization, and, if his message be not purely
tleben's Across Asia on a Bicycle. - Mrs. Miln's provincial in its application, he will soon find
When We Were Strolling Players in the East.- Ar-
himself translated into the tongues of the aliens,
nold's Wandering Words.
and his thoughts will find lodgment upon their
HISTORY AND RELIGION. John Bascom
212
lips. Nay, if the message be but a provincial
Body's The Permanent Value of Genesis. — Moses's
one after all, it is not unlikely to incur the
The Religion of Moses.-Briggs's The Messiah of the
Gospels.- Robinson's Simon Peter.- Fouard's Saint same fate, such has become our curiosity con.
Paul and his Missions.-Bruce's Saint Paul's Concep cerning all our fellowmen, such our insatiable
tion of Christianity.-Smith's The Old Church in the
New Land.-Chadwick's Old and New Unitarian Be-
demand for the new type and the local coloring.
lief.-Allen's Religious Progress.-Liddon's Clerical This linking together of the literatures by
Life and Work.
translation is particularly noticeable among the
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
215 peoples using the German, English, and French
Dante complete in one volume.-Professor Haeckel's languages, and, as an intellectual tendency,
confession of scientific faith.–Voyages in Antarctic has followed the order just named. Germany
seas. — A study in Negro dialect. - Travels in the
Sandwich Islands.-Decorative book-binding.-Life
was the leader in the movement, and through-
of Macready. - Representative American poems. out most of the century, has been seizing with
Etiquette in Washington.
omnivorous appetite upon whatever was most
BRIEFER MENTION.
notable in the literary product of other coun-
tries. Not only has she assimilated the pro-
WOOD WITCHERY (Sonnet). Richard Burton . . 219
ductions of such peoples as the Hungarians,
NEW YORK TOPICS. Arthur Stedman
. 219
the Scandinavians, and the Slavs — peoples
UNIVERSITY LIFE AT LEIPZIG. Ellen C. Hins closely associated with her either politically or
dale
220 ethnically—but also those of the English and
LITERARY NOTES
French, the Italian and Spanish. The works
221
of Jokai, Ehlenschläger, and Pushkin first
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS
222
found a large foreign audience among the
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
222 Teutons; Dante, Calderon, and Voltaire early
. 218
.
.


202
[April 1,
THE DIAL
became theirs by right of conquest, and the ideals, compete for our attention. Not only
Shakespearian permeation of German litera do the new works of the older literatures crowd
ture is so familiar a fact as hardly to need upon us, but the new literatures of Canada,
mention. The English people, on either side Australia, Greece,
Australia, Greece, Portugal, and Spanish
of the Atlantic, have followed the Germans, America as well. Now most of these new
although at a distance, in thus welcoming the claimants for attention require conversion into
foreigner to their hearth, and we all know the our vernacular before we may become ac-
good work of Carlyle and Coleridge, in the quainted with them. And this fact leads us
English case, and of the Concord group of to the real consideration of the present article,
plain livers and high thinkers, in our own. which is, briefly, that the art of translation, so
France, maintaining longer than Germany or far from keeping pace with its practice, lags
England her self-sufficient attitude, has more painfully behind. The more
The more translations we
recently fallen into line, and the most desperate get, the worse they seem to be. Time was when
efforts of chauvinism have failed to protect her a translation was at least apt to be a labor of
frontiers from the invasion of the alien writer. | love, conscientiously and sympathetically per-
Indeed, the proposition that new converts are formed. At present, it seems a sort of scram-
the most zealous of all, is well illustrated by ble to be first in the field.
A novel by a pop-
the eager enthusiasm with which the French ular foreign author is almost sure to get before
man is nowadays taking up the foreigner and our public in a translation so wooden, so un-
his works. The distinction is very marked for idiomatic, so essentially ignorant, as to be a
example, between the polite curiosity with mere travesty of the original. One who has
which Ampère explored Scandinavian litera- occasion to examine many of these productions
ture for the information of Frenchmen half a is only too often reminded of the sort of trans-
century ago, and the genuine interest which is lation that was suffered by Bottom, and is sur-
taken by Frenchmen of to-day in the works of prised beyond measure when he comes upon a
the great Norwegians.
version which is not an utter perversion. We do
In our own country, while cordial recogni not here speak of the ethical question, so often
tion of the established names of foreign liter- ignored by those who deliberately alter or cur-
ature has not been lacking since mid-century, tail the text of their originals, but merely of the
we have, until very recently, been slow to seize lack of intelligence and capacity nearly always
upon the work of new writers. Tourguénieff, displayed by translators of contemporary liter-
for example, had long been naturalized in ature.
France and Germany before he was discovered The simple fact is that the qualifications of
by America. Dr. Ibsen had done the greatest a translator are set far too low, both by his em-
and most enduring part of his work twenty ployer and the public. The long - suffering
years ago, but the voice of the student here and public, of course, has to take what it can get,
there
among us who had discovered him was is too apathetic to demand better workmanship,
that of one crying in the wilderness. A few and easily grows accustomed to the hack-work
contemporary Germans and Frenchmen, some that dulls the taste and deadens the literary
what capriciously selected, were known to our sensibility. As for the employer, the publisher,
readers; others, equally important, were not he finds a ready sale for the cheap product,
known at all. As for the contemporary Italian, and hence does not offer the compensation that
or Spaniard, or Pole, or Russian, his name good work ought to bring. Of course he has
was, with hardly an exception, meaningless to a moral responsibility in the matter, but he is
us. Most of us who studied the history of not likely to care for that when his pocket is
foreign literatures were content to stop with concerned. Any young person with a smat-
the dawn of the century; of active modern tering of French or German and a dictionary
tendencies in the world of foreign letters we to help him out, feels competent to become a
had not the least notion.
translator, it never occurring to him that the
The rapidity with which, of late, nous avons cultivation of an English style is the first
changé tout cela, is a little surprising. The requisite of all; while the average publisher
past few years have brought before our eyes, shows that he accepts this view by refusing to
in bewildering succession, an array of contem pay for translations any sum that a competent
porary writers from all parts of the civilized workman, the real master of two languages,
world. Novelists and dramatists, essayists and can possibly accept. Of course, honorable ex-
poets, of the most diverse nationalities and I ceptions to this rule may be found here and


1895.]
203
THE DIAL
there, and equally of course good translations vised was the use of a home-made translation, which
will now and then come from persons actuated,
did not commend itself by any markedly poetical
not by self-interest, but by a delight in good quality, in place of some standard English version.
workmanship for its own sake. But the con-
The two Ibsen plays referred to were “ An En-
ditions that fix the existing standard of trans-
emy of the People” and “Master Builder Solness.”
The former was given by Mr. Beerbohm Tree, and
lation are still mainly of the hard commercial
the latter by the students and instructors of the
kind, and, until they are in some way modified, Chicago Conservatory of Dramatic Art. Mr. Tree's
the standard will remain low.
performance, which was introduced, evidently as a
It is possible that the art of translation may sort of experiment, near the close of his two weeks'
rise from its present disrepute, but the process engagement in Chicago, was both an artistic and a
will be slow. Cause for hopefulness may be popular success. Its popular success was in fact as-
found in two facts. The first of these facts is tonishing, for scene after scene was wildly ap-
that the Copyright Act of 1891 for the first plauded, and at the close Mr. Tree, who had taken
time the foreign writer some measure of
the character of Stockman, was forced to make a
gave
few remarks to the audience.
control over the American publication of trans-
He acquitted himself
lations of his work. He has it in his power to
gracefully of the task, thanking his appreciative
auditors in the name of the author of the play.
secure an adequate translation, and to preëmpt The most surprising thing about the reception which
the market for it. Unfortunately, he does not thus astonished both the actor and the few Ibsenites
always know a good translation from a bad scattered through the audience was the fact that the
one, and even if he does, may find it difficult greatest applause was called out by the passages in
to arrange for what he wants. Possibly he may which the author's assertion of individualism is the
come to learn by experience how immeasurably most vigorous, and his denunciation of the rabble
his reputation suffers from blundering transla and the “compact majority” is the most uncom-
tions, and take measures to secure himself promising. “The majority is always wrong,” de-
claimed Dr. Stockman; and the house, even the gal-
against them. The other cause for hopeful-
ness is in the fact that an immense expansion leries, cheered the sentiment to the echo. The scene
was, on the whole, very disturbing to one's precon-
has taken place of late years in the modern
ceived notions of what the dear public likes and de-
language departments of our educational insti-
mands in matters theatrical.
tutions. The languages of Europe are pur The “Solness" performance, which was given to
sued in the scientific and literary spirit by an a large matinee audience, showed painstaking study
increasing number of students every year. on the part of the performers, and seemed to hold
These students will make most of the transla the listeners more closely than most plays succeed
tions that will be read by the coming decades. in doing. The märchenhaft character of the drama
It is not too much to believe that their better
is quite as evident in the witnessing as in the read-
methods and fuller knowledge will make itself ing, and the veiled symbolism in which the author
felt more and more as the years pass, and that
delights puzzled those of the audience to whom it
was all a new thing, and who tried to account to
their efforts may cause a marked elevation in
themselves for events as they happened. The story
the current standard of literary translation. of Aline's lost dolls, as was to be expected, resulted
in hilarity pure and simple. But the attention with
which the work was followed could not fail to be
FROM SOPHOCLES TO IBSEN. noticed by those who, familiar with the play, found
their chief interest in noting its effect upon the aud-
The theatre-going portion of the Chicago public ience. Although the hearers were not a little per-
has recently been given an opportunity to compare turbed in spirit by the strange series of episodes
two types of dramatic art widely separated in point unfolded before them, it was clear that the sugges-
of time. Within the past month, two plays by Dr. tiveness of the play was not lost upon many of them.
Ibsen have been seen upon the boards, while the
And the wisest of critics may hardly blame them
“Edipus Tyrannus" of Sophocles, given by the stu-
for not being quite sure of what the play meant.
dents of Beloit College, was repeated at Chicago a
few days ago. Of the Greek play, it may be said
that a distinct success was scored, mainly attributa-
ble to the remarkable histrionic talent displayed by
COMMUNICATIONS.
Mr. C. W. Wood, who took the part of the King.
" THE AIMS OF LITERARY STUDY."
There was hardly a trace of amateurishness in
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
his work, and his delivery of the more fateful pas.
At a recent meeting of a Chicago literary club, the
sages in the tragedy elicited an applause that was
volume of Professor Corson on “ The Aims of Literary
richly deserved. The only thing about the “Edipus” Study,” and the comment upon the same by Professor
performance which seems to us to have been ill ad Edward E. Hale in THE DIAL of February 16, were


204
[April 1,
THE DIAL
passed in review. Having been appointed spokesman which Professor Corson's book has to present university
of the club, and adding a little indignation of my own, teaching, I may report some facts which have just been
I beg leave to discuss in your columns Mr. Hale's theor gathered by the English Department of the University
of “university discipline,” and to suggest a different of Chicago, pertaining to the teaching of literature in
reading of the facts of education, so far as these per various institutions during the current year. The work
tain to the study of literature.
of thirty-four of the leading American colleges and uni-
In one thing we are in complete accord: namely, that versities was examined with reference to the courses
literature does not lend itself readily to purely intellec offered in English literature. The total number of
tual discipline. When literature is so employed, not courses reviewed was 378. Fifty-seven of these ar
only is offence done to the literature itself, but also to primarily for graduates, with as many more immedi-
the student whose time is surely misspent in reading ately serviceable to them. There are thirty-nine gen-
with the intellect the masterpieces of literature — to be eral courses set down for undergraduates, these consti-
called life presently, when things get their true names. tuting the required work, and being divided about
The published studies of literature, which al the equally between a general historical course and the
working upon literary material of the intellectual alone, study of masterpieces. Twenty-eight courses deal with
are among the saddest chapters of educational history Old and Middle English literature, with Chaucer as the
- sad because the materials are put to a use alien to favorite author. Sixty-one courses are devoted to six-
their purpose, and saddest because the mind which has teenth century literature, thirty-five of which deal with
been applied so diligently has really missed its intellect Shakespeare alone. There are seventeen courses in
ual discipline. So the matter stands at present, that seventeenth century literature, twelve of these being
if the concern of the university is with intellectual train given to Milton alone. To the Classical period, twenty
ing alone, literature is most certainly out of place in the courses are given, thirteen of them relating to the his-
university
torical evolution of literature. Twenty courses consider
But can it be that the American university limits the Romantic period, including eleven devoted to the
itself to this single discipline? We have always sup-
great authors
Coleridge and Wordsworth being the
posed that the purpose of educational institutions, in
favored ones, the latter having four courses devoted to
this country at least, was to educate. While perhaps
him alone. The nineteenth century has seventy-nine
the primary function of the university is to know, yet courses to its service, eight of these being general sur-
other educational forces surround this, which are not “in veys, eleven given to American authors, about thirty to
cidental,” or “left to care for themselves,” but are fun different representative authors or groups of writers, five
damental likewise. By its department of Physical Cul to Browning alone, five to Tennyson alone, and six to
ture, for instance, the university recognizes its function modern fiction, with George Eliot as leader. In forty-
to educate the body, not primarily for the sake of the nine courses the different kinds or species of literature
sound mind, but for the sound body. The recent ac are considered, as the epic, the lyric, and the drama;
tion of the Harvard Faculty, in voting to abolish inter-
seven of these review the history of English fiction.
collegiate foot-ball, was prompted by the wish to pro-
Prose claim sixteen courses. Miscellaneous courses
tect the players' life and limbs, and not to maintain the
number about twenty, which indicate some personal pre-
“university discipline.” Departments of Art, Elocu ference of the instructor or some experiment in teach-
tion, and Oratory, the various professional and techni ing. Twenty-nine other courses, for the most part new
cal training schools, testify to the interest of the uni ones, constitute what is practically a new department of
versity in some things besides this one discipline. But literature as distinguished from English literature; of
the point I wish here to make is that the study of liter these, sixteen are given to the history of criticism, five
ature itself, as conducted to-day in our leading univer-
are devoted to comparative literature, and six relate to
sities, is the best witness to our universal interest in the theory or æsthetics of literature.
education. While Mr. Hale is affirming that literature
I make bold to say, then, that the case stands thus,
is out of place in the university, it is in fact very much
that nothing which concerns literature is out of place in
in place. We suspect that Professor Lowell, long ago
the universities. And I cannot leave the subject with-
at Harvard, taught literature in its absolute character, out exclaiming how well that this is so. Science itself
and found it not so very difficult, or incompatible with
requires the coöperation of the literary, the intuitive,
the university ideal. But we know, from the letters on
the imaginative, the emotional, and the moral. In the
the teaching of English which so lately graced the col-
statutes which established the chair of poetry at Oxford,
umns of The Dial, that to-day the subject is being
it was declared that the study of poetry would be of
taught quite generally in its vital meaning and content,
value in the university, as tending to the improvement
even as Professor Corson would direct. It was stated of the sciences, secular and sacred; recognizing thus that
definitely enough by Professor Cook of Yale — from poetry, as a high and holy art, is a motive power among
whom, as a skilful philologist, we might have expected
Not less of literature, but more, is the promise
the narrow definition of university discipline—that the
of the future. Then it may be that the most pitiable
object which be proposed to himself as a teacher of lit of all sights will vanish from the earth - the spectacle
erature was the development in the student, whether of a man who is able to render but a single intellectual
graduate or undergraduate, of insight and power---terms
response to the universal appeal, the wonder and the
which include the emotional, the æsthetical, and the glory, of the world. Then some other than academical
moral, as well as the intellectual (THE DIAL, Feb. 1, attainments will qualify the doctor of philosophy, even
'94, p. 71). The editorial in the June number of The some insight and power. But why not recognize at
DIAL, in summary of the reports on teaching English, once, with Professor Corson, that in literature “ Being
rightly affirms that this high aim is general. Professor is teaching," and that in the “university discipline
Corson's book really records the experiences of many.
being as well as knowing has a place ?
To indicate more definitely the present scope and
OSCAR LOVELL TRIGGS.
tendency of literary study, and thereby the relation The University of Chicago, March 22, 1895.
men.
>


1895.]
205
THE DIAL
my hands.”
monds was preëminently a religious man.”
The New Books.
Thus antithetically constituted, with a genius,
as it were, for faith, and a passion for demon-
A PSYCHOLOGICAL AUTOBIOGRAPHY.* stration, his dominating pursuit and life-long
In composing, or rather in compiling, his occupation was the search for a creed that
life of John Addington Symonds, Mr. Horatio
should satisfy at once his emotional longings
F. Brown has confined himself mainly to the
and his intellectual scruples. This conflict be-
tween the desire for the warmth and solace of
task of giving logical and convenient form to
the material at his disposal, which has fortu-
a personal God, and the rational objections to
a God conceived under human attributes; the
nately been unusually abundant. “I imagine,
he says, “that few men of letters have left be- clinging to the old, and the vague uneasy sense
hind them, in addition to some thirty published
of the dawning of the new, mark, perhaps, a
volumes, such a mass of letters, diaries, and
temperament characteristic of our transitional
memoranda as that which has passed through age, critical and scientific, — an age in which,
The bulk of this material, con-
as Mr. Symonds himself says, “it is almost
sisting of journals, note-books, an autobiog. faiths are passing away and the new one has
the greatest faith to have no faith, for the old
raphy, jottings of foreign life and travel, etc.,
came directly into the author's possession under
not come, and the men of this generation are
Mr. Symonds's will ; and this portion has since
like travellers before day break, the majority
been liberally supplemented by letters in the asleep, the few awake and watching anxiously
for the dawn.”
hands of relatives and friends, and by a touch-
ing account, written by Miss Margaret Sy.
Down to his twenty-ninth year, to what he
monds, of her father's last journey and death. always termed “the crisis at Cannes,” Mr.
Mr. Brown's task has, therefore, been mainly Symonds seems to have confined his specula-
editorial ; and the work before us is virtually tive quest of a self-forged creed to the region
an autobiography - more specifically, a psy.
of the abstract, where he fought over again, to
chological autobiography. As such, it is likely his infinite spiritual weariness and discomfiture,
the old dialectic battles, with the old result, or
to prove a surprise to all but the writer's
closer friends. Few who knew Mr. Symonds rather lack of result. That he had read Kant
personally (as we gather from Mr. Brown's previously to this flight into the inane, seems
engaging sketch of him) could have surmised improbable, though we find one reference to the
that the “ brilliant, audacious exterior” hid a Königsberg philosopher. After Cannes, and
central core of spiritual pain ; that the genial,
down to the end of his life, the inquiry was
cheery conversation, implying at every turn the gradually transferred from the field of the ab-
open sense and the warm artistic temperament,
stract to the more congenial, and to his artistic
veiled at times a spiritual drama as intense as
sense more inspiring, field of the concrete; but
that which filled the soul of Bunyan. To those
the problem and the organic impulse to grap-
"I do not
who identify religion with fixity and fervor of ple with it remained the same.
faith, it may sound paradoxical to say that Mr.
think,” says Mr. Brown, “that Symonds ever
Symonds was both profoundly religious and expected the problem to be solved, the struggle
to be abandoned."
profoundly skeptical ; yet such was the fact,
and the fundamental fact, of his nature. To an
“ The renunciation of the quest would have seemed
intellect keenly analytical and impatient of au-
to him spiritual death the solution of the riddle, also,
most likely, death. In December, 1889, he wrote:
thority, a passion for the absolute, and a dis-
• When will the soul be at ease? If it has to live for-
like of compromise, he joined a temperament ever, I believe mine will never be at ease.' Did he want
essentially religious and perilously emotional.
it to be? I think so, but
upon terms which we sup-
“ The central, the architectonic, quality of his
pose to be precluded by the limitations of human nature,
by the loss of its individual self-consciousness, by ab-
nature,” says one who knew him well,
sorption into the Universal consciousness. “E naufragar
ligious. If the honest, courageous recog: m' é dolce in questo mare.'
nition of the Self confronted with God, the soul
with the universe, the struggle to comprehend rhonic descensus, leading into the (to him)
The successive steps in Mr. Symonds's Pyr-
and be comprehended, is religious, then Sy- fatal abyss of disbelief in a paternal, provi-
* JOHN ADDINGTON SYMONDS: A Biography: Compiled dential, and humanly lovable God, are clearly
from his Papers and Correspondence. By Horatio F. Brown.
In two volumes, with portraits, etc. New York : Imported
traceable in the more introspective journals and
by Charles Scribner's Sons.
letters. The process began early. A skeptic
66 was re-


206
(April 1,
THE DIAL
in his teens, he denied at school the dogmas of ligious or transcendent (extra - experiential)
original sin and eternal damnation. This early sense, science tends to breed the conviction that
lapse could hardly have in itself brought him such explanation is impossible. Science only
much spiritual discomfort; but the habit of intensifies the final mystery and whets the crav-
doubting, of exacting of each article of faith a ing for a solution, by telling, in terms unreal-
precise account of its origin and credentials, izable and grandiose, of “ innumerable myriads
once set up, grew apace. The result, for a of years,” of a stretch of time compared with
skeptical and severely logical mind, was fore which the duration of the human race is but
gone. He tells us :
“a scape in oblivion," of an infinitude of
“One after another fell the constituent beliefs of globes and constellations infinitely beyond those
Christianity, and at last, when I considered the history to which (if there be a perceiving eye there)
of all religions, and applied the canons of cold analysis
to the central creed of all, I was forced to acknowledge
the light of our sun penetrates vaguely as a
that the personal Deity might, after all, be nothing but
mere glow-worm spark or twinkling taper. Sci-
a mirage a magnificent image of humanity — or, as I ence, indeed, everywhere finds law; but, dis-
expressed it, a Brocken spectre, projected by the human cerning no Lawgiver, inclines to think the crav-
consciousness upon the mists of the unknown.”
ing for one is but a human and perhaps a
In short, does not man, to reverse the terms of transient weakness, an o idol of the tribe.”
the Mosaic statement, create God in his own The object of its own faith it finds in an eter-
image, the concept broadening and refining in nal order, bringing forth ceaseless change,
proportion to his own advancing growth and through endless time, in endless space : a con-
refinement ? a fact still covered by the meta clusion intellectually imposing, but, to the de-
phor of the Brocken spectre, since a giant causes votional temper, lame and impotent enough.
a more splendid phantom than a dwarf. In On comparing the ascertained facts of sci-
every humanly possible idea of God is present ence with the Ptolemaic and even ruder
concep-
and paramount the element of anthropomorph tions underlying the general scheme of Chris-
ism, so fatal from a rational, yet so precious tianity, with its primitive spatial and temporal
and salutary from an emotional, standpoint, postulates, Mr. Symonds seems to have found
for is not, after all, a creed which lacks this his crucial difficulty in the doctrine of the As-
central and vital concept of a personal and cension:
therefore an anthropomorphic God the coldest “When I carried that dogma of the Ascension, on
and most cheerless of empty formulas, a repel-
which the peculiarly Christian idea of a corporeal im-
lant Frankenstein-fabric, lacking, as it were, a
mortality rests, to science, science derided it. For,'
soul? The overthrow of the hypothesis of a
she aptly said, in infinite space there is no height nor
depth; a body carried upwards through the clouds be-
personal God marked the turning-point in Mr. yond the force of gravitation, if that were possible, is
Symonds's speculations. He had reached this simply lost. Do you not perceive that the Ascension
nadir of the destructive process “ hastily, ea-
was a beautiful myth, adapted to the simple conception
of the universe as it existed in those unscientific days,
gerly, and full of zeal," and found himself, at
the whole value of which is now historical, and which
the supreme moment of iconoclastic conquest, must be placed with the other instructive and exquisite
face to face with weakness and death. Thence-
religions of the world ?' This reasoning I could not
forth, then, the problem of problems must be answer; in fact, it seems to me unanswerable. And
to build - if possible, even
if possible, even to re-build, to re-
with the Ascension, which is the master-miracle of Chris-
place with loving care stone by stone the frag; ity took its place among the religions of the world, and
tianity, the minor miracles had to give way. Christian-
ments of the temple he had thrown down. “I
told me far more about the human than the divine na-
had,” he says,
" to seek some formula which ture."
should satisfy me about myself, the universe, For a man of Mr. Symonds's temper there was
the future. How have these things come about? clearly no middle course here, no à peu près,
what do they mean?”
no convenient half-way station between denial
Turning for light here to science, one finds its and acceptance. Having rejected Christianity
quasi - explanations confessedly null touching in part, he rejected it in all. Some will say
these ultimate questions. Science knits the web that, finding the husk of no value, he threw
of the larger experience, formulates the cosmic away the kernel-not always the highest proof
process, subsumes the particular under the
gen-
of wisdom. The qualified adherence to Chris-
eral and the general under the more general tianity of men like his Oxford mentors, the
a process obviously limited and blocked at pre Master of Balliol and Professor Conington, was
cisely the point where the metaphysical inquiry impossible for him ; it had, he said character-
begins ; but so far from explaining, in any re- istically, “ something illogical in it.” Reject-


1895.]
207
THE DIAL
99
ing Christianity, he tried in turn, and “some of my place in the world, combined with epicurean in-
what contemptuously” threw aside, the current dulgence. Together, these two motives restored me to
spiritual nostrums, more or less idly ingenious comparative health, gave me religion, and enabled me,
in spite of broken nerves and diseased lungs, to do what
attempts at mediation between the outworn old
I have done in literature."
and the conjectural new; he felt that he " should
The “religion ” which was the outcome of
not be saved by any of these palliatives.” To
the Cannes crisis was remote enough from what
one goaded on as he was to suicide itself as a
men commonly understand by that now omin-
means of discovering the truth, patient agnos- ously elastic term. It was, rather, a substitute
ticism was impossible. Even Spinozism, which
for religion ; a last resort ; a drifting spar clung
must have powerfully attracted his intellectual
to by one who had long battled with the waves
nature, would not do for him. "I would
of doubt and darkness, and despaired of the
sooner," he exclaims, “ have Comte than the
haven. It was an abandonment of the old prob-
worshippers of Ens !”
lems, seen at last to be insoluble ; a shifting of
We have spoken of “the crisis at Cannes" the inquiry from the abstract to the pheno-
as the turning-point in Mr. Symonds's spiritual menal, as to the only field where knowledge is
fortunes. Extracts from his papers at that pe- possible. Doubtless there remained a glim-
riod will serve to show what a struggle it cost mering hope, a hoping against hope, that even
him to abandon his old creed. They will show in the field of sepse patient interrogation might
also, what most readers will conjecture at the yield some faint intimation of the mystery“ be-
start, that his spiritual torments, the paroxysms hind the veil.” Turning to Mr. Symonds's
of mental agony which racked him at intervals own confessedly cloudy statement of his self-
through life and brought him to the brink of forged religion, it appears as a nebulous com-
madness and suicide, had their pathological pound of pantheism, poetry, stoico-epicurean
side. There was more point than solace in morality, and generalized science of the Spen-
the remark he quotes of a common-sense, well-cerian type.
cerian type. As it is labelled the “ Religion
digesting friend (who probably regarded the of the Cosmic Enthusiasm," one may pardon-
possession of “nerves” as a reprehensible weak-ably infer, as a further element, a tincture of
ness) that “when people talk of hell they often what the Germans call Schwärmerei. This sys-
mean a state of their nerves." Touching the tem Mr. Symonds thought “the only creed
Cannes crisis, Mr. Symonds says:
compatible with agnosticism forced upon a can-
“ All the evil humors which were fermenting in my
did mind.”
petty state of man-poignant and depressing memories “Nothing but the bare thought of a God-penetrated
of past troubles, physical maladies of nerve-substance universe, and of myself as an essential part of it, to-
and of lung-tissue, decompositions of babitual creeds, gether with all things that appear in their succession-
sentimental vapors, doubts about the moral basis to hu ether and inorganic matter passing into plants, and
man life, thwarted intellectual activity, ambitions rudely creatures of the sea and beasts rising to men and women
checked by impotence, all these miserable factors of a like myself, and onward from us progressing to the
wretched inner life boiled up in a kind of devil's caldron stage of life unrealised by human reason —
nothing but
during those last weeks at Cannes, and made existence the naked yet inebriating vision of such a cosmos satis-
hell. The crisis I passed through then was decisive for fied me as a possible object of worship. When this
my future career. I contemplated suicide.
But
thought flooded me, and filled the inmost fibres of my
death is not acceptable—it offers no solution. I loathe sentient being, I discovered that I was almost at rest
myself, and turn in every direction to find strength. What about birth and death, and moral duties, and the prob-
I want is life; the source of life fails me. . . . In my lem of immortality. Having lost the consolations of
present state of entire negation I cannot get the faith faith in redemption through Christ, and all that per-
without the strength, or the strength without the faith. tains thereto, I had gained in exchange this, that I
Both remain outside my reach. . . . The last night I could
spent in Cannes was the worst of my whole life. I lay
'lay myself upon the knees
awake motionless, my soul stagnant, feeling what is
Of Doom, and take mine everlasting ease.
meant by spiritual blackness and darkness. If it should We have dwelt perhaps too exclusively upon
last forever? As I lay, a tightening approached my the religious phase of Mr. Symonds's life-story
heart. It came nearer, the grasp grew firmer, I was
cold and lifeless in the clutch of a great agony. If this
– though this is clearly its dominant element,
were death ? Catherine, who kept hold of me, seemed
and the one by virtue of which, to our think-
far away. I was alone, so utterly desolate that I drank ing, it outweighs intrinsically and will outlive
the very cup of the terror of the grave.
The Valley
(as a vivid and eloquent record of our age of
of the Shadow was opened, and the shadow still lies spiritual unrest and change) all else that its
upon my soul. ... In another nature, acting under
writer has given us. There is much, of course,
other circumstances, the phenomenon of what is called
'conversion' might have been exhibited. With me it
in Mr. Symonds's life that we have not touched
was different. I emerged at last into stoical acceptance upon here: the charming story (as good as
C


208
[April 1,
THE DIAL
ness.
6
David Copperfield) of his boyhood ; the school ** I went to Mr. Dean and thanked him for his frank-
days at Harrow; the years at Oxford under
• Up to this moment, sir,' I added, “you bave
Professors Jowett and Conington; the rich
seen only my zeal; it is going, perhaps, to become use-
ful; I am buying a ship which will carry over your offi-
travel-pictures; the tale of his literary career
cers; it is necessary to show some confidence, and it is
and aspirations ; but for all this, and much in danger that I like to share your fortunes.''
more, we must send the reader to the original. Lafayette was not quite twenty years old,
It were ungracious to close our review of these
when (July 27, 1777) he presented to Congress
beautiful volumes without adding a word of the agreement of Dean, approved by Franklin,
thanks to Mr. Brown for his admirable editing appointing him a major general in the armies
Painstaking, ingenious, and unobtrusive, it of the United States. Congress hesitated to
could scarcely be bettered.
E. G. J. ratify the appointment. Washington had been
much perplexed by the applications of French
officers for commissions in the service. Lafay.
LAFAYETTE IN THE AMERICAN
ette, writing to Congress, said: “ After the sac-
REVOLUTION.*
rifices I have made, I have the right to ask two
Mr. Charlemagne Tower, Jr., has given us,
favors at your hands : the one is to serve with-
in two interesting volumes, the best statement
out pay, at my own expense; and the other, that
that has hitherto been published relating to
I be allowed to serve, at first, as a volunteer.”
Lafayette in the American Revolution, and,
Thereupon (July 31, 1777) Congress declared :
within the limits imposed upon himself, has also
“Whereas, the Marquis de Lafayette, out of his great
zeal to the cause of liberty, in which the United States
given a satisfactory account of the attitude and
are engaged, has left his family and connections, and,
policy of France in our War of Independence. at his own expense, come over to offer his services to the
If Mr. Tower had added a chapter illustrating
United States, without pension or particular allowance,
the diplomacy of France, under the malign in-
and is anxious to risque his life in our cause—Resolved,
fluence of Spain, relating to the peace negotia-
that his services be accepted, and that, in consideration
of his zeal, illustrious family, and connections, he have
tions of 1782–83,— in which it was proposed rank and commission of Major General in the Army of
to leave the United States a weak nation within the United States."
the limits of the Alleghany mountains and the A few days later Lafayette was presented to
Atlantic and the Eastern States, without an
Washington at a dinner in Philadelphia. As
acre of ground in the great valley that in a
the party was about breaking up, Washington
few years was to become the centre of national
took Lafayette aside, complimented him upon
power,— readers of his work would better un-
his zeal and sacrifices, and invited him to make
derstand the policy of France in the American
the military quarters of the Commander-in-
Revolution.
Chief his home. That was the beginning of
In the summer and fall of 1776, Lafayette
an historic friendship.
completed his arrangements to give himself to
Lafayette performed his first military serv-
the American cause. It was the darkest period ice under Washington, as a volunteer, at Bran-
of the War. New York was held by the British dywine, about six weeks after he received his
fleet and army. The disastrous battle of Long commission. Of this event Mr. Tower says:
Island had been fought on the 27th of August.
“ His conduct during that day had been viewed with
The British cabinet industriously sent over Eu the greatest favor by those who shared its incidents
rope reports that the colonial armies were van with him. He had shown himself a man of courage
quished. Vergennes was compelled to suspend and a soldier; and although he had been, but a few
his nearly-completed negotiations with Spain
hours before, but a foreigner, a stranger who had come
into the continental army, he was welcomed, that night,
for an alliance with France in aid of the United
in the American camps, as a tried friend and a comrade.”
States; and the alliance was never consummated.
A wound received at Brandywine put Lafay-
Silas Dean, American agent at Paris, was dis-
ette under the surgeon's care for about six
couraged ; and he notified Lafayette that, under weeks. Before his wound was healed, he was
the circumstances, it would be better to sus-
again in the saddle; and he received a favor-
pend his undertaking. The answer of Lafay- able notice from General Green for his part in
ette was characteristic of his inflexible will and
the small action near Gloucester. Lafayette
purpose. In his memoirs he says :
had now won his spurs; and Congress, upon
* THE MARQUIS DE LA FAYETTE IN THE AMERICAN REVO the recommendation of Washington, authorized
LUTION. With some account of the attitude of France toward
the War of Independence. By Charlemagne Tower, Jr. In giving to Lafayette a separate command. With
two volumes, illustrated. Philadelphia : J. B. Lippincott Co. some enthusiasm, Mr. Tower says:


1895.]
209
THE DIAL
“That which gave Lafayette the affection of General He arrived at Boston, on his return to the
Washington, which won his way to the hearts of the
United States, April 28, 1780.
American people, and made him one of the leaders in
the War of Independence, was neither the nobleman nor
I pass over many interesting events in which
the representative; it was the man Lafayette himself.” Lafayette had an influential part,—the opera-
The American army lay at Valley Forge in the
tions in Rhode Island, the operations of the
French fleet under Estaing, the usefulness of
memorable winter of 1777–8. The British
Lafayette in soothing the jealousies of French
army occupied Philadelphia. On the 6th of
officers, and his influence over Congress and in
February, 1778, treaties of commerce and alli-
the States. Mr. Tower appropriately gives a
ance were entered into with France. It was
large space to an account of the aid given by
understood that in consequence of those treaties
France in response to urgent appeals from the
a French fleet equal to the British fleet would
United States. In the first years the aid was
soon appear
in the American waters. In that
case, Clinton would no longer be safe in Phila. given secretly, in order to keep up an appear-
delphia. Washington, desiring accurate inform-
ance of neutrality with England. At the time
of Washington's disastrous defeat on Long
ation in relation to the movements of Clinton,
Island, while Vergennes was giving, and meant
sent Lafayette, with twenty-two hundred picked
to continue secretly giving, all the aid in his
troops, to Barren Hill, about eleven miles from
the city, to watch the movements of Clinton,
power to the United States, he wrote to the
who in turn led out his whole army, more than
British minister that he was deeply touched by
the attention which permitted him to share the
four times larger than the American force, in
joy he felt at the happy news of the success of
the confident expectation of capturing Lafay the British arms. At that very moment Ver-
ette. But Lafayette, by good strategy, foiled
gennes was anxiously waiting for the time when
the combinations of Clinton, and drew off his
he might throw off all disguise, and give openly
forces without the loss of a man. Clinton then
evacuated Philadelphia, marching across New
and on a large scale all the help the Americans
Jersey to New York, pursued by the American
required to win their cause. The surrender of
Burgoyne's entire army (October 17, 1777),
army, which, on the 28th of June, fought the
drawn battle of Monmouth, that might have
gave Vergennes his opportunity. “Aut nunc,
been a defeat but for the genius of Washing-
aut nun quam,” he said. The treaty of Feb-
ruary 5, 1778, led to the final victory which
ton, or a victory but for the treachery of Lee.
ended the war October 19, 1781 ; for it is prob-
On that day the conduct of Lafayette gained able, if not certain, that without French credit,
for him new laurels. Clinton did not retire too
money, fleets, and soldiers, the American ar-
But for untoward delays, the French
mies, would have been destroyed. It does not
fleet, in connection with the land forces would
follow, however, that the spirit of American
(to use an expression of General Grant) have
independence, which took root from 1630,
“bottled up” the British army on the Dela-
would have been extirpated by the entire de-
ware, as it was afterward“ bottled up” on the
struction of the American armies at that time.
Chesapeake.
Burke, in his speech on “Conciliation with
On the 21st of October, 1778, Congress gave America" (March 22, 1775), and Turgot, in
Lafayette leave to go to France, “and to re his celebrated memoir to the king (April 7,
turn at such time as shall be most convenient 1776), declared that upon the destruction of
to him.” He had come to the United States the American armies the contest would be
with the promise of a youth of wealth, noble transferred to the Mississippi Valley, where
birth, liberal education, and an unfaltering de British fleets could not penetrate and where
votion to the cause of American liberty; he British armies would not succeed.
It is due,
returned, a man tested by important military however, to French aid, that our cause tri-
service, with the love of the people, the respect umphed in the seaboard states where the war
of Congress, and the approval of Washington, began. Nor, as Mr. Tower says, is our debt
then coming to his recognized position among of gratitude at all cancelled by the considera-
the great men of the world. Lafayette was tion that France acted wholly from interested
first of all a Frenchman. But, consulted by motives. And it is evident enough that, with
the king, the ministers, and other eminent men notable exceptions as in the case of Lafayette,
in France, in matters relating to the war, he Frenchmen generally did not love the Amer-
rendered, in his absence from the United States, ican cause nor the American people. Ver-
inestimable service to the American cause. gennes was frank enough to make no such pre-
soon.


210
(April 1,
THE DIAL
tence. The American colonists had fought allied armies, and make victory sure in the final
under British banners in the war of 1756. In battle of the Revolution.
addition to immense contributions of money, Lafayette's military service in the American
they raised twenty-eight thousand provincial Revolution ended with the surrender of Corn-
troops, Massachusetts alone raising seven thou-wallis. He sailed from Boston on the 27th of
sand men.
In that war Washington won his December in the “ Alliance,” placed at his dis-
first military distinction. The humiliating posal by Congress. Just before he sailed,
treaty of 1763, by which France was forced to Washington, writing to him, said:
part with all her American possessions on the “I owe it to your friendship and to my affectionate
main land, had left among the French people regard for you, my dear Marquis, not to let you leave
an inextinguishable hatred of England, such as
this country without carrying with you fresh marks of
my attachment to you, and new expressions of the high
is now felt in France against Germany for the
sense I entertain of your military conduct and other im-
loss of Alsace and Lorraine. The American
portant services in the last campaign, although the latter
war, then, was for most Frenchmen an occa are too well known to need the testimony of my appro-
sion for revenge or a possible opportunity to
bation, and the former I persuade myself you believe is
too well riveted to undergo diminution or change.'
recover the territory lost under the treaty of
1763.
These were not idle words of compliment.
It was the policy of the British Cabinet, in
They were the expression of the habitual feel-
the first three or four years of the Revolution-
ing of Washington in relation to Lafayette,
ary war, to hold possession of the great cities,
who was the only foreigner in our armies who
as Boston, Philadelphia, New York. After
had his unqualified confidence and friendship.
years of fighting it was discovered that on that It was a great distinction, and one entirely de-
policy the country could not be conquered. It
served. Lafayette, says Henry Martin, never
was then decided to send armies sufficient to
changed. “ What, above all, distinguishes
subdue and hold the Southern States, leaving Lafayette,” says le Comte de Ségur, “ is an
the North to be dealt with afterward. Charles. unchangeable constancy of character, which
ton was reduced. Lord Cornwallis, left in com-
tends without deviation always to the same end.
mand of the south, on the 25th of April, 1781,
To work ceaselessly to establish, extend, and
transferred his army to Virginia. To meet the
consolidate liberty is the dominant idea which
changed conditions, Washington assigned to
for more than fifty years has directed his
Lafayette a separate command in Virginia, conduct, animated his soul, and inspired his
where he began active operations on the 10th words,”, Lovers of liberty, on two continents,
of April. This was the last and most import-
cherish his name, on which no clouds rest ex-
ant military service of Lafayette in the United
cept those arising from calumnies engendered
States. I shall not attempt to follow Lafay-
in a later strife, some of which, like the vil-
ette in the marches and counter-marches of this
lainous charge relating to his conduct on the
campaign, covering eleven hundred miles, and
5th and 6th of October, 1789, were invented
over historic ground now especially familiar to
on the return of the Bourbons to France in 1814.
readers of the Virginia campaigns in our late
D. L. SHOREY.
Rebellion. Mr. Tower's excellent maps enable
the reader to follow the entire campaign intelli-
gently. His force was not sufficient, however, to
TRAVELS IN THE ORIENT.*
justify him in bringing on or accepting a gen I have read with unflagging interest and
eral engagement with Cornwallis ; but he kept pleasure Miss Fielde's most interesting collec-
the latter constantly occupied, under the instruc-
*A CORNER OF CATHAY: Studies from Life among the
tions of Washington, until the Compte de
Chinese. By Adele M. Fielde, author of “Pagoda Shadows."
Grasse, with a fleet and an army, arrived in Illustrated in color by Japanese artists. New York: Mac-
millan & Co.
Chesapeake Bay on the 30th of August, when
ACROSS ASIA ON A BICYCLE: The Journey of Two Ameri-
the British army was completely invested within
can Students from Constantinople to Peking. By Thomas
its fortifications at Yorktown. The French of Gaskell Allen, Jr., and William Lewis Sachtleben. Illus-
ficers desired to make the assault at once, and
trated. New York: The Century Co.
win for themselves the glory of overthrowing Louise Jordan Miln. Illustrated. New York: Charles Scrib-
WHEN WE WERE STROLLING PLAYERS IN THE EAST. By
Cornwallis ; but Lafayette, as commander-in ner's Sons.
chief, wisely determined to wait until Wash WANDERING WORDS. Reprinted, by permission, from pa-
pers published in various journals and magazines. By Sir
ington, transferring his army from the Hudson,
Edwin Arnold, author of “Seas and Land." Illustrated. New
should reach the field, take command of the York : gmans, Green, & Co.


1895.]
THE DIAL
211
tion of essays on Chinese life entitled " A Cor upon the subject on which she has written; and
ner of Cathay.” The book is a shining ex we must have confidence in her judgment when
ample of intelligent observation and equally she says of the Chinese :
judicious selection. It seems to entirely fill “ That they are people of the highest capabilities is
Bovée's two requisites of a book: it is o luminous
well known to the writer through her personal acquaint-
and not voluminous.” The titles of the chap. lofty self-respect, of true spiritual aspiration, and of
ance with isolated instances of unselfish tenderness, of
ters show the attractive and varied nature of
wide philanthropy, and through her constant observa-
the subjects treated : “Farm Life in China," tion among them of heroic endurance, of marvellous
“ Economy, Household and Personal,” “Mar-patience, and of sublime earnestness.”
riage Laws and Usages,” “ Mortuary Cus-
The volume “ Across Asia on a Bicycle " is
toms,” 66 Babies and their Grandmothers,
made up of a series of sketches describing part
“Children's Games,” “Schools and Schooling,” of a bicycle journey round the world, by two
“ Measures of Time,” “Suits in Law,” « Fab-
ulous People and Animals,” “Sundry Super- uation from Washington University, St. Louis.
young Americans immediately after their grad-
stitions," " A Queer Autumn Entertainment."
They were three years on the journey, and
“The Chinese Theory of Evolution,” “Confu-
covered over fifteen thousand miles; they took
cius and his Teaching,” “The Tauists and their
over two thousand photographs, selections from
Magic Arts,” “ Chinese Piety, Filial, Fraternal,
which are reproduced in the illustrations of the
and Friendly.” It seems impossible to quote, volume. The services of guides and interpre-
when each page vies with its neighbor in in-
terest. In the last chapter a touching passage
ters were never employed on the trip; and,
without doubt, the hardships of travel were
occurs in the story of the bad wife, who de-
thus much increased. But a closer acquaint-
sired her husband to kill his feeble and depend-
ance with strange people was also gained. The
ent old mother. He consented, and took his
most interesting chapter in the book is, in view
old parent away on his back, pretending that
of the present state of affairs, an account of an
he was carrying her out to take the country interview with Li Hung Chang, the Prime
air. On the way, the old woman told her son Minister of China. The description of his.
he had gladdened her heart ten times.
person runs thus :
“ The first was when he was born, when after much
“ His face was distinctly oval, tapering from a very
sorrow she knew she had a living boy; the second was
when she first saw him smile, and knew that he was
broad to a sharp pointed chin, half obscured by his thin
comfortable in her arms; the third was when he first
gray goatee. The crown of his head was shaven in the
usual Tseng fashion, leaving a tuft of hair for a queue,
held a thing in his band, and she knew by his grasp which, in the viceroy's case, was short and very thin.
upon it that he was strong; the fourth was when he be-
His dry, sallow skin showed signs of wrinkling; a thick
gan to walk, and she knew that he would learn to take
fold lay under each eye and at each end of his upper
care of himself and to help her; the fifth was when he
first went off to gather fuel, and she thought that hav-
lip. There were no prominent cheekbones, nor almond-
ing him she could keep the house and make a home;
shaped eyes, which are so distinctively seen in most of
the Mongolian race. Under the scraggy mustache we
the sixth was when she first gave him some money and
he started off without her to buy their food in the mar-
could distinguish a rather benevolent though determined
mouth; while his small keen eyes, which were rather
ket; the seventh was when she could afford to let him
sunken, gave forth a flash which was perhaps but a
go to school, and he came back at nightfall and told her
fickering ember of the fire they once contained. The
what the teacher had taught him; the eighth was when left eye, which was partly closed by a paralytic stroke
he put on the garb of an adult, and she knew she had a
several years ago, gave him a rather artful, waggish
man to depend on at last; the ninth was when she got
a wife for him, had paid all the wedding expenses, and
appearance. The whole physiognomy was that of a man
made him able to establish a household of his own; the
of strong intention, with the ability to force his point
when necessary, and the shrewd common sense to yield
tenth was when he just now took her on his back, to when desiring to be politic.”
carry her out to get sight of the sky and fields, that
she might be refreshed and live the longer. As she
The interview impresses us with the Prime Min-
talked thus, her son's heart was softened, and he could ister's great shrewdness and inquisitiveness.
not cast away the mother who had loved him so well."
“A merry heart goes all the day,
The chapters on farm-life and economy teem
Your sad tires in a mile-a,"
with new, surprising, and important informa- might well be the motto of the joyous book
tion; the ones on schools and children's games given to us under the happy title “ When We
are particularly pleasing. Miss Fielde is fitted, Were Strolling Players in the East." Radiant
through her fifteen years' residence in China, good spirits, good health, good courage, and a
her perfect knowledge of the language, as shown good heart, sparkle in all the pages. Even the
in her marvellous “Swatow Dictionary,” and shadow cast by the two little graves left by the
her intelligent discernment, to be an authority wayside is tender rather than sombre. For


212
(April 1,
THE DIAL
Mrs. Miln and her husband did not stroll most interesting in the book; and the descrip-
through Oriental lands unimpeded and unham tions of life in that land, so beloved of the au-
pered. Young children, and maids and valets, thor, flow with the sugary, sensuous sweetness
and a company of actors, seemed, however, to which he always pours forth at the thought of
her but the natural accompaniments to Eastern that earthly Paradise. He repeats and empha-
travel. Doubtless in the book on Japan by sizes his assertion that the Japanese women
another woman traveller, Mrs. Isabella Bird are semi-angelic, the most pleasing of their sex,
Bishop, more real information of the country and of the purest and most refined on earth.
can be obtained; but this actress, born in That they are tranquil, gentle, and delicate, all
America in the South, bred in California in who have ever had the pleasure of Japanese
the West, educated at Vassar in the East, and women-friends can corroboratively testify. We
married to an English actor, has such a cheer are certainly given plenty of variety in this
ful, interesting way of giving her information, book. We skip from Honolulu to peer through
that we love to read it. Perhaps the most in-
Perhaps the most in- | the Lick Telescope ; then we are upset in a
teresting chapters are on four women that Mrs. dahabeah on the Nile, but are rescued, and
Miln knew in Tokio. Three were Japanese, travel through the Holy Land to India, thence
one was the Anglo-Saxon wife of a Japanese to Japan, back to India, and again to Japan.
gentleman. Two she met for the first time; We are then suddenly startled by a purely En-
two she had known at Vassar College. One glish tale of the rescue of a nude bather by his
of the latter was Stamatz Yamakawa, wife of sweetheart, which seems but a chilly relation,
Japan's War Minister, Oyama. She had lived through its neighborhood to the glowing chap-
ten years in America, part of the time in the ters, “ The Tiger's Village and Wild Boars.”
home of Dr. Abbott. She was eleven years Then we have a realistic study of an English
old when she came here. A brilliant scholar, character worthy of Hardy's pages, "a tar-
she took high honors, wrote charming essays, man”; then two very nice English stories; then,
was president of her class, — eager to acquire through “ Days at Sea,” to the Orient again,
all occidentalisms of thought and dress. On and again to the Sandwich Islands, and thence
her return, she married her elderly husband, home to England ;- a slipshod, inartistic ar-
to whom she never spoke till after the mar rangement, by which both Oriental and Occi-
riage ; and Mrs. Miln found the girl who had dental tales suffer. The book is handsomely
been so anxious to maintain for Japan a high printed and illustrated.
intellectual standard, relapsed into a perfect
ALICE MORSE EARLE.
Oriental,— drowsy, gentle, a stickler for eti-
quette, never reading a word of English or
French, caring nothing for news of her college
HISTORY AND RELIGION.*
mates, faded in her beauty. The other Japan-
ese Vassar student, of lower birth, is now a
Two allied truths are becoming daily more evi-
teacher of music in the Empress' College.
dent: that history is the true test of religion, and
that religion is a primary force in history. Some
Madame Sannoniya stands alone—the one Eu-
would accept the second assertion, while still de-
ropean woman of high character, high intellect,
and charming personality, who has become a
* THE PERMANENT VALUE OF THE BOOK OF GENESIS. By
C. W. E. Body, M.A., D.C.L. New York: Longmans, Green,
naturalized and potential individual at an East & Co.
ern court. She is the respected wife of an em THE RELIGION OF MOSES. By Adolph Moses. Louisville :
Flexner Brothers.
inent man, who is said to be the handsomest
THE MESSIAH OF THE GOSPELS. By Charles Augustus
man in Japan, and the intimate friend of the
Briggs, D.D. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Empress.
SIMON PETER: His LATER LIFE AND LABORS. By Charles
S. Robinson, D.D. New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons.
SAINT PAUL AND His MISSIONS. By the Abbé Constant
The title given by Sir Edwin Arnold him-
Fouard. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co.
self to the papers in his “ Wandering Words”
St. Paul's CONCEPTION OF CHRISTIANITY. By Alexander
-“ sketchy recollections"—is thoroughly ap-
Balmain Bruce, D.D. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
propriate. The sketch entitled " Tent Life THE OLD CHURCH IN THE NEW LAND. By Rev. C. Earnest
Smith, M.A. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co.
is scarcely more than an outline, and a rather
OLD AND NEW UNITARIAN BELIEF. By John White Chad-
commonplace outline at that.
The papers on
wick. Boston: George H. Ellis.
Japan, entitled “Love and Marriage in Ja-
RELIGIOUS PROGRESS. By Alexander V. G. Allen. Boston:
Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
pan,” “ Japanese Wrestlers,
“ Some Japanese CLERICAL LIFE AND WORK. By H. P. Liddon, D.D.,
Pictures," " Oriental Story-Tellers," are the D.C.L., LL.D. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co.


1895.]
213
THE DIAL
murring to the first assertion. Yet they are involved “ The Religion of Moses” is a small volume, con-
in each other. If religion stands for a potent, ever cisely and clearly written, with great positiveness
present combination of causes at work among those of thought. It aims, as against modern criticism,
forces which collectively make up history, then his to rehabilitate, and more than rehabilitate, Moses as
tory, in its unfolding, in its revelation of truth by the great prophet and law-giver of his people. The
results in action, must be the only sufficient and ade author regards him as the Founder of the Theistic
quate disclosure of the real nature of any form of faith of Israel. As the book, however, opens no
faith. We must know exactly how that faith pushed new lines of criticism, and confines itself chiefly to
its
way
in the world of realities ; how far events, a re-rendering of the facts as it conceives them, it
social and spiritual, accepted it as congenital with does not much alter the question at issue.
themselves; how far they rejected it as alien to their “ The Messiah of the Gospels” is a sequel to
ultimate success in a Kingdom of Heaven.
“Messianic Prophecy," and it itself opens the way
These two assertions proceed on the notion that for a third volume yet to appear on the Messiah of
religion, as one whole, stands for natural forces, not
the Epistles and Apocalypse. The present volume
supernatural forces, as we ordinarily use the words. discusses the Messianic ideas which immediately
Religion as strictly supernatural could not find its preceded the Gospels, and the Messiah as presented
way into history. Like foreign material in a living by each Evangelist. It also considers the apocalypse
organism, it would be constantly cast out. But if
of Jesus as given in the synoptic Gospels. The
religion is congenital with the human mind, then it work is a laborious and scholarly one, but is severely
follows that history, growth, is the discriminating trammelled by the conception that these various
process by which its just and unjust, less just and forms of anticipation have a definite prophetic hold
more just, forces are discriminated from each other, on history. Every form of faith, springing from a
and at length pronounced on in their ministrations spiritual interpretation of events, must give rise to
to life. The supernatural is in men's minds only a forecast of coming events. This forecast con-
the shadows of those things, not the very things stitutes its apocalyptic temper, and is a matter of
themselves, which work salvation.
interest as a disclosure of its own character. When,
It is very interesting, therefore, to find, as in the however, these conceptions lose their living specu-
works now before us, that history is constantly gain- | lative force, and are transformed into a vision of
ing a firmer hold on religion, and that none, even coming events, they become perplexing, and, in a
the most obstinate adherents to dogma, wholly over large measure, profitless riddles. How much acu-
look it. The higher criticism is only an effort to men has been wasted on Revelation! There cannot
render faithfully historic forces, and the very mo well be a more marked inversion of ideas than to
ment history enters it pushes to this logical result. suppose that the anticipations of history control his-
The natural suffers no gaps; it takes religion to its tory itself, are inseparably associated with it. The
very soul, and what it cannot so appropriate, it Professor is compelled, by the want of conformity
leaves behind as error.
of events with the shadows of them in men's minds,
The first of these books, “ The Permanent Value to defer the fulfilment of these prophetic ideas.
of the Book of Genesis,” presents an example, which “We have gone rapidly over the eleven Messianic
is now becoming strange, of the utter subordination ideals of the Old Testament, and have found only a
of history to dogma. It would matter but little single one of them, the suffering prophet, was entirely
what the facts were, after they had been steamed
fulfilled by the earthly life of Jesus. It is clear,
and twisted in the heat of such a faith as is here
therefore, that the vast majority of the predictions of
presented, they would begin to take the form re-
the Old Testament prophets and the great mass of their
ideals were taken up by Jesus into his predictive proph-
quired of them. The book is greatly deficient in his-
ecy and projected into the future” (page 336).
toric sense and lucidity of thought. Perhaps these
It remains to be seen whether the final volume will
few sentences may let the reader into its temper.
still leave these Messianic ideas in the air.
“ The Deluge, with its clear piercing note of Judg-
ment upon sin, guards through all the ages the true sig-
The title “Simon Peter, His Later Life and La-
nificance of the Passion of the Christ. For it compels bors,” is somewhat misleading. The book seems
men to trace in the Cross the eternal revelation of the to be made up of brief evening lectures, whose unity
wrath of God against moral evil, the fullest manifesta is chiefly found in the fact that the passage of Scrip-
tion of God's absolute righteousness, as well as the su ture selected has usually some connection with Peter.
preme appeal of His love. Thus the character of God
The apostle and his experiences are viewed as a
is vindicated from all appearance of indifference to sin.
text rather than as a study. As lectures, the sev-
The
way
is prepared for the Revelation of Himself in
our suffering flesh as men are thus taught to look on
eral chapters are popular and effective rather than
critical and instructive. The volume contains some
from that supreme manifestation of love to the great
Judgment, to the disclosures of God's final and absolute
fine pictorial illustrations.
verdict upon human action, when the true measure of “ Saint Paul and His Missions " is a book which
each shall be fully shown, as it has all the time been aims to give a vivid historical foreground to the
clear and open in the sight of God” (page 164). missionary life of St. Paul. It is a book of an ex-
If the deluge had so much work on hand, no wonder cellent kind, and admirable of its kind. A distinct
that it happened.
and realistic character in the circumstances and


214
[April 1,
THE DIAL
events which surrounded the apostle makes that 1585. Unitarianism is not a belief—it is the free-
great figure in human history more familiar and dom of belief, the liberty to pursue truth in one's
impressive to us, and tends ultimately to a more own way through all its wide field. It is natural
just estimate of his works on a basis of facts. His that such a faith should call out bold, earnest spirits,
tory and geography contribute freely to the purpose and that they should feel much confidence and en-
of the writer, and his book is both agreeable and thusiasm in their intellectual attitade. They inhale
instructive.
mountain air, and cannot but exult in its tonic force.
“St. Paul's Conception of Christianity" offers a When they are able to unite to this temper, tender-
very full, discriminating, and candid discussion of ness and a wide sympathy with the wants of men,
the doctrinal beliefs of St. Paul, the constructive they become very lovable. Few among them sur-
outline of his religious theory. The author recog pass, in these best characteristics of their kind, Mr.
nizes the fact that the conception of salvation, as
John W. Chadwick. His latest volume is a history
entertained by St. Paul, is diverse from that in of Unitarians, broken into parts and shaped to the
volved in the words of Christ, though he softens the definite purpose of impressing anew upon his audi-
difference between them. Our Lord makes spiritual
ence some pregnant principle, imparting a large
development a perfectly open and normal move-
outlook. One who has sought for truth diligently
ment in human life. The disciple is as a child with
and found it with difficulty may well have an en.
God. Nothing intervenes to disturb them. All thusiasm of presentation quite his own. The first
progress is growth --an enlarged interplay of vital discourse and the last discourse are more general,
impulses between them. St. Paul, on the other hand,
but the intermediate ones take up particular sub-
profoundly influenced by his own misleading ex-
jects—“The Doctrine of Man,” “Concerning God,”
periences and futile efforts, believes that legal bar “The Future Life," — and consider them first in
riers lie athwart the upward way, and are to be re-
their historical development, and then press them
moved as a condition of salvation. Thus the death home as the victories of spiritual life. The whole
of Christ is not merely an appeal to the heart of soul of the author is in this gathering in of sheaves.
man, but makes new relations with God possible to Take the passage under The Bible:
him.
“ And still, though much is taken, much abides for
Much of the confusion and controversy in the-
those who are capable of serious study: a splendid pro-
ology have arisen from an effort to reconcile and
sess of religious evolution sweeping through a thousand
years of busy, checkered time. Never at any time be-
make identical the perfectly free naturalistic con-
fore was the study of the Bible so rich and so reward-
ception of Christ with the artificial and arbitrary ing as it is now, and never before was it pursued among
one of St. Paul. The moment we are content to us with such enthusiasm and such large results” (page
accept a radical diversity in these two outlooks on 107).
the spiritual world, the binding power of dogma
Or this passage, under “ The Doctrine of Man":
gives way, and the spiritual world becomes to us a
“For I hold that nothing is inore sure than this: that
new creation.
In this particular — the free recog underlying and overtopping every other necessity of our
nition of the diversities of belief involved in the
industrial organization is the necessity, on the part of
New Testament—“The Gospel and its Earliest In the employer, of seeing in every workman at his forges
terpretations,” by Rev. Orello Cone, D.D., recently or his looms, in his quarries or his mines, not merely so
noticed by us (THE DIAL, Sept. 16, 1893), is a much • labor,' and not merely an industrial machine,
most penetrative and able volume.
but a fellow-creature, a human being, a conscious soul,
a brother man whom he must not treat with
any
least
“The Old Church in the New Land” is made up
indignity or disrespect” (page 43).
of pleasant and instructive lectures on the church
history of England, given by a rector to his people. The two remaining volumes are practical. The
They naturally show the lively interest of the first, “Religious Progress,
,” is a comprehensive,
speaker and audience in the subject, and are some penetrative, and admirable estimate of Christian de-
what less critical and impartial than they would
velopment, and men's part in it, as made up of con-
have been, offered as general history to indifferent ficting yet compensatory forces. The synthesis of
or unfriendly readers. Churchmen frequently suffer
high character and of spiritual growth is not pri-
from being closely connected with a great church marily a logical one, but a coalescing of many
whose greatness they fully appreciate. Like a mem-
forces in a wide upward movement. We press
for-
ber of a large college, or the citizen of a large city,
ward by some hidden insight; we harken backward
they become confused in their standards of meas to things we were ready to lose; we close up the
urement. Our author says of Queen Elizabeth, that
ranks and once more renew the march.
" she put none to death for religious convictions ;
“ It is a lesson we are slow to learn, that opposites
if there were some that died for their opinions, it
are closely, even vitally related; that hostile attitudes
was not because those opinions were religious, but
which seem irreconcilable may both be true. Our own
because they were political.”
experience or the experience of history may reveal to
us the ease, the naturalness of the transition from one
The next author we have to consider, Rev. John extreme to another” (page 9).
W. Chadwick, incidentally affirms that good Queen “ But, at least, the lessons of history, the experience
Bess burned one Arian in 1583 and another in of the Church, our own individual experience as well,


1895.]
215
THE DIAL
may teach us, and comfort us by teaching, that oppos-
ing aspects of truth do not neutralize or destroy each
other. The reformers who speak so confidently about
this or that phase of ecclesiastical thought or practice
as destined soon to disappear, may be, and probably in
most cases are, too sanguine” (page 112).
6. When we discern the true value of our differences,
while we shall hold them more firmly, we shall also
more easily subordinate them to the higher virtue of
Christian charity” (page 137).
The last work on our list is made
up
of Sermons
by Canon Liddon, touching chiefly clerical service.
An ardent, consecrated temper comes forth in this
volume. We feel that we are in contact with one
whose soul is pushing forth toward life, the life of
us all.
One may easily feel, when reading the words of
Unitarians,—these men are too belligerent, too con-
stantly stripped to the waist, too intensely and un-
brokenly intellectual; that the soul does not live by in
bread alone. Many flawed and broken walls are
overturned, - but what of the vines that clung to
them? One wishes the fellowship of devout serv-
ants of truth, to sit, for a little, where faith and life
unfold themselves quietly under unseen forces, and
raise no questions of doubt. Such a desire the words
of Robertson and of Liddon meet and satisfy.
Listening to them, we care not particularly whether
the strength of the underlying thought is absolute
or not.
Few cables are so strong that they cannot
be strained, and some fibre snapped; but we swing
by them in safety all the same. JOHN BASCOM.
missing; and this, as the editor says,
no one would
hesitate to condemn in Scartazzini's energetic terms
as sciocca impostura.” Dr. Moore expresses his atti-
tude towards criticism of the canon, when he says
that “the negative dogmatism of recent critics is no
less to be condemned than the too easy credulity
of the ancients." In which opinion we, having in
mind, among other things, Herr Scartazzini's re-
jection of the Letter - Amico Florentino,” most
heartily concur. We might say parenthetically, that
other editors would do well to adopt Dr. Moore's
attitude towards the canon of his author. Dr. Skeat's
“Chaucer,” for example, would have been made far
more useful had it included the text of the disputed
and even of the rejected works. Dr. Moore has
taken his text from many sources.
Witte is fol-
lowed with minute variations, for the “ Vita Nuova,"
the “ De Monarchia," and the “Commedia.” But
in the case of the latter work, the editor has felt
justified in going outside the four texts followed by
Witte, and in introducing emendations from the
various texts that have come to light since Witte's
publication of 1862. For the minor works, the text
of Fraticelli is mainly followed, supplemented by
the Grenoble Codex for the “ De Vulgari Eloquio.”
The disposition of the “ Canzonieri” has been en-
trusted to Mr. York Powell. The hardest work of
the editor has been done with “Il Convito." He
has made what may fairly be called a reconstruction
of the text, although always working in a spirit of
admirable conservatism, and brought into compari-
son for the first time the two codices owned in En-
gland, one by the editor, the other by the Bodleian.
These codices, with readings from Fraticelli, Giu-
liani, and others, with the aid of Witte's “ Centuriæ
Correctionum,” and of the “Saggio" of the Milan-
ese editors, constitute the basis of the new text, which
is no unimportant jewel in the crown of Dr. Moore's
scholarship. A word must be said of Mr. Toynbee's
Index, for which every student will be thankful. It
is an index of proper names and of subjects, whether
mentioned by name or merely referred to, and in
the latter case, allusions merely conjectural are dis-
criminated from those of which there is no doubt.
The entries "Papa" and "Papi,” for example,
“Cristo,” “ Dio,” and “ Virgilio," bring together
all references to those subjects throughout the works.
This is a feature of great value, and, as there are
no notes, is the only piece of apparatus supplied.
Dr. Moore's edition of Dante certainly ought to be-
come the standard work for textual reference, just
as the “ Globe” Shakespeare has so become in its
own department.
“ Monism as Connecting Religion
Prof. Haeckel's
confession of and Science”
(Macmillan) is the
scientific faith.
title of a lecture by Professor Ernst
Haeckel, delivered at Altenburg in 1892, and now
translated by Dr. J. Gilchrist. This “confession
of faith of a man of science” is a rapid sketch of
the triumphs achieved by investigation and the in-
ductive method during the present century, and a
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
“ Tutte le opere di Dante Alighieri
Dante complete Nuovamente Rivedute nel Testo da
in one volume.
[why not dal?] Dr. E. Moore"
(Macmillan)—such is the title of a volume just
issued from the Oxford University Press. The whole
works of Dante, Italian and Latin, within a single
pair of covers—if the thing has ever been done be-
fore, it has escaped our notice; certainly it has never
been done, as now, in “un volume portatile, e quasi
tascabile.” And since it was left to be done by an
Englishman, the unanimous suffrage of students will
agree that Dr. Moore was facile princeps among
those competent to do it. The book, in which not a
word of English occurs, contains three things: an
Introduction by the editor, the Works, and an Index
of proper names and cose notabili by Mr. Paget
Toynbee. There are 490 double-columned pages
of fifty-one lines each, something less than half the
matter in the “ Globe " Shakespeare. The type is
small but readable, being somewhat larger faced as
well as leaded. Dr. Moore has been catholic in his
inclusions, and gives us everything that any student
of Dante is likely to expect, even the “Quæstio de
Aqua et Terra,” “I Sette Salmi Penetenziali," and
the " Professione di Fede,” robaccia though the lat-
ter be. Only the “Letter” to Guido da Polenta is


216
[April 1,
THE DIAL
sume.
statement of the attitude toward fundamental ques They found and captured plenty of seals, which
tions of philosophy that the truly scientific thinker were not, however, fur-seals; and the killing of
(according to Professor Haeckel) is bound to as them proved tedious, exhausting, dirty, bloody, and
The writer is firmly convinced that this brutal work. Important scientific results or data
“monistic confession” is shared by at least nine appear to have been as lacking as the Bowheads.
tenths of the men of science now living.” In fact, The story of the trip has been told and illustrated
the writer believes it to be shared by all men of by the artist of the expedition, Mr. W. G. Burn
science in whom the following four conditions are Murdoch, in a work entitled “From Edinburgh to
realized: (1) Sufficient acquaintance with the vari the Antarctic” (Longmans). It is amusing through
ous departments of natural science, and in particu- its descriptions of sailor's life, though it is not wholly
lar with the modern doctrine of evolution ; (2) Suf novel in narration. Much adscititious ".
“padding'
ficient acuteness and clearness of judgment to draw, in the shape of well-worn sailors’ yarns—exceed-
by induction and deduction, the necessary logical ingly ancient junk of the merchant-service—is pre-
consequences that flow from such empirical knowl served in the amber of the pages.
And much gen-
edge; (3) Sufficient moral courage to maintain the eral flippancy of diction detracts from the serious-
monistic knowledge, so gained, against the attacks ness of description and impression; but the author
of hostile dualistic and pluralistic systems; and (4) begs for some change, as it is "so tedious always
Sufficient strength of mind to free himself, by sound, writing about snow and mist and bleeding seals."
independent reasoning, from dominant religious Perhaps he should be allowed — to use Sydney
prejudices, and especially from those irrational Smith's phrase "to speak disrespectfully of the
dogmas which have been firmly lodged in our minds Poles.” The book is handsomely printed, and the
from earliest youth as indisputable revelations." illustrations are spirited—though, from the confined
This is certainly an excellent statement of the con scope of boats and ice, somewhat monotonous. The
ditions under which a man may claim to be in full work closes with an appeal for a national scientific
possession of the fund of scientific knowledge pain expedition to the Antarctic regions, “to show that
fully accumulated by the ages, but we fear that the the Britain of to-day is not behind the Britain of
author is unduly optimistic in his claim that “nine our fathers."
tenths of the men of science now living" can meet
all four conditions. As for the monistic system so
An admirable example of the scien-
A study in
frankly set forth in Professor Haeckel's essay, it
tific treatment of dialect, recently ad-
Negro dialect.
vocated in THE DIAL, is furnished
is undoubtedly a fair statement of that view of the
universe as an object upon which all the sciences seem
by a monograph entitled “ Les Sons et les Formes
to converge.
But besides this “ Welt als Vorstel-
du Créole dans les Antilles," written by M. René de
lung " there is the world in its inner subjective as-
Poyen-Bellisle of the University of Chicago, and
pect—Schopenhauer's “ Welt als Wille” and Kant's
published by Messrs. John Murphy & Co., Balti-
“ Ding an Sich”; and of this world, or even of the
The author is a native of Guadeloupe, and
possibility of its existence, Professor Haeckel's es-
combines an intimate knowledge of the language of
say gives no intimation. To him, the world of mat-
the negro as he heard it in infancy and childhood,
ter, the world of differentiated ether and energy, is
with a scientific training in phonetics and general
the one real thing ; that this world is conditioned by
linguistics. Of chief interest to the general reader
the subject, and inconceivable apart from the subject,
are the appended specimens of fables, rhymes, pro-
is a view that seems to be unintelligible to our ma-
verbs, and enigmas, which constitute most of the
terialistic monist, although it is the view of every
material for the investigation. We meet the charac-
deep thinker whose name has left an impress upon
ters of “ Br'er Rabbit” and “Br'er Fox," so familiar
the history of philosophy.
in the folk-lore of the negroes in the Southern States,
in Compère Lapin and Compère Zamba of the
With the exception of a flying visit Guadeloupe fable; and the story of “The Tar Baby”
Voyages in
made in 1874 by H. M. S. Challenger, appears essentially as it is given in “Uncle Remus.”
the Antarctic regions have been neg The proverbs and enigmas are charming in their
lected by scientists since Ross's expedition in 1839– naïveté, and some of them have almost a poetic
1843. An incident of commerce led, in the autumn quality, as, “ The white man's eyes burn into those
of 1892, to a slight renewal of scientific interest. of the negro,” or “ There is one who burns his heart
A fleet of four whalers was sent out from Dundee, for the pleasure of the company: Answer, a can-
Scotland, to search the Antarctic seas for Bowhead dle.” The treatment of sounds and inflections is ex-
whales — which
may be termed, for the benefit of haustive, and is full of interest and instruction to
the ignorant, "whalebone whales,” with "golden the student of language. The author shows con-
heads” in every sense, for these whales are worth clusively that the language of the negro slave of
three thousand pounds apiece, thanks to Dame Guadeloupe is unmixed French (wbich is not true of
Fashion. They did not see one Bowhead—though any of the other “Creole” dialects), being an
they were in the ice over two months—nor any adaptation of the speech of his master to his own
other whales of any value, or worth catching; and primitive needs and capacity; and he has succeeded
the expedition cost twenty-eight thousand pounds. in explaining many disguised words and phrases
more.
Antarctic seas.


1895.]
217
THE DIAL
Travels in the
Sandwich Islands.
ness.
which might lead a more superficial observer to Mr. Horne believes, with many others, that since
suspect African or other influence. We commend the death of Le Gascon, somewhat grandiloquently
the study as a model to those who wish to contrib- styled “the Evening Star of bookbinding in France,”
ute something of real value to the knowledge of little progress has been made in original designing.
dialects and folk-lore.
“More inspiration and less perspiration " is urged
Open disdain of travels and travellers
as necessary to a revival of the art, and this we can-
not hope for until book-lovers and patrons of the art
has often been held to be character-
istic of the English people. It cer-
are willing to employ creative artists instead of imi-
tative artisans. Readers of Mr. Horne's
tainly has been of more than one great literary man.
will
pages
Quoth the great Dr. Johnson, pointing contemptu-
note an unpleasant peculiarity in the excessive use
of commas, colons, semi-colons, etc., making his text
ously to three volumes of Voyages to the South Sea,
“ Who will read them ? there can be little enter-
strongly suggestive of that pointellé style of deco-
tainment in them; one set of savages is just like
ration more appropriate on the covers. They will,
another." Yet the book of Mrs. Isabella Bird
however, pardon more than this for the interest and
value of his work.
Bishop on “Six Months in the Sandwich Islands”
(Putnam) has been through five editions in England
Among those who have rendered en-
before its present reprint in America. It was writ Life of
during services to dramatic art and
Macready.
ten over twenty years ago; and thus is not old
literature, the name of Macready
enough to have acquired any of the dignity of an will always hold a high place. He had lofty ideals,
cient history, nor is it new enough to have any fresh-
not only of acting but of dramatic composition.
It is in the form of letters written to a sis He strove to elevate and increase the acting reper-
ter; and had its four hundred and twenty pages tory of the English stage, and in this admirable
been shortened by judicious "editing" it would have and disinterested endeavor he enlisted the services
been more interesting. The really important chap- of Bulwer, Sheridan Knowles, and Talfourd, some
ters are those that relate to the visits to, explora of whose best plays were written at his suggestion
tions around, and inquiries about the volcanoes. or with his collaboration. The story of these labors
These wonders she explored most thoroughly and forms the most pleasing portions of Mr. W. T.
intelligently, and gives her reports of them in clear
Price's“ Life of William Charles Macready” (Bren-
and vivid sentences. Her accounts of sociological tano's). But while Macready as a force in dra-
and ethnological details are not specially valuable, matic art merits our praise, unfortunately Macready
because her visit was made at a time when the
as a man excites quite other feelings. The morbid-
islanders were already much affected by civilized, ness, the temper, and other unhappy traits of his
religious, social, and mental training. Her account
character, can be regarded only with aversion.
of the Leper settlement, for example, seems very But, as his biographer justly remarks, “ Any honest
bare, for we now know so much more of its effects life of Macready must treat with equal frankness
and results. Dr. Johnson's dictum that “one set of his distinct characteristics as an actor and as a man.”
såvages is just like another" seems true; for the
And so by this volume once more we are forced to
customs of the Hawaiian savages recounted in this wonder that one personality could be compounded
book bear a strong resemblance to those related by of elements so worthy and so petty. The book is
Pierre Loti, at the same date, of the island of Ta not well written; Mr. Price's English constructions
hiti; but the transcendent glamour of the beautiful
are so peculiar, and often so incorrect, that the
French romance is wholly lacking in these prosaic reader is vexed at the poor use of good material.
letters.
The publisher's part, however, is well done.
Mr. Herbert P. Horne has produced,
Decorative
in "The Binding of Books” (Scrib-
“ American Song," by Mr. Arthur
bookbinding.
ner's Sons), what is doubtless the
Representative
B. Simonds (Putnam), is further
American poems.
most comprehensive and valuable essay on the dec-
described on the title page as “a
orative features of bookbinding that has appeared collection of representative American poems, with
in English. The subject is one of continually grow analytical and critical studies of the writers, with
ing interest, and there have been many valuable introduction and notes.” This title leaves little to
contributions to its literature since Miss Prideaux add by way of explanation of the editor's aim. The
compiled her bibliography. Mr. Horne's work is "analytical and critical studies ” are, however, so
quite technical in character as is to be inferred from very
brief as to be of little value. They exhibit a
its sub-title, “An Essay in the History of Gold tendency to take too seriously some very minor poets,
Tooled Bindings.” It deals familiarly with such and an occasional freakishness of judgment. The
mysteries of the craft as “making up and sewing," work has five sections. There are “ Classics”
“backing and rounding,” “ beating,” “lacing,” (Bryant, Whittier, Emerson, Poe, Very, Longfel-
"heading - banding," "covering," etc., which are low, Lowell, Holmes), “Preëminent Later Writers”
treated with considerable detail in the opening (Whitman, Taylor, Lanier), “ Forerunners ” (Fre-
chapter. Other chapters are devoted to early Italian neau, Halleck, Drake, Saxe, and a dozen more),
bindings, French bindings, and English bindings. “At Sword's Points" (war lyrics by various hands),


218
[April 1,
THE DIAL
and " Contemporaries” (Parsons, Mr. Higginson, minutely, in others less, — by Mr. William Root Bliss,
Mr. Stoddard, Mr. Aldrich, Mr. Gilder, Mr. Wood in his “Side Glimpses from the New England Meeting-
berry, and two dozen others). Most of these lesser House” (Houghton). Mr. Bliss dedicates his book to
singers have but a single poem each, and it is some-
Mrs. Earle, whom he styles “My fellow traveller along
times surprising to note the editor's selection. The
the byways and bedges of Colonial New England.”
Whether or no we are to infer that the volume is in
facts stated are accurate, as far as we have ob-
some sort the result of actual collaboration is not quite
served. We may note that the deaths of Lucy Lar clear.
com and Celia Thaxter are not recorded. The book
A little book called “Theatrical Sketches” (The
has been planned both for school use and for gen-
Merriam Company) is a collection of stories about the
eral reading
stage and stage people, derived apparently in large
A sixth edition is now issued of Mrs. part from personal knowledge. Being well told, and
Etiquette in
Madeleine Vinton Dahlgren's stand-
as a rule somewhat amusing, they will serve to enter-
Washington.
ard manual of “The Social-Official
tain those who take pleasure in gossip of this kind. The
Etiquette of the United States”. (Murphy & Co., Bellew, James W. Morrissey, and Maurice Barrymore;
illustrations consist of good pictures of Messrs. Kyrle
Baltimore). A moment's reflection makes the uses
also of Lester Wallack, Edwin Booth, and Dion Bouci-
of Mrs. Dahlgren's book apparent. Washington cault, each in some favorite character.
etiquette being, as the author shows, largely a thing
“ Bartholomew Fair,” “Cynthia's Revels,” and “Se-
apart and sui generis, it is plain that one may be janus” fill the second volume of the “Mermaid " selec-
enviably au fait of social usages generally, and tion from the plays of Ben Jonson (imported by Scrib-
still be as ignorant as a Comanche of those pecul- ner). A third volume will complete the selection, and
iar to the federal capital. Mrs. Dahlgren sets we may incidentally remark that it will round to a full
forth the special rules of the Washington code
score the volumes of this admirable series. Professor
clearly and explicitly; and where the authorities Herford, who edited the first of the Jonson volumes,
differ as on certain nice points of official prece-
has withdrawn from the work, and no editor's name now
dence still unsettled — she debates the matter pro
appears upon the title-page, although the brief intro-
ductions to the separate plays are in the first person.
and con with great constitutional learning and a
The frontispiece is a portrait of Richard Burbage.
becoming sense of the gravity of her theme. To
“Ideals and Institutions: Their Parallel Develop-
the newly-returned member and his aspiring family
ment," is the title of a dissertation presented to the
the little book should prove a real blessing. For-
University of Minnesota by Mr. John Ernest Merrill,
tified by its precepts, the novice may venture upon and now issued from the Hartford Seminary Press. The
the troubled sea of the semi-official society of Wash author has made a careful study of Greek, Roman, and
ington with a comparatively light heart.
Teutonic institutions, and the essential part of his pre-
liminary thesis is that the institution is the product of
the antecedent national ideal, although of course he
does not refuse to admit that the former may react
BRIEFER MENTION.
upon
the latter. The treatment of the subject is largely
A beautiful cover imitative of Venetian mosaic, a metaphysical as well as historical, and these two phases
great number of charming illustrations, and two hun are, in fact, discussed in separate sections of the work.
dred and fifty pages of rather indifferent text, are the
Numerous tables and charts summarize the investiga-
gifts brought to us by “Venezia,” a sumptuous quarto
tions made by the writer, and a list of authorities is
volume imported by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons. appended.
The text, except for a brief and perfunctory introduc The essay on Giovanni Boccaccio as Man and Author
tion by Mr. H. D. Traill, is “ adapted ” from the Ger (imported by Scribner), of which the literary executors
man of Herr Henry Perl by Mrs. Arthur Bell. The of John Addington Symonds have made a thin octavo
illustrations, more than two hundred in number, are by volume, is little more than a re-statement of the matter
well-known Italian artists of the modern school, and already familiar to readers of Symonds's great history
certainly give us a most lifelike picture of the Venice of the Renaissance. It is, in a way, interesting to have
and the Venetians of to-day.
the matter all by itself, but one cannot help thinking
Our recent lengthy review of Dr. Skeat's edition of that a book devoted solely to the immortal author of
Chaucer makes superfluous any critical comment upon “Il Decamerone ” ought to be a good deal more of a
the one-volume edition of the text now published (Mac book than this one proves to be. The main facts are
millan), and gracefully dedicated to the University of here, and the most obvious comments, but little more,
Halle in return for the honorary degree last year con-
and there is so much more to say!
erred by that institution upon the editor. We now The “Smithsonian Report" for 1893 is of double the
bave, in a single compact tome, the entire text of usual size, and is one of the most valuable documents
Chaucer in 732 double-columned pages; an introduction lately issued from the Government Printing Office. The
of 22 pages on biography, grammar, verse, and pronun value, of course, resides in the Appendix, with its re-
ciation; and a “Glossarial Index ” of 149 pages. All prints of the most important scientific papers of the
students of English poetry will be grateful for this edi year, noticeable among which is Mr. Otis T. Mason's
tion, which, for the first time in five centuries, offers a “ North American Bows, Arrows, and Quivers," with
good text at a moderate price.
over fifty full-page plates. Flying machines, Arctic
The ground covered by Mrs. Alice Morse Earle's exploration, biological stations, photography, meteor-
popular work on “ The Sabbath in Puritan New En ology, anthropology, and Oriental scholarship, are a few
gland” is again gone over, — in some respects more of the subjects dealt with in the remaining papers.


1895.]
219
THE DIAL
season.
site for a library, on the ground that the land is needed
WOOD WITCHERY.
to enlarge Bryant Park. The reservoir plot is now un-
doubtedly the most valuable piece of land in the city.
The way ran under boughs of checkered green
Where live things stirred, and sweet lights glinted
To purchase an equally convenient site would require
through,
an appropriation for which ten times the amount of land
And airs were cool and scented; well I knew
could be bought in the tenement districts of the city
where small parks are needed. With the reservoir
It was New England, but this fresh demesne
site, and with the aid of the stone of which the reservoir
Was full of fabled folk no eye hath seen
is built, the trustees could erect a noble building, suit-
Yet every poet's heart must take for true:
Dryads