and hamadryads, satyrs too,
able for its purpose, and without encroaching upon their
invested funds. This plan, of course, would involve
And fountain-nymphs, and trolls of freakish mien.
the sale of the Lenox Library site. I trust that those
Then, like a flash, the oneness of the world
people who are opposing this inspiring plan will think
Broke on me; mythland was not here or there, better of their action.
But whereso'er shy Fancy had unfurled
While the mercantile and commercial districts of
Her wings, perceiving Nature young and fair; New York are extending up-town, the increasing popu-
New England spelt but Arcady, the same
lations of Long Island and New Jersey long since made
Unaging beauty by another name.
it plain that the business centre of the city must remain
RICHARD BURTON. far below Central Park. The lofty buildings now go-
ing up all over the lower end of Manhattan Island are
an unfailing indication of this. The lower part of the
city will thus be the centre of a population spreading
NEW YORK TOPICS.
in every direction except the southeast. Meanwhile,
New York, March 25, 1895. the publishing houses have established their own busi-
The pressure of topics requiring “mention” has never
ness centre along Fifth avenue and the adjacent streets,
A few
been greater than during the present Spring publishing from Eighth street to. Twenty-third street.
One looks, almost with dismay, on the incom-
still remain in the vicinity of Astor Place. Among
ing rush of announcements of new books, which flutter
these latter are Messrs. George Routledge's Sons; the
down like the doves of San Marco at the breakfast hour.
Funk & Wagnalls Co.; Henry T. Thomas; E. B.
So it behooves one to disregard them for the present,
Treat; E. & J. B. Young & Co. ; Arthur Hinds ;
and confine one's attention to a few subjects of insist-
Frederick Warne & Co.; Thomas Whittaker; E. R.
ant importance.
Pelton ; the Humboldt Publishing Co.; great printing
The bill making possible the incorporation of “The
houses like Theodore L. De Vinne & Co. and J. J. Lit-
New York Public Library: Astor, Lenox, and Tilden
tle & Co.; and such periodicals as “The Outlook,"
Foundation,” has passed our Senate and House, and now
“The Review of Reviews,” “The Literary Digest,"
awaits Governor Morton's signature. The consolidated
“Current Literature,” “Public Opinion,” and “The
board of trustees is to be composed of twenty-one mem-
Churchman.” Around the corner from these, on Broad-
bers—seven for each of the original foundations. The en way, are the American Book Company and Charles T.
dowments and property interests represent, as already
Dillingham, but the former will soon remove its quar-
stated in this correspondence, about $8,000,000. The
ters further up-town. Beginning with Ninth street,
interest from all the productive investments amounts to
between Broadway and Fifth avenue, the peripatetic
about $140,000 annually. Should the Lenox Library
author in quest of a publisher may observe the sign-
building and land be sold, this would be vastly in-
boards of Messrs. Bryan, Taylor & Co.; E. L. Kellog
creased. And herein lies the crucial point of the whole
& Co. ; Rand, McNally & Co.; A. C. Armstrong &
question. Will the city of New York give this public
Son; A. S. Barnes & Co.; John Wiley & Sons ; Fords,
library a site in a central and accessible part of the
Howard & Hulbert ; Maynard, Merrill & Co.; William
city? When I say city, I include much more than Man-
Wood & Co.; A. Lovell & Co.; D. C. Heath & Co.;
hattan Island and Westchester county. In a certain
D. G. Francis ; Macmillan & Co.; Brentano's; The
sense, all of Long Island and half of the state of New
Century Co. ; Ginn & Co.; Transatlantic Publishing
Jersey are now a part of the Greater New York. A Co.; D. Appleton & Co.; Merrill & Baker; The Mer-
few details are needed here. There is at the corner of
riam Co.; Leach, Shewell & Sanborn ; J. Selwin
Fifth avenue and Forty-second street, within one min-
Tait & Sons; Wm. Beverley Harrison ; the Judge
ute's walk of the Grand Central Station, a stone struc-
Publishing Co.; Cassell Publishing Co.; Houghton, Mif-
ture known as the “receiving reservoir.” It has long
flin & Co.; Longmans, Green, & Co.; Thomas Nelson &
been useless, having been supplanted many years ago
Sons; Wm. Evarts Benjamin ; T. Y. Crowell & Co.;
by our present aqueduct system. It covers a space of
the Baker & Taylor Co.; the Werner Co.; the Flem-
ground which would permit of a library containing four
ing H. Revell Co. ; James Pott & Co. ; Lovell, Cory-
millions of books. It adjoins Bryant Park, one of our
ell & Co.; Hunt & Eaton ; Dodd, Mead & Co. ; Charles
city squares. On either side run the longitudinal ele-
Scribner's Sons; A. D. F. Randolph Co.; G. P. Put-
vated railroad systems which connect the Battery with
nam's Sons; E. P. Dutton & Co.; Henry Holt & Co. ;
the North Side and Westchester county. Various street-
George W. Dillingham; and about one hundred maga-
car lines run east and west on Forty-second street, con-
zines and periodicals, a score of which are known the
necting with all other tramways and with all our fer-
world over.
ries. In fact, this place is both the physical and the Now, what an absurdity it would be, in spite of the
geographical centre of New York. In any other city,
fact that our new library is to be a popular institution,
this site would be inevitable for such a purpose ; but
to shove it up above the lower end of Central Park,
after letting this useless stone structure lie where it is
and out of reach of all these publishing houses and
for twenty years, objection is now made to giving the
their myriad workers !
ARTHUR STEDMAN.
-


220
(April 1,
THE DIAL
benches in the style of those used in the country school-
UNIVERSITY LIFE AT LEIPZIG.
houses of long ago. Perhaps the oldest of the univer-
(Special Correspondence of THE DIAL.)
sity buildings is the Church of St. Paul, originally be-
Leipzig, March 10, 1895.
longing to the monastery of like name, which was ab-
The University of Leipzig was founded in 1409, by
sorbed by the university in its early days. In this plain
German scholars from Prag, who left that city dur-
old church the university preacher holds service every
ing the Huss troubles. It immediately took high rank
Sunday morning. Not long ago it was the scene of the
among the universities of Europe, and is to-day the
funeral of the late Professor Hildebrand, on which oc-
third in Germany in point of numbers, Berlin and Mu-
casion the long procession of Verein students, with gay
nich standing ahead. Most of the revenues come from
colored caps, high boots, swords, and banners, contrasted
lands granted the university in its early days by one of
strangely with the somber edifice and solemn ceremony.
the Electors, and from valuable property in the very
The student does not play so important a rôle in Leip-
heart of the city. The annual income is stated at about zig as in the smaller university towns. Still, he is very
two hundred thousand dollars, which seems at first
much in evidence on the streets, where he is inclined to
thought a small sum for the maintenance of so large occupy more space than rightfully belongs to him. The
an institution; but in view of the comparatively small majority of the students are members of some Verein,
pay-roll, the amount assumes larger proportions. The
but only a comparatively small number wear colors.
uninitiated, in looking over the Verzeichness (calendar),
The object of most of these societies is serious, although
might wonder where the money comes from which is
the convivial element is not neglected. The corps stu-
necessary to salary such an army of teachers. But the
dent with slashed face is not prominent.
surprise ceases on learning that only the professors or The daily life of the German student is not attractive.
dinarius receive salaries, the professors extraordinarius He rents a room, usually of humble people, who furnish
and the privat-docents having only student fees for com him his morning coffee; his dinner he eats at some res-
pensation. For example, under the head of Germanic taurant; buys his supper, of rye bread and sausage, on
Philology nine names appear, but only three are those the way home from his late lecture or afternoon's loung-
of professors proper. The amount of the salary differs ing, and eats it alone, without the encumbrance of
among the different professorships, which vary greatly knife, fork, and plate. Unless he has friends in the city,
in this respect, some of them being heavily endowed by or brings with him letters of introduction, he has no so-
private benefactors. The head professor of Philosophy ciety outside of his fellow-students. But this satisfies
receives from the university about twenty-five hundred
him, and he is never at a loss for entertainment. If all
dollars, which amount is swelled to over four thousand else fail, the Kneipe is always open, and ready to furnish
by fees. The latter are comparatively small. The stu its peculiar solace. The average student does not ex-
dent pays, on entering the university, a matriculation pect to work much during the first semester, and often
fee of twenty marks; and for each course he hears dur the Bummelzeit lasts longer. Unless he belongs to the
ing his residence, four marks an hour, with a mark and fast set, he attends lectures with a fair amount of reg-
a half added for the Famulus and use of a seat. Thus, ularity, and keeps up his notes, but that is all. While
if the course occupies five hours a week, he pays twenty-
this sounds to his disadvantage, it really has some ex-
one and a half marks for the whole semester. The cuse. After the long grind in the gymnasium, the young
Seminars are free, with the exception of the one mark German is entitled to some lightening of labor. He
for the Famulus. The latter is a relic of the middle finds plenty of opportunity to dig before his university
ages. He is always a student, presumably poor and
career is over. There are scholarships and funds for
deserving, and serves the professor as a sort of private poor students; also the Convict, an eating-house where
janitor. He looks after the ventilation, keeps the black free dinners are furnished to those holding tickets. Our
board clean, posts notices, and performs other services American system of self-help is unknown. To perform
of a similar character. A more dignified office of the any kind of manual labor would be a disgrace.
Famulus is that of go-between for professor and student. The relation between student and professor is a dis-
The latter never addresses the former on the street or tant one. The two seldom come together, except on
university premises. If the student must see the pro formal occasions. The professor has perhaps a slight
fessor in person, he makes a formal call at the latter's acquaintance with all the members of his Seminar, and
place of residence. Otherwise all inquiries are ad may entertain them occasionally at his home. There
dressed to the Famulus, who alone has acccess to the are a few grand social functions during each semester,
sacred presence. There is no hovering about the pro to which those students with social introductions are
fessor's desk, or speaking with him in the corridors. invited. Among them are the Professorium, a faculty
On the very minute for the beginning of the lecture, reception and ball, when the young men have the op-
the Famulus opens the door, the professor enters, as portunity of meeting the professors' wives and dancing
cends the rostrum, begins “Meine Herren," closes at with their daughters.
the stroke of the bell, gathers up his manuscript, Following the example of his predecessor, the learned
and is gone amid the applause (made by the feet) of King John, the present King visits the university once a
the audience. In the Seminars, at the arrival and de year in the capacity of Rector Magnificissimus. He at-
parture of the professor, everybody stands. This pro tends a few lectures, especially those of newly appointed
fessional sacredness is said not to exist at the younger professors, and inspects any changes or improvements
universities, and is especially characteristic of Leipzig. made during the year. Naturally these are important
The university has but little to boast of in the way. occasions for both student and professor. Not long ago
of architecture. The Augusteum, the seat of the Phil the writer assisted at one of these visits. His Majesty in
osophical Faculty, is in process of reconstruction. It uniform, accompanied by her Majesty, attended by a
will be a fine building when completed. In the mean numerous suite, and escorted by the Rector Magnificus
time the lectures are held in an old hospital, without wearing his chain of office, was made comfortable in an
comfort or convenience. The seats are the rudest arm-chair before the reading-desk. The Herr Professor


1895.]
221
THE DIAL
appeared in a dress suit and white gloves, and the Fam-
ulus in a long-tailed coat of black broadcloth. The lec-
ture proceeded as usual and was closed by a rousing
Hoch to their Majesties.
To the above some facts may be added concerning
the status of women at the University of Leipzig. Their
attendance has always been in theory forbidden; but
professors fell into the practice of failing to discover
their presence in the lecture halls. Three years ago,
eleven women were thus pursuing studies, expecting to
secure degrees from less conservative institutions for
work which was actually done at Leipzig. This group
included American, English, and Russian women, and
one daughter of the Fatherland, Fräulein Käthe Wind-
schied, who secured the doctor's degree a year ago at
the University of Heidelberg. Recently, conservatism
bas increased. Young women who were seeking only
a veneer of foreign culture had begun to swell the num-
ber in attendance at lectures. Professors took their
patronage of the more attractive courses for light treat-
ment of serious things. Some of them have therefore
excluded all representatives of the sex even from the
rôle of unseen listeners. At present four women, two
from the United States, one from England, and one
from Germany, are attending courses of lectures which
they have chosen with the purpose of taking degrees
at other universities. An eminent professor told one
of these that if she entered his lecture room he would
not see her. As for the higher education of women,
he did not disapprove of it under all circumstances;
but in Germany the professions were already crowded
and offered them no place for a career. Therefore, to
prepare for professional life would only increase their
discontent.
ELLEN C. HINSDALE.
cess.
66
plays that are among the many indications of the good
work now being done by the English departments of
our colleges. A few days ago, Jonson's “Silent Woman
was given by Harvard students ; while May will wit-
ness a performance of “Ralph Roister Doister” at
Tufts College, under the direction of Professor D. L.
Maulsby.
Without any ambitious attempt to emulate Mrs.
Humphry Ward's achievement in “Marcella,” « Tran-
sition,” a forthcoming novel by the author of “A Su-
perfluous Woman,” is said to have been written with
the express purpose of giving a truer account of the
workings of a socialist mind, and the methods adopted
in particular by the scientific socialists of the day, than
Mrs. Ward was in a position to do.
The new Società Dantesca d'Italia has planned a col-
lation of about 400 selected passages of the “Divina
Commedia" in all the manuscripts known to exist, some
600 in number. The results are to be sent to a central
committee, which is to sift and discuss and tabulate
them, so as to establish families or types of text (if
possible), and then select the MSS. of highest authority
to serve as the foundation of a great critical edition.
The exhibition of fine book-bindings held at the Art
Institute in Chicago, under the auspices of the Caxton
Club, during the past month, proved a gratifying suc-
No such collection of books, so interesting and
valuable aside from their artistic features, has ever been
brought together in Chicago before, and it is doubtful
if any other American city outside of New York could
produce a similar exbibit, rich alike in associations and
as specimens of the book-binder's art.
That, in the United States, the English language
has, with the mass of the people, degenerated into a
most disgraceful condition, and that it steadily becomes
more and more depraved there, no intelligent observer
can question," writes Dr. Fitzedward Hall in a recent
Academy.”
.” Mr. Andrew Lang also discusses the sub-
ject, contributing this note: “Speaking loosely, and
subject to correction, I think that colloquial vulgarisms
of a peculiar type began to appear in American litera-
ture after 1860. If America possessed an Academy
it would probably have set its face against them.”
The trustees of the Crerar Library have recently
taken a number of important steps towards the organi-
zation of their work. In the resolution to live upon
their income, and not to impair their capital even for
the purpose of providing a building, they have carried
out the suggestion recently made by us, as also in their
early selection of a librarian. Mr. C. W. Andrews, of
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who has
just been chosen for their executive head, is admirably
qualified for the post offered him. It is also gratify-
ing to learn that the choice of a librarian was deter-
mined by no personal or local considerations, but by
taking the best expert advice to be had. Of the reso-
lution to make the library a collection of scientific lit-
erature, we can only say that it does not seem to us the
wisest of possible decisions, however great may be the
usefulness of a scientific library, and however liberal
the construction of the term. The claim of the human-
ities is, on the whole, greater than the claim of science,
particularly at a time when science gets so much more
than its due sbare of the good things of life. But the
decision is, we understand, irrevocably taken, and it is
better than some plans that were reported to be under
consideration.
LITERARY NOTES.
“Maarten Maartens,” for the first time in years, has
passed the winter in Holland.
The members of the Authors Club of New York will
give a reception to their friends the publishers, on the
eleventh of this month.
Professor Blackie is said some time ago to have
turned his papers over to a friend, with a view to the
preparation of a biography.
Mr. G. von Gizycki, of Berlin, well-known among
the leaders of the “ethical movement," died on the 3rd
of March, at the age of forty-three.
A new volume of poems by Mr. Louis J. Block, en-
titled “The New World, with Other Verse,” will be
published this Spring by Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
The German societies of New York have offered to
the municipality a Heine monument. The offer has
been accepted, and the monument, which Düsseldorf
refused, will be placed in Central Park.
The expected biography of the late Professor Free-
man, by Dr. Stephens, to be issued by Messrs. Macmil-
lan & Co., will contain many extracts from Mr. Free-
man's correspondence on literary, historical, and general
topics.
Mr. Charlemagne Tower, Jr., whose work on Lafay-
ette is reviewed in this issue of THE DIAL, is a resident
of Philadelphia, and has been in turn a lawyer, a railway
president, and a student of history. He is forty-six
years of age.
We are glad to note the performances of old English


222
[April 1,
THE DIAL
1
Japan,
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
April, 1895 (First List).
Bank of England, The. Henry J. W. Dam. McClure.
Beggars and their Lodgings. A. F. Sanborn. Forum.
Club Life among Outcasts. Josiah Flynt. Harper.
Du Maurier, George. R. H. Sherard. McClure.
Educational System, The Basis of our. Atlantic.
English Sounds, Expressive Power of. Atlantic.
Flower Lore of New England Children. Atlantic.
German Forest, The. Sidney Whitney. Chautauquan.
Grand Opera. Nellie Melba Lippincott.
Greeley Campaign, The. E. Benj. Andrews. Scribner.
History and Religion. John Bascom. Dial.
Autumn in. Alfred Parsons. Harper.
Lafayette in the Am. Revolution. D. L. Shorey. Dial.
Leipzig, University Life at. Ellen C. Hinsdale. Dial.
Lottery, Suppression of the. Newman Smyth. Forum.
Macbeth. John Foster Kirk. Atlantic.
Manxland. E. Rimbault Dibdin. Mag. of Art.
Napoleon at Elba. Henry Houssaye. Chautauquan.
Orient, Travels in the. Alice Morse Earle. Dial.
Pariz, Cheap Living in. A. F. Sanborn. Lippincott.
Paris in Mourning. Richard Harding Davis. Harper.
Pierre Loti in Private Life. Mme. Adam. McClure.
Prince Charles Stuart. Andrew Lang. Scribner.
Public Schools, Progress in the. W. T. Harris. Harper.
Rosebery, Lord. Justin M'Carthy. Forum.
Royal Family of England, The. Chautauquan.
Sanitary Science, Modern. J. S. Billings. Chautauquan.
Social Discontent, Remedies for. Henry Holt. Forum.
“Socialism, Quintessence of,” The Real. W. Mallock. Forum
Stevenson, Robert Louis. C. T. Copeland. Atlantic.
Symonds, John Addington. Dial.
Table Manners, Evolution of. Lee J. Vance. Lippincott.
Tammany. E. J. Edwards. McClure.
Theatre, Art in the. W. J. Lawrence. Mag. of Art.
Translation, The Neglected Art of. Dial.
Tunnels, Great. Robert Jamison. Chautauquan.
Venice in Easter, Arthur Symons. Harper.
Washington, The City of. Julian Ralph. Harper.
Woman's Lot in Persia. Lippincott.
Women in European Universities. Alice Zimmern. Forum.
HISTORY.
A Short History of the English People. By J.R. Green,
M.A.; illustrated edition, edited by Mrs. J. R. Green and
Miss Kate Norgate. Vol. IV., illus., large 8vo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 500. Harper & Bros. $5.
The Historical Geography of the Holy Land, Especially
in Relation to the History of Israel and of the Early
Church. By George Adam Smith, D.D. With maps,
8vo, uncut, pp. 692. A. C. Armstrong & Son. $4.50.
History of the Plague in London. By Daniel Defoe.
12mo, pp. 253. American Book Co.'s "Eclectic English
Classics.”
The Free Trade Struggle in England. By M. M. Trum-
bull. 12mo, pp. 288. Open Court Pub'g Co. Paper, 25 cts.
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
The Life and Correspondence of Rufus King: Compris-
ing his Letters, Speeches, Public Documents, etc. Edited
by his Grandson, Charles R. King, M.D. Vol. II., 1795-
1799; with portrait, 8vo, gilt top, pp. 666. G. P. Put-
nam's Sons. $5.
The Right Hon. William E. Gladstone: A Study from
Life. By Henry W. Lucy, author of " A Diary of Two
Parliaments." With portrait, 12mo, pp. 255. Roberts
Bros. $1.25.
POETRY.
Poems, Dramatic and Lyrical. By Lord De Tabley. Sec-
ond series ; 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 160. Macmillan &
Co. $2.
The White Tsar and Other Poems. By Henry Bedlow.
Illus., large 8vo, gilt top. J. Selwin Tait & Sons. Boxed,
$3.50.
God's Parable and Other Poems. By Susanna Massey.
12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 143. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $i.
Song-Blossoms. By Julia Anna Wolcott. 12mo, pp. 258.
Arena Pub'g Co. $1.25.
Pictures in Verse. By George Lansing Raymond, L.H.D.,
author of " A Life in Song." Illus., 12mo, gilt top, pp.
44. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 75 cts.
FICTION.
The Princess Aline. By Richard Harding Davis, author of
“Van Bibber and Others." Illus., 12mo, pp. 163. Harper
& Bros. $1.25.
The Mermaid: A Love Tale. By L. Dougall, author of
Beggars All.” 12mo, pp. 290. D. Appleton & Co. $1.
The Idiot. By John Kendrick Bangs, author of “Coffee and
Repartee. Illus., 16mo, pp. 115. Harper & Bros. $1.
The New Woman: In Haste and at Leisure. By E. Lynn
Linton, author of "Under Which Lord.” 12mo, pp. 461.
The Merriam Co. $1.50.
Judge Ketchum's Romance. By Horace Annesley Vachell.
12mo, pp. 296. J. Selwin Tait & Sons. $1.
Alison's Adventures; or, The Broderick Estate: A Story
for Girls. By Lucy C. Lillie. Illus., 12mo, pp. 384. Por-
ter & Coates. $1.25.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
On India's Frontier; or, Nepal, the Gurkhas' Mysterious
Land. By Henry Ballantine, M.A., author of " Mid-
night Marches through Persia.” Illus., 12no, gilt top,
pp. 192. J. Selwin Tait & Sons. $2.50.
“Out of the East”: Reveries and Studies in New Japan.
By Lafcadio Hearn. 12mo, pp. 341. Houghton, Mifflin
& Co. $1.25.
Memories of Italian Shores. By Mena C. Pfirshing: 12mo,
pp. 175. Chicago: Printed at The Dial Press. $1.25.
Four American Universities : Harvard, Yale, Princeton,
Columbia. Large 8vo, illus., gilt top, pp. 202. Harper
& Bros. $3.50.
THEOLOGY AND RELIGION.
The Teaching of the Vedas: What Light Does it Throw
on the Origin and Development of Religion ? By Maurice
Phillips. 12mo, uncut, pp. 240. Longmans, Green, &
Co. $1.75.
As Others Saw Him: A Retrospect, A.D. 54. 12mo, un-
cut, pp. 217. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25.
The Parables by the Lake. By W. H. Thomson, LL.D.
Illus., 12mo, pp. 159. Harper & Bros. $1.25.
Thoughts on Religion. By the late George John Romanes,
M.A.; edited by Charles Gore, M.A. 12mo, gilt top, pp.
184. Open Court Pub'g Co. $1.25.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 53 titles, includes books re-
ceived by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
GENERAL LITERATURE.
A Literary History of the English People, from the
Origins to the Renaissance. By J. J. Jusserand, author
of " Piers Plowman, 1363-1399." With frontispiece, 8vo,
gilt top, pp. 545. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $3.50.
Louisiana Folk-Tales in French Dialect and English Trans-
lation. Collected and edited by Acée Fortier, D.Lt. 8vo,
gilt top, pp. 122. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $2.
The Son of Don Juan: An Original Drama in Three Acts.
By José Echegaray; trans. by James Graham. With
portrait, 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 131. Roberts Bros. $1.
American Literature. By Mildred Cabell Watkins. 24mo,
pp. 224. American Book Co. 35 cts.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD WORKS.
The Life, Adventures, and Reflections of Robinson
Crusoe, of York, Mariner. By Daniel Defoe ; edited by
George A. Aitken. In 3 vols., illus., gilt tops, uncut.
Macmillan & Co. $3.
Poetical Works of Sir Walter Scott, Bart. Selected and
edited, with introduction and notes, by Andrew Lang.
In 2 vols., 12mo, uncut. Macmillan & Co. $2.50.
The Works of Molière. Translated by Katharine Prescott
Wormeley. Vol. III., Les Femmes Savantes, and Le
Malade Imaginaire ; 12mo, gilt top, pp. 335. Roberts
Bros. $1.50.
On the Eve. By Ivan Turgenev ; trans. from the Russian
by Constance Garnett. 16mo, gilt top, pp. 290. Macmil-
lan & Co. $1.25.


1895.]
223
THE DIAL
Rays of Light from all Lands: The Bibles and Beliefs of
Mankind. Edited by Rev. E. C. Towne, B.A., and FRENCH BOOKS.
others. Illus., 8vo, pp. 866. New York: Gay Bros. &
Co. $2.75.
A Child of Nature : Studies of the Outward as Related to
Readers of French desiring good literature will take pleas-
the Inward Life. By Marion D. Shutter, D.D. 18mo, ure in reading our ROMANS CHOISIS SERIES, 60 cts. per
pp. 111. Boston: James H. West. $1.
vol. in paper and 85 cts. in cloth ; and CONTES CHOISIS
The Christian State: A Political Vision of Christ. By SERIES, 25 cts. per vol. Each a masterpiece and by a well-
George D. Herron. 16mo, gilt top, pp. 216. Thomas Y.
Crowell & Co. 75 cents.
known author. List sent on application. Also complete cat-
Matter, Force, and Spirit; or, Scientific Evidence of a Su-'
alogue of all French and other Foreign books when desired.
preme Intelligence. 12mo, pp. 144. G. P. Putnam's
Sons. $1.
WILLIAM R. JENKINS,
Story of the Life of Jesus for the Young ; Told from an
Ethical Standpoint. By W. L. Sheldon. 16mo, pp. 148. Nos. 851 and 853 Sixth Ave. (48th St.), NEW YORK.
Philadelphia : S. Burns Weston. 50 cts.
SCIENCE AND NATURE.
Rare Books. Prints. Autographs.
The Physiology of Plants: A Popular Treatise for the Use
WILLIAM EVARTS BENJAMIN,
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THE DIAL
A Semi-fonthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
PAGE
son.
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
cach month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage
EDUCATIONAL VALUES.
prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries
comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must
The subject of educational values is by no
be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the
current number, REMITTANCES should be by check, or by express or means a new one, and the pedagogical litera-
postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBs and
for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application ;
ture of all ages offers contributions to its dis-
and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished cussion. Yet in a certain sense this subject,
on application. All communications should be addressed to
implied as it is in all educational theory, has
THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago.
just now become a topic of the day, and is in
a fair way to receive much new illustration and
No. 212. APRIL 16, 1895. Vol. XVIII.
illumination. We may safely predict that for
some years to come it will get unusual atten-
CONTENTS.
tion at the hands of educators, and bear an em-
phasis hitherto withheld yet preëminently de-
EDUCATIONAL VALUES.
229 served. Among the causes which just now are
directing educational thought into this channel,
THE ALLOTROPY OF REALISM. George Merriam
two or three of the most important may be spe-
Hyde
231
cified. In the first place, the new psychology
COMMUNICATIONS
232-by which we mean the new impetus given to
The American Authors' Guild. James Grant Wil-
the pursuit of that science rather than any of
the new methods or results so noisily heralded
A Suggestion on Teaching English Literature.
Hiram M. Stanley.
—is being brought into more intimate relations
Greek Drama at Washburn College. Bertha E.
than ever before with the art pedagogic. We
Lovewell.
are learning that knowledge of the human mind
must underlie all good teaching, and that the
THE COMMONWEALTH AND PROTECTORATE.
faculties may be effectively played upon only
Benjamin S. Terry
234
by those who are familiar with their workings.
THE DUSK OF THE NATIONS. Edward E. Then we are on the eve of a reaction in favor
Hale, Jr. .
236 of the humanities. The husks of science, even
CHICAGO'S OTHER HALF. Mar West .
239 allowing for the solid kernel within, are found
less satisfactory as a diet than they seemed a
STUDIES OF NEW JAPAN. Edmund Buckley 241
few years ago, and hungry souls in revolt
THE BACONIAN AUTHORSHIP OF THE PLAYS. against a regimen are everywhere calling for
L. W. Bishop
242 more generous and vitalizing forms of nutri-
ment. This state of things naturally reopens
PIONEER LIFE IN OHIO. William Henry Smith 243
the whole question of the relative values of sci-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
244 ence and literature, and the spokesmen of the
A scholarly volume of literary essays.- Introduction former subject are discovering, somewhat to
to the Herbartian System. – Life and Essays of
George William Curtis.-A roving Englishman of for-
their surprise, that the champions of the latter
tune. -- The England of Elizabeth. A short history are still undaunted. In fact, the contest be-
of the British Navy. - Practical hints on every-day
tween the advocates of the narrowly practical
teaching. -- Handy volumes of Economic Classics. –
Memories of Italian Shores.- The Inns of Court and
and those who stand for the broader and more
Chancery.- Napoleon's campaign in Italy.
liberal type of education is being renewed all
BRIEFER MENTION ..
along the line, and philistinism trembles in the
247
strongholds it once thought so secure.
THE CLASSICAL CONFERENCE AT ANN AR-
The very fact that educational values are
BOR. Josiah R. Smith
248
being everywhere earnestly discussed is itself
LITERARY NOTES
248 of the highest significance. The bread-and-
butter policy of the “ practical ” people has al-
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS
249
ways scoffed at the notion that it was worth
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
250
while to consider what education could do for
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.


230
(April 16,
THE DIAL
was a
.
the man himself, and has contented itself with And we are, on the whole, rather grateful to
asking what kind of a living it could give him. Dr. Harris for his unexpectedly sparing use of
“ Man shall not live by bread alone
that blessed word “apperception," and the other
text to which that policy never attached a se catch-words of metaphysical pedagogies.
rious meaning. But educational discussion After a few preliminary remarks upon the
could not, in the very nature of things, and condition of elementary studies, the report
even with so “practical ” a people as ours, long promptly reaches the question of educational val-
remain upon so essentially irrational a plane. ues, taking up successively the subjects of Lan-
To accomplish results of a higher sort than guage Studies, Arithmetic, Geography, His-
those which are embodied in worldly success, tory, and Other Branches. Language is placed
the centre of attention must be the child himself first, because it “ rightfully forms the centre of
rather than his material environment; and the instruction in the elementary school.” The
shifting of emphasis which corresponds to this importance is emphasized of much reading of
more enlightened view is precisely the most good pieces of literature, but we regret to see
hopeful feature of the phase of educational ac the reader” spoken of so respectfully, and
tivity upon which we have now fairly entered. we more than doubt that " in almost all series
These conclusions as to the new trend of of readers used in our elementary schools
thought upon a subject of so great concern are the selections are literary works of art.” The
substantiated by the discussion of the Corre question of the relative values of the æsthetical
lation of Studies in Elementary Education and ethical elements in works of literary art
which is the chief feature of the Report of the is finely set forth in the following passage:
Committee of Fifteen. The sub-committee “ The ethical should, however, be kept in subordina-
upon this subject was made up
of five educa tion to the æsthetical, but for the sake of the supreme
tors of wide reputation, headed by Dr. William
interests of the ethical itself. Otherwise the study of
T. Harris. Their conclusions, as now presented,
a work of art degenerates into a goody-goody perform-
ance, and its effects on the child are to cause a reaction
were not in all respects unanimously reached ;
against the moral. The child protects his inner indi-
and to the main discussion, prepared by the viduality against effacement through external authority
chairman of the sub-committee, there are ap by taking an attitude of rebellion against stories with
pended as many dissenting opinions as there
an appended moral. Herein the superiority of the æs-
thetical in literary art is to be seen. For the ethical
were other members. But these minority re-
motive is concealed by the poet, and the hero is painted
ports, taken all together, do not weaken more with all his brittle individualism and self-seeking. His
than ten per cent of the conclusions embraced passions and his selfishness, gilded by fine traits of
in the very able document prepared by Dr.
bravery and noble manners, interest the youth, interest
us all. The established social and moral order seems
Harris, and represent no greater a divergence
to the ambitious hero to be an obstacle to the unfolding
than was natural in view of the ground cov of the charms of individuality. The deed of violence
ered and the complexity of the subject.
gets done, and the Nemesis is aroused. Now his deed
We consider the document just referred to comes back on the individual doer, and our sympathy
one of the most important contributions that
turns against him and we rejoice in his fall. Thus the
æsthetical unity contains within it the ethical unity.
have been made to recent discussion, and one
The lesson of the great poet or novelist is taken to heart,
that is sure to exert a wide and helpful influ whereas the ethical announcement by itself might have
ence.
Its defects are those of its qualities, or failed, especially with the most self-active and aspiring
rather of those qualities developed in its au-
of the pupils."
thor's mind by the metaphysical training which This is all admirable, but the writer was not
has shaped his thought. The discussion is well-advised in bringing Aristotle's famous pas-
highly abstract, and at times a fictitious im- sage about tragedy to his support. The Kathar-
portance is given to commonplace ideas by their sisfrage has developed many varieties of opin-
mere verbal garb. We hardly need to be told ion, and this is one of the least justifiable.
with so much ceremony, for example, that lan We have space for but few words upon the
guage is a valuable subject of study because remaining sections of this discussion. An
“it enables each person to communicate his in abridgment of arithmetic is recommended, with
dividual experience to his fellows, and thus per substitution of elementary algebra. Many pu-
mits each to profit by the experience of all.” pils, it is justly said, are now kept back from
Again, we may pardon, in view of the excellence the secondary stage of education on the plea
of the principle, the form of the idea thus ex of lack of preparation in arithmetic, the real
pressed : “Only familiarity with fine English difficulty in many cases being a lack of ability
works will insure one a good and correct style.” to solve algebraic problems by an inferior


1895.]
231
THE DIAL
60
method.” What is called “ sailor geography
THE ALLOTROPY OF REALISM.
is unsparingly condemned. History "should
be the special branch for education in the du No bandying of epithets will ever obliterate either
ties of citizenship.” A “spiral course in of the two eternal types of fiction.” Whenever
natural science should run from bottom to top
the realist or " veritist” fetches the other fellow a
of the curriculum. Formal English grammar
clip, like a Siamese twin he knocks himself down ;
for romanticism, no less than realism, has a rational
should give way, in part, to a year or more of
elementary Latin. The best thing that can pos- ground in human nature. Neither will ever have
had its day or be outgrown. Whether the English
sibly be said about moral training is tersely put
romance dates back to De Foe's “ Robinson Crusoe,”
in these words:
or to Nash's “ Jack Wilton," and whether English
“ The substantial moral training of the school is per “realism ” began with Richardson and Fielding, or
formed by the discipline rather than by the instruction with Sir Roger De Coverley, or (as Mr. Howells
in ethical theory. The child is trained to be regular would have it) with Jane Austen, the fact remains
and punctual, and to restrain his desire to talk and whis-
that realism is as old as Homer and Job, and that
per - in these things gaining self-control day by day.
“ Romance” held its own, in Eden, with the poetry
The essence of moral behavior is self-control. The
of the creation. Yet a decade ago, in this country,
school teaches good behavior. The intercourse of a
pupil with his fellows without evil words or violent ac-
romanticists dismissed realism with disparaging
tions is insisted on and secured. The higher moral qualgibes. And ever and anon realistic writers are
ities of truth-telling and sincerity are taught in every heard berating romanticism, and actually predicting
class exercise that lays stress on accuracy of state its downfall. Except in the case of children,'
ment."
said a writer in the Westminster Review," not
The question of educational values exists, of long since, “ fanciful narrative, whether founded on
age.
course, along the whole line of educational history or not, is repugnant to the spirit of the
We want facts, not romantic dreams.” One would
work. But the controlling principles that must
underlie its intelligent discussion are amply Kipling, Quiller-Couch, Doyle, Caine, Weyman,
suppose that the successes of Messrs. Stevenson,
illustrated in the field of the elementary studies. Hawkins, and Crawford would preclude the possi-
That field, however, is no longer as sharply | bility of so one-sided a statement of what “we want,”
marked off as formerly from the outlying fields aside from the eternal principle of the thing. In a
of secondary and collegiate work. The paper partisan opposition to romance there is no necessity
that we have just had under discussion exem either of underestimating its present vogue or of
plifies the growing tendency to remove the tra villifying it. When Professor Boyesen calls the ro-
ditional metes and bounds that have hitherto manticists “mere purveyors of entertainment,” he
defined the three stages of education. It oppor-
is too plainly trifling: who was it said that pleasure,
not edification, is the end of all art ? But when
tunely happens that an extension of the dis-
cussion upon the plane of the higher stages is
he gathers up his skirts and with a procul-este-
profani air exclains, "I have never suspended my
provided by the April number of the “Educa-
heroines over the brinks of yawning chasms; nor
tional Review,” almost the entire contents of have I introduced monkeys falling in love with men
which are devoted to a series of papers, by com or men with monkeys ; nor am I equal to the de-
petent writers, upon the special educational picting of the perennial charms of women two thou-
values of the subjects with which the higher in sand years old,” we can only reply that this is really
struction is mainly concerned. These papers
too bad. No wonder the professor finds romance
are of much interest, and, taken together with
"a great dead world, whose puppets are galvanized
the Report of the Committee of Fifteen, afford
into a semblance of life by the art of the author.”
With Señor Valdés, he would assert, apparently,
a convenient starting point for the further dis-
that novelists “begin by deliberately falsifying
cussion that is sure to be given to a subject so
human feelings." All of which may have been, in
auspiciously broached and of so great an in the childhood of the race; and still may survive,
trinsic importance.
in the “romance,” say, of the Fijians, who, Mr.
Basil Thomson informs us, “ will tell of doings so
strange that the jaws of the listeners fall apart."
The fourth summer session of the School of Applied
The energy consumed in the demolition of straw
Ethics will be held at Plymouth this year as before, be-
men, or in trying to prove that the days of realism
ginning July 8, and continuing for five weeks. There
or of romanticism are ended, might better be spent
will be the usual three departments of ethics, economics,
and the history of religions, and a new department de-
in the foredoomed attempt to determine who are
voted to education. The latter department will be con-
realists and who are romanticists.
A good many
fined to the last two of the five weeks, so as not to
people would like to know, and withhold their al-
conflict with the Denver meeting of the National Edu- | legiance till the “doubtful states ” shall be officially
cational Association.
classed with one or the other “party.” At present,


232
[April 16,
THE DIAL
---
66
car-
things are in an awful muss. Mr. Mabie, defining only in eras when men are deficient in imaginative
romance broadly as the “novel of plot, romance, in grasp; whereas idealism, so far from penetrating
cident, adventure,” slyly includes in his camp
all and illumining ordinary daily events, deals only
the uncertain ones - Fielding, Thackeray, George with dazzling incidents and complicated plots. This,
Eliot, Mr. Meredith, Mr. Hardy, Mrs. Ward, Mr. to one (whether writer or reader) who for the mo-
Du Maurier. • No really great realistic novel has ment notes his mental and visual processes, is man-
yet appeared in the English language”! Professor ifestly absurd. A little bird's nest by William Hunt
Boyesen opens his "pantheon" of realists for is an idealistic creation as truly as some picture of
Thackeray, George Eliot, Mr. Hardy, and Mr. Du a battle, a coronation, or a martyrdom. Peter Bell
Maurier. Mr. Howells excludes from his, Thack- inanely dallying with his "yellow primrose” is a
eray, whom he dubs—as most do Dickens—a hideous burlesque, not a type, of the true realist.
icaturist.”. Balzac " at his best,” according to Mr. Dr. Johnson's remark, “When you have seen one
Howells, is a realist; though he wrote, Mr. Lang green field, you have seen all,” can be accounted
claims,“ in the spirit of romance and fantasy," and for only on a theory of mental deficiency. Imagi-
was considered an idealist by Stendhal in spite of nation, which has been variously defined as reason
the popular impression. Whether Mr. Alphonse out for a holiday, or perception in a hurry, or mem-
Daudet is a realist or romanticist has not definitely ory gone wild, or the dalliance of desire, whatever
been decided, even in France; though he “ drew it be, is
“the fountain light of all our day,
from life” and was avowedly the “literary histori-
a master light of all our seeing,'
ographer" of the Second Empire. Even Zola, ac-
and lends itself willingly, if mysteriously, to depict-
cording to one, excels “by his epic qualities,” and
ing
to another is “colossally fantastic,” not to say ro-
“The green and scarlet of the Park,
mantic.
The undulating streets at dark,
At this point one is inclined to look well
The brown smoke blown across the blue,
to his literary armor and make sure of the few re-
This crowded city we walk through,
maining screws. There are Le Sage, Scott, Dumas
The pallid faces full of pain,
père, Hugo; and there are Cervantes, Flaubert,
The field-smell of the passing wain,
Maupassant, Tourguéneff, Tolstoi, Zola, Howells,
The laughter, longing, perfume, strife,
and Miss Wilkins.
The daily spectacle of life.”
Discouraging indeed to the mere student of text Surely if, as Mr. Mabie asserts, " the aspirations,
books, this apparent confusion of terms seems to dreams, devotions, and sacrifices of men, are as real
indicate that the word “realism (whether or not as their response to self-interest or their tendency
with the approval of its chief promoters) is obtain to the conventional and the commonplace," the con-
ing a wider and deeper meaning. Ten years ago, verse is equally true, that the objective play of per-
it meant that “a novel should have neither plot, ception and the selective observation involved in
nor beginning nor end." The realistic novel was realism are as truly concerned with the imagina-
then “the novel of the bare fact,” photographic, tion as is the veriest romance. Coleridge's advice
rather than a portraiture, in the delineation of char to poets is not without weight to the realist. "A
acter. This now should go, perhaps, by the name poet," he said, “ought not to pick nature's pocket.
of naturalism. For realism is gaining a wider sig. Trust more to your imagination than to your
nificance: “A realist,” Professor Boyesen well memory.” Which does not mean, in the language
says, " is a writer who adheres strictly to the logic of Sheridan, that he should " draw on his imagina-
of reality. . . who, to use Henry James's felicitous tion for his facts." Whenever Mr. Hall Caine shall
phrase, arouses not the pleasure of surprise, but give to the world his Life of Christ, to be written
that of recognition."
not from the point of fact,” but from “ the point
For a lively, blinding statement of all the ele of imaginative insight," it will have a flourishing
ments of the problem, Mr. H. C. Bunner is respon- existence, as Renan's did before it. Paradoxical as
sible: “If I can write a story which will make you it may sound, it is the idealist who can most ade-
believe, while you are reading it, that when my quately cope with the real.
quately cope with the real. A sketch of a few
hero was strolling down Fifth Avenue to attend a hasty lines by a true artist is more faithful than
meeting of the Young Men's Kindergarten Club, he any photograph. Not literal truth, but “ideal
met a green dragon forty-seven feet long, with truth,” is still the end of literature.
eighteen legs and three tails, and that the green
GEORGE MERRIAM HYDE.
dragon wept bitterly, and inquired the way to a
cheese-shop,—why, that's realism.”
We suspect that if terms were clearly defined, all
argument would, as in matters political and religi-
COMMUNICATIONS.
ous, be either needless or useless. But that can
THE AMERICAN AUTHORS' GUILD.
never be. At any rate, never could all agree as to
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
the true scope of the imagination. Already some,
“ Every man a debtor to his profession” is the motto
with psychological perversity, assume that realism is
of the American Authors' Guild, which was organized in
the special product and prerogative of the observa the City of New York in May, 1892, by upwards of
tion and the memory, and flourishes consequently one hundred professional writers. Its immediate ob-
.


1895.]
233
THE DIAL
jects are, in the first place, to advise and inform inex past to present. Where development is traced it is, per-
perienced members in regard to royalties, copyright, cost haps invariably, from earlier writers to later. But this
of production, etc.; to secure fair bargains between au certainly contravenes, and that very directly, a most im-
thor and publisher; to advocate and procure better laws portant psychic and pedagogic law; namely, that mind
affecting literary property; and, lastly, to promote such tends ever to pass from known to unknown, from present
feelings of professional comradeship as have been fos to past, rather than vice versa. In any exploration of lit-
tered by similar societies in other callings.
erature it is most easy and profitable for the student to
During the three years of its existence the Guild has begin with the works of the day, as embodying thoughts
made rapid progress in efficiency, and it exerts an influ and feelings familiar to him, and go out and upward
ence beyond its numerical strength. It bas nearly from thence to the remote sources. If you live at the
trebled its membership; it has no liabilities, and has a mouth of a stream, the natural method of tracing its
thousand dollars in its treasury. It has successfully course is to ascend it.
mediated in all cases brought before it by members Further, I would insist that the main divisions of lit-
where disagreements had arisen with publishers, thereby erary study should be not personal or periodic, but top-
averting ill-feeling and expensive legal measures. It ical, because the largest and simplest interest runs in
has also, on behalf of its members, brought several pub this form. For the college course, literature may be
lishers to a just accounting. It intends to provide an divided into fiction, drama, essays, and poetry. The
auditor free of charge for members wishing to have best introduction to literary study is undoubtedly by
their accounts with their publishers examined. It will way of fiction; and the Freshman, beginning with cur-
also have at its service several attorneys skilled in copy rent novels, should trace backward to the earliest prose
right law, to give free legal advice to members; and in
romances. In the same way let the Sophomore take up
cases where it may be necessary to go into court, to the drama; the Junior, essays; the Senior, poetry.
defend their claims for moderate fees.
The student in four years might thus come to some large
The Guild also purposes to establish in the near future understanding of and real intimacy with the distinct
a widows' and orphans' fund for the benefit of families qualities of the distinct forms of literary expression.
of members left without means.
And I would lay the greatest stress on what is now
To do all this it needs the active coöperation of the almost neglected—the study of current literature. But
numerous literary workers who are not yet in its ranks. too often the graduate is led by his collegiate training
These should not be content to let the few fight their to look slightingly on the art of his own times, in favor
battles for them. Both honor and professional inter of the supposed classics, and even to sneer at the present
est suggest that all writers, whether literary, scien under cover of the past. This is fatal to all productivity
tific, or journalistic, should aid in the common cause. and usefulness in the present. Literature is at once the
The dues are but three dollars a year, and by rigid expression of life and the introduction thereto; and hence
economy (the officers giving their services without the art of every age bas its main function for its own
compensation) these dues have proved more than suf time. The main erest of the scholar naturally and
ficient for immediate necessities. With a limited mem rightly lies in the present; to get into true touch with
bership the yearly income is small. Hence the useful his times, and so find his true place therein, is his most
ness of the Guild is restricted. Only with a large mem earnest endeavor; and so for him the study of the life
bership, such as is possessed by the English and French of other ages should be wholly secondary and subsid-
societies of a like character, can the Guild advance its iary. Current history has recently become a study in
interests. We therefore suggest to professional writers some colleges, and I would enter this plea for current
the importance, both to themselves and to us, of affiliat literature.
HIRAM M. STANLEY.
ing with the Guild. If any of these consider themselves
Lake Forest University, April 6, 1895.
independent of our aid, their profession has still a claim
upon them. It is a recognized principle that the fortu-
nate in any calling should give something of their means GREEK DRAMA AT WASHBURN COLLEGE.
and experience in behalf of their young and untried
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
brethren. The Guild, however, claims that all will ben The mention, in the last number of THE DIAL, of the
efit from its membership. Young writers will especially production of Sophocles's “ (Edipus Tyrannus” by the
find it helpful. Some of our veteran writers have been students of Beloit College suggests a deserved reference
glad to make use of its good offices. The society spares to a similar presentation by the students of Washburn
no effort to support in every honorable way the just College, Topeka, Kansas.
claims of its members.
The “ Electra ”of Sophocles was given, for the third
The Secretary will, on request, furnish a copy of the time in this country, on the evenings of March 25 and
Constitution and By-Laws, the roll of membership, etc., 26. The final presentation was an outgrowth from the
and any other information concerning the Guild which prescribed course in the study of dramatic Greek litera-
may be wanted. Any professional writer in good stand ture through translations. ome months bave been
ing, whether the author of a book or not, is eligible for mem spent in the perfecting of the play. The cast of char-
bership.
JAMES GRANT Wilson, President.
acters was well adapted to individual powers. The
Titus Munson Coan, Treasurer.
highly emotional requirements for the central figure,
CRAVEN LANGSTROTH Betts, Secretary,
“ Electra,” were well sustained. The scenery and cos-
No. 65 West 12th Street, New York, April 8, 1895.
tumes made for this production followed the ancient
style as faithfully as possible. Plumtre's translation
A SUGGESTION ON TEACHING ENGLISH
into English was used. A chorus below the stage ren-
LITERATURE,
dered the music composed for the play by. Dr. Arthur
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
E. Dyer of Cambridge, England.
The usual order of progress in taking up English lit-
BERTHA E. LOVEWELL.
erature in collegiate instruction is the time order from Washburn College, Topeka, April 3, 1895.
---


234
(April 16,
THE DIAL
of his power.
The New Books.
Cromwell had but the support of the army and
of a handful of enthusiasts; when he shattered
the Scottish army at Worcester he had on his
THE COMMONWEALTH AND PRO-
side the national spirit of England. . . . En-
TECTORATE.*
gland had shown herself strong enough to frus-
The period of the Commonwealth and the
trate the attempts of Ireland and Scotland, to
Protectorate must always remain of deep inter-
dictate the terms on which her internal govern-
est to the English or American student. It is ment was to be carried on” (page 446).
not simply that men are prone to worship the
The plot of the book is as simple as that of
rising rather than the setting sun, for Crom-
the ordinary fashionable novel. The Common-
well is certainly a far more interesting figure wealth and not the great Oliver is the central
than Charles I., but that much of England's figure. About this theme, as a skilful artist,
subsequent greatness, as well as our own first
the author gathers his material. Yet Cromwell,
lessons in political liberty, date from the period
the Hamlet of the piece, is by no means left
when the great Protector was at the height out. At first his part is almost subordinate;
It is undoubtedly due to the and yet with each shifting of the play the con-
happy fact that his theme is thus cumulative, vi
viction grows upon the reader, as it once grew
that the interest in Mr. Gardiner's work has upon the Englishmen of the seventeenth cen-
now been sustained through a series of fifteen tury, that only Cromwell can save the Common-
formidable volumes. The theme of this new wealth, and he passes to the foreground as the
volume is the beginning of the heroic struggle one prominent figure of the play. This we feel
of republican England, for the maintenance of in history; this is the true Cromwell, — not a
the right to control and direct her own affairs
dehumanized, colorless adventurer, like the Na-
-a right which she had gained in the overthrow poleon of Sloan, but a very human sort of man,
of Charles I. The most fanatical of modern a thoroughgoing opportunist who thrusts him-
Tories must kindle at the recital of the deeds of self forward into greatness not from mere sel-
valor of the brave men who fought under Crom-
fish ambition, but because he and the friends
well or Blake. The most ardent supporter of of the Commonwealth see in him the only sal-
royal prerogative must admire the sturdy valor
vation of England.
of the little Commonwealth, as, beset by bitter
In the “Commonwealth " Mr. Gardiner
foes at home, without a really staunch friend
reveals the same characteristic elements of
in all the courts of Europe, she slowly shakes
strength and weakness as in his earlier works.
herself loose from her numerous enemies and In style, however, there is a marked improve-
emerges at last, triumphant,
-the one great
ment. Occasionally the old, involved, heavy
redeeming fact of a century otherwise bloody
laden sentence that reminds us of one of Crom-
enough, and false enough as God only knows, well's paragraphs, lumbers across the page.
-“the mighty and puissant nation rousing it-
Yet such sentences are now comparatively rare.
self like a strong man from sleep.” The threat-
There is an evident effort on the author's part
ened invasion from Ireland, the actual invasion to secure clearness even at the
expense
of
from Scotland, united the factions and consoli- printer's ink.
printer's ink. To this end the numerous and
dated the strength of the Commonwealth, until carefully prepared maps contribute no small
even the pronounced royalists, who regarded part. In all that constitutes the drudgery of
the regicide government with horror, refused to historical writing, the careful and painstaking
support a king who came to them sustained by
search after material, Mr. Gardiner may have
foreign troops and pledged to foist upon the many rivals ; but in the management of his ma-
country an ecclesiastical system which English terial he is unsurpassed, even by Mr. Freeman.
men for the most part detested. It was the Irish
He certainly far excels Stubbs.
and Romanism that ruined the cause of Charles
If Mr. Gardiner has a weakness as a histo-
II. in Ireland. It was the Scotch and the Kirk rian it lies in a certain largeness of heart. He
that defeated him at Worcester. It was decided
is loth to think altogether ill of any body.
once and for all time that England “should
Clowns are many upon
his
pages,
but real down-
not be ruled by a King who came in as an in- right villains are scarce, — which is perhaps,
vader. When Charles I. was sent to the block,
after all, truer to life. Few men, especially
few great men, the kind that figure in history,
* HISTORY OF THE COMMONWEALTH AND PROTECTORATE,
1649-1660. By S. R. Gardiner. Volume I., 1649–1651. New
are consciously and hopelessly bad. Even the
York: Longmans, Green, & Co.
faithless Charles, the man incapable of devo-


1895.]
235
THE DIAL
tion to anything, not even to himself, the man sword who were in arms in the town,' leapt
without principle, without even dignity, upon lightly from his lips ” (Ibid); the grim fact
whose conscience the obligations of friendship yet remains that twenty-four hours after the
sat as lightly as the most sacred oath, in his city had been taken, and possibly longer, the
wandering after Worcester, under the skilful hideous work went on, and that when Crom-
pen of Mr. Gardiner, becomes almost a hero. well's officers, and even his common soldiers,
In his account of Cromwell's Irish campaign, had spared many of their helpless enemies, they
Mr. Gardiner, like many a more pronounced yet cut them down in cold blood in obedience to
admirer of Cromwell, is compelled to face the the order of Cromwell. This was certainly not
massacres of Drogheda and Wexford. For the result of furious rage, still less did it arise
Cromwell, like the Frankish Charles or the from a purpose on Cromwell's part to take ad-
French Napoleon, has left behind him the mem vantage of the laws of war (p. 132), as Tilly
ory of cold blooded massacre as an ugly blot had taught them on the continent. Even by
upon his fair name which it has puzzled his that law, prisoners once received to quarter
admirers to explain away. But the “ damned were to be spared. At Limerick, Ireton cash-
spot” will not “out.” Nor are Mr. Gardiner's iered an officer who killed prisoners that a sub-
efforts, not at justification, to be sure, but ex ordinate had spared. Cromwell himself, in his
tenuation, more satisfactory.
wars on the other side of the Irish
sea,
followed
Inchiquin, in his dispatch to Ormund of Sep- a very different course, and was uniformly mer-
tember 15, says:
ciful. At Worcester he even imperilled his
Many men and some officers have made their es own life in order to save his foes (p. 444).
capes out of Drogheda. . . . All conclude that no man Now Mr. Gardiner possibly knows what was
[had] quarter with Cromwell's leave; that yet many going on in Cromwell's mind, when, upon the
were saved by officers and soldiers; that the Governor third attempt, he saw his soldiers at last carry
was killed in the Mill Mount after quarter [had been]
given by the officer that came first there; that some of
the wall of Drogheda and pour into the city ;
the towers were defended until yesterday, quarter being but all connected with this dark affair, the use
denied them; and that yesterday morning the towers which Cromwell made subsequently of the ter-
wherein they were, were blown up; that Verney, Fin-
ror which the massacre had inspired among the
glas, Warner, and some other officers were alive in the
hands of some of Cromwell's officers twenty-four hours
simple-minded Irishry, the all but exact repe-
after the business was done, but whether their lives
tition of the same scenes at Wexford, a few
were obtained at Cromwell's hands, or that they are yet
weeks later, indicate a determined purpose on
living, they cannot tell.” (Inchiquin to Ormund, Sept. Cromwell's part to adopt this severity in or-
15. Gilbert's Const. Hist., Vol. II., Pref. XXVIII.)
der to gain a definite object. We may judge
Of the officers mentioned by Inchiquin, we the man, but we have no right to take him out
know that Verney was murdered almost in the
of the age in which he acted the
age
of the
very presence of Cromwell (Lady Verney's religious wars that had followed the Reforma-
Verney Family, II., p. 344) and that Boyle tion. So far, the civil wars in England had
was summoned from dinner by a soldier and been political. Religious elements, even social
shot as he left the room (ibid). Of Finglas elements, were not altogether absent, and from
and “Warner” (Warren) no particulars of the time to time they had added to the bitterness of
deaths are known, but inasmuch as Cromwell the conflict. But when the war crossed to Ire-
had especially ordered that the officers be land it was no longer Puritan against Cavalier,
“ knocked in the head” (Cromwell to Fenthal, but Protestant against Catholic; worse, it was
Sept. 17, Carlyle Letter, C. V.), there can be the seventeenth century Englishman against
little doubt that they too were murdered in the the seventeenth century Irishman. Ever since
same cold-blooded manner.
the days of Strafford, the English had regarded
Now it
may
be that “ Cromwell's rages were the possibility of an Irish invasion with some
never premeditated," and that “it always re such feeling of dread and latent panic as a
quired some touch of concrete fact to arouse slave-holding aristocracy might regard the pos-
the slumbering wrath which lay coiling about sible terrors of an uprising of their serfs. The
his heart” (“The Commonwealth,” Vol. I., pp. English despised the Irish, at the same time that
131-132); it may
be that " in the heat of ac they feared them. The terrors, the possibility
tion there stood out in his mind, through the of horrors indescribable, which must attend
blood-red haze of war, thoughts of vengeance such an inroad nerved the hands and steeled
to be taken for the Ulster massacre" (p. 133), the hearts of the Englishmen who followed
and that “the stern command to put all to the Cromwell across the Irish Sea. They went in


236
[April 16,
THE DIAL
his arms.
order to forestall this long-dreaded calamity, defied Charles. That Mr. Gardiner himself
which the presence of Ormund and the purpose inclines, after all, to this view may be inferred
of Charles now made imminent. Cromwell, from a passage on page 470, in which he con-
while he was certainly above the blind fero demns Monk's massacre at Dunbar. Here,
cious instincts of the common soldier, yet saw undoubtedly alluding to Drogheda, he says:
in the imminence of the peril and the appall “With all Scotland at his [Monk's] feet, no
ing nature of the danger a demand for the ut cruelty was needed to terrify other garrisons
most severity. The danger must not be trifled into submission."
with. He must strike hard. He must strike to Cromwell belongs to the seventeenth century.
crush.
In the nineteenth century, with such shadows
Mr. Gardiner thinks that the letter to the as Drogheda and Wexford in the background,
Royalist governor of Dundalk, written while his religiousness becomes despicable cant. He
the massacre at Drogheda was still in progress, is a compound of Pecksniff and John Girdle-
indicates an uneasy conscience on the part of stone. The one he surpasses in meanness and
Cromwell and is an attempt on his part at self the other in cold-blooded villainy. But Crom-
justification. But such men as Cromwell are well does not belong to the nineteenth century.
not wont to justify themselves before an enemy, He belongs to the seventeenth. The treaty of
especially when they summon him to lay down Westphalia was scarcely a year old when his
The letter really throws a deal of ferocious soldiers were roasting Irishmen in the
light upon
the
purpose
which Cromwell had in towers of Drogheda or knocking priests on the
mind in ordering the slaughter, in showing the head at Wexford. Cromwell was a saint of the
use which he made of it at once. "I offered Old Testament rather than of the New. The
mercy to the garrison of Drogheda,” he writes, religious books that the good Ulphilas had once
“ in sending the Governor a summons before I thought too exhilarating for his half-trained
attempted the taking of it, which being refused Gothic Christians were altogether the favorite
brought this evil upon them. If you, being reading of Cromwell and the stern-browed men
warned thereby, shall surrender your garrison who followed him. Their political creed was a
to the use of the Parliament of England,
short one.
The pious were to rule the state.
you may thereby prevent effusion of blood. If Those who resisted were to be as Agag before
upon refusing this offer, that which you like Samuel, or as the Canaanite before Israel. The
not, befalls you, you will know whom to blame.” symbol of the Commonwealth was the sword of
(Carlyle, Letter CIII.). This is not a justifi- Joshua rather than the staff of John. The vio-
cation. It is a simple threat, in Cromwell's cool lent contrast between the pious ejaculations
way, to treat the garrison of Dundalk as he ever upon the lips of Cromwell, and his fero-
had treated the garrison of Drogheda. Simi cious cruelty, do not prove him to have been
lar terins were sent to other garrisons about either a hypocrite or a madman, any more than
him. If they dared to defend themselves, they in the case of Joshua or Samuel.
must expect the terms of Drogheda. Crom-
BENJAMIN S. TERRY.
well proposed by the terror inspired by the first
blow which he struck to intimidate the half-
armed and poorly-disciplined Irish. Nor was
he altogether unsuccessful. Wexford, in the
THE DUSK OF THE NATIONS.*
south, dared to stand to the issue of arms, and Some readers of THE DIAL
may
remember
her fate was that of Drogheda. But other “ The Great Cryptogram " which purported to
towns were wiser and yielded. The terror of
show that a large part of Elizabethan literature
Drogheda fell upon the simple-hearted folk, was the work of Bacon. A certain young man,
and their officers could not drive them to face
desirous of keeping up with Shakespearian crit-
the bloody issue. That is, Cromwell coolly icism, felt very heavy-hearted at having to read
adopted and carried out a plan of repression so big a book with prospect of so small a gain.
and cruelty that resembles the cold - blooded Opening it at random, he fortunately hit upon
measures adopted by Charles the Great in re-
page 973, where he found cited toward estab-
ducing the pagan Saxons. That Cromwell did
Saxons. That Cromwell did | lishing the view that Bacon wrote “ The Anat-
not go as far as Charles, was not because he
omy of Melancholy," four passages from
was unequal to such a task, but because the
* DEGENERATION. By Max Nordau. Translated from the
Irish were in no condition to make the desper- Second Edition of the German Work. New York: D. Apple-
ate resistance with which the Saxons so long ton & Co.


1895.]
237
THE DIAL
.
years
“ Henry IV.” (published twenty years before was impossible (page 17) for Herr Nordau to
it), as follows:
study the physical peculiarities of his subjects
Master Robert Shallow.-2 H. IV., V, 5.
and their ancestry as well, for these points are
North from Burton here.-1 H. IV., III, 1. usually regarded by anthropologists as of more
Thou atomy, thou.—2 H. IV., V, 4.
importance in the study of degenerates than
(This needs but an an to make it anatomy.)
such psychic phenomena as can be observed.
Musing and cursed melancholy.-1 H. IV., III, 3.
These latter peculiarities are sometimes met
Satisfied as to the scientific character of the
with in normal subjects : the physical and he-
work, the young man closed the book with a
reditary conditions are generally regarded as
mind greatly relieved.
surest evidence. But on the more confined
If some such reader should chance to open and slightly treacherous ground one may make
Herr Max Nordau's work on “Degeneration up for deficiencies by greater care as to the ac-
at page 319, he might get somewhat the same
curacy of observation, the correctness of gen-
impression. That page presents Mr. Oscar eralization, and the exactitude of inference.
Wilde still clad in the donblet and kneebreeches The argument is one by analogy. There have
of fifteen
ago,
with the same old sunflower been observed certain cases with such and such
(not even a green carnation), having in his ancestral conditions, such and such physical
mouth the paradoxes of Intentions," taken se conditions, and such and such mental peculiar-
riously, set up as an æsthetic Aunt Sally, to be
ities. Persons agreeing in such characteristics
promptly knocked down again by Herr Max
are known as “degenerates.” Now on exam-
Nordau with such hard words as " egomaniac,” ining the works of various contemporary men
and “hysterical.” The impression, however,
The impression, however, of letters Herr Nordau observes certain mental
would be a mistake: although it may seem peculiarities, to which he adds occasionally cer-
wholly absurd to those who have seen only the tain physical traits. He infers that these au-
extracts in the Sunday papers, I cannot agree thors belong properly to the class in question
with those who hold the book to be nothing more and should be regarded as morally insane.
than clap-trap and sensationalism.
When Heine prayed to be saved from the evil
The subject is in itself a sort of challenge to one and a metaphor, he was thinking of the
serious thought. The thesis is that the upper argument by analogy; but it hardly seems nec-
classes of the chief races of Europe to-day, hav- | essary to go to this length. We must, of course,
ing passed suddenly into wholly new conditions, recognize its necessary weaknesses, but we may
wearied by the complication and rapidity of easily ascribe to it such importance as it de-
modern life, by its immensely enlarged range
of interest, insufficiently nourished, and pois-
The matter is, however, one which cannot
oned by large cities and over-use of narcotics
be presented in popular form save by a master
and stimulants, are falling into fatigue and ex-
of modern anthropology, of alienism, and of
haustion, breaking down into prematureold age. literary criticism. The subject is a delicate
Among the results of this state of hysteria and
one; * it lends itself too readily to exaggeration,
nervous prostration on a large scale, and one of
to sensationalism, even to prejudice, for it to
the most marked signs of it, appear all manner
be a fit task for anyone but a sound and tem-
of perverted eccentricities in the world of art.
perate scientist. For the authorities upon such
But the promulgators of such perversions,
a subject are not such as the public can readily
though hailed by the vulgar as heralds of a new
consult or appreciate ; nor is the general reader
era, are in reality but the most enfeebled and
able to weigh the evidence properly, nor to de-
degraded of humanity : in other words, to use
tect fallacies readily ; he must in a measure
the scientific term, degenerates. If such be a
rely upon his author,— he must, in fact, trust
fair picture of our time, the investigation of the
his statements implicitly. It is unfortunate,
literature of the present day from such a stand therefore, that the idea should have got about
point is a matter of interest.
that Herr Nordau is anything but a skilful
The question is one which would seem not
scientist, that his methods are not the most
wholly outside the possibilities of scientific in-
exact, that his logic is not the most rigid, that
quiry. Criminal anthropology is a young
he is not devoted to the attainment of Truth
science as yet ; it is not absolutely sure of its
ground ; but a competent scholar could cer * In more senses than one. It ought to be said that no good
woman (unless perhaps one who has already studied kindred
tainly find opportunity here for sound and val-
matters) will read it without coming across much that is ex-
uable work. It is rather unfortunate that it
tremely shocking to her.
serves.


238
(April 16,
THE DIAL
It may
at any cost. If he were not such a scholar, his Of a book like this, we may rightly expect
book should never have been published for that not only in scientific temper will the author
popular reading by any reputable house. be above reproach, but in his literary criticism
Herr Nordau is undoubtedly a scientist. It
as well. Here I must allow that Herr Nordau
is true that we need hardly concede him the
sometimes leaves a little to be desired.
title because he has a great number of exact be too much to expect of a scientist that he
references in footnotes,* nor because he deals should trouble himself with an author's own
largely with technical terms, nor even because standpoint. And of course, when a man is criti-
he has no admiration for religion. But then cizing the literature of all Europe, one can
we need not deny it to him because he is the hardly expect him not to slip up now and then.
author of "Die Conventionellen Lügen der Still, I could wish he had not seemed to think
Kulturmenschheit." That book was certainly
That book was certainly that Ibsen's characters always express Ibsen's
extravagant and journalistic; but it had con own sentiments (pp. 338-415 passim ; but cf.
siderable popularity, and was republished in
also pp. 342, 343); or that Tolstoi created the
America. Nor is it proper to refuse attention murderer Pozdnyscheff in the “ Kreutzer Son.
to a man because he believes Professor Lom ata" as a mouthpiece for his own views (p. 161).
broso to be one of the loftiest mental phe. It seems hardly to show keen discrimination to
nomena of the century,” even if we ourselves recognize in Walt Whitman's use of anaphora
believe Lombroso to be often over-enthusiastic. the parallelism of the Psalms (p. 232); or to
As to whether Herr Nordau be a scientist
believe that Rossetti's refrains “possess the
of eminently sound and well-balanced temper-
character of an obsession ” (p. 92), any more
ament, there is, unfortunately, more room for
than the refrains of the old ballads from which
doubt. He himself seems to affirm that he is. they were imitated. As for errors, there will
He says (page 507) that except perhaps in his probably be found few worse than the state-
treatment of the “ Young German" movement,
ment that “In the year 1843 ... Ruskin
he has observed any given phenomena with the began to publish the feverish studies on art
cool equanimity of scientific method. There which were subsequently collected under the
is, however, something about his language title of Modern Painters.' He was then a young
which rouses an uncomfortable idea that we
divinity student,” etc.,* (p. 78); or that “In
have to do with a writer of rather a different 1887 his [Tolstoi's] • Kreutzer Sonata’ ap-
character. But there I think, no
are,
peared, and was the first of his works to carry
passages
in the whole book more excessive than these :
his name to the borders of civilization” (p.
“True, science tells us nothing about the life after 148); or that Walt Whitman “ for his fame
death, of harp-concerts in Paradise, and of the trans has to thank just those bestially sensual pieces
formation of stupid youths and hysterical geese into which first drew to him the attention of all the
white-clad angels with rainbow-colored wings” (p. 109). pruriency of America” (p. 231).
“George Brandes, a sponger on the fame or name With such characteristics as a scientist and
of others, has throughout his life followed the calling
of a "human orchestra,' who with head, mouth, hands,
a critic, will anyone doubt that Herr Nordau is
elbows, knees, and feet, plays ten noisy instruments at fully capable of treating a most difficult and
once, dancing before poets and authors, and, after the delicate subject in such a manner as will really
hubbub, passes his hat round among the deafened pub- instruct and assist the general reader, for
lic” (p. 356).
whom his book seems particularly designed ? I
“A poor degenerate devil who scribbles such stuff,
and an imbecile reader who follows his twaddle like
suppose some people may have such doubts.
passing clouds, are simply to be pitied” (p. 137).
He, himself, I believe, has none. He under-
" Another graphomaniac, the author of that imbecile
stands that his work will lay him open to mis-
book, Rembrandt as Educator, drivels in almost the conception, but he goes on resolutely. “The
same way” (p. 106).
danger, however, to which he exposes himself
“ The creatures moving on his stage are not thinking
and speaking human beings, but tadpoles or slugs, con-
cannot deter a man from doing that which he
When a scientific truth
siderably more stupid than trained Heas at a fair” (p. regards as his duty.
238).
has been discovered, he owes it to humanity,
“... Walt Whitman, who is likewise one of the and has no right to withhold it ” (p. ix).
deities to whom the degenerate and hysterical of both True, doubtless ; although there would seem to
hemispheres have for some time been raising altars
be no especial need of dressing up the scientific
(p. 230).
truth as though it were a bit of popular expo-
*He understands the value of footnotes. “ The English sition.
man accepts a fit of delirium if it appears with footnotes"
(p. 78).
* Perhaps this last is due to the translator.
99
1


1895.]
239
THE DIAL
;
For my part, I also have little doubt in the itants of each dwelling separately, even the
matter. Although, as I have said, the book is house numbers being given. They are thus
by no means “nothing more than clap-trap and made valuable for purposes requiring exact
sensationalism," there is a very fair proportion knowledge.
of those two undesirable qualities. And this is The section chosen for this graphic treat-
rather a pity, for there is also much of interest. ment lies just east and southeast of Hull-House,
Herr Nordau is undoubtedly a student of broad extending from Halsted street east one mile to
reading in the literature of the subject, a man State street, and from Polk street south one-
capable of immense intellectual work. He pos- third of a mile to Twelfth street. This third
sesses great power of presentation, a keen eye of a square mile includes not only the poorest
for the follies of others, some sound views on and most crowded part of Chicago, but also,
art,* and a hearty admiration for sane and solid east of the river, a part of one of the most
thought. But he has too much of a steeple-openly vicious and criminal districts of the civ-
chaser in him ; he gets on his gaudy racing col ilized world. An adjacent section of this same
ors, sees his goal miles away,—and then no ob criminal district was placed under the micro-
stacle will keep him from it.
scope by Mr. Stead in his work of a year ago.
So much on Herr Nordau himself. From the The data from which the maps were con-
responsibility of discussing the thesis of his structed were secured in the course of a gov-
book, I must, as gracefully as may be, retire. ernmental investigation of the slums of great
There are many things that might be said for cities, undertaken in the spring of 1893 by the
some of his views and against others. But the United States Department of Labor. Mrs.
opinions of such an author cannot claim serious Florence Kelley, of Hull-House, was the special
discussion except it be in the technical journals. agent expert in charge of this work in Chicago;
“The verbose rhetorician,” remarks Herr Nor and as the schedules were returned to her daily
dau (p. VIII.) “exposes with more or less grace by her four assistants, the data required for
or cleverness the subjective impressions received these maps were taken off by a resident of
from the works he criticises, but is incapable of Hull-House.
Hull-House. In one map the nationalities of
judging if those works are the productions of a the people are shown, and a second map
shows
shattered brain, and also the nature of the men the average weekly income of the families on
tal disturbance expressing itself by them.” The each lot. In showing the economic condition,
most fruitful review of Herr Nordau's book the colors adopted in Mr. Booth’s maps are re-
would be by a specialist in brain-diseases. tained as far as possible ; but while the London
EDWARD E. HALE, JR. maps include all classes of society, these repre-
sent only the poorest part of Chicago, where
those families which have more than twenty
dollars a week are the aristocracy. The pre-
CHICAGO'S OTHER HALF. |
dominant color on the wage-map is blue, repre-
What Mr. Charles Booth’s “ Labor and Life senting wages of from five to ten dollars a week
of the People" is to London, the book entitled for an entire family.
“Hull-House Maps and Papers" is to a portion The neighborhood is distinctly cosmopolitan.
of Chicago. Both works are made up of con Altogether eighteen nationalities are distin-
tributions from a number of investigators, each guished on the map, although the English, En-
having a thorough special knowledge of the glish-Canadians, Scotch, and Americans are
subject treated. But the colored maps accom counted as one nationality, designated by white.
panying the Hull-House book cover a field much Even so, the white spots on the map would be
smaller than the whole of London, and it has few and small were it not for the
many
Amer-
therefore been possible to make them much ican-born children, who are often virtually as
more exact and minute than the London maps. alien as their parents, but who are counted as
Instead of showing the general character of Americans if they are more than ten years of
whole streets at a glance, they give the nation age, or if they attend a public school. The
map
alities and economic condition of the inhab-
shows a preponderence of Italians, Russian and
* See pp. 80, 198, 203, 483.
Polish Jews, and Bohemians; but we are told
+ HULL-HOUSE MAPS AND PAPERS ; a Presentation of Na- in the explanatory text that the Irish control
tionalities and Wages in a Congested District of Chicago; the polls. In some cases as many as ten na-
together with Comments and Essays on Problems Growing
tionalities are represented in a single building,
out of the Social Conditions. By residents of Hull-House, a
Social Settlement. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. but usually neither Italians nor Jews are found


240
[April 16,
THE DIAL
in the same tenement-house with other nation safety of working-children. This chapter is a
alities ; for, as by a sort of Gresham's law of pitiful picture of little children exposed by the
demography, the appearance of the “ Dago conditions of their work to vice, disease, and
or the “Sheeny" drives out all other tenants. mutilation ; of dissolute adult employees sow-
Race prejudice and class distinctions are as ing moral pestilence among children and young
prevalent here as among the brown-stone fronts girls ; of boys killed and maimed by machinery
of Michigan Avenue. The shop fronts on the without the simplest safety appliances ; of con-
principal streets keep up an appearance of re tracts with parents releasing the employer from
spectability, so that the casual passer-by gets liability in case of accidents ; of employers
no idea of the poverty and squalor just beyond. growing rich on the labor of droves of children,
“ Rear tenements and alleys form the core of the dis whose wages range from forty cents to four
trict, and it is there that the densest crowds of the most dollars a week; and of men actually superan-
wretched and destitute congregate. Little idea can be
nuated at forty, or even at thirty-four, by work
given of the filthy and rotten tenements, the dingy
courts and tumble-down sheds, the foul stables and di-
begun too early in childhood, and so becoming
lapidated out-houses, the broken sewer-pipes, the piles
a burden upon their own children, or upon the
of garbage fairly alive with diseased odors, and of the county. Thus child-labor perpetuates itself.
numbers of small children filling every nook, working A record of physical examinations, with accom-
and playing in every room, eating and sleeping in every
window-sill, pouring in and out of every door, and seem-
panying charts constructed by Dr. Bayard
ing literally to pave every scrap of yard.'”
Holmes, shows a startling prevalence of dis-
Some twenty pages of "
ease and deformity among factory children. As
Map Notes and Com-
the solution of the child-labor problem the writ-
ments," written by Miss Agnes Sinclair Hol-
brook, are followed by papers on “ The Sweat-
ers of the paper propose compulsory school at-
tendance up to the age of sixteen.
ing System ” by Mrs. Florence Kelley, State
“Where they are the wage-earning children are an
Inspector of Factories and Workshops, and unmitigated injury to themselves, to the community
“Wage-earning Children” by Mrs. Kelley upon which they will later be burdens, and to the trade
and Mrs. A. P. Stevens, the Assistant Inspec- which they demoralize. They learn nothing valuable ;
tor. In these two papers are related some of
they shorten the average of the trade life, and they lower
the worst abuses of Chicago's industrial life.
the standard of living of the adults with whom they
compete."
Here we are told that fashionable wraps and
There is much in these papers to confirm one
the best grades of custom-made clothing, as
in the principles for which Hull-House stands,
well as ready-made suits and white underwear,
that the poor need not charity, but justice.
are made in sweat-shops, often in alarming
Here one finds repeated references to merchant-
proximity to contagious disease. There are
prince philanthropists who first make their
only two garment-manufacturers in Chicago
money by extortion and oppression, and then
who do not give out clothing to be made or
give back some part of it to the working peo-
finished in tenement-houses. We read that in
ple in charity. The value of labor organization
each large clothing shop there is an examiner,
is shown by the fact that the unorganized and
who combines with the function of passing upon
poorly organized trades are just the ones in
the work that comes from the sweat-shops that
which the workers receive the least pay for the
of destroying such verinin as his rapid exami-
most work, and seem compelled to set their
nation of the clothing happens to disclose. Af-
children at work while they are still babies.
ter reading of the filthy surroundings among The
papers
which make
up
the remainder of
which even expensive clothing is made, and of
the book are for the most part of a more spe-
the deadly disease-germs and loathsome insects
cial nature. They are: “ Receipts and Expen-
which frequently inhabit it, the abolition of the
ditures of Cloak-makers in Chicago," by Miss
sweating-system becomes not a matter of be- Isabel Eaton ; “ The Chicago Ghetto" (a de-
nevolence only, but of self-interest as well, to
scription of the Jewish quarter), by Mr. Charles
every member of the community. Altruism
uism Zeublin ; « The Bohemian People in Chicago,
and enlightened selfishness both lead inevitably
by Mrs. Josefa Humpal Zeman; “ Remarks
to Mrs. Kelley's conclusion, that the abolition
upon the Italian Colony in Chicago," by Signor
of tenement-house manufacture is the only ade-
Alessandro Mastro - Valerio ; “ The Cook
quate remedy for the existing evils.
County Charities,” by Miss Julia C. Lathrop ;
In the article on "Wage-earning Children,” it “ Art and Labor," by Miss Ellen Gates Starr;
is clearly shown that we are far behind England and “ The Settlement as a Factor in the Labor
in requiring precautions for the health and Movement," by Miss Jane Addams. The last-


1895.]
241
THE DIAL
named paper pleads for labor organization with in herself apart from all anthropological media-
out class hostility, but as a step towards uni- tion. Hence asymmetry, irregularity, variety,
versal brotherhood. An appendix contains an and kindred traits in Japanese art. The author
illustrated “Outline Sketch” describing the
describing the is careful not to overstate his contention, and
various activities of Hull-House.
presents a suggestive rather than a formally
Max WEST. complete article. Those who know well that
they never saw light or water until Ruskin
opened their eyes by his description of sunlight
and of the Rhone, which in the last analysis he
STUDIES OF NEW JAPAX.*
achieves by interpretation through personality,
Mr. Lafcadio Hearn, who was for many years will not be likely to abandon that master's
a teacher of English in various gymnasia of method, but may certainly allow the possibility
Japan, presents us, in his volume entitled “Out of gaining something from the viewing of na-
of the East,” with eleven studies on New Japan, ture as such.
distinguished, as was the author's recent “ Bits of Life and Death” describes well
Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan,” by strong enough those glimpses of Japanese life the
sympathy with both the extant religions of Ja- strangeness of which justifies insertion here.
pan Shinto and Buddhism. 'T is true, 't is In “ The Stone Buddha” we pass to the sub-
pity, that this rare and valuable sympathy is limities of life universal, the question of the
often allowed to degenerate into distinctly doc- ultimate meaning and value of life. Here the
trinaire handling of data, as anyone familiar knowledge of Mr. H. Spencer, scientist, is
with the darker side of Japan will easily see. shown to run parallel with the enlightenment
However, let us be thankful, for just at present of G. Buddha, seer, except where the seer sur-
something of this kind may prove wholesome passes the scientist. The notions introduced
equally for American national and religious will prove familiar to those abreast with modern
conceit, both of which have been so long nur philosophic thought, but afford the advantage
tured by graphic accounts of “ effete monarch- of sympathetic treatment and of Oriental set-
ies” and “degraded heathen," which, unless ting. Note the illegitimate passage, also not
much be soon done to check them, may end by new to those conversant with Buddhist think-
calling Oriental reformers and missionaries ers, from the scientific doctrine of heredity to
here! Viewed thus as advocacy, and not as the visionary notion of karma, pp. 169–70.
scientific, impartial estimate, these essays must The essay entitled “ Jiujutsu "takes as topic
be highly commended, especially to those re the recently demonstrated power of Japan to
pelled by this description ; for such repulsion react on Western pressure and assert herself
reveals just that mental condition the book was in the councils and activities of the wide world.
written and is calculated to meet.
She has shown the very highest capacity—that
The eleven essays are so varied in both style to learn; and henceforth Japan must be declared
and substance that they can be characterized not imitative but assimilative or adoptive. This
only in turn. The first three are slight pieces, I wonderful achievement of Japan forces on us
but the fourth, “Of the Eternal Feminine, the problem of the future relations of Occi-
presents very solid material—nothing less, in- dentals and Orientals. That the latter can as-
deed, than an attempt to rally and lead the similate the former's acquisitions on a vastly
Orient in a counter charge on the Occident in cheaper expenditure, bodes ill to the West,
the matter of the Woman Question. “He who which will be undersold because it can be
would study impartially the life and thought of underlived. This interesting article is marred
the Orient must also study those of the Occident by strictures upon missions in Japan so violent
from the Oriental point of view," states the as to preclude the attribution of unbiased judg-
author's principle, which leads him to present ment. Such garbling, however, has one ex-
some Japanese criticisms of our relations to cuse: the unconsciously, and naturally, almost
woman which are original enough to delight necessarily, one-sided reports of the heathen ”
some and shock others. It appears that while which are forwarded to their supporters at home
Western usage, art, and life are dominated by by foreign missionaries. One might have
woman, and more generally by personality, the hoped, however, that the censor would not re-
East has retained the power of viewing nature peat the error of the censured.
Next follows a pathetic story of the simul-
* OUT OF THE EAST. Reveries and Studies New Japan.
By Lafcadio Hearn. Boston: Hought
taneous suicide of thwarted lovers, which clashes
Mifflin & Co.


242
[April 16,
THE DIAL
unpleasantly with the sweeping claims pre years ago by Messrs. Ticknor & Fields of Bos-
viously made for the superiority of Japanese ton
ton — the predecessors of the eminent firm
to Western morality. The sketch entitled “A that now issues the latest contribution to the
Wish Fulfilled " affords an inside view of an discussion; and while the earlier work failed
cestor worship sure to prove illuminating to to convince the public, it commanded respectful
those who know it only by definition and from attention, as will any book written in a like
afar. Last comes “ Yuko,” a revelation of spirit, which presents properly additional data.
Oriental notions nothing short of startling, and Mr. Ruggles, the author of “The Plays of
which no one just now more needs to read than Shakespeare,” is worthy of commendation for
the American.
EDMUND BUCKLEY.
the spirit in which he has designed and writ-
ten his book. He does not even enter into the
direct discussion of the authorship of the plays :
instead, he seeks, through a comprehensive com-
THE BACONIAN AUTHORSHIP OF parison of the several plays with Bacon's whole
THE PLAYS.*
system of philosophy in its multiform details,
An American Shakespearian critic, Dr. W. to show, critically and visually, that in their
J. Rolfe, has recently invited contributions from constitution and in their detailed particulars
his countrymen, of five shillings each, toward they are the definite outgrowth and concrete
the presentation of an illuminated address to development of that philosophy. In the exe-
the Rev. Dr. A. Nicholson, of Leamington, En cution of this task, he presents much fresh
gland, in grateful recognition of his complete data. And it must be confessed that in many
refutation of the Donnelly Cryptogram." By important particulars he enables us to see in
way of encouragement, it is stated that, in En. the plays some striking " vestiges” of Bacon
gland, “Some have subscribed for themselves as their creator. Yet the book, in itself-per-
and their wives or other members of their fam. | haps designedly — is still inconclusive. The
ilies." When the air is thus electric with gen author is evidently a convert to Bacon's admir-
erous impulses, one almost wonders that some able method in the inculcation of what is con-
American does not enter the lists, and proceed ceived to be the truth :
to demolish Dr. Owen's latest " wheel-cipher,' “So I like better that entry of truth which comes
— in the reasonable hope that he will be hon- peaceably as with chalk to mark up those minds which
ored with at least a two-shilling “illuminated
are capable to lodge and harbor such a guest, than that
address.”
which forces its way with pugnacity and contention.”
But while we may enjoy this innocent jubila- | And yet in the use of this method, the author,
tion in commemoration of victory in another possibly through the excessive zeal of a new
battle with windmills, and though the illumi convert, falls quite into the opposite extreme
nation be merely the burning of some very old
from that which he would avoid. He presents
straw, its momentary blaze but reveals the an intricate
array of evidences, so interwoven
depths profound of the neglect into which char with a vast number of other particulars, that
latan methods have plunged the entire ques- altogether too much labor is imposed upon the
tion of the Baconian authorship of the plays. reader : too great a strain is placed upon his
And yet when so many reputable literary men
constructive imagination, and almost inevitably
among them, Disraeli, for example,
it breaks down under the load.
known to have entertained very serious convic-
If Professor Henry Drummond has accom-
tions
upon the subject, obviously such a ques- plished nothing else in his little brochure on
tion of authorship should be approached soberly,
“ The Greatest Thing in the World,” he has
from the standpoint of the scholar intent upon
abundantly paid the debt he owed to his profes-
the discovery of the truth, with an impartial sion by enforcing upon the attention of men of
weighing of the evidences, with critical acumen, letters, through this example, the old truth that
and carried on in a spirit truly scientific and
in addressing the public the most artistic is
with a diligent effort to arrive intelligently at
the most effective presentation. While there
a definite conclusion. Such was the spirit in are some fine passages in the book before us
which Judge Holmes addressed himself to the - as, for example, the delineation of Imogen
problem, in the pioneer work published many
in the discussion of “Cymbeline,"-yet, test-
ing the work by this standard, in the ungra-
THE PLAYS OF SHAKESPEARE. Founded on Literary
Forms. By Henry J. Ruggles, author of "The Method of
cious aspect of criticism, we find that both as a
Shakespeare as an Artist." Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. whole and in its several chapters it is sadly de-
are


1895.]
243
THE DIAL
..
ficient in the artistic element. The following, Not making worse what Nature made so clear,
And such a counterpart shall fame his wit,
from the chapter on “ The Winter's Tale,” is
Making his style admired everywhere."
perhaps a fair example of the style in which
The book is a large octavo of seven hundred
much of the book is written:
pages; and we cannot but think that had the
“ Among the uses of speech stand foremost persua author omitted the discussion of some of the
sion and instruction. . . . To give or receive wise coun-
sel, and thereby remove in others or ourselves the plays considered, or had otherwise abridged it
troubles of the heart or the perplexities of business, is
to a volume of half the size and at half the
one of the honorablest offices and rarest fruits of friend-price, it would have been more effective in the
ship. Thus Bacon says : • No receipt openeth the heart accomplishment of his purpose.
like a true friend to whom you may impart griefs, joys,
L. W. BISHOP.
fears, hopes, suspicions, counsels, and whatever lieth
upon the heart to oppress it, in a kind of civil shrift or
confession ; ' and in the same spirit Leontes says to his
counsellor, Camillo :
'I have trusted thee, Camillo ;
PIONEER LIFE IN OHIO.*
With all the near'st things to my heart, as well
The town of Jefferson, in Ohio, had the dis-
My chamber-councils: wherein, priest-like, thou
Hast cleans'd my bosom; I from thee departed
tinction of being the centre of that consistent
Thy penitent reform'd.'
and active opposition to the growth of the slave
“Both persuasion and instruction, which in their vari power which made the Western Reserve famous
ous forms have a range from the lispings of the child
to the oratory of the senate-house, may be comprised thoughout the North more than half a century
under the head of the communication of knowledge.
ago. The homes of Joshua R. Giddings and
There are two sources of knowledge : experience and Benjamin F. Wade were there. William
testimony. The facts of which any one individual has Cooper Howells, the father of the novelist, also
certain knowledge are only those which fall under his resided there, and, as the editor of the local pa.
own observation and form but an infinitesimal portion
of the great mass that makes up the whole truth ; all
per, “The Sentinel," promoted the Free Soil
else to him is but opinion, that is probability, or likeli-
cause. He was a native of Wales, of a Quaker
hood supported by testimony. In the most trivial as in family, gifted with strong intellectual endow.
the most important matters, trust must be placed in the ments and blessed with a sunny disposition.
sayings and information of others, that is, in testimony,
He did not accumulate money, but his friends
and the sum of the knowledge possessed by any com-
munity is the result of the incessant interchange of in-
were numbered by the thousand. He saw every
telligence between its individual members as eye-and-
side of life, but only the sweet and pure at-
ear witnesses. Every man, however limited his sphere tracted him. The philosophical reflections of
of action, can contribute some knowledge, whereby he such a mind, in whatever age, are worth one's
may often, unwittingly, supply a necessary link in a
chain of proof, as for instance, the old Shepherd in the
attention. Unfortunately, Mr. Howells left,
play communicates facts known only to himself, which
outside of the files of the newspaper with which
establish the royal birth of Perdita; and thus through he was connected, little material in shape for
the endless intermingling of human affairs — the in publication. Since his death, which occurred
finite doings of the world'— facts of the greatest mo-
ment which have been lost for years to view are fre-
last August, Mr. William D. Howells has ed.
quently brought to light by what is called Time and
ited and given to the press his father's “ Rec-
Chance."
ollections of Life in Ohio, from 1813 to 1840."
After reading an entire chapter, one lays down Th
The period covered is one of marvellous devel-
the book almost as wearied as was its author ; opment. We find here pictured the hardships
and however interested in the theme, unless
and the romance of pioneer life; the evolution
impelled by duty the reader is inclined to post-
of social order and spiritual influence after
its further perusal till “
pone
a more conven-
years of conflict with ignorance, intemperance,
ient season.”
and too often misdirected religious zeal; the
grand beauty of great forests, and streams
Adopting for the moment the author's un-
bank-full, before an advanced stage of civiliza-
derlying but unexpressed hypothesis of Bacon's
tion had levelled or changed them.
authorship of the plays, we regret that he had
The Howells family crossed the mountains in
not followed more closely, in spirit at least, the
the year 1813, when the author of these « Rec-
advice given by the poet in the eighty-fourth
ollections” was six years
old.
Sonnet:
“ Among the glorious things I remember hearing of
"Lean penury within that pen doth dwell,
That to his subject lends not some small glory;
* RECOLLECTIONS OF LIFE IN OHIO, from 1813 to 1840.
But he that writes of you, if he can tell
By William Cooper Howells. With Introduction by his son,
That you are you, so dignifies his story,
William Dean Howells. With portrait. Cincinnati : Robert
Let him but copy what in you is writ,
Clarke Co.


244
(April 16,
THE DIAL
scarce
or
Ohio, the making of maple sugar was prominent. I also tatoes from the autumn stores, apple and pumpkin pies,
heard them talk of singing fish in the Ohio, which so good coffee, and the like. And the cooking was always
impressed me that I listened for the song of the fish as well done, and all in such bountiful abundance that no
soon as we reached the Monongahela. I have since one feared to eat, while many a poor
fellow was certain
heard these singing fish, which are said to be the white of a 'square meal' by being present at a husking. You
perch, making a low and very musical hum, just about were sure to see the laboring men of the vicinity out ;
sunset of a June evening, when they would gather be and the wives of a goodly number of farm hands would
neath a ferry flat-boat, and follow it backward and for be on hand to help in the cooking and serving at the
ward across the river. The sound they give forth is table.”
very sweet, but varied by only two or three notes, and
The huskers were divided and placed under two
much like the sound made by a silk string fixed in a
window."
captains.
“ From the time they began till the corn was all
The people who settled in Eastern Ohio, be-
husked at one end, there would be steady work, each
low the Beaver Falls, were mostly Scotch-Irish,
man husking all the corn he could, never stopping ex-
as were the inhabitants of Western Pennsyl- cept to take a pull at the stone jug of inspiration that
vania. They were light-hearted, prudent and passed occasionally along the line. . . . As soon as one
thrifty, devoted to Calvinism, “very demo-
party got done they raised a shout, and hoisting their
captain on their shoulders, carried him over to the other
cratic in politics, and they took kindly to
side with general cheering. All hands would then turn
whisky, of which they made and drank large in and finish what remained. The shout at hoisting the
quantities."
Whether grain was
captain was the signal for bringing the supper on the
plenty, or times hard, the rude distilleries were
table. This was often followed by dancing after the
elders had retired, if the man with the fiddle should
kept busy, and custom required that at all social
attend. .. There was a tradition that the boys who
gatherings, as well as log-rollings and corn-
accidentally husked a red ear, and saved it, would be
huskings, whisky should be offered as an evi. entitled to a kiss from somebody. But I never knew
dence of hospitality. In time, temperance so-
it to be necessary to produce a red ear to secure a kiss
cieties came in to restrict the use of stimulants.
where there was a disposition to give or take one.”
Money was scarce and the people resorted to Such are the pleasant glimpses of old-time
barter for most articles purchased or produced. life and manners furnished through the vivid
Tea, coffee, leather, iron, powder, lead, linen, recollections of this Ohio pioneer. The final
cloth, feathers, beeswax, deerskins, and furs chapter, written by Mr. W. P. Howells, and
were cash articles, and could be exchanged one covering the closing years of his father's life,
for another, or be sold for
money
which was re-
is full of touching interest.
quired to pay taxes. Mechanics took their pay
WILLIAM HENRY SMITH.
in grain, their customers providing the articles
for manufacture. A day's work was equivalent
to a bushel of wheat, the value of which was
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
from thirty-five to fifty cents.
It would take
several bushels to pay for a day's labor now.
Mr. John Churton Collins is well
A scholarly
The female members of a family would card,
volume of known as one of the most thoroughly-
literary essays.
spin, and weave the flax or wool, and produce
equipped among living students of
the cloth worn by all of its members. Linsey English literature, and as one of the most resolute
cloth, when woven in plaid figures, made a smart
champions of its claims to serious consideration as
an instrument of culture and the higher discipline.
dress for every-day wear. Farming work was
He need hardly, then, have apologized for collect-
necessarily carried on by mutual help, from the ing and republishing, in the handsome volume of
raising of the rude log cabins and barns to
Essays and Studies ” (Macmillan) now before us,
harvesting. Social life was promoted in this a group of his contributions to the periodical litera-
way.
ture of the past twenty years. He does not lightly
“One of the gatherings for joint work, which has to-
undertake any piece of work, and the broad scholar-
tally disappeared from the agriculture of modern times, ship which informs these essays makes them well
and one that was always a jolly kind of affair, was the worthy of preservation. They are five in number.
corn-husking. It was a sort of harvest - home in its The essays on Dryden and Menander need no ex-
department, and it was the more jolly because it was planation. It is hardly necessary to say that Theo-
a gathering with very little respect to persons, and em bald is the subject of "The Porson of Shakespearian
braced in the invitation men and big boys, with the un-
Criticism.” The two remaining essays are
derstanding that no one would be unwelcome. There
views :-“ Lord Chesterfield's Letters” of the let-
was always a good supper served at the husking, and as
certainly a good appetite to eat it with. It came at a
ters to Chesterfield's godson published a few years
plentiful season, when the turkeys and chickens were ago by Lord Carnarvon, and “The Predecessors of
fat, and a fat pig was at hand, to be flanked on the Shakespeare ” of the work by the late J. A. Sy-
table with good bread in various forms, turnips and po monds. The latter of these reviews is somewhat
re-


1895.]
245
THE DIAL
G. W. Curtis.
controversial'in tone, and its animadversions upon pedagogical thought, there can be no doubt that at
Symonds and his methods of composition are too present it is attracting rapidly increasing attention ;
heated to command unqualified assent; yet there is and no competent judge will hesitate in pronounc-
no doubt that they are in part deserved, and that ing this work the very best general view of the sub-
the interests of sanity demand an occasional protest ject that has been written in the English language.
against the critical extravagances that disfigure the It is the last volume of the well-known series, “The
works of what Mr. Collins calls “the new school of Great Educators."
criticism.” Mr. Collins here, as always, stands for
sobriety and carefully-weighed judgments, and we
Life and
A collection of " Literary and Social
Essays of
are not sure that one may not catch from his pages
Essays” by the late George William
a more finely-tempered enthusiasm for, say, Mar-
Curtis (Harper), and Mr. Edward
len
lowe, than from the dithyrambic utterances of Sy- Cary’s life of Mr. Curtis in the “ American
monds and Mr. Swinburne. The Chesterfield essay
of Letters " series (Houghton), appear at the same
is interesting as a "corrected impression.” The
time, and enable us to test the one by the other.
letters to his godson made it fairly evident that
The biography tells of the social instincts, the mus-
their writer had been seriously misunderstood by
ical gifts, the artistic nature of the man; while the
the public, and Mr. Collins, in his comments upon
essays, by their penetrating and sympathetic treat-
ment of such different characters as Thackeray,
both series of letters, adduces much evidence to
Rachel, 0. W. Holmes, and Washington Irving,
make good the claim that Chesterfield was by no
means the apologist of vice and immorality that he
confirm the story. The biography reports Mr. Cur-
tis's connection with Emerson and Brook Farm, thus
is commonly taken to have been. As for the Theo-
bald essay, its point of view may best be character. adding to the interest of the three fine papers em-
ized by its opening statement: . It may be said with bodying personal reminiscences relating to Emerson
and Hawthorne. But perhaps the most charming
simple truth that no poet in our own or in any lan-
guage has ever owed so great a debt to an editor as
of the essays is one, now published for the first
Shakespeare owes to this man.”
time, having for its subject Sir Philip Sidney. In
reading this essay, we feel that much that Mr. Cur-
Introduction to
Of its kind, Dr. Charles De Garmo's tis says of Sidney might, with equal truth, have been
the Herbartian 66 Herbart and the Herbartians” said of himself. For example, this passage: “ Sid-
System.
(Scribner) is the most important ney had that happy harmony of mind and temper,
book that has recently issued from the press. Within
of enthusiasm and good-sense, of accomplishment
a few years, translations of several Herbartian books and capacity, which is described by that most ex-
of merit have appeared, as Herbart's “ Psychology," quisite and most abused wor
quisite and most abused word, gentleman. A gen-
Lange's “ Apperception,” Ufer's " Introduction,” tleman is not an idler, a trifler, a dandy; he is not
and others; there have been also numerous original
a scholar only, a soldier, a mechanic, a merchant;
discussions, both articles and books, among which
he is the flower of men, in whom the accomplish-
may be mentioned Dr. De Garmo's own Essen ment of the scholar, the bravery of the soldier, the
tials of Method”; but there has been no general skill of the mechanic, the sagacity of the merchant,
introduction to the whole Herbartian System, and
all have their part and appreciation. A sense of
this void the present work worthily fills. Part I. deals duty is his main-spring, and, like a watch crusted
with Herbart's contribution to education ; Part II. with precious stones, his function is not to look pret-
with the extension and application of Herbart's edu tily but to tell the time of day.” This “
sense of
cational ideas in Germany; Part III. with Her-duty as a main-spring ” is what impresses us most
bart's ideas in America. The author is easily the distinctly and firmly in the character of George
first Herbartian authority in the country - not the
William Curtis.
most enthusiastic, perhaps, but certainly the most
A readable book of adventure is “A
comprehensive, even-minded, and judicious. While Englishman Strange Career" (Roberts), being
he is in accord with Herbartism as a movement, or
of fortune. a sketch of the life of John Gladwyn
stream of tendency, he is by no means a stickler for Jebb compiled by his widow, and prefaced by an in-
everything that bears the label, or even an advocate troduction warmly commendatory of its hero by Mr.
of all the ideas that the creator of the school himself Rider Haggard. Mr. Jebb was a roving English-
propounded. He discards, or at least ignores, much man of fortune, who, unhappily for himself, pre-
of Herbart's metaphysics in the outset, and steadily ferred the speculative ventures of the new world to
holds in view the pedagogical outcome of the sys the “sweet security of the Three Per Cents at
tem. He tells us that “the system, after all, de home. Coffee planting, prospecting, mining, treas-
pends not upon the construction of abstract specu ure hunting, etc., were tried in turn, and each turn
lation, but upon verifiable facts and experience," of the wheel left Mr. Jebb poorer than before. Says
and that “to recognize the importance of Herbart's Mr. Haggard : " I believe I am right in saying that
contribution to pedagogy, it is by no means neces he never once got the best of a bargain, or had to
sary to accept his metaphysical presupposition as to do with an enterprise which proved successful --So
the nature and original equipment of the soul.” far as his own interests were concerned.” Mr. Jebb
Whatever place this system may ultimately hold in was organically unfit for mercantile life. An hon-
A roving


246
(April 16,
THE DIAL
him as
sea
66
orable gentleman himself, he knew but one code of of 250 pages. The book opens with the building
morality — the absolute code; and each new revel of the first British fleet by Alfred (the founder of
ation of commercial crookedness came upon England's historic “ wooden walls” policy), and
a fresh and staggering surprise. The City of Mex- closes with the crowning naval glory of Trafalgar.
ico was the field of his last venture.
Here again
The American reader will object that the author's
he fell among traders, with the old result. Said a cutting short of his narrative at this point savors
“ business man ” of that city, not without candor: more of patriotism than candor, since it ignores the
“He was a good man, Jebb, a man among a thou war with this country in 1812 — surely a consid-
sand, whom I would trust anywhere. See, I will erable factor in the record, breaking in as it did
prove it to you, Amigo; he lived in this town for rudely and disastrously upon the almost uninter-
years, yet, with all his opportunities, he leaves it rupted tale of British maritime victory. In these
poorer than he came here. Did you ever hear the two and a half years of naval war with the United
like of that, Amigo ?” Mr. Jebb's record remains States, English commerce was almost annihilated,
as that of a brave and generous man, with the soul and in fifteen out of eighteen engagements the once
of a knight-errant and the guilelessness of a child, invincible royal navy was signally defeated. As
who,“ with all his opportunities,” never did, or even the London “ Times” confessed, when the loss of
contemplated, a mean or a doubtful act. As such, the second royal frigate was announced, the “
and as a tale of stirring adventure, the record is spell” of Great Britain was broken. But Mr. Will-
worth the reading.
iams's in most respects admirable little book is pri-
marily meant for the young gentlemen of Her
No more striking contrast is conceiv-
Majesty's
's navy, who would scarcely relish or be in-
The England able than that existing between the spired by such episodes as the actions between the
of Elizabeth
England of Elizabeth and the same “ Constitution" and the “Guerrière,” the “United
country under the rule of the infatuated sister whom
States” and the “ Macedonian,” the “Hornet” and
she succeeded. The transition from the weakness Peacock," etc. The book is profusely and in-
and dissensions of the former period, when England structively illustrated.
had lost its prestige abroad and had degenerated
into little else than a province of Spain, to the
Miss Sarah L. Arnold has won an
Practical hints
strength and vigor of Elizabeth's reign, which de on every-day enviable reputation as supervisor of
veloped the island kingdom into the most powerful
teaching.
the primary schools of Minneapolis,
and influential country in the world, is at first sight Minn., as a writer for the educational press, and
almost incomprehensible. Mr. Allen B. Hinds, a as a lecturer on her favorite subjects at teacher's
scholar of Christ Church, Oxford, in his essay en institutes and summer schools. Her “Way-Marks
titled “The England of Elizabeth” (Macmillan), for Teachers ” (Silver, Burdette & Co.) is a well-
has attempted to search out the causes of this mar organized presentation of the aims, principles, and
vellous reaction, so far as they may be found in the plans of every-day teaching, with illustrative lessons,
great religious movements which characterized the that have made her one of the foremost representa-
times. The first part of the book contains a history tives of the new ideas and methods in elementary
of those Protestants who fled from England in the schools. It is a good sign that the book is entitled
beginning of Mary's reign to seek refuge in France “ Way-Marks ” and not a “way,” “road,” or
and Germany. The author describes with consid “ path.” The title is suggested by the well-known
erable minuteness the unfortunate doctrinal dissen incident in the history of Christian and Faithful,
sions which rent the exiles into a number of hostile when they returned to the stile after they had es-
factions, especially in Frankfort, Geneva, and Zu- caped from Giant Despair. Many readers will seek
rich. He then passes to England, and traces, in an out the book because they are already familiar in a
interesting chapter, the growth of the new spirit general way with its contents, desiring to possess
there. The book, though small, has cost much pa them in a more permanent form; and many more
tient investigation and study, and is a really valu will seek it out because they are not familiar with
able contribution to the religious history of the period. its contents and desire to become so.
A short his-
The want of a concise, authorita-
Handy volumes
Professor W. J. Ashley, of Harvard
lory of the tive history of the British navy is of Economic University, is engaged in the editing
British Navy.
satisfactorily met by Mr. Hamilton
of a series of small volumes called
Williams's “ Britain's Naval Power” (Macmillan). “ Economic Classics” (Macmillan), each of which
The author is instructor in English literature to is a selection from the work of some one of the
the naval cadets in H. M. S. “ Britannia." He great economists. Three volumes have appeared.
has drawn largely upon the naval histories of The first contains "Select Chapters and Passages
Campbell, Southey, and Yonge, as well as upon from The Wealth of Nations' of Adam Smith.”
the later works of Mr. Froude and Captain Ma About one-fifth of the entire work is given, includ-
han, and has succeeded in “ boiling down” and ing everything, the editor claims, “ that enters into
shaping his multifarious material into a readable the real structure of Adam Smith's argument.” The
and fairly comprehensive and continuous narrative second volume reprints parallel chapters from the
Classics.


1895.]
247
THE DIAL
Italian Shores.
first and second editions (1798-1803) of Malthus's ducted on a less imposing scale than many of the
“Essay on the Principle of Population," with a few Emperor's later undertakings, was surpassed by
added passages from the editions of 1807 and 1817. none of them from a strategic standpoint. It is
The third volume gives us the first six chapters of therefore still exceptionally worthy the attention
Ricardo's “Principles of Political Economy and of military students—the application of strategical
Taxation,” forming about one-fourth of the whole principles being, as Dufour says, “ the same at all
treatise. The usefulness of these handy volumes times and places." Lieutenant Sargent writes
should be very great. The three classical English mainly from the professional point of view.
writers who laid the foundations of economic science campaign is treated in a separate chapter, and to
are still surprisingly vital and stimulating. It has each chapter is appended a brief summary, critical
become popular of late, especially among the meta and expository. Several good maps enhance the
physical theorists and the historical economists, to value of the book.
speak slightingly and even patronizingly of these
great men, but this, we trust, is only a transient phase
of discussion. We are confident that in the not very
BRIEFER MENTION.
distant future of economic thought we shall hear
the cry of “back to Ricardo,” just as philosophy “ The Book of the Rose” (Macmillan), by the Rev.
has heard the cry of “ back to Kant” within the A. Foster-Melliar, is designed “to give, from an ama-
past decade or two. Such books as these which teur, full details of practical culture for amateurs from
Professor Ashley has edited will contribute to the
the beginning to the end," " to give such descriptions
emancipation of economic science from the vagaries
of the best known roses as should tell of their faults
and bad habits as well as of their good qualities and
that now have possession of a part of the field.
perfections,” and “ to make a readable as well as use-
Other volumes are promised for Mun, Child, Tur-
ful book.” In all of these aims the author seems to
got, Quesnai, and Roscher.
have been successful, and, in spite of his modest depre-
cation of any comparison between Dean Hole's classic
A certain accent throughout of essen treatise and his own, we are inclined to think that the
Memories of
tially feminine grace and sensibility new book deserves a place by the side of the old.
lends to Mrs. Mena C. Pfirshing's General William Haines Lytle occupies a modest but
“Memories of Italian Shores” a charm irrespective assured place in American literature on the strength of
of its perennially charming theme. Mrs. Pfirshing a single poem, the exquisite lyric, “ Antony and Cleo-
sailed for Genoa in the Spring of 1893, visiting in
patra.” It is not generally known that he was the author
turn Pisa, Rome, Naples, Ischia, Pompeii, Pæstum,
of a considerable amount of other verse, some of which,
Salerno, Amalfi, and Sorrento. Her unpretentious although it never caught the public ear, must be placed
little sheaf of Reisebilder shows conclusively that
by the critic nearly if not quite upon the level of the
piece which is so familiar. To collect the bulk of this
her journey to the land of the olive and vine was work, and to introduce it with a sympathetic personal
not an altogether unsentimental one. The touch is
memoir, has been the task of Mr. W. H. Venable, a task
light, the treatment fresh and individual, and the performed con amore, and that could not easily have
writer's enthusiasm for Italy and its treasures is fallen into more competent hands. “Poems of William
evidently genuine. Mrs. Pfirshing's book is issued Haines Lytle" is the title of the book, which is pub-
in a limited edition of two hundred copies.
lished by the Robert Clarke Co. of Cincinnati.
Mr. Joseph A. Willard, Clerk of the Massachusetts
American visitors to London, espe-
Superior Court, has collected in a shapely volume of
The Inns
of Court
some 360 pages his recollections of “Half a Century
cially those of the legal profession,
and Chancery.
will thank Mr. W. J. Loftie for his
with Judges and Lawyers ” (Houghton). The stories,
bon mots, witness-box humors, judicial obiter dicta, etc.,
compact yet comprehensive account of “The Inns of
which fill the book are mainly of a humorous cast ; and
Court and Chancery” (Macmillan). No part of the while losing in print much of their pristine point and
metropolis is richer in historical and personal asso flavor, they will be found amusing, especially by mem-
ciations than this intricate maze of courts and build bers of the legal profession.
ings to which Mr. Loftie now furnishes a satisfac The “Dryburgh" edition of the Waverley novels,
tory clue. Besides describing the various halls, some time since completed (Macmillan), is now sup-
inns, chapels, etc., he traces their history from the plemented by a two-volume edition of Scott's poems,
foundation down, interspersing his narrative with
uniform with the prose, except for the absence of illus-
anecdotes of such famous occupants as More, Donne,
trations. Mr. Andrew Lang is the editor, and in his
Lamb, Cowper, Boswell, Thurlow, Brougham, and
introductory essay he contrives, as usual, to say the
right and the happy thing at not too great length.
many others. The book is profusely illustrated with
There is little to choose between this edition and that
the graceful drawings of Mr. Herbert Railton.
edited a year or so ago by Professor Norton.
Mr. Leslie Stephen's “The Playground of Europe
Napoleon's
The interest of military men espe. (Longmans) is one of the classics of mountaineering,
campaign cially is appealed to by Lieutenant
and a new edition of the work is welcome. The author
in Italy.
Herbert H. Sargent's concise account has the following introductory note: “In republishing
of “ Napoleon Bonaparte's First Campaign” (Mc- these papers of a young gentleman, whom I shall regard
Clurg). The Italian campaign of 1796, though con with a certain interest, I have not felt myself at liberty
----


248
(April 16,
THE DIAL
to make any serious corrections. He would possibly tion. The introduction of Latin into the grammar
have denied the force of some critical remarks which grades was upheld as good for Latin itself; as good
to me appear very obvious; and I do not know that my for other language work, notably that in English and
judgment would be superior to his. I have therefore French; and as tending to obliterate the sharp lines of
left all faults of omission and commission in the repub distinction between the eighth and ninth grades of
lished chapters." The author has, however, substituted school work.
three new chapters for the “Eastern Carpathians," which Another interesting deliverance was the report of the
he styles irrelevant, and for “ Alpine Dangers," which committee appointed to consider the question “What
now seems to him obsolete.
should be the preparation of those who purpose to teach
“ The National School Library of Song” (Ginn),
Latin and Greek?” This committee, composed of a
edited by Mr. Leo R. Lewis, “will present, in a number
dozen professors and schoolmen, with Professor Bennett
of small volumes, musical material adapted to varied
of Cornell as chairman, unanimously reported the fol-
wants in upper grades of musical instruction in schools."
lowing resolution, which the Conference as unanimously
The distinctive feature of the first volume, now at
adopted:
hand, is the collection of folk-songs from a score or
“Resolved, that this Conference desires to express its
more of nations. The educational value of such music
sense of the importance of a thorough training for teach-
is very great. We are particularly glad to find the
ers in all grades of classical instruction. Especially does
Danish “ King Christian”
among these pieces. The it urge adequate preparation for the work of secondary
other contents of the book are patriotic, devotional, and
instruction. The instructor should know much more
occasional songs.
than he is called upon to impart to his pupils. In the
German texts for school use are not multiplied as
high school, the ideal teacher of the classics will be one
rapidly as French ones, but several have been received
who has not only specialized in these branches as under-
of late. “A Scientific German Reader" (Ginn), by Dr.
graduate and graduate, but who also, by instinct and
G. T. Dippold, is interesting in its matter and well
training, possesses the enthusiasm to add constantly to
past attainment by new study.”
illustrated. Messrs. Heath & Co. send « Kleine Ge-
The sessions of the Conference had a brilliant finale
schichten,” by Richard von Volkmann, edited by Dr.
on Thursday evening, in the masterly address of Pro-
W. Bernhardt, and Gerstäcker's “Germelshausen," ed.
fessor Paul Shorey, of the University of Chicago, on
ited by Mr. Carl Osthaus. Mr. Lawrence Fossler edits
Herr Baumbach's “ Frau Holde,” and Mr. Frank Vogel short of a verbatim report could do justice.
« The Classics in Modern Education," to which nothing
This was
edits « Peter Schlemihl ” — both for Messrs. Henry
followed by the Hymn to Apollo recently discovered at
Holt & Co.
Delphi, explained by Professor D'Ooge, and magnifi-,
cently sung by Professor Lamson, both of the Univer-
sity of Michigan.
The significance and results of this important educa-
THE CLASSICAL CONFERENCE AT
tional gathering are of course difficult to estimate. In
ANN ARBOR.
setting up high standards of instruction, in awakening
(Special Correspondence of THE DIAL.)
new enthusiasm, and in binding the teachers of classics
The meeting of classical teachers at Ann Arbor, held by new and strong ties of sympathy, it was worth all
on March 27 and 28, was quite fairly representative of
that it cost.
JOSIAH R. SMITH.
the district included in the invitations that were issued. Ohio State University, Columbus, April 4, 1895.
The Conference was due to the enthusiasm and energy
of Professor Kelsey, of the University of Michigan, and
the success of the affair must fully have met his expec-
tations. College professors and high-school teachers of
LITERARY NOTES.
Greek and Latin were present in large numbers, from
the Atlantic to the Mississippi, and from Lake Superior Knight, is announced by Messrs. Macmillan & Co.
A sixteen-volume Wordsworth, edited by Professor
to the Ohio; and the full and varied programme of pa-
pers and discussions was carried through without delays
The increasing interest in the subject of book-plates
or interruptions.
is attested by the exhibition of a private collection, num-
The object of the Conference was twofold: “ First, to bering over four thousand examples, at Brentano's,
give to those doing work in Latin, Greek, and Ancient Chicago, closing April 20.
History, an opportunity to present the results of re “ The Citizen," a monthly paper published in Phila-
search; and, second, to discuss questions of fundamen delphia, and devoted mainly to the interests of Univer-
tal importance to the interests of classical study, par sity Extension, has already issued two numbers. It de-
ticularly in the Central and Western States." The first serves a welcome for its careful editing, its attractive
of these two objects was attained by the reading and contents, and its praiseworthy aim.
discussion of more than thirty papers at the morning
The celebration of the Tasso tercentenary occurs on
and afternoon sessions; and the second, by the more the 25th of this month. Among the publications in
formal and elaborate addresses delivered in the evenings.
honor of the occasion will be the “ Vita," by Sig. Solerti,
On Wednesday evening the question “Shall we have a a critical edition of the great epic, edited by the above-
six years' High School Latin Course?” was discussed by named biographer, and the third volume of “Opere
Professors West of Princeton and Hale of Chicago, from Minori,” containing Tasso's plays, and edited by Sig.
the point of view of the university; and by Mr. A. F. Carducci.
Nightingale of Chicago, from the point of view of the The volume of “ Miscellaneous Studies," by the late
high school. The speakers advocated the extension of Mr. Pater, which is now in the press, will include his
the preparatory course in Latin, and their arguments well-known essays on “ Romanticism” and “ The Child
met with general favor, though there was some opposi in the House," and also papers on Prosper Mérimée,


1895.]
249
THE DIAL
these three classes, which embraces a large portion of
the enormous mob connected with the despicable and
detestable newspaper-press, while chiefly originating
Americanisms, actually revels in them. Another class, in-
cluding an overwhelming majority of the population,
regards them with absolute indifference. The third
class, in which come, with others, the generality of pro-
fessional authors, cares to eschew only such of them as
are tabooed by tolerably refined society. Far otherwise,
the members of the fourth class, comparatively a very
small one, strive industriously to acquire passable En-
glish; and, if due allowance is made for their unavoid-
ably hearing and reading the most abominable jargon
every day of their lives, it may be acknowledged that
their efforts to express themselves like civilized beings
are rewarded with as much success as could be expected.
Such persons, if corrected, one by another, for Amer-
icanizing unnecessarily, are always very thankful. And
they are, certainly, quite as thankful, if the same serv-
ice is done them, with ordinary courtesy, by an English-
That it should be done by him, as so often hap-
pens, with the contumely and invidious reflections which
are hardly earned except by filching a purse or spheter-
izing a neighbour's spoons, seems, however, to an Amer-
ican, disproportionate."
man.
on Raphael, on Apollo in Picardy, on Notre Dame
d'Amiens, and on Pascal. The volume is being edited
by Mr. Shadwell.
Messrs. A. S. Barnes & Co. are bringing out a new
edition of their one - volume abridgment of Alison's
History of Europe
" and a revision of their “ Popular
History of the United States.” They also announce a
volume on “ The English Versions of the Bible,” by the
Rev. B. Condit, and one on “The Signers of the Decla-
ration," by Mr. N. Dwight.
The publication of a quarterly review of historical
studies, under the auspices of a committee represent-
ing half a dozen of our ding universities, appears to
be practically assured. Harvard and Cornell broached
the subject, and, at a meeting of those interested, called
in New York for April 6, a board of editors was ap-
pointed, and plans laid for securing the necessary finan-
cial support.
In the days of Old Japan, before the canny islanders
saw themselves as others saw them, Townsend Harris,
the first American envoy, lived at Shimoda and Yedo,
from 1856 to 1862. He kept a journal of his strange
experiences and wonderful successes. This, edited by
Dr. William Elliot Griffis, with a portrait and biogra-
phy, will be published by Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin
& Co.
The “Literary School” of the Chicago Kindergarten
College is now engaged upon its eighth annual course
of lectures. “Myths ” is the general subject of discus-
sion, a subject treated broadly enough to permit of such
papers as “ Theology and Literature,” by Dr. H. W.
Thomas; “ Folk-Lore Legends and Tales,” by Professor
Frederick Starr; and “Nature and Culture," by Mr. H.
W. Mabie. The lectures close on the twentieth of April.
Among the very last letters written by Mr. Whittier
was a short one to a literary friend, referring in com-
plimentary terms to this journal. This letter having
occasioned considerable comment by its appearance in
the poet's “ Life and Letters" with the name of the
journal referred to by Mr. Whittier omitted, we are
enabled, through the courtesy of the owner of the letter,
to present an interesting facsimile of it elsewhere in this
issue. It was written only about three weeks before
the author's death.
We learn from the “ Athenæum " that Mr. Mackenzie
Bell is writing a book on Christina Rossetti, which will be
largely a critical study based on a detailed survey of her
work. The opening chapter will contain some biograph-
ical information and personal reminiscences; while sub-
sequent chapters will be devoted respectively to her
general poems, her religious poems, her books for chil-
dren, and her religious prose volumes. In the conclud-
ing chapter an attempt will be made to estimate her
place as a writer. Mr. Bell's intention is to make bis
book popular enough to become to some readers an in-
troduction to Christina Rossetti both as poet and prose
writer.
Our valued contributor Dr. Fitzedward Hall has in
the last “ Academy” a further communication upon
Americanisms, from which we make this excerpt: “ The
interest which Americans of the better sort take in the
subject of Americanisms is attested by their books de-
voted to them, and notably by the dictionaries of Mr.
Bartlett and Professor De Vere. Unhappily, however,
among those for whose benefit they were intended, there
are three classes, out of four, for whom they have been
compiled either to no purpose or to very little. One of
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
April, 1895 (Second List).
Bacon's Authorship of the Plays. L.W.Bishop. Dial (Apr. 16).
Belief, The Foundations of. W. T. Stead. Rev. of Reviews.
Bible, The, and Divorce. W. W. Bolton. Overland.
Blavatsky, Helen Petrovna. J. R. Bridge. Arena.
China and Japan. George F. Seward. Cosmopolitan.
Civic Renaissance, Our. Albert Shaw. Rev. of Reviews.
Cromwell, Oliver. B. S. Terry. Dial (Apr. 16).
Crime and Enforcement of Law. H. C. Vrooman. Arena.
Criticism, Higher. J. H. Long. Arena.
Educational Values. Dial (Apr. 16).
English Wood-Notes. James Lane Allen. Cosmopolitan.
Evolution, Bonnet's Theory of. C. 0. Whitman. Monist.
Greek, The Living. J. Irving Manatt. Rev. of Reviews.
Horton, Samuel Dana. F. W. Holls. Rev. of Reviews.
Hull-House Maps and Papers. Max West. Dial (Apr. 16).
Insanity, Communicated. C. W. Pilgrim. Popular Science.
Japan, New, Studies of. Edmund Buckley. Dial (Apr. 16).
Jew in San Francisco, The. Overland.
Jones, Paul. Molly Elliot Seawell. Century.
Judaism, The Position of. I. Zangwill. North American.
Lincoln's Reëlection. Noah Brooks. Century.
Manual Training. C. Hanford Henderson. Popular Science.
Moral Conduct, Motives to. A. Döring. Journal of Ethics.
Negro, Higher Education for the. S. W. Powell. Century.
Nordau's Degeneration. E. E. Hale, Jr. Dial (Apr. 16).
Occultism, Practical, The Mission of. Arena.
Ohio, Pioneer Life in. W. H. Smith. Dial (Apr. 16).
Palladium of Liberty, The Victor Yarros. Arena.
Pantheism, A Plea for. Heinrich Hensoldt. Arena.
Pampas Grass and Pomegranate. H. W.R. Strong. Overland.
Papua, Picturesque. 0. M. Spencer. Cosmopolitan.
Parliamentary Government, Outlook for. North American.
Parliament of Religions, The. C. C. Bonney. Monist.
Railway, The Successor of the. Appleton Morgan. Pop. Sci.
Reality, Well-Springs of. E. Douglas Fawcett. Monist.
Religious Teachings in the Schools. Lyman Abbott. Century.
Romance, The Allotropy of. G. M. Hyde. Dial (Apr. 16).
Self-Assertion and Self-Denial. J. S. Mackenzie. Jour. of Eth.
Sin, Philosophical. H. C. Lea. Journal of Ethics.
Tesla, Nicola, Latest Inventions and Discoveries of. Century.
Thinking, Curiosities of. M. Allen Starr. Popular Science.
Torpedo in War, The. P. H. Colomb. North an.


250
[April 16,
THE DIAL
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
(The following list, containing 70 titles, includes books re-
ceived by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
GENERAL LITERATURE.
The Arthurian Epic: A Comparative Study of the Cam-
brian, Breton, and Anglo-Norman Versions of the Story.
By S. Humphreys Curteon, M.A. 12mo, pp. 437. G. P.
Putnam's Sons. $2.
The Writings of Thomas Paine... Collected and edited by,
Moncare D. Conway, author of “Life of Thomas Paine.
Vol. III., 1791–1804 ; 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 436. G.P.
Putnam's Song. $2.50.
The Troubadors and Courts of Love. By John Freder-
ick Rowbotham, author of The History of Music.”
Illus., 12mo, pp. 324. Macmillan & Co. $1.75.
Essays on Scandinavian Literature. By Hjalmar Hjorth
Boyesen. 12mo, pp. 288. Chas. Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
Letters of a Baritone. By Francis Walker. 16mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 298. Chas. Scribner's Sons. $1.25.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE,
Rudyard Kipling's Prose Tales. New uniform edition,
in 6 vols., 12mo. Macmillan & Co. Boxed, $7.50.
The Adventures of Roderick Random. By Tobias Smol-
lett; edited by George Saintsbury. In 3 vols., illus.,
16mo, gilt tops, uncut. J. B. Lippincott Co. $3.
Don Quixote of La Mancha. By Miguel de Cervantes Saa-
vedra ; done into English by Henry Edward Watts. New
edition, with notes ; in 4 vols.; Vol. I., 8vo, gilt top, un-
cut, pp. 369. Macmillan & Co. $2.
Spenser's Faerie Queene (Book II., Cantos I.-IV.)
Edited by Thomas J. Wise. Illus, by Walter Crane, large
8vo, uncut. Macmillan & Co. $3.
The “Temple" Shakespeare, new vols.: King Henry IV.
Parts 1 and 2, and King Richard II. Each in 1 vol., with
preface, etc., by Israel Gollancz. With frontispieces, 24mo,
gilt tops, uncut. Macmillan & Co. Each, 45 cts.
Chocorua's Tenants. By Frank Bolles. Illus., 16mo, gilt
top, uncut, pp. 68. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. '$1.
FICTION.
Majesty. By Louis Couperus ; trans. by A. Teixeriro de
Mattos and Ernest Dowson. 12mo, uncut, pp. 419. D. Ap-
pleton & Co. $1.
Daughters of the Revolution and their Times, 1769–1776:
An Historical Romance. By Charles Carleton Coffin.
Illus., 12mo, pp. 387. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.50.
Transition. By the author of "A Superfluous Woman.”
12mo, uncut, pp. 330. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.25.
The Story of Christine Rochefort. By Helen Choate
Prince. 16mo, pp. 313. Houghton, Miffin & Co. $1.25.
A Man Without a Memory, and Other Stories. By Wil-
liam Henry Shelton. 16mo, uncut, pp. 330. Charles
Scribner's Sons. $1.
Sport Royal and Other Stories. By Anthony Hope, author
of “The Prisoner of Zenda." Illus., 24mo, gilt top, un-
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[April 16, 1895.
THE DIAL
Hamptoh NR.
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Fac-simile of one of the Last Letters written by Mr. Whittier.
(See note on page 249.)



STATE
051
054
v.18
no. 213
May ( 1895
SYLVANIA

UN!!
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1895.]
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the cur-
PAGE
· 261
It is a
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
each month. TERMS or SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage
THE IBSEN LEGEND.
prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Merico; in other countries
comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must One of the most curious chapters of literary
be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the
current number. REMITTANCES should be by check, or by express or
history is that which deals with the greatest of
postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and
Roman poets as he appeared to the imagination
for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application;
and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished of the Middle Ages. The Master Virgil of
on application. All communications should be addressed to
mediævalism stands out as a vivid enough fig-
THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago.
ure, exerting a marked influence
upon
rent of mediæval thought; yet how unlike the
No. 213. MAY 1, 1895. Vol. XVIII. personality of the Mantuan as he appears to
us, with our fuller knowledge of classical times,
and the truer intellectual perspective of our
CONTENTS.
view. It was a singular refraction, indeed, that
shaped the outlines of the poet into the dis-
THE IBSEN LEGEND
259
torted figure of the wizard, a strange limitation
JAMES DWIGHT DANA
261
of outlook that in so literal a sense made of his
name a word with which to conjure, while blind
THE SPECTRAL PUBLISHER. John Albee
to his genius and its true significance. Books
COMMUNICATIONS
262 have their fates, runs the Latin saying, and pre-
The Claims of Science in Education. Henry S.
sumably their authors no less. But never was
Carhart.
the fate of bookmaņ more ironical than that
The Utility of an Authors' Guild. A Western
Author.
of the poet of the “ Æneid ” and the “ Fourth
"American Authors” English. G. L. C.
Eclogue," envisaged, a thousand years after his
FAR EASTERN PICTURES AND PROBLEMS.
death, as an allegorist and a wonder-worker.
E. G. J..
264
far
cry, in more ways than one, from
Virgil to Dr. Ibsen, and there is but a single
PROFESSOR TYRRELL ON LATIN POETRY.
fact that could lead us even for a moment to
W. H. Johnson
couple their names.
That fact is the preva-
LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. Charles W. French 269 lence and seemingly continued growth, at least
in England and America, of an Ibsen legend,
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne
269
Miss Bell's A Little Sister to the Wilderness.- Mrs. grotesquely divergent from the truth, and cal-
De Koven's A Sawdust Doll. – Chatfield-Taylor's culated to make of the Norwegian poet and dra-
Two Women and a Fool.- Robinson's Men Born
matist a figure as unlike his real self as Master
Equal.-- Mrs. Foote's Cæur d'Alene.- Julien Gor-
don's Poppæa. - Mrs. Harrison's A Bachelor Maid. Virgil was unlike the poet who chiefly made
- Miss Deland's Philip and his Wife.- Crawford's glorious the Augustan Age. Our newspapers,
The Ralstons. — Long's Miss Cherry - Blossom of
Tokyo.-Davis's The Princess Aline.—Besant's Be-
and even some of our serious organs of opinion,
yond the Dreams of Avarice. - Hope's A Man of afford frequent indications that the popular
Mark.- Betham-Edwards's A Romance of Dijon. consciousness holds Dr. Ibsen to be the poet
Miss Price's In the Lion's Mouth,
of gloom, of the morbid aspects of character,
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
274 of the seamy side of life and the unsavory
Studies in modern music. - German criticism of
among human relations. A German sensation-
Shakespeare. — Ancient teachings on marriage and
divorce. — Introduction to English literature. – An
alist, long discredited, but whose latest work is
adequate translation of a French classic. - Later just now getting much attention, finds in Dr.
essays of “A Country Parson."— A short history of
Ibsen a conspicuous illustration of what he
painting. – Napoleon III, and “ Lady Stuart.”
Louisiana Folk-Tales.
calls Entartung. A typical newspaper article
just now under our eye, an article of the bet-
BRIEFER MENTION.
276
ter sort and evidently written in all seriousness,
LITERARY NOTES
277
calls him “grim ” and “egotistical,” speaks of
his " icy indifference,” his “ dank philosophy,”
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS
277
and his “ intolerable pessimism.” No one who
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
277 does much reading in current criticism can
· 267
.
.


260
(May 1,
THE DIAL
have failed more than once to come across even preaching evil as irremediable, he constantly
the suggestion that he deliberately panders to ascribes it to lack of knowledge, infirmity of
the lower instincts of human nature, that he vision, and weakness of will.
If there is any
revels in what is revolting and unclean. one trait dominant above all others throughout.
Anyone who has read the writings of Dr. Ib- his writings, it is the persistent note of an
sen, and who knows something of the aims and idealism unshaken by
ideals that they embody, rubs his eyes in won-
"The absurdity of men,
Their vaunts, their feats,"
derment when he meets with such epithets and
an idealism as absolutely opposed as anything
opinions as have just been mentioned. But
well can be to the philosophical doctrine of pes-
when amazement at the misconception has a lit-
simism. If Dr. Ibsen is to be styled a pes-
tle abated, he is apt to ask himself if there is any
simist in this sense, it must be in the company
possible way of accounting for the origin of opin: of all the satirists, ancient and modern, who
ions so grotesque, unless, indeed, he summarily have scourged the vices of mankind, and all
sets them down as adding another to the many
existing illustrations of the essential irrationality and sought to bring about its realization in
the moralists who have discerned the good life-
of the majority of minds. The last count of the
fact no less than in dream.
indictment above outlined may safely be left to
Of pessimism as a mood it may be said that.
shift for itself. There is no shred of evidence
Dr. Ibsen exhibits it as it has been exhibited
for it, and no sane mind could for a moment
seriously entertain the suggestion. Nor is it | by greater men than he, from Homer to Ten-
without reluctance that we so far consider the
nyson, by a large proportion, in fact, of the
poet's “icy indifference” as to recall the infi- greatest poets that have ever lived. This merely
means that he does not, like such men as Brown-
nite tenderness of “ Brand” and “ Peer Gynt,”
or illustrate his “ dank philosophy” by the pas-
ing and Emerson, deliberately exclude from his.
view a large share of the facts of human life,
sionate idealism of “Love's Comedy” and
that he is not content to build for himself a.
Emperor and Galilean.” The reader is to be
fool's paradise and dwell therein. He is not.
pitied, indeed, who is not stirred to the depths
to be deluded by
of his soul by the agonies of Brand as child and
“The barren optimistic sophistries
wife are taken from him one after the other, or
Of comfortable moles,'
by that vision of the "third kingdom ” which, and endeavors, according to the light that is in
in the story of Julian, casts its mystical glamour him, to see life steadily and see it whole. Like
over the last struggle of dying paganism, and all writers of the second or third rank, he has
which might have been inspired by the choruses his limitations, and his vision is defective ; but
of Shelley's “ Hellas."
to describe his prevalent mood as pessimistic, or
The last of these illustrations leads us to the
even as cynical, is grossly to pervert the truth.
subject upon which more than a word or a ref The principal reasons for the current mis-
erence is needed. Of all the charges commonly conception of Dr. Ibsen's fundamental attitude
made against Dr. Ibsen, that of pessimism is towards life may be briefly set forth. In the
probably the most persistent. This is not sur first place, much of his work is satirical, and
prising when we consider the ignorant way in this fact, combined with his power of express-
which that term is bandied about by most peo- ing the white heat of indignation, naturally
ple, yet here, if ever, the accusation calls for makes many people think that only one at heart
an energetic protest. Pessimism is both a
a cynic could find so much to condemn in the
mood and a philosophical doctrine. Whatever conduct and the ideals of his fellow-men. In
standing it bas, considered in its latter aspect, the second place, his work is nearly all dramatic
it owes to the authority of Schopenhauer, who, in form, and dramatists always suffer from a
by logic convincing at least to himself, thought more or less unconscious identification with the
he had demonstrated the soul of things to be characters of their own creation, however ob-
evil, believed irremediable suffering to lie at jectively conceived. Last of all, and most im-
the root of conscious existence. To this doc- portant as far as the English-speaking public
trine the whole of Dr. Ibsen's work is tacitly is concerned, he unfortunately first became
but resolutely opposed. He never presents to us known, and is still chiefly known, by means of
the gloomy side of life without suggesting the a group of his least characteristic and enduring
possibility of something better, rarely without works. Most people get their whole notion of
indicating the way out of what seems an im- him from a group of three or four plays which
passe to the soul of little faith. So far from deal with extremely narrow and specific social


1895.]
261
THE DIAL
problems, which are utterly inadequate to con-
THE SPECTRAL PUBLISHER.
vey his essential message, and which embody
no suggestion of the high poetic energy with It seems to me that if I could lay the spectral head
which his really great work is charged. It is
which comes between me and the paper, I should
not altogether surprising that the “Ibsen
write with a swing and verve that would please the
legend " should find credence with readers who
reader as much as it would myself. There are sea-
sons when I cannot write at all; and then I evoke,
know only “A Doll Home," “Ghosts,"
but in vain, the spectral publisher. He only ap-
“ Hedda Gabler,” and “Solness.” To such,
pears when I am in the mood for work. Some-
and to all who would know what Dr. Ibsen
times it is one whom I have known; at others, a
really stands for, we proffer the advice to read
stranger; and I see, whichever it be, only a head
“ Brand” and “ Peer Gynt,” those master with fixed eyes, and lips apart and formed as if
pieces of robust social philosophy and high eth- about to pronounce that depressing word “ No." He
ical aim. Their invigorating moral atmosphere it is who is responsible for my evasive and pedes-
has the tonic quality of which our flabby civili- trian style. With his eye upon me I halt at every
zation is most in need ; their lofty idealism may
sentence and consider what he will say, when I
When
well put to shame our opportunism, our half-
ought to be thinking what I have to say.
he motions me to be laconic, I become diffuse ;
heartedness, and all the paltry conventionalities
when he commands, “ Now keep in touch with cur-
by which our lives are misshapen. And we ven rent times and the general reader,” I grow at once
ture to say that whoever once takes those works obscure and wander off into the classics. If he
to heart will hardly thereafter describe their au chances to look away for a moment, to forget me, I
thor as a pessimist, or talk glibly of his “icy recover myself and write with that abandonment I
indifference" and his “ dank philosophy.” For
so much admire. Then ideas write themselves ;
such readers, at least, the “ Ibsen legend” will images come without effort. Thus is my spectral
be at once consigned to the limbo to which
publisher the destroyer of the genius which he seeks
to discover and introduce to the world.
grown-up men and women relegate the nursery
tales and pious fables that were literally ac-
But some say the publisher is merely the agent
of the public; that he buys what he can sell; that
cepted in childhood, but that cannot impose
the producer – that is, the author – must conform
upon the rationalized adult intelligence. himself to the market, to the consumer of his wares.
How this is to be done, and at the same time per-
mit an author to keep his intellectual integrity and
JAMES DWIGHT DANA.
develop what is within him, is the problem of litera-
ture. Plenty there are who seem now and in the
The death, on the fourteenth of April, of the veteran
past to have solved this problem. They glide easily
geologist James Dwight Dana, made American science
into notice with their first book. Is there an astute
the poorer by one of its most illustrious representatives.
Professor Dana was born in 1813, at Utica, N. Y. He
publisher behind them? Or are they so fortunately
entered Yale at sixteen, attracted by Silliman's fame,
constituted as to be themselves the counterparts, the
and after being graduated with the class of 1833, spent
reflex public, whom they address ?— thus quite un-
two years in the government service as a mathematical consciously gaining the ear and winning the ap-
instructor of midshipmen, visiting many parts of the plause of their readers. Success thus achieved is
world with the ships to which he was assigned. On his apt to repeat itself. It is then that the publisher
return from these journeyings, he became Silliman's as and the public often seem more responsible for the
sistant at Yale, and prepared the “System of Miner volumes which follow than the author himself. A
alogy,” which appeared in 1837. The year following,
demand is made upon him — temptations from the
he started to circumnavigate the globe with the Wilkes
publisher, the expectancy of readers, - and under
expedition, the voyage lasting four years. During these
years, he took charge of the expedition departments of
this stimulus he goes on to further triumphs, or to
geology, mineralogy, and zoology, and made many val-
extinguishment, according to the fertility or poverty
uable collections. The thirteen years following his re-
of his genius. A few successes, often a single one,
turn were chiefly occupied in preparing for publication reverse the positions of author and publisher; the
the scientific results of his journey. The subjects of the author becomes master of the situation, the pub-
volumes resulting (printed by the government) were lisher the eager purchaser. It is at this point that
“ Zoöphytes,” “Crustacea,” and “Geology of the Pa the author gains his intellectual freedom, if before
cific.” In 1844 he settled for life in New Haven, and
he has not quite dared to exercise it. He can now
married Miss Henrietta Frances Silliman, who survives
him. His late publications include “Coral Reefs and
more energetically say what he thinks, and more
Islands," "The Geological Story Briefly Told," and the
freely give form to his feelings, his experiences, and
much revised “ Manual of Geology” which has been our insights. He preaches from a pulpit, declaims from
standard text-book of the subject for the past thirty
the rostrum, espouses reforms, dabbles in philoso-
years. The life record just closed is one of singular
phy, art, and criticism. He establishes a sort of
industry, achievement, and honor; the place he has va confessional, for at least one sex, and either covertly
cated in our intellectual life will not easily be filled. or boldly absolves the woman with a past.


262
(May 1,
THE DIAL
Is his sense of responsibility at such a point equal to get work of the first order into print--remains at
to his sense of intellectual freedom? For to him now this time unanswerable. Courage and patience for
this question must be addressed, and not to the pub ye, obscure, unacknowledged geniuses. Remember
lisher, who will print without other thought than Haydon's advice to John Keats : “Do not despair;
how many editions may be sold. Is he now at lib collect incident, study character, read Shakespeare,
erty to controvene the accepted ideas of morality and trust in Providence.”
and trust in Providence.” Or read Tennyson's
and religion, to assume as established the psycholog “Gleam,” where he for the first and only time, un-
ical phenomena at present only in the most elemen der a thin veil, records all the steps of his own ca-
tary stage of investigation—as, for instance, in the reer, and, whatever his impediments, whether snarls
case of hypnotism? For I find some readers of re of critics or indifference of the public, whether self-
cent fiction take for granted all its hypnotic ma despair, long periods of inactivity, loss of friends,
chinery as well-established scientific fact. The wild and sufferings from without and within, — at the
and improbable elements in novels carry their own end of all the experiences of life has but this one
correction, if they chance to need any; it is not so courageous, inspiring refrain:
with speculations on religion, socialism, and adven-
“Follow the Gleam."
tures into the border lands of spiritism. It is the
JOHN ALBEE.
author who is responsible, for the publisher's hand
is hidden in the mere mercantile transactions which
accompany publication.
COMMUNICATIONS.
But to the author struggling for recognition the
publisher is spectral and formidable, especially to
THE CLAIMS OF SCIENCE IN EDUCATION.
those who are doomed to acquire a hearing only af-
ter a slow and laborious career.
( To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Holding fast to
their own genius and style, they work on in obscur-
I confess to a good deal of amazement and regret
ity for a long time unnoticed, or misunderstood, as
upon reading the editorial on “ Educational Values ” in
was the fate of Emerson. But he had to sustain
the last number of THE DIAL; not that objection should
be made to any man's candid expression of preference
himself on an income of about twelve hundred dol-
for any class of studies, but that he should think it
lars and infinite patience and faith. His books for
necessary or convincing to use such expressions as
a long time brought him nothing. How they got “ husks of science" and the like. If the taste for scien-
themselves printed is a mystery. Perhaps publish- tific study is on the wane, and“ hungry souls” are call-
ers were less spectral and mercenary then than now. ing " for more generous and vitalizing forms of nutri-
Mrs. Celia Thaxter, who might be called a fairly
tion" to such an extent as the editorial mentioned appears
successful writer, received from her five books an
to imply, it seems necessary to explain the increased
income of about a hundred dollars a year. She
facilities everywhere provided for the cultivation of sci-
maintained herself chiefly by magazine work, being
ence, and for the increased number of students seeking
instruction in science. It is unfair in the highest degree
always and everywhere a welcome contributor.
to
say
that the advocates of science are the advocates of
Mr. E. C. Stedman said, in his admirable ad. the narrowly practical or “ the bread-and-butter policy"
dress at the recent Stevenson memorial service, that in education. Such a characterization scarcely applies
6 work of the first order cannot remain obscure”;
to instruction even in technical schools. If I have ob-
and added, “if put forth unheralded it will be
served the signs of the times to any purpose of late,
found out and will make its way.” There is no
the advocates of a narrow and one-sided policy in edu-
doubt of it; and yet there is a terrible if in the
cation are not the teachers of science. They (the lat-
way—how to get “work of the first order” before
ter) are advocating a broad foundation for university
study, with a large predominance of language ; but they
the public “unheralded.” Where to-day is the
are not willing to stand by and see the pursuit of pure
publisher who will venture upon so daring an under science, which is as humanistic as that of language itself,
taking? For this prophecy of “making its way" characterized as a training for the mere purpose of get-
means time, capital, and, withal, exceeding fine dis ting a living. It is well to bear in mind the fact that
cernment and much faith.
the methods of teaching developed by teachers of sci-
What, then, is to become of those writers who
ence have been adopted by almost if not quite all de-
have not the gift or the good luck to make a sensa-
partments of study. The powerful influence of science
upon our pedagogical practice should not be forgotten
tion at once, yet who have talent of a high order,
in any estimate of “ Educational Values.”
perhaps genius even? who work slowly, carefully,
HENRY S. CARHART.
conscientiously? The question is too difficult; and
University of Michigan, April 19, 1895.
it seems to be something else than publishers, or
even readers to any large extent, that help in bring [Twenty-five years ago, the demands of science
ing forward such writers. It may be said that poets for a larger recognition in educational curricula
and other imaginative writers save each other. than had hitherto been accorded it were in the main
The best discovers the best and preserves it ; and just, and we do not begrudge its advocates the suc- .
in time, having the sanction of such authority, cess of their efforts. But the claims made, how-
though limited to the few, it attains to wider and ever just in themselves, were often urged upon the
wider form. But the first requisite-namely, how | grounds (indefensible from a purely educational


1895.]
263
THE DIAL
standpoint) of mere practicality, and were usually consideration — may not such a society tend to antago-
coupled with ill-natured and ignorant attacks upon nize publishers as a class, and in this way work a cer-
humanistic training. In other words a needed ed-
tain disadvantage to its members ? May there not be
ucational reform was urged in a spirit anything but
seen in it an implication that publishers as a class are
commendable, and that spirit has ever since char-
men who, to put it mildly, will “bear watching”? and
is not such an implication one that the many honorable
acterized a large proportion of the discussions of
members of the publishing trade would naturally be in-
the subject by men of science. The intolerance of
clined to resent, and thus an antagonism be created be-
the new scientific education has become
every
whit
tween publishers and members of the society, which
as bad as the intolerance, which we freely admit, might be, to say the least, unfortunate ? This seems
of the old humanistic discipline. Nor can we re but human nature. Experience has shown me that this
gard as an unmixed blessing the fact that “the matter, like most others in our tangled modern life, is
methods of teaching developed by teachers of science
not one-sided. If there are dishonest or unfair or blun-
have been adopted by almost if not quite all depart- dering publishers, so there are unreasonable and imprac-
ments of study.” In history and literature, in psy-
ticable and pestering authors. Better not, it seems to
chology and the classics, there is now something too
me, array the two classes or crafts against each other as
natural or necessary adversaries.
much, relatively speaking, of the scientific methods
I am aware that much is claimed for the good results
referred to. The really serious student of science of the London Authors' Society, of similar character and
undoubtedly gets educational discipline of a high aims; and it certainly speaks well for it that it includes
character from his work, and scientific work is doubt in its membership the foremost living English men of
less undertaken by many students for educational letters. But the statement of what has been accom-
rather than for practical reasons; but the Philistine plished by the London society may perhaps be taken
attitude toward science and the humanities still pre-
with some allowance in the absence of anything from
vails in many quarters, and against it alone were
the publishers’ side of the case; and, besides, the con-
directed the remarks to which our correspondent
ditions in our new country are widely different from
those that have long existed in England.
My final
takes exception. We are free, however, to add our
thought is that the American society can be made suc-
opinion that of late years science has been getting cessful only by including in its membership the leading
from the educators rather more than its due, and and most influential authors of our country; and this
this at the expense of those pursuits which we be the Authors' Guild seems thus far not to have accom-
lieve should ever occupy the foremost place in the plished. A real and representative Society of Authors
work of shaping to its highest uses the human soul. is no doubt a good thing, and such I supposed we had
- EDR. DIAL.]
in the Authors Club. But a Society of Authors-with-a-
grievance is a different matter; and this, in my judg-
ment, is what the American Authors' Guild should strive
THE UTILITY OF AN AUTHORS' GUILD.
not to become.
A WESTERN AUTHOR.
(To the Editor of The DIAL.)
Chicago, April 23, 1895.
I have read with interest the statement of the plans
and purposes of the American Authors' Guild, as set
"AMERICAN AUTHORS” ENGLISH.
forth by its officers in your last issue; and while I am
not insensible to the claim which may justly be made
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
upon every man by his profession, and am heartily in Since reading the prospectus of the “ American Au-
sympathy with many of the objects of the Guild, it thors' Guild,” in your issue of April 16, I have chanced
seems to me that a word of caution or remonstrance
to see two pamphlets issued by the Guild, containing
may be in order as to one phase of the purposes of the
its latest reports; and a perusal of these astonishing
society. Authors should not expect too much of the
publications awakens chiefly a curiosity to know what
ability of such an organization to help them practically
one of the American Authors in the Guild is responsi-
in their relations with publishers. Inexperienced au-
ble for its literature. I find, for example, that a recent
thors especially will be likely to overestimate the ad-
report of the Secretary “was read and laid on the table,
vantages to be derived from it in this respect. I could
owing to its violation of certain technical rules." An-
scarcely conceive myself, as an author, invoking the aid
other curious parliamentary proceeding was that a mem-
of such a society in a dispute or disagreement with a
ber“ was asked to take the chair until the officers could
publisher. And I am not without my own bit of experi-
be reëlected for the remainder of their term. This was
ence of what such disagreements may be—having known
done." Among the complaints offered was one from a
what it is to be deliberately “bunkoed” by one pub-
member who alleged that “a trade journal had not paid
lisher, while treated by another with an unfairness, in
him " for an article “ accepted by them." Another mem-
the handling of one of my books, which resulted in in-
ber related low “a publishing house which had agreed
jury that could scarcely be condoned or repaired. But
to publish his book " had at last been forced to “a ful-
I suppose one must either stand such things, or seek
filment of their contract" with him. Further encour-
whatever of relief and reparation the law may allow. I
agement was afforded by the reading of “a letter from
do not see how the sympathy or mutual indignation of
Mrs. A., now in England, who had seen Mr. Besant, and
an Authors' Society could help the matter much. It
that Mr. Besant wished,” etc. A member « offered a
seems to me that such things must be settled, like other
resolution that a pamphlet be prepared, and to have one
business affairs, by the individual on his own basis. A
thousand copies printed.” It is to be hoped that before
protective association for looking after the business in the new pamphlet appears the American Authors will
terests of authors savors a little too much of “ paternal-
have provided themselves with an editor. G. L. C.
ism" to suit my taste. Besides — as a very practical Rochester, N. Y., April 26, 1895.


264
[May 1,
THE DIAL
She has not made even a decent show of re-
The New Books.
sistance; and the lurid Pearsonian dream of a
new Mongol invasion of Europe has vanished
FAR EASTERN PICTURES AND PROBLEMS.* in thin air.
Without dwelling on events now familiar to
In his “ The Peoples and Politics of the Far
the world, it may be interesting to note some of
East,” Mr. Henry Norman presents the results
the ways in which China has prepared herself
of four years of study, travel, and adventure in
for defeat. Underlying the more specific causes
China, Japan, Korea, Siberia, Malaya, and the
British, French, Spanish, and Portuguese Ori-
of it are the following general ones : inbred
and fanatical conservatism and consequent stag-
ental colonies. The book seems to us decidedly
nation ; a competitive system which imposes
the best one on the subject since Mr. Curzon's;
proficiency in the Chinese classics as the uni-
and we especially commend it to all who have
versal standard of fitness for office; lack of
been racking their brains of late in the effort to
racial and territorial unity, there being, says
extract the rationale of current Eastern ques-
Mr. Norman, virtually “no such thing as
tions from the newspapers. The ground covered
• China'”; organic corruption in the public es-
by the volume is too extensive and the treatment
tablishments—every Chinese official, “with the
too detailed to admit of anything like a com-
possible exception of one in a thousand,” being
plete summary of it here; hence we shall con-
as it were ex officio, “a liar, a thief, and a ty-
fine ourselves to those chapters which seem of
rant.” The proximate cause of China's defeat
most immediate interest.
Mr. Norman is at especial pains to set forth
by Japan is of course the worthlessness of her
army. This perhaps hollowest of all the mani.
what he conceives to be the truth about that
fold shams of the Flowery Kingdom is, as both
hugely miscalculated factor in international
Mr. Norman and Mr. Curzon testify, a half-
problems, the Chinese Empire. Now that the
bubble blown by Marquis Tsêng has been organized mob of spiritless, lash-driven coolies
and uncontrolled savages, armed largely with
pricked by the sword of Japan, and the “ sleep-
flint-locks, battle-axes, spears, gingals, bows,
ing leviathan of the Orient” has proved to be
gongs, and the like curio-shop rarities, and offi-
a mere paper dragon with nothing formidable
cered by literati, versed in the lore of Confu-
about it, it is hard to realize that a year ago
China ranked as a Great Power, was Kotowed
cius and the primary official arts of picking and
to by other Great Powers, and was even in stealing, but as ignorant as their men of the
duties of their calling. The army more-
specific
vested by the Western fancy with certain vague
over is largely a figment. Touching the provin-
terrors of her own, boding and mysterious, a
cial levies noted above, Mr. Norman says:
legacy of the days of Attila and Jenghiz Khan.
“ The newspaper reader_might perhaps not be ex-
When, at the outbreak of the present war, it pected to know that the Emperor of China could as
was announced that each Chinese province was easily raise 20,000 men in Mars as in some of his prov-
called on for a levy of 20,000 men, the illusion inces; that it would not be difficult to enlist a consider-
grew. Nineteen times 20,000 is 380,000; and
able force in one part of China to attack another part ;
the timid reader, aghast at these figures and
that absolutely no organization exists in China for the
handling of such masses ; that the men would find
inspired by such political Jeremiahs as Mr.
themselves without uniforms, without arms, without
Charles Pearson, at once figured to himself a food, without the most rudimentary knowledge of war,
host like that of Tamerlane sweeping before it
without leaders of any description whatever; or that a
the forces of the Mikado like drift before the huge army of the kind in the neighborhood of the cap-
ital would be almost certain to seize the opportunity to
blast, and then (obedient to the prophetic Mr.
upset the present alien government."
Pearson) rolling westward, swelled by the
Matters are naturally no better in the navy,
countless hordes of the Yellow Race, to over-
where the same ridiculous standard of fitness
run the world and bring on a new interregnum prevails. The high-grade naval officer need
of barbarism. As usual, the
As usual, the unexpected has
not necessarily know a sextant from a cathead,
happened. Huge China, with her 350,000,000
of people, has been soundly and summarily he must be well up in the classics. He may
or even be capable of boxing the compass; but
drubbed by little Japan, with her 40,000,000.
know little or nothing of Raper or Bowditch,
* THE PEOPLES AND POLITICS OF THE FAR East: Travels but he must know his Confucius. The appoint-
and Studies in the British, French, Spanish, and Portuguese ment of the renowned Admiral Ting, for in-
colonies, Siberia, China, Japan, Korea, Siam, and Malaya.
By Henry Norman, author of "The Real Japan.” With
stance, seems to have been made largely on
Illustrations and Maps. New York: Charle ribner's Sons. grounds which, had the British Government


1895.]
265
THE DIAL
looked to China for naval precedents, would Arsenel, and contained — charcoal! The maker had,
have warranted it in putting, say, Professor
of course, been paid for gunpowder and had pocketed
the difference.”
Jowett in command of the Mediterranean
Squadron. The learned Ting, by-the-bye, is the
“ The more one learns about China,” says
hero of the famous story of the Chinese Ad-
Mr. Norman, “the less confident become one's
miral who was found one day playing pitch- opinions about it ” — the first result of experi-
and-toss, or its Oriental equivalent, on the floor ence being to teach that any sweeping general-
of the Admiral's cabin with his sentry. A few ization about the country is almost necessarily
scattered facts noted here by our author speak
untrue. To the Western mind every individ-
volumes as to the general condition of the ual Chinamen seems a mass of contradictions.
Chinese war establishments.
His ways are not our ways, and his motives are
He says: “I was once being shown by a naval officer not our motives; and the moment we attempt
over one of their two biggest ironclads, which was on a to explain him and account for his conduct on
cruise at the time, and presumably in first-rate order. purely Western theories we are at sea. Take,
I noticed a gun carefully protected in a canvas cover.
for example, the difference of views upon a
As we passed it, I asked casually what it was. The offi-
cer explained with pride that it was a new quick-firing single point-human life. Mr. Norman relates
gun, and called a quartermaster to remove the cover that a foreign resident of Peking riding through
ing. The order was obeyed with evident reluctance, the streets one day came upon a crowd of natives.
and when the gun was at length exposed it proved to
Drawing near, he found them passively watch.
be used by one of the watches as a receptacle for their
• chow,' and was filled with chop-sticks and littered with
ing a man who was trying to commit suicide
rice and pickles."
by beating his head against a wall. Inquiry
From a foreign instructor Mr. Norman got a
disclosed the fact that the man was a coolie
few significant facts as to the régime on board who, claiming that his wages for a certain job
a Chinese ironclad. In reply to an inquiry
were short by ten cash (about two cents), was
when his ship would sail, the instructor said: proceeding to revenge himself on his employer
Another in.
". The only way we really know when we are to sail by dashing out his own brains.
is by the Admiral coming on board. He leaves the ship stance is told of a man who, on a like
provoca-
as soon as we come into port, and we never see him tion, threw himself into a canal, but (mirabile
again until we sail. He knows nothing at all about
dictu ) was pulled out by the bystanders. “So
naval matters - he is just the Mandarin put on board
by Li. . . . I have seen him gambling here on the
he simply sat down on the edge and starved
quarter-deck with a common seaman, and when he has
himself to death, to be revenged against some-
won all his money he 'll tell the paymaster to advance body who had cheated him.” Lest these stories
him some more, so that he can go on playing. . . . The
be lightly ascribed to what Dr. Johnson called
only men on board that could really do anything are
these young fellows, and they have no power at all.
" the desire to propagate a wonder” on Mr.
They fought against the French and got nothing at all
Norman's part, we subjoin a parallel case, the
for it—just a few dollars, and were told to take them- | facts of which are taken from a Chinese news.
selves off. The rings on the big Krupps are beginning paper. It appears that one day a sow belong-
to open out already, and if there is the least dirt or
sand
ing to a Mrs. Fêng happening to knock down
you
can't shut them.' • Then I suppose,' I said,
«that no European Squadron need be afraid of the Pei-
and deface the front door of a Mrs. Wang, the
yang Squadron yet?' 'No fear, sir, it is only a ques latter presented a claim upon her neighbor for
tion who will get them as prizes,' was the reply." damages. Mrs. Fêng, disowning legal respon-
Such facts render the “ Pall Mall Gazette " sibility in the premises, declined payment;
account of a Chinese warship sailing for the whereupon a fierce debate ensued, which ended
Yalu minus one of its guns, which the com in the injured Mrs. Wang's threatening to take
mander had pawned, credible enough. A good the life—not of Mrs. Fêng or of the original
story illustrative of the methods of Chinese trespasser - but of herself! But herein she
officialdom dates back to the French wa reckoned without her host; for Mrs. Fêng, ap-
“While the French fleet was off Tamsui, the 27-centi- prised in time of her danger, and being a per-
metre Krupp guns in one of the shore batteries had son of resource and promptitude, at once turned
been trained upon the Gallisoniere at 1,000 yards range
the tables on her enemy by herself jumping into
for several days. At the first French shot all the
Chinese artillerymen fled, except one, who succeeded in
the canal, whence she was dragged the day fol.
discharging three guns before a shot struck him and lowing, to the signal discomfiture of Mrs.
blew his head off. One of the shells he fired pierced Wang. Perhaps the Ghost Theory may be
the ship and remained imbedded in the woodwork, fail called in to explain these Oriental notions of
ing to explode. The vessel went to Hongkong, where
vengeance.
with infinite precautions the shell was removed and
opened. It had been manufactured at the Foochow There is one point upon which, as Mr. Nor-
..


266
[May 1,
THE DIAL
man testifies, all Chinamen are perfectly con an alien and a detested creed upon the Chinese literally
sistent with themselves and with each other;
at the point of the bayonet. . . . I am convinced that
and that is, hatred of the foreigner. Hatred,
if the subscribers to Chinese missions could only see for
themselves the minute results of good and the consid-
however, is not just the word here, for it im erable results of harm that their money produces, they
plies a tincture of respect; whereas in China would find in the vast opportunities for reformatory
the “foreign devil ” is despised at sight-not
work at home a more attractive field for their charity.”
merely disliked, but regarded with sincere and In support of these views the author cites
profound contempt. To the apprehension of the testimony of some of the leading mission-
the rabble, he is an unclean and possibly a aries themselves, Romish and Protestant; and
dangerous animal, to be baited and disposed of we may observe en passant that the Roman
out of hand, like a rat; while as for the rulers, propaganda, being the more consistently and
says Mr. Norman, “ the better they know us devotedly served, and not being discredited in
the less they like us." Said a foreign diplomat the eyes of the natives by multiplicity of sects,
at Peking : “ If the Tsungli Yamên (Foreign is the more successful of the two. Says Mr.
Board) were abolished our lives would not be Norman :
safe here twenty-four hours. The people just “I once asked a Roman Catholic priest whom I met
refrain from actually molesting us because they
in China, and of whose knowledge and character I had
have learned that they will be very severely pun-
formed the highest opinion, if he believed that the result
of missionary enterprise would result, even in the ful-
ished if they do.” To show what the Celestial ness of time, in anything that could be remotely de-
really thinks of foreigners, there is nothing like scribed as the Christianizing of China. Jamais !'he
a ramble in Peking.
replied emphatically. Then,' said I, why are you
here?' 'I am here,' he replied, .simply in obedience
“What are your relations with the people you meet ?
First of all, they crowd around you whenever you stop,
to the command to preach the Gospel to all peoples.
Like the soldiers in the ranks, I obey the orders of my
and in a minute you are the centre of a solid mass of
commander, without understanding in the least what
humanity, which is eating horrible stuff, which is cov-
ered with vermin, which smells worse than words can
good is to come of them.”
tell, and which is quite likely to have the small-pox
Several Protestant witnesses are cited to the
about it. ... The crowd jostles you,
feels
your
clothes like effect; the main conclusion being that, in
with its dirty hands, pokes its nose in your face, keep the words of Dr. A. Williamson, not only is
ing up all the time a string of insulting and obscene
heathenism extending, but immorality" (the
remarks, with accompanying roars of laughter. .
The pedestrian you meet treats you with much less con-
sole point in which the Chinese seem eager to
sideration than one of his own countrymen; the children learn of the foreign devil)" is increasing in
run to the door to cry. Kueidzu!'-devil—at you. They all directions." The Chinese themselves in-
have other indescribable and worse ways of insulting cline to bracket missionaries and opium to-
you.
gether as the twin curses of their country; while
These street-amenities are, of course, by no " conversion” to Christianity is regarded by
means confined to Peking or the mob. Says a
many natives merely as a possible step to an
member of the China Inland Mission (1894): easier livelihood. Mr. Norman tells of a friend
“ The Chi-nan-fu fop, dressed in silks and satins, flip of his who asked a Chinese servant, whom he
ping his sleeves in the face of the foreign visitor met
in the street; the middle-aged scholar, dressed as a
had previously known, what he was engaged in
gentleman, not thinking it beneath him to hiss out. for doing. He replied, “ My have got that Jesus
eign devil' or simply · devil'; young and old spitting pidgin.” He simply meant that he had taken
on the ground in bitterness close to the visitor's feet,
up Christianity, with its substantial benefits in
laughing in his face, or, on passing, turning sharply
the way of board and wages, as his new calling.
round and making a most hateful noise at his ear,–
these are some of the petty annoyances that the literati
The main drift of the sections of Mr. Nor-
and gentry practise."
man's book to which we have confined our-
The discussion of the relation between Chi-
selves seems to be that, in the words of Mr.
nese and foreigners naturally leads up to the Kipling, “ East is East, and West is West.”
Orientals and Westerns are the oil and the
vexed Missionary Question, a point on which
Mr. Norman holds very strong opinions.
water of humanity; and there is, so far as we
"I believe it to be strictly within the limits of truth
can see, no way of blending them. China is
to say that foreign missionary effort in China has been inspired by this truth when she denounces
productive of far more harm than good. Instead of Westernizing Japan as a traitor to Asia ; Japan
serving as a link between Chinese and foreigners, the is inspired by it when she retorts that China
missionaries have formed a growing obstacle. As trav-
ellers in the East well know, Oriental peoples are es-
is the real traitor, since, instead of rousing her-
pecially susceptible upon two points, of which their re-
self to resist the tide of Occidental advance,
ligion is the chief. We have forced the inculcation of she continues to dream on supinely in her long
99
66


1895.]
267
THE DIAL
sleep of Confucian barbarism—even while the are not, on their face, so unquestionable as
enemy is knocking at her gates. And Japan, those of either of his predecessors; and a read-
says Mr. Norman," is prepared to bring China ing of the lectures, as they now appear in book
back to Asiatic allegiance.” Her watchword form, will be found slightly disappointing to
is “ Asia for the Asiatics"; a federation or those whose expectations are based upon the
Bund of Eastern powers, with the hegemony standard set by Mr. Stedman and Professor
for herself, is her political goal. Obviously, Jebb.
to the support of such an arrangement as this, One is scarcely influenced to follow Professor
an alliance with a European State is necessary; Tyrrell very implicitly in matters of opinion,
and Great Britain is Japan's first choice. when he meets, in the introductory chapter, a
“Great Britain and Japan allied in the Far East serious attempt to establish Cicero in high rank
would be irresistible. The one would command the among the Roman bards. In his judgment, of
sea, the other would dominate the land. ... With
all the poets of the Cæsarean period, Lucretius
such a union the Korean Channel would become a sec.
ond Dardanelles, and the Sea of Japan would become
and Catullus excepted, “ by far the most im-
the Russian Black Sea of the East."
portant and interesting, not only for his real
Meanwhile (be it added), tireless Russia is poetic ability, but for the influence which he
pushing on her Trans-Siberian Railway, not,
exercised upon subsequent Art, is the great
as Mr. Norman himself admits, to a terminus
orator and consummate man of letters, M. Tul-
at icebound Vladivostock, but to a Korean port.
lius Cicero.” Several pages are devoted to
the maintenance of this thesis ; but the proof
“ Whatever else may be thought of the Far
East, let the fact that Russia intends to go to
adduced does not compel assent.
Cicero was
Korea be regarded as certain.” All things con-
a man of great versatility, but his achievements
sidered, it would seem that a storm is brewing along with his military victory over the Pin-
in poetry may perhaps more fitly be classed
in the Orient compared with which the one just denissite than made the basis for ranking him
spent will be but a passing squall. We heartily
commend Mr. Norman's book as a rich and
as a third after such poets as Lucretius and
sug-
Catullus.
gestive descriptive, expository, and pictorial
aid to a comprehension of the Far East, its
As the lecturer is over-charitable toward the
peoples and its problems.
pretensions of Cicero as a poet, so, on the other
E. G. J. hand, he seems unduly adverse in his treatment
of Horace. Horace may have adapted much
from Lucilius, but the evidence of the Lucilian
PROFESSOR TYRRELL ON LATIN POETRY.* fragments seems rather overworked in the ef-
The Turnbull Lectureship had a propitious artless and candid expression of his personal
fort to prove that his writings are not “the
inauguration. American literature has pro-
duced no work more helpful and suggestive to
feelings and experiences.” It is easier to be-
one who wishes to cultivate the power to appre-
lieve that a poet may occasionally set the “can-
ciate verse than Mr. Stedman's lectures on
did expression of his personal feelings and ex-
“ The Nature and Elements of Poetry,” which periences ” in a framework borrowed, in greater
formed the first series on the Turnbull founda-
or less degree, from the literature of a previous
tion. This was followed, in 1892, by a con-
age,
than to believe that
any
considerable por-
sideration of The Growth and Influence of
tion of the verse of Horace is a mere literary
Classical Greek Poetry,” by no less an authority
exercise in the modernization of Lucilius. Pro-
than Professor Jebb, of Cambridge. Latin fessor Tyrrell has not been untouched, how-
Poetry naturally came in for its hearing next;
ever, by the charm of the Odes : “ Whatever
and the lecturer chosen was Professor Tyrrell, may be thought about the meaning which un-
of Dublin,-a Professor of Greek, by the way,
derlies them, their form is perfection itself, and
though best known in this country, perhaps, by they defy imitation. . . . Each new attempt
his work in editing the Correspondence of
to copy them has only added a new proof that
Cicero. It will be seen that his credentials for
the mould in which they were made was shat-
tered beyond all mending when it fell from the
such a position as that of the Turnbull lecture-
hands of Horace."
ship, with Latin Poetry as the special subject,
The two lectures in which Lucretius and
* Latin POETRY. Lectures delivered on the Percy Turn- | Catullus are considered show a more ardent
bull Memorial Foundation in the Johns Hopkins University.
By R. Y. Tyrrell, Regius Professor of Greek in the Univer-
enthusiasm than any other portion of the series,
sity of Dublin. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
and the added zest shown in their delivery made


268
[May 1,
THE DIAL
an impression upon at least one listener which melodist.” The opinion of Professor Sellar
two years have not effaced. Lucretius is to him is quoted with approval, that the “ Attis,” “re-
“this High Priest of Atheism, this Apostle of garded as a work of pure imagination, is the
Irreligion, who thunders against inspiration like most remarkable poetical creation in the Latin
one inspired, and who shows all the rapt devotion language.”
of a Stephen in his denial of immortality,_all Propertius, Tibullus, and Ovid are passed
the fervor of a Bossuet while he scatters to the over hastily at the close of the lecture on Ca-
winds the last perished leaves of human hope.” tullus. Of the three, Propertius stands first
His poem is kept " instinct with life," notwith in the sympathy of the author; and when we
standing the deadness of the philosophy which leave him, we are told, “we abandon really
it embodies, by " the fine frenzy which clothes ardent sincerity in the expression of the pas-
every argument, however dry or abstruse, with sion of love, never again to meet it in Latin
all the hues of fancy, and which makes the poem poetry.” If the lecture on Virgil seems some-
like nothing else in all literature, if we except what less interesting than the two which pre-
our own Tennyson's • Two Voices.'” Again: cede, it is not from any lack of sympathetic
“ He breathed upon the system of Epicurus, treatment, but from the impossibility of work-
and created a soul under the ribs of death." ing into an hour's talk on the author of the
As one may see from these short quotations, Æneid any considerable amount of matter not
the Dublin professor has found the “fine already known to the average reader. The
frenzy” of his subject contagious, and the re- lecture on Horace has been mentioned above.
sult is a lecture which will be read with intense The space already taken forbids more than the
interest, and by the general reader, too, as well mere mention of the two remaining, which
as the student of Latin literature. Lucretius, treat respectively of “ Latin Satire ” and the
he concludes, “has now won his place among “ Latin Poetry of the Decline."
the great poets of the world. ... We now To the lectures as delivered is appended an
see how religious is the irreligion of this Titan. essay of some twenty-five pages on “Some Re-
We hear in his sombre strains not the sneers cent Translations of Virgil.” We have noted
of the encyclopædist, but the high words of but two misprints — Fabulanus for Fabulinus,
Prometheus on the Caucasus. At last the page 63 ; and another on page 297, which has
world has learned that intrepid audacity com a quite comical effect, since it makes the pious
bined with noble sincerity may have a beauty Æneas float, instead of flout, “ Dido's realm
which is like the beauty of holiness. .. And as he flies.”
we see in him an eager student of Nature, who One will not find in these lectures a substi-
has been raised by a naturally religious cast of tute for the three excellent volumes of the late
mind, through cold and intangible abstractions Professor Sellar; but for a general view of
to which he tried in vain to cling,-raised out Latin poetry, within the compass of a single
of Nature and up to Nature's God.”
volume, we know of nothing better. By the
Passing from the great philosopher, in Catul time the poetry of the leading literary races has
lus we meet one the keynote of whose song is been treated in this way, the Turnbull lecture-
man and man's heart,”—one tormented not " by ship will have done a great service to the Amer-
the painful riddle of the earth,” as Lucretius, ican people in cultivating the power to enjoy
but “ by the pangs of disprized love.” In the and understand good poetry. In 1894, Pro-
poems of which Lesbia is the subject, Professor fessor Norton was the lecturer, with Dante as
Tyrrell thinks that the poet “has struck those his theme ; and no doubt his lectures will be
terrible chords which give us the very vibrations published ere long. For some reason or other,
of his heart,-chords as true as those of Burns the lectureship was not filled for 1895. Hebrew
or Shakespeare, and as artistic as those of Keats Poetry is announced as the subject for 1896,
or Shelley.” (One pauses here to note the ad to be considered by Professor George A. Smith,
mission that one poet, at least, struck “ true of Glasgow.
W. H. JOHNSON.
chords,” notwithstanding the habit of adapta-
tion from his predecessors, whether Horace
could do so or not.) The usual comparison of THE “Mid-Continent” is a new name in periodicals,
Catullus with Moore is rejected, and is held to but it stands for the old “Southern Magazine,” which
have injured the work of translators, who have
in its present form is typographically far more attract-
ive than before, and which publishes much good mat-
missed the deep feeling of the original and
ter by writers mostly hailing from the South and the
fallen into “ the rollicking vein of the Irish West.


1895.]
269
THE DIAL
was
writing fairly and appreciatively of so sturdy a
LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS.*
patriot and so stanch a Union man as Zachary
He who would read the history of American Taylor. Yet Mr. Davis could speak with author-
politics in the lives of our great men turns nat-ity, for he was a member of General Taylor's
urally to the roll of Presidents. General Wil- staff during the Mexican war, and his
son, the editor of the large and handsome vol. trusted friend. He speaks guardedly of Tay-
ume entitled “The Presidents of the United lor's political opinions, but evidently admired
States," states that the twenty-three biographies his patriotism. He even goes so far as to state
which it contains present a complete record of his belief that if Taylor had lived he would
the most important events in the nation's his-have done much to abate the party and sec-
tory, from the inauguration of our first presi- tional bitterness which became so much intensi-
dent to the summer of 1894. Many of the fied in the years just succeeding his death.
articles in the book were prepared for the The book is illustrated with excellent steel
“Cyclopædia of American Biography,” while a engravings of the Presidents, made from noted
few were written especially for this work. Al portraits. Each sketch closes with a short
though the sketches are necessarily short, they bibliography, and the editor has appended
are not lacking in value or in interest. A series sketches of the “ladies of the White House,”
of political biographies by such writers as together with notices of such descendants of the
Messrs. Robert C. Winthrop, John Fiske, Presidents as have become prominent in the
James Parton, D. C. Gilman, John Hay, and subsequent history of the country. Whatever
others scarcely less known, could hardly fail to may be said of the Presidents, it is certain that
be noteworthy. The limitations of the work very few, if any, commonplace women have been
were such that the writers were confined for numbered in the list of their wives ; and not the
the most part to a recital of facts already fa- least interesting chapter in the nation's history
miliar to the average student of American his- is that relating to their participation in its social
tory; yet the stories are so well told that no and political life. The names of Martha Wash-
one will regret the time spent in reading them ington and Abigail Adams are familiar ones,
in this new form. The book is not only a col- but the beautiful and accomplished Martha Jef-
lection of interesting biographies, but is also a. ferson seems to have received rather less than
compendium of the history of America under her due from posterity. It is interesting to read
constitutional government.
that Mr. Jefferson “ retained a romantic devo-
Such a work as this cannot fail to appeal to tion for her throughout his life, and because of
the pride of patriotic Americans. With all her failing health refused foreign appointments
our political faults, it is still true that no other in 1776, and again in 1781, having promised
country in the world can boast of such a suc that he would accept no public office that would
cession of able rulers. In the whole list there involve their separation."
are few weak and no unworthy men, while some Mrs. Polk was a woman of unusual strength
will rank among the world's greatest leaders. of character, and was one of the most popular
An eminent English historian has recently said of the ladies who have presided at the White
that the place of Washington in the history of House. “She held weekly receptions, and abol-
mankind “is well-nigh without a fellow.” After ished the custom of giving refreshments to the
the death of Mr. Lincoln, the London Spec. guests. She also forbade dancing, as out of
tator” spoke of him as “ certainly the best, if keeping with the character of such entertain-
not the ablest, man ruling over any country in ments. In spite of her reforms, Mrs. Polk was
the civilized world”; and Professor Goldwin very popular. •Madam,' said a prominent
Smith said, “ America has gained one more South Carolinian, at one of her receptions,
ideal character, the most precious and inspir • there is a woe pronounced against you in the
ing of national possessions.”
Bible. On her inquiring his meaning, he
In view of his later life, it seems strange, at added : The Bible says, “ Woe unto you when
first, to find Jefferson Davis, in his article re all men shall speak well of you.” ?
printed from the “Cyclopædia of Biography,” Mrs. Taylor was of a different cast of mind.
When General Taylor became President “she
*THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1789-1894.
By John Fiske, Carl Schurz, William E. Russell, Daniel C. reluctantly accepted her responsibilities, re-
Gilman, William Walter Phelps, Robert C. Winthrop, George garding the office as a plot to deprive her of
Bancroft, John Hay, and others. Edited by James Grant
Wilson. With Steel Portraits, Facsimile Letters, and other
her husband's society and to shorten his life by
Illustrations. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
unnecessary care. She surrendered to her
1


270
[May 1,
THE DIAL
youngest daughter the superintendence of the group of social silhouettes with which the author
household, and took no part in social duties.”
made her debut a couple of years ago.
Here we
The lives of the later Presidents' wives are have, not the sophisticated society of the cities, but
enshrined in the hearts of the American peo-
the primitive society of the Tennessee mountain
ple. Each one has been of the noblest type of regions. The ground is peculiarly Miss Murfree's,
but we think that Miss Bell has justified her right
womanhood, and, both in character and accom-
to join in the occupation. Description and charac-
plishment, is worthy of the title of the first
terization are both good, and the spiritual issues of
lady of the land.”
CHARLES W. FRENCH. the situation are drawn out with a fine sense of rela-
tive values. The dialect is something of a stumb-
ling block, but the writer has a conscience (as her
prefatory note upon this subject shows), and it
RECENT FICTION.*
would hardly be reasonable to expect phonetics of
The fact is perhaps worth noting that of the fif more standard type from her mountaineers. Of
teen books of fiction grouped for the purposes of
the two central figures, that of the heroine, felici-
the present article, and representing what is best in tously described as a “soul-endogen," is the more
the output of the past few months, four should have finely conceived, and arouses the instant sympathies
been written by Chicagoans. One swallow does not of the reader. The other figure, that of the itiner-
make a summer, and four novels do not make what ant revivalist, we can hardly take as seriously as the
the journalist calls a “literary centre,” but there is writer would have us. The essential vulgarity of
at least an encouraging indication of progress in
the whole theory of religious practice and inculca-
this almost simultaneous appearance of four exam tion which he exemplifies stands in the way. A man
ples of skilful and conscientious workmanship. For,
as fine as the writer would have us think her hero
whatever their shortcomings, the four books alike would be the last in the world to lend himself to
are possessed of those qualities; they display, more such proceedings. Mr. Bunner, in one of his short
over, a feeling for literature as an art, which is a stories, has depicted for us the revivalist and his
very different thing from literature as “journalism," methods with the better art and saner view. But
for example, or from literature that claims the name for all that, Miss Bell has told a story that deserves
by mere virtue of the intrinsic human interest of attention, and the sincerity of her workmanship is
its subject matter.
undoubted. For this, one may easily pardon some
First of all, we will say a few words of Miss
careless phrases, a few defective articulations, and
Bell's “ A Little Sister to the Wilderness." In this the undue exaltation of a type of character that can-
book, the reader will find little to remind him of
not be called admirable.
“ The Love Affairs of an Old Maid,” the delicate “ A Sawdust Doll” does not seem to us the hap-
*A LITTLE SISTER TO THE WILDERNESS. By Lilian Bell.
piest of titles for the story in which Mrs. de Koven
Chicago : Stone & Kimball.
has outlined the supreme tragic experience of a wo-
A SAWDUST DOLL. By Mrs. Reginald de Koven. Chicago : man’s life. The nursery anecdote suggested by the
Stone & Kimball.
words brings with it associations that are merely
Two WOMEN AND A Fool. By H. C. Chatfield-Taylor.
amusing, and irony is carried far indeed when we
Chicago: Stone & Kimball.
liken the petty disillusionment of a child to the
MEN BORN EQUAL. A Novel By Harry Perry Robinson.
New York: Harper & Brothers.
final awakening from that dream of happiness which
CEUR D'ALÈNE. By Mary Hallock Foote. Boston: Hough-
comes but once in a life. Mrs. de Koven's story
ton, Mifflin & Co.
is of the simplest in construction. Fiction has no
POPPEA. By Julien Gordon. Philadelphia: J. B. Lip more familiar figure than that of the woman who
pincott Co.
fondly believes that friendship and respect can ade-
A BACHELOR MAID. By Mrs. Burton Harrison. New
York: The Century Co.
quately fill the place of love in her heart, and whose
PHILIP AND HIS WIFE. By Margaret Deland. Boston:
wedded life is tranquil for a time with the calm
Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
that precedes the storm. When passion comes into
THE RALSTONS. By F. Marion Crawford. Two volumes. such a life, it is with the force of the freshet, and
New York: Macmillan & Co.
devastation marks its path. But this new variation
Miss CHERRY-BLOSSOM OF TOKYO. By John Luther Long.
upon so common a theme has both force and distinc-
Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co.
tion. The force is in the woman's struggle for
THE PRINCESS ALINE. By Richard Harding Davis. New
York: Harper & Brothers.
self-mastery, eventually at bitter cost attained ; the
BEYOND THE DREAMS OF AVARICE. A Novel. By Walter
distinction is in the artistic restraint of the work,
Besant. New York: Harper & Brothers.
and the elaboration of a style that will, for the
A MAN OF MARK. By Anthony Hope. New York: Henry most part, bear close examination. We say for the
Holt & Co.
most part, because there are now and then touches
A ROMANCE OF DIJON. By M. Betham-Edwards. New
York: Macmillan & Co.
of the stiff and dithyrambic, notes that strike the
IN THE LION's Mouth. The Story of Two English Chil-
ear as a trifle discordant, and such infelicitous fig-
dren in France, 1789-1793. By Eleanor C. Price. New York:
ures as Lightning will breed an infidelity in a
Macmillan & Co.
compass.
." Mrs. de Koven has set herself so exact-
!
-


1895.]
271
THE DIAL
but
ing a standard of form that we must speak of these inson's “ Men Born Equal” we have an impressive
matters, but mainly for the sake of adding that presentation of one of the most urgent of all our
their mention is a tribute to the high plane of ex political problems--that offered by the ignorant and
cellence that alone makes them noticeable. With
With hot-headed democracy of our large cities, who, in
the ordinary novel such things are a matter of the first flush of their newly-realized power, allow-
course, but this novel is one of exceptionally con ing themselves to be controlled by the self-seeking
scientious workmanship. The precision and per and unscrupulous demagogue, make "labor” their
spicuity of the style are French rather than English, shibboleth, and in its name assail the very
founda-
and its defects, if we may hazard an opinion upon tions of civilized society. This problem Mr. Rob-
so delicate a subject, seem to result from the fact inson presents with knowledge and sympathy —
that the extremely modern group of Frenchmen knowledge of the actual workings of municipal ma-
have unduly influenced the writer. Externally,
chines and the tactics of labor organizations, sym-
“ A Sawdust Doll” is a story of New York and pathy with the dull sense of wrong that impels to
Newport society, which the author knows and does the senseless antagonisms and riots that spring from
not take too seriously. The mechanical features of the present hostility between employers and em-
the book are so tasteful that its careless proof-read ployed. The situation selected by the author is
ing is all the more a blemish.
presented with force and fairness, and the aspira-
“I wonder how those clever fellows who write
tions of his hero must be those of every intelligent
books turn out epigrams. Do they flow out ready and unprejudiced observer of the industrial situa-
made, or are they worked out with a dictionary? tion. The painful reality of the details that make
This is one of the things that puzzle the “fool” up this story is only too evident to the inhabitants
who is the hero of Mr. Chatfield-Taylor's latest of our large cities, and we must feel with the writer
novel, but it is clearly no puzzle to the author, for
that no specific and immediate remedy is possible.
a thick sheaf of epigrams makes up almost the en-
The uplifting forces of a widened education and a
tire contents of his book. We will not hazard a deepened moral sense will in the end win the fight
conjecture as to their genesis: some of them are
for civilization, as against the anarchy now threat-
platitudinous enough to "flow out ready made" from ened ; but we must be patient, and not hope to re-
any kind of a pen; others are so neatly turned as construct the world in a day. Mr. Robinson is at
to suggest, not necessarily the dictionary - which
times too didactic for the ends of good literary art,
would prove a dubious aid in such a case but he enlists the feelings of the earnest reader,
rather a considerable acuteness of social observa and offers him not only a political tract, but an at-
tion, or at least a careful study of recent French tractive love-story as well; the whole being framed
and English writing of the meteor-studded type.
in forcible, nervous, and unpretentious English. It
But we should say that the author had not been is distinctly a good book, written from life, homely
well-advised in abandoning the pleasant narrative
in its sincerity, and faithful to fine ideals through-
style of “ An American Peeress"
to venture upon
out.
new ground so dangerous. For your epigram must An English visitor to our shores recently ex-
be very good indeed to be tolerable, and must spring pressed the opinion that American labor organiza-
from a certain breadth of view and ripeness of ex tions seemed still to be in a stage long outgrown
perience rarely if ever possessed by young writers. and left behind by the trades unions of Great Brit-
The story told (mostly in the epigrammatic mus ain. He found here the violence and the lawless-
ings of its hero) by Mr. Chatfield-Taylor is of the ness that the sober second thought of the English
slightest description. There is no doubt that the workingmen rejected many years ago, as inflicting
hero is a fool, as he himself frankly admits, for no
the deepest of injuries upon the cause of the indus-
one deserving a less contemptuous title could so long trial masses. A comparative study of present-day
have hesitated between the two women
strikes in the two countries, and of the coercive
one and the impure who fit across the
pages
of methods of labor organizations, would, we think,
the book, and through the reveries of the young ar afford much justification for this view. Such, evi-
tist who loves them both without being able to de dently, is the opinion of Mrs. Foote, whose " Coeur
termine which of his two passions is the real thing. d'Alène," although a sketch rather than a detailed
He is enlightened in the end, but does not deserve picture, strongly reminds us of Charles Reade's
the good fortune that seemingly awaits him, and we “ Put Yourself in His Place,” as far as the two
trust that Dorothy gives him more than one bad books stand upon the common ground of the dis-
quarter of an hour before she accepts his sullied cussion of union versus non-union labor. A strike
devotion.
of Montana miners in the summer of 1892 is the
Not long ago, in commenting upon Mr. Paul Lei- subject of Mrs. Foote's story, and her evident fa-
cester Ford's strong novel of New York politics, we miliarity with the scenes and types of character de-
ventured the prediction that the political motive, picted gives strength to a work that is yet open to
being peculiarly available for the purposes of the the criticism of being done too much in outline.
American novelist, would come to play an import Interest of the tenderer sort is supplied by a love-
ant part in our fiction. In Mr. Harry Perry Rob- story, while the perils of hero and heroine keep the
the pure


272
[May 1,
THE DIAL
verre
interest fresh and the attention alert. That the book Another phase of the Woman Question, which is
is an example of good, forcible, picturesque writ in this case the Man Question also, occupies the at-
ing, need hardly be added to our comment. The tention of Mrs. Deland in her story of “ Philip and
author's name always stands for these qualities, and His Wife.” Divorce, as it presents itself to variously
others no less admirable.
constituted minds, is the theme from which we never
We have read with much interest the three or escape to any great distance while engaged with
four volumes of fiction produced by Mrs. Van Rens-
these pages. The discussion is not
very conclusive,
selaer Cruger during the past few years, hoping to
and the sympathies of readers will not always fol-
observe a steady development of the talent undeni-
low the author's lead, but the intensity of feeling
ably latent in her first book. The hope has not brought to bear upon this grave social problem
been realized to any considerable extent, although
commands respect and makes a deep impression.
an increasing firmness of grasp may be recognized Nor does absorption in an ethical discussion deny
in the more recent books, as well as the ability to
to Mrs. Deland's work some measure of palpitating
fill a larger canvas. Poppæa,” Mrs. Cruger's new
life—at least as far as several of the characters are
novel, is the most ambitious work yet attempted by
concerned.
As for the hero, we are bound to give
her, and may be regarded as equal in achievement
him the harsh name of a spiritual prig, and it is dif-
to any of its predecessors, while upon a scale so
ficult to feel for him much sympathy in his self-
much larger as to make even this measure of suc-
evolved anguish of soul. For the rest, Mrs. Deland
cess creditable. But we cannot help noting the depicts for us New England village life with accu-
lingering traces of amateurishness that keep the book racy, discernment, and some slight sense of humor.
well down in the ranks, and the lapses from good
“ Mon verre n'est pas grand, mais je bois dans mons
and even from grammatical English that too fre-
may fairly be said by her of her work con-
quently occur. Such an anti-climax, the consequence
sidered in its non-didactic aspects.
of a solecism, as this for example: " Emotion must The fine art of padding is by no means a new one,
be the keynote of her life,—Now, if it were me—' and we have frequently had occasion to name Mr.
is unpardonable. There is in this book less, per Crawford as among the novelists most accomplished
haps, of “ Julien Gordon's” old tendency to assume in its practice. But Mr. Crawford has surpassed
that the life of "society” in the narrow sense is any even himself in “ The Ralstons," a two-volume con-
considerable part of the life of humanity or is pos tinuation of “ Katherine Lauderdale," and the most
sessed of
any
broad human interest; but, per contra, emulous of his successors will not find it easy to tell
there seems to be an increasing tendency to employ so simple a story at so great a length. We do not
the cheap device—best exemplified by “Ouida" -- say so wearisome a length, for Mr. Crawford's writ-
of sprinkling the pages with unfamiliar proper ing, however irrelevant to the situation, and how.
names and would-be recondite allusions. Mrs. Cru ever calculated to make the reader impatient, is al-
ger becomes at times quite as airy in this respect as ways possessed of high literary finish, and flows so
her prototype. As for Poppæa's conduct, we must smoothly on that one absorbs it with no sense of
leave that for the moralist to characterize; but there effort, just as one breathes without consciousness of
is one scene at which the gorge must rise, even of the act. So the various Ralstons and Lauderdales
those who are not moralists by profession. Even of his story carry on their interminable conversa-
Poppæa's life stands for certain ideals of conduct, tions, and the author varies their words with his
albeit neither very lofty nor very wholesome; and own equally interminable comment, and we bide
the scene in question is so vulgar and tawdry a dero our time, knowing that a few things must happen
gation from these ideals that others than prudes may somewhere in the course of the two volumes. Re.
well find in it some cause for offence.
duced to its lowest terms, the novel is a very simple
The Woman Question looms ominously in the
presentation of some very hackneyed materiat
forefront of Mrs. Burton Harrison's latest novel, the consequences of a secret marriage and a contest
and casts its shadow over the narrative. The « bach for the immense fortune left by a man who amused
elor maid” of the story is a common enough figure
himself by making many wills. Further develop-
in these days, and the author has limned the type
ments are promised us by the novelist, and, indeed,
with her habitual
there is in the nature of things no reason why the
and penetration. Further-
grace
more, her heroine is made to learn the lesson that story of this little family group should not go on
awaits all “ bachelor maids sooner or later, the indefinitely, even to the extent of rivalling the pro-
lesson that a life of the affections is not incompat-
ductions of Mademoiselle de Scudéry herself.
ible with devotion to the purest intellectual ideals Japan is not wholly a new field for the interna-
—the lesson, rather, that the one is the needed com tional novel, but its possibilities are far from ex-
plement of the other. In its tenor and outcome the hausted, and Mr. John Luther Long, the latest
work is no less sweet and wholesome than Mrs. writer to exploit its opportunities, must be credited
Harrison's earlier books; yet it is made a compar with a distinct success. Both in setting and in char-
ative failure by the forced note of didacticism and acterization, “ Miss Cherry-Blossom of Tokyo"of-
by the frequent discussions that contribute anything fers convincing evidence of intimate acquaintance
but enlivenment to its pages.
with its subject. The Japanese heroine has been,


1895.]
273
THE DIAL
to be sure, a little sophisticated by a term of resi- irritate the reader. Eventually, the heir succumbs
dence in America, at the “ Bryn Mawr gakko,” but to the temptation, but only in time to enjoy (in im-
the author sees better than most observers that the agination) his prospective wealth for a brief
space,
oriental offers no exception to the rule of coelum since the tardy discovery of a will sets at naught
non animum mutant. We are too apt to think his ambitions. There is a certain impressiveness
that the subjects of the Mikado, by contact with about the book considered merely as a study in
things European, have really become occidentalized heredity, for several generations of the miser's fam-
at heart—Mr. Long helps us to learn the lesson that ily are brought before us, and nearly all of its mem-
their inner life remains all but wholly impenetrable bers fall into evil ways—as if some necessary curse
to our barbarian gaze, just as we have learned a attached itself to those associated with the ill-gotten
similar lesson from Mr. Kipling concerning the na store. But one has only to contrast Herr Björnson's
tives of British India. Some concessions, indeed, “Det Flager" with the present story to realize all
he is forced to make to the exigencies of the love the difference between working out an idea mechan-
story which it was his main purpose to tell, and as ically, and working it out with psychological insight
far as it has charm for us in this respect, we must
and artistic truth.
admit that he has strained the ethnical probabili “A Man of Mark" is, like “ The Prisoner of
ties. But so extremely winning a figure as Miss
Zenda," a story of adventure and intrigue, its scene
Cherry-Blossom is her own excuse for being in the laid in an imaginary South American republic; and
pages of a novel), and we follow her fortunes, listen
told in a manner strongly suggestive of opera bouffe.
to her delightful broken English, and share in her
The writer gives his fancy the freest of play, and
griefs with the acutest sympathy. Aside from this his characters, despite their unreality, succeed in
lovingly-delineated central figure, the book does not interesting us in their fortunes. The narrative has
offer us anything particularly notable as character swiftness of action, diversity of incident, and clever-
ization or as constructive workmanship.
ness in a hundred minor touches.
“ The Princess Aline” is really a short story put “ A Romance of Dijon ” carries us away to the
forth in the guise of a book. To say that Mr. fair Burgundian land, and back to the great year
Davis wrote it is to say that it is a good story, of 1789 — the year of the States-General and the
original in conception and brilliant in execution. overthrow of the Bastile, and the legislation of Aú-
The whimsicality of the central idea reminds us gust the fourth — the year when a great wave of
somehow of the kind of work that Mr. Aldrich enthusiasm swept over the French nation, and men
used to give us in the “ Marjorie Daw” period of fondly believed that a new and better world might
his activity. It was distinctly a clever invention to be built up post haste upon the ruins of the old.
start the hero on a long journey in quest of a woman These stirring events, as they affected the lives of
whom he knew only from her photograph, to bring a few simple provincials -- a decayed nobleman, a
him on several occasions exasperatingly near an ac fair shop-keeping maiden, a Huguenot who had
quaintance only to be baffled each time by some learned in bitter experience the meaning of the
untoward incident, to provide him with a sympa Revocation-are the subject of the interesting story
thetic confidant and traveling-companion in the that Miss Betham-Edwards has told for us, and in-
shape of one of his own countrywomen, and to make vested with the charm that comes from loving fa-
him discover in the end that the woman he really miliarity with the types and scenes described.
It is something of a coincidence that, simultan-
pursued, but the one who had abetted him in the
eously with the story just mentioned, there should
pursuit. Anything more exquisite in its suggestive-
have appeared another so similar in theme and
ness than the episode which closes this charming
treatment as Miss Price's “In the Lion's Mouth."
nouvelle is not often met with in contemporary
The same momentous years and the same provincial
fiction.
scenes are set before us by the second English-
Mr. Besant's latest novel is not a very successful woman as by the first, although the result, it must be
performance, although there is some considerable confessed, is less satisfactory. The author writes
degree of novelty in the fundamental idea. An im- from far less knowledge of her subject, and her
mense fortune left by a miser supposed to have died scenes and characters are the merely conventional-
intestate is provided for the reader's delectation at ized reflections of the average reader who has found
the outset, and the intrigues of the many claimants interesting the history of the great Revolution. The
who promptly appear form the substance of the story is too diffuse to hold the attention very closely,
story. The novelty consists in the fact that the real and, somehow or other, we take but a languid in-
heir, knowing his rights all the time, deliberately re terest in the characters. Conscientious but dull
frains from asserting them, being influenced to this must be the verdict upon this unpretending per-
abstinence by the fact that the fortune had been formance.
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
accumulated by highly disreputable methods. We
doubt if the ethics of such a case are to be taken
for granted as fully as the author would have us THE Dante house in Florence has been made a na-
so take them, and his scruples are rather likely to tional monument by royal decree.
povrede met like one who made a badeanture of this I


274
(May 1,
THE DIAL
Mai.'”
Studies in
..
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
A second series of Mr. W. H. Ha-
dow's “ Studies in Modern Music"
Modern Music.
(Macmillan) includes four essays.
An introductory chapter on the “ Outlines of Musi-
cal Form” is followed by special studies upon
Chopin, Mr. Dvorak, and Herr Brahms. Four
portraits illustrate the text. Mr. Hadow's essay on
musical form is one of the most searching discus-
sions of this subject with which we are acquainted.
Starting with the fundamental psychological con-
siderations upon which our appreciation of music is
based, the author proceeds to examine the princi-
ples of structure, style, and function in musical
composition. His treatment is not over-technical,
although to understand it one must know the rudi.
ments of musical grammar, and the fruitful method
is employed of making large use of the analogies of
literary composition. The following is a pregnant
passage upon the subject of musical function : “ The
general function of music may be stated in a single
word — to be beautiful. It is the one art in which
no human being can raise the false issue of a direct
ethical influence. It allows absolutely no scope for
the confusion of thought which, on one side, brought
• Madame Bovary' into the law-courts, and, on the
other, has taught the British public to regard as a
great religious teacher the ingenious gentleman who
illustrated the Contes Drolatiques.' Of course, all
contemplation of pure beauty is ennobling, and in
this sense music may have the same indirect moral
bearing as a flower, or a sunset, or a Greek statue.”
This is admirably put (the remark about Doré being
borrowed from Mr. Ruskin), and yet it does not
emphasize quite sufficiently the significance of the
“indirect moral bearing” of music. To compare
it with a sunset or a flower in this respect is surely
misleading, for the difference in degree is enor-
Richard Grant White and the other writers
who have argued that the appeal of music is exclu-
sively sensuous and intellectual have shown a singu-
lar blindness in refusing to admit its power as a
factor in the development of the emotional life.
Yet this is of primary importance, for whatever
adds to the richness and purity of that life must re-
act upon character. We are inclined to say that
music is ethical in the highest and best sense, al-
though its influence be indirect. Possibly, also, the
writer goes a little too far in his assertion of the
thesis that the discords of one age may be the ac-
cepted harmonies of the next. The kernel of the
contention is in the following passage : “At the
present day, a composer who should end a piece on
a minor second would be deliberately violating the
established language of the time; and would be rep-
rehensible, not because a minor second is ugly-for
it will be a concord some day—but because, in the
existing state of music, it could not be naturally
placed at the close of a cadence. Imagine Händel's
face on being shown a song when finished on a domi-
nant seventh out of the key. And, having imagined
it, turn to Schumann's • Im Wunderschönen Monat
We must be content to dismiss with a word
the three individual studies that follow this intro-
ductory essay. They are in a high degree sympa-
thetic and acute. The appreciation of Herr Brahms,
in particular, with its fine but tempered enthusiasm,
is a noteworthy contribution to musical criticism.
The partisans of this great composer have too long
been at swords' points with the Wagnerians ; it is
time for sane criticism to grow catholic enough to
enroll both composers among the great masters.
German
The name of Bernhard ten Brink
criticism
has been long familiar to students of
of Shakespeare.
English as authoritative on the lan-
guage and literature of Chaucer; ten Brink's
“Early English Literature,” too, holds a place of
first importance as guide to the English writers of
the earlier epochs. The publication of his “ Five
Lectures on Shakespeare” (Holt), translated from
a German edition by Julia Franklin, will hardly
extend the fame of this clear-minded, finely-appreci-
ative German critic of English letters; for the scope
of the volume is too limited and its purpose too modest
for that. Its appearance, however, will emphasize the
loss of such a mind to German and to English scholar-
ship, while the book itself will prove a contribution
of actual value to standard Shakespeare literature.
The five lectures included in the volume were given
at Frankfort-on-the-Main, if we are not mistaken,
in the winter of 1886-7. The plan of the lectures,
as announced by the author, is'" to touch in their
order upon the important problems to which the
phenomenon of Shakespeare gives rise.” There-
fore the first lecture concerns itself at some length
with a discussion of the “ Shakespeare myth ” with
respect to which it was needful to speak some word
at the beginning of such a course in such a presence.
That word was spoken by ten Brink, calmly withal,
yet effectually. Those who sat under the Profes-
sor's instruction at Strassburg well remember how,
at the beginning of a course similar to this, deliv-
ered to his students at this very time, his “ Shake-
speare, kein Mythus ”rang out roundly as a key-note
to the discussion which was to come. The titles of
the successive lectures are: • The Poet and the
Man," “ The Chronology of Shakespeare's Works,”
“Shakespeare as a Dramatist," "Shakespeare as a
Comic Poet,” “Shakespeare as a Tragic Writer.'
The Shakespearian will find a great deal more than
mere platitude in these chapters. There is much
that is suggestive and not a little that
new. Par-
ticularly helpful seems the comment on the rela-
tionship between the dramatist's experiences and
his creations, as found in the second lecture; also
the discussion of the dramatic idea in the plays,
which occurs in the third lecture. It is of interest
to note in passing that the author regards “ King
Lear” as the play in which “the poet attains the
summit of his tragic powers." Details cannot be
added here ; it is enough to call the attention of
the student to this volume, to emphasize the intel-
mous.


1895.]
275
THE DIAL
ligence and dignity of its comments, the admirable est of illustrative passages), but sends students di-
sanity of its judgments and criticism. There is a rectly to the literature itself; it is a working hand-
compact index, and the typography of the volume book which keeps in view the needs of young people,
is excellent. The publishers have given us a book and passes briefly over many matters that would
in all respects worth while.
deserve much space in a history proper of English
literature; it does not seek to enforce cut-and-dried
Ancient teachings
In writing “The History of Mar critical judgments. About one-half of the text is
on marriage riage” (Longmans), the learned
given to writers of the last hundred years, and about
and divorce.
Dean of Lichfield, Herbert Mortimer one-half of that to the Victorians. The importance
Luccock, makes no attempt to trace the history of
of knowing English history (in the broad social
marriage through all times and among all peoples. sense) is everywhere inculcated. We have noticed
Himself a theologian, he aims only to discover the a few misprints and other inaccuracies, but nothing
exact teaching of the Bible and the Church in the
very serious, as the book has the special advantage
matters of marriage and divorce. In his opening of being the revision and correction of an earlier
chapter he considers the original institution of mar publication by the same author. Altogether, we
riage, asserting that Eve was created that Adam
can recommend it as a manual likely to attract the
might more fully be the image of God — i. e., that
young mind rather than to repel, the one essential
he might not be alone; the married state reflects condition being granted of its use by a sympathetic
faintly the intellectual and spiritual companionship teacher, full of enthusiasm for his subject and his
which prevail within the Trinity itself. Mosaic work.
legislation, Jewish custom, the teaching of the Early
and the Later Church, are then presented to show An adequate
In our recent remarks upon “The
that divorce was ever disapproved by them, and that
translation of Neglected Art of Translation" we
a French classic.
a divorced person who marries during the lifetime
spoke of the occasional appearance
of the former companion comes under moral con-
of a translator having quality rather than quantity
demnation. In a second part of his book, Dean for an aim, and having the ability to write English
Luccock examines the Biblical and Ecclesiastical
as well as the ability to read some foreign language.
decisions regarding marriage to a deceased wife’s Among the few translators possessed of these qual-
sister. He admits that polygamy and the levinate ifications, Professor Melville B. Anderson occupies
existed and were apparently sanctioned among the
a conspicuous place, and his several translations
Jews, but believes that they were examples of “con-
from the French are characterized at once by the
cessive legislation” that wrongs were winked at excellence of their English and by the knowledge
because of the hardness of the Jewish heart. But of the foreign idiom displayed. The most re-
what the Jew was allowed to do may not be best
markable of the series is undoubtedly Hugo's "Will-
for the Christian, and the Church has ever protested
iam Shakespeare,” which is a tour de force in En-
against such marriages and should continue to do glish as it is in the original. But Professor Ander-
To readers who wish for just this sort of in son has, in addition, given us versions of several
volumes in the series of «Grands Ecrivains Fran.
formation, nothing can be better than the book be-
fore us. The author's style is attractive; his learn-çais," and now offers us the first really acceptable
ing is great; his heart is in the subject, and he feels English translation that has ever been made of St.
that the prevailing laxity in these matters is dan-
Pierre's “Paul and Virginia” (McClurg). In its
gerous. Perhaps, however, it is best that each gen present form, the reader ignorant of French may
eration should deal with its own living questions in
for the first time understand why the work has so
its own way. The present is little likely to be much undisputed a rank among the classics. Heretofore
affected by the ecclesiastical decisions of by-gone
he has had to take the statement on faith. Besides
times. It is hardly probable that the legislation of
the translation, Professor Anderson gives us an ad-
the twentieth century will be much influenced by
mirable Introduction of some fifty pages, biograph-
the fact that at the Spanish Council of Elvira, in
ical, critical, and bibliographical. But why does
305 A.D., a penalty was inflicted upon a man who
he continually refer to a recent biographer of St.-
married his dead wife's sister.
Pierre as “ Barine?” The work appears in the
series of “ Laurel Crowned Tales."
Introduction
“ An Introduction to English Liter-
to English ature" (Holt), by Mr. Henry S. Pan-
Later essays by
Garulity is not a mark of senility
Literature.
coast, seems to us as close an approach “A Country
in the Rev. Dr. Andrew Kennedy
Parson."
as has yet been made to the ideal text-book for sec-
Hutchinson Boyd. Neither is ego-
ondary-school use. It is compact, admirable in se tism. He is only seventy-no very great age for
lection of material, reasonable in judgment, well a Scotsman, and both the characteristics above
proportioned as regards historical and critical named were as prominent in his essays published a
matter, divided into well-defined sections, and well third of a century ago, as in the latest book from
provided with tables, lists of books, and other help his pen; and both are charming features of all his
ful apparatus. It does not make the mistake of writings. The reader of this latest book might won-
attempting to include extracts (except for the brief der why it was entitled “St. Andrews and Else-
so.


276
[May 1,
THE DIAL
where” (Longmans), but the same reader would be in Louisiana. These tales are collected and edited
sorely puzzled if asked to suggest a more appro by Alcè Fortier, D.Lt., Professor of Romance Lan-
priate title for this collection of otherwise discon guages in Tulane University, New Orleans, and
nected papers; and if this were his first acquaint President of the Folk-Lore Society.
ance with “A. K. H. B.,” he would desire to know
him more thoroughly by reading “Twenty-five
Years of St. Andrews” and “Recreations of a
Country Parson." Dr. Boyd's style is peculiarly
BRIEFER MENTION.
his own. We are not prepared to say that it would Mr. Frank Preston Stearns's “ Life and Genius of
be improved by a greater conformity to conven Tintoretto" (Putnam) is a scholarly and well consid-
tional rules of punctuation and italicization. It ered study of the great Venetian and his art—the most
might seem paying too great heed to trifling details ambitious attempt of the kind, we think, that has yet
to mention his peculiar use of the colon ; but a more
appeared in English. Mr. Stearns has spared no pains
serious critic, as he tells us, has found fault with his
to make his book as complete as possible biographically,
use of italics.
and his appreciations of the master's style and genius
are delicate and just. There are four well-executed
"A Text - Book of the History of illustrations in photogravure.
A short history
of Painting.
Painting” (Longmans), by Professor
Miss Wormeley's translation of Molière (Roberts)
John C. Van Dyke, is the initial vol. has reached its third volume, which gives us versions
ume of a promising series (edited by Professor Van of “ Les Femmes Savantes” and “Le Malade Imagin-
Dyke) of concise art manuals designed especially aire.” The introduction to this volume is mainly de-
for class-room use. The little volume seems a model voted to a historical sketch of the Hotel de Rambouillet,
of pith, lucidity, and practical convenience; and which, of course, suggested the former of the two plays.
that is sound and accurate the author's name is a
Of the other, little is said or need be. Its satirical qual-
sufficient guarantee. Essential historical and bio-
ity is obvious enough, and its pathetic association with
the death of the author is too familiar a fact to call for
graphical facts, together with brief critical esti-
more than bare mention.
mates and characterizations of leading schools and
painters, are given in a few well-chosen words; and
We take pleasure in noting the completion, by the
publication of a fourth volume, of the magnificent illus-
for students who wish to pursue the subject in de trated edition of Green's “Short History of the English
tail, a list of selected authorities at the head of each
People” (Harper), edited by Mrs. Green and Miss Nor-
chapter points the way. Serviceable lists are also
gate. This fourth volume is in all respects worthy of
provided of principal extant works, together with its predecessors, and it would be superfluous to repeat
the places where they are to be found. The text is the words of praise that we have already bestowed upon
liberally sprinkled with illustrations in half-tone. the undertaking now happily carried to a conclusion.
The work is indeed one that "no gentleman's library
· Napoleon III. and Lady Stuart” should be without."
Napoleon III. and
"Lady Stuart."
(Tait & Sons), a pretty volume trans Volume III. of Mr. Conway's edition of “The Writ-
lated by A. C. S. from the French of ings of Thomas Paine” (Putnam) has just appeared,
M. Paul de Lano, recounts an episode of the Tuil and covers the period from 1791 to 1804. It includes
eries under the Second Empire that recalls the
the peculiarly interesting years of Paine's experience as
adage about truth and fiction. The story seems, at
a French revolutionist. The longest of the works re-
first blush, suspiciously melodramatic; but M. de
printed are the “Memorial to Monroe" (1795), the
“ Letter to George Washington " (1796), and the series
Lano had his facts from “ Lady Stuart” herself
of “ Letters to the Citizens of the United States ” (1802-
(whose interest lay rather in suppressing them than
1804). It is safe to say that Mr. Conway's labors are
in publishing them), and he seems satisfied of their for the first time presenting the true Paine to the eyes
truth. Intrigue, seduction, kidnapping, murder, and his fellow-countrymen.
court-yahooism generally, form the sufficiently pun A chatty, pleasantly written book, containing many
gent elements of the drama; and it is hard to say curious scraps of out-of-the-way information and gos-
which of its royal and titled protagonists played the sip, is Mr. Henry W. Wolff's «Odd Bits of History"
most discreditable part. The storm of Sedan would (Longmans). Such headings as “ The Pretender at Bar-
seem to have cleared the moral as well as the polit-
le-Duc,” “ Richard de la Pole, · White Rose,'
ical atmosphere in France. There is a fine portrait
taire and King Stanislas,” “Something about Beer," etc.,
indicate the drift of the papers, which originally appeared
of “Lady Stuart."
as review articles. The volume is written in a very
The second volume of the publica- agreeable style, recalling the author's charming “ Black
Forest Rambles” of some four years ago.
Folk-tales.
tions of the American Folk-lore So-
ciety bears the title “ Louisiana Folk-
The volumes of the “ Dictionary of National Biog-
Tales” (Houghton), and contains tales in the Creole
raphy" (Macmillan) come to us with more than the reg-
dialect and translation, classified as “animal tales”
ularity of the seasons. No. XLII. is now at hand, be-
of probable African origin, and “Märchen," or
ginning with O’Duinn and ending with Owen. It has,
as may be imagined, a marked Celtic flavor. But
fairy tales, probably from India. No examples
sprinkled among the Irishmen in O' we find the names
are given of the vaudesvilles, or tales and songs, of O