ous situations. Mr. Wister's
how wide a field is offered the story-writer by the story of The Second Missouri Compromise" is one
diversified geography of our continent and the het-
of the best short stories that have ever been told of
erogeneous population by which it is inhabited. This
our frontier life. It deals with the unreconstructed
literature of the locality and the lesser community,
members of the Territorial Legislature of Idaho in
taking for the most part the form of the short story,
the year 1867, and is a story of allegiance to the
swells rapidly in volume, but its possibilities are al-
Lost Cause brought into conflict with the very
hu-
most infinite, and the staid city-dweller is only be-
man yearning to draw a periodical stipend from the
ginning to realize the variety of the life that finds
money-chest of the despised but victorious govern-
shelter within the broad confines of the Republic.
ment. Another of the stories —" The General's
Mr. John Fox, Jr. is one of the newest workers in
contains some excellent Indian strategy,
this field of the distinctly localized tale or charac- and has General Crook for a central figure. These
ter-study, and his first book, “ A Cumberland Ven-
stories have a moral, two morals in fact. One of
detta and Other Stories,” exhibits strength of con-
them is the danger to our civilization resulting from
ception and finished workmanship. The Kentucky the lawlessness of the frontier ; the other is the dif-
mountaineer is the chosen theme of Mr. Fox, who
ficulty of dealing with Indian affairs at long range,
writes from intimate association with the types and
by a lot of wiseacres at Washington who have never
scenes he has sought to portray, and puts the im-
seen an Indian in his native haunts. Both morals
press of truth upon his
pages.
“ A Mountain Eu-
are impressively put, and we should as a nation do
ropa ” is a little more conventionalized than the re-
well to heed them.
maining stories in the volume, and suggests some “There are gentlemen vagabonds and vagabond
of the work of Mr. Bret Harte. Two of the three
gentlemen. Here and there one finds a vagabond
others are practically one continuous narrative, hav-
pure and simple, and once in a lifetime one meets
ing for their theme a grim mountain feud, as roman-
a gentleman simple and pure. Without premedi-
tic in interest as any Corsican vendetta. The last
tated intent, or mental bias, I have unconsciously
piece, “ On Hell-fer-Sartain Creek,” is a sketch of
to myself chosen some one of these several types
*A CUMBERLAND VENDETTA and Other Stories. By John entangling them in the threads of the stories between
Fox, Jr. New York: Harper & Brothers.
these covers." Thus Mr. Hopkinson Smith prefaces
RED MEN AND WHITE. By Owen Wister. New York:
his new volume of nine stories and sketches, and
Harper & Brothers.
A GENTLEMAN VAGABOND and Some Others. By F. Hop- though decayed Southern gentleman of the titular
thus we are to interpret their lesson. The fine al-
kinson Smith. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
THE BACHELOR'S CHRISTMAS and Other Stories. By Rob-
story, and the physician who is the unconscious hero
ert Grant. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
of " A Knight of the Legion of Honor,” are the most
PEOPLE WE Pass. Stories of Life among the Masses of carefully studied types of gentleman to be found in
New York City. By Julian Ralph. New York: Harper & these pages, and their conduct speaks well for the
Brothers.
ideals of character that most appeal to the author.
A MAD MADONNA and Other Stories. By L. Clarkson
Whitelock. Boston: Joseph Knight Co.
Slight as some of these sketches are, they are all
THE LITTLE Room and Other Stories. By Madelene Yale
informed with a kindliness of spirit that cannot fail
Wynne. Chicago: Way & Williams.
to touch the heart of the reader, while their pictur-
THE MYSTERY OF WITCH-FACE MOUNTAIN and Other esque observation and shrewd humor give them a
Stories. By Charles Egbert Craddock. Boston: Houghton, charm that almost makes one forget how fragment-
Mifflin & Co.
THE CUP OF TREMBLING and Other Stories. By Mary
ary they are.
Hallock Foote. Boston: Houghton, Miffin & Co.
Five other stories go with “The Bachelor's Christ-
LOVERS' SAINT RUTH's and Three Other Tales. By Louise
mas to round out Mr. Robert Grant's new book.
Imogen Guiney. Boston : Copeland & Day.
These stories are studies in light comedy, based upon


174
[March 16,
THE DIAL
incidents frequently
improbable, and not notable for iar. The
scenery, the
types of character,
and the
,
ing. Mr. Grant's powers of invention are consid many times before, as well as the style, which has
erable, and his themes are therefore less hackneyed all of the old almost magical quality. We think so
than with most writers. Humor and pathos alter well of this style that we are all the more pained
nately appeal to our attention, the one never bois- | by the false note occasionally sounded. “The blue
terous, the other carefully subdued. The stories ribbon decorated cattle and horses were bred within
are of the approved" magazine " type, and their col ten miles of the flaunting flag on the judges' stand,
lection results rather in a magazine than in a book. and the foaming mountain-torrents and the placid
It is greatly to be hoped that the popularity of stream in the valley beheld no cerulean hues save
“Chimmie Fadden” will not result in swamping us those of the sky which they reflected.” There is
with Bowery literature for the next few
years,
but such a thing as going too far in search of synonyms,
when we think of the way in which the foodgates and repetitions are not to be avoided at any cost.
of Scotch dialect have been opened upon us by the Mrs. Foote's new volume contains four stories, all
chroniclers of Thrums and Drumtochty, we realize upon Western themes, and all displaying the felic-
that almost anything may happen. For the present, ity of constructive design and the effective reserve
at all events, without taking overmuch thought for of language that we have come to expect from this
what is to come, we may find a tempered delight strong writer as a matter of course. Mrs. Foote
in Mr. Townsend's work, and in that of one of the has a way of getting inside her characters, of think-
best of his rivals, Mr. Julian Ralph, whose “ People ing with them from their own points of view, that
We Pass” is a collection of eight Bowery sketches, is really remarkable, and that sets her work upon
written from intimate acquaintance with the scenes a high plane. “The Cup of Trembling" seems to
and types of that unique slum. But a few more as rather the best of these four admirable stories,
books of the sort would make the Bowery a burden. and outlines a tragic situation not easily to be shaken
Mr. Ralph's work is excellent journalism, hardly from the memory:
more than that. It entertains, touches the senti There is a distinction of style in Miss Gainey's
ment, and appeals to the sense of humor; which four stories that goes far to make up for the ama-
means that it attains a certain degree of success. teurish art by which they are otherwise character.
In “A Mad Madonna and Other Stories ” Mr. |ized, which the writer, indeed, frankly admits when
Whitelock developes an idea which, although not she says that "they stand for apprentice-work in
exactly new, is sufficiently unhackneyed to be worthy fiction, and are my only attempts of that kind."
of treatment. The notion is that of a picture or One of them is based upon an incident so similar
statue coming to life, the myth of Galatea, in short. to the story of little Father Time in Mr. Hardy's
It is the central theme of two out of the six stories, latest novel that Miss Guiney feels it necessary to
and one or two of the others play about the fancy. state that the incident was got by her from a news-
Unfortunately, the author does not possess the im paper some years ago, and worked into its present
agination necessary to deal successfully with mate shape before the serial publication of “Heart's In-
rial so elusive, his treatment being rather common surgent." The first of the four stories, “ Lovers'
place and unimpressive. He fails to get the right Saint Ruth's,” for which the author seems to care
atmosphere, and atmosphere is everything in such the least, appears to us the most charming of them
dealings with the supernatural. The title-story is all. It is a sad sweet chronicle of seventeenth cen-
the best of the half-dozen.
tury England, deeply felt, and infused with some
Six mites of stories, mostly uncanny in subject measure of the historical imagination. This book
matter, make up Mrs. Wynne's pretty volume, of is artistically made, and very attractive externally.
which we must make some such criticism as was
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
given to Mr. Whitelock's collection. The imagin-
ative atmosphere is lacking, and without it a ghost-
story is naught. The tale of “ The Little Room,”
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
together with the sequel thereto, fails to stimulate
more than a languid curiosity, it is all so obviously
Mr. Saintsbury's work is familiar to
impossible. The mystery is mechanically contrived,
Mr. Saintsbury.
all readers of current literary criti-
with but the faintest suggestion of a psychological
cism. It is characterized by good
explanation. We are far from asserting that mys sense and good temper; it exhibits wide reading
teries should always be cleared up, but the fancy and a retentive memory ; its judgments are worded
should be given some clue upon which to work, else are in a style that is often pretentious and affected but
we merely baffled at the end, to say nothing of being rarely obscure ; it carries the reaction against ped-
irritated by mere invention without verisimilitude. antry so far as to care little for minor inaccuracy
There are but three stories in Miss Murfree's of statement; it makes pleasant and stimulating
volume, and they take us as usual to the Tennessee reading. It is not great criticism because it plays
mountains. While there is something of novelty about the surface of the subject discussed instead
about the incidents with which they are concerned, of divulging the inner significance, because it lacks
the stories impress one, on the whole, as very famil the quality of inevitableness except where the most
Two books by


1896.]
175
THE DIAL
An ideal set
of “readers."
obvious things are concerned. But it conceals its
We have often spoken of the school
lack of the deeper qualities of criticism beneath a
“ reader” as an evil, because of the
brilliant display of points," often acutely made,
scrappy nature of its contents, and
the product of a marked intellectual agility. The because its use frequently means tiresome repeti-
second series of Mr. Saintsbury's “ Essays in En tions and the exclusion of children from the wid.
glish Literature, 1780–1860" (Imported by Scrib est possible range in their reading. But we have
ner) abundantly illustrates the characteristics above
never denied that the “reader” may have its value,
enumerated. The subjects of these essays include or that the preparation of “readers" is an educa-
Southey, Cobbett, Landor, Hood, Miss Ferrier, and tional task well worth undertaking. The difficulty
Madame D'Arblay. There are also essays on "Three is that few persons who have sought to compile such
Humorists,” “Some Great Biographies," “ The His volumes of selections have possessed the requisite
torical Novel,” and “Twenty Years of Political taste and knowledge of literature; that most of them
Satire.” The author disports himself nimbly in have disregarded the fundamental principle which
these diverse fields of investigation, and is always declares that nothing should be admitted which is
entertaining. But why does he persist in writing not marked by distinct literary value. We have
such English as this ? "For who can praise enough, recently received what may fairly be called an ideal
or read enough, or enjoy enough, those forty-eight set of readers,” the “Heart of Oak” books, in six
volumes of such a reader's paradise as nowhere else numbers, prepared by Professor Charles Eliot Nor-
exists ? The very abundance and relish of their pure ton, and published by Messrs. D. C. Heath & Co.
delightsomeness has obscured in them qualities Beginning with a volume of nursery jingles and
which would have made a score of reputations.” Mother Goose melodies, continuing with classical
These sentiments are admirable, for Scott is their fairy-tales, hero-stories, and poetry that is simple
subject, but we cannot say much for the form in yet noble, ending with such authors as Mr. Ruskin,
which they are expressed. — The other book by Mr. Carlyle, Macaulay, Lowell, Wordsworth, and Ten-
Saintsbury to which we now have to call attention nyson, these books, from first to last, contain noth-
is “ A History of Nineteenth Century Literature, ing but good literature. We may even say more
1780–1895” (Macmillan). This is the fourth vol than that. Coming upon each successive selection,
ume of the series projected some years ago, to cover we say not merely: “This is a good thing for chil-
the whole field of English literature. Mr. Saints dren to read, and deserves a place in the volume,”
bury has already dealt with the Elizabethan period but rather we say: “What a singularly happy
in a volume of this series, while Mr. Gosse has thought it was to include this particular piece."
treated of the period intermediate between the Eliz When we have said this a hundred times or so we
abethang and our own time. The first volume of
The first volume of begin to realize something of the toil and good taste
the work remains to be written. The Rev. Stop that have gone to the making of this series. Two
ford Brooke was to have done it, but has been pre other features of the editing deserve to be noticed.
vented by illness. Meanwhile, his “History of One of them is that the selections are often very
Early English Literature" covers half the period long; in volume three, for example, we have Lamb's
of the unwritten first volume, although its scale is “ Adventures of Ulysses ” entire. The other is the
much larger than that upon which the volumes by frequent grouping of pieces relating to a given sub-
Mr. Saintsbury and Mr. Gosse are prepared. In ject.
ject. We find in one place, for example, the fol-
discussing the literature of the nineteenth century, lowing selections: a prose passage on “ The Bird”
Mr. Saintsbury has excluded all authors now living, from Mr. Ruskin, Frere's translation of the great
with the one exception of Mr. skin. The task chorus from Aristophanes, Arnold's “Poor Mat-
of summarizing the literary product of England dur thias,” Milton's sonnet to a nightingale and the ode
ing the past hundred years was no trifling one, and of Keats, Arnold's" Philomela," Wordsworth's and
has meant an enormous amount of reading on the Shelley's “To a Skylark," and Wordsworth’s “To
part of the author. He has been called upon to the Cuckoo.” Such groups as this occur in many
express critical judgments by the hundreds, if not places, each selection in a group not only making
by the thousands,-a fact to be borne in mind be its own impression, but also deepening the impres-
fore one says overharsh things about the airy parade sion made by the others. We should also give a
of omniscience so characteristic of the work. It is few words of praise to the notes at the close of each
a little startling, no doubt, to be told that Molière volume, and to the accuracy of the texts printed.
was no poet at all, that Coleridge's “ Wallenstein " And besides saying all these things, we must find
is better than the original, and that the letters of space for a quotation or two from Professor Nor-
Shelley, Lamb, and FitzGerald are of distinctly ton's preface. “Poetry is one of the most efficient
lower rank than those of Gray, Walpole, Cowper, means of education of the moral sentiment, as well
and Byron. But we expect startling dicta now and as of the intelligence. It is the source of the best
then from Mr. Saintsbury, and need not take them culture. A
may
know all science and yet re-
very seriously. On the whole, we are thankful for main uneducated. But let him truly possess him-
this extremely readable history of our nineteenth self of the work of any one of the great poets, and
century literature, and predict for it a marked pop no matter what else he may fail to know, he is not
alar success.
without education.” “The youth who shall become
man


176
[March 16,
THE DIAL
acquainted with the contents of these volumes will director of the Academy of France, at Rome, and
share in the common stock of the intellectual life of tells a pretty story illustrative of his devotion to
the race to which he belongs; and will have the artistic truth. M. Ingres was then at work on his
door opened to him of all the vast and noble re fine “ Vierge à l’Hostie,” destined for the Demidoff
sources of that life.”
collection; and M. Gounod states that in the origi-
nal composition the foreground was not occupied,
The greatest dramas of the world
as now, by the mystic ciborium, but by an exquisite
Mr. Carr's
have all been shaped from tales, figure of the infant Jesus lying asleep, his head rest-
King Arthur.
legends, or myths, already in some
ing upon a cushion, one tassel of which he seemed
degree known to those who heard or read. In fact, to be playing with. M. Ingres, he continues, seemed
it is perhaps one of the conditions of great dramatic well satisfied, and when the waning light obliged
art that it should be free from the requirement of him to suspend work, he was delighted with the
ordinary curiosity as to the end and upshot of the day's performance. But, adds M. Gounod, “ in the
matter, which is rather a mark of modern literature afternoon of the next day I ascended again to his
than a universal necessity. The great poet worked studio. No more infant Jesus! The figure had
with material not unfamiliar to his audience, and so disappeared, scraped off entirely with a palette-
could count upon an appreciation of his art and an knife, not a trace of it remaining. 'Ah! M. Ingres!'
interest in his own creation made possible by famil cried I, in consternation. And he, with a triomph-
iarity with the traditional guise of the subject mat ant air, replied: Mon Dieu, yes!' And then again,
ter which gave bim opportunity. Such is also the with stronger emphasis, • Yes!' The splendor of
case with Mr. J. Comyns Carr's play, “King Ar the divine symbol had just appeared to him superior
thur” (Macmillan), but in almost inverted wise.
to the radiant human reality, and, therefore, more
For while Shakespeare and Goethe took what they worthy of the homage of the Virgin adoring her
would from common tradition or the work of lesser
Son." It is interesting to note that M. Gounod's
men before them, this play is founded on material favorite employment at Rome was the reading of
which has been fashioned into shape, into a form Gæthe's “Faust”; and that his first idea of the
that for most of us is final, by one of the great poets Walpurgis Night, of the opera composed seventeen
of the century. It would be hard if all the associa-
years later, came to him during a nocturnal excur.
tions which attach themselves to the names even of sion to Capri. Aside from its purely narrative ele-
Lancelot, Guinevere, Elaine, to the mere mention ment, the memoir contains some valuable comment
of the Round Table and the Holy Grail, if all these and criticism; and it deserves to be read and pon-
feelings would not carry us on with interest to the dered by students of music. But the best of the
end ; and so they do. But the play has not a strong book, to our notion, is the impression it leaves of
character of its own. Mr. Carr, while blending a the author's singularly pure and genuine character.
number of Tennyson's motives into a dramatic The translation is acceptably done by Miss Annette
whole, has here and there gone back to Malory, and E. Crocker, and the publishers have displayed due
here and there in the good old custom has trusted taste as to externals, the emblematic cover being espe
to himself. His play doubtless gives an excellent cially well done.
opportunity to Irving in more ways than one. But
the great tradition and the well-known figures stand The future
A very readable and suggestive little
unchanged, and except for now and then a striking
book, albeit rather more abstractive
literary type.
phrase, literature is never the richer. The old story
in tone than its title seems to imply,
has no more for us than it had a year ago : perhaps
is “Types of American Character" (Macmillan),
it was all that could have been asked, that it should by Gamaliel Bradford, Jr. Of the seven essays
mean no less.
contained in the volume, three, “ The American Pes-
simist,” “ The American Idealist,” and “The Ameri-
Charles François Gounod's “Me can Out of Doors," have already appeared in the "At-
A readable
book of memoirs.
moirs of an Artist” (Rand, Mc lantic Monthly "; while the others, “ The American
Nally & Co.), is a readable little Epicurean," "The American Philanthropist," "The
book, eminently wholesome and stimulating in tone, American Man of Letters," and " The Scholar,” are
which narrates briefly and unaffectedly the events now printed for the first time. Mr. Bradford's book
bearing upon the writer's artistic career and devel is fresh, thoughtful, and stimulating, and its style
opment, from early childhood down to the period of is indicative throughout of the excellent literary
the production of “Faust” — at which point the company its author has kept.
company its author has kept. Among the many
recital unaccountably breaks off. M. Gounod's interesting questions touched upon is the moot one:
pages are strewn with memories of his more or less What will be the first really great original literary
distinguished friends and preceptors, M. Reicha, development of this country? The still lacking,
Cherubini, Ingres the painter, Mendelssohn, and though not impossible one, who is to shape the course
Madam Henzel, etc. Ingres he met at Rome, whither of our impending distinctively national literature,
he (M. Gounod) was sent in 1834, after winning at and be its herald and morning star, will prove to
the Paris Conservatory the grand prix de Rome. be not the novelist, not the dramatist, not even
He paints an engaging portrait of this artist, then the threatened far-Western bard, fresh from the
American
-


1896.)
177
THE DIAL
before;
ploughtails, free as the unyoked steer, and redolent its subject matter, for it gathers together five essays
of the virgin soil of his own billowy prairies — but, which have no particular importance and no very
Mr. Bradford thinks, the humorist, some “true son definite connection. But each subject the author
of Aristophanes and Rabelais and Cervantes, who has handled in an entertaining way, so that one
will prick the bubble of our vast self-satisfaction, reads everything with pleasure ; indeed, he seems to
without bitterness, without harshness, with none of possess to a great degree the art of telling a story.
the cynical satire of the French pessimistic school.” So, although three of his essays are of that very un-
His first principle will be laughter, but his second promising kind, - running summaries of the con-
will be love; he will ridicule many things; he will tents of books, yet all have something at least of
tread on a great many people's toes; but he will do the power of attracting the attention and of holding
it all with such a charming grace, and with so plainly the interest. Two of the essays are rather slight,
benevolent an intent, that his victims will smile at one an account of the dangers besetting the life of a
their own smarts. He will love those whom he nun in the twelfth century, and the other a note on
chastens - as the true humorist must; and, says Mr. Voltaire's visit to England, both drawn from some-
Bradford, “I should advise him to inscribe on his what recondite sources. The more extended pieces
title-page these charming verses, which I borrow of work are accounts of Girard's journey to Scot-
from M. Anatole France, who has himself borrowed land in 1435, and of Sorbière's journey to England
them from I know not where,–
in 1663, and a very entertaining study of the life
'Les petites marionettes
and work of Scarron. These have been published
Font, font, font,
the first two in the “Nineteenth Century,”
Trois petits tours
the last as introduction to a translation of Scarron's
Et puis s'en vont.'”
“ Roman Comique.” There is more body to these
Let us admit that our coming Cervantes will find
three than to the two shorter ones, which come as
no lack of butts for his shafts.
curtain-raiser and after-piece. But all five will be
The University of Chicago inaugu- amusing) and full of curious information, so that
found good reading (a Frenchman is almost always
A well-edited
edition of an
rates a new series of monographs, to
there is not much more to ask of them. The book
old poem. be known as “ English Studies," with
the publication of an edition of Lydgate's "The
has several good illustrations, some from sources
contemporary with the topics, some otherwise ap-
Assembly of Gods.” Dr. Oscar Lovell Triggs is
propriate.
the editor of this text, and the work was offered to
the University in support of his candidacy for the
“ Colonial Dames and Good Wives"
doctor's degree. It will also be published in Lon pictures of (Houghton) is, as the reader may
don, in the series of the Early English Text Society.
Colonial times.
guess, a new book by that indefatig-
In his introductory chapters, the editor describes able student of early American manners, Mrs. Alice
the manuscripts and the prints of the work, and dis Morse Earle. To those familiar with the author's
cusses the questions of title, date and authorship, work, and most of us are,— the drift of the vol-
metre, rhyme, and language. Then follows a lit ume is sufficiently indicated by such chapter head-
erary analysis of the poem, and a series of special ings as “Consorts and Relicts,” “Women of Affairs,"
• literary studies” of its more salient features. The " The Colonial Adventuresses, “ Their Amuse-
text follows, in 61 pages and 2107 numbered lines. ments and Accomplishments,” “Daughters of Lib-
Some thirty pages of notes, a catalogue of persons, erty,” “ Fireside Industries,” etc. Mrs. Earle writes
a glossary, and a collection of “special phrases and in her usual pleasant vein, interlarding her work with
proverbs” complete the apparatus of this remarka- copious extracts from old-time records, and lighting
bly well-edited book. The poem itself is not ex up with her sedate humor a subject in itself not an
actly readable, but Dr. Triggs has done his best to especially engaging or stimulating one. Mrs. Earle
make it so. His treatment has a marked literary has a light touch and a sense of style; and her friends
character, very noticeable in the special studies and would perhaps be glad should she allow her pen to
the notes, which sets it in refreshing contrast to most range afield occasionally, and to stray from a theme
studies in Middle or Old English literature. He wherein her manner tends to stereotype itself.
brings a wide range of reading to bear upon his
work at every point, and his collection of parallel-
A charming
It is a little late to call attention to
isms is extremely interesting. Altogether, his work
the study of Robert Louis Stevenson
is distinctly creditable to English scholarship, and
by A. B., with a prelude and a post-
justifies the great quantity of labor that must have lude by L. I. G., that was privately printed by
been expended upon it.
Messrs. Copeland & Day some months ago, but the
booklet should not pass unmentioned. The initials
M. Jusserand is already known to of the writers are so transparent that we do not feel
American readers, and his new vol-
of M. Jusserand.
that we are violating the ethics of criticism in speak-
ume, "English Essays from a French ing of Miss Brown and Miss Guiney as the authors
Pen” (Putnams), will not diminish his reputation. of this charming tribute to a beloved memory. Miss
It is not an especially noteworthy book by reason of Guiney's part of the work is in verse, a little labored,
Persons and
66
tribute to
Stevenson.
The minor studies


178
[March 16,
THE DIAL
ever
but full of fine feeling; Miss Brown's essay is a the annulling of the treaty with that country." This
graceful criticism -- in part a mosaic of anecdote subject and the disputed election of 1800 mainly oc-
and citation — of the life and work of Stevenson. cupy the new volume, which is a rich mine of materials
The note of enthusiasm is pitched in a higher key
for the future historian.
than the temperate judgment of a later day will, in
Renan's “ Life of Jesus” has been reissued by Messrs.
our opinion, allow, and we cannot admit that it was
Roberts Brothers in a “translation newly revised from
a commonplace of criticism to name him the
the twenty-third and final edition.” Mr. Joseph Henry
Allen, who appears to be responsible for the present
greatest living master of English style, sharing the
(and presumably definitive) form of the English text,
unvexed throne with Ruskin only.” But he was a
tells us, in a preface, that “the two best known English
noble writer and a beautiful soul, deserving, in both translations bave been freely used, while nearly every
aspects, of most good things that his friends may sentence has been recast, and the whole has been scru-
find it in their hearts to write. The curious thing pulously weighed, phrase by phrase, with the original."
about Miss Brown's essay is that the writer's hand An examination of the text, as far as we have made it,
has become so subdued to what it works in that bears out this claim of careful workmanship, and it is
Stevenson's own prose style is in many a passage
not likely that Renan's beautiful French will ever get a
unconsciously reproduced. Over and over again,
more nearly satisfactory English reproduction than this.
we come upon paragraphs that might have been
The Field Columbian Museum has already entered
written by the subject of the appreciation, so felici-
the publishing field with a number of scientific mono-
tous is the phrase and so Stevensonian the choice graphs of much value. Series of publications in history,
geology, botany, and zoology, have been started, and
of epithet. Those who are fortunate enough to get
now a new series has been added with anthropology for
possession of this little volume will be sure to treas-
its general subject. The first volume in this series is a
ure it highly
work upon the “Monuments of Yucatan," by Mr. Will-
iam H. Holmes. The author, who is Curator of the De-
“Longmans's Gazetteer of the
A noteworthy
partment of Anthropology in the Museum, was one of
World,” edited by Mr. George C.
reference book.
a party of scientific men who spent three months of last
Chisholm, is one of those monument year in Mexico. The present work is a report, illus-
al works of reference that characterize the latter trated with numerous plates, of the author's investiga-
day enterprises of the publishing craft, and command tion of the Yucatan remains, and makes a valuable con-
admiration for the solidity of their performance.
tribution to American archæological science.
The book is a quarto of about eighteen hundred The latest text-books in science and mathematics in-
double-columned pages, with subjects in heavy-faced
clude the following: “Robinson's New Higher Arithme-
type, and descriptions so condensed as to require
tic” (American Book Co.), a volume of over five hun-
only a minimum of space. Our own" Lippincott's
dred pages, the product of successive revisions and
improvements; “ Trigonometry for Schools and Col-
is
much the bigger book of the two, although mechan- Edward D. Roe, Jr.;
“ Laboratory Work in Chemistry ”
ically not quite so well proportioned. In the “Long. (American Book Co.), by Mr. Edward H. Keiser;
mans," of course, British names get relatively more « Chemical Experiments,” General and Analytical
attention than in the "Lippincott,” and possibly for (Ginn), a laboratory manual by Mr. R. P. Williams; a
that reason some persons will have to keep both capital work on the “ Elements of Botany" (Ginn), by
works upon their shelves. The larger articles in Mr. Joseph Y. Bergen; a new edition of Mr. William
the present work have been written by specialists,
Peddie's - Manual of Physics” (Putnam), for advanced
and are initialed. The general rule of orthography
students; and an “ Elementary Treatise on Electricity
for foreign names is to employ the native spelling of
and Magnetism” (Longmans) founded on M. Joubert's
work by Messrs. G. C. Foster and E. Atkinson, and very
languages which use roman characters; for exam-
far from being elementary in the ordinary sense.
ple, Trondhjem is not given as Drontheim. Reason-
able precautions seem to have been taken to secure
accurate up-to-date information, and the coopera-
tion of a host of special correspondents all over the
LITERARY NOTES.
world has given a singular degree of reliability to “Old Goriot,” with a preface by Mr. Saintsbury, is
the contents of this noteworthy volume.
added to the Dent-Macmillan Balzac. Miss Ellen Mar-
riage is the translator.
Messrs. Macmillan & Co. have added “Smoke" to
BRIEFER MENTION.
their edition of Tourguénieff, the translation by Mrs.
Constance Garnett, the introduction by Mr. Edward
Volume III. of “The Life and Correspondence of
Garnett.
Rufus King,” edited by his grandson, Dr. Charles R. “ The New Unity," of which Messrs. Way & Will-
King, has just appeared from the press of Messrs. G. iams will henceforth be the publishers, appears with the
P. Putnam's Sons. It covers the years 1799–1801, and issue of March 5 in a new and greatly improved typo-
"takes up the correspondence at the point of time when graphical dress.
President Adams had proposed to send a new embassy « The Inland Printer" has issued a handsome calen-
to France to take advantage of what appeared to him dar for 1896 in three colors, from a design by Bradley
an opportunity to settle the questions which had caused made for the cover of the Christmas issue of that ex-
the breaking off the amicable relations with France and cellent publication.


1896.]
179
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“ Hazell's Annual,” marvellous as ever for compact
ness, appears for 1896 with the usual complement of
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF SPRING BOOKS.
new articles upon timely subjects. It is imported by The annual list of books announced for Spring pub-
Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons.
lication presented herewith is the largest and most
« Money in Politics," a useful book by Mr. J. K. Up-comprehensive we have yet prepared, containing very
ton, first published in 1884, now reappears from the nearly 500 separate titles, as against 300 last year, and
press of the Lothrop Publishing Co., in revised form, representing 62 publishers, as against 34 in 1895. The
with Mr. Edward Atkinson's introduction as before.
largest number of titles from any one house is 56, the
“Cherry-Bloom" is the title of a collection of “ bits smallest is 1, and the average is over 8 to each firm.
of verse from summer-land,” from the pen of Miss The list is a most creditable one to the enterprise and
Elcanor Mary Ladd, and published in very dainty and activity of the American publishing trade, and readers
attractive form by the Peter Paul Book Co., of Buffalo. and book-buyers of all classes will find much to interest
“ The Woodlanders " and " The Trumpet Major" are
them in the various categories. It should be added that
additions to the highly satisfactory library edition of Mr.
Spring publications already out and received at this
Hardy's novels, now in course of publication by Messrs.
office are not included in this list.
Harper & Brothers. Each volume has a new etched
frontispiece.
HISTORY.
The Roycroft Printing Shop, of East Aurora, New
The United States of America, 1765–1865,
by Edward Chan-
ning, Cambridge Historical Series."--History, Prophecy,
York, announces an edition of “ The Song of Songs," and the Monuments, by Prof. J. F. McCurdy, Vol. II.-
with a study by Mr. Elbert Hubbard. The book will A History of Mankind, by Prof. Friedrich Ratzel; trans.
be beautifully printed, and limited to six hundred and
by A. J. Butler, A.M., in three vols., illus.-- Jewish So-
twelve copies.
cial Life in the Middle Ages, by Israel Abrahams.- The
Return of the Jews to England, by Lucien Wolf. The
Charles Carleton Coffin, war correspondent and writer Jewish Race, by Joseph Jacobs. (Macmillan & Co.)
of good books for the young, born in 1823, died sud History of the
Jewish Nation after the Destruction of Jerusa-
denly in Brookline, Mass., on the second of March.
lem under Titus, by Rev. Alfred Edersheim, M.A., third
edition, revised by Rev. H. A. White, $5. '(Longmans,
Most men who were boys in the sixties will have an af. Green, & Co.)
fectionate remembrance of “Winning His Way." The Winning of the West, by Theodore Roosevelt, Vol. IV.,
Mr. Samuel H. Ranck, of the Pratt Library, Balti-
The Northwest and Louisiana, 1791–1809, with map, $2.50.
-Early Long Island, a study of Colonial times, by Martha
more, makes a lengthy argument in the “Library Jour-
Bockee Flint. (G. P. Patnam's Sons.)
nal” for such an amendment to our copyright laws as With the Fathers, by J. B. McMaster. (D. Appleton & Co.)
sball require new books to be deposited in a number of The History of Prussia, by Herbert Tuttle, Vol. IV., $1,50.
selected libraries, instead of in the Congressional Li (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.)
brary alone, as at present.
The Pote Journal, covering the French and Indian War, 1744-
« The Home Journal" of New York, has come to its
1748, edited by Bisbop John F. Hurst, limited edition, $15
net. (Dodd, Mead & Co.)
semi-centennial, and celebrates the event with a “ju Hawaii, a missionary republic, a history of the Sandwich
bilee " issue, devoted, in large part, to the history of the Islands from 1820 to the present time, by Julien Darwin
paper, and with portraits and reminiscences of the famous
Hayne, illus., $2.50. (William Doxey, San Francisco.)
men who have been connected with its management,
The Jesuit Relations, the travels and works of the Jesuit mis-
sionaries in New France in 1609–1755, with the earliest au-
Willis and Morris, of course, being particularly conspic thentic accounts of the Indians; a complete reissue, edited
by Reuben G. Thwaites, in the original French, and with
That curious farrago of romance and scientific vagary
English translation by John C. Coudert and notes by Jane
M. Parker; in about 50 vols., each $3. (Burrows Bros.
called “Etidorhpa” (a name which puzzled us until we Co., Cleveland.)
spelled it backwards), by Mr. John Uri Lloyd, has Explorations of Alex. Henry, Jr., and David Thompson in the
passed into a second edition, and into the hands of the Northwest, edited by Dr. Elliott Coues.-Charlvoix's His-
Robert Clarke Co., of Cincinnati. It is now published
tory of New France, new edition, trans. and edited by Dr.
James G. Shea, in six vols., illus. (Francis P. Harper.)
in less luxurious form than before, and at half the for-
Handbook of Arctic Discoveries, by A. W. Greeley, "Colum-
mer price.
bian Knowledge Series," $1.—The Puritan in England and
The Morgan Park Academy of the University of Chi New England, by Ezra Hoyt Byington, D.D.-Old Colony
cago, which is rapidly securing recognition as one of the
Days, by May Alden Ward, $1.25.--Some Modern Here-
tics, by Cora Maynard, $1.50. (Roberts Brothers.)
best fitting schools in the country, has regular courses
Lectures on the Council of Trent, by J. A. Froude. (Charles
during the summer, thus following the unique plan of Scribner's Sons.)
the University itself. It is stated that each student at Father Paul's History of the Council of Trent, trans. from
the Academy last year cost the institution $125 more the original by Francis Philip Nash, LL.D., with intro-
than the tuition paid, which well illustrates the value
duction by the Rt. Rev. Arthur Cleveland Coxe, D.D., in
two vols., $8. (Christian Literature Co.)
of educational endowments.
Klaczko's Rome and the Renaissance, trans. by Wm. Mar-
“ The Psychological Review” has recently issued two chand, illus. (Henry Holt & Co.)
important supplements to its regular bi-monthly series. Causes of the Rebellion of 1688 in Maryland, by F. E. Sparks.
One is “ The Psychological Index” for 1895, an inval-
- Slavery in North Carolina (1663–1865), by John S. Bas-
sett. (Johns Hopkins Press.)
uable classified guide to the latest literature of the sub-
The Growth of the French Nation, by George B. Adams.
ject; the other is a “Monograph Supplement" on “As (Flood & Vincent.)
sociation,” by Miss Mary Whiton Calkins. This is the
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
second of a series of monographs which already includes Life and Letters of Oliver Wendell Holmes, by John T. Morse,
a treatise “On Sensations from Pressure and Impact,” Jr., in two vols., with portrait.- William H. Seward, by
by Mr. Harold Griffing, and to which will soon be added
Thornton K. Lothrop, “American Statesmen Series,"
U A Study of Kant's Psychology," by Mr. E. F. Buch-
$1.25. - The Life, Public Services, Addresses, and Letters
of Elias Boudinot, LL.D., president of the Continental
ner, and “Mental Development of a Child," by Miss Congress, edited by J. J. Boudinot, in two vols., with por-
Kathleen Moore.
trait. (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.)
uous.


180
[March 16,
THE DIAL
Dolly Madison, by Maud Wilder Goodwin,“ Women of Colo-
nial and Revolutionary Times," $1.25.- Madame Roland,
by Ida M. Tarbell, illus., $1.50. (Charles Scribner's Sons.)
Memoirs of Barras, Member
of the Directorate, edited by
George Duruy, Vol. III., The Directorate from the 18th
Fructidor to the 18th Brumaire ; Vol. IV., The Consulate,
the Empire, the Restoration, Index; illus., per vol., $3.75.
A Few Memories, by Mary Anderson (Mme. de Nav-
arro), with portraits. (Harper & Brothers.)
The Memoirs of General Lejeune, 1780–1814, trans. by Mrs.
Arthur Bell (N. D'Anvers). – Frances Mary Buss, and
her work for Education, by Annie E. Ridley, illus., $2.25.
- Life and Letters of George John Romanes, written and
edited by his wife, illus., $4. (Longmans, Green, & Co.)
Life of the late President Frederick A.P. Barnard of Colum-
bia College, by Rev. Dr. John Fulton. (Macmillan & Co.)
New vols, in the “Heroes of the Nations " series : Lorenzo
de' Medici and Florence in the Fifteenth Century, by Ed-
ward Armstrong, M.A., and Jeanne d'Arc, her life and
death, by Mrs. M. O. W. Oliphant; each, illus., $1.50.
(G. P. Putnam's Sons.)
Vera Vorontzoff, by Sonya Kovalevsky, trans. by the Bar-
oness von Rydingsvärd, $1.25. (Lamson, Wolffe, & Co.)
The Right Hon. Joseph Chamberlain, by S. H. Jeyes, with
portrait, “Pablic Men of To-Day," $1.25. (F. Warne
& Co.)
Life of Sheridan, by W. Fraser Rae, with introduction by the
Earl of Ava. (Henry Holt & Co.)
Ezekiel Gilman Robinson, an autobiography, edited by E. H.
Johnson, with supplement by H. L. Wayland. (Silver,
Burdett & Co.)
History of the Hutchinson Family, by John Wallace Hutch-
inson, edited by Charles E. Mann, with introduction by
Frederick Douglas, in 2 vols., illus., $5. (Icee & Shepard.)
Life and Writings of Amelia Bloomer, by D. C. Bloomer,
$1.25. (Arena Publishing Co.)
John Eliot's
First Indian Teacher and Interpreter, Cockenoc-
de-Long-Island, by William Wallace Tooker. (Francis P.
Harper.)
Rudolf von Gneist, his life and work, by Conrad Bronhak,
25 cts. (Am. Academy of Political and Social Science.)
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Vailima Table-Talk, by Isabel Strong and Lloyd Osbourne,
illus.- Sunrise Stories, a glance at the literature of Japan,
by Roger Riordan and Tozo Takayanagi, $1.50.-- Little
Rivers, by Henry Van Dyke, "Waltham edition, limited
to 150 copies, illus., $10 net.' (Charles Scribner's Sons.)
William Shakespeare, a critical study, by Georg Brandes,
trans. by William Archer, in two vols.- A Brief History
of English, by Oliver Farrar Emerson, A.M.- Vocal Cul-
ture in its Relation to Literary and General Culture, by
Hiram Corson, A.M.- Studies in Structure and Style, by
W. T. Brewster, A.M., with introduction by G. Ř. Car
penter. (Macmillan & Co.)
Books and their Makers during the Middle Ages, by George
Haven Putnam, A.M., in two vols., per vol. $2.50.- Amer-
ican Orations, from the Colonial period to the present
time, edited by the late Alexander Johnston, reëdited by
James A. Woodburn, in four vols., per vol., $1.50.-
Thirty-one Orations, delivered at Hamilton College, 1864
1895, collected and edited by Melvin G. Dodge, A.M.,
$1.25.- A Literary History of the English People, by J.J.
Jusserand, Part II.,
From the Renaissance to Pope, $3.50.
- The Writings of Thomas
Paine, edited by Moncure D.
Conway, Vol. IV., $2.50.- The Age of Reason, by Thomas
Paine, edited by M. D. Conway, popular edition. - Little
Journeys to the Homes of American Authors, by various
authors, published monthly, each, 5 cts. (G. P. Putnam's
Sons.)
Essays on Nature and Culture, by H. W. Mabie, $1.25.-
Charlecote, or the Trial of William Shakespeare, a drama,
by John Boyd Thatcher, illus., $5 net. (Dodd, Mead & Co.)
Maria Mitchell, letters and correspondence, by Phoebe M.
Kendall,
illus., $1.50.-Beneath Old Rooftrees, by Abram
English Brown, illus., $1.50.- What They Say in New En-
gland, by Clifton Johnson, illus., $1.25. (Lee & Shepard.)
The Listener in Town and the Listener in the Country, essays
reprinted from the Boston “Transcript,” in two vols.,
$1.50. (Copeland & Day.)
Book-Verse, an anthology of poems of books and bookmen,
edited by W. Roberts, "Book-Lovers' Library," $1.25.
(A. C. Armstrong & Son.)
The Browning Phrase Book, by Marie Ada Molineux, A.M.
-Spring Notes from Tennessee, by Bradford Torrey, $1.25.
(Houghton, Miffin & Co.)
Two Unpublished Essays by Emerson, with introduction by
E. E. Hale, $1. (Lamson, Wolffe, & Co.)
Ecce Puella, by William Sharp. (Way & Williams.)
The Puppet Booth, twelve plays, by Henry B. Fuller, $1.25.
- Notes of the Night, essays and sketches, by Dr. C. C.
Abbott, $1.50. (Century Co.)
Reminiscences of Literary London, from 1779 to 1853, by Dr.
Thomas Rees, with additions by John Britton, illus., $1.25.
-In Jail with Charles Dickens, by Alfred Trumble, illus.
– Walt Whitman the Man, by Thomas Donaldson, illus.
(Francis P. Harper.)
The Plays of Maeterlinck, trans. by Richard Hovey, Vol. II.,
$1.25. - At the Sign of the Sphinx, charades, by Carolyn
Wells. (Stone & Kimball.)
Rosemary and Rue, sketches, by “Amber," $1. (Rand, Me-
Nally & Co.)
The Art of Reading and Speaking, by Canon James Fleming,
$1. (Edward Arnold.)
Elements of English Versification, by Judge William C. Jones,
$2.- Easter Lilies, by Mrs. A. A. McKay, 40 cts. (Peter
Paal Book Co., Buffalo.)
Some Representative Poets of the Nineteenth century, a syl-
labus of University Extension lectures, by Melville B.
Anderson, 75 cts. - A Sonnet-Book, being sonnets about
the sonnet, collected and arranged, with introduction, by
Melville B. Anderson, $1. (William Dozey, San Fran-
cisco.)
By Tangled Paths, stray leaves from Nature's byeways, by
H. Mead Briggs. (F. Warne & Co.)
Social Forces in German Literature, by Franck. (Henry
Holt & Co.)
Independence Day, by Edward Everett Hale, 25 cts. (Henry
Altemus.)
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
Complete Works of Robert Burns, edited by William E. Hen-
ley and T. F. Henderson, centenary de luxe edition, in
four vols., illus. in photogravure. (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.)
The Works and Letters of Lord Byron, edited by W. E. Hen-
ley, in ten vols., The Atheist's Mass, by H. de Balzac,
edited by George Saintsbury, illus., $1.50.- New vols, in
Macmillan's popular edition of Dickens's Works: Uncom-
mercial Traveller and Child's History of England, and
Christmas Stories and Reprinted Pieces; each, illus., $1.
-New vols. in Macmillan's Illustrated Standard Novels :
Sense and Sensibility, by Jane Austen, and Marriage, by
Susan Ferrier ; each, illus., $1.25.- The Works of Fried-
rich Nietzsche, edited by Alexander Tille, Ph.D., in eleven
vols.- The
Diary of Samuel Pepys, edited by Henry B.
Wheatley, F.S.A., Vol. VII.- New vols. in the People's
edition of Tennyson's Poems: In Memoriam, one vol., and
Maud, The Window, and Other Poems, one vol.; per vol.,
45 cts. net. (Macmillan & Co.)
The Complete. Works of James Fenimore Cooper, “Mo-
hawk' edition, in 32 vols., each $1.25. (G. P. Putnam's
Sons.)
Gobseck, by Honoré de Balzac, $1.50.—The Provost, and The
Last of the Lairds, by John Galt, in two vols., $2.50.
(Roberts Brothers.)
Poetical Works of Robert Burns, edited by James A. Man-
son, in two vols., $2. (J. B. Lippincott Co.)
New vols. in the “ Phenix Series": Christie Johnstone, by
Charles Reade; An Original Belle,
by E. P. Roe; Cycling
for Health and Pleasure, by L. H. Porter; A Border Shep-
herdess, by Amelia E. Barr; The Great War Syndicate,
by F. R. Stockton; The Stories of Three Burglars, by
F. R. Stockton ; per vol., 40 cts. (Dodd, Mead & Co.)
Novels and Tales of Edward Bulwer, Lord Lytton, in 13 vols.,
illus., $32,50.- The Works of Charles Reade. (Merrill &
Baker.)
POETRY.
Poems, by Robert Louis Stevenson, $1.50. (Chas. Scribner's
Sons.)
The Pilgrim, and other poems, by Sophie Jewett (Ellen Bur-
roughs). (Macmillan & Co.)
Elizabethan Sonnet Cycles, edited by Mrs. Martha Foote
Crow, in four vols. (A. C. McClurg & Co.)
The Lamp of Gold, a sonnet sequence, by Florence L. Snow,
$1.25.-Purcell Ode and Other Poems, by Robert Bridges,
limited edition, $2. (Way & Williams.)


1896.]
181
THE DIAL
Poems, by Madison Cawaine, "Oaten Stop Series,” 75 cts.
Poems, by Hannah Parker Kimball, “Daten Stop Series,"
75 cts. (Copeland & Day.)
Sunshine and Shadow, by Caroline E. Prentiss, $1.50. (G. P.
Putnam's Sons.)
Armenian Poems, trans. by Alice Stone Blackwell, $1.25.
(Roberts Brothers.)
The House of the Trees, and other poems, by Ethelwyn Weth-
erald, $1 net.- Daphne, or the Pipes of Arcadia, by Mar
guerite Merington, $1. (Lamson, Wolffe, & Co.)
Four-Leaved Clover, being Stanford rhymes, by Carolus Ager
(Charles Kellogg Field), illus., $1.50. - Na-Kupuna, the
Hawaiian legend of Creation, a poem in three parts, by
Julien Darwin Hayne, illus., $2.50. (William Doxey, San
Francisco.)
The Old Mansion, and other poems, by Sophia Graves Fox-
worth, $1.- Earthly Considerations of Spiritual Affairs,
poems, by Alleyne H. Wiggin, $1.--Ballads of the Bivouac
and the Border. by Edwin A. Welty, $1.50. (Peter Paul
Book Co., Buffalo.)
The Purple East, sonnets on Armenia, by William Watson.
(Stone & Kimball.)
FICTION.
Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc, by Louis de Conte,
trans, by Jean François Alden, illus.-The Bicyclers, and
other farces, by John Kendrick Bangs, illus.— The Dan-
vers Jewels, and Sir Charles Danvers, new edition.- The
Second Opportunity of Mr. Staplehurst, by W. Pett Ridge.
- The Cavaliers, by S. R. Keightley, illus.- The Crimson
Sign, by S. R. Keightley, illus.- A Gentleman's Gentle-
man, by Max Pemberton.- Madelon, by Mary E. Wilkins.
-Out of Town, illus., $1.25. (Harper & Brothers.)
A Lady of Quality, by Frances Hodgson Burnett, $1.50.-
The House, by Eugene Field, $1.25. - A Tragic Idyl, by
Paul Bourget.- A new volume of stories by Richard Hard-
ing Davis. - Jersey Street
and Jersey Lane, urban and sub-
urban sketches, by H. C. Bunner, illus.-A Fool of Nature,
by Julian Hawthorne, $1.25.-Your Money or Your Life,
by Edith Carpenter, $1.25. - Weird Tales, by E. T. W.
Hoffman, trans by J. T. Bealby, new edition, in two vols.,
$2.50. — A Master Spirit, by Harriet Prescott Spofford,
75 cts. (Charles Scribner's Sons.)
The Babe, B. A., by Edward F. Benson. - The Maker of
Moons, by Robert W. Chambers.- Will o' the Wasp, a sea
yarn of the War of 1812, by Robert Cameron Rogers.-
The Tower of the Old Schloss, by Jean Porter Rudd.
At Wellesley, legenda for '96, 50 cts. - New vols. in the
"Hudson Library”: The Things that Matter, by Francis
Gribble; The Heart of Life, by W. H. Mallock; The
Broken Ring, by Elizabeth Knight Tompkins ; each 50 cts.
(G. P. Putnam's Sons.)
Adam Johnstone's Sons, by F. Marion Crawford, illus.— The
Dream-Charlotte, a story of echoes, by Miss Betham-Ed-
wards.--New vols. in Macmillan's Novelists' Library: Miss
Stuart's Legacy, by Mrs. Steel, and a Roman Singer,
by F. Marion Crawford ; per vol., 50 cts. (Macmillan
& Co.)
Tom Grogan, by F. Hopkinson Smith, illus., $1.50.- The Sup-
ply at St. Agatha's, by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, illus. -
Pirate Gold, by F. J. Stimson (J. S. of Dale), $1.25.-
Pink and White Tyranny, by Harriet Beecher Stowe, new
edition, $1.25. (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.)
White Aprons, a romance of Bacon's rebellion in Virginia,
1676, by Maud Wilder Goodwin, $1.25. (Little, Brown,
& Co.)
The Light that Lies, by Cockburn Harvey, illus., 75 cts. -
The Ebbing of the Tide, by Louis Becke,
$1.25.-A Faith-
ful Traitor, by Effie A. Rowlands. — A Fight with Fate,
by Mrs. Alexander.-The Autobiography of a Professional
Beauty, by Elizabeth Phipps Train, illus., 75 cts. - Cam-
eos, by Marie Corelli, $1.
- Kitty's Conquest, by Capt.
Charles King, 50 cts. — - The Mystery of the Island, by
Charles Kingsley.- The Failure of Sibyl Fletcher, by Ade-
line Sargeant. (J. B. Lippincott Co.)
The Road to Castaly, by Alice Brown, $1.– The Captured
Cunarder, by William H. Rideing, 75 cts.- In the Village
of Viger, by Duncan Campbell Scott, $1. (Copeland &
Day.)
Ulrick the Ready, by Standish O'Grady, $1.25.-Dedora Hey-
wood, by Gertrude Smith, 75 cts. In a Silent World, the
love story of a deaf-mute, 75 cts. (Dodd, Mead & Co.)
The Cid Campeador, a historical romance, by D. Antonio
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Cleg Kelly, Arab of the City, his progress and adventures, by
S. R. Crockett, illus., $i.50. - The Reds of the Midi, an
episode of the French Revolution, by Felix Gras, trans. by
Catherine A. Janvier, $1.50.- Sleeping Fires, by George
Gissing, 75 cts.- The Seats of the Mighty, by Gilbert
Parker, illus.- The Little Regiment, by Stephen Crane.
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Quaint Crippen, Commercial Traveller, by Alwyn M. Thur
ber. (A. C. McClurg & Co.)
Effie Hetherington, by Robert Buchanan, $1.50.- Twentieth
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A Strange, Sad Comedy, by Molly Elliot Seawell. (Cen-
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Reluctant Evangelist, and other stories, by Alice Spinner,
$1.50. – Worth While, by F. F. Montresor. — Dan Em-
monds, a story, by Stephen Crane. (Edward Arnold.)
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182
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184
[March 16,
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Dumas, the Elder. Emily Crawford. Century.
Education, Political Principles applied to. Educational Rev.
Educational Crisis in Chicago, The. Dial (Mch. 16).
Educational Crisis in Chicago, The. M. F. Washburn, Arena.
Educational Values in the Elementary School. Pop. Science.
English Literature, Study of. W. H. Hudson. Overland.
Excise Question, The. Warner Miller. North American.
Exercise as a Remedy. Henry L. Taylor. Popular Science.
Fiction, Recent American. W. M. Payne. Dial (Mch. 16).
Foreign Trade and Consular Service. C. D. Warner. No. Am.
Internal Improvements in the U.S. B, Moses. Chautauquan.
Irrigation in Arid America. William E. Smythe. Century.
"King Arthur," The New. Anna B. McMahan. Dial (Mch. 16).
Maeterlinck and Emerson. Hamilton Osgood. Arena.
Malayan Child Life. Rounsevelle Wildman. Overland.
Manning, Cardinal. Tuley F. Huntington. Dial (Mch. 16).
Materialism, Scientific, Failure of. W. Ostwald, Pop. Sci.
Olympian Games Revival. George Horton. North American.
Paris Commune of 1871. Paul Shorey. Dial (Mch. 16).
Pedagogy,
The Old and New. Wilhelm Rein. Educational Rev.
Poster, The. K. Porter Garnett. Overland.
Pulpit, The American. Charles J. Little. Chautauquan.
Randolph, John, of Roanoke. Powhatan Bouldin, Century.
Rhodes, Cecil. W. T. Stead. Review of Reviews.
Röntgen's X Rays. Review of Reviews.
Rossetti, Dante Gabriel. Dial (Mch. 16).
Scholarship, Preparatory. Arthur Crosby. Overland.
Silver, Free. Marion Butler. Arena.
Silver, Free, and the Savings Banks. North American,
Slums of London, Stamping out of the Century.
Small Talk, Perils of. Allan McL. Hamilton. Century.
Steppes, Deserts, and Alkali Lands. E. W. Hilgard. Pop. Sci.
Suggestibility. W. Romaine Newbold. Popular Science.
Warfare, Natural History of. N. S. Shaler. No. American.
Wealth Production and Consumption. G. B. Waldron. Arena.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 60 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
" Cen-
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
The Life of Thomas Hutchinson, Royal Governor of the
Province of Massachusetts Bay. By James K. Hosmer,
author of “Samuel Adams.” With portrait, 8vo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 453. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $4.
James Clerk Maxwell and Modern Physics. By R. T.
Glazebrook, F.R.S. With portrait, 12mo, pp. 224.
tury Science Series." Macmillan & Co. $1.25.
Amiel's Journal. Trans. by Mrs. Humphrey Ward. Vol. I.,
32mo, pp. 319. “ Miniature Series." Macmillan & Co.
25 cts.
HISTORY.
The Century of Sir Thomas More. By B. O. Flower, au.
thor of "Gerald Massey.'
." Illus., 12mo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 293. Arena Pub'g Co.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. By Edward
Gibbon ; edited, in 7 vols., with Introduction, Notes, etc.,
by J. B. Bury, M.A. Vol. I., with map, 12mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 464. Macmillan & Co. $2.
Library Edition of Thomas Hardy's Novels. New vol-
umes: The Woodlanders, and The Trumpet Major. Each
with frontispiece, 12mo. Harper & Bros. Per vol., $1.50.


1896.]
185
THE DIAL
Old Goriot. By H. de Balzac ; trans, by Ellen Marriage ;
with Preface by George Saintsbury. Illus., 12mo, gilt
top, uncut, pp. 308. Macmillan & Co. $1.50.
The Lyric Poems of Thomas Campion. Edited by Ernest
Rhys. With frontispiece, 24mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 173.
"The Lyrical Poets." Macmillan & Co. $1.
Smoke. By Ivan Turgenev; trans. by Constance Garnett.
16mo, gilt top, pp. 316. Macmillan & Co. $1.25.
FICTION.
Comodies of Courtship. By Anthony Hope. With fron-
tispiece. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 377. Chas. Scribner's
Sons. $1.50.
The Exploits of Brigadier Gerard. By A. Conan Doyle,
author of "Round the Red Lamp." Illus., 12mo, pp. 361.
D. Appleton & Co. $1.50.
The Day of their Wedding. By W. D. Howells, author of
"A Hazard of New Fortunes." Illus., 12mo, pp. 158.
Harper & Bros. $1.25.
When Greek Meets Greek: A Tale of Love and War. By
Joseph Hatton, author of " By Order of the Czar." Illus.,
12mo, pp. 327. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.50.
Doctor Warrick's Daughters. By Rebecca Harding Davis.
Illus., 12mo, pp. 301. Harper & Bros. $1.50.
Battlement and Tower. By Owen Rhoscomyl, author of
“The Jewel of Ynys Galon." Illus., 12mo, pp. 403.
Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.25.
An Isle in the Water. By Katharine Tynan (Mrs. H. A.
Hinkson). 12mo, pp. 221. Macmillan & Co. $1.25.
The Apotheosis of Mr. Tyrawley. By E. Livingston Pres-
cott. 12mo, pp. 248. Harper & Bros. $1.25.
The Man Who Became a Savage: A Story of Our Own
Times. By William T. Hornaday, author of "Two Years
in the Jungle.” Illus., 12mo, pp. 413. Buffalo: Peter
Paul Book Co. $1.50.
Herbert Gardenell, Jr., or, Yensie's Oldest Son. By Mrs.
S. R. Graham Clark, author of " Yensie Walton." Illus.,
12mo, pp. 348. Lothrop Pub'g Co. $1.50.
The X Jewel: A Scottish Romance of the Days of James VI.
By the Hon Frederick Moncreiff. 12mo, pp. 262. Har-
per & Bros. $1.25.
A Clover Wife. By W. Pett Ridge. 12mo, pp. 300. Har
per & Bros. $1.25.
The Old Town Pump: A Story of East and West. By Mar
garet Sidney, author of "The Five Little Peppers."
Illus., 12mo, pp. 386. Lothrop Pub'g Co. $1.25.
James Inwick, Ploughman and Elder. By P. Hay Hunter.
With glossary ; 12mo, pp. 194. Harper & Bros. $1.
Mrs. Romney. By Rosa Nouchette Carey, author of “But
Men Must Work." 16mo, pp. 215. J.B. Lippincott Co. $1.
Misther O'Ryan: An Incident in the History of a Nation.
By Edward McNulty. New edition ; 16mo, pp. 271. Ed-
ward Arnold. $1.
Papier Mâché. By Charles Allen. 16mo, gilt top, pp. 187.
Pioneer Series." Edward Arnold. $i.
Out of the Past. By E. Anson More, Jr., author of "The
Story of Christopher.” 12mo, pp. 248. Arena Pub'g Co.
$1.25.
Me an' Methuselar, and Other Episodes. By Harriet Ford.
With frontispiece, 12mo, uncut, pp. 84. Buffalo: Peter
Paul Book Co. $1.
Irralie's Bushranger: A Story of Australian Adventure.
By E. W. Hornung: 18mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 163. Chas.
Scribner's Sons. 75 cts.
Lives that came to Nothing. By Garrett Leigh, author
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“Iris Series," Macmillan & Co. 75 cts.
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Putnam's Hudson Library: The Crime of the Century, by
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Rand, McNally's Globe Library: The Woodlanders, by
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Lovell-Coryell's Illustrated Series: The Return of the
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TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
The Burman: His Life and Notions. By Shway Yoo, sub-
ject of the great Queen. 8vo, uncut, pp. 603. Macmillan
& Co. $3.75.
With Kelly to Chitral. By Lieut. W.G. L. Benyon, D.S.O.
Illus., 8vo, uncut, pp. 160. Edward Arnold.
Three Gringos in Venezuela and Central America. By
Richard Harding Davis. Ilus., 12no, pp. 282. Harper
& Bros. $1.50.
California of the South: A Complete Guide-Book. By
Walter Lindley, M.D., and J. P. Widney, A.M. Third
edition, rewritten ; illus., 12mo, pp. 335. D. Appleton &
Co. $2.
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STUDIES.
The Principles of Sociology: An Analysis of the Phenom-
ena of Association and of Social Organization. By Frank-
lin Henry Giddings, M.A. 8vo, gilt top, pp. 476. Mao-
millan & Co. $3,
The Coming Individualism. By A. Egmont Hake and 0.
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Moral Evolution. By George Harris. 12mo, gilt top, pp.
446. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $2.
Southern Quakers and Slavery: A Study in Constitutional
History. By Stephen B. Weeks, Ph.D. 8vo, uncut, pp.
400. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press.
Money in Politics. By J. K. Upton ; with Introduction by
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$1.25.
Strikes and Social Problems. By J. Shield Nicholson,
M.A. 12mo, uncut, pp. 238. Macmillan & Co. $1.25.
THEOLOGY AND RELIGION.
The Critical Handbook of the Greek New Testament.
By Edward C. Mitchell, D.D. New and enlarged edi-
tion ; illus., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 270. Harper & Bros.
$2.50.
A Commentary on the Gospel According to St. Mark.
By the Rev. Ezra P. Gould, S.T.D. 8vo, pp. 317. “The
International Critical Commentary." $2.50 net.
The Whence and the Whither of Man: Being the Morse
Lectures of 1895. By John M. Tyler. Illus., 12mo, pp.
312. Chas. Scribner's Sons. $1.75.
Browning and the Christian Faith: The Evidences of
Christianity from Browning's Point of View. By Edward
Berdoe. 12mo, uncut, pp. 233. Macmillan & Co. $1.75.
SCIENCE AND NATURE.
Greenland Icefields and Life in the North Atlantic, with
a
New Discussion of the Causes of the Ice Age. By G.
Frederick Wright, D.D., and Warren Upham, A.M.
Illus., 12mo, pp. 407. D. Appleton & Co. $2.
In New England Fields and Woods. By Rowland E. Rob-
inson. 16mo, pp. 287. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25.
The Royal Natural History. Edited by Richard Lydek-
ker, B.A. Parts 14, 15, and 16; each illus., large 8vo,
uncut. F. Warne & Co. Per part, 50 cts.
ART AND MUSIC.
A Handbook of Greek Sculpture. By Ernest Arthur
Gardner, M.A. Illus., 12mo, pp. 268. Macmillan & Co.
$1.25.
The Florentine Painters of the Renaissance, with an In-
dex to their Works.
By Bernhard Berenson, author of
"Lorenzo Lotto." With frontispiece, 12mo, gilt top, pp.
141. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.
The Evolution of Church Music. By Rev. F. Landon
Humphreys; with preface by the Rt. Rev. H. C. Potter,
D.D. 8vo, gilt top, pp. 179. Chas. Scribner's Sons.
$1.75 net.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Etidorhpa; or, The End of Earth. By John Uri Lloyd.
Second edition ; illus., 8vo, pp. 386. Robert Clarke Co.
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186
[March 16,
THE DIAL
CROWELL'S LIBRARY OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICS. Edited by Professor RICHARD T. ELY.
PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION.
By John R. COMMONS, Professor of Sociology in Syracuse University. One vol., v.+298 pp. With Diagram,
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THE DIAL
A Semi-fonthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
PAGE
193
.
.
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage
THE ARNOLD AFTERMATH.
prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries
comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must
The Book par excellence of the year 1895
be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the was the one that gave to the world the familiar
current number. REMITTANCES should be by check, or by express or
letters of Matthew Arnold. Addressed, for
postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBs and
for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application; the most part, to the members of his own house-
and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents, ADVERTISING RATEs furnished hold group, these letters were yet seen to have
on application. All communications should be addressed to
so varied a bearing, to touch with delicate sure
THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago.
hand upon so many of the subjects more for-
No. 235. APRIL 1, 1896. Vol. xx. mally discussed in his books, to throw side-
lights so suggestive upon the distinguished in-
CONTENTS.
tellectual personality of their writer, that they
were promptly hailed as being far more than a
THE ARNOLD AFTERMATH
charming contribution to epistolary literature,
AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN SECONDARY
as outstretching once more a hand previously
SCHOOLS COMPARED. B. A. Hinsdale 195 found helpful to men and women wandering
COMMUNICATIONS
196
amid the perplexities of the selva oscura of
Mr. Laurence Irving's Now Play. James Westfall modern thought. Since their publication, they
Thompson.
have called forth tributes of affectionate ap-
King Arthur," F. I. Carpenter.
preciation from some of the keenest critics
"A Crisis in Public Education." Duane Mowry.
“The Midsummer of Italian Art." Frank P. Stearns.
and finest spirits of our time, and in all the
The Department Organization at Stanford Univer chorus of grateful praise there have been but
sity. Arley Barthlow Show.
few discordant notes. One of the most gener-
BALLADE. A. T. Schuman
199 ous and eloquent estimates of Arnold's work
TWO VIEWS OF BISMARCK. Charles H. Cooper . 200
in its totality is that just contributed to “The
EARLY WRITING IN CRETE AND NEIGHBOR-
Nineteenth Century” by Mr. Frederic Harri-
ING LANDS. F. B. Tarbell
202 son, an estimate not made with particular ref-
A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY. Arthur Burn-
erence to the “Letters,"yet doubtless prompted
ham Woodford
203 by their publication, and by the feeling that it
RECENT BOOKS OF ENGLISH POETRY. William
is time to make at least a tentative effort to de-
Morton Payne
205
termine the position of their writer in the liter-
Miss Rossetti's New Poems.-Mrs. Meynell's Poems. ature which he adorned for so many years. In
- Blunt's Esther.-Stoddart's The Death-Wake.-
Yeats's Poems.- Blackmore's Fringilla.— Watson's
our epoch, opinion concerning the dead crystal-
The Father of the Forest.--Davidson's Fleet Street lizes more rapidly than it used to, and the judg-
Eclogues.- Mrs. Marriott - Watson's Verpertilia. ment of posterity may be anticipated with some-
Mrs. Marriott - Watson's A Summer Night.- Miss
Radford's Songs.- Miss Blind's Birds of Passage.-
thing more of confidence than formerly.
Thompson's Sister Songs.— Newton-Robinson's
The Recurring for a moment to the “ Letters”
Viol of Love. – Austin's England's Darling.- Ar themselves, it may be said that they have done
nold's The Tenth Muse.
much to fix for us a personality more gracious
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS .
211
than was at all times reflected from the
Sketches of Paris under the Terror.- Two important
books on church history. - The improvement of
• Works." We see more clearly than before
American ideals.- Thoughts on poetry and poets. - the simple and lovable core of the man's char-
A successful handbook of Greek sculpture. — Com-
acter; we see that the heart was unaffected if
pletion of the definitive edition of Poe. - A soldier
and martyr of the Revolution. — The philosophy of
the intellect sometimes found expression in
English literature.- A vindication of Warren Hast. mannerisms; we see how mythical is the notion
ings. A new treatment of the Song of Solomon.-
Modern German lyrics.
that anything like superciliousness was charac-
teristic of his attitude toward his fellows; we
BRIEFER MENTION
214
see how unreservedly his life was given to the
LITERARY NOTES
215
service of mankind, how little he thought of
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS
216 himself and how much he thought of his ideals.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
216 | This kindly lover of beasts and birds and flow-
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
•


194
(April 1,
THE DIAL
ers, this affectionate son and tender father, this scious Comtist, it is provocative of something
gentle critic who dealt so urbanely with every broader than the mere smile of amusement.
form of rhetorical and political and ethical On the other hand, Mr. Harrison does ample
humbug, this whole image of the man himself justice to Arnold the poet and critic, voicing
as he appears in his letters, is as unlike as pos what we cannot but believe will
prove
substan-
sible to the counterfeit presentment which the tially the estimate of the future. Arnold's
newspapers so sedulously sought to impose poetry, we are told, “ is almost certain to gain
upon their readers as genuine portraiture. a wider audience, and to grow in popularity
One thing, in particular, was never clearly and influence." These are just words of the
understood before the appearance of the “ Let poet, and equally just is Mr. Harrison's ac-
ters.” The public knew Arnold as the brilliant count of the critic. 6 Not that Arnold was
essayist and exquisite poet, as the apostle of invariably right, or that all his judgments are
culture and the ardent advocate of the things unassailable. His canons were always right;
of the spirit; it knew him hardly at all as the but it is not in mortals to apply them unerringly
hard-working inspector of schools. It knew to men and to things. . . . I accept his decis
that, like Milton's, his “soul was like a star ions in the main for all English poetry, and on
and dwelt apart ”; it did not realize that also, general questions of style. ... Arnold's piece
for all this spiritual isolation, his heart "the on • The Study of Poetry'... should be pre-
lowliest duties on herself did lay.” When we served in our literature as the norma or canon
read of the years of incessant drudgery conse of right opinion about poetry, as we preserve
quent upon his inspectorship, of his visits to the standard coins in the Pyx, or the standard
countless schools and his marking of countless yard in the old Jewel-house at Westminster."
examination papers, it does seem as if England This is not saying too much, if it be understood
might have found a worthier use for the talents that allowance is made for the errors of the
of so exceptional a man. But we quickly re- personal equation. A few of these errors crept
flect, on the other hand, that it is precisely into Arnold's books, and a number of others are
such thankless work as this that calls most im to be detected in his letters. As Mr. Harrison
peratively for the finest qualities of mind and aptly remarks of the latter," a great critic, like
heart, that the supreme test of social usefulness the Pope, is infallible only when he is speak-
is met only by those who are content to do the ing ex cathedra, on matters of faith."
work that lies at hand, the work that escapes American feeling for Arnold has always
careless observation, yet endures because of the been affected by the sense that he was not alto-
single-hearted faithfulness of its performance. gether just to our civilization. He seemed to
The world is slowly coming to recognize how detect our faults more readily than our virtues.
important were Arnold's contributions to polit- It is true that his attitude became noticeably
ical and religious discussion, although many modified after he had seen America with his
writers are still found to carp at his methods own eyes, but his earlier utterances had excited
and results. Even Mr. Harrison, who does a hostility that was not so easily to be allayed.
ample justice to the literary critic and the poet, There is some slight justification for the resent-
cannot refrain from bringing against Arnold ment that Americans have felt for his attitude,
the old charge of dilettantism in these other although there is none for the manner in which
matters, from pretending that he was without they have given expression to the failing. The
a “scheme of dominant ideas." We refuse to publication of the “ Letters," also, was some-
believe that Mr. Harrison has been so imposed thing of an indiscretion as far as the American
upon by Arnold's playfulness of manner as section of the correspondence is concerned.
really to think that the great critic was only The editor was not as careful in expunging
taking a few random shots when he entered the allusions that might prove irritating to Amer-
field of political and religious controversy. Be- icans as he was in the case of allusions to liv-
cause Arnold refused to talk about theology ing Englishmen. The instances are trivial
and politics in a dull pedantic fashion, and enough, yet Arnold himself would never in the
thereby defeat his main object, he must, for world have permitted some of these things to
sooth, be treated with condescension by men get into print. As for his general estimate of
whose influence upon thought in these very do American civilization, we are minded to repro-
mains has been far inferior to his own. The duce a significant passage from a letter dated
implication is an amusing one. As for Mr. 1877. “That wonderful creature, the British
Harrison's attempt to prove Arnold an uncon Philistine, has been splashing about during this


1896.]
195
THE DIAL
war in a way more than worthy of himself. schools bad? is expanded into the broader one, Why
That is what is peculiar to England and what is our secondary education as a whole bad?
misleads foreigners ; there is no country in the
This question has been much discussed the last
world where so much nonsense becomes so pub-
few years, and in the course of the discussion it
lic, and so appears to stand for the general voice
has been discovered that, in large part, the trouble
of the nation, determining the government.
lies below the secondary-school level. The Har-
vard Committee and Professor Goodwin tend to ex-
Unfortunately for us, the situation here de-
cuse the secondary teachers from blame for the bad
scribed is not peculiar to England, for it is
preparation of students for college. The trouble,
even more characteristic of the United States.
they say, is with the “system.” This is extending
What a pity that Arnold did not recognize this the investigation to the elementary schools, which
fact, and keep it constantly in mind when he leads to the remark that the shortening and enrich-
set out to discuss American civilization! Hadening of the elementary course has been a favorite
he done so, many heart-burnings would have topic at educational meetings and in educational
been spared, and the few vulnerable points in journals for some time past. I shall set down
his critical armor would have been one the less.
very briefly what appear to me to be the principal
reasons why the American boy of nineteen, consid-
ered as a scholar, is two years in the rear of the
German, French, or English boy of the same age.
AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN SECOND-
1. The courses of study that lead French and
ARY SCHOOLS COMPARED.*
German boys to the university have been brought to
a high degree of perfection. The studies have been
The recent report made by the Committee on 80 selected and so coördinated that time is saved all
Composition and Rhetoric to the Board of Over- along the line. For example, in the German gym-
seers of Harvard College, and the comments that it nasium Latin begins at ten and Greek at twelve,
has called out in the press, have again directed the while modern languages are brought in at an early
public attention to the comparative merits of sec stage, thus assisting materially the mastery of Ger-
ondary education in the United States and in the
man. The gymnasium is not a finishing school, but
leading countries of Western Europe. There ap every step from the first one is bent toward the uni-
pears to be no doubt that the average American versity. Practically the same may be said of the
student, at the age of nineteen, brought up in the French and English schools. In the United States,
secondary schools, is behind the English or Conti. on the other hand, secondary courses of study have
nental student of the same age in ability to compose not been as well thought out and tested. Moreover,
in his mother tongue and in ability to perform other the double function of many of our schools, and par-
scholastic work. Professor Goodwin says that boys ticularly of high schools, has impaired their effi-
of that age who come to Harvard College in most ciency in both spheres. Reference is made, of
are barely prepared to pass an examination course, to the fact that these schools are at the same
which boys of sixteen or seventeen would find easy time finishing schools for life and fitting schools for
work in England, Germany, France, or Switzer-college. To be sure, the courses of study intended
land.” He says, further, that at “Westminster for the two purposes more or less vary. Whether
School, London, boys of from fifteen to eighteen this impairment of the American school is inherent
are studying Homer, Æschylus, Sophocles, Euri-
in the system or is due to defective coordination,
pides, Aristophanes, Lysius, Plato, Lucretius, Ter need not be considered here.
ence, Horace, Cicero, St. Augustine, St. Cyril, with The facts may be put in another way. In Eu-
algebra, trigonometry, conic sections, statics, and
ropean countries schools are based on the existing
dynamics." Much of this work is not required social organization. The aim is to provide educa-
for admission to Oxford and Cambridge, but it tion for those youths who will pass out of school at
counts for honors. The Professor says further: thirteen or fourteen years
of
age,
for those who will
“ There is no hope of a substantial change for the pass out of it at eighteen or nineteen, and for those
better until the elementary studies which now occupy who are destined for the higher institutions of in-
the time from fifteen to nineteen are put back where struction. These pupils are not all taught together as
they belong, so that young men can devote them far as the first class go, and the remainder are not
selves in earnest to studies which belong to their all taught together as far as the second class go, but
age." From this point of view, therefore, the ques to a great extent are separate almost from the time
tion, Why is the English teaching in our secondary that they go to school, and are taught with refer-
* Report of the Committee on Composition and Rhetoric to
ence to their supposed destination. All kinds of
the Board of Overseers of Harvard College, April, 1895.-
pupils may be taught together for the first three
College English,” “The Nation," Sept. 26, 1895, p. 219.– years, but this is not necessarily, or indeed com-
"School English," W. W. Goodwin, "The Nation," Oct. 24,
monly, the case. This is what may be called the
1895, p. 291.-"School English,” C.F. Adams,“ The Nation,"
Oct. 31, 1895, p. 309.-"College English,” Caskie Harrison,
“three-pyramid plan " of organizing schools. “The
"The Nation,"Oct. 31, 1895, p. 310.--"A Plea for the Study of three courses of instruction,” says Dr. Fitch, "pri-
Latin Grammar," X., “The Nation," Nov. 21, 1895, p. 362. mary, secondary, and higher, may be compared to
cases


196
[April 1,
THE DIAL
with a
three pyramids of different sizes, though all in their dents a more select body then than they are now?
way symmetrical and perfect; but you cannot take Did they not better represent the highest cultivation
the apex of the larger pyramid and set it on the of the country? Have not the great increase of
top of the smaller. You may indeed fit on, wealth, the enormous material improvements that
certain practical convenience, the top of the higher have been effected, and the growth of population,
scheme of education to the truncated system of the together with the democratizing of society, tended
lower, provided you go low enough,” etc. Our State appreciably to make American college students, as a
school systems are organized on the one-pyramid whole, a more heterogeneous class of persons ? To
plan. The comparative merits of the two plans for my mind there is some reason for answering these
general purposes is a topic aside from the present questions in the affirmative. B. A. HINSDALE.
purpose. But the three-pyramid plan has two ob-
vious advantages. One is that courses of instruc-
tion can be made out with sole reference to com-
COMMUNICATIONS.
pleteness in themselves, and the other that the abler
pupils, who are the ones destined for college as a MR. LAURENCE IRVING'S NEW PLAY.
rule, are put by themselves, and so can move, even
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
in elementary studies, at their own natural rate of The ethics of the drama is a subject which, in spite
speed. How far our social conditions would justify of the popularity of the stage from the days of ancient
an attempt to reorganize our schools on this plan, Greece down to our own time, has not become trite, for
and how far studies that are now taught exclusively bare, some new
play of more than passing merit brings
whenever the subject seems to have been worn thread-
in the secondary schools can be brought down into
the elementary grades, are very interesting ques-
the question again to the front. Such a drama is
“Godefroi and Yolande.” The highest function of the
tions. For one, I look with confidence to the expe-
drama is to educate - to be a moral factor in society.
riments now being made in the second direction.
A play which is merely serving the ends of art may be
2. The teachers in the foreign schools, as a class, very admirable in its way, but it is not rising to the
are superior to ours. They are better prepared to highest privilege of the drama. Still, no objection could
do their work, and they do it better. This prepara reasonably be made. But when the art of the drama
tion includes better scholarship, more distinct ideals, is used to create a wrong moral effect, it is right to
and superior teaching ability. These teachers know protest. Nothing is now said as to the morale of the
just what is expected of them, and know they will
play; that is not the matter in question. The point is,
be held responsible for the result. It is needless
that when the stage holds the mirror up to history, and
almost to refer to the fact that, as an average, they
then does not reflect the facts of history but distorts
the truth, it is perverting the legitimate purposes of
pursue their work for a much longer period of time
the drama. The only exception can be in case of no
than our teachers.
moral complication in the event, or when the higher
3. National tone is a not unimportant factor in motive is conveyed through a species of moral me-
the question. The industrial, commercial, and po tonymy or symbolism. If Mr. Laurence Irving, who
litical tension of American society is the highest is the author of “Godefroi and Yolande," intended the
known in the world. In this respect we are keyed
physical affliction of the beautiful courtesan to be sym-
up to the highest note. But in science, philosophy,
bolic of moral leprosy, then, perhaps, objection might be
and literature — that is, in the intellectual sphere
stayed; but unfortunately such intention
if it were
intended - is out-pointed by other issues of the drama.
proper - our tension is distinctly lower than that
The plot of the play in question, which is laid in
of England, France, or Germany. The average medieval France in the reign of Philippe le Bel (1285–
intelligence may be as high in this country, or even 1314) is briefly this: Yolande, a beautiful woman of
higher, but our higher culture, so called, is of a the court, is loved by her secretary, Godefroi. But in
lower grade. The high intellectual tension of the an evil hour she is discovered to be a leper. This dis-
educated class abroad is felt in the schools. There covery is made by accident and in the presence of the
now lies before me a description of a German gym-
king and his brother, who is an archbishop. A scene of
nasium written by a student of my acquaintance
consternation ensues. The unhappy woman is deserted by
who passed through it, and I doubt whether there
all her friends, even by her waiting-women, and is driven
forth into the world with the curse of the king and the
is a city in the United States where a school with
anathema of the Church upon her. Her lover, preferring
such a regimen could be maintained.
a living death to life apart from her, follows her to join
What has been said about general culture is par the unhappy ranks of the “unclean.” The dramatic in-
ticularly applicable to the language-arts,- speech, tensity, the almost obtrusive realism, so impress the be-
reading, and composition,—which are a very delicate holder that he is, unless he be upon his guard, likely to
test of personal cultivation; and I do not hesitate be filled with horror for an age so harsh. The Middle
to avow the opinion that the relatively low standard Ages were narrow, bigoted, intolerant, but this partic-
of culture prevailing in the country, including teach-
ular form of intolerance cannot be charged against them.
This conception of the attitude of the Middle Ages
ers as well as pupils, is in large measure the cause
towards lepers is neither warranted by the facts of gen-
of the low state of these arts in the schools. There
eral history, nor by the particular episode upon which
is perhaps reason to think that the average cultiva-
“Godefroi and Yolande” is based, and in the interest
tion of college students, including English, is lower of truth the play ought not to pass without explanation.
than it was fifty years ago.
Were not college stu The immediate source whence the plot is derived is


1896.]
197
THE DIAL
-
99
an event related in the Grandes Chroniques de France for the monastery of Bec, in Normandy, in the time of
the year 1505 as follows:
Anselm, was the retreat of a powerful noble
of Flanders,
“En ce temps-là estoyt dans ce pays grand nombre de ladres who was suffering from leprosy. Louis VI. made no
ot de meseanlı, ce dont le roy eut grand desplaisir, veu que less than twelve grants of money or of land for the sup-
Dieu dust en estre moult griefvement courroucé. Ores il ad port of leper colonies. In 1201 Philip Augustus legis-
vint qu'une noble damoyselle appelée Yolande de Sallières lated in favor of the lepers of Meulan and Corbeil, and
estant atteincte et touste guasteé de ce vilain mal, tous ses instances might be multiplied of kings so doing in En-
amys et ses parens ayant devant leurs yeux la paour de Dieu
gland and Italy also. St. Francis established two leper
la firent issir fors de leurs maisons et oncques ne voulurent
recepvoir ni reconforter chose mauldicte de Dieu et à tous les
hospitals, and their betterment was an avowed object of
hommes puants et abhominable. . . . Ung seul clerc qui feat
the Order. To wash the feet of lepers, in the Middle
premièrement son lacquays et son entremetteur en matière Ages, was considered to be an act of supreme self-
d'amour la reçut chez luy et en récéla dans une petite cabane. humiliation. To one acquainted with the character of
La mourut la meschinette de grande misère et de male mort: mediæval thought this is not strange. Everything in
et après elle décéda ledist clerc qui pour grand amour l'avoyt that day was looked at from the point of view of the
six mois durant soignée, lavée, habillée et deshabillée tous les
Church. In the eyes of the men of that time lepers were
jours de ses mains propres. . . . Aussy est-il mort de ceste
pauperes Christi — Christ's poor,
mesme maladie abhominable. Cecy advint près Fontaine-
the heirs of the afflic-
bellant en Gastinois. Et quant ouyt le roy Philippe ceste ad-
tion of the Lazarus of Christ's parable, whose malady
venture moult en estoyt esmerveillé."*
as that of Job also the popular idea confounded
with leprosy. The extent to which this conception was
This is a frail foundation upon which to base so elab-
carried may be appreciated when the reader is made
orate a movement. It might, however, be allowed, aware that in the mediæval version, Isaiah 53:4, “We
if no greater violence to history were done than this.
did esteem Him stricken, smitten of God and afflicted,"
But this is not the case, and it is for this reason that is rendered, “ Nos putavimus Eum leprosum, percussum
a positive wrong is inflicted. If history is philosophy
a Deo et humiliatum.”
teaching by example,” then ought we of to-day to profit
Throughout the Middle Ages, we find Church and
by the teaching: because the men of that day were
government coöperating in the interest of lepers. As
narrow, so ought we to be broad; because they were in- beggers they were a privileged class, recognized by
tolerant, so ought we to be tolerant; because they were royal writ, while ordinary beggars were proscribed.
bigoted, so ought we to be catholic. “Godefroi and
There are instances in which lepers were confounded
Yolande violates the moral facts of history, and with the Jews, and persecuted accordingly; a notable
the world cannot afford, even in the interests of art, to
case of this sort was in the reign of Philip VI., but this
falsify such truths; moral ideas are too great and too
occurrence was an exception and not the rule. Acts
potent to be translated to a lower plane, and this must
against lepers were ordinarily dictated by sanitary con-
needs be so in case of a drama founded upon history, in siderations, and were not the result of popular prejudice.
which the truth is sacrificed to art, for after all, art is Miss Terry cannot afford to sanction with the seal of
artificial, truth is natural, and it is the truth that shall her art a work which conveys so unjust an impression.
set us free.
“Godefroi and Yolande" is based upon a fundamental
The medieval Church, far from anathematizing the
error, and that a moral misconception. The mediæval
leper-class, afforded them protection and support. The Church, for all its imperfections and evil, was quite the
monasteries and convents were both hospitals and char- grandest institution that the world has ever seen in ideal
itable institutions, where the sick were cared for, or conception, in breadth of application, in efficiency of
food and clothing distributed to the poor. In France administration. If it be true, as Young said, that " The
in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, the number of course of Nature is the art of God," then the cultiva-
charitable houses rapidly increased, not alone in the tion of truth should be the practice of men. Every crea-
towns, but in the rural districts as well. The general tion is the product of a development from the low to
movement which determined such foundations was es-
the high, from the general to the special, from the plain
sentially a religious one. Seigneurs, bishops, bourgeois, to the complex. The true lesson of the drama, as it is
founded a house of God or a hospital for the safety of of life, is a lesson of moral evolution.
their souls. Such houses were generally erected near a
JAMES WESTFALL THOMPSON.
church or by the gate of a monastery. Others, which en-
The University of Chicago, March 18, 1896.
joyed the role of an inn, were located along the grand
routes of travel, by ferries or in mountain passes. When
leprosy became prevalent in Western Europe, owing to
“ KING ARTHUR."
the Crusades, special institutions for the accommodation
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
of lopers were provided. Neither the Church nor the
Readers of Mrs. McMahan's valuable résumé of EQ-
government was intolerant of them, but on the contrary glish dramatic literature dealing with the legend of
looked to their comfort and protection more than in the
Arthur, in the issue of THE DIAL for March 16, may
case of other dependent classes. Louis le Gros in the
be interested to know that the old play entitled “The
twelfth century founded the leper-house of St. Lazarus,
Birth of Merlin " is accessible in the English version in
under the direction of the Bishop of Paris, which for
at least two modern reprints, viz., in No. IV. of Warnke
centuries afterwards was favored by king and pope. The and Proescholdt's Pseudo-Shakespearian Plays (Halle,
chronicles of the time afford many instances of the interest
1887), and in Delius' Pseudo-Shakspere'sche Dramen
of kings in the welfare of lepers. Guillaume de Nangis, (Elberfeld, 1856). “The Misfortunes of Arthur”.may
the biographer of St. Louis, tells of the good king's visit be consulted not only in Collier's “ Five Old Plays,” but
to a monk of the abbey of Royaumont who was a leper; in the still more accessible form of Hazlitt's edition of
* Mr. Swinburne has appropriated this episode in “The
Dodsley's “Old English Plays” (London, 1874), Vol. IV.
Leper," but the poet has conformed to the truth of history
F. I. CARPENTER.
more than has the playright.
University of Chicago, March 17, 1896.
99


198
(April 1,
THE DIAL
the largest numbers; and is, in an especial sense, the
“A CRISIS IN PUBLIC EDUCATION."
particular school for the people and the whole people.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
It is fit that for the highest excellence in the instruc-
I have been much interested in your editorial, “A tional force in this particular field the compensation
Crisis in Public Education," in THE DIAL for March 16, should be commensurate with the work.
and while I recognize in it much that is true, some
DUANE MOWRY.
statements are made to which I cannot subscribe. Pass Milwaukee, March 18, 1896.
ing its mere local reference to school affairs in Chicago,
with which I am not familiar, let us examine some of
[We did not assert, or intend to imply, that the
its more general statements.
“higher kind of school work” is done solely in the
You suggest that “when educational affairs become
teaching of the older pupils. It may, as you say,
a subject of popular discussion, it is nearly always found be done anywhere in the course.
Nor did we say
that a certain undercurrent of narrow and prejudiced that, “ as a rule,” newspapers attack what is best
or ignorant thought comes to the surface, and has con in a school system.
We said that they “may too
siderable influence in shaping the final decision. The often be counted upon” to do so. In Chicago, they
newspapers may too often be counted upon to lead the
have done it over and over again, with a disastrous
attack upon whatever is most valuable in a public-school
effect upon public opinion. For example, in dis-
system."
cussing the very editorial upon which you comment,
It may be conceded that"
“narrow, prejudiced," and
they have treated it as if it were mainly a defence
“ignorant thought,” when it enters the domain of pub-
lic affairs, is always unfortunate, prima facie. But I
of the high school, whereas it is so only incidentally;
shall contend that it is far better to have this so than
then, having produced this false impression, they
to shut off the “popular discussion ” of any question
have deliberately suppressed the leading argument
pertaining to public matters in whatever branch of our for the high schools, which is that these schools pro-
government. For what is a Democracy without such vide the teachers in the lower schools with nearly
“ discussions "? It should be the particular business of all the pedagogical training they get before enter-
the broad-minded, unprejudiced, and wise to see that ing upon their profession.- EDRS. DIAL.]
“the final decision” is not so “shaped ” as to unfavor-
ably affect the largest and best interests of the public.
The fact that the latter are more fully and completely
“THE MIDSUMMER OF ITALIAN ART.”
in touch with all phases of the question under discussion
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
ought to assure them an easy victory.
I have read Mr. G. B. Rose's criticisms on my book
I cannot believe that, as a rule,“ newspapers lead in in your issue for March 1, and I trust you will accord
the attack upon whatever is most valuable in a public me a sufficient space in self-defence.
school system.” Indeed, I am of the firm faith that the Dr. Johnson once said to Boswell: “If I tell you
very reverse is true, as a rule. I am aware that the there are no apples in that orchard, and there comes a
political press is guilty of enough mistakes, but I do prying fellow who finds half a dozen on different trees,
not believe that one of its sins is that charged in the he does not, for all that, controvert my statement."
foregoing remark. I have in mind several instances The experience of Macaulay, Freeman, Carlyle, Emer-
where newspapers took the initiative in effecting gen son, and Matthew Arnold, besides a host of lesser writ-
uine school reform, and this was done, in some cases, in ers, would seem to prove that it is impossible to write
the very face of a strong adverse sentiment. I believe history and biography without making mistakes in mat-
the friends of public education have less to fear from ters of fact. Among the host of lesser writers we shall
the intelligently conducted newspaper than they have be obliged to place Mr. Rose, who has made more mis-
from a large number of their own class, who may be takes in his short letter to THE DIAL than I believe
sincere and honest, but are impractical, over-zealous, and can be found in three hundred pages of my book on the
ofttimes “ narrow.
great masters; but even if his statement were all cor-
You
say that one of the chief points of popular attack rect, they are of such an unimportant kind that the won-
is upon the salaries paid for the higher kinds of work der is that he should have wasted ink and paper upon
in the public schools. And you add that it is an illus them.
tration of an intellectual defect that seems inherent in In the first place, he considers my criticism of the
democracy, of the inability to understand why one man's Miraculous Draft of Fishes, – that is, that the boat is
services should be so much more valuable than an too near the shore for catching sizable fish,
as a sin-
other's."
gular limitation on our Lord's miraculous powers. Now,
There is some truth in the comments you offer on this I do not question the power of Christ to make fish walk
question. But it is not the whole truth. In my judg out of the water; but the problem is, where were
ment, “higher kinds” of educational work can be and Christ's disciples likely to cast their nets. If they had
are often done in the very lowest and primary grades expected a miracle,
or any exception occurrence, would
of school work. And this “ higher kind of school work” Peter have said, “ Lord I am a miserable sinner.” To
should be paid accordingly, because of the high quality make a mistake of fact is one thing; to try to prove a
of the work performed. But “a graduated tax," which mistake of fact by a flimsy and sophistical argument is
you justly term “insidious” and “most dangerous," quite another thing.
makes such compensation impossible. I am one who Mr. Rose states that the windows of the Antecollegio
should be glad to see, and will hail with supreme satis in the Ducal palace look out on a court-yard, and that
faction, the day when the largest excellence and the the Adriatic is not visible from them. One would doubt,
greatest proficiency is attained in the lower grades of from this, if Mr. Rose had ever been in Venice. The
school work. For this is that part of our public school windows of the Antecollegio look out on the piazetta, and
system nearest to the masses; is the part most used by there is nothing between them and the Lido. As all the


1896.]
199
THE DIAL
buildings on that side are on a line with the Ducal pal- college. He graduates from the department, as the
ace, the reader will perceive that some small portion of English university man from his college. And so far
the Adriatic must be visible from it.
as can be seen, the system conserves every good ele-
Mr. Rose's supposition that the statue called Il Pen ment of the English system, while it avoids many of
seroso was a portrait of Lorenzo dei Medici is an old the dangers inherent in the college plan. The personal
error that was corrected by Professor Grimm thirty relations between teacher and student are most direct
years ago. If he will examine Grimm's Life of Michel and intimate. There is no waste of forces through du-
Angelo he will find a full explanation of the matter, and plication of equipment or instruction. There is no need
the conclusive reasons for the true facts of the case. to parcel out endowments, since the department in its
After refuting two such blunders, why should I take entirety is but an integral factor of the whole university.
time to make any further reply to Mr. Rose ? I am There is no weakening of loyalty to the university.
ready to admit, however, that I may be somewhat in The gain, through the unity thus imparted to the stu-
error with regard to Raphael's Disputa. That and the dent's course, through the sponsorship which the depart-
Madonna of the Grand Duke are two important pic ment exercises on his behalf, is very great.
tures which I happened to overlook. Of late years the The other fundamental principle of the system here
works of art in Italian cities have been greatly changed in force is the creation of a genuine university spirit
about. I can obtain the testimony of many witnesses to through the use of administrative committees drawn
prove that Leonardo's Medusa was formerly in the Tri from all departments. All questions of policy and dis-
buna. In regard to the David of Michel Angelo, I have cipline and outside relations fall into the hands of such
only said that about twenty years ago the statue was committees. Through their activities, as well as through
placed within the Palazzo Vecchio for its better pre other means, department keeps in touch with depart-
servation. This is the truth, and who cản tell what the ment, and a strong sense of oneness is created.
Italian government will do with it next? Neither have The time is perhaps yet too short to predict the pos-
I stated that one of Michel Angelo's Captives is in the sibilities of this system, but its practical workings thus
Boboli gardens. I said it was there formerly; and if far tend to make those acquainted with it very sanguine.
Mr. Rose will look in Black's biography of Angelo he It is doubtful if any institution in the land with an en-
will find a corroboration of my statement.
rollment of a thousand students operates so smoothly
“My lords, I am amazed at the attack the noble duke and satisfactorily. Many believe that this experiment
has made upon me." Why should a man in Arkansas points out the most feasible lines of progress for the
feel such a lively animosity against a man in Massa future administrative system of the American university.
chusetts, whom he has never seen, and in regard to a
ARLEY BARTHLOW SAOW.
subject four thousand miles away? We fly to art and Stanford University, Cal., March 2, 1896.
poetry to escape the disagreeableness of polities in prac-
tical affairs. There cannot be anything in my book that
has so excited Mr. Rose's ire.
“ The Midsummer of Italian Art" was purchased by
BALLADE.
the National Library of Florence, at the suggestion of
an Italian scholar, before I was aware that the book was
O quaint Ballade, I wonder why
for sale in Italy. I can assure Mr. Rose that not one
Such toil it is to fashion thee!
word of my book was written in a New England village. By dainty twist and turn I try
FRANK P. STEARNS.
To make the sense and sound agree;
Arlington Heights, Mass., March 18, 1896.
But rhymes are birds, and often flee
When most we think them in the snare:
THE DEPARTMENT ORGANIZATION AT
Return, O winged words, to me,
STANFORD UNIVERSITY.
And sweetly sing and fleetly fare!
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
I watch the stars that walk the sky,
Your suggestive editorial on "A University Sympo-
They tell of bright eternity;
sium” in THE DIAL (Feb. 16) assumes perhaps a little The eerie shadows brush me by,
too readily that the solution of our educational prob-
I marvel what their trend may be;
lem, in the matter of administration, must come through
A brief breeze startles yonder tree,
the adaptation of the college idea, or not at all. Is it Of lisp of leaf I am aware: -
not quite possible that American experience may strike
Come, cadence crisp and silvery,
out some wholly new idea, which shall provide for us a
And sweetly sing and fleetly fare!
much better system than any form of old world organ-
I wander wbere the waves are nigh,
ization can give ? Many of us believe that Leland Stan-
And list the voices of the sea;
ford Junior University is working out an experiment
The vivid plunging billows ply
along that line full of significance for the future.
The shining shores in foamy glee;
The organization of this institution rests on two prin-
To win a sudden simile,
ciples. In the first place, the unit of organization is the
I note the white gull cleave the air:
department. The courses of study are wholly elective.
O flitting thoughts, be fond and free,
Each student, however, must elect one branch of learn-
And sweetly sing and fleetly fare!
ing as his major subject. And that election at once
ENVOY.
fixes his relations to the university. The department
in which he takes his major study becomes the centre
I woo the vast, the weird, the wee;
of all his work; bis “major professor” is his chief ad-
More, dear Ballade, I may not dare: -
viser, and has large discretion in shaping his course of
My farewell take for final fee,
study and overseeing his interests in all respects. Thus
And sweetly sing and fleetly fare!
the department stands for the student in the place of a
A. T. SCHUMAN.


200
[April 1,
THE DIAL
He once
of Metternich, one needed only to jog the bell
The New Books.
occasionally to keep it ringing.
Some of Bismarck's judgments of his con-
Two VIEWS OF BISMARCK.*
temporaries are interesting. Of Gladstone he
said that he had so long played with words that
Two volumes before us, Mr. Lowe's “ Bis-
now the words played with him; and at another
marck's Table Talk” and “Studies in Diplo- time, that if, in the course of his whole life, he
macy,” from the French of Count Benedetti
, had inflicted upon Germany half the ignoring
interesting in themselves, are doubly interest-
and weakness which Mr. Gladstone inflicted
ing when read together, for they interpret the
upon England in the course of four years, he
history of the last third of a century from ex would not have had the courage to look his
actly opposite points of view. Each author
makes Bismarck the central figure in that his- III. he said : “ He was not lacking in intelli-
countrymen in the face again. Of Napoleon
tory, his brain and craft the source of the plans gence, but this intelligence wanted edge. He
that have led Europe into three wars, created
possessed a source of great power- an unshak-
a German nation, brought about one combina- able belief in himself, in his star. He deemed
tion after another on the diplomatic chess himself equal to anything, and brooded over
board. But while one sees in him not only the most fantastic schemes.” Gambetta he
genius and success but also a beneficent patriot spoke of as “ this briefless barrister, whose
and friend of peace and civilization, the other
whole political outfit consists of some coffee-
sees in him the evil genius of Europe whose house cackle and three Chamber speeches
dark ambition and selfish craft have needlessly stuffed with liberal phrases.” “Of professors
caused the death of tens of thousands of men,
in politics Bismarck had a holy horror. You
and brought upon not only Germany but all
must not take me for a Heidelberg professor,'
the nations of the Continent the burdens be-
he once said to Prince Napoleon.'
neath which they are staggering to-day, the tax restrained a guest from refuting one of these
ation and militarism that are crushing their
gentlemen. “ Pray do n't trouble yourself; if
peoples.
you will only have patience for two or three
Mr. Lowe's volume is a selection from the minutes, the learned Herr Professor will con-
four bulky volumes of Bismarck's table-talk by tradict himself in the most brilliant manner.'
Herr von Poschinger, edited and annotated. It
And the history of Germany shows that he as
follows the lines of his biographies of Bismarck,
a practical statesman was not without reason
from the chancellor's boyhood to his fall in
in regarding the professors as impracticable
1890. Another volume is promised which will idealists.
contain the complaints, criticisms, and revela Bismarck, in his moments of depression, pro-
tions of the dethroned statesman. Bismarck tested his hatred for politics, though it is evi-
has been a famous talker. His intense mental dent that politics was his passion throughout
activity and unbounded confidence in his own his active life. “I never thought that in my
opinions, his keen observation and insight, his riper years I should be obliged to carry on such
high position and great success, his cynical
an unworthy trade as that of Parliamentary
frankness, and his impulse to the free expres- Minister. I have come down in the world, I
sion of whatever was in his mind, have made hardly know how.” And late in life he lamented
his conversation full of interest and individu- that he had found but small pleasure or satis-
ality. Rarely has his table been without guests, faction from his political activity.
“ Had it
and as rarely have his guests departed without
not been for me, there would have been three
some new insight into public affairs and into great wars the less, the lives of eighty thousand
their host's many-sided genius. Like the con men would not have been sacrificed ; and many
versation of other great talkers, Bismarck's was
parents, brothers, sisters, and widows, would
more a monologue than an interchange of
not now be mourners. That, however, I have
thought, a sparkling, rippling stream of fact, settled with my Maker.” Though one can
thought, fancy, and wit. As he himself said hardly conceive it possible, he often expressed
* BISMARCK'S TABLE TALK, Edited, with an Introduction a longing for the work of the soldier rather than
and Notes, by Charles Lowe, M.A. With Portrait. Phila that of the civilian.
delphia: J. B. Lippincott Co.
He is a thorough believer in monarchy. Uni-
STUDIES IN DIPLOMACY. From the French of Count Ben-
edetti, French Ambassador at the Court of Berlin. With
versal suffrage he once described as “the gov .
Portrait. New York: Macmillan & Co.
ernment of a house by its nursery,” adding,


1896.]
201
THE DIAL
-
“You can do anything with children if you violently overthrown the old and natural rela-
only play with them.” It is evident that he tions between the states, and having arrayed
could not have done what he did if he had been them in hostile and suspicious groups, making
fine-grained and sensitive, yet the coarse bully necessary the military burdens they are now
ing to which he has often resorted in his treat- carrying. “False,” “ perfidious,” “ intrigue,'
ment of individuals, of weaker states and their “ far-sighted duplicity,” “morality in tears,”
diplomatic representatives, and of the repre are some of the expressions he applies to Will-
sentatives of the people in Parliament, necessa iam and Bismarck and their policy. The sec-
rily take from our respect for his character. ond study is entitled “The Emperor and Prince
Nor has his career been free from vulgar deceit, Bismarck,” and here he tries to show,“ simply
to say nothing of the deep craft bordering on in the interest of historical truth," that it was
deceit that has characterized his whole inter William and not Bismarck, after all, that was
national policy. One cannot but join in Bene the supreme director of Prussian policy, that
detti's denunciation, rather than in Bismarck's at critical moments he overruled his chancellor.
chuckles of satisfaction, in the matter of the He attacks what he calls the legend that Bis-
garbling of King William's despatch that pre marck devised and controlled everything, while
cipitated the Franco-Prussian War. Yet his his gentle and generous sovereign only ap-
craftiness often took the form of the frankest proved his plans. “Have not contemporaries
truth-telling, so frank and so opposite to all the been deceived by the clangorous clatter of the
traditions of diplomacy that his rivals deceived one, by the impenetrable silence of the other?
themselves. “What danger can there be in a Will not impartial history give the Sovereign
man who notoriously thinks aloud ?” Louis share equal to that of the Chancellor, if not
Napoleon once exclaimed ; to which reply was greater ?” It may be interesting here to quote
made, “Count Bismarck has a genius for con Bismarck's opinion of Benedetti as a “ dancing
veying false impressions by telling the naked dog without a collar,” “I am scarcely sure of
truth. His frankness is like the inky fluid my life with this rabid Corsican.” But in
which the cuttle-fish at Biarritz throw round saying this he gave a smile,” said the narrator,
them the more truthful he is, the less one and we too broke out into a laugh when we
sees into him.” His pride in success won by thought of a northern oak of our Chancellor's
a policy tainted by duplicity is seen in this re calibre being in danger from a little Italian
“a King
insisted on putting Alsace-Lorraine into my The next two of the studies are really upon
coat-of-arms. But I would much rather have the same subject, “The Triple Alliance” and
had Schleswig-Holstein, for that is the cam-
“The Armed Peace and Its Consequences."
paign, politically speaking, of which I am “The Triple Alliance is a deed of defiance and
proudest."
hatred ; facts prove this superabundantly at
Count Benedetti's account of Bismarck's present. It will produce what it has had
career is bitterly hostile, that of a man with a within it in germ since its origin : ruin or
grievance. But though biased by personal as war, perhaps both scourges together. If those
well as national hostility, it gives a wholesome who formed it, or who have become its guard-
view of the opposite side to which it is easy to ians, are not convinced, it is because Jupiter
be blinded by the splendid successes of Bis- has turned them silly in order to chastise them
marck's policy. And the French diplomatist the better.” The last study, “My Mission to
has a right to his grievance. He was the im. Ems," is a dignified personal vindication from
mediate victim of the garbling of the above the charges of diplomatic mismanagement and
mentioned despatch, for he was made to appear incompetency under which the author has suf-
a bungler and to have brought about the breach fered. These have become a commonplace of
by his bungling, while he seems to have carried the history which has been written in English
out skilfully instructions from Paris of which from the German standpoint. Incidentally we
he did not approve and which his superiors have a vivid account of the events that imme-
afterwards declined to acknowledge. The diately preceded the outbreak of the war.
“Studies in Diplomacy” are five in number.
CHARLES H. COOPER.
The first is in the form of a preface, but is
really a long and elaborate piece of invective
CHRISTIANA is to have statues of Herr Björnson and
against Prince Bismarck as the cause of most
Dr. Ibsen next year, both placed in front of the new Na-
of the evils that press upon Europe, in having 'tional Theatre. A statue of Welhaven is also projected.


202
(April 1,
THE DIAL
of letters or any complete system of numeral
EARLY WRITING IN CRETE AND
record." His brief account of the matter, pub-
NEIGHBORING LANDS.*
lished in the Second Annual Report of the
7. Mr. Arthur J. Evans's “Cretan Picto- Archæological Institute of America, seems to
graphs” consists of two distinct and not very have attracted little attention. Within the last
closely related essays. The former (pp. 1–103) four or five years, the discovery of similar signs
is reprinted from the “Journal of Hellenic
on objects of “Mycenæan ”date has led to
Studies" for 1894. The latter is now published
more remark. Dr. Tsountas, the scholarly and
for the first time.
sagacious Greek explorer, in his valuable vol.
The object of the principal essay is to prove ume on Mycenæ (Athens, 1893), publishes two
that there once existed in Crete a system of
vase-bandles, on one of which are incised three
hieroglyphic writing, which can be traced back characters resembling letters, on the other four
to as early as 2500 B.C.; and that a system or five. In connection with these and other
of linear signs, probably developed from the less striking examples from Greece, as well as
hieroglyphic, was extensively used, not merely with marks observed by Mr. Petrie on pottery
in Crete, but in Peloponnesus and elsewhere, found by him at Gurob and Kahun in Egypt,
during the period of the “ Mycenæan ” civili-
but believed to have been imported from the
zation, which civilization was at its height, islands or coasts of the Ægean, Mr. Tsountas
according to the author's chronology, about raised the question whether a system of writ-
1500 B.C.
ing existed in “Mycenæan times ; but he
The great importance of this essay may best thought that the facts then known did not favor
be brought out by first summarizing the pre an affirmative answer. Finally, with all the
vious state of opinion on the subject with which evidence then available before him, M. Perrot,
it deals. With regard to picture-writing, the in the latest volume of his great history of an-
passage in the Sixth Book of the “ Iliad” which
cient art (“La Grèce Primitive,” Paris, 1894),
tells how Bellerophon was sent from Ephyrê declared : « The first characteristic which at-
(Corinth) to Lycia with a tablet containing tracts the historian's notice when he tries to de-
fatal signs," sometimes gave occasion for the fine the pre-Homeric civilization is that it is a
remark that a mode of communication anal- stranger to the use of writing. It knows neither
ogous to that in use among the North Amer-
the ideographic signs possessed by Egypt nor
ican Indians may have been known in Homeric
the alphabet properly so called which Greece
times; but nobody professed to be able to point was afterward to borrow from Phænicia"
to any specimen of such picture-writing. With (quoted and translated by Mr. Evans).
regard to alphabetic writing, the conviction The above account will give a sufficient no-
was until lately universal that no such thing tion of the state of opinion at the time Mr.
existed in Greek lands before the introduction
Evans began the researches which have re-
of the Phænician characters. Then attention
sulted in the present volume. He is the keeper
began to be called to marks, suggestively like of the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, and is
letters in appearance, incised on objects of very not only a scholar of wide and thorough learn-
early date in the Ægean region. In an appening in the field of archæology, but also a keen-
dix to Schliemann's “ Ilios,” published toward scented collector and an intrepid explorer. He
the end of 1880, Professor Sayce attempted to
says:
show that certain marks on terra-cotta whorls « In the course of a visit to Greece in the spring of
from Hissarlik were syllabic characters. Early 1893, I came across some three- and four-sided stones
in 1881 our countryman, Mr. W.J. Stillman, perforated along their axis, upon which had been en-
probably still unaware of Professor Sayce's the-
graved a series of remarkable symbols. These symbols
occurred in groups on the facets of the stones, and it
ory, observed and copied a series of six marks
struck me at once that they belonged to a hieroglyphic
inscribed on the walls of a pre-historic build system. . . . My inquiries succeeded in tracing these
ing on the site of the ancient Cnosus in Crete. to a Cretan source."
But, while in doubt as to the significance of The next thing was to follow up the clue by
these characters, Mr. Stillman thought that searching for additional specimens in Crete
they belonged “to a period prior to the use itself.
* CRETAN PICTOGRAPHS AND PRÆ-PHNICIAN SCRIPT.
“ Landing at Candia in March, 1894, I made my way
With an Account of a Sepulchral Deposit at Hagios Onuphrios
round the whole centre and east of the island,- includ.
near Phægtos in its Relation to Primitive Cretan and Ægean
ing the mountainous districts of Ida and Dikta, the ex-
Culture. By Arthur J. Evans. New York: G. P. Putnam's tensive central plain of Messard, and the sites of over
twenty ancient cities. . . My researches were well
Sons.


1896.]
203
THE DIAL
B.C.
rewarded by the discovery in situ of traces of a præ The second essay in Mr. Evans’s volume
Phænician system of writing in the island, in which two
deals with a group of objects found near the
distinct phases were perceptible, one pictorial and hiero-
site of the ancient Phæstos in central Crete,
glyphic, the other linear and quasi-alphabetic.”
and believed to date from the third millennium
The evidence thus gathered is presented in the
These are discussed with the author's
copiously illustrated essay now before us, to-
usual learning and ingenuity.
gether with kindred evidence from other
F. B. TARBELL.
sources.
Mr. Evans has unquestionably established
his main contentions. And what makes his
A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY.*
results the more important is that, while the
hieroglyphic system “ seems to have been prin-
The fourth volume of Professor Traill's “ So-
cipally at home in Crete,” the linear system cial England
cial England” covers the period of Stuart
can already be seen to have had a wide exten supremacy and of the struggle which placed on
sion in the “Mycenaean" world. The chief the throne of England a distinctively constitu-
tains, then, who built and occupied in the sec-
tional monarch. It was a century of religious
ond millennium before the Christian era the as well as political contest. Yet in the end the
palaces of Tiryns and Mycenæ, were not with change in English life was social rather than
out means of written communication and record. either religious or political. The two opposing
The specimens of script in use in their time will forces, Catholic tradition and Puritan earnest-
surely accumulate, as new sites come to be ex ness, were contending within the arena of
cavated. But whether the material will be such church life, and the two opposing forces of abso-
as to enable some future Champollion to de- lutism and the desire for popular government
cipher the inscriptions, it is impossible now to were at the same time at war in the political
predict.
sphere (p. 41). But the important influence
Mr. Evans further makes it highly probable | lying behind the success of popular rights and
that the “ Mycenæan” linear system of writing the growth of religious freedom was the power
stands in close connection with the syllabary
of industry and commerce. The heroic age of
in use in historic times among the Greeks of English exploration and discovery was followed
Cyprus. More than this, he
by one of settlement and trading progress, when
ques-
tion of the origin of the Phænician alphabet, the nation of Raleigh and the Pilgrim Fathers
that prolific mother of all alphabets now in use
becomes a great colonizing state, and begins
save the Chinese and Indian (Hindoo), if in-
the foundation of what was to be the United
deed the Indian be an exception. According States of America (p. 51). Progress in man-
to the theory most in vogue, the Phænician ufactures and in commerce, in banking and
alphabet was derived from Egypt; but Mr. expanding trade, made possible both the Com-
Evans shows by a few examples that “it is at
monwealth and the Revolution of 1688.
least worth while to weigh the possibility that
A great social change had been taking place
the rudiments of the Phænician writing may
in England. The overthrow of the Stuarts is
after all have come in part at least from the therefore to be regarded as something more
Ægean side.”
than the fall of a dynasty. It represents in a
Here are matters enough for further study.
striking manner the fundamental change in
Other workers will doubtless enter the field social institutions, and revealed the entirely dif-
opened up by Mr. Evans, but he will always
ferent basis of political power which the expan-
have the distinction of having been the chief
sion of commerce, the growth of manufactures,
pioneer. It may be mentioned, as a matter of
and the increase of colonization had brought.
special interest to Americans, that Professor
The sovereignty and divine right of the king,
Halbherr, the eminent Italian epigraphist who
dependent on the landed aristocracy and the
conducted explorations in Crete for the Ar-
church for support, is replaced by the sover-
chæological Institute of America from Novem-
eignty and divine right of the people, and in.
ber, 1893, to November, 1894, promises to de-
stead of the feudal idea of monarchy there arose
vote a chapter to “ Island Stones and other
the notion of constitutional royalty, dependent
Stones inscribed with Writing belonging to a
on the will of the people.
pre-Hellenic System,” in the account of his re * Social Excland: A Record of the Progress of the Poo
ple. By various writers; edited by H. D. Traill, D.C.L.
searches to be published in “ The American
Volume IV., from the Accession of James I. to the Death of
Journal of Archæology."
Anne. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
re-opens the


204
[April 1,
THE DIAL
Interest naturally centres in the period be arbitrary taxation bad ceased and the respon-
tween the meeting of Parliament in November, sibility of ministers been finally established.
1640, and the execution of the King in Janu- The Habeas Corpus act protected the liberty
ary, 1649,- a time in which the constitutional of the individual, and no army could be kept in
position of the Crown and its relation to Par- time of peace. The reign, too, had witnessed
liament passed through startling phases. The the growth of the House of Commons. Its
Long Parliament began its work by abolishing right of impeachment had been recognized, the
the exceptional powers conferred temporarily principles of appropriation, of supply, and audit
on the Tudors to enable them to complete the of accounts, had been secured, while its claims
overthrow of the mediæval nobility, to carry to initiate money bills had been placed beyond
through the struggle with Rome, to maintain dispute (p. 351). The right of petition, the
order at home, and to avert the risk of foreign right of freedom of debate in Parliament, the
invasion : particularly the Star Chamber's necessity of frequent parliaments, the right of
power to sentence without a jury, and the power free choice of representatives, were hencefor.
by extra customs duties to raise a revenue with ward recognized. The Revolution of 1688 com-
out Parliament. It then asked the King to pleted the work of the Long Parliament, and
appoint “such ministers as Parliament could the Bill of Rights confirmed the advantages
confide in," and to accept the “course that the gained by the nation during the great Rebellion.
Lords and Commons have appointed for the But the reigns of William and his successor,
ordering of the militia.” But the scheme was Anne, only saw the new system thoroughly in-
at once too tolerant, too democratic, and too augurated; it was not until the reigns of the
balanced, for an age of religious hatreds, of first two Georges that it was firmly established.
aristocratic and bourgeois prejudices, and of It is the character of these social and polit-
unfitness for delicate political machinery. In ical changes which give the period special inter-
Stuart times the feudal monarchy had ceased est to Americans. Much that we take for
to perform the social function required of it; it granted as the basis of our democratic institu-
had ceased to be useful to the English people. tions was worked out in the bourgeois revolution
It was therefore destined to disappear. But if in England in the seventeenth century. Pro-
the members of the Stuart family, on the one gress was distinctly confined, however, to the
hand, were not equal to the task of yielding just middle class. The vast majority of the popu-
enough to the new movement, and adapting lation gained little, either in wealth or freedom.
themselves to the new social environment, it is Tenant-farmers and yeoman freeholders, as well
equally true that the religious enthusiasts and as merchant traders, were growing rich; but
political leaders of “the third estate," on the the lot of the agricultural laborer did not change
other hand, were decidedly premature in many for the better. Wages rose no faster than the
of their schemes and demands. James the First prices of the necessaries of life. The agrarian
may have been weak to the point of childish- partnerships of open village farms, where the
ness ; " have loved bawbles as a child loves its enterprise of twenty farmers might be checked
rattle;
loved bright feathers, too — to dress his by the apathy or caution of one, were giving
cap withal; have been afraid of a drawn sword place to large estates and individual ownership;
and of hobgoblins,” and besides have chosen as but markets were few, communication difficult,
his sole confidants greedy, unscrupulous adven- and traditional methods were guarded as agri-
turers (p. 157). His son, Charles I., may have cultural heirlooms. Each village was self-
had an obstinate temper and absurd notions sufficing, raised only enough food for its own
about his kingly prerogative. James the Sec- inbabitants, and was not concerned with the
ond may have been as bigoted and obstinate as affairs of the next parish. It was not until the
Charles the Second was profligate and suave. new body of wants and a new market had been
Yet on the other hand the extreme character created by the rapid growth of population which
of the demands and programme of the Puritans resulted from the development of manufactur-
and the Republicans had everything to do with ing industries, that there was any improve-
rendering the Civil War “ inevitable.” Much ment in the condition of the masses and increase
of the work proposed under the Commonwealth in their political power.
remained even to the present century to be
Consideration of this last fact naturally sug-
accomplished, in the Reform Bill of 1832, gests the query as to whether Mr. Traill and
Catholic emancipation, and so forth.
his co-laborers are really making “ Social En-
Before the end of the reign of Charles II. gland” “a record of the progress of the peo-


1896.]
205
THE DIAL
ple.” If nearly five-sixths of the total popu- ance exceeds any anticipation in which we had in-
lation of the country in 1688 were dependent, dulged, so large is the amount and so noble the qual-
either directly or indirectly, on the land (p. ity of the collection of pieces now brought together
445); or if Gregory King was approximately by the painstaking devotion of the only surviving
correct in his estimate of class divisions (nobil- with the fact that Christina Rossetti was, if not dis-
brother of the poet. Once more we are impressed
ity and gentry, 16,600 ; merchants, clergy, tinctly the first, assuredly not the second among
lawyers, civil service - each profession 10,000 Englishwomen dowered with the gift of numbers,
- 40,000; " liberal arts,” 15,000; officers of
and once more we are called upon to seek for terms
army and navy, 9,000) which gives a total of that shall not be entirely inadequate to express the
less than 100,000 in a population of 5,000,- gratitude which all lovers of poetry must feel toward
000; and if the total revenue of the clergy, the singer of so many perfect songs. Mr. Rossetti
£500,000 (p. 475), did not equal the profit on has here brought together, partly from the manu-
foreign trade, why not say less of church and scripts left by his sister, and partly from published
state, of literature, art, and architecture, and sources not readily accessible, nearly four hundred
say a good deal more about the home life of pages of verse, ranging from the earliest juvenilia
to the maturest and most spiritual expression of her
the people, their hours of work and means of
genius. Some of the poems stand upon the highest
pleasure, their food and drink, house decora, plane of her achievement; others are simply beau-
tion, and so forth ? Do not these things reveal tiful without being noteworthy; a few are of the
the progress of the people ?
nature of exercises in verse or attempts at flight ere
ARTHUR BURNHAM WOODFORD. the wings were grown. The collection as a whole
is an unspeakably precious and fragrant gift, a per-
manent enrichment of our literature. Miss Ros-
setti's genius was astonishingly precocious in devel-
RECENT BOOKS OF ENGLISH POETRY.*
opment, and there is no better work in this or in
the earlier volumes than some of that dating from
The publication of a new volume of poems from her girlhood. The following beautiful if irregular
the hand of Christina Rossetti would be a literary sonnet, “ Life Hidden,” was written at the age of
event of the first magnitude were the sheaf of song nineteen :
but a slender one. It has been known for some time “Roses and lilies grow above the place
that such a volume was to be expected, but its appear.
Where she sleeps the long sleep that doth not dream.
If we could look upon her hidden face,
NEW POEMS BY CHRISTINA ROSSETTI. Hitherto Unpub Nor shadow would be there, nor garish gleam
lished or Uncollected. Edited by William Michael Rossetti. Of light, her life is lapsing like a stream
New York: Macmillan & Co.
That makes no noise but floweth on apace
POEMS. By Alice Meynell. Boston: Copeland & Day.
Seawards, while many a shade and shady beam
ESTHER: A Young Man's Tragedy. Together with the
Vary the ripples in their gliding chase.
Love Sonnets of Proteus. By Wilfrid Scawen Blunt. Boston:
She doth not see, but knows; she doth not feel,
Copeland & Day.
And yet is sensible ; she hears no sound,
THE DEATH-WAKE; or, Lunacy. A Necromaunt in Three
Yet counts the flight of time and doth not err.
Chimeras. By Thomas T. Stoddart. Chicago: Way &
Peace far and near, peace to ourselves and her:
Williams.
Her body is at peace in holy ground,
POEMs. By W. B. Yeats. Boston: Copeland & Day.
Her spirit is at peace where Angels kneel.”
FRINGILLA ; or, Tales in Verse. By Richard Doddridge Dated only four years later is this exquisite set of
Blackmore. Cleveland: The Burrows Brothers Co.
couplets, "Whitsun Eve," a symphony in white:
THE FATHER OF THE FOREST and Other Poems. By Will-
“The white dove cooeth in her downy nest,
iam Watson. Chicago : Stone & Kimball.
Keeping her young ones warm beneath her breast:
FLEET STREET ECLOGUES. By John Davidson. New York:
The white moon saileth through the cool clear sky,
Dodd, Mead & Co.
Screened by a tender mist in passing by:
VESPERTILIA and Other Verses. By Rosamund Marriott The white rose buds, with thorns upon its stem,
Watson. Chicago: Way & Williams.
All the more precious and more dear for them :
A SUMMER Night and Other Poems. By Rosamund Mar The stream shines silver in the tufted grass,
riott-Watson. Chicago: Way & Williams.
The white clouds scarcely dim it as they pass ;
Songs and Other Verses. By Dollie Radford. Philadel Deep in the valleys lily cups are white,
phia: J. B. Lippincott Co.
They send up incense all the holy night:
BIRDS OF PASSAGE. Songs of the Orient and Occident. By Our souls are white, made clean in Blood once shed :
Mathilde Blind. London: Chatto & Windus.
White blessed Angels watch around our bed :
SISTER-SONGs. By Francis Thompson. Boston: Copeland
O spotless Lamb of God, still keep us so,
& Day.
Thou who wert born for us in time of snow."
THE VIOL OF LOVE. Poems by Charles Newton-Robinson. If we set against these poems the lyric called
Boston : Lamson, Wolffe, & Co.
“ Heaven Overarches,” dated 1893, and probably
ENGLAND'S DARLING. By Alfred Austin. New York:
the last composition of Miss Rossetti, we find essen-
Macmillan & Co.
tially the same style, a little chastened perhaps, and
THE TENTH MUSE and Other Poems. By Sir Edwin Ar-
nold, M.A., K.C.I.E., C.S.I. New York: Longmans, Green, simplified to the point of austerity, but in no way
& Co.
distinctly marking the lapse of forty years.


206
(April 1,
THE DIAL
-
a
"Heaven overarches earth and sea,
but its contents are pure gold. “ A poet of one
Earth-sadness and sea-bitterness.
mood in all my lays,” Mrs. Meynell styles herself,
Heaven overarches you and me :
A little while and we shall be
and the characterization seems apt if we remember
Please God — where there is no more sea
that into this one mood of spiritual aspiration is
Nor barren wilderness.
distilled the very essence of poetic feeling for nature
"Heaven overarches you and me,
and the human heart, that it is a mood in which
And all earth's gardens and her graves.
vision becomes clairvoyant in its refinement, and
Look up with me, until we see
expression fits itself to emotion as by a sort of pre-
The day break and the shadows flee.
What though to-night wrecks you and me
established harmony. The world will be unworthy
If so to-morrow saves."
of poetry that can ever forget such work as “Re-
nouncement,'
,” « The Modern Poet,” and “My Heart
An unexpected feature of this volume is found in
Shall Be Thy Garden.” For the latter of these three
the nearly forty pages of Italian lyrics. “The
perfect poems we may
find
space.
Italian verses were kept by Christina in the jealous
seclusion of her writing-desk,” says her brother, “and
“My heart shall be thy garden. Come, my own,
I suppose no human had looked
eye
Into thy garden ; thine be happy hours
them until
upon
Among my fairest thoughts, my tallest flowers,
I found them there after her death." We
may
find
From root to crowning petal, thine alone.
space for one short song, “ Ripetizione":
Thine is the place from where the seeds are sown
“Credea di rivederti e ancor ti aspetto;
Up to the sky enclosed, with all its showers.
Di giorno in giorno ognor ti vo bramando:
But ah, the birds, the birds! Who shall baild bowers
Quando ti rivedrò, cor mio diletto,
To keep these thine ? O friend, the birds have flown.
Quando ma quando?
For as these come and go, and quit our pine
To follow the sweet season, or, new-comers,
“Dissi e ridissi con perenne sete,
Sing one song only from our alder-trees.
E lo ridico e vo' ridirlo ancora,
My heart has thoughts, which, though thine eyes hold mine,
Qual usignol che canta e si ripeto
Flit to the silent world and other summers,
Fino all' aurora.'
With wings that dip beyond the silver seas."
Some of these Italian pieces, and a few of the En-
glish ones, are expressions of a passion to be dealt
Among recent examples of American book-making
there are few to vie with the series of “ English Love
with by the critic, if at all, with tender and reverent
touch. Mr. Rossetti says all that is needed by way
Sonnets” begun with “ The House of Life year
of explanation in a brief note. • My sister was
or two ago, now continued with a volume contain-
twice sought in marriage ; and in each instance was
ing Mr. W. S. Blunt's "Esther” and “ The Love
Sonnets of Proteus," and soon to include the “Son-
well disposed to her suitor, but was withheld by re-
ligious considerations. The first suitor, a painter,
nets from the Portuguese” as a third number.
was a Christian, but not in the Anglican commun-
These beautiful volumes are printed on Dutch hand-
ion; the second, a scholar and literary man - and
made paper, with borders and initial letters by Mr.
this was far the most serious affair of the two-
Bertram Goodhue, are in shape square octavos, and
either was not a Christian at all, or else was a Chris-
are published in limited editions. As for the work
of Mr. Blunt now published, description is hardly
tian of undefined and heterodox views. The first
called for. “Esther” is a sequence of fifty-four son-
matter terminated towards 1850, the second towards
1864. Both the men died during Christina's life- nets, including a dedication to the Best-Beloved”;
the “ Proteus sonnets number one hundred and
time.” This is deeply interesting, and it is well
that so much of the truth should be made public; form, some of them having sixteen, and even fifteen,
forty-two. All of these sonnets" are irregular in
yet it jars a little with our conception of the woman,
and suggests a narrowness from which we would
verses, while those not thus audaciously lengthened
take all sorts of liberties with the scheme of rhymes.
gladly have believed her free. There is no such
suggestion of intolerance in her work, although that
Some verses have no rhymes at all, and many others
work is throughout pervaded by religious emotion rhyme but imperfectly. A general tendency toward
of the deepest and purest type.
the Shakespearian form is to be discerned, but
hardly more than this can be said in the way of met-
The suggestion made by Mr. Stedman that Chris- rical characterization. Of the poetry itself, it must
tina Rossetti deserved to succeed Tennyson in the be said that it offers a veritable transcript of life,
laureateship was followed, after Miss Rossetti's glowing and passionate :
death, by a suggestion from Mr. Coventry Patmore
“This is the book. For evil and for good,
naming Mrs. Meynell for that honor. If anything What my life was in it is written plain.
can soften the sense of our loss in the death of the These are no dreams, but things of flesh and blood,
former of these women, it is that the latter still re-
The past that lived and shall not live again."
mains with us. The little volume of her poems now The irregularity of form is symbolic of a wayward-
published is largely a reprint of the “ Preludes ” of ness of feeling that has not learned the wholesome
1875 (when the writer was Miss Alice Thompson). lesson of restraint; the verse is often diffuse, impul.
Some of the early poems are, however, omitted, and sive, and roughly-wrought. It is not often, for ex-
their place is taken by “the few verses written in ample, that so finished and organic a sonnet results
maturer years.” The volume is a very
as that we are about to copy :
slender one,


1896.]
207
THE DIAL
And measures their great footsteps to and fro,
“Yes, spring is come, but joy alas is gone, -
Hath lifted up into
my brain the flow
Gone ere we knew it, while our foolish eyes,
Of this mad tide of blood."
Which should have watched its motions every one
Were looking elsewhere, at the hills, the skies,
The book is strangely fascinating, in spite of its
Chasing vain thoughts, as children butterflies,
morbid quality, and was well worth reprinting. A
Until the hour struck and the day was done,
few short poems by the author are appended, and
And we looked up in passionate surprise
deepen the impression made by the “necromaunt”
To find that clouds had blotted out our sun.
Our joys are gone - and what is left to us,
that precedes them. Stoddard was a poet by nature,
Who loved not even love when it was here?
if “ he only blossomed once,” and a poet of marked
What but a voice which sobs monotonous
individuality at that.
As these sad waves upon the rocks, the dear
Fond voice which once made music with our own,
Mr. W. B. Yeats is only thirty years of age, but
And which our hearts now ache to think upon." he has been prolific of verse, and is now enabled to
If Mr. Blunt's fulfilment often comes short of his
select from the considerable mass of his work those
aim, that aim is at least a high one. It finds beau-
parts which he deems worthy of preservation in a
tiful expression at the close of one of the last son-
definitive edition. The volume of “Poems" result-
nets of the sequence :
ing from this selection includes three larger works
“Oh, if there be
in dramatic or semi-dramatic form “ The Wan-
Still in this world of vanished creeds and kings derings of Usheen,” “The Countess Cathleen,” and
Some faith in royal blood and right divine,
“ The Land of Heart's Desire"— and nearly two
Some lingering reverence paid to majesty,
Here seek it and here find it, for it clings
score shorter pieces. The peculiar Celtic form of
To each hushed verse like incense to a shrine." imagination, and the note of mysticism which so
While on the subject of reprints, we may take
often pervades expressions of the Celtic temper, are
everywhere noticeable in this volume. We do not
occasion to say a few words of a curious
poem
dat-
always know what the author means, and we do not
ing from 1831, which Mr. Andrew Lang has
thought it worth while to introduce to modern read always care to know, so absolute are the terms of his
ers, and which has just been published in attractive
art at its best. It would be difficult to make a log-
form by London and Chicago houses. It is a boy Rose of Battles,” for example:
ical analysis of such lines as those inscribed to “The
ish work of Thomas T. Stoddart, who died as re-
“Rose of all Roses, Rose of all the World !
cently as 1880, and was best known as a disciple
You, too, have come where the dim tides are hurled
of Walton, and as a writer of some very charming Upon the wharves of sorrow, and heard ring
angling lyrics. The poem is called “The Death The bell that calls us on: the sweet far thing.
Wake; or, Lunacy,” and is further described as “ a Beauty grown sad with its eternity
necromaunt in three chimeras.” It is a narrative
Made you of us, and of the dim grey sea.
Our long ships loose thought-woven sails and wait,
in rhymed couplets upon a ghastly theme. A young For God has bid them share an equal fate;
monk, enamored in secret of a nun, is driven to dis And when at last defeated in His wars, .
traction by her death, digs up her body at dead of They have gone down under the same white stars,
night, carries it off in a boat to a remote rocky
We shall no longer hear the little cry
Of our sad hearts, that may not live nor die."
coast, and gloats over the corpse while corruption
is doing its loathsome work. The poem cannot
But then, it would be difficult to formulate the
or “ The Blessed Dam-
be read without a shudder, even in this age of thought of “ Kubla Khan
Zolaism, and yet it includes passages of rare poetic
ozel.” These things are simply beautiful, and we
accept them as such without question.
beauty, and those who begin it will hardly put the
book aside until they have come to the grisly end.
That Mr. Blackmore is a poet — a sort of poet
As an illustration of the extravagances of roman-
- his readers know well. His novels are filled with
ticism, it occupies a place in English poetry almost lyric passages that are evidently struggling to escape
unique. The wildest imaginings of Scott and of
from the trammels of prose, and sometimes do es-
Coleridge seem commonplace beside this daring cape for a brief flight.
cape for a brief flight. “Lorna Doone" is written
conception. Mr. Lang does not overstate the ar-
largely in broken hexameters that even the least
gument for this poem when he ascribes to its au-
musical of readers must discover after a while. So
thor "an accent original, distinct, strangely musical,
it is not wholly a surprise to receive a volume of
and really replete with promise. He has a fresh acknowledged verse from Mr. Blackmore's pen, a
unborrowed melody and mastery of words, the first
volume consisting, in the main, of four long narra-
indispensable sign of a true poet." Such a passage
tive poems upon classical and oriental themes. What
as this in which the frenzied monk, adrift upon the
calls for particular mention is the freakish way
in
waves, likens himself to the sea, attests the music
which these poems are printed, and which is best
and vivid imaginative quality of the poem:
illustrated by a specimen "stanza from “Lita of the
Nile”- the priest's prayer for the rising of the
In feature, as the sun is to a star,
waters.
So are we like, and we are touch'd in tune
“King and Father, gift and giver, God revealed in form of
With lunacy as music; and the moon,
river, Issuing perfect and sublime From the fountain-head of
That setteth the tides sentinel before
time, Whom eternal mystery shroudeth, Unapproached, un-
Thy camp of waters, on the pebbled shore,
track'd, unknown; Whom the Lord of heaven encloudeth
"For we are,


208
(April 1,
THE DIAL
With the curtains of His throne, From the throne of heaven Here is another stanza - one of the best :
descending, Glory, power, and goodness blending, Grant us,
“A dreamer of the common dreams,
ere the daylight dies, Token of thy rapid rise."
A fisher in familiar streams,
A prefatory note accounts for the modest title of
He chased the transitory gleams
this volume. “(Fringilla loquitur)— What means
That all pursue ;
But on his lips the eternal themes
your finch?' Being well aware that he cannot sing
Again were new."
like a nightingale, He fits about from tree to tree,
and twitters a little tale.” We must find room to
This is very nobly put and impressive, yet, when
we come to examine it closely, its virtue appears a
quote entire the epilogue,"To Fame," which is the
trifle too literary"; it is the virtue of rhetoric
best piece of verse in the volume. It is not a great
poem, but it is pleasing in its simple sincerity.
or critical prose rather than of song. How it falls
short of the higher poetical excellence may be shown
“Bright Fairy of the morn, with flowers arrayed, Whose
by the test of the touchstone in this case happily
beauties to thy young pursuer seem Beyond the ecstasy of
poet's dream - Shall I o'ertake thee ere thy lustre fade?
provided by the greatest of living poets, who has
"Ripe glory of the noon, august and proud, A vision of high published in “The Nineteenth Centary” for Feb-
purpose, power, and skill, Dissolving into mirage of good-will ruary a poem upon the same subject, written in ex-
- Do I o'ertake thee, or embrace a cloud ?
actly the same stanza. Here is an extract from
“Gray shadow of the evening, gaunt and bare, At random
Mr. Swinburne's poem :
cast, beyond me or above, And cold as memory in the arms
“Earth, and the snow-dimmed heights of air,
of love - If I o'ertook thee now what should I care ?
And waters winding soft and fair
“No morn, or noon, or eve am I,' she said, 'Bat night-
Through still sweet places, bright and bare,
the depth of night behind the sun, By all mankind pursued ;
By bent and byre
but never won, Until my shadow falls upon a shade.'"
Taught him what hearts within them were :
This book is beautifully printed, and made doubly Here is, after all, the true spontaneous utterance,
But his was fire."
attractive by Mr. W. H. Bradley's “ decorative pic-
turings” in the form of cover design, borders, ini-
the art wherein art is most concealed, the sublima-
tials, and full-page drawings. It is printed on hand-
tion of poetical expression. A similar test, could
made and the edition is limited.
one so exactly fitting be found, would lead to the
paper,
same judgment upon “The Father of the Forest,”
There are only about forty pages of verse in Mr. which is, on the whole, the finest of Mr. Watson's
Watson's new volume, but it outweighs most of the
new poems. A venerable yew is apostrophized, and
other volumes examined in this review. An "Apo- the pageant of English history, unrolled through the
logia” in blank verse, two lyrics, three sonnets, and centuries that the tree has stood, is brought into
three long poems,
make
up
the entire contents. The
retrospect. Of the many felicitous descriptions and
Apologia” should not have been printed, for it characterizations we may select a few.
only emphasizes once more Mr. Watson's most con-
“On that proud morn when England's eyes,
spicuous fault - self-consciousness. The lyrics are
Wet with tempestuous joy, beheld
trifles, as are likewise two of the sonnets. The third
Round her rough coasts the thundering main
sonnet, “ The Turk in Armenia,” will bear compar-
Strewn with the ruined dream of Spain."
ison with the noblest in the English language, and
“The sweet queen of a tragic hour
Crowned with her snow-white memory
more specifically challenges comparison with Mil-
ton's sonnet on the Piedmont massacres, and Rog-
The crimson legend of the Tower."
setti's “On the Refusal of Aid between Nations."
“The Conqueror, in our soil who set
This stem of Kinghood flowering yet."
The three long poems are a “Hymn to the Sea,” a
“His battles o'er, he takes his ease,
set of stanzas on “ The Tomb of Burns," and the
Glory put by, and sceptered toil.
poem that gives the volume its title. Of the first
Round him tho carven centuries
of these three, we may say that it has been praised
Like forest branches arch and coil.
out of all proportion to its merits, yet remains a
In that dim fame, he is not sure
Who lost or won at Azincour!”
noteworthy production. It is forced and turgid,
yet when all is said, it must still be accounted one
This seems to us nearly, if not quite, as good as the
of the most remarkable of experiments in English foreshadowings of English bistory in Gray's great
elegiacs. The real strength of Mr. Watson's vol- ode, and the dignity of the poem is sustained through-
ume is in the two poems that we have left to the
out at the elevation suggested by these extracts.
last. How happily he can write literary criticism in
There can be no doubt that the volume which we
verse is known to all who have read his Words- have just sought to characterize has brought Mr.
worth, Tennyson, and Shelley poems. His Burns
Watson a long step nearer to the goal of his ambi-
poem belongs to this group, and is perhaps the
tion. It seems more nearly possible than ever be-
finest of the four. The form is as follows:
fore that he may in time secure recognition among
“He came when poets bad forgot
the greater English poets of the century. At all
How rich and strange the human lot ;
events, he now stands far to the front in the group
How warm the tents of Life, how hot
of the younger singers.
Are Love and Hate;
And what makes Truth divine, and what
Mr. John Davidson, also, is a young poet of sin-
Makes Manhood great."
gular promise, although a fluent versatility is more


1896.]
209
THE DIAL
77
verse.
ec-
than likely to prove his bane. In his Fleet Street “I said within : Three things are worthiest knowing,
Eclogues" he has done something almost new in
And when I know them nothing else I know.
I know unboundedly, what needs no showing,
kind. A knot of London journalists come together That women are most beautiful; and then
on the chief holidays of the year, and compare notes I know I love them; and I know again
upon the chief subjects of human concern, discours Herein alone true science lies, for, lo !
Old Rome's a ruin ; Cæsar is a name;
ing in easy and often striking verse upon such sub-
The Church ? — alas! a life boat, warped and sunk;
jects as nature (pp. 31, 43, 83), politics (p. 124),
God, a disputed title: but the fame
economics (p. 123), literature (p. 113), love (p. 27), Of those who sang of love, fresher than spring,
heredity (p. 148), and theology of a rather ama Blossoms forever with the tree of life,
teurish and pantheistic sort (pp. 153, 201).
Whose boughs are generations ; and its trunk
Lovo; and its flowers, lovers."
“Fancy where it lists
Breathes like the wind : he who resists
Two new volumes by Mrs. Marriott-Watson are
His wanton moods forever, ends
among the more noteworthy collections of recent
In being moodless."
The author, who is perhaps better known as
Mr. Davidson, certainly, does not allow fancy to “Graham R. Tomson,” stands high among the liv-
resist any mood, however wanton, and his “
ing women who have approved themselves poets, for
logues” offer the strangest medley of prosaic themes
her work is always pure and elevated in thought,
touched by poetic feeling, and of poetry suggested felicitious in diction, and artistic in form. The ded-
by the commonest incidents. The passion for na ication of one of these collections to Mrs. Meynell
ture, as it rushes upon the hearts of men toiling is suggestive, since the author is not unlike the wo-
amid the unlovely environment of the city, is the
man to whom she pays this tribute in the delicate
predominant note of these poems, and finds vent in spirituality and elusive charm of her work. Mrs.
many a rapturous lyric strain.
Marriott-Watson has perhaps a little more of color
“Heaven is to tread unpaven ground,
and of epic quality; the latter illustrated by the ad-
And care no more for prose or rhyme,"
mirable ballads contained in the present and pre-
remarks Sandy, and calls upon his brother-journalist viously published volumes, the former by such stan-
to make us feel the blossom-time.” Whereupon zas as these from “Hesternæ Rosæ":
Menzies responds :
“Between the bounds of night and day,
"The patchwork sunshine nets the lea;
Far out into the west they lie,
The flitting shadows halt and pass ;
More sweet than any song may say,
Forlorn, the mossy humble-bee
The red rose-gardens of the sky.
Lounges along the flowerless grass.
“Beyond the sunset wreck forlorn,
“With unseen smoke as pure as dew,
Of tower and temple overthrown,
Sweeter than love or lovers are,
Of fallen fort and banner torn,
Wood-violets of watchet hue
Burns the red flame of rosos blown.
Their secret hearths betray afar.
“Through jewelled jalousies ajar,
*The vanguards of the daisies come,
That ruddy lustre shines aslant
Summer's crusaders sanguine-stained,
From terraced vistas stretching far, -
The only flowers that left their home
The mellow light of old romaunt.
When happiness in Eden reigned.
"'Tis there the vanished roses blow
“They strayed abroad, old writers tell,
In splendour of eternal prime,
Hardy and bold, east, west, south, north ;
That graced the summers long ago,
Our guilty parents, when they fell,
The royal revels of old time."
And flaming vengeance drove them forth,
A sheaf of sweet unpretentious lyrics and a few
“Their haggard eyes in vain to God,
pieces in lighter vein make up the “Songs and Other
To all the stars of heaven turned ;
But when they saw where in the sod
Verses” of Miss Dollie Radford. The following
The golden-hearted daisies burned,
lines are a good example of her work:
“Sweet thoughts that still within thom dwelt
“Because I built my nest so high,
Awoke, and tears embalmed their smart ;
Must I despair
On Eden's daisies couched they felt
If a fierce wind, with bitter cry,
They carried Eden in their heart."
Passes the lower branches by,
And mine makes bare ?
It is easy to pick flaws in these verses, but difficult
“Because I hung it, in my pride,
to avoid being swept away by their emotional cur-
So near the skies,
rent. If now and then we come upon such an infe-
Higher than other nests abide,
licitous phrase as “cabbage blade,” we are soon
Must I lament if far and wide
more than rewarded by such bits as the “husky
It scattered lies ?
whisper of the corn,” « the blackbirds with their
“I shall but build, and build my best,
oboe voices,” the “avenues of latticed light," and
Till, safety won,
“The grass-green turf
I hang aloft my new-made nest,
High as of old, and see it rest,
Where primroses by secret alchemy
As near the sun."
Distil from buried treasure golden leaves."
One more extract, in substance a confession of faith, Miss Blind justifies the title given her volume of
must suffice us.
poems by a “Prelude” in “Locksley Hall” couplets.


210
(April 1,
THE DIAL
-
ished away.
"On and on, along old Nilus, seeking still an ampler light, enough, and suffused with passion ; they err at times,
O’er its monumental mountains, Birds of Passage take their
as do Mr. Thompson's — although not in like de-
flight.
gree from excessive indulgence in conceits, and
“Where the sacred Isle of Philæ, twinned within the sacred
stream,
the striving for effect by strange verbal devices.
Floats, like some rapt Opium-eater's labyrinthine lotos We reproduce the first and last stanzas of “Love's
dream,
Messengers."
“Birds on birds take up their quarters in each creviced
“Wind, happy river! to the sea,
capital,
Whereby she dwells who loves not me,
In each crack of frieze and cornice, in each cleft of roof and
And waft her from this inner moat
wall."
The spoils that on thy waters float,
About half of the poems are upon Egyptian themes,
My messengers to be!
the others come nearer home. We may select an
“Evensong" in Holy Trinity Church, Stratford
"Wind, happy river! to the sea,
And bear these messengers for me.
(one of a group of “Shakespeare Sonnets "), in illus-
But if no kind reply comes back
tration of Miss Blind's most careful workmanship.
Ere swallows take their southern track,
“The hectic autumn's dilatory fire
Myself thy spoil will be !"
Has turned this lime tree to a sevenfold brand,
A few translations close the volume, whereby the
Which, self-consuming, lights the sunless land,
author shows himself a bold man, for he ventures on
A death to which all poet souls aspire.
Above the graves, where all men's vain desire
Horace, Book I., Ode 5, and Villon's “ Ballade des
Is hushed at last as by a Mother's hand,
Dames du Temps Jadis," challenging comparison
And, Time confounded, Love's blank records stand, with Milton and Rossetti.
The Evensong swells from the pulsing choir.
A real Laureate and a would-have-been Laureate
• What incommunicable presence clings
To this grey church and willowy twilight stream?
contribute to the verse of the year, Mr. Alfred
Am I the dupe of some delusive dream?
Austin publishing "England's Darling," a dramatic
Or, like faint fluid phosphorescent rings
poem concerned with Alfred the Great, while Sir
On refluent seas, dotb Shakespeare's spirit gleam Edwin Arnold gives us “The Tenth Muse” (being
Pervasive round these old familiar things ?”
the Muse of Journalism, hight Ephemera) with other
The poetic elevation of this volume is fairly con poems. Mr. Austin has chosen to deal with the
stant, but the diction is far from perfect, revealing great king of the West Saxons because he has always
many flaws that a little more care might have pol been the chosen hero of the English people, although
hitherto unsung in fitting measures. We may also
Mr. Francis Thompson's “Sister-Songs,” the au-
shrewdly suspect that Mr. Austin has not been un-
thor tells us in a note, were written at about the
mindful of the “Harold” and “Becket” of his
same time as the chief poems in his earlier-published great predecessor, and has sought to emulate so
volume. Examination shows them to be, not a col noble an example. The best to be said of “En-
lection of pieces, but a single poem in sections, gland's Darling" is that it is the conscientious ex-
irregular in form, and characterized by all the pression of a genuine enthusiasm. But the verse
illuminous and volute redundance” of “The Hound is unfailingly pedestrian, and a single page of “Har-
of Heaven” and its companion compositions. That
old” outweighs the whole of the later work. We
we have here, as in the previous volume, the stuff
may quote the closing words of Alfred, spoken after
of poetry in a high sense is evident to the most cas-
he has come to terms with the heathen, and made
ual inspection. The following excerpt will amply
the settlement of the Danelagh in 878.
illustrate the statement :
“In this strong isle sequestered by the sea
From tread outlandish, victory upon ground
"In all I work, my hand includeth thine ;
Thou rushest down in every stream
Our own to keep or lose, is half defeat;
For why on English soil should foe's foot stand ?
Whose passion frets my spirit's deepening gorge ;
The battlemented Sea will beat him off,
Unhood'st mine eyas-heart, and fliest my dream ;
So we but man it, and our bounding prows
Thou swing'st the hammers of my forge ;
As the innocent moon, that nothing does but shine,
Scatter him flying deathward o'er the foam,
Like loose leaves harried by autumnal wind.
Moves all the labouring surges of the world.”
Aye, and in those bright bodings that high Heaven
But it is equally evident that the mannerisms, the Vouchsafes at times to man, my ken foresees
obscurity, and the forced expression that seem insep-
That once this land, inviolably free
arable from Mr. Thompson's work forbid its inclu-
From threat without, its billow-suckled breed,
Yearning beyond the narrow bonds of birth,
sion in the body of poetry accepted by the world as Wherever shine the stars or rolls the tide,
great. It may become the subject of a cult; it can Will lay their lordship on the waves, and be
never win the unqualified suffrage of sane opinion
Rulers and rovers of the widening world.”
trained in the school of Milton, Wordsworth and Mr. Austin's poem upon the death of Lord Tenny-
Tennyson.
son also appears in this volume.
Mr. Charles Newton-Robinson's songs, named by Of Sir Edwin Arnold's volume there is not much
a pretty fancy“ The Viol of Love" (reference being to say. It includes some widely-reprinted verses
had to the harmonies and sympathetic vibrations upon the death of Tennyson, a number of Oriental
characteristic of that instrument), are musical pieces, mostly translations, and the ode which gives


1896.)
211
THE DIAL
books on
to the collection a title. Of the Muse Ephemera | by vague threats levelled at some group of persons,
the author writes in this top-lofty fashion :
seldom or never at an individual. He has a terrible
“And if, indeed, her hand
habit of stopping; just as you think him about to
Wieldeth no fiery brand
descend, he fixes his lenses to his eyes more firmly,
To strike oppression down, stay the wrong-doer, takes a furtive look round, and goes on again.” De-
Chastise the wicked law,
And guilty plunder draw
scribing the crowning Utopian gambol of that strange
From wealthy robbers, and be swift pursuer
era, the Feast of the Supreme Being, the diarist
Of crime and guile; alway,
concludes : “If, when the Statue was unveiled,
To seize, and smite, and slay,
Robespierre had sprung onto its pedestal, declared
Muses ! this plumèd quill which she doth bear
Is keener in the strife,
the Revolution closed, and claimed the crown of
Strikes closer to the life,
St. Louis from over a bristling hedge of General
Thad sword Themis, or Athenë's spear."
Hanriot's bayonets, the day would have been his.
This is not poetry, of course, nor is anything else I know that many persons fully believed he would
contained in the volume, but it passes for such with do so.” The political information in Hesdin's book
some readers, and will not, in all probability, go quite is meagre and unimportant; but as a picture by an
anadmired.
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
intelligent eye-witness, whose special business was to
see and hear, of the social condition of Paris dur-
ing the period treated, it is of no little value.
Two books on Church history are
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
Two important
of special interest to the New Testa-
Sketches of
“ The Journal of a Spy in Paris”
church history. ment student. Dr. P. S. Moxom's
Paris under (Harper) is the partly conjectural “ From Jerusalem to Nicea" (Roberts) is one of a
the Terror.
title affixed by the publishers to what class with which the Lowell lectures to which it
we presume to be a newly discovered, or at least belongs have already acquainted the reading public.
hitherto unpublished, fragment of a diary kept by It is neither a text-book nor does it embody the fruit
an eye-witness of the dramatic scenes in Paris under of any large original investigations. Nevertheless,
the Terror, during the awful months of January to it is written in an entertaining, simple style, and
July, 1794, or from the enactment of the Maximum shows wide reading and admirable arrangement.
Laws down to within a week of the 9th of Thermi- Especially in its chapter upon the organization of
dor. The fragment seems to be genuine, and the the early Church has the author given an exceed-
publishers assure us that it is so. Assuming this to ingly compact and distinct résumé. The latter por-
be the case, the little book is of considerable interest tion of the period is covered with considerable de-
to students of the period. « Raoul Hesdin ” is the tail, the Christian school of Alexandria coming in
name written upon the brown-paper cover of the for an entire lecture. Such an arrangement may be
original; and Hesdin seems to have been employed justified by the importance of Clement of Alexan-
as an engraver, under the Committee of Public
dria and Origen, but it is a question as to whether
Safety, occupying a room in the Tuileries, near to or not the perspective and the proportion of the
that in which the Committee itself sat. That he treatment have not somewhat suffered. The chapter
was a secret agent of the British Government seems upon the struggle between heretical sects is, per-
probable. Hesdin's diary is brimful of vivid little haps, the least satisfactory, being hardly more than
pen-sketches of the ruling spirits of the day, Robe a series of short, disconnected articles
upon
heretics
spierre, St. Just, Collot, Billaud, Barére, Hébert, of greater or less importance. Also, in describing
and so on, and his trenchant comments, and bits of the struggle of the Church with heathenism, the au-
floating political gossip, seem to bring us wonder thor has allowed the necessity of the lecturer's
fully near to the times. That he "supped full of interesting his audience to lead him, perhaps, to
horrors” during those wild days, his pages often treat Tertullian at a little too considerable length.
testify. Here is a statement which the reader
may Nevertheless, the work is admirably conceived, and
usefully compare with Chapter X. of Volume II. of in the concluding lecture upon the Council of Nicæa
Mr. Morse Stephens's in many respects admirable gives probably as good an account of that remark-
“History of the French Revolution”: “I often able Council as is to be found within equal compass.
wonder if people outside France are aware of the - A little hand-book by Professor Rudolph Sohm,
utter disappearance of gaiety which has accom entitled “Outlines of Church History” (Macmillan),
panied this Revolution.” It
may
be remembered has a peculiar excellence of being a Church history
that Mr. Stephens's work contains the following re written by a Professor of Law. Such a prepara-
markable sentence : “It is most essential to grasp tion for the Church historian is unique, yet altogether
the fact that there was no particular difference, for necessary if one would have a correct comprehen-
the vast majority of the population, in living in sion of those tremendous struggles through which
Paris during the Reign of Terror and at other the Church has passed and in which the points at
times." Speaking of Robespierre's manner in the issue were hardly more often theological than legal.
tribune, Hesdin
says that his discourses “ are always The fact that this work has passed through eight
of interminable length and dulness, only relieved editions in less than six years is in itself testimony
58


212
(April 1,
THE DIAL
as life.
a
to its worth, and, in fact, it is especially in the Mid not in the wrong direction, some ideals which will
dle Ages and in the Reformation period that it is not seem too high. We have much in American
possessed of singular excellence as a text book. It | life, to-day, that should be otherwise ; it makes one
is a matter of regret, both in the case of Dr. Moxom uncomfortable to think of it all. One way of deal-
and in this of Professor Sohm, that we have no ing with it is by going abroad. Another way is by
references to authorities, and that, therefore, the woman's clubs, art interchanges, popular magazines,
reader and the student are given no means of deter summer schools. Another way, namely, that of Mr.
mining the worth of a judgment or the basis of a Grant, a man whose vision has a pretty broad range,
statement. Professor Sohm seems further, in his is to indicate without nonsense or cant certain ways
paragraph upon the society of our day, to take a in which even a man with an income of from seven
somewhat pessimistic view of affairs. But we can to eleven thousand dollars can rid himself of some
not help agreeing with him that the forces of re of the grasping and hindering clutches of custom
form, and, indeed, those forces which are to preserve and convention, and infuse into his existence some
what is good in our civilization, are to be found not little whiffs of what he will soon come to recognize
in a culture based upon a materialistic conception
of life, but in those other forces which are religious,
“ That Dome in Air” (McClurg) is
and, more particularly, which are the expression of Thoughts on
the happy title of a volume of essays
the Gospel. And it is upon this basis that both his-
poetry and poets.
—“thoughts on poetry and the
tory and criticism are enabling faith to found itself.
poets "— by Mr. John Vance Cheney. In the intro-
A certain great art-critic wrote in bis
ductory chapter, Mr. Cheney says some good and
The improvement
earlier days something about the man
true things about the relation of poetry to life. He
of American ideals.
“who has treated life in the spirit of then proceeds to a series of special studies, their
art.'
He did not have in mind the exuberance or ex-
subjects being Emerson, Lowell, Whittier, Longfel-
cess which his expression might suggest to some peo-
low, Bryant, Whitman, Blake, Cowper, and Words-
ple; he was thinking of a thoughtful effort after a fine
worth. These papers are pleasant, discursive, almost
personality, of an exquisite regard to one's own har-
familiar in tone, the reflection of a cultivated mind
monies, of a view of life as a chance for “master-
that loves literature, and likes to talk over with
piece,” in the old-time sense. He thought, perhaps, friends the books it has been engaged upon. Pi-
though he was long before them, of such triumphs quancy of style and a wide range of illustrative ma-
as Lord Reggie of Green Carnation " fame, of that
terial are noticeable throughout this volume, while
book-billed narcissus, of our friend Tubby, of Mrs.
the criticism is usually sane and genial. We must,
Meynell's man of fine negations. Of no such fan however, except from this general statement a part
tasies, however, was Mr. Robert Grant thinking of what Mr. Cheney says concerning Whitman.
when he wrote “The Art of Living” (Scribners),
When we consider some of the extravagant things
but rather of the far more practical matters of in-
that English critics have said of Whitman, a certain
come, dwelling, children, summer vacations. The amount of exasperation is pardonable in an Amer-
westhetic soul will look at the book with a bitter
ican critic with some sense of literary values, but
“ The Art of Living,” says Mr. Grant, “writ-
Mr. Cheney carries it too far. Whitman is vulner-
ten without a notion of what Art is, or what is
able enough at other points, surely, to make unneces-
Life.” In a way, certainly, the very idea of ex-
upon
the immortal “When lilacs last
pounding the Art of Living to a man with an income
in the dooryard bloomed.” Mr. Cheney gives us a
of from seven to eleven thousand dollars, excites a bald prose paraphrase of the first lines of that mag-
slight smile. Or else it seems a little sad that a
nificent song, and then asks : “ Tried by any test or
clever man like Mr. Grant should have so misun- standard, what is there of poetry in the magisterial
derstood Art and Life as to imagine that house dithyrambs not in the prose version ?” We can
furnishing and the summer problem had any con-
only rub our eyes in amazement at such a saying.
nection with either of them. But when one glances
But it is almost the only serious lapse of judgment
at his book one begins to have a certain altruistic
in Mr. Cheney's volume, and is offset by many a
pleasure that at last someone should have taken
felicitous critical hit, all the more praiseworthy be-
pity on that awful creature, the Philistine with the cause most of his subjects are well-worn, and the
eleven-thousand dollar income. Of course he is too difficulty of finding new things to say correspond-
limited to do anything in the way of living, or of ingly great.
art either, and of course, with his painful misunder-
A successful
Every serious student of Greek art
standings, Mr. Grant could not tell him anything handbook of has reason to be grateful to Mr. E. A.
about either of them; but when one thinks of what
Greek sculpture. Gardner for his “Handbook of Greek
his real state must be, one can see that this book Sculpture” (Macmillan), of which the first half has
offers practical amelioration. So even the æsthete, now appeared, while the remainder is expected to
if he really have that philanthropic warmth which follow within the present year. The work is on a
does so much to give a fine toning to an artistic comparatively small scale, the present volume con-
character, may well be glad at this attempt to hold taining only 266 small octavo pages, but it is as far as
out to a neglected middle class some aims which are possible from being slight in character. Mr. Gardner
sneer.
sary an attack


1896.]
213
THE DIAL
97
is a young English archæologist (but not too young), “downeast verdict” of Poe's limitations, is mani-
whose training was of the rigorous Cambridge type, festly the work of a poet-critic, so fine is its discrim-
and whose opportunities, as Director for several ination, so happy its phrasing. To speak broadly
years of the British School of Archæology at Athens, of this editorial co-partnership, one member fur-
added to great natural gifts, have qualified him in nishes cultivated literary sensitiveness, and the other
an eminent degree for his task. His conception of hard faets, the latter contribution being quite as use-
the office of a historian of Greek sculpture is a some ful as the former in work of this kind. On the
what severe one. The reader must not expect to whole, Poe is fortunate in having waited so long for
be entertained by pleasant chat about the pieces of an edition of his works that must please his con-
sculpture passed in review; he will find a compact scious shade, for nothing is here omitted or added
treatment of the technical and historical aspects of for mere friendship’s sake, and we are fain to believe
the subject,-a treatment in which the line is sternly that this author needs no favors.
drawn between what is certainly known or highly
probable and the audacious guesses of brilliant spec-
“The Revolution," says Victor Hugo,
A soldier
ulators in archæology. Such a book as this has
and martyr of “ by the side of youthful figures of
the Revolution.
been urgently needed. Mrs. Mitchell's “History
giants such as Danton, Saint-Just,
of Animal Sculpture” is already, after thirteen
and Robespierre, has young ideal figures, like Hoche
years, somewhat out of date; moreover, praise- and Marceau.” The Life of François-Séverin Mar-
worthy and useful as her work was, it was after all
ceau " (Macmillan), by Captain T. G. Johnson, is
the work of a conscientious compiler rather than of
a pleasing, sympathetic sketch of the career of the
an independent authority. Murray's “ History of brilliant, humane young soldier of the Revolution
Geerk Sculpture "was partially revised for a second
who sleeps at Coblentz, his ashes honored alike by
edition, published in 1890, but it is expensive and
friend and foe. Marceau, a soldier at sixteen, a gen-
its merits were never preëminent. As for other eral at twenty-three, a martyr to the liberties of his
competing books in English, the less said about country at twenty-seven, was the Sidney of his time,
them the better. Mr. Gardner's Handbook ought
the Bayard of the Revolution, meriting well the
therefore to meet with great success. It should be
noble stanzas in which Byron has enshrined the
added that the fifty-five carefully chosen illustra- epitome of his deeds, the high tradition of his char-
tions contained in Part I. are most successful, so
acter as one who in those stormy times
- had kept
that the study of them is both instructive and enjoy-
The whiteness of his soul; and thus men o'er him wept."
able. Even Collignon's “ Histoire de la Sculpture Captain Johnson's sketch shows a right appreciation
Grecque" does not, except for its heliogravures,
of his hero's character, and a fair knowledge of
reach so high a standard of excellence in this respect.
events — though the critical reader will note an oc-
Completion of
The last five volumes of the Stedman casional loose judgment, such as the unpardonable
the defnitive and Woodberry edition of the com statement that the popular branch of the Constituent
edition of Poe.
plete works of Poe (Stone & Kim- Assembly was composed of men“ actuated only by
ball) contain the literary criticism Eureka," and sordid hopes and a selfish ambition.” To judge thus
While much of Poe's comment on the
is to miss the essential drift and spirit of the
epoch.
current writing of his day is of only temporary in-
With all their faults of self-confidence, inexperience,
trinsic interest, Mr. Stedman truly says that “to the
and boundless faith in the efficacy of legislation, no
student of our native literature, and to the young
more disinterested and public-spirited elective body
American writer who would realize the conditions
ever met to mend the affairs of a nation than the
of the rude forefathers' of his guild, an acquaint-deputies of the Third Estate in '89. Captain John-
ance with the following essays and sketches is little
son gives an interesting sketch of Marceau's cam-
short of indispensable." To this definitive edition, paigns, notably of those in La Vendée, and shows
with its index, its twelve portraits, and Mr. Ster a good knowledge of military matters. There are
ner's numerous illustrations, Professor G. E. Wood several maps, and a good portrait of Marceau forms
berry has contributed the rather unsympathetic
the frontispiece.
memoir and the valuable notes, the latter including
Mr. Greenough White is the author
an account of some of Poe's sources, references to
The philosophy of of an “Outline of the Philosophy of
English literature.
the magazines in which the writings originally ap-
English Literature” (Ginn), of which
peared, and, best of all, the variant readings of all the first part, covering the period from Old English
the poems, as they grew more and more polished times to the accession of Elizabeth, has just been
under their maker's hand. The bibliography, too, published. “To describe the process of mental de-
needs only the addition of the host of critical arti velopment; to determine the limits and character
cles
upon
Poe to take rank with those models from of literary ages; to get at the basal principle of
the British Museum found in the “Great Writers' each successive age and trace its derivation from
series. Mr. Stedman's essays introductory to the that which preceded it,” have been the aims of the
grand divisions of the work are justly appreciative, author, as stated in his own words. This programme
besides glittering with gems of expression. The at once suggests the work recently done by M. Jus-
essay upon the poems, with its sly thrust at the 1 serand, for both writers conceive literature in a
the poems.


214
(April 1,
THE DIAL
Modern
larger sense than literary biography and criticism.
Dr. Tille's “German Songs of To-
It must be confessed that, in spite of the excellence
German lyrics.
day" (Macmillan) gives a selection
of this fundamental conception, Mr. White has not
of the lyrics produced under the New
made a very readable book. When we think of M. Empire so far as they represent new conditions,
Jusserand's sprightly and charming style, we can new tendencies, new philosophies. It does not pre-
realize something of the opportunity that the younger tend, the editor admits, to picture the average taste
writer has missed. Mr. White roams over the whole of Germany for lyric poetry in these twenty-five
field of mediæval history and literature in search of years. Such a picture would include the mass of
illustrative material, but does not seem to have the new production along old lines, together with the
ability to make out of his facts, when collected, an statistics of reading and consumption of the poetry
organic structure. We are inclined to say that such previously in existence. But it will furnish students
a work, to accomplish its purpose, must be planned an opportunity to read as to how the distinctive
upon a far larger scale than has been selected in features of modern life are trying to express them-
the present instance.
selves in German poetry, and incidentally it will
give some readers for the first time a view of cer-
Sir Charles Lawson's “ Private Life
A vindication of
tain of these tendencies in Germany. Dr. Tille's
Warren Hastings.
of Warren Hastings ” (Macmillan) exposition and criticism of these tendencies in his
is an elaborate vindication of the
Introduction is admirable.
character of the great ruler of India from the odium
cast upon it by Macaulay's brilliant but unfair essay,
by the partisan history of Mill, by the famous invec-
tives of Burke and Sheridan, and by the malignant
BRIEFER MENTION.
charges of Philip Francis. His public career has
been examined by such competent men as Sir John
Philosophers and critics will be glad to have Dr. Paul
Carus's selection of the best of Goethe and Schiller's
Strachey, Sir James Stephen, Colonel Malleson, and
Xenions (Open Court Publishing Co.), and students of
others, and the favorable judgments of these have German literature will be grateful to one who thus ex-
fixed Warren Hastings's honorable place in history. cuses them from reading all the product of the great
The present work is loaded with antiquarian lore poets' little fight. But lovers of poetry will not now,
that has very little interest for the general reader, any more than then, find refreshment in the Xenions.
and some of it very little connection with Warren
Dr. Carus has translated well, and furnished a good
Hastings, but it is adorned with fine portraits and
brief Introduction. Can it be true, however, that the
engravings, and with a multitude of smaller illus-
Xenions “have become household words,” and that
trations and fac similes. Some of the chapters, es-
" there is no poetry more frequently quoted” ?
pecially those on Philip Francis, Hastings's arch-
Mr. G. Thorn Drury's edition of the “ Poems of John
Keats” (imported by Scribner), prepared for the
enemy, and on the famous trial, are of great inter-
« Muses Library," is made singularly acceptable by its
est; and the whole book shows the subject of it to
convenient form and tasteful manufacture, and its value
have been an upright, generous, public-spirited man,
for students of poetry is furthermore enhanced by the
though not without faults, whose life was embittered elaborate and thoughtful introduction contributed by
by the machinations of those whose evil doings he Mr. Robert Bridges, a writer peculiarly fitted by tem-
exposed, or whose plans he blocked.
perament and poetical achievement to pluck out the
heart of Keats's mystery. The work is in two volumes.
Broad margins, white and gold cover,
A now treat-
“ Considerations on Painting" is the collective title
ment of the and clear print, make the Rev. T. A. of a series of lectures given by Mr. John La Farge in
Song of Solomon.
Goodwin's “ Lovers Three Thousand 1893 at the Metropolitan Museum of New York, and
Years Ago, as Indicated by the Song of Solomon ”
now issued in a neat volume of 260 odd pages (Mac-
a delightful little volume externally. The author
millan). It is a pleasure to find a professional painter
had a good purpose in his endeavor to rescue the
discussing the various schools and theories and more or
less burning questions connected with his art in so en-
Song of Solomon from the spiritualists and the alle-
tirely critical and catholic a spirit as that shown by Mr.
gorists .
sway the immediate
and direct religious element in ing notes and memoranda of lessons are appended.
The
the writing, and regards it as a love song simply, book will be largely read by intelligent art students and
whose moral lesson is the triumph of pure love over amateurs; and the general reader will find it lucid and
lust. We must, however, confess that the writer's entertaining
biblical scholarship is poor. His introduction, ap The Chautauqua-Century Press has begun the pub-
parently gotten second-hand from various radical lication of two series of pamphlets entitled the “ Way-
critics, is a diatribe against what he calls “plenary
side Course " series and the “ New Education in the
Church " series. Each number in these series is a short
inspiration,” by which he seems to mean “verbal
inspiration "; and he falls into such historical errors
study of some special subject, made with educational
intent. In the first series we have “Studies in Amer-
as assigning to Ezra and Nehemiah the rebuilding of
ican Colonial Life,” by Dr. E. E. Hale; “Studies in
the temple. With the main contention of the book,
Physical Culture," by Dr. J. M. Buckley; a booklet of
however, no lover of true biblical knowledge can fail selections from American literature, and a tract entitled
to be in sympathy. (Open Court Publishing Co.) “ How to Study History, Literature, the Fine Arts."


1896.)
215
THE DIAL
The other series includes “ The Bible as Literature," by The work, in its original form, dates from 1856, and
Mr. W. F. Moulton; and “The Golden Rule in Busi has long had rank among histories of standard value.
ness,"
," by Mr. C. F. Dole.
The Managing Committee of the American School of
Simplified grammars and easy reading texts seem to Classical studies in Rome will offer for the year 1896_7
be the order of the day in Latin education. Mr. E. W. three fellowships, of five hundred and six hundred dollars
Coy's “ Latin Lessons ” (American Book Co.) combines each. Applicants may obtain further information from
elementary grammar with selections from “ Víri Romæ," Professor S. B. Platner, Western Reserve University,
Nepos, and Cæsar. The same publishers also send Cleveland. All applications must be filed by May 1,
“ Stories from Aulus Gellius," edited by Dr. Charles 1896.
Knapp. From Messrs. Leach, Shewell, & Sanborn we A third edition of Messrs. Lindley and Widney's
have an edition of Nepos, by Mr. Isaac Flagg; and “ California of the South,” first published in the days of
from Messrs. Ginn & Co. an excellently edited selection the great "boom" of 1887, brings the work up to date,
from “ Arbis Romæ Viri Inlustres," by Mr. B. L. and affords the visitor or intending settler an invaluable
D'Ooge. In Greek, we have received the “Timon” of compendium of facts, presented in readable and attract-
Lucian (Ginn), edited by Mr. J. B. Sewall; and a “First ive arrangement. Messrs. Appleton & Co. are the pub-
Greek Book” (American Book Co.), by Mr. C. W. lishers.
Gleason and Miss C. S. Atherton.
Mr. Henry Altemus, of Philadelphia, publishes three
pretty booklets in his “ Belles Lettres" series that are of
timely interest. One is an address by Mr. Carl Schurz
on “The Spoils System,” another is Mr. Richard Olney's
LITERARY NOTES.
paper on “ The Scholar in Politics," while the third is
by Dr. Edward Everett Hale, and has “Independence
The first volume of Victor Hugo's letters will appear Day” for its subject.
in June.
Philip J. A. Harper, the senior member of the firm
“ Alice de Beaurepaire," a sequel to “Madame Sans of Harper & Brothers, died at his home in Hempstead,
Gène,” will be published shortly by Messrs. C. E. Brown L. I., on the 6th of March. He was born in 1824, and
& Co. of Boston.
had been connected with the firm which bears his name
Volume VII. of Mr. Henry B. Wheatley's painstak since 1842, having been a partner in the house since
ing edition of Pepys has just been published by Messrs. 1869, when he took the place of his father, James Har-
Macmillan & Co.
per. Mr. Harper retired from active business life some
“ The Atheist's Mass and Other Stories" is the latest years ago.
volume in the Dent-Macmillan edition of Balzac, with An extremely attractive new edition of the “ Decline
preface by Mr. Saintsbury.
and Fall,” edited by Professor J. B. Bury, is to mark
Messrs. Macmillan & Co. have in press a volume of
the Gibbon Centenary. The work will occupy seven
letters that passed between Renan and his sister Hen volumes, and the editor's name warrants the belief that it
riette, which will appear shortly under the title “Brother will be at all points abreast with the latest and most
and Sister."
accurate scholarship. The volume now published (Mac-
“ The Hand of Ethelberta," with an etched frontis-
millan) is delightful in paper, print, and binding, and in
piece and the usual map of Wessex, appears in Messrs.
every way worthy of the masterwork of literature which
Harper & Brothers' standard library edition of the
it sets out to reprint.
novels of Mr. Thomas Hardy.
Judge Hughes, the well-known and widely-beloved
Messrs. Macmillan & Co. have added « Maud" and
author of "Tom Brown's Schooldays," died on the 22d
« In Memoriam” to their “ People's” edition of Ten-
of March, at the age of seventy-three. Everyone knows
nyson, and “A Happy Boy,” translated by Mrs. W.
that he was a boy at Ragby, and that he established the
Archer, to their new edition of Herr Björnson's novels.
Rugby colony in Tennessee. Not so many are acquainted
with his career as a member of Parliament from 1865
Mr. H. Heathcote Statham's “ Architecture for Gen-
to 1874, and as an occupant of the bench from 1882 to
eral Readers” (Scribner) has passed into a second and
the time of his death. Chicago owes him a peculiar
revised edition. It is an admirable book for the general
debt of gratitude for his collection from English authors
reader, treating of theory and history in about equal
and publishers of the several thousands of volumes that
measure.
formed the beginning of her great Public Library. His
The J. B. Lippincott Co. announce for early publica service in this matter, coming just after the Great Fire
tion a new novel by Mrs. Alexander, entitled “A Fight
of 1871, was as timely as it was graceful, and has always
with Fate.” The same firm will issue “ The Ebbing of
been warmly appreciated. His writings include, besides
the Tide," a new story by Louis Becke, and “The Fail-
the Tom Brown books, “ The Scouring of the White
ure of Sibyl Fletcher," an English story by Adeline
Horse,” “ Alfred the Great,” “ A Layman's Faith,” and
Sergeant.
several other publications.
“ The Congregationalist” for March 12 is a sixty In an editorial article in its issue of March 21, “The
four page number, in celebration of the eighty completed Publishers' Weekly” says:
« There is no name in the
years of its existence. In a series of ably-written spe annals of the American book trade more justly honored
cial articles the progress of the century in religion, edu than that of Putnam. The founder of the publishing
cation, and politics is summarized. The paper claims
house bearing that name George Palmer Putnam
to be the oldest religious journal in existence.
may not, in the ordinary acceptation of the term, have
A new edition of the late Dr. Alfred Edersbeim's been a very successful business man; measured, how-
“ History of the Jewish Nation after the Destruction of ever, by the devotion of his whole life to the encourage-
Jerusalem under Titus " (Longmans) has been prepared ment and development of literature and to its dissem-
under the supervision of the Rev. Henry A. White. ination, his was an eminently successful career.


216
[April 1,
THE DIAL
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 75 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
The missionary spirit which dominated the elder Mr.
Putnam's life he transmitted in full measure to his
children. Few American families can show in the sec-
ond generation a more useful working altruism than that
which dominates the lives of these children - George
Haven Putnam and his brothers in the firm; Herbert
Putnam, now at the head of the Boston Public Library;
Mrs. Mary Putnam-Jacobi, one of the two women who
first stormed the doors of the French Academy of Medi-
cine, and opened them to her sex, and whose career in
the practice of medicine and as a writer has been most
noteworthy; and Miss Ruth Putnam, whose literary
work has been much more extended and helpful than
the volumes bearing her name would show — not to
speak of other brothers and sisters whose names are
less publicly known.” Apropos of the literary work of
the elder son, the article adds: “ Already the author of
an authoritative work on The Question of Copyright'
- a subject on which his father in 1840 published what
is regarded as the first pamphlet written by an Ameri-
can on the subject - as well as a practical manual for
authors and publishers, George Haven Putnam has
more recently, through an important work on · Authors
and Their Public in Ancient Times,' and a forthcoming
work on · Books and Their Makers During the Middle
Ages,' become the historian of the book trade from its
earliest beginning."
HISTORY.
Lectures on the Council of Trent Delivered at Oxford,
1892-3. By James Anthony Froude. 8vo, gilt top, pp.
294. Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.
History of the Jewish Nation after the Destruction of
Jerusalem under Titus. By the Rev. Alfred Edersheim,
M.A.; revised by Rev. Henry A. White, M.A.; with Pre-
face by Rev. William Sanday, D.D. 8vo, uncat, pp. 553.
Longmans, Green, & Co. $5.
The Age of Hildebrand. By Marvin R. Vincent, D.D.
12mo, pp. 457. “Ten Epochs of Church History." Chris-
tian Literature Co. $1.50.
Handbook of Arctic Discoveries. By A. W. Greely. With
portrait, 16mo, pp. 257. “Columbian Knowledge Series."
Roberts Bros. $1.
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
Life and Letters of George John Romanes, M.A., LL.D.,
F.R.S. Written and edited by his wife. Illus., 8vo, un-
out, pp. 360. Longmans, Green, & Co. $4.
The Right Hon. Joseph Chamberlain. By S. H. Jeyes.
With portrait, 12mo, uncut, pp. 258. “Publio Men of
To-Day.” F. Warné & Co. $1.25.
Frances Mary Buss, and her Work for Education. By
Annie E. Ridley. Illus., 12mo, pp. 399. Longmans, Green,
& Co. $2.25.
Napoleon III. (My Recollections). By Sir William Fraser,
Bart., author of "Disraeli and his Day." Second edi-
tion ; 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 274. Charles Scribner's
Sons. $2.
Six Modern Women: Psychological Sketches. By Laura
Marholm Hansson ; trans. by Hermione Ramsden. 12mo,
pp. 213. Roberts Bros. $i.25.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
April, 1896 (First List).
Alaska Boundary Line, The. T. C. Mendenhall. Atlantic.
Arnold Aftermath, The. Dial.
Barbizon School of Painters, The. Will H. Low. McClure.
Bimetallism, International. John J. Valentine. Overland.
Bismarck, Two Views of. C. H. Cooper. Dial.
California at Atlanta Exposition. J. A. Filcher. Overland.
Cathode Ray, The. A. W. Wright. Forum.
Cathode Rays Discovery, The. H. J. W. Dam. McClure.
Cathode Rays in America. Cleveland Moffett. McClure.
China and the Western World. Lafcadio Hearn. Atlantic.
College Christian Associations. Henry T. Fowler. Harper.
Crete, Early Writing in. F. B. Tarbell. Dial.
Educational Museums and Libraries of Europe. Ed'l Review.
England under the Stuarts. A. B. Woodford. Dial.
English-American Quarrel, The. Henry Norman. Scribner.
Financial Ills, Cause of Our. John Sherman. Forum.
Francis Joseph and his Realm. August Fournier. Forum.
High School, Work of the. F. L. Soldan. Educational Rev.
History, The Study of. Thomas R. Bacon. Overland.
Holland's Care for its Poor. J. H. Gore. Forum.
Journalism, Modern, Ethics of. Aline Gorren. Scribner.
Leighton, Sir Frederick. Cosmo Monkhouse. Scribner.
Lowell in England. George W. Smalloy. Harper.
Old-Testament Drama, An. Ellen Duvall. Lippincott.
Paris Swindles. Cleveland Moffett. Lippincott.
Penal Administration in Pennsylvania. Lippincott.
Photography, The New. John Trowbridge. Scribner.
Poetry, Recent English. W. M. Payne. Dial.
Presidency, The, and Senator Allison. Atlantic.
Publio Taste, Pleasing the. Brander Matthews. Forum.
Scotch Element in American People. N. S. Shaler. Atlantic.
Secondary Schools. B. A. Hinsdale. Dial.
Socialism in England, Outlook of. William Morris. Forum.
South African Constitutions, Two. James Bryce. Forum.
Stadion at Athens, Restoration of the. Scribner.
Studies, Correlations of. C. B. Gilbert. Educational Review.
Teacher, The Training of the. F. W. Atkinson. Atlantic.
Teaching - Trade or Profession? J. G. Schurman. Forum.
Washingtons, The, in Virginia Life. Lippincott.
Wayne's Victory in 1794. Theodore Roosevelt. Harper.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Robert Burns in Other Tongues: A Critical Review of the
Translations of the Songs and Poems of Robert Burns.
By William Jacks. With portraits, 12mo, uncut, pp. 560.
Macmillan & Co. $3.50.
Sunrise Stories: A Glance at the Literature of Japan. By
Roger Riordan and Tozo Takayanagi. With frontispiece,
12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 281. Charles Scribner's Sons.
$1.50.
Traits and stories of the Irish Peasantry. By William
Carleton; edited by D.J. O'Donoghue. Illas., 12mo, gilt
top, uncut, pp. 219. Macmillan & Co. $1.50.
The Song of Songs: Which is Solomon's; Being a Reprint
and a Study, By Elbert Hubbard. 8vo, uncut. East
Aurora, N. Y.: Roycroft Printing Shop. $2 net.
The Rhythm of Life, and Other Essays. By Alice Meynell.
16mo, uncut, pp. 107. Copeland & Day. $1.25.
Ecce Puella, and Other Prose Imaginings. By William
Sharp. 12mo, uncut, pp. 124. Way & Williams. $1.25.
In Search of Quiet: A Country Journal, May-July. By
Walter Firth. 12mo, pp. 296. Harper & Bros. $1.25.
Magda: A Play in Four Acts. By Hermann Sudermann;
trans. by Charles Edward Amory Winslow. 16mo, gilt
top, uncut, pp. 161. Lamson, Wolffe, & Co. $1.
Bibliographica:
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The Voice and Spiritual Education. By Hiram Corson,
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Art and Humanity in Homer. By William Cranston Law-
ton. 32mo, gilt top, pp. 284. Macmillan & Co. 75 cts.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
Poems of John Keats. Edited by G. Thorn Drury; with
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trait, 18mo, gilt tops, uncut. Charles Scribner's Sons.
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Spenser's Faerie Queene. Edited by Thomas J. Wise ;
illus. by Walter Crane. Part XII. (Book IV., Cantos
IX.-XII.); 4to, uncut. Macmillan & Co. $3.
The Poetical Works of Robert Burns. Edited by James
A. Manson. “Kilmarnock" Edition; in 2 vols., 16mo,
gilt tops, uncut. J. B. Lippincott Co. Boxed, $2.


1896.]
217
THE DIAL
The Diary of Samuel Pepys, M.A.; with Lord Braybrooke's
Notes. Edited by Henry B. Wheatley, F.S.A. Vol.
VII.; with frontispiece, 12mo, uncut, pp. 387. Macmillan
& Co. $1.50.
The Atheist's Mass, and Other Stories. By H. de Balzac ;
trans. by Clara Bell ; with Preface by George Saintsbury.
Illus., 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 291. Macmillan & Co.
$1.50.
People's Edition of Tennyson's Works. New vols.: In
Memoriam, and Maud. Each 24mo, uncut. Macmillan
& Co. Per vol., 45 cts.
POETRY.
My Sea, and Other Poems. By the Hon. Roden Noel; with
Introduction by Stanley Addleshaw. 12mo, uncut, pp. 76.
Way & Williams. $1.25 net.
Hills of song. By Clinton Scollard. 16mo, uncut, pp. 93.
Copeland & Day. $1.25.
Lines Read at the
Centennial Celebration of the Hasty Pud-
ding Club of Harvard College, 1795–1895. By John T.
Wheelwright. Ius., 8vo, pp. 20. Little, Brown, &
Co. $1.
FICTION.
A Lady of Quality. By Frances Hodgson Burnett. 12mo,
pp. 363. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
In the Blue Pike: A Romance of German Civilization at the
Commencement of the 16th Century. By Georg Ebers;
trans. by Mary J. Safford. 16mo, pp. 230. D. Appleton
& Co. 75 cts.
The Cid Campeador: A Historical Romance. By D. An-
tonio de Trueba y la Quintana ; trans. by Henry J. Gill,
M.A. 12mo, uncut, pp. 387. Longmans, Green, & Co. $2.
The Wood of the Brambles. By Frank Mathew. 12mo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 462. Way & Williams. $1.50.
The Supply at Saint Agatha's. By Elizabeth Stuart
Phelps. Dus., 12mo, gilt top, pp. 38. Houghton, Mifflin
& Co. $1.
The New Virtue. By Mrs. Oscar Berringer. 16mo, pp. 312.
Edward Arnold. $1.
The Autobiography of a Professional Beauty. By Eliza-
beth Phipps Train, author of " A Social Highwayman."
Illus., 18mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 233. J. B. Lippincott
Co. 75 cts.
Doctor Congalton's Legacy: A Chronicle of North Coun-
try By-Ways." By Henry Johnston. 12mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 346. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.25.
The Second Opportunity of
Mr. Staplehurst. By W.
Pett Ridge, author of " A Clever Wife." 12mo, pp. 283.
Harper & Bros. $1.25.
A Happy Boy. By Björnstjerne Björnson; trans. by Mrs.
W. Archer. 16mo, gilt top, pp. 182. Macmillan & Co.
$1.25.
In the Days of Adversity., . By John Bloundelle-Burton,
author of "The Desert Ship." 12mo, pp. 302. D. Ap-
pleton & Co. $1.
Beyond the Paleocrystic Sea; or, The Legend of Half-
jord. By A. S. Morton. 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 264.
St. Paul, Minn.: E. W. Porter Co. $1.50 net.
The Light that Lies. By Cockburn Harvey. Illus., 18mo,
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The Wrong Man. By Dorothea Gerard, author of " An Ar
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POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND FINANCIAL
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Political Philosophy. By Westel Woodbury Willoughby,
Ph.D. 8vo, gilt top, pp. 448. Macmillan & Co. $3.
Southern Sidelights: A Picture of Social and Economic
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ward Ingle, A.B. 12mo, pp. 373. "Library of Econom-
ics and Politics." T. Y. Crowell & Co. $1.75.
State Railroad Control; with a History of its Development
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of Economics and Politics." T. Y. Crowell & Co. $1.75.
Introduction to Political Science: Two Series of Lectures.
By Sir J. R. Seeley, K.C.M.G. 12mo, uncut, pp. 387.
"Eversley Series." Macmillan & Co. $1.50.
The Science of Money. By Alexander Del Mar, M.E., au-
thor of "A History of Money." Second edition, revised
by the author ; 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 205. Macmillan
& Co. $2.25.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
A Wandering Scholar in the Levant. By David G. Ho-
garth. Illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 206. Charles Scribner's
Sons. $2.50.
Kokoro: Hints and Echoes of Japanese Inner Life. By Laf-
cadio Hearn. 12mo, gilt top, pp. 388. Houghton, Mifflin
& Co. $1.25.
With an Ambulance during the Franco-German War: Per-
sonal Experiences and Adventures with Both Armies,
1870-1871. By Charles E. Ryan, F.R.C.S.l. Illus., 12mo,
uncut, pp. 368. Charles Scribner's Sons. $3.
Journal of a Few Months' Residence in Portugal. By
Dora Wordsworth (Mrs. Quillinan). New edition, odited,
with Memoir, by Edmund Lee. With portrait, 12mo, un-
cut, pp. 288. Longmans, Green, & Co. $2.
THEOLOGY AND RELIGION.
Evolution and Dogma. By the Rev. J. A. Zahm, Ph.D.,
author of “ Bible, Science, and Faith." 12mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 461. Chicago.: D. H. MoBride & Co. $2.
The Principles and Practices of the Spiritual Life. By
B. W. Maturin. 16mo, uncut, pp. 208. Longmans,
Green, & Co. $1.50.
What Shall I Tell the Children? Object Sermons and
Teachings. By Rev. George V. Reichel, A.M. 12mo,
pp. 304. Wilbur B. Ketoham. $1.50.
Prophecy; or, Speaking for God. By Rev. Everett S. Stack-
pole, D.D., author of "The Evidence of Salvation."
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Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.25.
The Master's Indwelling. By the Rev. Andrew Murray.
12mo, pp. 180. Fleming H. Revell Co. 75 cts.
How to study the Bible for Greatest Profit. By R. A.
Torrey. 12mo, pp. 121. Fleming H, Revell Co. 75 cts.
Thirty Studies in the Gospel by John. By Prof. W. W.
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50 cts. net.
ART AND ARCHITECTURE.
A Book of Studies in Plant Form, with Some Suggestions
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Report of the Commissioner of Education for the Year
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Coleridge's Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Edited by
Herbert Bates, A.B. With portrait, 12mo, pp. 48. En-
glish Classics.” Longmans, Green, & Co. 45 cts.
Pope's Translation of the Iliad (Books I., VI., XXII.,
and XXIV.). Edited by Warwick James Price, B.A.
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Inductive German Method. By M. J. Martin, A.M. First
Book ; illus., 12mo, pp. 95. Werner School Book Co.
30 cts.
L'Arrabbiata. Von Paul Heyse; edited by Mary A. Frost.
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MISCELLANEOUS.
Dictionary of Burning Words of Brilliant Writers: A Cy-
clopædia of Quotations. By Josiah H. Gilbert; with In-
troduction by Charles S. Robinson, D.D. 12mo, pp. 681.
Wilbur B. Ketcham. $2.


218
(April 1,
THE DIAL
AUTOGRAPH LETTERS OF CELEBRITIES and
SUDAN.
DEALER IN
BOOK PLATES. .
WALTER ROMEYN BENJAMIN, 287 4th Ave., New York City.
THE BOOK SHOP, CHICAGO.
SCAROE BOOKS. BACK-NUMBER MAGAZINES. For any book on any sub-
ject write to The Book Shop. Catalogues free.
A. ,
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Catalogues sent upon application.
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MAGAZINES, and other Periodicals. Sots, volumes, or single numbers.
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plays, histories, monographs, poems ; letters of unbiased criticism and
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bureau in the country. Ketablished 1880: unique in position and suc-
cos. Terms by agreement. Circulars. Address
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THE BOSTON FOREIGN BOOK-STORE.
A complete stock of French, German, Italian, and Spanish standard
works. New books received as soon as issued. Large assortment of
text-books in foreign languages. Completo catalogues mailed free on
demand.
CARL SCHOENHOF,
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23 School Street, Boston, MASB.
Fire and Sword in the
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By SLATIN PASHA, formerly Governor of
Darfur.
8vo, 630 pages, fully illustrated, with Maps and a Plan
of KHARTUM and OMDURMAN. $5.00.
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FRENCH BOOKS.
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TWO NEW NOVELS.
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By Mrs. OSCAR BERRINGER.
12mo, cloth, $1.00.
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THE DIAL
A Semi-filanthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
PAGE
.
.
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
THE TRIUMPH OF THE NOVELIST.
cach month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, 82.00 a year in advance, postage
prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Merico; in other countries
During the greater part of the nineteenth
comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must
be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the century the novel has been the most distinctive
current number. REMITTANCES should be by check, or by express or of literary forms. Historians of literature have
postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and
for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application ;
so amply recognized the fact and critics have
and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATEs furnished so copiously moralized over it that the subject
on application. All communications should be addressed to
has become almost as hackneyed as that of the
THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago.
weather. The Puritan prejudice against novel-
reading, once almost as potent as the Moham.
No. 236. APRIL 16, 1896. Vol. XX.
medan injunction against graphic portrayal of
the human form, has so completely vanished
from the general consciousness of the public
CONTENTS.
that we look with curious wonder at the belated
THE TRIUMPH OF THE NOVELIST
preacher who still here and there voices a pro-
225
test that would have found much support a
COMMUNICATIONS
227 generation or two ago, and that now falls upon
The Red Badge of Hysteria. A. C. McC.
absolutely unheeding ears. We read novels
Extension and Intension. W. C. Lawton.
nowadays as a matter of course, just as we go
Defoe's“Journal of the Plague" as a School Classic.
A. C. Barrows.
to the theatre and eat mince pies, although all
of these practices were condemned by the sterner
THE LETTERS OF ERNEST AND HENRIETTE
morality of our forefathers. And not only do
RENAN. E. G. J..
230 we read novels without compunctions of con-
A MODERN STATESMAN AND AN OLD DIVINE. science, but we are actually encouraged to read
C. A. L. Richards
232 them by those to whom we look for intellectual
THE VOICE AND SPIRITUAL EDUCATION.
and spiritual guidance. Our high schools and
Edwin Mims
235 colleges prescribe courses in novel-reading, and
our clergymen take them as texts for their ser.
THE PIONEER OF AMERICAN JURISPRUDENCE.
mons in a sense very different from that in which
James Oscar Pierce .
236
they used to be taken by gentlemen of the cloth
POST-DARWINIAN THEORIES. Edward Howard trained in the traditions of an older school.
Griggs . .
239 While nineteenth-century readers have been,
TRAVELS VARIOUS. Hiram M. Stanley
241
as a class, almost universally addicted to the
Hogarth's A Wandering Scholar in the Levant.-
fiction-habit, there is no reason for thinking
Miss Balfour's Twelve Hundred Miles in a Waggon. that the readers of the twentieth century will
- Chittenden's The Yellowstone National Park.-
Davis's Three Gringos in Venezuela and Central
be any the less so addicted. Philosophical
America. --Spears's The Gold Diggings of Cape Horn. critics sometimes tell us that the novel will run
-Beynon's With Kelly to Chitral.-Hearn's Kokoro.
its course and be replaced by something else,
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS .
243 | just as the drama and the poem and the essay
Problems of modern Judaism. – Reminiscences of
have at other times and in other lands run their
Napoleon III.—“Hedonistic Theories."— Cavalry in respective courses, and lapsed from favor. But
the Waterloo campaign. - American literature for
these critics do not give us any very definite
young students.- Elizabeth Charlotte of Bavaria.-
A concise account of the China-Japan war.- Italian forecast of what the coming literary fashion is
theories of the treatment of criminals. - Sketches
to be, and the novelist meanwhile snaps his fin.
out-of-doors.- An incomplete handbook of German
literature.- A good book on the Renaissance.
gers at all such iconoclasts. He simply keeps
on producing what the public wants, with small
BRIEFER MENTION
246
regard for the opinions of those who tell us
LITERARY NOTES
247 what the public ought to want. He has ridden
upon the top wave of prosperity to the very
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS
248
verge of a new century, and it is his evident
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
248 intention to carry into that century the prac-
.
.
.
.
.
.


226
(April 16,
THE DIAL
tice of the arts whereby his conspicuous for- there would not be so much cause to rail at the
tunes have heretofore been achieved. Nearly degeneracy of an age that exalts the writer of
all the prizes of the literary life come to him, fiction over literary workers of other classes.
and he finds it very pleasant to have them. Fiction, at its highest, is one of the noblest of
Yachts and villas and other expensive luxuries the arts, and it would be difficult to bestow recog-
are within his reach, and he looks down with nition too generous upon a Scott or a Thack-
patrician pride upon the poor poet in his garret, eray, a Balzac or a Tourguénieff, a George
or upon the mere thinker whose intellectual Eliot or a George Sand. But the deserved
work is done in the hours that can be spared triumph of such writers is attended by an ab-
from the uncongenial toil upon which he must surdly exaggerated estimate of the hosts of the
depend for subsistance.
undeserving. The whole mass of contemporary
A reflective person, contrasting the posi- fiction benefits by the lift given the art by its
tion of the popular novelist with that occupied masters, few in number as they are. And the
by the scholar whose strenuous pursuit of truth best writers are by no means the most success
receives but slight recognition from his gener-ful. Mr. Hardy and Mr. Meredith are far less
ation, can hardly refrain from a certain indig- popular than Mr. Hall Caine and Mr. Rider
nation at so unequal a distribution of the gifts Haggard, although the latter are mere bunglers,
of fortune. The fiction-writer who succeeds in while the former, for all their perversities, are
catching the popular ear finds his path made artists of distinctive genius. The attitude of
easy ever thereafter. Intellectually he may
be our present-day public towards fiction-writers
one of the feeblest of mortals, yet the halo as a class encourages the notion that anybody
of fame encircles his head for the time, and he knows enough to write a novel, and this notion,
may with comparative impunity wax oracular which might otherwise be harmless enough, is
even upon subjects of which he is most densely made perniciously effective by the publishers,
ignorant. On the other hand the quiet thinker who make it possible for almost any body to get
must struggle to get an audience, even for a novel printed. And so we have every year new
ideas which he is perhaps the best-qualified man novels by the hundreds, by the thousands, novels
in the world to express, and may count himself that have not the slightest claim upon any gen-
fortunate if his laborious days earn for him an uine intellectual interest, preposterous inven.
existence of the most precarious and exiguous tions that can only blunt the artistic sense of
sort. He does, indeed, take comfort in the as those who are foolish enough to read them,
surance that his work is done for a posterity exploitations of every variety of diseased fancy
that will have forgotten the very name of the and perverted imagination, guides to the con-
writer who now basks in the sun of popular duct of life by young persons who know noth-
favor, and in this faith may find strength to ing of life themselves, books written with no
scorn the delights of the present day, but his higher aim than amusement that are too dull
task is none the less a thankless one, and the even to achieve that aim, productions of incom-
age is none the less dishonored that makes it petent scribblers who might have found honest
such. Think, for example, of what the world employment in farming or in housekeeping, and
has done for Mr. Rider Haggard and Mr. Her made their activities of some real use to society.
bert Spencer. A few novels, considered as lit Professor Brander Matthews, in a recent
erature almost beneath contempt, have earned magazine article, draws an ingenious parallel
for the one many times over what has been between the art of novel-writing and the game
earned for the other by the forty years that of whist. Dr. Pole recognizes four stages in
have
gone to the building up of one of the most the evolution of whist, the Primitive Game,
imposing and substantial edifices of thought the Game of Hoyle, the Philosophical Game,
ever added to the possessions of mankind. and the Latter-day Improvements. Four stages,
Doubtless, this material view of the reward of not dissimilar to these, may be recognized in
effort is not the only view that should be taken, the evolution of the novel. Professor Matthews
but the lives of most men are so hedged about dubs them the Impossible, the Improbable,
by material limitations and conditioned by ma the Probable, and the Inevitable stages. The
terial necessities that it must be reckoned with “ Arabian Nights,” “Les Trois Mousque-
in determining the balance of justice between taires,” “ Vanity Fair,” and “The Scarlet Let-
every man and his contemporaries.
ter,” are given as examples of the four kinds
If the triumph of the novelist were a condi of fiction. But, just as all four forms of the
tion that concerned only the best producers, game are still practised by different sets of


1896.]
227
THE DIAL
players, the later having failed to displace the during the War: “We cannot even pretend to keep our
earlier ones, so all the four forms of fiction are
countenance when the exploits of the Grand Army of the
still produced by different sets of writers, and
Potomac are filling all Europe with inextinguishable
laughter," and adds we know not whether to pity most
each still finds its own public. The parallel is the officers who lead such men, or the men who are led
interesting, and reasonably justified by the by such officers” (Vol. 90, pp. 395-6). And again, in
facts, but its formulator should have added that January, 1862: “ Englishmen are unable to see anything
there is, and always has been, a fifth kind of peculiarly tragical in the fact that half a million of men
have been brought together in arms to hurl big words at
fiction, corresponding to the variety of whist
each other across a river" (Vol. 91, p. 118). Again, in
known as bumblepuppy. And our pride in the April, 1862, “ Blackwood" tells us that Americans “ do
developments that the art of fiction has unques not demand our respect because of their achievements in
tionably made during the last half-century must
art, or in literature, or in science, or philosophy. They
be considerably tempered when we reflect that
can make no pretence to the no less real, though less
beneficent, reputation of having proved themselves a
the great mass of modern novels comes from great military power" (Vol. 91, p. 534). And in Oc-
writers who do not play the game in accordance tober, 1861, “ Blackwood ” said exultantly: “The ven-
with the rules of any system, primitive or phi- erable Lincoln, the respectable Seward, the raving
losophical. In a word, the ascendancy of fiction
editors, the gibbering mob, and the swift-footed warriors
of Bull's Run, are no malicious tricks of fortune, played
in our latter-day literary production is not alto-
off on an unwary nation, but are all of them the legiti-
gether
the mark of a heightened appreciation of mate offspring of the Great Republic," and is “glad
art. The triumph of the novelist is, to a consid that the end of the Union seems more likely to be ridic-
erable degree, a triumph of ineptitude over abil.
ulous than terrible” (Vol. 90, p. 396).
We all know with what bitterness and spitefulness
ity, of lower over higher ideals, of slovenly over
the “Saturday Review” always treats Americans; and
painstaking workmanship, of incoherence and
with what special vindictiveness it reviews any book
disproportion over measured and organic art. upon our late struggle written from the Northern stand-
point. And so it is with all British periodicals and all
British writers. They are so puffed up with vain-glory
over their own soldiers who seldom meet men of their
COMMUNICATIONS.
own strength, but are used in every part of the world
for attacking and butchering defenseless savages, who
THE RED BADGE OF HYSTERIA.
happen to possess some property that Englishmen covet,
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
that they cannot believe that there can be among any
Must we come to judge of books only by what the peoples well-disciplined soldiers as gallant and cour-
newspapers have said of them, and must we abandon all
ageous as their own.
the old standards of criticism ? Can a book and an au Under such circumstances we cannot doubt that
thor, utterly without merit, be puffed into success by “ The Red Badge of Courage” would be just such a
entirely undeserved praise, even if that praise come book as the English would grow enthusiastic over, and
from English periodicals?
we cannot wonder that the redoubtable « Saturday Re-
One must ask these questions after he has been se view” greeted it with the highest encomiums, and de-
duced into reading a book recently reprinted in this clared it the actual experiences of a veteran of our War,
country entitled “The Red Badge of Courage, an Epi- when it was really the vain imaginings of a young
sode of the American Civil War.” The chorus of praise man born long since that war, a piece of intended real-
in the English papers has been very extravagant, but ism based entirely on unreality. The book is a vicious
it is noticeable that so far, at least, the American pa satire upon American soldiers
and American armies.
pers have said very little about the merits or demerits The hero of the book (if such he can be called "the
of the book itself. They simply allude to the noise youth" the author styles him) is an ignorant and
made over it abroad, and therefore treat its author as stupid country lad, who, without a spark of patriotic
a coming factor in our literature. Even THE DIAL'S feeling, or even of soldierly ambition, has enlisted in
very acute and usually very discerning critic of contem the army from no definite motive that the reader can
porary fiction (Mr. Payne) treats the book and the au discover, unless it be because other boys are doing so;
thor (in your issue of Feb. 1) in very much this way - and the whole book, in which there is absolutely no story,
that is, as a book and an author to be reckoned with, is occupied with giving what are supposed to be his
not because of any good which he himself finds in them, emotions and his actions in the first two days of battle.
but because they have been so much talked about. His poor weak intellect, if indeed he has any, seems to
The book has very recently been reprinted in America, be at once and entirely overthrown by the din and move-
and would seem to be an American book, on an Amer ment of the field, and he acts throughout like a mad-
ican theme, and by an American author, yet originally Under the influence of mere excitement, for he
issued in England. If it is really an American produc does not even appear to be frightened, he first rushes
tion one must suppose it to have been promptly and madly to the rear in a crazy panic, and afterward plunges
properly rejected by any American publishers to whom forward to the rescue of the colors under exactly the
it may have been submitted, and afterward more natur same influences. In neither case has reason or any
ally taken up by an English publisher.
intelligent motive any influence on his action. He is
It is only too well known that English writers have throughout an idiot or a maniac, and betrays no trace
had a very low opinion of American soldiers, and have of the reasoning being. No thrill of patriotic devotion
always, as a rule, assumed to ridicule them. « Black to cause or country ever moves his breast, and not even
wood's ine" is oted by a recent writer as saying an emotion of manly courage. Even a wound which he
man.


228
(April 16,
THE DIAL
finally gets comes from a comrade who strikes him on
the head with his musket to get rid of him; and this
is the only “Red Badge of Courage” (!) which we dis-
cover in the book. A number of other characters come
in to fill out the two hundred and thirty-three pages of
the book, — such as “the loud soldier," " the tall sol-
dier,” “the tattered soldier,” etc., but not one of them
betrays any more sense, self-possession, or courage than
does “the youth.” On the field all is chaos and con-
fusion. “ The young lieutenant,” “the mounted offi-
cer,” even “ the general," are all utterly demented be-
ings, raving and talking alike in an unintelligible and
hitherto unheard-of jargon, rushing about in a very de-
lirium of madness. No intelligent orders are given;
no intelligent movements are made. There is no evi-
dence of drill, none of discipline. There is a constant,
senseless, and profane babbling going on, such as one
could hear nowhere but in a madhouse. Nowhere are
seen the quiet, manly, self-respecting, and patriotic men,
influenced by the highest sense of duty, who in reality
fought our battles.
It can be said most confidently that no soldier who
fought in our recent War ever saw any approach to the
battle scenes in this book — but what wonder ? We are
told that it is the work of a young man of twenty-three
or twenty-four years of age, and so of course must be a
mere work of diseased imagination. And yet it con-
stantly strains after so-called realism. The result is a
mere riot of words.
Although its burlesques and caricatures are quite
enough to dismiss it from attention, it is worth while to
give some samples of its diction to show that there is in
it an entire lack of any literary quality. Notice the vio-
lent straining after effect in the mere unusual associa-
tion of words, in the forced and distorted use of adjec-
tives. Notice, too, the absurd similes, and even the bad
grammar. Startling sentences are so frequent they might
be quoted indefinitely; but here are a few:
"A brigade ahead of them and on the right went into action
with a rending roar. It was as if it had exploded" (p. 45.)
"The lieutenant of the youth's company was shot in the band.
He began to swear so wondrously that a nervous laugh went
along the regimental line. The officer's profanity sounded con-
ventional. It relieved the tightened senses of the new men. It
was as if he had hit his fingers with a tack hammer at home''(p 49).
“Another [mounted officer) was galloping about bawling.
His hat was gone, and his clothes were awry. He resembled a
man who has come from bed to go to a fire. The hoofs of his horse
often threatened the heads of the running men, but they scam-
pered with singular fortune. In this rush they were apparently
all deaf and blind. They heeded not the largest and longest of
oaths which were thrown at them from all directions” (p. 51).
“The battle reflection that shone for an instant in the
faces on the mad current made the youth feel that forceful
hands from heaven would not have been able to have held
him in place if he could have got intelligent control of his
legs” (p. 52).
"A small thrillful boy" (p. 53).
The cartridge-boxes were pulled around into various po
sitions, and adjusted with great care. It was as if seven hun-
dred new bonnets were being tried on (p. 53).
“Buried in the smoke of many rifles, his anger was directed
not so much against the men whom he knew were rushing to-
ward him as against the swishing battle phantoms which were
choking him, stuffing their smoke robes down his parched
throat” (p. 57).
“There was a blare of healed rage" (p. 58).
“The officers at their intervals rearward .. were bobbing
to and fro roaring directions. The dimensions of their howls
were extraordinary” (p. 59).
"To the youth it was like an onslaught of redoubtable
dragons. He became like the man who lost his legs at the
approach of the red and green monster. He waited in a sort
of horrified, listening attitude. He seemed to shut his eyes,
and wait to be gobbled” (p. 68).
"A crimson roar came from a distance" (p. 82).
“With the courageous words of the artillery and the spite-
ful sentences of the musketry mingled red cheers" (p. 85).
“The youth had reached an anguish when the sobs scorched
him" (p. 94).
“They were ever up-raising the ghost of shame on the stick
of their curiosity” (p. 104).
“The new silence of his wound made much worryment"
(p. 124).
“The distance was splintering and blaring with the noise
of fighting” (p. 139).
began to mutter softly in black curses" (p. 201).
“His corpse would be for those eyes a great and salt re-
proach” (p. 215).
It is extraordinary that even a prejudiced animus
could have led English writers to lavish extravagant
praise on such a book; it is still more extraordinary that
an attempt should be made to foist it upon the long-
suffering American public, and to push it into popularity
here. Respect for our own people should have pre-
vented its issue in this country.
There may have been a moderate number of men in
our service who felt and acted in battle like those in this
book; but of such deserters were ade. They did not
stay when they could get away: why should they? The
army was no healthy place for them, and they had no
reason to stay; there was no moral motive. After they
had deserted, however, they remained “loud soldiers,"
energetic, and blatant,- and they are possibly now en-
joying good pensions. It must have been some of these
fellows who got the ear of Mr. Crane and told him how
they felt and acted in battle.
A. C. McC.
Chicago, April 11, 1896.
EXTENSION AND INTENSION.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
The sole purpose of the present brief screed is to
suggest a modification in the general method of con-
ducting Summer Schools, and in the work of those Ex-
tension centres which give several courses during a sin-
gle year;— possibly, also, in the reading system of the
Chautauqua circles. Would it not be practicable, and
wise, to concentrate the studies of such a student-body,
for at least a year, upon a single large but sufficiently
limited topic in literature, history, or science? The
query is no doubt a mere familiar echo, but I hope to
give it a more definite and practical tone.
A syllabus might be carefully prepared as a guide
for two or three months' previous reading. The sum-
mer's (or winter's) lecture courses should be given by
men who are competent specialists, but still men of suf-
ficiently wide — and, let us add, sufficiently harmonious
– views. Each lecturer would, of course, offer his stu-
dents a bibliography far more than sufficient for six
months' subsequent reading. In all cases where ex.
tended reading is suggested, the varying needs of the
trained or untrained, elementary and advanced students,
should be carefully considered. Two books might suf-
fice for some, while others could master twenty. A
final examination (perhaps usually at Easter), and a
certificate for those passing it, should crown the work.
This test might well consist in a goodly number of
far-reaching general questions, from which the student
need select but a small proportion. These could best
be answered in the form of briefer or more sustained
theses, prepared with the freest use of all the books or
other assistance available. Personal correspondence,


1896.]
229
THE DIAL
the travelling libraries, and every other aid possible, would be no less essential than some comparative dis-
should be invoked by the isolated workers.
cussion of the “ Niebelungen” and other early epics. We
This proposal is in the line of a familiar educational might well call to our aid all the scholars of America,
maxim: “Know one thing thoroughly, and refer every in composing an adequate syllabus for every such course,
thing else to that." Certainly a year is all too brief and especially in preparing the thirty topics from which
for the full attainment of any such ideal: but a far five to ten might be selected for the pass examination.
greater continuity would be reached than is now even These topics should be such as to encourage wide read-
attempted. In some cases a second year's work would ing, carried on for definite ends. They should appeal
grow naturally out of the first; e. g., in history, after a skilfully also to the most varied interests and special
study of the French Revolution and Napoleonic era, the predilections. Let me venture, in closing, to offer a few
present conditions in European political life might be out suggestions for such questions. They may serve also to
lined in a second campaign. Similarly, “ Rome under the illustrate the kind of specialism here advocated. No
triumvirates” would lead naturally to “The condition of excuse will be needed for returning once again to the
mankind as organized under the early Roman empire." writer's favorite field to seek examples.
Possibly a truly encyclopædic course, continued through Thus a study of Helen's character as she appears in
a long series of years, might measurably cover at least the “Iliad” and “Odyssey,” in Euripides's tragedy, and
the chief lessons of the past, as handed on to the life of Goethe's “Faust,” while quite large enough for the ma-
the present. Thus, for belles lettres, in eight or ten succes turest specialist in comparative literature, could yet be
sive years, Homer, Greek drama, Latin poetry of the attempted by any intelligent man or woman with Palmer
first century B. C., Dante, French classical drama, the or Butcher and Lang, E. P. Coleridge's prose or Way's
school of Weimar, and the other greatest masterpieces verse for Euripides, and Bayard Taylor's masterly echo
of foreign literatures, might be read carefully by all, of Goethe, in his hands. The use of the precious metals
in translation, and discussed in philosophic spirit by in Homer might interest the student of ethnology, of
those who best know each poet in his own especial en art, or of metallurgy. The comparative moral eleva-
vironment, and in his original voice.
tion of gods and men in the “ Iliad” might run into a
Those who realize most fully the continuity of his-
discussion how far the divine element in the poem is
tory, also, may be no less willing to throw a brighter light,
mere tradition accepted from more savage ancestors,
in succession, upon the heroic, the picturesque, the car-
while Andromache and Hector are drawn with free hand
dinal epochs in the long story of man’s life on earth. as the refined poet's own ideals. A thesis on the posi-
Perhaps three or more widely diverse courses - let tion of woman in epic, in tragedy, in real Athenian life,
us say one in literature, one in history, one in science - might reach down to a discussion of the new American
might be presented simultaneously, and a few students, woman of the present decade.
exceptionally well prepared by previous training, or It is not, I think, peculiarly important to limit the
enjoying a larger leisure, might be free to elect two, or range of thought, at least in the popular education of
even three. The working out of such a scheme in de adults; but it certainly is desirable to focalize the atten-
tail, and the preparation of the courses, would require
tion, to give a more robust and prolonged unity to home-
the united efforts of an entire academic faculty, at least,
study of every sort, to devise dignified and scholarly
if not a selected national body of scholars. Yet it seems means to show the real progress made and the benefits
necessary even here to add tentatively a few illustra-
derived. Hinc illæ nuga! W. C. LAWTON.
tions, if only to bring the proposed plan fairly under Adelphi Academy, Brooklyn, N. Y., April 2, 1896.
discussion.
In science, such a general topic as origin of species, DEFOE'S “JOURNAL OF THE PLAGUE” AS A
or the theory of heredity, aërial navigation, or the ap-
SCHOOL CLASSIC.
plications of electricity in locomotion, or the possibility
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
of organic life on the other planets, could perhaps be Here are a few quotations from Defoe's “ Journal of
made the centre about which much general instruction
the Plague Year," which our young people are reading
in biology, physics, or descriptive astronomy could be in preparation for admission to college. “ Northampton,
given, even to students not trained for advanced special whence our family first came from ”; “and who to trust
studies. Competent teachers of those branches must my affairs with”; “cautious who they took into their
decide how far they can be profitably pursued outside houses"; "they were sure persons would die in so short
the laboratories of a fully equipped university. The a time; and could not live”; “this was nine weeks
writer confesses, however, that he shares the feeling in asunder”; “Solomon Eagle . . . had his own wife died
favor of history (including civics, sociology, etc.), and the very next day of the plague,” meaning, “Solomon
literature, as above all else the common ground for gen Eagle's wife died.”
eral interest and popular culture. These two subjects These pleonasms, blunders in the use of the relative,
could indeed be pursued jointly, so as to throw a con and similar results of haste, are sprinkled thickly
stant cross-light upon each other. Thus the Greek trag- throughout the book; they characterize it. The arrange-
edy and comedy, and the political life of Athens in the ment of the matter is confused and repetitious. The
fifth century, or, still better, mediæval Italy and Dante's discussion of the statistics gleaned from the bills of
poem, might well be studied together. On the whole, mortality is tedious. I, for one, protest against fixing
however, a complete divorce might here be still better the thought of young people upon so ghastly a story,
than union: for while the historical topics would perhaps which cannot be made healthy food for the mind by
be better chosen from modern epochs, literature must in mixing in occasional paragraphs of religious mysticism.
every sense begin with the Greeks.
And so I advise all teachers of preparatory English to
If, however, as is natural, Homer were the centre of exercise the discretion allowed them by the universi-
a first year's work, a special series of lectures on pre ties, and substitute some equivalent for this unworthy
historic archæological data, possibly another on the his “ classic.”
A. C. BARROWS.
torical and chronological deductions from the poems, Ohio State University, April 4, 1896.


230
(April 16,
THE DIAL
with a certain inclination to shun the world and
The New Books.
its delights. Yet her modest withdrawal from
the bustle and levities of life was remote enough
THE LETTERS OF ERNEST AND HENRIETTE from the ascetic Christian's sour renunciation
RENAN.*
of the flesh. For her keenest pleasures (aside
The Memoir of Henriette Renan which Lady from those resting in good works and self-
Mary Loyd has prefixed to her graceful trans-
denial) still sprang from a rich appreciation of
lation of Henriette's correspondence with her
nature - a fine day, a sunbeam, a flower, suf-
brother is the reproduction of a pamphlet of ficing to delight her. And she had to the last,
which Ernest Renan had a hundred copies says her brother, despite a life replete with tears
printed in 1862 under the title, “ Henriette
and toil and serious thought, now and then her
Renan : A Memorial for those who knew her.” charming womanly flashes.
Touching this pamphlet M. Renan observes in “Her youth would return to her for the nonce; she
his « Souvenirs d'Enfance et de Jeunesse":
would seem to smile at life, and the veil that parted her
from it would drop. These passing moments of en-
“ The person who has had most influence on my life
chanting weakness, fleeting gleams of a dawn long past,
- my sister Henriette — scarcely appears in this work were full of melancholy tenderness. . . . She loved life,
of mine. A year after the death of that beloved being
she was full of good taste, she could smile over some
I wrote a little pamphlet, consecrated to her memory, womanly trifle as she would smile over a flower."
for the benefit of the few who had known her. My sister
was so modest, her aversion to the bustle of the world At seventeen Henriette embraced the career
was so extreme, that if I had offered these pages to the of a professional teacher -“ the bitterest of all
general public I should have fancied her casting re-
others.” The tragic death of her father in
proaches on me from the grave. .. It seemed to me
1828 (a sailor of the Republic, he met the fate
I should do as wrong by the insertion of these pages in
a book placed on the open market, as if I exhibited her
of his calling, and lies buried beneath the sands
portrait in an auction room. The pamphlet will not be near Erqui where the sea cast him up) left the
reprinted, therefore, till after I am dead."
little family in poverty. From that time forth,
In a codicil to his will M. Renan authorized says M. Renan, “she looked upon herself as
the present reprint, which was prepared by responsible for my future.”
Madame Renan, who also selected the letters. “Noticing my awkward movements one day, she per-
The Memoir is a beautiful and touching record ceived I was striving shyly to conceal the rents in a
of sisterly devotion and self-effacement, tinged the poor child, destined to such black poverty, with in-
worn-out garment. She burst into tears. The sight of
perhaps with a little fond exaggeration of gifts stincts so removed therefrom, wrung ber heart. She
and qualities to which the writer owed much. resolved to face the struggle with life, and undertook
Henriette Renan was what may be termed a the task of filling up, by her unaided efforts, the abyss
moral genius ; for genius is not of the intellect our father's misfortunes had opened at our feet.”
alone. Had circumstances permitted her to How nobly she faced that struggle ; how her
indulge her early bent towards the conventual efforts were crowned at last with the modest
life, the aureola of sainthood might well have triumph she craved—the independence of those
been hers. “She never,” says her brother, she loved; how solely through her toil and self-
“ knew any pleasures save those she drew from sacrifice her brother was enabled to tread the
the practice of virtue and from the heart's path that led to his future fame, the Memoir
affections.” Hers, in fine, was one of those eloquently sets forth.
rare souls which seem created to assure us that Constant study, M. Renan tells us, produced
the moral impulse, the saving human capacity in his sister “a prodigious mental develop-
or tendency to make the pains and the joys of ment,” and a corresponding modification of her
others one's own, however lowly in its origin and early religious ideas.
as yet confined and imperfect in its manifesta « From history she learnt the insufficiency of any
tion, is still capable of a boundless development dogma; but the fundamental religious sentiment, which
that points to a hopeful future for the race.
was hers by nature, as well as by reason of her early
education, was too deeply rooted to be shaken.”
Henriette Renan was born at Tréguier in the
year 1811, her brother twelve years later. Her Perhaps she passed into a phase of exalted
life was shadowed early; and the natural mel deism, like that of the “Savoyard Vicar,” which
ancholy of her temperament left her little taste
has singular attractions for natures like hers;
but
tered to their fall. She inclined, says M. Renan,
BROTHER AND SISTER: A Memoir and the Letters of
Ernest and Henriette Renan. Translated by Lady Mary Loyd.
“to view the very clerical bent of my educa-
Illustrated. New York: Macmillan & Co.
tion with some regret.” How soon she was
for lighter amusements, and even inspired her but her Catholic convictions certainly soon tot


1896.]
231
THE DIAL
destined to learn from her brother the baseless a fruit. But it is one thing to say it is not false, and
ness of that regret, the story of his own pain-
quite another to assert its absolute truth, at least as
ful progress in the thorny path of doubt in
those who profess to be its interpreters understand it. I
shall always love it and admire it. . . . But when from
which she had outstripped him, and of his step-
this pure Christianity (which really is reason personified)
by-step relinquishment of the ecclesiastical ca we come down to the narrow shabby ideas, to all the
reer, those who have read his charming “Sou mythical stories, that fall to pieces at the touch of can-
venirs ” already know. For ten years, from
did criticism.
1840 to 1850, Henriette was governess in a
In 1860 M. Renan accepted a scientific mis-
noble family in Poland ; and it was during this
sion to Syria, and his sister accompanied him
period that most of the letters in the present
thither. The journey was a source of keen en.
collection were written. In them one may joyment to her; and the year, in fact, spent in
trace the progress of the mental change that
the garden of the Orient where the perfumed
finally impelled M. Renan to renounce a career
atmosphere seems to thrill every living thing
he could not in conscience follow. So early as with its own buoyancy, spent, above all, in the
1844 he writes, after confessing the scruples hourly companionship of the brother who was
that beset him regarding an impending step in
as her other self, and from whom long years of
his ecclesiastical advance :
exile had parted her, was “the only one in her
“ Amidst the lively controversies now occupying pub-
life which brought her no actual sorrow, and it
lic opinion in this country, and which I look on as part was almost the only real reward she ever knew.”
of the frivolous pabulum indispensable to those whose But it was as the sunset glow before the dark;
passions need some special stimulant, ... I have suc-
for the night soon fell, and the harvest-hour,
ceeded in forming an opinion (on religious societies) as
wherein men sit them down to rest and look
far removed from the frantic declamation of those who
love to see mystery where none exists, as from the ab back over the weariness and suffering of by-
surd panegyrics lavished by those small minds who see gone days, never struck for her.” The stay
the type of sovereign perfection in a very human insti in Syria was incautiously prolonged over the
tution. Both parties seem to me equally ignorant of
season dangerous to Europeans, and brother
the two great laws of human nature: 1st. That whoever
thinks to find a human work — under whatever name,
and sister were stricken with the deadly fever
be it even that of Jesus Christ - whatever its avowed
that haunts the coast. For one the end was
object, even the saintliest — whatever means, even the come. Henriette Renan died at Amschit, in
purest, serve its ends — in which the human passions,
the great room of a little native house where
their influence and their action, have no share, seeks the
impossible. 2nd. That whereas humanity eternally pro- trembling in the balance. A grain of dust
her brother lay the while unconscious, his life
gresses, and such institutions remain stationary, it inev-
itably follows that those of one century must be out of
would have turned the scale against him. He
harmony with the next, and that to attempt to keep woke from the long delirium only to learn of his
them going is like trying to warm a corpse, and is a loss that she who had dried his childish tears
proof of extreme folly."
in distant Brittany ; who had smoothed his
In a letter of the following year he informs path from youth to manhood ; who had freely
his sister that he has refused, for the time, to sacrificed her youth, her ease, her beauty, that
take the irrevocable step of becoming a sub- he might live and thrive, was gone. To his re-
deacon. He continues :
peated questions they long replied, “She is
“ I do not remember ever having set forth the reasons very ill "; at last they told him, “She is dead.”
which have made me cease to incline towards the eccle-
Then his delirium came again, and with it
siastical career. . . . Well, here it is in a nutshell. I do
not believe enough. While the Catholic faith was the
kindly oblivion.
incarnation of all truth to me, its priesthood was in “I thought I was with her, as in a burning vision, at
vested in my eyes with a brilliant fascination, compact Aphaca, where the river Adonis rises under the huge
of dignity and beauty. . . . But all this time my
brain walnut trees which hang above the waterfall. She was
was working desperately. Once roused, my reason de sitting by my side on the cool sward, I held a glass of
manded its legitimate rights, which every time and every icy water to her failing lips, and together we plunged
school have granted. Then I fell to verifying Christian into the life-giving spring, weeping, and borne down
truth on rational grounds. God, who sees the secrets with over-mastering sadness. It was not till two days
of my heart, knows whether I did it faithfully and can later that I recovered full consciousness, and that my
didly. Who, indeed, would dare to pass light and tri disaster broke upon me in all its fearful reality."
fling judgments on doctrines before which eighteen cen Henriette Renan rests in the little Syrian
turies have knelt? If I had any weakness to contend
with, it was that I was favorably rather than hostilely
village where she died, near a pretty chapel
inclined towards them. ... But all had to give way
shaded by palm-trees. Says her brother:
when once I saw the truth. God forbid I should say “I shrink from the idea of taking her from the beau-
Christianity is false; that word would prove my intel tiful mountains where she had been so happy. ...
ligence very limited. Untruth could never bear so fair Some day, of course, she must come back to me, but who


232
(April 16,
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;
can tell what corner of the world shall hold my grave ? hard to understand that it should have been left
Let her wait for me then under the palms at Amschit,
for anyone to undertake one hundred and fifty
in the land of antique mysteries, by sacred Byblos!”
years after Butler's death. The notes are per-
M. Renan eloquently concludes that God will haps none of them especially illuminative, Mr.
not permit His saints to see corruption. Gladstone's is not a profoundly philosophic
“Oh, heart that ever nursed a flame of tenderest love! mind; but they are brief and unobtrusive, and
Oh, brain, the seat of thought so exquisitely
pure! Ob; point to the sources of Butler's thought, or to
lovely eyes, shining with tender light! Oh, long and
dainty hand, so often clasped in mine! — the thought
the unnamed writers whom Butler refuted. The
that you are fallen away to dust thrills me with horror! editor is not anxious to parade himself but to
... But sublunary things are all but types and shad elucidate a favorite author. The preface is in
ows. . . . Personally I have never doubted the reality
of the Moral Law. But now I see clearly that all the
admirable taste, simply setting forth what the
logic of the universal system must come to naught if
editor has sought to accomplish. Students of
such lives as hers were nothing but a delusion and a Butler may well be grateful. When may we
snare."
Americans hope for an edition of Berkeley or
Are, then, sainted lives like Henriette Re Pascal or Jonathan Edwards from some ex-
nan's indeed so rare? Perhaps the earthly President of the United States or ex-Speaker
visits of such ministering angels are not so few
of the Lower House ?
and far between as we fancy; for, alas, they This is hardly the arena, nor is the present
usually remain unsung.
E. G. J. reviewer the person, for any strictly theolog-
ical discussion. But a classic in theology, like
a classic in any other department, has its place
in literary history. And whatever the precise
A MODERN STATESMAN AND AN OLD merits of Bishop Butler's arguments, his posi-
DIVINE.*
tion as a theological classic is secure. Men
What multiplication of tasks can exhaust Mr. of all schools pay him willing or reluctant tri-
Gladstone's superabundant leisure ? At his age, bute. They like to quote him and claim his
after his labors he might be expected to fold authority. Platonists like Martineau feel called
his hands and be thankful. Yet pile what you upon to deal with the Aristotelian mind of But-
will on his shoulders, this aged Titan confesses
ler. Roman divines like Newman do not hes-
no weariness, cheerily stoops to Pelion, makes itate to point to the reading of Butler as a turn-
no objection to Ossa, and holds out his hands ing point in their history. Men like Mark
for new burdens, dancing lightly and gaily Pattison and John Hunt and Leslie Stephen
under them all. It is an athlete's triumph. yield him a foremost place among the thinkers
Only a curmudgeon would question if such end of his age. Wits like Walter Bagehot, wits
less tasks can all be well done, if the “old par and poets like Matthew Arnold, cannot feel
liamentary hand” may not busy itself beyond that the path is quite clear for the presentation
its power, if the whilome Prime Minister may of the most modern thinking until they have
not stuff his portfolio fuller than it can bear, made a joust at this doughty champion and
if he may not go too far in making all knowl struck one ringing blow upon his shield. That
edge his province, and run risk of incurring must be solid work which affords shelter and
the modified epigram, Finance was his forte tempts attack, which suggests fresh buttress-
and omniscience his foible. But what a gallanting or bold battering to such various minds,
spectacle it is of a brave fight against decrepi- after a century and a half since its original con-
tude, of one who has well earned rest, finding struction.
it in serious persistent labor.
The facts of Bishop Butler's life may be
Mr. Gladstone's present work is very obvi- briefly enumerated.
briefly enumerated. It was in 1692, the year
ously useful. It is never too late for a better of the battles of La Hogue and of Steenkirk
edition of a classic. There can be no doubt that and of the massacre of Glencoe, that Joseph
this is the best extant edition of Bishop Butler's Butler, the son of a dissenting shopkeeper at
works. The task of breaking up into sections Wantage in Berkshire, came to his birth.
for convenient reference and of supplying head-
William III. was on the throne. There was as
ings and indexes may be a modest one, but it yet no National Debt, which began in 1693,
is so serviceable for serious students that it is and no Bank of England, which was founded
one year later. Newton's - Principia ” had
THE WORKS OF JOSEPH BUTLER, D.C.L., Sometime
Lord Bishop of Durham. Edited by the Right Hon. W. E.
been but a few years before the world. John
Gladstone. In two volumes. New York: Macmillan & Co. Bunyan had lately died. John Locke had just


1896.)
233
THE DIAL
or concern.
issued the third Letter on Toleration. Gay, clined on the ground that it was too late for him
Pope, and Richardson were in the nursery. La to try to prop a falling Church. At Durham
Fontaine was still living and Voltaire was not Butler delivered a charge to his clergy, which
yet born when Butler entered on the world. It urged upon them decent reverence for the out-
was rather a dismal world for a thoughtful and ward forms of religion, and the preservation of
melancholy mind to enter. It was a period the sacred fabrics in which religion is enshrined.
of perfunctory service in the Church and of As he had ventured also to erect a marble cross
corruption in the State. Public affairs were in his chancel, it seemed good to the narrow
unsettled, the succession to the English throne protestantism of his time to suspect him of
bardly secured. The lax morals of the restora Romish tendencies, and even to set on foot a
tion period had infected all society, and effaced rumor, absolutely without foundation, that he
the strong impress which Puritanism had left had died in the Roman Communion. His some-
upon the national conscience.
what melancholy mood, his somewhat ascetic
The melancholy of Butler's mind may well habit, his readings in the lives of the Saints,
have been intensified by the narrow lot and were confirmatory evidence. It was easy to
perverse age in which he found himself. From slander a court favorite, after he was gone. He
an early period he evinced rare gifts. Before died in June, 1752. He was unmarried, and
leaving school at Gloucester, he entered into Bagebot humorously declares that the only wo-
correspondence with the leading theologian of man he is known to have spoken to was Queen
his time, acutely criticising his proof of the ex Caroline.
istence of God. Already he had seen his course Few persons so high in station, so remark-
before him and designed the search after able in endowments, are so little known. The
truth to be the business of his life.” In such correspondence with Dr. Clarke, the Sermons,
a quest the broad roominess of the English es the Analogy, the Charge, the successive ecclesi-
tablishment attracted him, and after prepara- astical promotions,—these are his history. Pre-
tion in a Presbyterian school, where the future ferments tumbled upon him without his effort
Archbishop Secker was his companion, he over-
He had a certain sense of his
came his father's scruples, and in 1714–15 en-worth, and rather indicated in his acceptance
tered Oriel College, Oxford. The University of the see of Bristol, that it was not altogether
had not altogether emerged from mediæval equal to his deserts. It is hard to picture him
influences, and Butler complained of the “ friv. at the Queen's suppe
at the Queen's suppers or about the King's
olous lectures and unintelligible disputations Court. His native melancholy was mildly tem-
which he encountered there, and had thoughts pered by a love of building and of stained glass.
of migrating to Cambridge where he might His house at Hampstead was gay and even ele-
fancy tradition would be less oppressive. Grad- gant. He spent more than he could well afford
uated, and ordained both Deacon and Priest in on his first rectory, and on his palace at Durham
1718, he was soon appointed preacher at the laid out the greater part of his income. He was
Rolls. There he remained seven years, part of a generous and cheerful giver.
the time being also Rector of Houghton. He The peculiar madness of Butler's time was
was seven years more in the rich living of Stan a widespread conviction that the Christian
hope, then Chaplain to Lord Chancellor Tal- Church was a decrepit survival and the Chris-
bot, and in 1736 Clerk of the Closet to Queentian religion a confessed fraud or delusion.
Caroline. In that year he published the Anal. The age was corrupt and unimaginative. It
ogy. The Queen, a woman of vigorous mind had nothing but eyes to see with. Its very
and lively intellectual curiosity, was especially poetry was witty and sparkling prose.
Its
interested in theological speculation. Horace morals were pure utilitarianism. Its bald mo-
Walpole says, “ Her understanding was uncom tive was self-interest. It was an age of hard
mon strong. She wished to be a patroness of drinking and hard swearing and hard living.
learned men, and her chief study was divinity.” So far as it believed in religion at all, it was in
At her death she commended Butler to a religion denuded of its mysteries, its awful
George the Second, who made him Clerk of the sanctions, its redemptive forces. It was what
King's Closet, then Bishop of Bristol, and also was called natural religion by philosophers. It
Dean of St. Paul's, and finally in 1750 raised was called “the religion of men of sense" by
him to the richest of the English sees, that of men about town. It admitted God as con-
Durham. It was a little earlier that the prim- structor of the universe and remote manager
acy of Canterbury was offered him, which he de- of events. Even Voltaire felt the need of in-


234
(April 16,
THE DIAL
venting a God if none existed, and took credit be fictitious," was “an agreed point among peo-
to himself for erecting a temple in his honor. ple of discernment.” Even Butler's grave pen
But it was a God deprived of his highest attri grows unconsciously humorous as he undertakes
butes, a good-natured divinity, who meddled to prove simply “that it is not so clear a case
little with decent people's business and could that there is nothing in it.” Did ever theolo-
keep on terms with Madame du Châtelet, a gian set before him a more modest endeavor ?
God who had once set the machine in motion It is almost impossible not to see a twinkle in
and was disposed not to concern himself very his eye as he adds that “the practical conse-
closely as to how it ran, a faineant sovereign, quence to be drawn from this is not attended
who would think twice before damning people to by everyone who is concerned in it,” the
of distinction, a Judge whose Hell burnt low purchasable politicians, the loose-living states-
and whose Heaven was a realm of snug and men, the worldly divines, the ribald rhymsters,
comfortable self-indulgence, where the respect or the hollow pleasure-loving women of society.
able classes were admitted pretty much at their Yet there was no twinkle in the eye or pucker
pleasure. Religion was not really extinct, the about the lips at a dry pleasantry. Butler was
mass of mankind had some sense of Christian dead in earnest, and the humor, however grim,
living, but what we have depicted seemed a was in the situation, not in the writer. The
sufficient religion for the gentlemen of the pe- simplest statement was the deadliest satire.
riod - even though these gentlemen were in Butler is no enthusiast. When he confronted
orders. There was perhaps no time in English enthusiasm in the person of John Wesley he
history when the clergy were held in so deserv- found it “ a horid thing," and inhibited that
edly low esteem. If they were good they were great reviver of moribund religion from offi.
ignorant of the world and slightly absurd, like ciating in his diocese. He is a man of cold
Parson Adams; if they were bad they were sluggish intelligence, distrustful of the emo-
coarse and brutal, like Parson Trulliber. They tions, cautious to a fault, to whom the only
might be keen politicians and more or less or access is along the avenue of reason, not the
thodox divines, like Swift or Atterbury. They intuitive reason of Coleridge, but the faculty
might be triflers and would-be men of pleasure, that deduces exact conclusions from admitted
like Laurence Sterne. They might be bullies premises, the strict logical and dialectical fac-
armed with polemic cudgels, like Bishop War- ulty which employs observation, selection, judg-
burton. But they were hardly expected to be ment, and invention, but keeps under foot
spiritual and earnest, or valiant for the faith fancy, imagination, and feeling. “Things are
to which they owed their revenues.
as they are, and the consequences of them will
out of place; high enthusiasm, as in Wesley, be what they will be. Why then should we
fell under suspicion.
desire to be deceived ?" Butler never desired
Into that grotesque world Butler found him to be deceived, however gloomy and awful re-
self launched with a very unusual outfit, a solid ality might be. There was little play to his
intellect, a sensitive conscience, sufficient learn- mind or healthy diversity to its activity. If he
ing, and an ineradicable tendency to see things ever read anything but ethics and theology and
as they were. One great fact stared him in the the lives of the saints, if he ever indulged a
face. How it might be in the rural districts, flight of fancy or an iridescent dream, if he ever
among the humbler folk, he did not perhaps employed the penetrative or discursive imagin-
stop to consider. His vision was penetrating, ation, if he ever gave loose to one ill-regulated
but its range was not wide. But in the
upper emotion, or stepped a hair's breadth beyond
class, among the courtiers and the men of the " the diocese of the strict conscience, we have
universities, the wits, the poets, the country no record of any such excursion or divagation.
squires, religion, as Butler understood it, the If he ever wrote anything but letters and ser-
religion of Christ as disciples in all ages have mons, a charge and the Analogy, it was de-
believed it, was ceasing to exist. Its moribund stroyed by his express order at his death. He
condition was less asserted than assumed, less rarely quotes, is rarely quotable. He scarcely
argued about than taken for granted. To be ventures upon a figure. He is quite devoid of
sure, Swift in his cynical fashion could give grace of style. He is never eloquent nor fer-
certain reasons why it might not be best imme vid. He rarely kindles your thought or fires
diately to abolish it. But that it only existed your feeling. But he strikes straight at your
by sufferance, for lack of strength gallantly to conscience and
goes home to your reason. Step
die, that it was “now at length discovered to l by step he advances his argument, accumulates
Zeal was


1896.]
285
THE DIAL
comers.
his evidence, laboriously removes obstacle after men and God, being set aside without sufficient
obstacle from his pathway, takes nothing for consideration; as Bishop Halifax well said,
granted, is scrupulously candid, claims nothing “ not to vindicate the character of God but to
that you hesitate to concede to him, puts his show the obligations of man.” What Wesley
weight on no stepping-stone until he has tried did by an appeal to the heart, Butler does by
if it will bear him, and so carries you, reluct an appeal to the sober judgment and common
antly, protestingly, but inevitably, on with him, conscience. His concern, like that of Wesley,
until he can plant you at last on what you
and is that religion may not perish from the earth.
he together have satisfied yourselves is solid Butler is a classic in his kind. The Analogy
ground, to be occupied and held against all is a masterpiece of reasoning, and will continue
Yet as you stand there and feel the to train generation after generation of careful
sureness of your footing, you are disposed to and just thinkers. The problems and methods
resent the narrowness and aridness of the of Aristotle are not precisely ours, but the
prospect. You are ready to confess and main Ethics and the Politics will not become obso-
tain that it is not so clear a case about Chris. lete for some time to come. The circuitous
tianity that there is nothing in it,” and that and apparently awkward” style of Butler will
seems a meagre contention. But if
you
draw continue to attract minds of a certain calibre.
the conclusion he desires you to draw, that "it They will own that it is pedestrian always, with
is not attended to by everyone concerned in it," no flights of the eagle, not even impetuous trot-
you will thank your serviceable guide who in his tings of the black pony, that it is sober toe-and-
slow reticent fashion has brought you so far, heel progression, one foot safely planted before
and, if you are wise, will proceed to look for your the other is lifted to go on, but that it is pithy,
self into this no longer discredited religion. condensed, idiomatic, and, to all patient stu-
We are speaking of the Analogy, for, valua- dents, clear. They will find themselves braced
ble as the Sermons are, the Analogy is Butler's and disciplined by the perusal of works, " so
great monument. It is not to be judged as an close in tissue, so profoundly charged with vital
abstract structure displaying ideal truth. It is matter.” They will cordially recognize that a
an argument to the time and the men of the recluse of the eighteenth century has still a
time. Its method is probable reasoning from mission for thoughtful men perhaps of the
analogy. Its assumption is that on which the twentieth century also. They will imitate his
skeptical thinkers of his time were agreed, the method even if they have outgrown his conclu-
existence of an intelligent Author and Ruler of sions. They will seek to be as candid, as pa-
the outer world. Its audience is the gener- tient, as unconcerned as he to all personal con-
ality of those who profess themselves dissatis- troversy. They will hope to care as little for
fied with the evidences of religion,” the aver mere polemical victories. For nothing “ hurt"
age man or woman of the world who will Butler “ but an abstract idea,” and he returns
consent to follow a close argument couched in its impersonal blows with only a sound ethical
everyday language. It does not establish a conviction. He made the search for truth, not
demonstration, but only a presumption, that for triumph, the business of his life.
Christianity may be true. Its work is exposure
C. A. L. RICHARDS.
of over-confident error. It deals not with the
refined difficulties conceivable in a philosopher's
library, but with the objections encountered on
THE VOICE AND SPIRITUAL EDUCATION.*
the street, in the loose talk at the Queen's little
suppers, where great questions were always Every book written by Professor Hiram Cor-
coming up and were apt to be insufficiently dealt son is sure to meet with a hearty reception from
with, and wrong conclusions suffered to pass those who are interested in English literature.
by default. It is the well-pondered answer to He is undoubtedly one of the leading critics
wild conjectures and witty sneers and half now living ; his works on Browning and Shake-
earnest questions that Butler had been often speare have made him known in all parts of
compelled to let go unnoticed, to the grief of England and America. Of late years he seems
his insistent conscience troubled by the idle to have turned his special attention to the dis-
strife of tongues. It is heavy artillery brought cussion of general phases of educational work.
in play to disperse a hovering cloud of horse- His“Aims of Literary Study,” now in its fourth
men.
Its aim is wholly practical, to meet the
THE VOICE AND SPIRITUAL EDUCATION. By Hiram Cor
immediate peril of religion, as a bond between son, LL.D. New York: Macmillan & Co.


236
(April 16,
THE DIAL
edition, struck the keynote of the movement cultivate vocal power because of his desire to
that tends to the more sympathetic study of express what he has sympathetically and lov-
the masterpieces of English literature in our ingly assimilated, of a work of genius.” With
colleges. The little volume just published, en this purpose in view, “it is possible for the
titled “The Voice and Spiritual Education," heaviest, clumsiest voice to be trained to the
is an expansion of some of the ideas suggested light touch.” The student of vocal culture must
in the previous book. With all the power that by long years of study and practice get the mas-
comes from a life-long study of the best litera. tery of articulation, wide range of pitch, all
ture and a long experience of teaching, Profes- degrees of force, every variety of inflection,
sor Corson speaks to the educators of this accelerated and retarded utterance, many qual-
country in no uncertain tones. He has a face ities of voice, etc. The author gives an inter-
tiousness of expression that reminds one of esting practical exercise in the “
light touch
Lowell; and in this book there are many bril- by marking a long passage from the Book of
liant statements that might be quoted, but which | Daniel.
must be omitted in this brief review.
The writer of this review heard Professor
Spiritual education is necessary for the high- Corson say that twenty years of diligent prac-
est vocal culture. Without this ability to re tice were required to give him the control over
spond to and assimilate the informing life of his voice that he now has. No one who has
any product of literary genius, mere vocal train-heard him read the plays of Shakespeare can
ing avails little or nothing. This education is fail to see how much there is in his contention
the very opposite of what generally passes for for the highest kind of vocal culture. To hear
education : “He would be the ideal teacher him read is to remove all doubts as to his
who could induce a maximum amount of edu- thorough knowledge of the subject which he
cation on the basis of a minimum amount of treats in this book. The book will doubtless
requirement.” Knowledge may be developed be widely read, and will have a wide influence
at the expense of the interior divinity. Spir- in calling attention to the evils of so-called elo-
itual education must be begun early. "The
6. The cution and the need for a more rational culture
child must feel before it can know.” The child of the human voice. The sweetest music is
must be considered as an impressionable being, not in the oratorio, but in the human voice when
and home-life must minister to his spiritual it speaks from its instant life tones of tender.
nature. Some very suggestive remarks are ness, truth, or courage." EDWIN MIMS.
made on the reading of children. “Upon the
closed bud of reason, while it is not yet ready to
be unfolded, must be brought to bear the genial
THE PIONEER OF
warmth of sensibility, sympathy, and enthusi-
AMERICAN JURISPRUDENCE.*
asm.” In the colleges and universities there
must be the same appeal to man's higher life; The pioneer, whatsoever may be the value he
all acquisition of knowledge must be made sub places upon his own work, is usually destined
ordinate to the one great aim of quickening to have a just estimate of his services made
life. “To fit the soul to be spoken to by the only by those who in after years enjoy their
eternal word, is the true, the ultimate object benefit. Contemporaries may admire and ap-
of spiritual education."
preciate his boldness, his energy, his activity,
With this spiritual training received in the - may even pronounce him brilliant; but a
home and college, with the power to see the
correct view of his work in the perspective of
hidden meanings of the author, the man or
history can only be acquired when time has
woman is prepared to undertake vocal culture. created that perspective. The pioneer James
The author is very severe in his denunciation Wilson, whose works have just been republished
of modern “ elocutionary spouting”—“The
after the lapse of ninety years, may now be as-
voice instead of being the organ of the soul is signed his true position among the architects
the betrayer of soullessness." He gives several of our constitutional system. And did not his
amusing incidents of extreme elocution of the contemporaries appreciate his ability ? Most
present day. There is nothing in the average truly: he was honored as a learned jurist ; his
elocutionist that is "clamorous for expression, *WILSON'S WORKS. Being Lectures upon Jurisprudence
not even a very still small voice urging him to and the Political Science. By James Wilson, Associate Jus-
tice of the United States Supreme Court; with Introduction
express something." The true vocal training
aud Notes by James DeWitt Andrews. In two volumes.
can only be begun by one who is “ impelled to Chicago: Callaghan & Co.


1896.]
237
THE DIAL
friends awarded him hearty praise ; and the Supreme Court at its organization ; for Wash-
abuse of envious enemies enlisted the warmer ington had long before sent to him his nephew,
attachment of his friends. But not in his
gen Bushrod Washington, as a law student, ignor-
eration could a just discrimination assign to ing in so doing the eminent lawyers of Virginia.
his labors, or to those of his co-laborers, their When Wilson's untimely death checked pre-
relative or comparative value or importance. maturely the career of a great constitutional
Who could then have foreseen, for instance, the jurist, it was his former student, Bushrod Wash-
subsequent decision in the Dartmouth College ington, who was appointed to succeed him, by
case, to be followed by a long train of adjudi- the second President, who thereby evinced his
cations establishing corporate rights under char own appreciation of the preceptor as a jurist.
ters? Who could then have anticipated the More than any other of the Revolutionary
desirability of ascertaining and locating the leaders, Wilson seems now to have been the
earliest assertion of the constitutional principle pioneer constitutional jurist, the first to clearly
that a legislative contract is protected against apprehend and to distinctly state many of the
legislative encroachment? Who could have fundamental principles of the new political sys-
foreseen the judicial career of a Marshall, or tem. As early as 1774, he declared that “all
have believed possible a civil war between the men are by nature equal and free,” in a pub-
adherents of Webster's constitutional views and lished pamphlet on “The Legislative Authority
the partisans of Calhounism? The great crea of the British Parliament," in which he demon-
tive work of Wilson as a constitutional jurist strated in a masterly way the want of such au-
could scarcely have been assigned its true posi- thority to legislate for the American Colonies,
tion in our juridical edifice at any time prior to fortifying his position by both historical and
the late war; now,
it
may
be.
judicial precedents, and outlining the whole
James Wilson was a pioneer in more senses constitutional claim of the colonists to exemp-
than one, and he planted the advanced posts of tion from Parliamentary taxation, and to recog-
our modern jurisprudence in more than one nition as fellow-subjects with the English, in
field. His published works consist chiefly of allegiance to the same prince, and entitled to
his lectures on general American Jurispru- the same rights under the British Constitution.
dence, delivered in the Law School of Phila- In a speech delivered in January, 1775, he
delphia in 1790–92. These lectures are a body enunciated the doctrine of the Declaration of
of general commentaries on the whole field of Independence, that the King had violated the
law; anticipating Kent's work as an American British Constitution by conniving at the usurpa-
commentator, though not so minute or detailed tions of Parliament, and proposed for adoption
as Kent's. He was a philosophical jurist, given by the Pennsylvania Convention a resolution
to a priori investigation, tracing principles to declaring that the act altering the Massachu-
their sources, and testing them by the touch setts charter, the Boston port bill, and the act
stone of truth; in this respect he anticipated quartering soldiers upon the colonies, “ are
not only Austin, but Bentham also, with whom unconstitutional and void, and can confer no
he was contemporaneously engaged in criticis. authority upon those who act under color of
ing Blackstone's praises of the English Consti- them; that all force employed to carry such
tution. The acknowledged ability of Mr. Jus- unjust and illegal attempts into execution is
tice Wilson ensured him, as a lecturer, a large force without authority; that it is the right of
audience, among whom was the first President. British subjects to resist such force; and that
His well-known views as to the essentially na this right is founded upon both the letter and
tional character of the Federal government, the spirit of the British Constitution.”
The
then a doubtful experiment in the minds of most doctrine of the sovereignty of the people, as
Americans, were enforced in these lectures with the true source of all political power, was early
a convincing logic that may well reassure the adopted by him, was embodied with his assent
wavering now as it did then. Among our con in the Federal and State Constitutions, was
stitutional historians, Curtis assigns him a place enunciated in his argument in the Pennsylvania
as one of the first jurists in America”; and Convention in favor of the adoption of the Fed-
“he surpassed all others in his eral Constitution, and was illustrated frequently
exact knowledge of the civil and common law, in his lectures before the Law School, with a
and the law of nations.” Such was no doubt lucidity and fervor not surpassed in the opinion
the estimate made of him by the first President, he rendered as a Justice of the Supreme Court
who appointed him one of the Justices of the in the case of Chisholm vs. Georgia.
Landon says,
He was


238
(April 16,
THE DIAL
an earnest advocate of the dual system of gov- It seems impossible to doubt that this argu-
ernment, Federal and State, which was intro- ment was influential in shaping not only the
duced by the Constitution of 1787, and his views advanced by Webster, the advocate, but
expositions of its advantages were peculiarly those adopted by Marshall and the other judges,
distasteful to its opponents.
in the great case in which that proposition be-
The obligation clause" of the United States came embodied in our system.
The editor of
Constitution has been a bone of contention this new edition of Wilson's works has appro-
among jurists and students of the law. Learned priately emphasized this argument, now repro-
lawyers have pertinaciously insisted that the duced, as not the least valuable of his contribu-
framers of the Constitution never intended it to tions to our constitutional precedents.
apply to grants by the legislature of charters of If his only achievement had been his opinion
incorporation. Critics have denounced the in the case of Chisholm vs. Georgia, Wilson
Supreme Court of 1819 for having invented would have thereby won distinction. During
the idea, in the Dartmouth College case, that a his term of nine years' service as a Justice of
corporate charter was a legislative contract, the Supreme Court, very few constitutional
which must be held inviolable just as a different cases were litigated. This one is the only ex-
legislative grant had been held in Fletcher vs. tended opinion pronounced by Wilson as a
Peck. It is now known that at the very time judge ; but it is “a lion.” The great and fun-
when the legislature of Georgia repealed its damental question arose as to the relative rank
grant of 1795, Hamilton stated his conviction and place of the States and the Central Gov.
that such legislation was a violation of the ernment, in the American constitutional sys-
obligation clause," and predicted the decision tem. The court, with but one dissent, decided
in Fletcher vs. Peck, which was rendered after that the Constitution subordinated the states
his death. It is now known, too, that Wilson, to the nation, and subjected a state to the
to whom is generally ascribed the introduction suit of a private individual. On the founda-
into the Constitution of the phrase “obligation tion of this decision rests the governmental
of contracts,” had, prior to such use of that fabric of the United States ; for a contrary
phrase, announced positive and uncompromis- conclusion would have made the Union but a
ing views on the subject of repeal of corporate rope of sand. Two of the judges, Jay and
charters. In a pamphlet published in 1785, he Wilson, were by previous training and study
considered the proposition that the legislature prepared to state their conclusions in opinions
of Pennsylvania should repeal the charter replete with juridical learning, and the opinions
granted by it in 1782 to the Bank of North of both are constitutional landmarks. It is no
America. Upon the broadest constitutional reflection upon the great character and attain-
grounds, viewing the state legislature as un ments of Chief Justice Jay to say that his opin-
hampered by any express restrictions upon
its
ion is, in respect of scholarly diction and lucid-
powers, he argued against the possession of any ity of reasoning, surpassed by that of his
power by the legislature to repeal an act creat-colleague Wilson. The latter set to himself,
ing a private corporation after its acceptance in this decision, the task of answering the ques-
by the incorporators. Such a charter he de- tion, “ Do the people of the United States form
clared to be “a compact, to be interpreted a Nation?” This question is illustrated by
according to the rules and maxims by which copious classical, historical, and juridical ref-
compacts are governed.” This, the earliest
This, the earliest erences, presented with the vivacity of an earn.
known argument on the subject, shows the views est debater, the answer constituting a thesis in
of the man who introduced the ph