prepared. Perhaps
LL.D. Boston: D. C. Heath & Co.
EDUCATION. An Introduction to its Principles and their
the most interesting paper is that on Religious In-
Paychological Foundations. By H. Holman, M.A. (Cantab.). struction in the German Schools.
New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
The digest of Dorpfeld's “Thought and Memory,”


308
[May 16,
THE DIAL
nine pages.
by Dr. H. T. Lukens, aims to be a clear, full, and English scholars. Aside from Pollock and Maitland
practical monograph for teachers. This implies, we and Round, what students of England's history and
think, that it should be thoroughly inductive in spirit institutions compare with Felix Liebermann or Vino-
and method, proceeding immediately from examples gradoff or Busch? Rudolph Gneist, who has just
in actual school-room experience to the simplest died, might be cited also, and the late Bishop of Ches-
generalizations and definitions. This book, being ter would be the only one who could wear his armor.
complex, general, and in style very dry, is far from In Felix Makower's “ Constitutional History of the
this ideal, though it may compare favorably with Church of England,” the field of English church
similar treatises. Its defects are in some measure history is now occupied, and with that thoroughness
due to its Herbartianism. An unnecessary history characteristic of German scholarship. If there is
of the psychology of association is given (pp. 39-43). any source, prominent authority, or article of value
Mr. H. Holman in his “ Education sets forth omitted, which bears even indirectly upon the sub-
what be takes to be an original conception, namelyject, a diligent search has failed to discover it.
a “pure science of education” deduced directly The bibliography appended to the work fills twenty-
from psychogeny. However, the conception that
The extent to which black-letter
education is but the application of the laws of men-
Latin tomes and other documentary sources have
tal development can scarcely be called new. Mr. been not merely cited but used is remarkable. In
Holman's mode of exposition may be original, that view of the fact that the page-print is beautifully
is, a chapter of psychology followed by a chapter of large and distinct, while the notes are clearly but
inferred educational principles. This order repeated finely printed, it will not be a rash assertion to say
often through the book tends to split up subjects that one-half of the work is comprised in the notes.
and leads to repetition. It would have been better The minuteness of the writer's accuracy may be
ap-
to treat each main principle in its whole extent with preciated when we find him citing the preamble to
its psychological basis in a single chapter introduced the Constitutions of Clarendon, and then adding
by concrete illustrations, and a final chapter on inter-specific directions as to construction, of which this
relation. Many points in Mr. Holman's book invite microscopic detail is an example:-"In Stubbs,
criticism,- for example, his conception of educa Select Charters, a comma is placed after sui, whilst
tion as purely intellectual (p. 20) and the stress he that after aliorum is omitted.” It seems strange
lays on repetition (p. 117). However, it is on the to find so little upon Wiclif or the Lollords in such
whole a meritorious work, and gives fairly well a a history, but the work is strictly what it purports
large, judicious, and, in the main, sound outline of to be—a history of the constitution of the Church of
the modern doctrine of education. The material is England. Of course such limitations bar it from
well digested, although we have the common vice of popular usage, but for the serious student of eccles-
pedagogical literature, over-use of quotation. The iastical or civil history and institutions — for the
style is clear and direct. The Appendix should be clergyman, the lawyer, and the university scholar
Americanized.
HIRAM M. STANLEY.
-the book is a veritable mine. It is written with
unusual clearness and directness; the legal qual-
ity of the writer's mind is observable throughout ;
each page reads like a lawyer's brief. The book is
SOME HISTORICAL LITERATURE.*
admirably analyzed, a system of cross-references,
in every case, making it possible to refer to collat-
One of the singular features of the study of En eral matter. There is nothing to indicate directly
glish constitutional history to-day is the fact that the that the tr lation has been made by the author
greatest living authorities in its special fields are not himself, but internal evidence points that way.
* THE CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY AND CONSTITUTION OF
Mr. MacKinnon's study in international history,
THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND. Translated from the German of “ The Union of England and Scotland,” is a very
Felix Makower, Barrister in Berlin, New York: Macmillan different sort of work from Mr. Makower's. The
& Co.
author lacks the calm temperament of a judicial
THE UNION OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND. By James Mc-
Kinnon, Ph.D., Examiner in History to the University of Ed-
writer, nor can he look at men and events as a third
inburgh. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co.
person ; for he is a Scotchman writing of his coun-
THE AGE OF HILDEBRAND (Ten Epochs of Church History try's history and not a German studying that his-
Series). By Marvin R. Vincent. New York: The Christian tory as something of interest yet wholly apart from
Literature Co.
himself. It is to be regretted that the personal
WESTMINSTER. By Sir Walter Besant. Illustrated. New
York: Frederick A. Stokes Co.
equation should so largely have influenced a book
SOME ANCIENT ENGLISH Homes. By Elizabeth Hodges.
written from so much contemporary evidence, “ in-
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
cluding a large amount of new matter.” Fourteen
THE KING's
Peace. An Historical Sketch of the English chapters recount the history of Scotland in the
Law Courts. By F. A. Inderwick, Q.C. Illustrated. New eighteenth century. The keynote is struck in the
York: Macmillan & Co.
last ehapter, “Nationality and the Union," which
Social CHANGES IN ENGLAND IN THE SIXTEENTH CEN-
TURY as Reflected in Contemporary Literature. By Edward
is the plea of an earnest Scottish patriot for wider
P. Cheney, A.M. Part I., Rural Changes. Publications of recognition of the importance of Scotland as a mem-
the University of Pennsylvania, Vol. IV., No. 2.
ber of the British Empire.


1896.]
309
THE DIAL
The recent parliamentary struggle for Home Rule tutional – it is a transgression both of history and of the
in Ireland, the change of ministry, and the present constitution, and shows that the conditions of the treaty
intensity of English interests in Africa and the East,
of Union are becoming, to Englishmen, in an important
has obscured the humble agitation in favor of Scot-
respect, a dead letter. . . . The legal, ecclesiastical, and
educational institutions of both countries were preserved
tish Home Rule, an organized movement since 1886,
as a distinct natural inheritance to the respective peo-
the aim of which is to secure a separate legislature ples. To speak of the English army, the English navy,
and executive for Scotland, thus making a federal
the English Parliament, or, in the sense in which it is
and not an incorporating union, which, it is argued, frequently done, the English people, is both bad history
is more compatible with the interests of the British and bad constitutional law” (pp. 517-22).
Empire. Let the author speak for himself; the fact
Professor Vincent's “ The Age of Hildebrand” is
that the question has received such slight attention
an endeavor to present in a popular, yet scholarly
on this side of the water we hope will justify so full
form, the significant features of the great mediæval
an extract as the following:
movement terminated by the pontificates of Gregory
“ There is no reason why the project should be re VII. and Boniface VIII., and of which Hildebrand
garded as dangerous, or necessarily impracticable. Take
was the actuating personality. The treatment is
the case of the two countries situated as Scotland and
England are. Both are possessed of ripe experience in
not confined, however, strictly to the conflict of the
the arts of legislature and government. Both have a
Empire and Papacy for world-sovereignty. There
vast interest at stake in maintaining that mighty Em-
are chapters upon the intellectual condition of Eu-
pire on which the sun never sets. Both are endued with rope at the time, upon the rise of the universities,
intense national sentiment, along with a common pride upon the monastic orders. The book is weakest in
in the achievements of the great men of both nations, the treatment of purely political history. The influ-
who have contributed to build up that wide nation of ence that the identification of the papacy with the
imperial Britain. Both are impressed with the convic-
Clugny Reform had in tending to make papacy
tion that the united Parliament is overburdened with
a universal institution; the part that the Norman
the weight of imperial and national questions. The
necessity of subdivision of legislative labors is forcing
State in Italy, that Tuscany, that the Pataria played
itself upon the attention of all parties. Tentative en-
in the great duel; the causes inducing the French
deavors have already been made, with good results, in
interference in Italy and the results thereof, are not
this direction. There can be nothing revolutionary, in treated as fully as desirable. At times the author
the bad sense of that word, in agreeing to devolve on visibly errs, e. g. in his consideration of Gregory
two, or, if Wales be included in the distribution of re VII.'s conduct at Canossa. The pope did not re-
sponsibility, say three national Parliaments, the work
fuse to see Henry IV. at once because he wished
that is at present so unsatisfactorily performed by one
keenly to humiliate his arch-enemy; the case bad
unwieldy body in London.”
been referred to Augsburg, whither Gregory was
The success of the German Empire in combining hastening, and he hesitated to adjudicate alone what
national and local legislatures with an imperial diet had been reserved for the German synod. More-
is cited as an example to England, after which Mr.
over, the Emperor did not stand“ with bare feet in
MacKinnon concludes :
the snow, fasting and shivering in the icy wind ...
“ A priori, then, the case for national legislatures in for three days,” but merely for a few hours each
Great Britain is not incompatible with the larger pa- day, warmly clad, too, beneath his penitent’s garb.
triotism which we cherish as citizens of the greatest em-
pire that the world has ever witnessed..... Let us ask, against a pope so inhumane. As to penance, Otto I.;
The moral sentiment of Europe would have revolted
what the men who advocate Scottish Home Rule have
to say in its behalf ? They affirm that a national par-
Otto III., Henry II., Henry III., and St. Louis bad
liament at Edinburgh could meet the demands of Scot-
all been publicly flogged. The truth of this dra-
tish legislation more efficiently than is done by the Brit matic episode at Canossa is that the emperor
had
ish House of Commons. . . They complain that Scot-beaten the pope at his own game and Gregory was
tish legislation is jostled out of the running in the race in a quandary he did not know what to do, so that
for supremacy with English, Irish, and imperial meas Henry was obliged to wait, meanwhile playing the
. . . They object that Scotsmen are put to an
penitent to prevail upon the pope. A valuable fea-
enormous expense by the necessity of constant deputa-
ture of the book is an excellent bibliography.
tions to London, by the cost of private bill legislation,
and by appeals to the House of Lords. . This is not
Sir Walter Besant's “Westminster” originally
the sum of the Home Ruler's contention. He complains appeared as a series of papers in the “Pall Mall
that Scotland is overtaxed in comparison with England Magazine.” They are the sketches of a man to
and Ireland, and that Scotland receives an inadequate whom history is a pastime and literature a profes-
return out of the British exchequer.”
sion. No attempt is made to enter into the history
Here a plea is entered for government support of of Westminster in the large sense of that word, as
Scotch well of English universities, and finally, typifying that of Parliament, nor does he enter,
the argument based on nationality is a strong one.' strange to say, into the more limited field of the his-
The author waxes indignant when he writes of En- tory of the Abbey and its monuments, a subject
glishmen, using the term “ England "to indicate the which must have appealed strongly to him. Rather
United Kingdom, or even the British Empire : it has been the author's purpose to restore to the
“ This constant use of the term is entirely unconsti mind's eye the vanished palace of Westminster and
ures.
as
as


310
[May 16,
THE DIAL
Whitehall, and to picture the life of England's grandveriest tyro in English institutions will detect errors
abbey in its services, its rule, and its sanctuary. on nearly every page.
The pages betray the enthusiasm which every En-
Professor Edward P. Cheney has contrived to
glishman displays for the traditions and institutions
make the usually prosaic page of a study in economics
of his ancestors. A charm of the book is in the sym- sparkle with interest in his most entertaining “So-
pathy displayed for the subject, redolent with sug-
cial Changes in England in the Sixteenth Century.”
gestions of the Middle Age, the light of cathedral One reason why he has been enabled so to do is the
aisle, the color of windows, roseate and pearl, “twi fact that he writes from the view.point of contem-
light saints and dim emblazonings." But Sir Wal-
porary literature, as well as from rent-rolls, tax lists,
ter is a knight of the romancer's quill; he does not and parish registers. In writing of the Open Field
dip his pen in Gibbon's ink-pot. When he tries to
System of agriculture, in which the field was divided
write sober-suited history, he has the naive quality into strips of an acre or half-acre in extent by
of Don Quixote. His favorite thesis, that the Isle “balks” of unplowed turf, he quotes Shakespeare's
of Bramble was a thriving mart long before London
"Between the acres and the rye
existed, is the humble Spanish wayside inn trang-
These pretty country folks would lie"-
formed into a gorgeous palace. From the point of which is a picture of an English harvest field as
view of the bookmaker's art, the volume is a delight accurate as it is attractive. Pamphlets, sermons,
to the eye; it is admirable in binding, clear of print, old letters, prose and poetry, have been copiously
and beautiful in illustration.
drawn upon in order to present the influence of the
To those who can boast“ claims of long descent”
Renaissance and Reformation upon the masses of
other than of Huguenot or Knickerbocker or direct
the people; the decline of the old English baron-
Germanic ancestry, Elizabeth Hodges's "Some An age; the rise of the Tudor Monarchy; the expan-
cient English Homes ” may appeal with interest.
sion of commerce, and the increase of the precious
The pages are profusely sprinkled with allusions to metals. The sixteenth century was a period of transi-
Lord This and Lady That. To be sure no one of
tion in England; it was “a period of the growing
them ever had any influence upon the political history prosperity of the prosperous and the utter misery of
of England, and their social history cannot be of the
the poor," and the homely phrases culled from con-
remotest interest save to the genealogist or the temporary writings are here combined to make a
antiquary, yet what of that? The book is not with study in economic history which is at once scholarly,
out interest, if it is without depth. Piquant descrip- attractive, and unique.
tions of old English castle life, hunts, tennis tourna-
JAMES WESTFALL THOMPSON.
ments, or stronger forms of rivalry, as the jousts,
racy incidents and spicy anecdotes, enliven its pages.
But “the boast of heraldry," so often repeated,
finally palls upon the American reader, who will be
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
likely to plunge into “ Yellow Plush ” to restore him.
Commentaries upon Tennyson are
Helps for
Mr. Inderwick’s little book,“ The King's Peace,”
multiplying so rapidly that the num-
is one of a series of works which aim to present the
of Tennyson.
ber bids fair to equal that of books
results of latest scholarship in a popular compass. devoted to the exposition of Browning. Tennyson's
It is clearly printed, neatly bound, well illustrated poetry, of course, is usually so lucid as to be self-
with old-time sketches and prints, and contains also explanatory, and does not call for the same sort of
some very nice and interesting incidents. But the annotation that “Sordello,” for example, requires ;
first requisite for the scholarly presentation of his but the range of his observation was so wide, and
tory is a scholar, and the author is no historian. He his thought so subtle, that some sort of assistance is
has no historical sense. He is a lawyer, and his frequently welcome, and even needful. Two books,
torians as such have next to no weight with him. intended to help the student to an understanding of
He will gravely quote Coke against Stubbs, and Dug- the greatest English poet of our age, are before us,
dale or Selden in preference to Thorpe or Gneist. and may be briefly characterized. Mr. W.
M.
It is pitiable to think that any serious-minded stu Dixon, the author of one of these books, calls his
dent can entertain the remotest idea that the Com work "A Tennyson Primer" (Dodd, Mead & Co.)
mon Law may be of Druid origin, yet Cæsar is which is not the most happily chosen of titles. The
cited as authority for this supposition! Mr. Inder- literary “primer,” exemplified by such admirable
wick is grotesque without being respectably pedantic. books as Professor Dowden's primer of Shake-
In regard to English institutions prior to the Nor- speare and the primer of Shelley, published under
man Conquest, the light that is in Mr. Inderwick is the auspices of the Shelley Society, is a well-defined
darkness. As more modern times are approached form of manual, and is not primarily intended to
the darkness is less intense, although the shadow of be read. It aims to present in compact and well-
Coke and Blackstone obscures every page. If the arranged form the chief facts concerning the life
author had been writing in jest, his book would have and works of the writer in question, and is in no
been brilliant; as it is, it is neither law nor history. sense an essay or a biography. Now Mr. Dixon's
Fortunately the book can do little harm, for the “Primer" is a very readable and suggestive little
the student


1896.]
311
THE DIAL
..
book, but really amounts to a literary biography, ple. If time permitted we would gladly give more,
with a critical essay appended, and does not per but we must confine ourselves to a minor point;
form for Tennyson the special service that a primer and with a view of indicating his method, we take
should perform. A book properly answering to that his handling of the idea that the Gothic arch was
name would not, for example, give us a long his- suggested by branching trees in the forest. On page
torical disquisition upon the Arthurian legend in 32, he remarks: “But suppose that, taking a sug-
English poetry, nor would it include bits of anec gestion, as the early architects undoubtedly did,
dote and fragments of correspondence. We have from the way in which limbs branch out from tree-
no serious fault to find with Mr. Dixon's work, ex trunks, the wood and stone which the pillars sup-
cept that it is like so many others in failing to do port are also made to branch off from them as in
adequate justice to either - Maud ” or the dramas. arches.” It will be observed that the imitation on
Mr. Dixon quotes George Eliot as saying, “Ten the part of the early arch-builders is undoubted.
nyson's plays run Shakespeare's close," and tells us In spite of this substantiation of a historic fact which
that “such criticism is pestilential.” Well, we are on page 398 becomes a simple truth, Professor Ray-
inclined to spread the pestilence a little by saying mond on page 399 only goes so far as to write, “ It
that George Eliot was not far from right. Perhaps is an indisputable fact that an avenue of trees with
the most valuable feature of this little book is its bib-bending branches inevitably suggests to anyone who
liography, which occupies some forty pages, and is has seen it. (Reference to Beverley Minster and
particularly rich in references to periodical literature. the Palms.] If it does so in our age to the ordinary
Unlike most Englishmen, Mr. Dixon has recognized observer why could it not have done so in the mid-
to the full the importance of American criticism, and dle ages to the first Gothic builder?” Why, indeed ?
his list includes many references to THE DIAL, “The And since it did, “ is it not evident that when this
Atlantic Monthly,” “Poet-Lore,” “ The Critic," has been done [i. e., the arches made to spring from
and other American journals.-- Both in plan and in the pillars) something has been done which adds to
spirit Mr. Morton Luce’s “ Handbook to the Works the representation of the mere conception of sup-
of Alfred Lord Tennyson” (Macmillan) better ful-porting strength, a representation of the same effect
fils the purpose of a “primer” than does the work as produced by appearances of nature” (p. 32).
previously under discussion, although the bulkiness It is not clear what effect is alluded to: if it be that
of Mr. Luce’s volume deprives it of a claim to that of “supporting strength,” we should say that such
modest title. It is the outgrowth and expansion of is not the idea produced in us by a spreading tree;
the author's earlier “ New Studies in Tennyson,” if it be the effect really produced by a spreading
and presents us with a chronological commentary tree, i. e., airy lightness, which is also produced by
upon
the poems. The work embodies a vast amount good Gothic, we should say that airy lightness har-
of research, tracing in much detail the sources of monized ill with supporting strength. Later we
Tennyson's thought and form, explaining the diffi hear (p. 399) that those who deny that the branch-
culties, illustrating the poems by suggestive parallel ing of trees might have suggested Gothic arches,
passages from other writers, and illuminating the ridicule, as they do, the statement that it might
subject with a good deal of temperate and helpful (cf. above undoubted], would have difficulty in mak-
criticism. It makes a book simply indispensable ing most men believe that they could recognize any
for the reader of Tennyson, and ought to come into conclusion whatever attainable as a result of only
general use wherever the poems of the last great logic or insight.” Such is Professor Raymond's
Laureate are studied with serious purpose. Teach- rigorous method. When such a thinker attempts a
ers of English literature will find it a valuable ad difficult subject, he may strike out some interesting
junct to their work, and will cordially welcome its ideas, but he rarely says the last word on the mat-
appearance.
ter. Professor Raymond's books have a good deal
Professor Raymond, in the preface to
that is suggestive here and there, and this one has
Prof. Raymond's
a number of illustrations which serve to make his
“Painting, Sculpture, and Architec-
points clearer.
ture as Representative Arts" (Put-
nam), expresses the view that some statements in
In his “ With an Ambulance during
A feld surgeon's
THE DIAL's notice of one of his previous volumes experiences in the the Franco-German War" (imported
were founded upon very superficial reading. If he Franco-German war.by Scribners), Dr. Charles E. Ryan
is right and it may be questionable what Professor narrates his sufficiently stirring personal experiences
Raymond would call superficial) it seems to us to and adventures as a field surgeon with both the con-
follow that the average reader, if he want to make tending armies in 1870–71. To those who would
anything at all out of the book, will be placed in a undertake the just now specially useful exercise of
dilemma : either he will have to give a good deal of mentally realizing the hideous and coarsely prosaic
hard study to Professor Raymond's work, or he will realities which constitute nine-tenths of that alleged
have to acknowledge at the start that his author is national need and educative disguised blessing called
a sufficient and adequate guide in matters of æg War, we cordially commend Dr. Ryan's book -
thetics. How fit Professor Raymond is for this posi which, we hasten to add, is not weakened as a nar-
tion will, we think, be obvious from a single exam rative by being written with any ulterior moral or
or
latest volume
on sthetics.


312
(May 16,
THE DIAL
didactive purpose. Dr. Ryan is simply a narrator. ingly he asks the reader to accompany him slowly
An evil is often best shown to be an evil by the along the coast, preferring to travel in a small
plainest and least argumentative statement of facts. fishing-boat and thus to go from port to Port - past
Thus, we take it, no more cogent plea against war,
the sites of ancient Taurentum, Toulon, St. Tropes,
or more damning indictment of its reckless advo St. Raphael, La Napoule, Cannes, Antibes (the an-
cates and promoters could be made, than this terse, cient Antipolis), Nice, and Monaco; or to linger
vivid, and unassuming recital of Dr. Ryan's; and among the islands of Hyères and the Lérins, fol.
were it within the bounds of human possibility to lowing the course of Greek and Phænician sailors
convert by moral means to humanity and right of earlier times. But M. Lenthéric's plan allowed
reason those “statesmen” whom a satiric destiny him to stop a while at most of the places to which
and a betrayed electorate have sent to Washington we have referred, so that he has described the scen-
to guard the welfare and maintain the credit of this ery of Maritime Provence, notably the gorges of the
nation, and who have been discharging their man Estérel, the surroundings of Fréjus, and the lower
date by doing their best to plunge us into war on valley of the Var. He has little to say of the Prom-
this, that, or the other pettifogging pretext, we should enade of Nice or regarding the “rooms” of Monte
earnestly commend Dr. Ryan's book as a tract suit Carlo—such topics are matters of guide-book inform-
able for distribution at the federal Capital; but, un ation. His interest is to some extent historic. Hence
fortunately, nothing short of a strait-waistcoat, or he speaks frequently of the Grecian colonies of an-
the absolute certainty of being sent to the front tiquity within this region, and he traces out the
should his barbarous clamor bear fruit, is likely to work of Romans and Saracens, so far as these peo-
bring a Jingo politician in full cry to his senses. At ples left permanent influences upon their successorg.
the outbreak of the Franco-German war Dr. Ryan The comments upon the present-day inhabitants and
was a medical student at Dublin. A natural taste their industrial and social interests are cogent and
for adventure and a humane desire to be of service often entertaining. Hardly once does the reader
impelled him to set out for Paris, where he joined notice a trace of weariness on the part of the author,
the Anglo-American Ambulance then organizing or any sign of the struggle which occasionally M.
under the command of Dr. Marion Sims. The Lenthéric must have experienced while sifting the
corps was at once sent to Sedan; and here Dr. Ryan literary details for his brilliant sketching. The vol-
had his first taste of the horrors of war. One easily ume is provided with plates and maps which make
reads between the lines of the author's account of the journeyings clear. The translation has been
Sedan, as of later engagements, the prime cause of made by Dr. Charles West of the Royal College of
the swiftness and thoroughness of the French de- Physicians of London.
feat. As in the China-Japan war, it was a loosely
organized mob of soldiery against a compact per A conscientious
In her useful biographical study of
fectly-ordered fighting machine whose every move
biography of “Madame Roland” (Scribner), Miss
Madame Roland.
was a part of a coherent scheme; and the issue was
Ida M. Tarbell gives us a full, faith-
never in doubt from the outset. Bismarck and
ful, and literal account of the much canvassed and
Moltke chose well the moment for striking the blow usually misjudged career of the Girondin Egeria.
that was to consolidate the new German Empire
As the representative of a faction and the type of a
and secure the primacy therein to Prussia. Dr. leading social, political, and intellectual revolution-
Ryan's narrative is by no means, what we may per-
ary class, Madame Roland has been alternately
haps have incautiously led the reader to infer it to
lauded and abused. To one school of opinion she
be, a mere surgeon's catalogue of horrors and cas-
is the saint and martyr: to the other the little bour-
ualties. It is long since we have seen a more en-
geoise, whose diseased vanity fancied a rival in the
tertaining book of the kind.
Queen of France herself; the soured plebeian whose
revolutionary zeal was born of hatred for those at
“ The Riviera: Ancient and Mod-
Journcyings
the top, rather than love for those at the bottom of
along the coast ern” (Putnam), by M. Charles Len- the social scale. As usual, the truth lies somewhere
of Southern France. théric, a French engineer, will be between the extremes. Let us say that Madame
welcomed by readers who propose to spend some Roland was a high and puissant soul, whose loyalty
part of the summer in southern France along the to her ideal could harden nevertheless at times into
strip of coast extending from Marseilles eastwards a certain unwise and ignoble implacability; a gen-
toward Genoa. Though a scientific man with a keer erous dreamer touche with the pedantry of her
eye for the fauna, the flora, the geologic formation time; a Frenchwoman, with a large share of the
and the climatic conditions of the Mediterranean national love of histrionic éclat, and of the distinc-
coast, M. Lenthéric is a writer who shows marked tion of a leading role; a raw and incapable politi-
power in description and unusual literary judgment. cian - for, admitting that she swayed the counsels
His method of treating the subject is peculiarly of the Girondins, there surely was never a political
characteristic and gives an air of leisure to the vol party worse led than hers. Her crowning political
ume which is refreshing. As the author remarks mistake was her repeated rejection of Danton -
too truly : “A sea-voyage nowadays is a question the Mirabeau of the populace, and with all his faults,
only of time, seasickness, and money.” Accord the real Colossus of the Revolution, the man who,


1896.]
313
THE DIAL
allied with the Girondins and with Dumouriez, might teenth, and from the middle of the fifteenth through
have saved France from anarchy. Miss Tarbell's the first quarter of the sixteenth-material much of
book is not a mere revamping of facts in the life of which is not easily accessible in a village library.
Madame Roland which are already known; nor Any secondary work of history, such as this, ought
does it represent what may be termed the poetical to give at least a brief list of its sources, as, in the
method applied to biography. Her recital is terse, first section, Thierry's “Life of St. Jerome.” In-
clear, and literal; and her recent close researches deed, the material of the volume is limited too ex-
among original documents, as well as her intimate clusively to such works as those of Muratori, Migne,
acquaintance with descendants of Madame Roland and the Bollandists. The share of Melania and
now living in Paris, have enabled her to present Paula in making modern Rome does not appear to
some new facts that throw additional light upon the be great in comparison with that of Theoderick,
career and character of her heroine. Miss Tarbell Michael Angelo, or Victor Emmanuel. The con-
has done her work patiently and conscientiously ; tents of the volume on the whole would better de-
and she has resisted the common temptation to make serve the title “ The Makers of the Papacy.” Here
Madame Roland the motife of a rhapsody, rather are a few examples of a careless style to be found
than the subject of a biography. There are a num in the book : “ Withdrawn into a villa had she?”
ber of illustrations, mainly portraits.
(p. 19); “the breach of all the decorums of life"
(p. 29); “What more dreadful influence could be
Professor Sayce's “ The Egypt of the than one which made a woman forsake her child,
The Egypt of Hebrews" (Macmillan),"is intended
the Hebrews.
the infant whom she had carried in her arms to the
to supplement the books (on Egypt) great funeral, in the sight of all Rome, the son of
already in the hands of tourists and students, and
her sorrow?” (p. 32); “When every one else had
to put before them just that information which either tried their best (p. 67); “ And all the fault of
is not readily accessible or else forms part of larger the Pope, as who could wonder if the sufferers
and cumbrous works” (Preface). The first four cried ?" On p. 109 occurs a slip of more careless-
of the eight chapters of the book discuss “ the pa ness, “the terrible Alaric, a scourge of God like
triarchal age,”
,” “the age of Moses,” “the exodus his predecessor Attila,” which the publishers can
and the Hebrew settlement in Canaan,” and “the correct in a new edition by substituting “successor
age of the Israelitish monarchies.” The positions for “predecessor." Yet the book brings to the av-
taken are substantially those found in the author's
erage reader much interesting matter that is now,
earlier works. Abraham's sojourn in Egypt (p. 20), and with its good print and numerous illustrations
Ebed-tob's letter to Egypt and his identification with deserves, and will probably find, many readers.
Melchizedek (p. 71), the Pharaoh of the Exodus
(p. 90 ff), are some of the points on which he agrees
A dainty little volume that should
with his former utterances. These first four chap-
A cheery volume
find favor is “ The Bicyclers, and
of wholesome fun.
ters add little or nothing to our stock of knowledge.
Three Other Farces ” (Harper), by
But chapters V.- VIII. are vigorous presentations that clever writer, Mr. John Kendrick Bangs. None
of “the age of the Ptolemies,” “Herodotos in of our other up-to-date humorists, we think, provoke
Egypt,” “in the steps of Herodotos,” and “Mem- quite so many laughs to the page as Mr. Bangs does
phis and the Fayyûm.” They gather into brief - and his fun is always cheery, wholesome, and
compass the most salient points under each topic. decent withal. The “ three other farces in the
Pioneer-work is always necessarily venturesome, and book are: “A Dramatic Evening,” “The Fatal
Professor Sayce even oversteps the bounds of law Message," and "A Proposal under Difficulties."
in this regard. He never fails to interest his reader, The four pieces are distinct from each other in plot
unless it is by recapitulating matter already in book and action ; but the same characters appear in each.
form. Some valuable appendices on dynasties, on In “The Bicyclers," “ Mr. Perkins” takes his first
chronology and writers, fittingly close the volume. lesson in “ biking,” while his friends watch him from
While perpetuating some of the author's proverbial the window. One of these, “ Bradley,” becomes
guesses, this book may do a great good in clarify anxious over the non-arrival of his wife, who is com-
ing the historical air of Egypt, and
in righting our ing down town a-wheel, and who presently an-
conceptions of Israel's relations to Egypt.
nounces by telephone that she has been arrested for
riding without a light. She is finally bailed out,
Those who have read Mrs. Oliphant's and the company retires to supper.
« A Dramatic
The makers of
“Makers of Florence” and “Mak. Evening” shows the tribulations of the good-natured
ers of Venice" know essentially what “Perkins," who has rashly agreed to have private
to expect in “ The Makers of Modern Rome" (Mac- theatricals in his house, which is thereupon pulled
millan), though the apologetic Preface forewarns to pieces in the usual harrowing way. “The Fatal
the reader not to expect the author's best work. Message” shows the final rehearsal of the play, the
Here is brought together a quantity of interesting fun turning on the general “ bulldozing" of the hos-
material from epochs of modern Roman history – pitable “Perkins” by his guests, and the final dis-
the close of the fourth century, of the sixth, of the covery that “Bradley," misreading a telegram sent
eleventh, of the twelfth, the middle of the four him, has learned the wrong part. "A Proposal under
;
Modern Rome.


314
[May 16,
THE DIAL
Difficulties" represents “Yardsley" and "Barlow" books — their authors, publishers, and sellers -- written
calling upon “Miss Andrews,” both with the inten in a familiar style, and is, on the whole, very enjoyable
tion of proposing to her. In the main scene “Yards-
reading
ley," solus, rehearses his impending proposal — and
“ A Metrical History of the Life and Times of Na-
is rapturously accepted by the house-maid who hap-
poleon Bonaparte" (Putnam), edited by Mr. William
J. Hillis, is further described as “a collection of poems
pens to enter at the critical moment. The “ situa-
and songs, many from obscure and anonymous sources,
tions" are ingenious, the dialogue is clever, and the
selected and arranged with introductory notes and con-
fun throughout waxes fast and furious up to the
necting narratives.” Mr. Hillis has been collecting these
dénouement. The last farce, especially, strikes us poems for many years, and found that he had at last « a
as a capital one for private theatricals. The piquant
poem for nearly every incident of note in the life and
drawings call for special mention.
history of Napoleon, from his birth to his second fune-
ral.” The poems, together with the prose connective
tissue supplied by the editor, and the twenty-five pho-
togravure illustrations, make up a handsome octavo of
BRIEFER MENTION.
more than five hundred pages. The average excellence
of the work is not as mean as might bastily be imag-
The following German texts have recently been pub ined, for the names of Byron, Wordsworth, Campbell,
lished: Storm's “Immensee,” edited by Mr. H. S. Beres- Scott, Browning, Sonthey, Koerner, Praed, Whittier,
ford-Webb (Maynard); “Legends of German Heroes
Taylor, Hugo, and Manzoni are among those that occur
of the Middle Ages," by Professor Johannes Schram in the table of contents.
mon, edited by Mr. A. Ř. Lechner (Maynard); “ Fritz
auf Ferien," by “Hans Arnold," edited by Mr. A. W.
Spanhoofd (Heath); and three Wissenschaftliche Vor-
träge,” by Emil Du Bois Raymond, edited by Dr. James
LITERARY NOTES.
Howard Gore (Ginn). We have also received a “First
German Book,'' by Mr. M. J. Martin (Werner), pre-
A long poem by Mr. Swinburne, having for its sub-
ject the story of Balen as found in Malory, is to be pub-
pared upon the inductive plan. Of recent French texts
lished at an early date.
we note the following: “Pêcheur d'Islande,” by “ Pierre
Loti," with notes by M. C. Fontaine (Jenkins); Augier's
Messrs. Houghton, Miffin & Co. will be the Amer-
“Le Gendre de Monsieur Poirier," edited by Dr. B. W.
ican publishers of the “ Letters of Victor Hugo," which
Wells (Heath); M. Ohnet's “ Le Chant du Cygne,” ed-
may be expected in the autumn.
« The Uncommercial Traveller" and "A Child's His-
ited by M. Arthur H. Solial (Maynard); "Le Premier
Livre de Français," by Miss Louise S. Hotchkiss
tory of England” form a new volume in the popular edi-
(Heath); and a “Key to Short Selections for Translating
tion of Dickens published by Messrs. Macmillan & Co.
English into French," by M. Paul Bercy (Jenkins).
“The Book of Job,” edited by Mr. R. G. Moulton, is
The series of “ English Classics "published by Messrs.
now published in "The Modern Reader's Bible" series of
Longmans, Green, & Co., of which we have heretofore
booklets, with the imprint of Messrs. Macmillan & Co.
had occasion to speak in terms of high praise, is rap-
Volume III. of the Dent-Macmillan reprint of Carle-
idly growing. Four volumes have just been added to
ton's “ Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry” has
the list, and are upon the general level of excellence just appeared, as has also, with the same imprint, a
attained by their predecessors. They are Coleridge's
translation of M. Daudet's “Tartarin sur les Alpes.'
“ The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,” edited by Mr. Mr. Alfred Ayres, whose little book called “The Ver-
Herbert Bates; “ As You Like It,” edited by Messrs. balist” has been found helpful by many literary workers
Barrett Wendell and W. L. Phelps; “A Midsummer during the fifteen years of its existence, has revised and
Night's Dream,” edited by Mr. George P. Baker; and enlarged the work for a new edition just published by
“ The Merchant of Venice," edited by Mr. Francis B. Messrs. D. Appleton & Co.
Gummere.
The Open Court Publishing Co. send us new editions,
We cannot recommend anonymous editions of En cloth bound, of three of their works: “ The Psychology
glish classics, such as the texts recently published by of Attention," by M. Thomas Ribot; “Three Lectures
the American Book Co., including “Macbeth,” two on the Science of Language,” by Professor F. Max
books of “ Paradise Lost," and DeQuincey's “Revolt Müller; and “ The Religion of Science," by Dr. Paul
of the Tartars.” Anonymity in such cases usually
Carus.
means cheap labor and scamped workmanship. A word Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons publish a fourth edi-
of praise may be given, however, to this firm of pub tion of Symonds's translation of “The Life of Ben-
lishers for their “ Eclectic School Readings," of which venuto Cellini," in a single volume, with a mezzotint
two volumes, both by Dr. Edward Eggleston, are at portrait, and a number of reproductions of Cellini's
hand. These books are entitled “ Stories of Great Amer works. The volume is a handsome one, and the price is
icans for Little Americans," and “Stories of American moderate.
Life and Adventure.” They are simply written and The first number of “The Portfolio” to deal with an
attractively illustrated.
American subject, since that valuable periodical became
Book lovers will take delight in a charming little vol a series of monographs, is the quarterly issue for April,
ume entitled “ Reminiscences of Literary London from which discusses the work of “ John La Farge, Artist and
1779 to 1853" by Dr. Thomas Rees, with additions by Writer” (Macmillan). Miss Cecilia Waern is the au-
Mr. John Britton. The book was first privately issued
thor of this study.
about 1853, and is now reprinted and published in a A beautiful edition of R. L. Stevenson's “ Edinburgh,"
very attractive form by Mr. Francis P. Harper (New with illustrations by Mr. T. Hamilton Crawford, has
York). It contains much curious matter respecting just been published by Messrs. Macmillan & Co. There


1896.]
315
THE DIAL
career.
are eight etched plates, and a great many illustrations township of the Mississippi Valley, by means of which
in the text. The volume is almost sumptuous in its half at least the young people are taught from childhood
binding of green morocco.
the dignity, and the might, and the glory of literature.
Messrs. Leach, Shewell & Sanborn announce for early Given, therefore, a people who are always ready to pour
publication a “ New Plane and Spherical Trigonometry," out their love and respect upon every writer who can
by Professor Webster Wells, Massachusetts Institute touch their hearts; given these country circles of cul-
of Technology, and “The Story of Turnus” from the ture; given a great city in which all the problems of hu-
Æneid, VI. to XII., by Dr. Moses Slaughter, Iowa Col man life can be studied; given, again, a company of men
lege. In the early summer the same firm will issue a and women resolved to give all that is best in them to
new“Greek and Roman Mythology,” by Dr. Herbert C. the pursuit of letters; it would be strange, indeed, if
Tolman of Vanderbilt University, and Professor Karl P. there did vot come out of all of this a growth of litera-
Harrington, University of North Carolina.
ture worthy of joining the literature of Shakespeare,
Mr. Henry Cuyler Bunner, who died on the eleventh Milton, and Pope; Fielding and Thackeray; Lowell and
of this month, at the age of forty, will be as sincerely Longfellow; Emerson and Motley."
mourned as any writer of his generation. Most people
think of him, from his editorial connection with “ Puck,"
as a humorist, but he was much more than this. His
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
novels, short stories, and poems possessed a high order
of merit, a delicacy and a distinction that are rather
[The following list, containing 100 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
French than English. Although much of his activity was
given to journalism, he was not spoiled by it, as so many
HISTORY.
good writers are, but remained true to literary ideals
of the higher sort throughout his brief but productive
A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in
Christendom. By Andrew Dickson White, LL.D. In
two vols., 8vo, gilt tops, uncut. D. Appleton & Co. $6.
An edition of Mr. Stanley Waterloo's novels, “A Man The Empire of the Tsars and the Russians. By Anatolo
and a Woman," and “ An Odd Situation," has just been Leroy-Beaulieu ; trans. by Zénaïde A. Ragozin. Part III.,
published in London, and for the latter work Sir Walter
The Religion ; 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 601. G. P. Put-
nam's Sons. $3.
Besant has prepared an interesting preface, from which
The Balance of Power, 1715-1789. By Arthur Hassall,
we quote the opening paragraph: “The appearance of M.A. 12mo, uncut, pp. 433. “Periods of European His-
a new literary and publishing centre is an event of great tory." Macmillan & Co. $1.60 net.
interest, if only on account of its rarity. Hitherto it has
Groek Oligarchies: Their Character and Organization. By
Leonard Whibley, M.A. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 212.
seemed as if the tendency among the English-speaking
G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.75.
nations was to concentrate, rather than to increase, the Memphis and Mycenæ : An Examination of Egyptian
literary centres. London has swallowed up Edinburgh Chronology and its Application to the Early History of
and the provincial centres; Dublin is a silent sister; Mel-
Greece. By Cecil Torr, M.A. 8vo, uncut, pp. 74. Mac-
millan & Co. $1.40.
bourne and Sydney produce very little; Canada cannot
A History of the Hebrew People
from the Settlement in
hold out against New York, which is absorbing Boston, Canaan to the Division of the Kingdom. By Charles
Philadelphia, and Baltimore. During the last five or six Foster Kent, Ph.D. With maps and plans, 12mo, pp. 220.
years, however, there has sprung up in the city of Chicago
Chas. Scribner's Sons. $1.25.
a new literary centre and a new centre of publishing.
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
There exists in this city of a million [sic] inhabitants,
Memoirs of Barras, Member of the Directorate. Edited by
which sixty years ago was but a kind of barbican, or ad-
George Duruy. In four vols.; Vols. III. and IV., 8vo,
vanced post against the Red Indian, a company of nov gilt tops, uncut. Harper & Bros. Boxed, $7.50.
elists, poets, and essayists, who are united, if not by asso The Life of Elias Boudinot, LL.D., President of the Conti-
ciations and clubs, at least by an earnest resolution to nental Congress. Edited by J.J. Boudinot. In two vols.,
cultivate letters. It may be objected that this is nothing
with portraits, 8vo, gilt tops, uncut. Houghton, Mifflin
& Co. $6.
but a provincial coterie, such as we in this country have
My Confidences: An Autobiographical Sketch addressed
seen at Lichfield, Norwich, and other places, and that, to my Descendants. By Frederick Looker-Lampson.
like all such societies, it will presently disappear. I do
With portraits, 8vo, uncut, pp. 440. Chas. Scribner's
not think that this will be the fate of the Chicago move-
Sons. $5.
The Life of Laurence Sterne. By Peroy Fitzgerald. In
ment, for several reasons. First, the city is so huge
two vols., with portrait, 16mo, gilt tops, uncut. Chas.
that there must be continually born in it, or brought Scribner's Sons. $3.
into it from the country, persons with the literary gift; Percy Bysshe Shelley, Poet and Pioneer: A Biographical
next, there exists in the Northwest States an unbounded Study. By Henry S. Salt. With portrait, 16mo, uncut,
admiration for the literary calling
pp. 192. Chas. Scribner's Song. $1.50.
a feeling which
Dolly Madison. By Maud Wilder Goodwin. With portrait,
ought by itself to raise up aspirants; thirdly, they have
16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 287. *Women of Colonial and
at Chicago a University, with Professors of Literature Revolutionary Times." Chas. Scribner's Sons. $1.25.
and Libraries; they also have, for the higher culture, Leigh Hunt. By R. Brimley Johnson. With portrait, 18mo,
colleges and academies of music, theatres and opera
pp. 152. Macmillan & Co. 90 ots.
houses, galleries of paintings, schools of art, and lec-
GENERAL LITERATURE.
tures of all kinds; they have a journal of literary crit-
The Journal of Captain William Pote, Jr., during his
icism, sober, conscientious, and scholarly, from every
Captivity in the French and Indian War, from May, 1745,
point of view unsurpassed by any other literary journal to August, 1747. Limited edition, with map bound in
in America or England. Besides all these aids, they separate volume; illus., 8vo, pp. 223. Dodd, Mead &
have daily papers by the dozen, which afford the aspir-
Co. $15.
ant the means of a livelihood while he is working at his
The Epic of the Fall of Man: A Comparative Study of Cæd-
mon, Dante, and Milton. By S. Humphreys Garteen,
real profession. Not without importance, moreover, are M.A. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, pp. 449. G. P. Putnam's
those literary circles which are found in every little Sons. $2.50.


316
[May 16,
THE DIAL
Retrospective Reviews: A Literary Log. By Richard Le
Gallienne. In two vols., 12mo, uncut. Dodd, Mead &
Co. $3,50.
Reminiscences of Literary London from 1779 to 1853. By
Dr. Thomas Rees ; with additions by John Britton, F.S.A.
With frontispiece, 16mo, pp. 174. New York: Francis P.
Harper. $1.25.
Hamilton, Lincoln, and Other Addresses. By Melancthon
Woolsey Stryker. 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 192. Utica,
N. Y.: Wm. T. Smith & Co.
In Jail with Charles Dickens. By Alfred Trumble. Illus.,
12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 190. New York: Francis P.
Harper. $1.25.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
The Works of Eugene Field. “Sabine" edition, in ten
vols. Volumes now ready : Western Verse, Profitable
Tales, Poems of Childhood, Second Book of Verse, and
The Holy Cross. Each with frontispiece, 12mo, gilt top,
uncut. Chas. Scribner's Sons. (Sold only by subscription.)
The Novels of Captain Marryat. Edited by Reginald
Brimley Johnson. In 22 vols.; now ready, Vols. I. and
II.: Peter Simple, and Frank Mildmay. Each illus. in
photogravure, 12mo, gilt top, uncut. Little, Brown, &
Co. Per vol., $1.50.
Johnson's Lives of the Poets. New Edition, with Notes
and Introduction by Arthur Waugh. In six vols.; Vol. I.,
with portraits, 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 253. Chas. Scrib-
ner's Sons. $2.50.
Weird Tales. By E. T. W. Hoffman. A new Translation,
with Biographical Memoir by J. T. Bealby, B.A. In two
vols., with portrait, 12mo. Chas. Scribner's Sons. $2.50.
The Prose Tales of Alexander Poushkin. Trans. from the
Russian by T. Keane. 12mo, uncut, pp. 466. Macmillan
& Co. $i.
Desperate Remedies. By Thomas Hardy. New library
edition ; with frontispiece, 12mo, pp. 473. Harper & Bros.
$1.50.
Tartarin of Tarascon: Traveller, “Turk," and Lion-Hun-
ter. By Alphonse Daudet. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 245. Macmillan & Co. $1.
The "Temple" Shakespeare. Edited by Israel Gollanoz,
M.A. New vols.: Romeo and Juliet, and Titus Andronicus.
Each with frontispiece, 24mo, gilt top, uncut. Macmillan
& Co. Per vol., 45 cts.
POETRY
Lyrics of Earth. By Archibald Lampman. 16mo, uncut,
pp. 56. Copeland & Day. $1.
Sunshine and shadow. By Caroline Edwards Prentiss.
12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 175. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Boxed, $1.50.
The Pilgrim, and Other Poems. By Sophie Jewett (Ellen
Burroughs). 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 99. Macmillan
& Co. $1.25.
Undertones. By Madison Cawein. 24mo, uncut, pp. 65.
Copeland & Day. 75 cts.
Soul and Sense. By Hannah Parker Kimball. 24mo, un-
cut, pp. 89. Copeland & Day. 75 cts.
Four-Leaved Clover: Being Stanford Rhymes. By Carolus
Ager (Charles Kellogg Field). Illus., 12mo, gilt top, un-
cut, pp. 117. William Doxey. $1.50.
Odes. By Charles Leonard Moore. 12mo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 106. Philadelphia : The Author.
Some Rhymes of Ironquill. 12mo, pp. 334. Topeka, Kas.:
Crane & Co.
FICTION.
Cinderella, and Other Stories. By Richard Harding Davis.
With frontispiece, 12mo, pp. 205. Chas. Scribner's
Sons. $1.
The Reds of the Midi: An Episode of the French Revolu-
tion. Trans. from the Provençal of Félix Gras by Cath-
arine A. Janvier; with Introduction by Thomas A. Jan-
vier. With portrait, 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 366. D.
Appleton & Co. $1.50.
Adam Johnstone's Son. By F. Marion Crawford. Illus.,
12mo, pp. 281. Macmillan & Co. $1.50.
Earth's Enigmas: A Volume of Stories. By Charles G. D.
Roberts. 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 291. Lamson, Wolffe,
& Co. $1.25.
White Aprons: A Romance of Bacon's Rebellion, Virginia,
1676. By Maud Wilder Goodwin. 12mo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 339. Little, Brown, & Co. $1.25.
A King and a Few Dukes: A Romance. By Robert W.
Chambers. 12mo, pp. 363. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.25.
Kriegspiel: The War Game. By Francis Hindes Groome,
author of " In Gipsy Tents." With portrait, 12mo, gilt
top, unout, pp. 380. Ward, Lock & Bowden. $1.50.
A Gentleman's Gentleman. By Max Pemberton, author
of “The Sea Wolves." 12mo, pp. 245. Harper & Bros.
$1.25.
Chronicles of Martin Hewitt. By Arthur Morrison, au-
thor of “Tales of Mean Streets." 12mo, pp. 267. D.
Appleton & Co. $1.
Clara Hopgood. By Mark Rutherford; edited by his
Friend, Reuben Shapoott. 12mo, uncut, pp. 265. Dodd,
Mead & Co. $1.25.
Effie Hetherington. By Robert Buchanan. 12mo, pp. 264.
Roberts Bros. $1.50.
Hadjira: A Turkish Love Story. By “Adalet." 12mo, gilt
top, pp. 313. Edward Arnold. $1.50.
Those Good Normans. By Gyp, author of “Chiffon's Mar-
riage"; trans. by Marie Jussen. 16mo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 286. Rand, McNally & Co. $1.
Platonic Affections. By John Smith. 16mo, pp. 249. Rob-
erts Bros. $1.
Quaint Crippen, Commercial Traveler. By Alwyn M.
Thurber. 16mo, pp. 253. A. C. McClurg & Co. $1.
At Wellesley: Legenda for 1896. Published for the Senior
Class of Wellesley College. 12mo, pp. 227. G. P. Put-
nam's Sons. $1.
Out of Town. Illus., 12mo, pp. 235. Harper & Bros. $1.25.
The Witch of Withyford: A Story of Exmoor. By Gra-
tiana Chanter. İlus., 16mo, uncut, pp. 187. Macmillan
& Co. 75 cts.
Stories by English Authors. In two vols., “England"
and “Ireland." Each with portrait, 16mo. Chas. Scrib-
ner's Sons. Per vol., 75 cts.
An Unsatisfactory Lover. By Mrs. Hungerford ("The
Duchess"), 12mo, pp. 210. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.
Doctor Lamar. By Elizabeth Phipps Train. 12mo, pp. 335.
T. Y. Crowell & Co. Paper, 50 cts.
Compound Interest, and Other Stories. By Mrs. O. W.
Scott. 12mo, pp. 193. Cranston & Curts. 75 cts.
POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND FINANCIAL
STUDIES.
Russian Politics. By Herbert M. Thompson, M.A. With
maps, 12mo, pp. 289. Henry Holt & Co. $2.
Human Progress: What Can Man Do to Further It? By
Thomas S. Blair, A.M. 12mo, pp. 573. William R. Jen-
kins. $1.50.
Handbook to the Labor Law of the United States. By
F. J. Stimson. 12mo, pp. 385. Chas. Scribner's Sons.
$1.50.
Wealth against Commonwealth. By Henry Domarest
Lloyd. New cheaper edition ; 8vo, pp. 563. Harper &
Bros. $1.
The History of Local Rates in England: Five Lectures.
By Edwin Cannan. 12mo, pp. 140. Longmans, Green,
& Co. 75 cts.
A Handbook on Currency and Wealth. By George B.
Waldron, A.M. With tables and diagrams, 24mo, pp. 150.
Funk & Wagnalls Co. 50 cts.
THEOLOGY AND RELIGION.
The Philosophy of Belief; or, Law in Christian Theology.
By the Duke of Argyll, K.G. 8vo, uncut, pp. 555. Charles
Scribner's Sons. $5.
History of Christian Doctrine. By George Park Fisher,
D.D. 8vo, pp. 583. “International Theological Library.'
Chas. Scribner's Sons. $2.50 net.
The Roman See in the Early Church, and Other Studies
in Church History. By William Bright, D.D. 12mo,
uncut, pp. 490. Longmans, Green, & Co. $2.
The Religious Forces of the United States. By H. K.
Carroll, LL.D. Revised to January, 1896. 12mo, pp. 478.
"American Church History." Christian Literature Co. $3.
Buddhism: Its History and Literature. By T. W. Rhys
Davids, LL.D. 12mo, uncut, pp. 230. G. P. Putnam's
Sons. $1.50.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
Edinburgh: Picturesque Notes. By Robert Louis Steven-
son ; illus. by T. Hamilton Crawford. 8vo, gilt top, un-
cut, pp. 197. Macmillan & Co. $5.


1896.)
317
THE DIAL
MISCELLANEOUS.
Dancing. By Mrs. Lily Grove, F.R.G.S., and other writers.
Illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 454. “The Badminton Library."
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318
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THE DIAL
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THE DIAL
A Semi-filonthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
PAGE
.. 328
on
• 333
THE DIAL (founded in 1880 ) is published on the 1st and 16th of
THE DUTIES OF AUTHORS.
each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage
prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries
That every right implies a correlated duty,
comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must
and that the assertion of the one should be con-
be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the
current number. REMITTANCES should be by check, or by express or ditioned upon the acceptance of the other, is a
poslal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and
principle in which theoretical is more common
for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application;
and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATEs furnished than practical acquiescence. The burden of
on application. All communications should be addressed to
Mazzini's criticism of the French Revolution
THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago.
was that it gave undue prominence to the Rights
of Man, and had little to say about the corre-
No. 239. JUNE 1, 1896. Vol. XX. sponding Duties of Man. It was the funda-
mental aim of that patient heroic soul to mor-
alize the European revolutionary movement by
CONTENTS.
insisting upon the claim of duty as a necessary
accompaniment of the claim of right.
THE DUTIES OF AUTHORS .
325 Transferring the discussion from the political
to the literary plane, we are inclined to think
COMMUNICATION .
327
that too much has lately been heard about the
The English Language in Japan. Ernest W.
Clement.
rights of authors in comparison with what is
said about their duties. It is then with peculiar
MR. LOCKER'S “CONFIDENCES.” E. G. J.
satisfaction that we call attention to the chapter
6. The Duties of Authors ” included in Mr.
THE PSYCHIC ASPECTS OF SOCIOLOGY. C. R.
Leslie Stephen's recently-published collection
Henderson
331
of addresses to ethical societies. While Sir
EUGENE FIELD. Louis J. Block
Walter Besant and his associates in the Society
of Authors are engaged in the praiseworthy
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne
335
work of exposing the wily ways of the dishonest
Howells's The Day of Their Wedding. - Howells's
publisher, it is well that a strong voice should
A Parting and a Meeting.–Stimson's Pirate Gold.-
Smith's Tom Grogan.- Frederic's The Damnation of
now and then discourse upon the responsibili-
Theron Ware.-Crawford's Adam Johnstone's Son.
ties of authorship, and sound a note of warning
- Chambers's A King and a Few Dukes. — Cham against the temptations which beset the man of
bers's The Red Republic. - Hatton's When Greek letters under the modern commercial literary
Meets Greek. - Moore's The Secret of the Court.-
Tirebuck's Miss Grace of All Souls. - Keary's Her-
régime. The ethics of literature is a large sub-
bert Vanlennert.— Blackmore's Slain by the Doones.
ject with many ramifications, and neither Mr.
-"Q's” Wandering Heath.- Doyle's The Exploits Stephen nor any other man could hope to treat
of Brigadier Gerard. - Hope's Comedies of Court of it exhaustively within the limits of a single
ship. Roberts's Earth's Enigmas.- Davis's Cinder-
essay; but the address to which reference is
ella. - Smith's The Youth of Parnassus. — Cram's
Black Spirits and White.
now made touches upon the more salient fea-
tures of the subject, and is characterized in
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
339
unusual measure by good sense, sound logic, and
A good history of Australasia.- Popular discussions fine ethical tone.
of Homer.- An unfortunate British sailor.- Histor So large a proportion of literary energy now-
ical methods in political science.- The latest reply to
adays is absorbed by journalism that no discus-
Max Nordau.-Origins of Folk-lore.
sion of the duties of authors can ignore the
BRIEFER MENTION
341
work of those who write for the newspaper
press. It is in journalism, also, that writers
LITERARY NOTES
341
are most strongly assailed by the temptations
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS
peculiar to their craft. The question of anony-
342
mity, for example, is one that must be consid-
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
342 ered in its ethical relations, and it takes the
.
.
.
.


326
(June 1,
THE DIAL
keenest self-searching for a man to be sure that Mr. Stephen then goes on to say:
under the impersonal shelter of the plural pro “The mask was formerly worn by men who were
noun he is not saying things to which he would ashamed of their employment, and who had the same
blush to attach his signature. Nothing is more
reasons for anonymity as a thief or an anarchist may
have for a disguise. It may now be worn even by men
contemptible than the work of the writer who
who are proud of their profession, because the mask has
makes himself a hireling of some party organ, a different significance."
and earns his daily bread by the advocacy of
This latter statement is to a considerable extent
doctrines to which he does not personally sub- true, but we are far from sure that the senti .
scribe; doctrines that are abhorrent to him as an
ment is dead that gave birth to anonymity, or
individual. Such a prostitution of literary talent that great numbers of journalists to-day do not
may be defended, is defended, in many ingenious write what they are told to write, and paid for
ways, but the cobwebs of sophistry woven about writing, irrespective of their own convictions.
the discussion by defenders of this practice are
Anonymity has other dangers than the major
easily swept away by anyone who is determined
one of making men false to themselves. It
to see things as they are and regulate his con-
affords, for example, “ obvious conveniences to
duct in accordance with the fundamental prin-
a superficial omniscience.” Mr. Stephen re-
ciples of morality. The stock argument by
The stock argument by marks with genial humor :
which lawyers justify their defence of the crim-
“The young gentleman who dogmatizes so early
inal of whose guilt they are convinced — the
the might blush if he had to sign his name to his audacious
plea that such a person is entitled to the most utterances. His tone of infallibility would be absurd
favorable interpretation of which the law ad if we knew
who was the pope that was promulgating
mits, and that someone must secure it for him
dogmas. The man in a mask professes to detect at a
- is not valid in the discussion of questions of glance the absurd sophistries which impose upon the
keenest contempory intellects; but if he doffed the
No matter of governmental mask and appeared as young Mr. Smith, or Jones, who
policy is entitled to any other defence than may took his degree last year, we might doubt whether he
be made for it by those who honestly believe in
had a right to assume so calmly that the sophistry is all
on the other side."
its advisability; for those who disbelieve in it,
The one safe rule seems to be that the anony-
yet enlist their powers in its behalf, no con-
demnation can be too strong. The first duty
mous writer “should say nothing when he
of the citizen is to further what he honestly speaks in the plural which would make him
believes to be the real interests of the state, and, look silly if he used the first person singular.”
if his activity take the special form of argument
The man who should follow this rule, and who
through the medium of the press, to be sure
should refrain from allowing any personal feel-
that his public utterances tally with his private their works, might safely be trusted to write
ing to invade his judgments of other men and
opinions. To repudiate this obligation is to act
the part of traitor, and in a more dangerous, unsigned articles by the score, and, if he re-
because a more insidious, way than that of the
mained all the while true to his convictions,
leader of an armed revolt. "To thine own self could not fairly be charged with falling short
be true” is a precept that journalists, more than
of the whole duty of authorship.
most other people, need to keep in mind.
Another temptation that besets the author
Anonymity doubtless serves as a shelter for is that of being content to follow current opin-
much of the baseness that we are reprobating ; | ion, instead of doing his best to aid in its forma-
tion.
yet historically, Mr. Stephen tells us, it is rather
“ There is an old story," says Mr. Ste-
the effect than the cause.
phen, “which tells how a certain newspaper
According to a well-known anecdote, two writers
used to send out an emissary to discover what
of the eighteenth century decided by the toss of a half-
was the common remark that everyone was
penny which should write for Walpole and which should making in omnibuses and club smoking-rooms,
write for his adversary Pulteney; but the choice was and to fashion it into next morning's article
generally decided by less reputable motives. Now, so
for the instruction of mankind. The echo
long as the press meant such a class it was of course
natural that the trade should be regarded as discredit-
affected to set the tune which it really repeated.”
able, and should be carried on by men who had less care
One of the most obvious duties of authorship
for their character than for their pockets. In England, is that of having something of your own to say,
where our development has been continuous and tradi-
and of preparing yourself by strenuous effort
tions linger long, the sentiment long survived; and the
to it in the most direct and forcible man.
say
practice which corresponded to it the practice, that
is, of anonymity — has itself survived the sentiment
ner. There is a great deal more of “ facile
which gave it birth.”
writing” than there was half a century ago,


1896.]
327
THE DIAL
but it is doubtful if there is any more writing
COMMUNICATION.
of the first-rate sort, " which speaks of a full
mind and strong convictions, which is clear be-
THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN JAPAN.
cause it is thorough.” This phase of the ques-
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
tion of duty as it relates to authors could not I have already referred in your columns to the re-
be better put than in the following passage:
newed popularity of the English language in Japan.
“I have been struck in reading newepaper articles,
The principal reason for this increased interest is well
even my own, by the curious loss of individuality which
set forth in the following opening paragraph of an
a man seems to suffer as a writer. Unconsciously the
English article by Naibu Kanda, M.A., on “ English in
author takes the color of his organ; he adopts not only
Middle Schools," in a recent number of “The Sun”:
its sentiment but its style, and seems to become a mere
“The successful termination of the war has given an impe-
tus to industrial and commercial enterprises to an extent
transmitter of messages, with whose substance he has
hitherto unprecedented in the annals of this country. It is
no more to do than the wires of the electric telegraph
not too much to expect that in the next ten years the material
which carries them. But now and then we suddenly progress of Japan will completely throw into the shade her no
come across something fresh and original; we know by inconsiderable achievements in the past thirty years. She
has
instinct that we are being addressed by another man, come forth victorious from the storms of the battle-field, only
and are in a living relation to a separate human being,
to be plunged into a mightier conflict - the struggle for su-
not to a mere drilled characterless unit of a disciplined
premacy in the field of commerce. Not the least of her wea-
army; we find actually thoughts, convictions, arguments,
pons in this species of warfare is the knowledge of European
which, though all arguments are old, have evidently
languages, - especially English, the intellectual currency of
the commercial world."
struck the writer's mind, and not merely been trans-
mitted into his pen; and then we may know that we are
This article—a plea for more careful, thorough, and
in the presence of a real force, and meeting with a man
practical instruction in English — is itself an indication
who is doing his duty."
of the present tendency. It is true that for some time
“The Sun” has contained several pages of English
Mr. Stephen's exposition of his theme is so
notes, edited and principally written by Mr. Kanda
attractive that we are loth to dismiss with a a graduate of Amherst College, in the class of 1880;
few words, as must, however, be done, the re but it is now found possible to change these notes to
maining features of the discussion. There is
more elaborate articles, written by leading English
the fruitful subject of writing for money, upon of “The Sun," for instance, contained a well-written
scholars among the Japanese. The two previous issues
which we read :
article on some sociological problems of the day in
“I do not doubt that authors ought to be paid; but I Japan. “The Educator,” the organ of The Christian
certainly agree that a money reward ought never to be Education Society, contains every month about four
the chief aim of their writing. And I confess that some pages of English notes; and frequently the daily papers
utterances about copyrights in these days have jarred print a few columns of English matter.
upon me, because they seem to imply that the doctrine But most significant of all is the fact that an English
is not disavowed so unequivocally as it should be by our magazine has just been started by the Japanese. It is
leaders."
to be published monthly, and is called “The Far East.”
Then there is the subject of writing too much
It is practically an English edition of the Kokumin no
Tomo (“The Nation's Friend "), a brilliant and success-
to write anything well, concerning which the
ful vernacular magazine; but while some of the matter
author discourses feelingly, and of which mel. will appear in both periodicals, many articles will be
ancholy examples are about us on every hand. . written originally for “ The Far East.” Whether the
Then there is the suggestive disquisition upon
articles are all first hand or only translations, they will
literary preaching, which deserves an article by together serve to make the new magazine “a mirror
of Japanese public thought," and will unquestionably
itself. Finally, there is the deeply interesting bring the East and the West into closer sympathy with
discussion of duty as it applies to the imagina each other. Being subjected to foreign revision before
tive worker, the duty of eschewing false real publication, the magazine is remarkably free from the
ism and false sentimentalism alike, of avoiding English by Japanese. It is certainly to be hoped that
errors that mar so much of the independent writing of
like the plague the promptings of the familiar « The Far East” will live long and prosper.
spirit that confuses notoriety with fame, and, desires and deserves a wide circulation in foreign coun-
pointing out how easily the one may be secured, tries is evident from the fact that the annual subscrip-
deludes the writer into thinking that it is much tion (including postage) is only 1.50 yen, or, at the pres-
the same thing as the other. All these matters
ent rate of exchange, only a little over 80 cents. And,
even if the Japanese silver yen, now quoted at 53} cents
must be passed over with a word, and space
should rise to 67 cents, the magazine would then cost
found only for the conclusion that the endur only $1.00 per year in the United States.
ing power of every great writer depends not Pardon me if I take the space to mention one more
merely on his intellectual forces, but upon the
indication of the renewed interest in the study of En-
charm of his character - the clear recognition glish and other
European languages
, as shown in the
fact that there will probably be established in Tokyo,
of what it really is that makes life beautiful
under government auspices, a special “School of Foreign
and desirable, and of what are the baser ele- Languages.”
ERNEST W. CLEMENT,
ments that fight against the elevating forces.” 43 Tsukyï, Tokyo, April 25, 1896.


328
(June 1,
THE DIAL
scendants—to the tender mercies of whose un-
The New Books.
certain memories he was unwilling to trust his
treasured cargo of family records and ancestral
anecdotes. “In this little matter," he adds,
MR. LOCKER'S “CONFIDENCES.”*
“I cannot trust them : they would make havoc
That Mr. Frederick Locker-Lampson's pleas- of my hobby. I hardly know which is the more
ant “ Confidences” cannot be accorded a place trying to me — their languid endurance of a
beside the kindred volumes of Rousseau and family story, or their inaccurate repetition of
others who have freely unbosomed themselves it.” The volume was written at different pe-
to the world is largely due to the fact that the riods during the last fifteen years of Mr.
author has nothing of a comfortably shocking Locker's life, and was in type at the date of
or scandalous nature to confess. Grace, wit, his death, May 30, 1895. It contains, besides
variety, the amiable London lyrist naturally the pleasantly diversified story of his life and
has in abundance; but the only approach to adventures, and the family portraits and anec-
a breach of good morals that we find him own dotes, several “ biographical sketches,” or,
ing to is that he once sneaked away from a rather, portraits from memory, of noted literary
“Charity Breakfast” without “ paying the people — Thackeray, George Eliot and Mr.
shot.” It came about in this wise. In an un-
Lewes, Dickens, Leigh Hunt, Dean Stanley,
guarded moment Mr. Locker accepted an invi- Carlyle, etc.
tation to that meal from the "Patagonian Mr. Locker was born in 1821, at Greenwich
Church Extension Society”; hour, half-past Hospital, of which his father, a somewhat
eight; chairman, the philanthropic Sir Bonamy Shandean character, was Civil Commissioner.
Veroles. Mr. Locker arrived on time (and | Around this institution most of his early mem-
uncommonly hungry), helped himself lìber-ories cluster, his affectionate description of it
ally to the tongue and toast (thus committing recalling Lamb's paper on the Temple. His
himself to the breakfast), and was just begin. mother was the daughter of the Rev. Jonathan
ning to feel chatty and comfortable, when, he Boucher, an excellent divine and philologist,
says, up stepped “a busy body of a fellow in a
who spent part of his early manhood in Amer-
white tie, who, with ostentatious assurance, ica, and was a close friend of Washington.
slapped down a blank cheque, a lead pencil, When the revolutionary troubles began, how-
and the eulogy of the charity at my plate, look ever, Dr. Boucher preached boldly against the
ing significantly at me and my substantial slice
cause of the colonists, running no small risk of
of tongue as he did so." It at once dawned personal violence in doing so, and was at length
on Mr. Locker that he was trapped. It was a compelled to return to England. His last ser-
clear breach of hospitality; and one can easily mon, preached at Annapolis, with pistols on his
pardon Mr. Locker for momentarily wishing pulpit cushion, concluded as follows : “As long
the Patagonian Church, its extenders, and Sir
as I live, yea, while I have my being, will I
Bonamy Veroles, at the - tropics. His first proclaim, "God save the King!'” The author
impulse was to fly. But how? Here a bright notes that he lent Thackeray several of Wash-
thought struck him. Clapping one hand osten- ington's letters to his grandfather, while the
tatiously to his waistcoat, and feigning a look novelist was writing “ Henry Esmond.” Mrs.
of subdued but intense agony, he rose painfully Locker, the author's mother, was a pious wo-
from his chair, slipped past the astonished man of Evangelical leanings-emphatically “a
waiters, weathered the coldly inquiring stare church-going animal,” as her son somewhat rue-
of the plainly incredulous Sir Bonamy, gained fully recalls. In her more scrupulous moments
the hallway, jumped into a cab and drove home. she seems to have held the opinion (though in
So much affected was Mr. Locker by the dra- general a cheerful soul) that cards and dancing
matic force of his impersonation, that, he tells were hardly compatible with salvation. Her
us, “I kept my hand where I had placed it till sabbatarian views entailed the usual penalties
I reached my own door."
on her children. Says Mr. Locker:
Mr. Locker's “ Confidences” were prepared “I well remember the sultry Sunday evenings when
for publication, he says, largely in the interests my mother would carry me off to an ugly little pepper-
of accuracy and for the benefit of his own de
boxed temple, with its tin-kettle bell, where we sim-
mered through Mr. Shepherd's long-winded pastorals.
*MY CONFIDENCES : An Autobiographical Sketch ad The mean, cramped, white-painted pew; the faint and
dressed to my Descendants. By Frederick Locker-Lampson. unpleasant odor of Mr. Shepherd's large flock (how he
With Portraits. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. collected it was a mystery), made the worthy man's
..


1896.]
329
THE DIAL
my affair!"
weariful discourses—doctrine, reproof, instruction, and it. The only thing I did pretty well was original poetry.
dubious grammar-still more irksome. I was very do A subject was given us, and by a certain day we pro-
cile, and I remained so. I am told that the devout duced a poem. My mother wrote most of mine!”
Papuans perform their religious rites standing on one
About this time Mr. Locker's parents began,
leg. If ever my lot should be cast among these simple
people, I should be glad to oblige them.”
with some reason, to despair of him ; for what
Widely different from the dissenting Mr.
was the use, they argued, of his being clever at
Shepherd was the official Hospital chaplain, inably and could scarcely construe a line of
fives and cricket and rhyming, if he spelt abom-
Dr. Coke, R.M., a stanch Churchman of the
Latin? So Oxford and Cambridge plans, and
orthodox shovel-batted, port-wine school, who
preferred absolute unbelief to shaky theology. aspirations in the direction of the bar or the
“He was," says Mr. Locker (not very rever-
church, were abandoned ; and the future poet
entially), “a kindly but choleric old boy, with presently found himself perched on a high stool
a sanguine complexion and roomy boots." Be-
in a Mincing Lane counting-house, where for a
twelvemonth or so he made a cheerful pretence
ing summoned once officially to administer
ghostly comfort to a mariner who was about to
of “ learning the business,” learning in reality
little except the foibles and oddities of his
slip his cable for the next world and had some
fellow-clerks, upon which he delighted to prac-
reasonable doubts as to his probable destina-
tion, Dr. Coke said reassuringly: “Don't con-
tise, and which are humorously recorded. At
cern yourself about that, my dear sir — that's
this point in his narrative Mr. Locker indulges
in some melancholy reflections on current social
Mr. Locker's first school was a preparatory forseeing a day when the Archbishop of Can-
changes and democratic tendencies, gloomily
one at Clapham, kept by a Miss Griffin, of
whom he remembers little save that she had all terbury (successor of Becket and Pole !) “ may
the qualities of a kitchen-poker, “except its omnibus"; and when Devonshire House shall
occasionally be seen on the roof of a Piccadilly
occasional warmth." Miss Griffin was succeeded
be converted into “a dry-goods store on the
by Mr. Barnett, an Orbilius of the rod, who
American plan." The change, he fears, will
knew little Latin and much less Greek, and
soon be here. The tokens of it are in the air.
who sought to awaken in his pupil a taste for
“Only a few days ago I saw a deplorably dressed ani.
the classics by thrashing him severely with the
mal, diamonds and emeralds stuck in his postiche cravat,
buckle-ends of his own braces. “I am sure,' lounge up the steps of White's Club, and take his seat
Mr. Locker says, “ Mr. Barnett was an absurd in the bow-window - the bow-window, mind
you, of the
man, and that his ignorance was encyclopædic.'
Somersets, the Stanhopes, the Fanes; then I recognized
that he was my stockbroker, and in acknowledgment of
“ Years afterwards he came to see my father at Green-
my obeisance he gave me a calculated and reserved bow.”
wich, and I was amazed to think that the person before
me, old and gauche, and with a propitiatory grin, was
In 1841 Mr. Locker received a temporary
that formidable savage who had once exercised so terri- clerkship in Somerset House, and in the fol-
ble a sway. We talked of past days, and as he was lowing year was transferred to the Admiralty,
rather jocose, I ventured to say that I still felt the ting- in Whitehall. Here he was made private sec-
ling of his hazel switches. The miserable creature pre-
tended he had no recollection of these matters. It is retary to Lord Haddington and was afterwards
strange, my dear young friend, but I have entirely for appointed deputy reader and précis writer -
gotten it.' • Perhaps you have forgotten it, sir; but then, offices which he seems to have filled to the satis-
you were at the other end of the switch. I never saw faction of his chiefs. A trip to the continent
him after that day.”
in 1849 led eventually to his marriage (1850)
The next school was Mr. Wright's — a dismal to Lady Charlotte Bruce. Mr. Locker tells
"Low Church" establishment, where the pupils'
very prettily “how it came about.”
main dissipation was
“We had seated ourselves on a bench (in Hyde Park)
“ An occasional clerical meeting, where Biblical proph and neither spoke. I took her hand. This is the pret-
ecy and the Apocalyptic number 666 were frantically tiest hand in the world,' said I. •I happen to know of
discussed by a knot of what I now think must have been one that's quite as pretty,' said she. Another silence.
presumptuous jackasses, and in a way that then occa Perhaps I was incredulous, but when she put the other
sioned me cold, clammy terrors. I still suffer from their pretty hand into mine I knew that we were both very
sinister predictions."
happy.”
After Mr. Wright's came a huge unregenerate Mr. Locker's marriage to Lady Charlotte
school at Dulwich," where Mr. Locker learned was plainly the turning point in his fortunes ;
little or nothing; and finally a day-school at and he seems to have lived thenceforth as a
Blackheath, where, he says,
man of means, first-rate social position, and
“I remained two years, and had an inglorious time of abundant leisure. “London Lyrics” (“certain


330
[June 1,
THE DIAL
E. G. J.
sparrow-flights of song,” he modestly terms pin her collar straight. I can still hear his • Jacintha,
them) were published in 1857, while Mr. Locker give Mr. Locker another cup of tea,' delivered in a
was still at the Admiralty. They soon attracted
suave, almost stately, manner, and in silvery tones.”
the favorable notice of Thackeray. He invited
The saying that an author is the reverse of
Mr. Locker to write for the “ Cornhill Maga- all other objects, in that he magnifies at a dis-
zine,” and once said to him, in reply to an allu-
tance and diminishes as you approach him, Mr.
sion to his own poetry, “ Yes, I have a sixpenny
Locker declines to apply to Leigh Hunt. He
talent (or gift), and so have you ; ours is small plainly liked the amiable, chronically impecu-
beer, but, you see, it is the right tap.” A good nious, and very unworldly poet ; and even finds
it in his heart to admire his beautiful reliance
many of us will doubtless prefer this wholesome
“small beer” to some other “ taps” of a much
on providence” – which word, by-the-by, he
more pretentious brand.
rather significantly “ventures in this connection
Mr. Locker naturally knew many people of
to spell with a little.p.'” Kindly Mr. Locker!
note, literary and otherwise ; and his reminis. Despite the “Charity Breakfast,” one can
cences of them are fresh and piquant — and easily fancy him enacting on occasion the prov-
sometimes a little satirical. Mrs. Browning he
ident raven at the shabby Hammersmith lodg-
saw occasionally at her own fireside.
ings. Mr. Locker's “ Confidences” deserves,
“Her physique was peculiar: curls like the pendent
as much as any
book of the kind that has fallen
ears of a water-spaniel, and poor little hands. so thin in our way in a long time, the trite praise that
that when she welcomed you she gave you something “there is not a dull page in it.” Mr. Augustine
like the foot of a young bird; the Hand that made her
Birrel is the editor; and we are glad to note
great had not made her fair. But she had striking eyes,
and we forgot any physical shortcomings - they were
that he has provided a good index.
entirely lost sight of in what I may call her incompar-
able sweetness, I might almost say affectionateness; just
as, while we are reading it, we lose sight of the incom-
pleteness of her poetry — its lack of artistic control.”
THE PSYCHIC ASPECTS OF SOCIOLOGY.*
George Eliot, says Mr. Locker,
“Was, to my mind, a plain woman. Her countenance
Professor Giddings, author of "The Princi-
was equine —she was rather like a borse; and her head ples of Sociology,” states in his preface that the
had been intended for a much longer body - she was particular object of the work is “to combine
not a tall woman. She wore her hair in not-pleasing, the principles of sociology in a coherent theory."
out-of-fashion loops, coming down on either side of her
He aims to direct attention chiefly to the psy-
face, so hiding her ears; and her garments concealed her
outline — they gave her a waist like a milestone.
chic aspects of social phenomena, “ believing
She had a measured way of conversing; restrained, but that sociology is a psychological science, and
impressive. : As she often discussed abstract sub that the description of society in biological
jects, she might have been thought pedantic, especially
terms is a mistake.” But the biological terms
as her language was sprinkled with a scientific termin-
ology; but I do not think she was a bit of a pedant.
structure, function, organ, and many others,
I have been told she was most agreeable en tête-à-tête; occur at frequent intervals, because all higher
that when surrounded by admirers she was apt to be activities must borrow their designations from
come oratorical.”
the lower and first known. This volume seeks
Mr. Locker attended the funeral of George to avoid such metaphors, and they are not so
Henry Lewes, at Highgate.
common as in many other works, yet their fre-
“We were a very small party in the mortuary chapel, quent employment shows that he cannot escape
not more than twelve persons. I never before had seen from them.
so many out-and-out rationalists in so confined a space.
A brief discourse was delivered by a Unitarian clergy-
The chief explanatory idea of the treatise is
man, who half apologized for suggesting the possible
the “ consciousness of kind,” which is defined
immortality of some of our souls."
as being " a state of consciousness in which any
In his pleasant paper on Leigh Hunt, Mr. being, whether low or high in the scale of life,
Locker describes the poet as a man of striking recognizes another conscious being as of like
kind with itself.” For this notion the author
appearance-" tall
, dark, grizzled, bright-eyed, kind with itself.”
and rather fantastically dressed in a sacerdotal-
claims originality, and thinks he has mediated
looking garment." He visited Hunt three or
successfully between the theories of imitation
four times at Hammersmith, and each time
and social compulsion proposed in recent French
liked him better. Once he took tea with him.
discussions. Starting with this definition of the
“The meal was presided over by a nimble-fingered | THE PRINCIPLES OF Sociology. By Franklin Henry
little nymph of a daughter in a stuff frock imperfectly Giddings, M.A., Professor of Sociology in Columbia Univer-
hooked and eyed. She had not even the coquetry to sity. New York: Macmillan & Co.


1896.)
331
THE DIAL
principle of association, the material is divided show where the discussion of the subject be-
into four books: “The Elements of Social longs. Professor Wagner's well-known defini-
Theory,” “The Elements and Structure of So- tion of the scope of political economy goes
ciety, " " The Historical Evolution of Society,” much further than our author's definition of
and “Social Process, Law, and Cause." social science, since it includes an estimate of
In the first book, Professor Giddings dis- the social value of economic ways of life, and
cusses the sociological idea. Society means a suggests better methods of realizing the ob
naturally developing group of conscious beings, jects of industrial activity. Even the brief
in which converse passes into definite relation treatment of the ends of society in this work
ships which in the course of time are wrought would seem to be logically excluded from a
into a complex and enduring organization. science which is simply descriptive and explan-
Sociology is the systematic description and ex tory. It is rather creditable to the writer that
planation of society viewed as a whole. It is his vision of the scope of sociology is wider
the general science of social phenomena. It than the hampering definition with which he
is an interpretation of human society in terms begins.
of natural causation. It refuses to look upon From association arises the evolution of the
humanity as outside of the cosmic process, and social mind,— the feelings, thoughts, and voli-
as a law unto itself. Sociology is an attempt tions which go from person to person and are
to account for the origin, growth, structure, shared by a whole assembly or community.
and activities of society by the operation of Waves of emotion or of ideas are carried along
physical, vital, and psychical causes, working by imitation or sympathy. Discussion secures
together in a process of evolution.
deliberate agreement upon common notions
Sociology has a distinct province ; it studies after reflection.
after reflection. In order to have such a fel-
the phenomena that are consequent upon one lowship in convictions and purposes, there must
state in particular — namely, the consciousness be contact, leadership, and organs of communi-
of kind. Psychology studies all states of con cation, as press and pulpit. The social self-
sciousness. Sociology is the science of elements consciousness is made continuous by means of
and first principles that underlie all special economic, juridical, political, and other tradi-
social sciences, as economics and politics. What tions, oral or written. These traditions are
biology is to the special life-sciences of botany framed into standards, platforms, codes, and
and zoology, that sociology is to the special creeds.
social sciences. The data assumed in politics Out of this mingling of intellectual products
and in political economy are explained and with desires issue social estimates of things
traced to their origin by sociology.
socially important, as preservation of the type,
In considering the elements and structure of cohesion, possessions, and conditions of devel-
society, we encounter facts of aggregation and opment. These estimates are the grounds of
association of the population. Human beings social choices.
are naturally gregarious, and groups are formed A distinction is made between social compo-
by family connections or by common settle- sition and social constitution. The groupings of
ments. Persons thus brought together form the social composition are natural products of
communities. The welding process is accom the physiological and psychological activities
panied by conflict, but also by communication, of individuals, supplemented by natural selec-
imitation, tolerance, and mutual aid. The social tion. They are at first unconscious products,
nature becomes more imitative, tolerant, and but at later stages are subjected to choice. Then
sympathetic. But the action of evolution upon the author treats the rise of families of various
various individuals is unequal, and from this types, ethnical and demotic aggregates — as
inequality of pressure and result there arise the hordes, tribes, and communes, counties and
various social classes. These classes are of cities. The constitution of a society means the
three kinds : vitality classes, personality classes, organization of its members into association for
and social classes. In the study of these popu- specific purposes — as governments, literary
lation classes, the author finds the key to the and religious societies. The greatest of these
scientific arrangement of the problems of prac- purposive organizations is the state.
The an-
tical sociology. But it does not seem to be alysis of voluntary associations, political, juris-
within the scope of sociology, as defined by tic, economic, and cultural, while very brief, is
Professor Giddings, to give any place to prac one of the best of several good discussions in
tical sociology, nor does he anywhere distinctly I the volume. The author here does justice to


332
(June 1,
THE DIAL
a form of organization which De Tocqueville population are rhythmical. The functions of
regarded as one of the most important elements society vary with its structure, and become
in American life.
more definite and complex.
The table of contents for Book III., on “The The social process involves psychical as well
Historical Evolution of Society,” is simply ap as biological elements. Personality is produced
palling. It irresistibly reminds one of the by association. The ego is the centre of all
wonder and admiration excited by Goldsmith's social forces. It is not merely the product of
village school-master; and the wonder grows heredity and individual experience, butof social
with consideration. One hundred and sixty
One hundred and sixty influences and of the reaction upon these. The
pages are given to zoögenic association, anthro self is determined in its character by all its
pogenic association, ethnogenic association, and antecedents, but it also combines and modifies
demogenic association. The generalizations energies, and is itself a living force. Hence
cover all events, known and guessed at, since arise “ volitional associations” through which
the very early dawn of life. Whether they are communities
express
their common desires, act
true or not, or at least agree with the present upon each other and upon nature, and make a
consensus of experts, must be determined by social life of culture possible. The individual
the critics in many widely-scattered fields, and and society are ever reciprocally dependent.
these specialists have already begun to com Communism and individualism are poles of one
ment. A council, composed of a biologist, an world. The modifications of the
ego
by social
anthropologist, an ethnologist, a master of folk life are fixed in the structure of the brain and
psychology, and a philologist, would be required nerves, and so their effects are transmitted.
for a jury. And yet the author is justified in The social process moves by causation and
making the attempt, since a consistent theory according to law. The primary social forces
on the subject could never be produced by the are psychical impulse, imitation, and rational
corps of contributors to an encyclopædia, but choice. But the effects of volition are limited
must come from some one brain. It is very
It is very in the physical process by selection and sur-
comforting, in this clamorous and uneasy age
vival. The laws of rational choice are “un-
of specialists, to read a calm and confident mes changing relations between the groupings of
sage like this : “Such, then, is the complete social values and the forms of social conduct."
philosophy of history." The author's large
The author's large There are subjective and objective criteria of
knowledge of contemporary conditions appears the ideal good, the former relating to inherent
with especial advantage in the analysis and ex qualities of excellence, the latter to the adapta-
planation of contemporary society. His esti tions of means to ends. The values are eco-
mate of Christianity is this:
nomic, ethical, and sociological. The ideal
“ It became the most tremendous power in history. good, in its final form, combines virtue and
Gradually it has been realizing its ideal, until, to-day, pleasure, integrity and the expansion of life.
a Christian philanthropy and a Christian missionary en-
Society advances in its preference of ideals.
terprise, rapidly outgrowing the esoteric sentimentalism
of their youth, and devoting themselves to the diffusion
Personal force is first esteemed; then utilitarian
of knowledge, to the improvement of conditions, and to happiness; then puritanic integrity; and, last
the upbuilding of character, are uniting the classes and of all, self-realization.
the races of men in a spiritual harmony."
Passing from ends to means, the author
In the last book, on “The Social Process,' states the law of combinations :
Professor Giddings estimates the physical fac “ A population that has but few interests, which, how-
tor in social evolution. Human history is a ever, are harmoniously combined, will be conservative
part of cosmic evolution, and all social energy
in its choices. A population that has varied interests
which are yet inharmoniously combined will be radical
is transmuted physical energy. Hence, social in its choices. Only the population that has many, va-
progress is conditioned by the laws of matter ried, and harmoniously combined interests will be con-
and force. The persistence of force, the pro-sistently progressive in its choices.”
cess of equilibration, and the physical necessity But while social choices are determined by sub-
of evolution, are generalizations assumed as a jective values, survival is governed by organic
basis ; and they are as true of the social popu and objective utility. Only that form of con-
lation as of inorganic matter. Density of pop- duct can endure which secures the widest and
ulation depends upon food supply, and culture most harmonious arrangement for promoting
is dependent on density of population. The life. The unnatural and injurious must be dis-
direction of social activity is determined by the solved.
line of least resistance, and the movements of Society is more than an organism, it is an


1896.]
333
THE DIAL
..
organization, partly a product of unconscious with him, or if you were talking with him at breakfast
evolution and partly a result of conscious plan-
over your coffee, he would say just such things in just
ning. The function of society is to developing art. But I do not think that he thought much of
this way. If he had any art, it was the art of conceal-
conscious life and to create human personality. art. I do not think that he cared much for what peo-
This function is the end or final cause of society. ple say about criticism or style. He wrote as he felt,
C. R. HENDERSON.
or as he thought, without troubling himself much about
method. It is this simplicity, or what it is the fashion
of the day to call frankness, which gives a singular charm
to his writing.”
It is a curious fact that a man of Mr. Field's
EUGENE FIELD.*
taste and temperament should have done so
Some men have made their successes in lit- much of his work for the daily press. The
erature through the quality of their thought, haste with which
newspaper work must be done
but these have not always been as admirable for certainly stands in the way of many kinds of
the form which that thought has assumed; other excellence; it must be granted, however, that
men have distinguished themselves by the grace the excellences of clearness and immediate
and charm of the setting which they have given effectiveness are fostered by the constant appeal
to ideas not necessarily great or profound ; and to large audiences, upon whom an impression
yet others have won their way to a secure place must be made at once or not at all.
That a
in the bearts of mankind by a generous person man who revelled in old editions of rare books,
ality, which has asserted itself over and above who delighted in illuminated missals and monk.
all that they have said, and has been, indeed, ish legends, whose mind was full of the fairy-
the nerve and centre of all their sayings. The lore of all times and races, should spend so
whimsical kindness of a Charles Lamb is always much of his life in the rapid work required
to be noted in whatever he has to bring into by the newspaper is somewhat singular. To
the light of day; the pleasure in an essay of be sure, rapidity of work does not of necessity
Leigh Hunt's is something still apart from the imply either superficiality or carelessness ; the
contribution which he presents or the method editorial or the brief paragraph, of the best
which he uses in presenting it. The humorist sort, requires large knowledge and preliminary
is likely to have this winning personality ; often thought, and each must have incisiveness of
we are interested not exclusively in his mes utterance. However much Mr. Field's earlier
sage or the finish with which he utters it, but writings suffered from the conditions in which
in that third something, over and above his they were perforce produced, it may, perhaps,
work, predominantly alive in it, which is really not be fanciful to trace in his mature efforts,
the man himself, his nature, his character, his to which leisure contributed its part, some of
distinctive point of view.
the better and higher qualities belonging to
I think that we notice the same quality in the work produced with diurnal regularity for im-
writings of Eugene Field. This is not to say mediate consumption, but bearing the genuine
that his work is deficient in finish, or that it is literary stamp. It may be said that we have
lacking in thought; but only that in whatever as yet made but very inadequate provision in
he does we find preëminent that generosity, that our life for the talent that should by its nature
bonhomie, which is the man. Whenever we devote itself to expression ; and journalism
open one of his books, we find, in addition to the
seems to afford to the young writer a resource
story or the poem or the oddity which is the which he finds only with much greater difficulty
product of a humor always alert, the genial elsewhere.
personality of the author rising before us and The writer of this notice must admit that he
thus enhancing the gift which his hands are has only an imperfect sympathy with the mass
bearing to us. As Mr. Edward Everett Hale of productions in various dialects, supposably
says in an introduction to one of these vols of the English tongue, and many of which are
umes:
entirely unknown to him, that have been clam.
“ All that he writes, indeed, is quite free from the oring for public attention of late. He can see
conventionalism to which authorship as a profession is
no adequate reason why a writer should volun-
sadly liable. Because he is free from them, you read
tarily select an inferior medium, when the great
his poem or you read his prose, and are affected as if
you met him. If you were riding in a Pullman car speech of the century is at his disposal ; nor
why a talent whose products are expected to be
*THE WORKS OF EUGENE FIELD. “Sabine Edition," in
ten volumes. With frontispieces of the author. New York:
read quite generally should hamper itself with
Charles Scribner's Sons.
the inconvenient narrownesses of a single sec-


334
(June 1,
THE DIAL
tion of the land. He is mindful of the “ Big- through its varying windings with unflagging
low Papers,” but yet remembers that patriotism humor, and leads us delightfully from one gar-
belongs to the whole country, and has thus far den spot to another. The wisdom as well as
found its highest utterance in America in the the wit is all through it in its author's best and
“ Commemoration Ode.” The humanity of Mr. peculiar manner. The poems also scattered up
Field has brought him safely through waters and down the volume share in the writer's en.
where many another vessel has gone to pieces. thusiasm, as witness the following:
The dialect story or poem, if it be more than a “My garden aboundeth in pleasant nooks,
mere curiosity or a scientific disclosure of an
And fragrance is over it all;
For sweet is the smell of my old, old books,
out-of-the-way phase of life, must reveal some
In their places against the wall.
trait that touches the universal heart. Mr.
"Here is a folio that's grim with age,
Field has fairly done this in his best efforts of
And yellow and green with mould ;
There's the breath of the sea on every page,
the kind, although he would doubtless have
And the hint of a stanch ship's hold.
agreed with the critic who classed the dialect
“And here is a treasure from France la belle
effusions among writings of his that he esti-
Exhaleth a faint perfume
mated at the lowest rate.
Of wedded lily and asphodel
In a garden of song abloom.
It is always an interesting thing to watch the
growth of a writer, to find him becoming grad-
“Come, pluck with me in my garden nooks
ually cognizant of where his main strength lies,
The posies that bloom for all;
Oh, sweet is the smell of my old, old books,
and winning a mastery more and more sufficient
In their places against the wall."
of that strength. Mr. Roswell M. Field, in
There is always, apart from the pathos, an
his touching memorial of his brother in one of imaginative effect in an unfinished book; we
these volumes, speaks of the deepening insight can proceed to complete it for ourselves in our
and enlarging sympathy manifest in the later
own way, or we can wonder what the author
years of Eugene Field's life. In the volume
would have done with it, and think of him as
of stories beginning with “The Holy Cross, continuing his pleasant labors, and, with his
one sees this conscious command of the instru-
powers at their height, fashioning habitations
ment which he has selected for his use. The
for his thoughts and fancies more perfect than
motives in these stories are more home-like, those he built of old.
the fancy is better held in check, the humor is We hear it occasionally said, perhaps some-
delicate as anywhere in Field's efforts. The what under the breath, and yet with consider-
author is evidently making his way to the doing able assurance of its truth, that the golden age
successfully of what he can do best. The ac-
of prose has fairly set in, and that poetry, so
tualities of life impress him more, the whimsi- long a sovereign, must now submit to become
calities have in them something besides their a vassal to its stronger brother. Notwithstand-
strangeness and oddity. He is on the thresh- ing this fine and recent theory, one discovers,
old of the book which contains so much of his
after all, that the deepest and sincerest utter-
sincerest thought and feeling, the "Love Affairs
ances of any man, competent to rhythmical
of a Bibliomaniac."
composition, take the old but ever new form of
Everybody is familiar with “ The Biblio- rhyme and metre and stanza. The poetry of
maniac's Prayer":
Eugene Field contains his truest contribution
“But if, O Lord, it pleaseth thee
to the thought and art of his day; whether we
To keep me in temptation's way,
consider his disclosures of the pleasures and
I humbly ask that I may be
Most notably beset to-day;
weaknesses of the bibliophile, in which he was
Let my temptation be a book,
so immersed and which he knew so well, or
Which I shall purchase, hold, and keep,
Whereon, when other men shall look,
whether we read his renderings of Horace into
They'll wail to know I got it cheap."
a modernity at times perhaps somewhat too
Out of the feeling expressed in this poem grows insistent, we touch the truest chord of the
a book. It appears that the idea of the “ Love poet's nature; and when we come to his songs
Affairs was in its author's mind for a long of the intimate life of home and childhood, we
time. He was a collector of the enthusiastic are aware of a gift unique and tender. What-
kind, and it is not strange that his fervor at ever technical deficiencies we may find, or how-
last found vent in the way in which it did. We ever a false note in some of the best known of
must all concede that the way is certainly a these verses may offend our ear, we are quick
happy one, and that its discoverer has admira to overlook it in the simplicity and genuineness
bly exploited its possibilities. He follows it of the feeling. Every man who writes at all


1896.]
335
THE DIAL
writes a good deal that his matured experience
would fain forget, and the man is fortunate of
whom a critic like Mr. Stedman can say:
“ That he did much beneath his standard,, fine and
true at times,- is unquestionable, and many a set of
verses went the rounds that harmed his reputation. For
all this, he certainly has left pieces, compact of the
rarer elements, sufficient in number to preserve for him
a unique place among America's original characters,
scholarly wits, and poets of bright fancy. Yorick is no
more! But his genius will need no chance upturning of
his grave-turf for its remembrance. When all is sifted,
its fame is more likely to strengthen than to decline."
The publishers have brought their tribute to
the poet and humorist; these books are beauti-
ful books indeed ; and we all know of what the
house that issues them, and the De Vinne Press,
are capable.
LOUIS J. BLOCK.
RECENT FICTION.*
Mr. Howells has a weakness for queer people,
and a disposition to find the salt of the earth where
few would be likely to look for it. This disposition
is praiseworthy as far as it leads to the recognition
*THE DAY OF THEIR WEDDING. A Novel. By W. D.
Howells. New York: Harper & Brothers.
A PARTING AND A MEETING. A Story. By W. D. Howells.
New York: Harper & Brothers.
PIRATE GOLD. By F. J. Stimson. Boston: Houghton,
Mifflin & Co.
TOM GROGAN. By F. Hopkinson Smith. Boston: Hough-
ton, Mifflin & Co.
THE DAMNATION OF THERON WARE. By Harold Frederic.
Chicago: Stone & Kimball.
ADAM JOHNSTONE's Son. By F. Marion Crawford. New
York: Macmillan & Co.
A KING AND A FEW DUKES. A Romance. By Robert W.
Chambers. New York: G. P. Putnam's Song.
THE RED REPUBLIC. A Romance of the Commune. By
Robert W. Chambers. New York : G. P. Putnam's Sons.
WHEN GREEK MEETS GREEK. A Tale of Love and War.
By Joseph Hatton. Philadelphia : J. B. Lippincott Co.
THE SECRET OF THE COURT. A Romance of Life and
Death. By Frank Frankfort Moore. Philadelphia : J. B.
Lippincott Co.
Miss GRACE OF ALL SOULs. By William Edwards Tire-
buck. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
HERBERT VANLENNERT. By C. F. Keary. Philadelphia:
J. B. Lippincott Co.
SLAIN BY THE DOONES AND OTHER STORIES. By R. D.
Blackmore. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
WANDERING HEATH. Stories, Studies, and Sketches.
By Q. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
THE EXPLOITS OF BRIGADIER GERARD. By A. Conan
Doyle. New York: D. Appleton & Co..
COMEDIES OF COURTSHIP. By Anthony Hope. New York:
Charles Scribner's Sons.
EARTH'S ENIGMAS. A Volume of Stories by Charles G. D.
Roberts. Boston: Lamson, Wolffe, & Co.
CINDERELLA AND OTHER STORIES. By Richard Harding
Davis. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
THE YOUTH OF PARNASSUS AND OTHER STORIES. By
Logan Pearsall Smith. New York: Macmillan & Co.
BLACK SPIRITS AND WHITE. A Book of Ghost Stories.
By Ralph Adams Cram. Chicago : Stone & Kimball.
of the elements of common humanity in the most
diverse types of character, and as far as it strength-
ens the claim of every individual to live his own
life in his own way.
It is less laudable if it tends
to exalt the eccentric and the imperfectly developed
type above that which is well-rounded and normal,
or if it estimates ethical values in accordance with
any other than the universal standard. Two stories
just published by Mr. Howells raise the question
above suggested, and it is not altogether easy to de-
cide which of these conflicting tendencies is empha-
sized by them. Both the stories are about Shakers,
and the author's success in attaching a genuine hu-
man interest to Shakers is sufficient evidence of his
art. In “The Day of Their Wedding,” two young
people brought up in the community grow carnally-
minded toward one another, and seek “the world
outside” for the purpose of living together in the
normal relation of man and wife. The force of
early training proves too strong for them, however,
and after a day of delirious excitement at Saratoga
they falter in their resolve, and return unwedded
to their associates. In "A Parting and a Meeting,"
the theme is approached from the other direction.
Two young people about to be married stray, balf
by accident, into a Shaker village. Both are much
impressed by what they see, and the deeper na-
ture of the man succumbs so quickly to the prose-
lytizing influence that he then and there decides to
abandon his worldly career in order to become a
Shaker. In both these stories Mr. Howells makes
much of the “psychological moment," and both
must stand or fall in accordance with our estimate
of the adequacy of the impelling motive. In the
second story, we cannot admit that the motive is
adequate, while in the first judgment remains sus-
pended. A lifetime - even a brief one- of habit
is doubtless an immense directing force, and the
more we think of the psychological problem of “The
Day of Their Wedding,” the more we are inclined
to admit the final resolution of the young people to
be probable, if not inevitable. We are certainly
not prepared for it by what goes before, and it
comes to the consciousness with something like a
shock, but reflection justifies it in considerable meas-
Both books are undoubtedly charming, en-
livened as they are by gleams of humor, and suc-
cessful as they are in the deft and subtle delineation
of character.
We have not heard from Mr. F. J. Stimson as
much of late as we could have wished, for his work
is always finely conceived and carefully wrought.
It is true that jurisprudence has gained what liter-
ature has lost, but that does not altogether console
the lover of literature. “ Pirate Gold,” the novel
with which Mr. Stimson has broken a prolonged
silence, is a story of mercantile Boston in the ante-
bellum days. It has little to do with pirates, and
the title, although justified by the ill-gotten hoard
that is one of the most important “properties” of
the story, serves rather as a romantic fillip to the
imagination than as an index to the nature of the
ure.


336
(June 1,
THE DIAL
.
book. The love of an old man for an adopted child are given prominence, the narrow and colorless, but
is the central theme, suggesting alternately “Silas unquestionably native, orthodoxy of the primitive
Marner” and “Les Misérables," and leading to a culture-stage in which the greater part of our pop-
situation comparable in pathos with the closing ulation still remains, and the more liberal but un-
chapters in the story of Jean Valjean. Perhaps deniably alien ideal of the Church of Rome. A
the finest thing in the book is its portraiture of an young Methodist minister, Theron Ware, represents
old-time Boston merchant. The sketch is done with the one, while the other is represented by a priest
swift, incisive, sympathetic touches ; in short, with and by the fascinating woman whose influence brings
the art that conceals art so deftly that we realize about the minister's damnation. Anyone who has
only upon reflection how subtle the art is. Glimpses lived in a small town in the older and more settled
of the abolitionist agitation are also given in the section of the country knows how sharp is the con-
later chapters, and the electrical tension of the time trast between these two religious elements—how each
is admirably reproduced.
is to the other a world almost utterly unknown —
The walking delegate has often appeared in Amer and must pay tribute of admiration to the penetra-
ican fiction, but has been sketched with a master tion with wbich the author of this book has entered
hand, as far as we know, in only two instances. One into the life of both, and the skill with which he
is the late Mr. Bunner's short story, “ Zadoc Pine,' has brought them both to bear upon the character
the other is Mr. Hopkinson Smith's new novel,“ Tom of Theron Ware. The book is, in this aspect, not con-
Grogan.” The latter is a very different sort of book troversial, but simply vital ; besides being one of the
from any that Mr. Smith has previously given us ; subtlest studies of moral disintegration that have
it has a firmer grasp upon actuality, a more vital been made. Weak and contemptible as is the nature
method of presentation, than even the story of our of the minister, we are not left unpitying as we read
dear old friend Colonel Carter. Mr. Smith has of his downfall, for we feel that he is the sport of
taken his incidents from his experience as an en fate, and that his life might have been shaped to a
gineer of public works, and his story deals with the nobler outcome. The tree of knowledge is not for
cowardly efforts of a pack of “union” laborers to him the tree of life, yet we cannot help thinking
destroy the business of his independent and hard that it might have been so had his early environ-
working hero. The hero, by the way, is a heroine, ment been a more wholesome one. The story of
for Tom Grogan is really Tom's widow, who takes his final collapse is told with terrible power, and
her husband's name and carries on his carting busi the effect is heightened by the tragic irony of the
ness. She is a strongly conceived character, delin- episodes that precede it. In its passionate aspect,
eated with sympathetic art, and stands out in fine the book strongly suggests the “Spring Floods” of
contrast to the miserable loafers and rascally poli- Tourguénieff, for the movement is psychologically
ticians who are leagued against her. Such a book much the same. The workmanship of the novel is
is, we think, calculated to do good as a social tract, not in all respects praiseworthy ; some of the lesser
and we shall be surprised if it does not have some characters are not perfectly realized, some of the
thing of the influence of Reade's novel,“ Put Your threads are dropped, and some of the actions not
self in His Place,” which deals, mutatis mutandis, adequately motivated. The scene, too, in which the
with essentially the same subject.
first climax is reached may be reproached with
“ The Damnation of Theron Ware” is by far the touching upon the borders of the sensual, instead of
strongest work of fiction that Mr. Harold Frederic remaining within the limits of the merely sensuous.
has yet produced; it is, indeed, one of the most But when all is said, the final impression is of a
striking and impressive novels of the year, or of power that Mr. Frederic has not heretofore dis-
several years. The scene is laid in the region that played, and that has now earned for him a high
the author knows so well -Central New York place in American literature. We note that the En-
and the action takes place, for the most part, in a glish publishers of this novel have chosen to give it a
town of some ten thousand inhabitants. Mr. Fred new title —“Illumination ” — which suggests “ The
eric has aimed to produce a great and typical pic Marble Faun” and “Transformation,” but which
ture of American life, and an unerring instinct has does not seem to have been a happy inspiration,
taught him that such a picture must be concerned although it strikes the ironical keynote of the book.
with the life of a small community rather than with Mr. Crawford's new novel is as neat in pattern as
the more attractive but also more sophisticated civ ever, flowing smoothly and decorously along for the
ilization of the great cities. New York and Chicago proper number of pages, and then reaching the con-
are, after all, less typically American than Oshkosh clusion that we have all the time known to be inev.
and Kalamazoo, just as Paris is less typically French itable. The scene is laid in Amalfi -
or, more ex.
than Tours. It is in the small community that the actly, in the Capuccini at Amalfi - and the only
mainsprings of a nation's strength are to be traced characters that count are four, two elderly people,
most distinctly and the elements of its weakness once married and afterwards divorced, and two
most clearly discerned, that its fundamental ideals young people, children of the former by second mar-
are most naively offered to the view. Mr. Frederic's riages, learning to love one another before knowing
novel is a study of character projected upon a re anything of the earlier relations of their respective
ligious background. Two forms of religious activity
parents.
It is all very skilfully planned, and very


1896.]
337
THE DIAL
entertaining. The author is as inveterate a moral of the Court,” is in a new manner, being nothing
izer as ever, and when he is not talking himself, his less than a tale of romantic mystery, after the fash-
characters take their turn, and converse at great ion of Bulwer. The only trouble is that the mys-
length without saying anything in particular. Of tery - which is unearthed in Egypt, and concerns
characterization in any deep sense there are few the resurrection of the dead -proves quite unman-
traces; the revelations that one gets from this inter ageable, and forces the author to dispose of the pos-
minable chatter are about as illuminating as the sessor of the secret by burning him up in his castle.
indications that might be derived from a minute The reader naturally expects something less back-
inspection of the clothing worn by the speakers. neyed than this, and is disappointed.
The book is an almost perfect example of machine A story of life in a coal-mining town in the north
made art.
of England is offered us by Mr. W. E. Tirebuck.
The Paris Commune of 1871 is likely in the course “ Miss Grace of All Souls " is the title, the name
of time to yield as many good stories as any episode indicating that the daughter of the vicar of All
in modern history. Perhaps the best of them that Souls Church is the heroine. As a local study the
has yet been told is " The Red Republic," by Mr. book shows close familiarity with the scenes it por-
Robert W. Chambers. This novel is characterized trays, and intimate knowledge of the colliery point
by unusual fertility of invention and a brisk man of view. The dialect is something of a stumbling-
ner that keeps the interest from flagging for a mo block, but could hardly have been spared from a
ment. The author has made a minute study of the study aiming at fidelity to fact. Examination of
scene and the subject. The day-by-day happenings the work shows it to be a socialistic tract almost un-
of those terrible weeks are chronicled with the atten disguised. The author permits sentiment to over-
tion to detail of a newspaper report. Many of the ride logic, and his feeling for ethical values is sin-
leaders of the Commune have a place in the narra gularly faulty. The case that he takes for discussion
tive, prominent among them being the sinister figure is that of the hypocritical mine-owner, callous to the
of Raoul Rigault. Such episodes as the capture of sufferings of the men whom he employs, and bent
the guns on Montmartre, the sortie toward Ver. only upon securing the largest personal profit from
sailles, and the crowning communistic infamy of the his business. He is represented as bringing about a
murder of Archbishop Darboy, are very vividly de widespread colliery strike in order that he may sell
scribed. And through all the tale of horror there runs his large accumulation of products at a sharp advance.
a thread of romance in the shape of one of the ten A twenty-five per cent reduction of wages is ordered,
derest of love-stories. A second novel by Mr. Cham while no reduction is made in the cost of manage-
bers, called “ A King and a Few Dukes,” is almost ment, and the proprietor gains largely by the re-
equally interesting, although it is written with less sulting distress. The chapter of horrors is filled by
care than the other, and although it is concerned a cave-in, a flooded pit, and a riot suppressed by
with an imaginary series of happenings in the Bal- military force. The case presented by Mr. Tire-
kan Peninsula rather than with the facts of actual buck is a possible one, but we do not believe it to be
history. It has something of the satirical vein of typical. The statistics of such industrial struggles
Mr. Bernard Shaw's comedy, “Arms and the Man," show us that managers as a rule submit to greatly
and is a good example of what may be called the reduced returns before they resort to the extreme
bouffe variety of the historical novel.
measure of a reduction in wages, and that in many
The fascination of the French Revolution for the cases industries are kept in operation at a heavy
novelist seems unabated, and it will be long before loss in order that employment may be provided for
those few years that closed the last century the men. Mr. Tirebuck defeats his own purpose by
period perhaps richer in human interest than any his distorted presentation of the situation. Colors
other of equal length in modern history-will cease 80 thickly laid on, and so violently contrasted, make
to provide themes for romantic fiction. Yet often it impossible to view the work as either serious art
as the subject has been exploited, it has provided or serious economics. Capitalists without the sense
material for but few works that may in
any sense
of responsibility toward their dependents, and labor-
be styled masterpieces. There is Hugo's supreme ers who are models of nearly all the virtues, may
“Quatre-Vingt-Treize," and Dickens's “Tale of doubtless be found here and there, but they are the
Two Cities,” and Balzac's “ Chouans," and Bulwer's exception rather than the rule. There is, moreover,
“ Zanoni,” but hardly anything else of very high a subtle sort of immorality in setting, as the writer
rank. Mr. Hatton's novel is of the purely conven does, the impulsive sentimentality of the vicar's
tional sort, and cannot be given much praise. A daughter against the maturer judgment of her
certain cleverness in the management of incident is father, and in claiming for her a sympathy that
about all that we may credit it with, and it makes may well, in so complex a matter, be shared be-
a fairly readable but nowise impressive story. It tween them.
In this aspect, the book reminds us
is called “When Greek Meets Greek" probably be of a pernicious sort of Sunday-school literature in
cause the author, like many other people, fancies which the priggish and self-righteous child is rep-
the phrase to be some sort of a quotation, which we resented as sitting in judgment upon the well-
beg leave to assure him it is not.
meaning but worldly-minded parent, forgetting that
Mr. Frankfort Moore's latest novel, “ The Secret obedience is the first of childish duties, and of course
a
.


338
[June 1,
THE DIAL
>
not old enough to know that a child's conviction of startling tale of “ The Captain from Bath," and the
what is right is more likely to be shallow dogmatism two delicious “ Letters from Troy," descriptive of
than anything else. Miss Grace, to be sure, is not the impact of modern ideas upon that remote ham-
exactly a child in years, but she is actuated by an let. The doctrinaire reformer might learn a lesson
essentially childish disregard of the logical condi- of the greatest value -
of the greatest value — if he were only capable of
tions of the problem which she thinks so clear of 80- learning lessons—from this artfully artless narrative
lution. In the end, she marries one of her humble of Troy's temperance agitation and first parish
coal-mining friends, which is perhaps the best thing council.
that could happen to her, however such a union “The Exploits of Brigadier Gerard,” by Dr. A.
offends the sense of fitness.
Conan Doyle, can hardly be regarded as other than
Mr. C. F. Keary has done some good literary a pot-boiler, along with the Sherlock Holmes stories
work in serious lines, but is hardly possessed of the and other recent productions of this too prolific
gifts of the novelist. Herbert Vanlennert” is a writer. The book contains eight stories, each an
very long story - more than five hundred pages episode in the career of the supposititious narrator,
long — and one not easily to be read without a lib who is a soldier of Napoleon, and is characterized
eral exercise of the prerogative of skipping. Its mainly by the boastful Gascon spirit. His adventures
manner is an attempted reproduction of the manner are surprising enough, and he escapes from them
of Thackeray, and it is safe to say that without creditably, if not always with success ; but one gets
“ Pendennis this book could never have been rather weary of his vaunts, and would gladly have
written, but the frequent suggestions of so great an him come to grief. The author's inventive powers
artist only emphasize the distance between this book are badly strained in the effort to keep up an inter-
and its evident model. Apart from its prolixity est in the exploits of his hero, and there is a good
and incoherence, Mr. Keary's story is marred by deal of melodrama about the book.
one or two scenes that are conceived in extremely Mr. Anthony Hope's “Comedies of Courtship”
bad taste. It is essentially a story of English so is a collection of six stories — two fairly long ones
ciety, with an Afghan interlude supposed to devel- and four short ones. The comedy of courtship, ac-
ope the manliness of the somewhat callow youthcording to Mr. Hope, is chiefly to be found in the
who serves as hero. There is a good deal of unde sort of situation that leads to the tragedy of Goethe's
niable cleverness about the book, as well as the sort “ Elective Affinities," with the important difference
of allusiveness which shows a man to have a good that the right people find each other before the mar-
many intellectual interests and a fair degree of cul- riage ceremony has taken place. The stories are
ture. These qualities at least make it readable, de- sprightly and entertaining; it requires a consider-
void as it is of characterization in any high sense, able amount of intellectual agility to keep up with
or of style and symmetry.
them, but there is fortunately no great demand upon
The prolixity of Mr. Blackmore is so pronounced the sympathies, and we can view with equanimity
that he can spread the simplest plot over the pages the transfer of undying love from one object to an-
of the most voluminous novel. This is an artistic other that so often and so unexpectedly takes place.
defect not wholly excused even by the shrewd We have long known Professor C. G. D. Roberts
humor and kindly human feeling always character for the foremost of Canadian poets, and the publi-
istic of his work. It might be assumed a priori cation of "Earth’s Enigmas” now calls upon us to
that he would not be able to meet the requirements recognize him as a writer of a high order of imag-
of the short story, which ought always to display inative prose. Slight as these stories are — for no
rapidity of action and economy of expression. The less than fifteen of them are crowded within the
assumption is certainly justified by the four stories limits of a very small volume - they are noteworthy
now published in a single volume. Their interest for their artistic finish and poetic feeling, no less
is slight, and there is little art in their structure. than for the fidelity with which they picture Cana-
The style alone saves them, as it has saved some of dian landscape and character. There are beauti-
Mr. Blackmore's full-grown novels.
ful dreamy pages in this little book, a fine sense of
There could not well be a sharper contrast than life under primitive conditions and enveloped in the
exists between the stories just referred to and those atmosphere of romance. “A Tragedy of the Tides"
published by Mr. Quiller-Couch in his “Wandering is perhaps the gem
of the collection.
Heath.” Fragmentary as some of these are, they
all exhibit the swift incisive touch of the man who
space and time are the strictly modern stories in the
weighs his words, and searches laboriously for the volume just given us by Mr. Richard Harding Davis.
just expression. There is only one story, in the “ Cinderella,” the first of them, is a Van Bibber
strictest sense _“The Bishop of Eucalyptus "- to story, and a rather flat one at that, compared with
be found in the collection; the other pieces are most of those that have preceded it. There are
character-sketches, humorous fancies, and quaint four others, three of which are readable, and the
bits of Cornish tradition. Humor is nearly always fourth wildly exciting. This story of “The Reporter
present, now and then rollicking, but more fre Who Made Himself King " saw the light, we are
quently subdued to an internal chuckle. We have told, in an earlier volume, but somehow escaped our
enjoyed most of all the story of the Bishop, the attention. It is the “comedy of a consulate ” on a


1896.]
339
THE DIAL
small Pacific island, and may be recommended with Australia into five political states, he has shown how
confidence to any reader who has a fairly developed these states have reached their present position of
sense of humor. We doubt if the author has ever self-governing and virtually independent commun-
spun a more fascinating yarn.
ities, though nominally colonies of England. What
“The Youth of Parnassus,” “The Will to Live," he has to say of the development of the cattle, wool,
“The Claim of the Past”- these are taking titles, and (generally speaking) the agricultural industries,
and they fulfil their promise, although not exactly is by way of suggestive comment. The presence
in the way one expects. For they turn out to be of the remarkable race known as the Maoris, the
not stories in any very definite sense, but rather true natives of New Zealand, accounts for several
meditations, or at the most episodes. They are the problems in the history of New Zealand, legal, po-
work of a young man who knows his Oxford, and litical, and social, which the Australians had not to
succeeds in conveying something of the charm (and consider. Even to-day the Maoris possess large dis-
the melancholy) of life in the ancient university tricts in the islands; and they must be reckoned with
quadrangles. The work is at times positively bril-
for
years to come. The best example of the author's
liant as in the “ Idyll ” which sketches in swift power of analysis is found in the chapter entitled
sure lines a familiar type of the American girl “Responsible Government and Modern Constitu-
and is always clever. “Buller Intervening," for
example, is a sketch of a dozen pages only, but it has cluding chapter is devoted to a brief presentation
an idea, and treats it with singularly happy effect. of such present-day problems as (i.) the question of
We shall await with much interest the literary reap-
colonial federation ; (ii.) the Pacific question -- as
pearance of Mr. Logan Pearsall Smith.
to which of the greater Powers shall exercise a con-
Mr. Cram’s “ Black Spirits and White" offers us trolling influence in the Pacific; (iii.) the Samoan
a collection of assorted ghosts — European ghosts difficulties; and finally (iv.) the question of separat-
that harmonize with their environment of German ing northern from southern Queensland. Careless-
castle and Italian convent. Some of them are too ness has allowed" east” to stand on p. 4 for “west.”
obviously theatrical to be convincing; others are A noticeably complete index and two good maps
limned with considerable success. We think we bring the volume to a close.
like best the clammy and viscous ghost of “No. 252
Rue M. le Prince," although the spirit that haunts Popular
“Art and Humanity in Homer"
discussions
“ The White Villa" at Pæstum has distinctly en-
(Macmillan) is a pretty little pocket
of Homer.
volume in which Professor William
gaging qualities. Mr. Cram's descriptive and nar-
rative text creates a fitting atmosphere for the
Cranston Lawton has collected some half dozen or
super-
natural visitants that appear in his pages, and he
more of his university extension lectures and “At-
contrives more than once to produce a genuine thrill
lantic" papers.
“ The Iliad as a Work of Art,"
of awe and terror. WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
“Womanhood in the Iliad,” “Odysseus and Nau-
sicaa,” “ The Homeric Underworld,” these are
some of the themes on which Professor Lawton dis-
courses with his customary genial fluency and sym-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
pathetic appreciation. Technical erudition would
have been out of place in papers whose purpose is
Among the latest volumes in the to stimulate and guide the general reader in the
A good history
Cambridge Historical Series, edited
of Australasia.
intelligent enjoyment of translations. But the au-
by Dr. G. W. Prothero, we are glad thor shows himself well informed about matters to
to commend “ The History of the Australasian Col which his limits permit him only to allude, and his
onies" (Macmillan), by Professor Edward Jenks, a taste and judgment are elegant and sound. We can-
writer already known as a painstaking student of not speak as favorably of his metrical ear. The
political science by an earlier work on the govern- original English hexameters in which his copious
ment of Victoria. The author has spent three years citations are given are a sorry representation of the
in Australia, and thus has been able to use the ar “strong-winged music of Homer.” This is perhaps
chives at Sydney, Melbourne, and Wellington. The not his fault. He is attempting impossibilities. It
volume before us is an admirably concise and well is possible as a tour de force to write a good English
constructed history of the group of communities hexameter composed of real dactyls and spondees.
linked together by allegiance to the British crown Witness Kingsley's
and the prevalence of British blood, manners, ideas, “Lingered in rose-red rays on the peaks of Ionian mountains,"
and hopes, chief among which is Australia, besides to which it would be hypercritical to object that the
Tasmania, and the three islands known together as I of Ionian is a trifle too long for the last syllable
New Zealand. The author has avowedly limited of a dactyl, and that its final syllable is made too
the scope of his work, writing from the standpoint heavy by the consonant in the next word. But
of the school which regards history as past politics neither Kingsley, nor Longfellow, nor Matthew
and politics as present history. Hence he has paid Arnold, nor Mr. Lawton, can keep it up in the mon-
close attention to the political and economic devel- osyllabic, consonantal Saxon diction of English poe-
opment of Australia. First tracing the growth of try. And it is pure illusion to suppose that the accent
19


340
(June 1,
THE DIAL
to Herr Nordau,
99
66
can often be trusted to alter appreciably the abso ence is an essentially historical method; and (2)
lute weights of syllables, or produce anything but a that the right method of studying political history
tantalizing semblance of that alternation of slow is to study it as material for political science. No
paced spondee and light-tripping dactyl which con one is likely nowadays to question seriously the
stitutes the genius of the metre.
first proposition, whatever may be thought of the
second.
For no one can a stronger claim be
An unfortunate advanced to a place in the English
A somewhat lengthy categorical
British sailor.
The latest reply
Men of Action” series (Macmillan)
reply to Herr Max Nordau's sensa-
than for Thomas Cochrane, known later by his title
tional diatribe against modern civili-
of Dundonald, a hero who disputes with Nelson the
zation is made by an anonymous but evidently prac-
name of greatest among British sailors. The story tised writer, under the title of “ Regeneration
of Dundonald's life as told by the Hon. J. W. For (Putnam). The book is furnished with a pungent
tescue is one of intense interest, yet it is a sad one. introduction by Professor Nicholas Murray Butler,
It shows us a genius capable of the most astonish who moderately commends his author, and scores
ing achievements united with a character so undisci Herr Nordau pretty severely on his own account.
plined that its possessor was cut off from the oppor Degeneration,” says Professor Butler, “constitutes
tunities of serving his country, of doing great things Nordau. He is himself an abnormality and a path-
that would easily have come to him, while his life ological type. Every large hospital for the insane
was embittered and nearly wrecked by the passion knows his representative the one sane man in a
ate quarrels into which he rushed at every turn.
world of lunatics." The novelty of Herr Nordau's
That he was usually right in his contentions only pseudo-scientific paradoxes has worn off, and refut-
makes the pity greater, for patience and tact would ing him will seem to the class he pretends to repre-
have smoothed his way to success, while his insub sent very like slaying the dead. There may be,
ordination and folly only set against him all those
however,
some timid souls still overawed by his sci-
in authority and blocked his way. Even worse, in entific position, and shocked at the strange shapes
the intensity of his hatred for the administration he they have seen in his warped and fantastic mirror;
refused the offer of a fleet and a glorious oppor-
and these should derive comfort from the sane views
tunity to serve his country, and chose instead to and common-sense arguments of the present volume.
thwart and discredit by factious opposition the gov- Says Professor Butler again : “The author of Re-
ernment that had failed to give him what he thought generation’ is successful in turning the flank of
his due. Driven from the service in England, he
Nordau's attacking forces at more points than one.
enlisted in turn in the service of Chili, Peru, Brazil, He is able at times, without over-exertion, to con-
and Greece, in every case doing wonders, and freeing vict Nordau not only of lack of knowledge, but of
the South American states from Spain and Portugal what is far worse - knowledge of things that are
in spite of their own cowardice, treachery, and self not true.”
ish stupidity. It is a satisfaction to learn that after
An “Introduction to Folk-lore,” by
many stormy years he was restored to the British
Origins of
service, and that his wrongs were righted in large
Mr. Marion Roalfe, is issued by Mr.
David Nutt in London and Messrs.
measure.
Scribner's Sons in New York. The author's pre-
The two series of expository lectures face begins with the words, “This little book pre-
Historical methods
in political science.
on political science delivered at Cam- tends, without arrogance, to answer a question, not
bridge during the Michaelmas and infrequently heard, namely, What is folk-lore?”
Lent terms of the academic year 1885–86, by the The point of view is anthropological only. The au-
late Sir J. R. Seeley, have been prepared for book thor states that the treatment has been profoundly
publication by Professor Henry Sidgwick, and are influenced by Tyler, Spencer, and Lang. "The
issued under the title of “Introduction to Political Separable Soul," “ Animal Ancestors," “ Animism,"
Science” (Macmillan). The little book should be “The Other World,” “Magic,” are titles of chap-
in the hands of every student of the subject. Polit ters presenting a considerable mass of material illus-
ical speculation is still so deeply vitiated by the more trating the thought and philosophy of savages and
or less fanciful a priori theorizings of Rousseau and barbarians. Clear summaries of the argument at
his predecessors that it is high time their scholastic the ends of chapters would have greatly improved
brain-spinnings should give way to the fruits of a the book. The reader who wishes to profit by the
sounder method. A political science based on the discussion must prepare such summaries for him-
widest possible induction from historical and an self. The style is clever and the data are usually
thropological facts, from the phenomena displayed trustworthy. The author is always unhappy, how-
by the crudest tribal polities down to those of the ever, in stating evidence from geology or archæ-
most highly organized and intellectualized modernology. The best and most practical chapter in the
states, was Seeley's ideal. The lectures enforce and book is the final one, where the data already pre-
illustrate throughout his familiar dual doctrine: sented, and presumably digested by the reader, are
(1) that the true method of studying political sci-applied to the elucidation of myths and folk-tales.
Folk-lore.


1896.]
841
THE DIAL
BRIEFER MENTION.
A new edition of Cooper is not untimely in this age
of reprints, and Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons, with their
“Mohawk” edition, have seized the obvious opportunity.
There are to be thirty-two volumes, at $1.25 each.
Judging from “The Spy,” the first volume to be pub-
lished, the edition will prove a satisfactory one. Typo-
graphy, paper, and binding are all to be commended as
simple, dignified, and attractive. The volume has a
frontispiece illustration, and no apparatus of any sort,
except the original preface of the author.
Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons are the publishers of a
handsome two-volume edition of “ The Bible in Spain."
The work will not only please all Borrovians, but many
others are likely to learn from it the peculiar fascina-
tion that Borrow exercises over those who make his ac-
quaintance. The editing of this edition was one of the
last pieces of work done by the late Ulike Ralph Burke,
who supplied an introduction, footnotes, and a glossary.
There are a few illustrations, but not as many as we
wish there might have been. There is also a map for
the purpose of enabling readers to trace the course of
Borrow's wanderings.
The first number of a series of “Economic Studies,"
to be published by the American Economic Association,
has just appeared from the press of Messrs. Macmillan
& Co. It comprises two papers: “The Theory of Eco-
nomic Progress,” by Dr. John B. Clark; and « The Re-
lation of Changes in the Volume of the Currency to
Prosperity,” by General Francis A. Walker. As a sup-
plement to this series we have a “ Hand-Book of the
American Economic Association " for 1896, with con-
stitution, membership list, and abstracts of the papers
read at Indianapolis last December, on the occasion of
the Eighth Annual Meeting.
Friends of President M. W. Stryker of Hamilton
College will be glad to know that he has collected some
fifteen orations and addresses, delivered by himself in
the years since 1893, which appear in a volume entitled
“ Hamilton, Lincoln, and Other Addresses,” just pub-
lished by Messrs. William T. Smith & Co. (Utica,
N. Y.). The edition is limited to one thousand copies.
These addresses deal with a variety of subjects — bio-
graphical, educational, political, religious; they are often
marked by passages of very vigorous thought which
make them well worthy of preservation. The place of
honor is very appropriately given to an address on Al-
exander Hamilton.
The reprinters have at last got around to Captain
Marryatt, and it was time that they should. · Messrs.
Little, Brown & Co. in this country, in coöperation with
LITERARY NOTES.
George's Mother,” a new novel by Mr. Stephen
Crane, is about to be published by Mr. Edward Arnold.
Messrs. Curtis & Co., Boston, publish a pretty pam-
phlet on“ Mural Painting in the Boston Public Library,"
written by Mr. E. F. Fenollosa.
Messrs. Harper & Brothers have published a new
edition, at the popular price of one dollar, of Mr. H. D.
Lloyd's “ Wealth against Commonwealth.”
« The Southern and Western Boundaries of Michi-
gan,” by Miss Annah May Soule, is a monograph just
published by the Michigan Political Science Association.
“On Germinal Selection as a Source of Definite Var-
iation,” by Dr. August Weismann, is issued by the Open
Court Publishing Co. in their “ Religion of Science”
library.
“Desperate Remedies," with an etched frontispiece
and the map of Wessex, is the latest volume in the
library edition of Mr. Hardy's novels, published by
Messrs. Harper & Brothers.
Publication of “The Idyls of the King,” with the
story of “ Balin and Balan "inserted at the proper place,
is continued in two new volumes of the “ People's ”
Tennyson, from the press of Messrs. Macmillan & Co.
A.“ History of Elementary Mathematics,” by Dr.
Florian Cajori, and a volume of selections from Chaucer,
edited, with much apparatus, by Professor Hiram Cor-
son, are two interesting announcements made by Messrs.
Macmillan & Co.
The Ben Franklin Co. of Chicago publishes a pam-
phlet containing the address on Franklin made by Mr.
Joseph Medill last January before the Old-Time Prin-
ters' Association. The pamphlet has half-a-dozen illus-
trations, mostly portraits.
An announcement of extraordinary interest is that of
the coming publication, in “Cosmopolis," of the corre-
spondence of Tourguénieff with Flaubert, Dumas fils,
Maupassant, Madame Viardot, M. Zola, and others.
The publication will probably begin in July.
A series of “Stories by English Authors” has been
started by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons. Each vol-
ume contains stories of a particular country, England
and Ireland being the special subjects of the two thus
far issued. The stories are by the best writers, living
and dead.
“Reprinted Pieces, and The Lazy Tour of Two Idle
Apprentices" is the complex legend upon the title-page
of the latest volume in the Macmillan popular edition
of Dickens. The papers are dated from 1850 to 1869,
and are reprinted in chronological order. They include
a certain amount of matter that is practically new.
Two comedies by Miguel Sanchez, “La Isla Bár-
bara” and “ La Guarda Cuidadosa,” have been edited
by collation of the seventeenth century editions and man-
uscripts, and published by Dr. Hugo A. Rennert, under
the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania. As
works of a forerunner of Lope de Vega, these comedies
are of great value to the student of Spanish literature.
A prize of fifty dollars is offered by Prof. A. S. Cook
of Yale University for the best unpublished poem, of
not more than one hundred lines in length, upon some
subject connected with history or art, which shall be
submitted by the writer on or before May 15, 1897.
Competition is open to students in the University in all
departments. The award will be made by a committee
consisting of Messrs. Edmund Clarence Stedman,
an edition, in twenty-two volumes, of the novels of this
ever-popular writer, to appear at the rate of two or
three volumes monthly. “ Peter Simple ” and “ Frank
Mildmay” inaugurate the series, and show us how taste-
ful is to be the execution of this noteworthy project.
The books are bound in dark green English buckram,
they have gilt tops and rough edges, and are beautifully
printed on Dickinson paper. Each volume has three
etchings, and an ex libris design on the inside of the
Mr. Richard Brimley Johnson is the editor of
the series, and contributes to “ Peter Simple " a careful
critical and bibliographical introduction. The frontis-
piece of this volume is very properly a portrait of Mar-
ryatt. We congratulate the publishers upon the success-
ful inauguration of this notable undertaking.
cover.


342
(June 1,
THE DIAL
Thomas Bailey Aldrich, and Francis Fisher Browne.
If none of the poems possesses sufficient merit, the prize
will not be awarded.
« The Prose Tales of Alexander Poushkin," in a trans-
lation by Mr. T. Keane (Macmillan), is published as a
volume of the Bohn Library. The same translation,
issued in another form, was reviewed by us some time
ago, but we note a few pieces that we do not remem-
ber to have seen in the earlier edition. “The Captain's
Daughter," of course, occupies the place of honor in
the collection.
It is interesting to note the present state of the “Ox-
ford English Dictionary” as set forth recently in an
official circular. The publication is in Volumes at $13.00
each, Parts at $3.25 each, and, for the later instalments,
Quarterly Sections at 60 cents each. The letters A and
B
may be had in one volume, and C in another. A, B,
C, most of D, E, and a part of F may be had in ten parts.
D and F, as far as they have progressed, may also be
had in nine of the quarterly sections. G and H are in
preparation, the former letter by Mr. Henry Bradley,
the latter by Dr. Murray. The price of the work thus
far published (four letters and parts of two others), is
$36.40. Messrs. Macmillan & Co. are the American
agents.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
June, 1896 (First List).
Alhambra, The. Elizabeth R. Pennell. Century.
Athens, A Visit to. Bishop W. C. Doane. Harper.
Authors, The Duties of. Dial.
Brownson, Orestes. George P. Lathrop. Atlantic.
Criminal Jurisprudence. I. J. Wistar. Lippincott.
Fiction, Recent Books of. W.M. Payne. Dial.
Field, Eugene. Louis J. Block. Dial.
Germ Theory of Disease, The. Andrew Wilson. Harper.
Immigration, Restriction of. Francis A. Walker. Atlantic,
Japan's Prospective Influence on Am. Industries. Overland.
King's River, Sources of the. T. S. Solomons. Overland.
Locker-Lampson's Confidences. Dial.
Lord Howe's Commission to Pacify the Colonies. Atlantic.
Menzel, Adolf. Charles Waldstein. Harper.
Miller, Joaquin. Charles Warren Stoddard. Overland.
Naval Warfare in 1896. Owen Hall. Lippincott.
Politician, The, and the Public School. L. H. Jones. Atlantic.
Presidential Conventions, Humor and Pathos of. Century.
Queen Lukeria of Gorelovka. H. F. B. Lynch, Harper.
Sargeant and his Painting. W. A. Coffin. Century.
Sociology, Psychic Aspects of. C. R. Henderson. Dial.
St. Louis, City Government in. Albert Shaw. Century.
Woman in Business. Mary E. J. Kelley. Lippincott.
John Eliot's First Teacher and Interpreter, Cockenoe-de-
Long Island. By William W. Tooker. Small 4to, illus.,
pp. 64, uncut. F. P. Harper. $2 net.
Henry W. Grady, the Editor, the Orator, the Man. By
James W. Lee. With portrait, 18mo, pp. 106. F. H.
Revell Co. 50 cts.
Benjamin Franklin: An Address. By Joseph Medill. Illus.,
8vo, pp. 38. Chicago: The Ben Franklin Co. Paper, 25c.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
The Puppet Booth: Twelve Plays. By Henry B. Fuller,
author of "The Chatelaine of La Trinité." 8vo, pp. 212,
gilt top, uncut. Century Co. $1.25.
Studies in Structure and style. By W. T. Brewster,
A.M., with introduction by G. R. Carpenter, A.B. 8vo,
pp. 280. Macmillan & Co. $1.10.
Fourteenth Annual Report of the Dante Society (Cam-
bridge, Mass.). 8vo, pp. 54. Ginn & Co. Paper, 75 cts.
On the Art of Living Together. By Robert F. Horton,
M.A. 18mo, pp. 105. Dodd, Mead & Co. 50 cts.
Legends of Florence. Collected from the People, and Re-
told by Charles Godfrey Leland (Hans Breitmann). Sec-
ond series ; 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 278. Macmillan &
Co. $1.75.
Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry. By William
Carleton; edited by D. J. O'Donoghue. Vol. III.; illus.,
12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 327. Macmillan & Co. '$1.50.
Book Sales of 1895: A Record of the most Important
Books sold at Auction. Edited by Temple Scott. Small
4to, pp. 450, gilt top, uncut. London: Henry Stevens,
Son & Stiles. $3.13,
The Verbalist. By Alfred Ayres. New edition, revised and
enlarged ; 18mo, gilt top, pp. 337. D. Appleton & Co.
$1.25.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
Macmillan's Dollar Dickens, new vols. -- The Uncommer-
cial Traveller, and A Child's History of England, 1 vol.;
Reprinted Pieces, and The Lazy Tour of Two Idle Ap-
prentices, 1 vol. Each, illus., 12mo, $1.
Tartarin on the Alps. By Alphonse Daudet; trans. by
Henry Frith. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 366. Mac-
millan & Co. $1.
Aucassin and Nicolette. From old texts, by M. S. Henry
and E. W. Thomson. 32mo, pp. 80, uncut. Copeland &
Day. 75 ots.
People's Tennyson, new vols.- Idylls of the King, Vols. 2
and 3, 24mo, uncut. Macmillan & Co. Each, 45 cts.
POETRY.
Collected Poems. By S. Weir Mitchell, M.D. 8vo, pp. 353,
gilt top, uncut. Century Co. $1.75.
The Lamp of Gold. By Florence L. Snow. 16mo, pp. 120,
gilt top, uncut. Way & Williams. $1.25.
Poems. By Caroline Duer and Alice Duer. 16mo, pp. 62,
gilt top, unout. Geo. H. Richmond & Co. $1.25.
Songs from the Greek. Translated by Jane Minot Sedg-
wick. 16mo, pp. 58, gilt top, uncut. Geo. H. Richmond
& Co. $1.25.
Songs of the Soul. By Joaquin Miller, author of “Songs
of the Sierras." 12mo, pp. 162. San Francisco: Whit-
taker & Ray Co. $1.
FICTION.
Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc. By the Sieur
Louis de Conte (hor Page and Secretary); trans. by Jean
François Alden. Illus., 12mo, pp. 461. Harper & Brog.
$2.50.
The Seats of the Mighty. By Gilbert Parker, author of
“Pierre and his people." Ilus., 12mo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 376. D. Appleton & Co. $1.50.
The Mind of the Master. By John Watson, D.D. (Ian
Maclaren). 12mo, pp. 338, gilt top, uncut. Dodd, Mead
& Co. $1.50.
For King or Country: A Story of the American Revolution.
By James Barnes. Illus., 12mo, pp. 269. Harper & Bros.
$1.50.
A Strange, Sad Comedy. By Molly Elliot Seawell, author
of “Little Jarvis.” Illus., 12mo, pp. 281, gilt top, uncut.
Century Co. $1.25.
The Premier and the Painter: A Fantastic Romance. By
I. Zangwill. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 502. Rand, Mc-
Nally & Co. $1.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 80 titles, includes books
received by The DIAL since its last issue.]
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
Sheridan: A Biography. By W. Fraser Rae; with introduc-
tion by the Marquess of Dufferin and Ava. In 2 vols.,
with portraits, large 8vo, uncut. Henry Holt & Co. $7.
Life and Letters of Oliver Wendell Holmes. By John
T. Morse, Jr. In 2 vols., illus., 12mo, gilt tops, uncut.
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $4.
Charles Gounod : Autobiographical Reminiscences, with
Family Letters and Notes on Music. From the French,
by the Hon. W. Hely Hutchinson. With portrait, 8vo,
pp. 266, uncut. London: William Heinemann. $3.
Richelieu. By Richard Lodge, M.A. 12mo, pp. 235. “For-
eign Statesmen." Macmillan & Co. 75 ots.


1896.]
343
THE DIAL
A Mountain Woman. By Elia W. Peattie. 16mo, gilt top, Mathematical Papers Read at the International Mathemat-
uncut, pp. 251. Way & Williams. $1.25.
ical Congress in Chicago, 1893. Edited by the Committee
Alida Craig. By Pauline Hall. Illus., 12mo, pp. 290, gilt of the Congress. 8vo, uncut, pp. 411. Macmillan & Co. $4.
top, uncut. Geo. H. Richmond & Co. $1.25.
Hypnotism, Mesmerism, and the New Witchcraft. By
Madelon. By Mary E. Wilkins. 16mo, pp. 376. Harper & Ernest Hart. New edition, enlarged ; illus., 12mo, pp.
Bros. $1.25.
212. D. Appleton & Co. $1.50.
The Vanished Emperor. By Percy Andrae, author of A Primer of Quaternions. By Arthur S. Hathaway. Illus.,
"Stanhope of Chester.” 12mo, pp. 365, gilt top. Rand, 12mo, pp. 113. Macmillan & Co. 90 cts.
McNally & Co. $1.25.
Popular Telescopic Astronomy. By A. Fowler, F.R.A.S.
In the Valley of Tophet. By Henry W. Novinson, author
Illus., 12mo, pp. 79. Thomas Whittaker. 60'cts.
of “Slum Stories of London.” i8mo, pp. 276, gilt top,
uncut. Henry Holt & Co. $1.
On Germinal Selection. By August Weismann. 8vo, pp.
61. Open Court Pub'g Co. Paper, 25 cts.
Across an Ulster Bog. By M. Hamilton. 16mo, pp. 254,
gilt top. Edward Arnold. $1.
THEOLOGY AND RELIGION.
A Winning Hazard. By Mrs. Alexander. 16mo, pp. 270.
D. Appleton & Co. $1.
Eden Lost and Won: The Early History and Final Destiny
The Dancer in Yellow. By W. E. Norris. 16mo, pp. 350.
of Man. By Sir J. William Dawson, LL.D. 8vo, pp. 226.
D. Appleton & Co. $1.
F. H. Revell Co. $1.25.
Ruth Endicott's Way; or, Hargrave's Mission. By Lucy
The Book of Job. Edited by Richard G. Moulton, M.A.
C. Lillie. Illus., 12mo, pp. 286. Henry T. Coates & Co.
24mo, gilt top, pp. 182. · The Modern Reader's Bible."
$1.25.
Macmillan & Co. 50 cts.
Jack Chumleigh; or, Friends and Foes. By Maurice Fran Christ's Trumpet-Call to the Ministry; or, The Preacher
cis Egan. 12mo, pp. 251. Baltimore : John Murphy & and Preaching for the Present Crisis. By Daniel S. Greg-
Co. $1.
ory, D.D. 12mo, pp. 365. Funk & Wagnalls Co. $1.25.
Worth While. By F. F. Montrésor, author of "The One Heaven: Six Sermons. By Rev. Richard Montague, D.D.
Who Looked On." 16mo, pp. 142. Edward Arnold. 75 cts. With Memorials. With portrait, 12mo, gilt top, pp. 192.
Camp Fire Stories: Sketches of the Union Army in the Silver, Burdett & Co. $1.25.
Southwest. By Edward Anderson. Illus., 16mo, pp. 222. The Fisherman and his Friends: A Series of Revival Ser-
Chicago : Star Pub'g Co. $1.
mons. By Rev. Louis Albert Banks, D.D. With front-
Princess Anne, and Other Sketches. By Albert R. Ledoux. ispiece, 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 365. Funk & Wagnalls
Illus., 24mo, uncut, pp. 132. New York: Looker-On Co. $1.25.
Pub'g Co. 50 cts.
Talks to the King's Children: Being the Second Series of
A Rogue's Daughter. By Adeline Sergeant. 12mo, pp. “Object Sermons to Children." By Sylvanus Stall, D.D.
320. F. A. Stokes Co. $1.
12mo, pp. 249. Funk & Wagnalls Co. $1.
The Farmer and the Lord. By George H. Hepworth. The Crisis of this World; or, The Dominion and Doom of
12mo, pp. 238. E. P. Dutton & Co. 75 cts.
the Devil. By S. M. Merrill. 16mo, pp. 190. Cranston
An Engagement. By Sir Robert Peel. With frontispiece,
& Curts. 60 cts.
24mo, uncut, pp. 160. F. A. Stokes Co. 50 cts.
The Standard Hymnal for General Use. Edited by C. C.
Converse, LL.D. Oblong 12mo, pp. 110. Funk & Wag-
NEW VOLUMES IN THE PAPER LIBRARIES.
nalls Co. 35 cts.
Rand, McNally's Globe Library: The White Virgin, by
George Manville Fenn; 12mo, pp. 330, 25 cts.
POLITICS AND ECONOMICS.
Bonner's Choice Series: Mysterious Mr. Howard, by John
R. Musick ; illus., 16mo, pp. 361, 50 cts.
Taxation and Taxes in the United States under the Inter-
nal Revenue stem, 1791-1895. By Frederic C. Howe,
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.- NATURE.
A.M. 12mo, pp. 293. “Library of Economics and Pol-
itics." T. Y. Crowell & Co. $1.75.
Through Jungle and Desert: Travels in Eastern Africa.
By William Astor Chanler, A.M. Illus., 8vo, gilt top,
The Theory of Economic Progress, and The Relation of
pp. 535. Macmillan & Co. $5.
Changes in the Volume of the Currency to Prosperity.
Quaint Nantucket. By William Root Bliss. 12mo, gilt
By J. B. Clark and F. A. Walker. 8vo, pp. 50. Mac-
millan & Co.
top, uncut, pp. 225. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.50.
Handbook Am. Economic Association, 1896. 8vo, pp.
At Hawarden with Mr. Gladstone, and Other Transatlan-
178. Macmillan & Co.
tic Experiences. By William H. Rideing. 16mo, pp. 244.
T. Y. Crowell & Co. $1.
Southern and Western Boundaries of Michigan. By
Annah May Soule, M.L. 8vo, pp. 75, uncut. University
Notes of the Night, and Other Out-door Sketches. By
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344
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No. 240.
JUNE 16, 1896. Vol. XX. monthly. The first stage of its career extended
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CONTENTS.
volumes includes twelve parts, this issue of
June 16, 1896, is reckoned as the two hundred
THE DIAL'S SCORE OF VOLUMES
. 347 and fortieth, while the aggregate number of
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SHAKESPEARE IN CHICAGO. W. E. Simonds
Throughout all this period THE DIAL has
remained under the same editorial manage-
COMMUNICATIONS
349
The Parenthetical 'Sic' in Criticism. Daniel Kil ment. During the first twelve years it bore
ham Dodge.
the imprint of a well-known firm of book-
The Passive Voice with an Object. W. H. J.
publishers ; since then it has been issued by
German Philology in Shakespeare Criticism. Henry The Dial Company, incorporated in 1892 under
B. Hinckley.
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THE MAID OF ORLEANS. James Westfall
tion meant, as our older readers are well
aware,
Thompson
351
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Mark Twain's Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc. paper except those naturally resulting from
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ning with September 1, 1892, THE DIAL be-
MORAL AND RELIGIOUS EVOLUTION AT
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ANDOVER. Joseph Henry Crooker .
357 features, the most noteworthy of them being
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THE HELLENISTIC EMPIRE IN EGYPT. James
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Henry Breasted
359
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BOOKS ABOUT BOOKS. Anna B. McMahan. . . 361
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348
[June 16,
THE DIAL
the relations of scholarship to public affairs, call the West, and in what publishers know as
the questions of copyright and the taxation of the great book-consuming centre of the Repub-
knowledge, and all other matters affecting the lic, its constituency is as much Eastern as
higher interests of culture, rightfully belong, Western, and its subscribers are pretty evenly
and have upon appropriate occasions been distributed over all the States and Territories.
brought, within its purview. Upon all of these Indeed, the charge has come more than once
subjects, and many others as well, we have from Western literary coteries that The DIAL
sought to give expression to the sober intelli- ignores the literary product of the section in
gence of the nation, and to voice the lasting which its home has been made, and recognizes
sentiments of the judicious rather than to echo only work that has won the approval of the
the
cry
of the masses for the moment. Indeed, older centres of culture. This foolish accusa-
the leading editorials of THE DIAL, considered tion is best offset by the equally foolish one,
as a whole, may be taken as our confession of now and then made in New York or Boston,
faith in questions of culture, as an index of that THE DIAL is the “ literary champion of the
those principles and ideals for which the re West,” and is jealous of the preëminence of
view stands and may be expected to stand. Eastern men of letters. The simple truth of
In the performance of its function as a re the matter is that we have never had, and never
view of current publications, THE DIAL has shall have, but one standard of judgment, the
sought to secure in all departments criticism standard by which all work, good or bad, should
that is both competent and readable, that is be measured ; and that a book's place of origin
uninfluenced by prejudice, that is not weak never counts for a feather's weight in THE
ened by the aimless sort of impressionism which | DIAL's scale of criticism.
80 often usurps the name of criticism, that We may perhaps be pardoned the confession
directs attention to the book under discussion of a little pride in contemplation of the twenty
rather than to the writer of the notice, and that completed volumes of THE DIAL, and in recol-
tries to be as generous and appreciative as pos- lection of the difficulties that have beset the
sible without allowing inaccuracy, sciolism, and enterprise during the sixteen years of its his-
slovenliness to go uncensured. The list of spe- tory. It was no easy matter to win for a paper
cial authorities who have contributed reviews of purely intellectual appeal the support and
to our columns is a very long and distinguished the position that have been won for THE DIAL
one, and includes the names of many scholars during these sixteen years, or to resist the temp-
who stand foremost in their respective depart- tation to bid for popularity at the sacrifice, in
ments of learning. It may be worth while to some measure, of the high ideals set for the
say, in this connection, that the unsigned re journal at the start. As a record of American
views, or «Briefs," although editorial in “style," literary activity during nearly two decades of
are prepared by a great number of hands, and the century, our score of volumes are, we be-
are assigned with no less care than is exercised lieve, unsurpassed in value, and we take par-
in the case of the longer articles. This method ticular satisfaction in the thought that, pre-
of securing reviews, of course, makes it impos- served for reference as they are in most of the
sible for us to notice books without some delay, large public libraries, and fully catalogued in
for promptitude is to be had only at the sacri- such works as Poole’s “ Index," they will prove
fice of deliberate and authoritative judgment, useful to the future student of American litera-
and we are content to leave to the daily news ture, as they have been helpful to readers of
papers the foolish ambition to rival one another their own time seeking guidance in current lit-
in the speed with which they herald the advent erature and in the selection of books to add to
of the new books, and the facility with which
the library
they produce opinions that may be read to-day
but will surely be forgotten to-morrow.
It has often been assumed, by persons un-
SHAKESPEARE IN CHICAGO.
familiar with the work of THE DIAL, that it
must give undue attention to the intellectual
Whatever our opinion as to the modern deca-
interests of the region in which it is produced.
dence of the stage, we must admit that in the depart-
ment of Shakespearian drama Chicagoans have
We need hardly say to any of our readers that
never enjoyed a more extended or more varied sea-
this assumption is quite unwarranted, or that
son than that of 1895-96.
our field is as wide as the country itself. Al. Between the months of September and June the
though it is published in what New Englanders city has been visited by Mr. Frederick Warde, Mr.


1896.)
349
THE DIAL
Louis James, Sir Henry Irving, and Mr. Thomas speare's plays have been set upon our boards, and
Keene, veterans the quality of whose art is familiar the number of performances gives an aggregate of
to all ; Miss Ada Rehan and Mrs. Jalia Marlowe ninety. We have had two Richards, two Macbeths,
Taber have appeared in Shakespearian roles, the two Rosalinds. Three companies have appeared in
former lady having practically opened the season one form or another of “The Taming of the Shrew";
with a three-weeks engagement in September and two companies in “Romeo and Juliet." There have
now closing it with a visit of a fortnight in June; been seen three Othellos, five Shylocks, and seven
Mr. Walker Whiteside, Mr. Otis Skinner, and Mr. Hamlets. From September 25 to October 12, Shake
Robert Mantell have maintained their places as speare was played continuously for three weeks in
honest exponents of the classic drama, while Mr. Chicago, Miss Rehan and Mrs. Taber appearing for
Creston Clarke and the younger Salvini have made two weeks of the three, simultaneously at different
courageous and not uninteresting essays in the same houses. Beginning again on January 27 there were
ambitious field, however rash and ill-judged their performances continuing three weeks to February
attempts may have seemed to be. Thus, eleven 15. Mr. Walker Whiteside, Mr. Otis Skinner, and
players of excellent repute have during the year
ar Mr. Creston
Clarke were all playing in the city at
submitted their interpretations of Shakespeare, con this time. During these three weeks, “Hamlet”
ventional or new, to more or less critical audiences was given fourteen times, and twice the theatre-
in Chicago. It may be added that notwithstanding goer had his choice of two interpretations. In
the abnormal patronage accorded by large — and March there were thirteen performances of Shake-
perhaps not less critical — audiences to vaudeville speare; and in April, sixteen. There was at least
and the “continuous show" with which Chicago has one performance in each month of the season except
been afflicted no more than other American cities, November. We rather doubt if any other city out-
these important engagements, with hardly an excep side of Germany can make as remarkable a show-
tion, proved financially successful.
ing as this.
The following tabulated statement of plays pro Of the varying values of these engagements it is
duced, the number of performances, the actors and not necessary to speak; comparison with the past
their dates, will be found of interest. It is under would also be gratuitous. The mere fact that the
stood that many other standard plays of the old record stands as it does is a direct encouragement
“ legitimate " stock were likewise seen during the to those who love the true art of the stage in its
period covered by these engagements. “Virginius," most admirable expression; it also supplies the
* Richelieu," "The Fool's Revenge," “School for strongest possible argument for disproving the com-
Scandal,” along with the more modern melodramas plete degeneracy of our stage and the assumed gen-
in the repertoire of Messrs. Irving, Salvini, and eral decadence of theatrical taste at the present time.
Mantell, filled in the intervals between the dates;
W. E. SIMONDS.
but the Shakespearian productions only are consid-
ered notable.
Plays.
No. Players.
1 As You Like It.
Marlowe-Taber.
COMMUNICATIONS.
2 Twelfth Night.
Marlowe-Taber.
Frederick Warde. Dec. 20, Jan. 4.
THE PARENTHETICAL "SIC' IN CRITICISM.
4 King Henry IV.
Marlowe-Taber. Oct. 7, 8, 9.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Ada Rehan. Sept. 25, 26, 27, 28.
In a communication in your issue of May 16, Mr. F. H.
6 Romeo and Juliet.
Marlowe-Taber. Oct. 10, 12.
(Louis James.
Apr. 3, 4.
Teall indulges in a form of criticism, as annoying as it is
Henry Irving. Mar. 9, 10, 11, 12 uncalled for, which may be styled the parenthetical sic;
Mar. 29, 30.
8 Midsummer Night's} 5
Sept. 30, Oct. 1, 2 (2)
and as the subject of the criticism is taken from an arti-
June 19.
cle by me, I crave the indulgence of a little space in
Feb. 9, 10, 13.
Apr. 27, 29, 30, May 2 which to enter protest. It is bad enough for the reviewer
Oct. 4, 5, (2), June of a book to avail himself of this form of criticism; for
10 Taming of the Shrew 10
16, 17, 20 (2).
anyone else to use it is impertinent, — using the word,
of course, in its literal sense.
Mar. 28, Apr. 21.
Apr. 2.
As regards the special points to which Mr. Teall takes
Thomas Keene.
Apr. 20, 25.
exception, the first, the phrase “ little far from criminal,"
Apr. 27, 28, 30.
Walker Whiteside. Jan. 29.
might perhaps be improved, though I should hesitate to
Feb. 1, 2.
12 Merchant of Venice. 11
entrust the improving to a writer who uses so dreadful
Henry Irving. Mar. 5, 6, 7, 18, 21.
a phrase as “to exploit"; the second is a case of incom-
Apr. 24, 25.
Walker Whiteside. Jan. 27, 28, 29, 31,
plete ellipsis; the third (which my critic introduces with
Feb. 1 (2)
that objectionable French phrase, en passant) is hardly
Jan. 28, 30, Feb. 5.
met by using " the initiatory word notwithstanding,”-
Feb. 2, 3, 4, 5, 11, 12
(2), 14, 15 (2). whatever an initiatory word” may be. As to the “in-
ference naturally drawn from this criticism — namely,
Apr. 1, 4.
Apr. 28, May 1.
that Mr. White asserts that little annotation is neces-
Apr. 20, 24.
sary," I can only say that my statement was based wholly
on Mr. White's practice, not at all on his theory.
That is to say: thirteen of the best of Shake While I agree with Mr. Teall that the dictionaries
Ada Rehan.
2
Dates.
Oct. 3.
Oct. 11.
June 18.
Oct. 12.
2
Ada Rehan.
3 Julius Cæsar.
2
3
5 Two Gentlemen of
Verona.
4
7 Macbeth.
6
Louis James.
Ada Rehan.
Creston Clarke.
Thomas Keene.
Ada Rehan.
9 Richard III.
7
Walker Whiteside. Jan. 30.
Otis Skinner. Feb. 1, 2.
Robert Mantoll.
Louis James.
11 Othello.
8
Salvini.
Otis Skinner.
Creston Clarke.
Feb. 8.
Thomas Keene.
Otis Skinner.
Creston Clarke.
13 Hamlet
26
Mar. 26.
Robert Mantell.
Louis James.
Thomas Keene.
Salvini.
11
13
90


850
[June 16,
THE DIAL
often set up a man of straw, I beg leave to differ with active form into which the thought may be thrown. At
him about the meaning of admittance in “The Merry the same time, it is well that his attention should be
Wives." Elsewhere in Shakespeare this word is un called to the futile efforts of the class of critics by whom
doubtedly used in its modern sense, but both here and we are denied the right to this logical and well-accredited
in a later scene in the same play it certainly has the force form of speech.
of fashion or good form, as we should say now, that By the way, have these critics realized that such sen-
which admits one to good society.
tences as “ He has been told to go,” “I was taught to
In conclusion I would mildly protest against the too sing," etc., are logically in the same category as the
frequent carelessness of writers in the matter of refer expressions which they condemn ? Or is it one thing to
ences, of which Mr. Teall's article furnishes a fair ex be taught language and quite another thing to be taught
ample. Of the five quotations from Shakespeare occur to understand language ? In one sense, at least, it cer-
ring there, two, or forty per cent, are incorrectly given, tainly is; and with this suggestion as to the origin of the
-the passage from “Cymbeline” being from the third criticisms which called forth Mr. Harrison's letter, I
instead of the fourth scene of the first act, and the same must close.
W. H. J.
being true of the extract from “Measure for Measure." Granville, Ohio, June 5, 1896.
The “p'rythee” in the latter the writer is perhaps not
responsible for, though the apostrophe is of course not
GERMAN PHILOLOGY IN SHAKESPEARE
necessary. No more valuable advice was ever given to
CRITICISM.
a literary young man than that of Dr. Routh: “ Always
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
verify your citations."
DANIEL KILHAM DODGE. It is surprising to find in an article under such a head-
Champaign, Ill., June 2, 1896.
ing as “Shakespeare in Lexicography” (THE DIAL,
May 16) no mention whatever of the most important
of all dictionaries to the special student of the great
THE PASSIVE VOICE WITH AN OBJECT.
dramatist, the “Shakespeare-Lexicon” of Alexander
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Schmidt, published twenty years ago in Koenigsburg,
Mr. Caskie Harrison did well to call attention, in your Germany. A knowledge of that work would have pre-
journal lately, to the fact that such sentences as “ he was pared Mr. Teall for a more intelligent discussion of the
asked a question " are warranted by good English usage vocabulary of Shakespeare. Schmidt bas, no doubt,
for centuries back. As those who object to this con erred at times in the creation of too many Shakespearian
struction, however, generally treat it as an absurdity meanings of the same word. He realizes but imperfectly
from the logical standpoint, Mr. Harrison might have distinctions in the force of certain words in Elizabethan
gone further and shown the inherent weakness of their and nineteenth-century English. But to a German giv-
logic.
ing English definitions to English words, more than this
The difficulty with such critics is that they have not
may cheerfully be pardoned for the sake of the valuable
gone far enough in their linguistic investigations to dis material he has so arranged that one may, in many
cover that a verb may be passive with reference to one cases, let one's own discretion be one's tutor, spare a
person or thing without sustaining the same relation to great deal of sheer memorization, and avoid thresh-
every other person or thing with which the sentence may ing general dictionaries that distinguish but scrappily
bring it into contact. When, from the active standpoint, between the English of our age and that of Shake-
we think of an officer giving a soldier his discharge, our speare.
conception is of an action affecting both the soldier and Let us consult Schmidt concerning two of the pass-
the discharge,- the latter the more directly of the two. ages quoted by Mr. Teall. In “The Merry Wives of
Now we change the point of view, and think of the sol Windsor” (Act II., scene 2), Ford commends Falstaff
dier as the subject, saying that the soldier was given as a gentleman“ of great admittance.” Schmidt defines
his discharge. Custom bas decreed that the voice-form " admittance as “permission to enter, reception."
of the verb shall be governed by the subject, and so our Passages cited include “What admittance ?" (“Love's
critic raises his hands in holy horror at the outrageous Labour's Lost,” II., 1) explained as “What reception
anomaly of a passive verb with an object. The only did you meet with ?" and the peculiar expressions "Any
anomaly is that in this age it should escape the notice of tire of Venetian admittance” (“Merry Wives,” III., 3),
any fairly educated person that the relation of the verb explained as “received, in fashion at Venice," and "of
has been changed with reference to but one of the great admittance" (in the passage under discussion),
two things (or persons) involved. To go back to the explained as “ admitted to the company and converse
illustration, the discharge is evidently as much the of great persons.” That the last explanation is correct,
object of the action as before, and rightly remains un is plainly shown by the context. That it differs for the
changed.
better from Mr. Teall's “commanding much admit-
In explaining this to a class, I should not say that tance,” is equally clear. A more concise explanation
when the voice of the verb is changed to the passive the than Schmidt's would have been “ of admittance to the
accusative in question is retained; this leads the false
great." This would have shown that admittance has,
idea that such a construction presupposes, in actual as Mr. Teall says, its present meaning, “permission to
usage, the corresponding active locution. In ninety-nine enter," and that “ the part of the sentence that needs
cases out of a hundred, neither speaker nor hearer gives explanation is the two words of great,” words which
the slightest trace of thought to the active form. How Mr. Teall has not explained correctly.
ever secondary the construction may be in its origin, it Turning to the word divorce, I find in Schmidt three
stands now upon its own basis in actual usage. The definitions: (1) “Legal dissolution of the bonds of
pupil should be told boldly that the accusative is the matrimony," (2) "Any separation of love," and (3)
object of the verb; and after he has come to apprehend “That which separates.” Of the last (given also by the
the fact by a common-sense examination of the meaning International Dictionary), Mr. Teall says:
« The word
of the sentence, he may then be given an account of the was never used and never could be used in this sense.


1896.]
851
THE DIAL
How about Timon's apostrophe to the exhumed gold
(“Timon of Athens,” IV., 3)?
The New Books.
“O thou sweet king-killer, and dear divorce
'Twixt natural son and sire !"
THE MAID OF ORLEANS.*
So extraordinary is Mr. Teall's denial of the possi-
bility of divorce meaning “ that which separates," that
The story is told of the English painter
we may expatiate a little. In the appendix to Schmidt's Watts, that he replied to a question in regard
Lexicon (p. 1421) is the following remark: “The kind to the figure of the youth
trampled under foot
of metonymy called Abstractum pro Concreto is common
in his “Mammon”. Why did I paint the
to all languages, and scarcely to be numbered among
the peculiarities of poetical license, but no poet has been youth naked ?' Because he is a type of human-
nearly so bold in it as Shakespeare.” The subjoined | ity; if he had been clothed, and therefore
par-
passages are instructive. Abstract nouns are still used ticularized, he would have ceased to be a type.'
in calling names. We do not wonder at finding Ther-
Much the same sort of observation might be
sites calling to Ajax, “ Do rudeness, do camel.” A re-
markable instance of the same thing is Juliet's calling
made of the “ Personal Recollections of Joan
the Nurse “ Ancient damnation!” Expressions like
of Arc." The figure of Jeanne Darc † is so
“Farewell, fair cruelty!” and “Get thee to yond same clear and distinct, so refined, her life was so
sovereign cruelty!" were perhaps of influence on Sir romantic and yet vouched for as few lives have
Piercie Shafton, whose “My most dear Discretion!” and
been (hers is the only record of a human life
“Ha, my Rusticity!” far enough removed from genuine
euphuism, are a better reproduction of the foppish Eliza-
the circumstances of which have come to us
bethan than has always been admitted.
under oath), that it seems a work of superero-
Schmidt gives passages illustrating the metonymy in gation to seek to clothe her with the drapery
profusion. I should like to call attention to two beau of romance. Since Mr. Clemens has succeeded
tiful passages in which I think “death " is used for “the
in so cleverly weaving the data of history into
dead.”
They illustrate how fine and poetical this use
of language may be when it arises from the uncon-
the narrative he has written, why did he not
scious instincts of inspiration. The first is from “Comus" devote himself from the first to writing the life
(560-562):
of his heroine ? The romantic element in the
“I was all ear,
life of the Maid cannot possibly be heightened
And took in strains that might create a soul
Under the ribs of death."
by its use in fiction, nor can it be reduced by the
The other is from “Othello” (Act II., scene 1):
strictest adherence to history, for in her life
“O my soul's joy!
history and romance well-nigh coincide. This,
If after every tempest come such calms
Mr. Lowell has realized ; and, as a consequence,
May the winds blow till they have waken'd death!”
from either point of view he has produced the
It is not impossible to take these as personifications, but
preferable work of the two.
until I meet with some representation of Death as a
sleeper I shall prefer my own interpretation, of the latter
But what that is new can be said of Jeanne
passage at least.
Darc? Nothing. Yet while men love that which
I have already exceeded my limits, but may be per-
* PERSONAL RECOLLECTIONS OF JOAN OF ARO. By the
mitted to add that Schmidt's discussion of adjectives in Sieur Louis de Conte (her Page and Secretary); translated
the Appendix (pp. 1415 et seq.) makes clear many such by Jean François Alden. Illustrated. New York: Harper
usages as " of great admittance” and “the long divorce & Brothers.
of steel.” The latter means “ the axe that causes long JOAN OF ARC. By Francis C. Lowell. Boston: Houghton,
divorce."
Mifflin & Co.
HENRY B. HINCKLEY.
JEANNE D'ARC, HER LIFE AND DEATH. By Mrs. Oliphant,
Lake Forest University, June 1, 1896.
author of “Makers of Florence," etc. (Heroes of the Nations
Sories.) Illustrated. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
t I cannot reconcile myself to Mr. Lowell's usage Joan of
The seventh volume of “Germania” is completed with Arc; por again to the form Jeanne d'Aro. As to the first,
the April issue, and a glance over the year's numbers a name is too personal a thing to be donationalized, especially
deepens our impression of the usefulness of the period-
in the case of 80 national a character as Jeanne Daro. Mich-
ical to students of the German language. Each num-
elet conjectures that she may have been christened with the
ber contains a selection of good classical reading-matter,
double form -Jeanne Jean, according to the French mode of
giving female names to boys, and vice versa. That observa-
carefully annotated, together with simpler reading for
tion, however, would in no way affect the fact of the name
those less advanced, and all sorts of syntactical and lin Jeanne. In regard to the surname, whether it be d'Aro or
guistic helps for the beginner. The editor, Mr. A. W. Daro, I prefer the latter. Even if the name were derived
Spanhoofd, shows a keen appreciation of the needs of from an ancestral village of Arc (d'Arc), the appellation would
the student, and deserves to have a large following. tend to have the force of a distinct surname, as in the case of
Encouraged by the success of the periodical, the pub-
Jeanne's mother, Isabeau Roméo, the form Rombe having been
lishers have undertaken a similar work for French, and
derived from the circumstance that an early member of the
we have just received the first issue of “ L'Etudiant,"
family had been distinguished by a pilgrimage to Rome. So
in the case of Jeanne Darc. This opinion is in deference to
edited in similar fashion by Dr. Alfred Hennequin.
the authority of M. Valet de Viriville-"Nouvelles recherches
Both magazines appear under the auspices of the New
sur la famille de Jeanne Darc," Paris, 1854. A portrait of
England College of Languages, with headquarters at the Maid by an unknown painter, in the Hôtel de Ville at
Boston.
Rouen, has the form "Jeanne Darc."


352
(June 16,
THE DIAL
is true and beautiful, she will continue to be were in English hands ; Artois, Flanders, Pic-
the world's fresh ornament, the largess of whose ardy, and Champagne, through Burgundy, were
soul made France and the world the richer for at the disposal of the enemy; while, to crown
her having lived in it.
the French humiliation, Paris itself, with the
Jeanne Darc was born January 6, 1412, at
immense moral influence implied in its posses-
Domrémy near Vaucouleurs. Her father, sion, was lost to Charles VII. It remained for
Jacques, was a native of Ceffonds in Cham the English to force the barrier of the Loire
pagne ; her mother, Isabeau Romée, came from at Orleans, and end the struggle. This was the
Vouthon in the duchy of Bar. Jeanne was moment chosen for the appearance of the Maid.
thus Champenoise through her father and Bar Chosen ? By whom? Was Jeanne Darc moved
rois through her mother. As to Domrémy, it by a sublime exaltation, or is she to be regarded
was divided by the little brook of Trois-Fon as an interesting pathological study merely ?
taines, an affluent of the Meuse. The northern Mr. Lowell has wrought at the problem of her
part of the village was a dependency of the character, but guards himself from predeter-
Lorraine chatellany of Vaucouleurs; the south- mining the reader. As for the Sieur Louis de
ern part, in wbich Jeanne was born, belonged Conte, he believes that the influence in her soul
to the lordship of Gondrecourt, which had held was of God.
of the crown since 1308. Her parents were
Consider : the fifteenth century was a period
farmer folk of the better class, not rich, but of transition, when the old things that had ob-
possessed of flocks and herds and able to aid tained for centuries were passing away. It was.
their poorer neighbors. Jacques Darc enjoyed an epoch of spiritual, intellectual, economic,
a certain distinction in the village. Jeanne was and institutional unrest, which already in Italy
the youngest of five children, three of whom had culminated in the Renaissance, and was
were boys. The village was Armagnac in pol destined ere long to combine Renaissance and
itics, and the Armagnac party represented the Reformation phenomena together in England,
national cause. By 1423 the English had pen- France, and Germany. This was the true pre-
etrated into Champagne ; Domrémy suffered parative to the Reformation. The great re-
from their incursion at that time. France was forming councils (Pisa, 1409; Constance,
prostrate before the invader. Her people, not 1414–8; Basel, 1431), Wiclif, Huss, the Mys-
yet a nation because not yet out of the toils of tics, the lay and clerical societies, all showed
feudal provincialism, for three generations had that the Church was not supplying the relig-
seen the lilies of France crushed into the dust ious needs of the people. Because the apparatus
by the foe, and so long as the alliance between of the Church failed, the people sought other
Burgundy and England lasted the conquest
Far from being alienated, however,
would continue.
from the God revealed to them through the
But there was promise of morrow even in Church, they were enabled to draw closer to
midnight. The Armagnac party, the dominant Him. But the Church had not altogether lost its
influence at court, was gradually growing to authority, and the combined influence of this
be the national party, not for any virtue of its ancient authority and the new closer relation
own, but because of enmity to that of Burgundy. might easily have influenced a sensitive and
Even negative patriotism was better than no pious soul like that of Jeanne Darc to an undue
national sense. Fortunate was it for France degree.
that the king was in their hands, for the king, Again : what was the character of her early
were he never so weak, still represented in his education ? Of learning, in the sense of that
own person and privileged blood the idea, as term, she had none. The paternoster and a
yet unapprehended, of a native country. He few prayers and litanies had been taught her ;
reigned by grace of God, by divine right; loy- she could neither read nor write. Her educa-
alty to the king was therefore a Christian duty. tion was that of Elijah. Behind the village of
But loyalty implied patriotism, and this is the Domrémy stretched away a vast forest : might
meaning of the Coming of Jeanne Darc: she not those first temples, with their sombre aisles
was the incarnation of French national senti. thridded here and there by sun beams as through
ment. Mr. Lowell has grasped this fact ex some mullioned window, the shade, the quiet, the
cellently well. (Pp. 26, 45, 59, 69, 75.) reverence of the place, have appealed to the ten-
The dominion of the French king in 1429 der child-spirit? How did her schooling differ,
embraced only Languedoc, Dauphiny, and the save in degree, from that of the prophets of
Lyonnais. Normandy, Guyenne, and Gascony | old ? Might not the Voice that spake on Car-
means.


1896.]
353
THE DIAL
sense.
mel, and caused the Cedars of Lebanon to bow uralness, and practical shrewdness in her char-
themselves, whisper to a maiden, too, in the acter. “ You tell us," said William Aymery,
fastness of a forest in the West? After all, in the preliminary examination at Poitiers,
is not inspiration a question of degree? Em “that God wishes to free the people of France
erson has somewhere said that a man should from their distress. If He wishes to free them,
learn to detect and watch the gleam of light there is no need of the soldiers you ask for.”
which flashes across his mind from within, and “ In God's name,” she rejoined, “ the men-at-
that the virtue of Moses and Plato and Milton arms will fight, and God will give the victory."
is that books and traditions were ignored by In the assault upon Jargeau, when the Duke
them, while what they thought, because that of Alençon held back, she said to him, “ Ah,
conviction was so intense, was the universal gentle duke, are you afraid ? Do you not know
Jeanne Darc came to France with the that God helps those who help themselves ? "
impassioned argument of a simple truth.
Jeanne's keenness and wit, her sense of the
And again : consider the place where her ridiculous, makes her intensely human. There
youth was spent. Domrémy was on the high- are numerous incidents, known to be true, which
road between Verdun and Langres, along which show this and serve to complicate the prob-
much of the news of war must have passed. lem of her character. A friar who believed
Its frontier situation on that debatable land be the English report that she was of the devil,
tween the two combatants would give her unex fell to crossing himself vigorously at sight of
ampled opportunities. She knew the weariness her, at which she laughed merrily. Believing
and waste of war; perchance she had seen the heartily in her mission as one divine, Jeanne
king himself; she felt, at least, the royal hu Dare never pretended to any miraculous power.
miliation, not logically, but almost out of in- For the Church as an institution she had the
stinct and intuition. But all is not yet ex deepest.reverence; but the hard and worldly
plained, nor even alluded to, in her character. | priest-class of the France of that day she ab-
Whence did this child learn wisdom? As nat horred. “My Lord has a book wherein no clerk
ural as the simplest creature of creation, she ever read, were he never so clerkly," was her
was still supernatural-almost superhuman comment upon their pretensions. Her winning
in some traits. In the field she astounded the manner and quiet dignity never failed her un-
grizzled veterans by her conduct, yet she was der the most harassing circumstances. At the
unerring; in the council chamber this girl of close of a long day's session, when three and
seventeen displayed a judgment superior to the four inquisitors had exhausted themselves in
King's best counsellors. In the trial at Rouen seeking to entangle her, she could say with a
her acumen confounded the judges. When smile, with upraised hand, as six several ques-
pressed to reveal what was the mysterious tions leaped at her from six pairs of lips at
“ sign” she gave the King, she refused. That once, “My good lords, I beg you, one at a
sign was nothing less than her assurance to time." Her keenness at the trial foiled her
Charles of his legitimacy, and therefore of his adversaries time and again. Urged to give de-
legal title to the French crown,-a doubt which tails regarding the character of the vision that
had never crossed the mind of anyone save pointed out the king to her at Chinon, she sug-
the king himself, and which Jeanne discerned gested that they might send to the king, from
either by intuition or revelation. But she knew whom doubtless they could get answer. When
the political importance of the secret she bore, asked if she knew she was in the grace of God,
Such capacity was not the she replied, “ May God bring me into his grace
conduct of a precocious child; her mental if I am not in it; if I am in it, may He keep
structure was deeper and more massive than me there.” Even the examiners were filled
that. She was mature without being old; she with admiration at the answer, for the question
was experienced without having been tried. was a dilemma: if the answer were yes, it
Moreover, there was nothing hectic about could be construed into unholy presumption ;
Jeanne Darc ; she was spirituelle, but never if the answer were no, it was a confession of
morbid. Bernard of Clairvaux and Francis of guilt. Her retaliation to this double-edged
Assisi starved the flesh that they might nurture query came, when, in reply to the question
the spirit; but Jeanne Darc was abounding in whether St. Michael, who appeared to her, were
physical vitality. The antithesis between her clothed or not, she turned it by asking, 6 Do
and her age, striking as it is, is not more remark you not think that God, who taketh care of the
able than the combination of ideal motive, nat lilies of the field and clotheth the fowls of the


354
(June 16,
THE DIAL
air, has not the wherewithal to care for his was not over. The real end of her mission was
saints ?”
the deliverance of France ; Orleans and Rheims
The lips of history are not dumb like the were means to that end. But the 23d of May,
stone lips of the sphinx, but there is a riddle 1430 - that month charged with so much
in the life of Jeanne Darc not yet divulged ; fatality for her * - -witnessed her capture before
the facts of her life are like letters scattered Compiégne and her surrender to the English.
upon the ground - the message is and is not. The monarchy, under control of the infamous
“I believe that she was led by the spirit of La Tremoille, stirred not a finger in her be-
God, and that there was in her a virtue divine half. Charles was apathetic. Even the people,
and not human," was the comment of a lawyer save in remote corners of France, were for the
who had seen her at Orleans; and human in most part alienated or indifferent,- for when
genuity has not added anything essential to, circumstances for which Jeanne was in no way
or taken anything essential from, this verdict responsible defeated her purposes, they wagged
from that day to this. After four hundred their heads in superstitious ignorance, think-
years, in spite of the attentive study of schol ing God had forsaken her. " From the time
ars, the inquiry of science, the devotion of ad of her capture to her death," these are Mr.
mirers — all of whom have conspired to erect Lowell's melancholy words, there came to
into a cult the study of the life and character Joan from the king she had crowned, from the
of Jeanne Darc, in spite of everything, all council whose orders she had obeyed, and from
explanations are tentative and imperfect, and the captains with whom she had served, not a
themselves require explanation.
word or a sign. Except for a few of her ene-
But to return to Orleans upon the Loire, mies who came at last to pity her, she was left
the uttermost outpost of France against the alone. She lived and died as if king and court
English, whither Jeanne bent her steps after and soldiers and the French nation had ceased
she had received the king's support. Orleans to exist” (p. 234). She had to sanctify her
was a city of perhaps twenty thousand people, mission with the incense of martyrdom ere
who lived in a strongly fortified territorial cir awakened France realized that the peasant girl
cumscription of about one hundred acres in of Domrémy was the trumpet of a prophecy.
extent.* The French army, when its new leader The process by which Jeanne was tried was
appeared, was demoralized, - an insensate rab- that of the Inquisition. It had to be so, for,
ble without order, deficient in respect for au by the laws of war as they then prevailed, a
thority, lawless, brawling, licentious, and cruel. prisoner was the possession of her captor, who
LaHire's notorious witticism -“If God should could put her to ransom if he pleased. Having
turn man-at-arms, He would be a cut-throat" purchased her for ten thousand pounds, the
accurately illustrates the moral situation. English government could not put her to death
The coming of the Maid changed the spirit of in cold blood, for the logic of the situation re-
the army. LaHire himself ceased to swear by quired that it be willing, too, to accept a ran-
anything greater than his baton. The morale som for her, if proffered. That none came,
of the army, under the fire of her enthusiasm, surprised the English. But some pretext had
was refined and purged of its dross. Its cour-
to be found to render control over her complete,
age rose in degree. “ Before she came," wrote even unto death. The Church afforded that
a French chronicler, “two hundred English recourse. Where the civil authority could not
men used to chase five hundred Frenchmen; reach, that of the Church could. The guilt of
after her coming two hundred Frenchmen used heresy was the only means whereby the death
to chase four hundred English.” Jeanne's penalty could be inflicted according to legal
theory of the art of war was plain: to hit hard process. It required, however, all the learn-
and often, - a practice at variance with the ing that could be mustered by doctors bred to
desultory military methods of the time, when the bar, by professors from the University of
weeks were occupied in a languid siege. Or Paris, and by priestcraft, to compass the life of
leans was saved; the campaign of the Loire Jeanne Darc. We have to thank Mr. Lowell
was followed by the coronation of Charles VII., for a very lucid account of the law and the pro-
who had hitherto been, and that for eight years, cedure (pp. 259-60). Hour after hour, day
only dauphin. Yet the mission of Jeanne Darc after day, through the long and tedious trial,
• The proportion between population and area presented in Jeanne Dare raised the siego of Orleans May 8, 1429; shé
these figures indicates that overcrowding was a problem of was captured before Compiègne May 23, 1430, and executed
urban life in the Middle Ages as to-day.
May 30, 1431.


1896.]
355
THE DIAL
the intrepid girl foiled her enemies by the per fession of the sin whereof she stood accused.
fect candor of her speech, or disarmed them by | But her soul, as white as heaven, did not flinch
the shrewdness of her retort. But she was be before the teachings of those scribes and Phar-
tween hammer and anvil, and could not escape, isees.
though it required the last device of the exam The end was come. On May 30, 1431, in
iners to incriminate her.
the market-square of Rouen, the courageous
“ Joan had asserted that she was God's messenger, spirit was released ; she was given to the fire,
commissioned by Him through the voice of the saints
from whose arms the winds,” as was finely
and angels. It was possible, to say the least, that her
inspiration was from the Devil. Was she willing to
said of Shelley, “ took her and shook her broad-
leave the question to the Church? If she refused sub cast to the world.” Like Shelley, too, her heart
mission, her guilt was established, for to deny the au remained unconsumed. Her mission did not
thority of the Church was at once the commonest and die with her. The ashes of that hearth in
the deadliest of heresies. If she submitted, then the
ecclesiastical tribunal before which she stood was ready
Rouen could not be extinguished, and quick-
to assume the functions of the Church, and to decide ened to life the feelings of the French nation.*
the question against her” (Lowell, p. 293).
Out of France with the English!
But conviction alone would not satisfy her im Has the reader followed so far, to come only
placable foes. If she died unrepentant, the to the threshold of these works ? Not so. Mr.
French might still believe in her, and that she Lowell's book, in what has been written, is
had been put to death unjustly. Torture was behind us. It is serious, sober-suited history,
evidently the only means which could break the conscientiously wrought out with fullest refer-
spirit of the girl who had triumphantly stood ence to sources and authorities. The grandeur
out against those trained advocates. Weary, of the theme would make the book one of ab-
deserted, heartsick, homesick, in pain of body sorbing interest apart from the grace of the
and in mental anguish, weakened by a year's writer. Mrs. Oliphant's “ Jeanne d'Arc” (the
imprisonment under brutal jailers and the reader will please forgive the three several
strain of the trial during the fast of Lent which forms of spelling her name) is rather a literary
she had faithfully kept, the sensitive girl - history. It is a gracefully written and sym-
for with all her divine qualities she was yet a pathetic biography of the Maid. It will afford
woman — shrank from the white-hot brazier interesting reading for those who are fond of
that with hellish ingenuity was shown to her knowing results rather than processes, but the
with threats whose meaning could not be mis-profit will be slight compared to that to be de-
taken. For a moment the spirit wavered; the rived from reading Mr. Lowell. Of the “ Rec-
strain was more than nature could endure; the ollections of the Sieur Louis de Conte
flesh cried out for relief—she recanted.* Surely much cannot be said. As intimated, it cannot
if Another, who was very God as well as very claim that protection too often afforded the
man, could cry for relief, then a relapse so soon « historical " novel, for it has not the novel
recovered from and atoned for by the fires of form — it is without plot, while the pretension
martyrdom may be forgiven Jeanne Darc. Her to be history makes it amenable to the criti-
retraction was of the lips and the hand, not cisms to which historical writing must always
of the heart; in the quiet of the cell to which be subjected.
be subjected. To be plain, Mark Twain, like
she had been returned her brave heart rallied Tennyson in “The Princess,” has made a gor-
for the supreme test.
66 Whatever I said was geous failure. The theme was too perfect to
said from fear of fire,” she cried. But the fire be marred by recourse to fiction. Moreover,
was not to be at once, though it was certain. by adopting the method he has, he has been
The Inquisition now strained its last cord in forced to commit himself in places in which
order to send her to the stake confessing the the cautious historian would hold judgment in
justice of her punishment! For months Jeanne abeyance. This was inevitable, for the" Recol-
had been denied the Eucharist; her pious soul | lections” are supposed to be the spontaneous
shrank to enter the grave unattended by its outpouring of a heart devoted to her cause.
holy influence. But the Eucharist could only But there are evidences that this spontaneity
be administered to a contrite penitent; if, there has been labored. The style is artificial, pre-
fore, she partook of it, it would seem the con senting an incongruous combination of archaic
*The nature and extent of this abjuration is a matter of forms and present-day usages often in imme-
question. It is probable that she was unaware of the exact diate juxtaposition. The actors move like fig-
character of the document she signed. Her after-statements
indicate that she had no intention of retreating from her essen * For proof of this, see “Wars of the English in France":
tial position (Cf. Lowell, C. 23).
Henry VI. (Rollo Series, edited by Stevenson) Introd. p. lxiii.
;
;
so


356
[June 16,
THE DIAL
.
ures in a panorama; their language is neither that, remembering Mark Twain's former writ-
wholly mediæval nor wholly modern, and the ings, one laughs at once. Jeanne, while leading
thought that is swayed in it is a curious blend. her little band through the forest at night, in
ing of mediæval concepts and modern ideas. the darkness stumbles upon some English sol.
Jeanne at times moralizes like a philosopher, diers. A colloquy ensues between the English
as witness this nice bit of casuistry in a peas commander and Jeanne, who has been mis-
ant lass :
taken for an English trooper; and Jeanne,
“ The Sieur Bertrand was amused at Joan's naive whose knowledge of the French language was
way of referring to her advice as if it had been a val not larger than the dialect of Lorraine, calmly
uable present to a hostile leader who was saved by it
holds converse in English (!) without betray-
from making a censurable blunder of omission, and then
he went on to admire how ingeniously she had deceived ing her identity. There are other evidences
that man and yet had not told him anything that was
that the Sieur Louis de Conte must have
not the truth. This troubled Joan, and she said: experienced re-incarnation in 1835. Such
«« I thought he was deceiving himself. I forebore
phrases as “ Tours was a humming town ";" he
to tell him lies, for that would have been wrong; but if
went on pouring out a most pathetic stream,
my truths deceived him, perhaps that made them lies.'
“She was assured that she had done right, and that
which broke Joan all up," are unmistak-
in the perils and necessities of war deceptions that help able American parlance. Criticism may not
one's own cause and hurt the enemy's were always per conclude here. As Jeanne's page and secre-
missible. . . . Jean (her brother) said:
tary professes to be writing history, and espe-
" Joan, you told us yourself that you were going to
Uncle Laxart's to nurse his wife, but you did n't say you
cially since the “translator” gives an extended
were going further, yet you did go on to Vaucoleurs.
list of authorities - examined in verification of
There!'
the truth of this narrative,” that history must
“ , I see now,' said Joan, sorrowfully, 'I told no lie, be judged by the dicta of historical literature.
yet I deceived. But the thing itself was right, and
I would do it again!' It seemed an over-nice distinc-
The prophecy that a virgin would save France
tion, but nobody said anything” (pp. 92-3).
from her enemies is attributed (p. 72) to Mer-
lin. The actual belief which prevailed in the
osophy of history, in a simple narrative, and reign of Charles VII. was that foretold by
osophy of history, in a simple narrative, and Mary of Avignon to Charles VI. The Battle
that of the fifteenth century :
of the Herrings was fought upon February 12,
“Joan was France, the spirit of France made flesh.
1429, and not two days later (p. 75). More-
That was a humble eye to see so great a truth where
others failed. ... And yet, after all, it was just what
over, there is next to no proof that Jeanne
such natures do. When they love a great and noble prophesied this event — that is a fabrication of
thing, they embody it — they want it so that they can later days, an observation which the “trans-
see it with their eyes; like Liberty, for instance (Verily, lator" should have made in a warning note.
the French Revolution in 1492). They are not content
with the cloudy abstract idea" (p. 174).
At Chinon, “ several weeks ” (p. 107) did not
elapse, but only a few days, before Jeanne saw
This edifying commentary upon the corona-
tion might be a page from a history of 1789: early life was not sent into
Lorraine until the
Charles; and the commission to inquire into her
“Of all the wise people in high office in France, only investigation instituted at Poitiers.
Jeanne's
one knew the priceless worth of this neglected prize. . .
How did she know it? It is simple: she was a peasant.
premonitions of capture did not come a full
That tells the whole story. She was of the people and year (p. 216) before her taking at Compiégne.
knew the people; those others moved in a loftier sphere Our knowledge of this fact is based on her own
and knew nothing much about them. We make little testimony; the time between prophecy and ful-
account of that vague, formless, inert mass, that mighty
But the
underlying force which we call the people" – anepi- filment was not over two months.
thet which carries contempt with it. It is a strange
greatest blunder is made when the honor of
attitude; for at bottom we know that the throne which selecting Richemont for constable of France is
the people support stands, and that when that support ascribed to her (pp. 259–60).
is removed, nothing in the world can save it.”
Mr. Lowell, too, has not wholly escaped er-
How many popular revolutions can Mark rors, but they are of minor importance and
Twain point out in the Middle Ages ? For a concern Jeanne Darc in no particular save
monarchy built up, not on popular right, but once. The exception has reference to her cap-
on privilege, flanked by princes and barons ture. It is probable — M. Cosneau says “ peut-
instead of the people," the French monarchy être”- that La Tremoille, the evil genius of
was a pretty stable affair, since it lasted from Charles, was instrumental in betraying her;
987 to 1789.
yet, strangely enough, Mr. Lowell makes no
Page 89 presents us with so absurd a situation allusion to it. Aside from this important mat-


1896.)
357
THE DIAL
ter, criticism is limited. E.g., Orleans is not doms, but as different phases of divine verities.
in Touraine (p. 52); the University of Caen | Professor Harris fearlessly carries the scientific
was established by the regent Bedford, and
not method over into the region of piety, assuming
after the English lost Paris in 1436. The that reverence will build an altar wherever the
most obvious error, however, is the statement torch of discovery lights up the universe. He
that“ an enormous body of the French nobility boldly appropriates for the service of religion
stumbled helplessly against the well-disciplined every new truth that the scientist reveals, claim-
English troops at Agincourt” (p. 5). The ing that the more we really know the profounder
truth of this battle is the exact reverse : the must be our worship and the ampler our phil-
French wanted to fight, and the English could anthropy. And everywhere he brings out the
not avoid engagement.
ethical import of facts and insists upon a more
JAMES WESTFALL THOMPSON. ethical ministry of the church, holding that
knowledge must be made fruitful in human
worth and that theology must make the moral
law central.
MORAL AND RELIGIOUS EVOLUTION
AT ANDOVER.*
We have, therefore, a discussion that is com-
Professor Harris, of Andover Theological pletely emancipated from the old apologetic
Seminary, has given us, in his work on “Moral tone, and yet it is a treatment of a great sub-
Evolution,” a noble and notable contribution ject that makes powerfully for a noble recon-
to the religious thought and life of America.
ciliation, leaving both thought and worship free.
The scope is comprehensive, embracing the
While the teaching is lifted far above the petty
essential principles and intimate relations of preachments of small moralists, every sentence
science, ethics, and religion. The spirit is pre-
glows with an ethical passion which commu-
nicates to the reader the enthusiasm of human-
eminently sane and catholic. Nothing crude
or narrow or intemperate disfigures these pages.
ity. And though cast in a mould very different
from that of dogmatic theology, this is never-
There is great clearness of thought, without
theless a discourse upon God, which leads us
dogmatism ; deep earnestness, but freedom
from intolerance ; a glad acceptance of science, his ways, with the glow of wonder and worship,
to find his presence in all facts, and to trace
and yet no surrender of the commanding truths
of religion. The widest hospitality toward the through all the manifold affairs of humanity.
revelation now unfolding is linked with an his-
Withal, it is a plea for a religion that shall be
torical appreciation that makes us always rev-
rational and humane ; for a theology that shall
be ethical and practical ; for an application of
erent of the past, though not slaves to its wor-
thies. An abundant learning shines through, and for an interpretation of our ethical life
science that shall fruit in philanthropic service ;
but does not encumber, these discussions of
that shall make it the human expression,
vast themes. The author has evidently read
widely and meditated at length upon the varied through the method of evolution, of what is es-
sential in Universal Being.
topics which he treats ; but instead of asking
us to travel with him along all those weary and
After some brief but pertinent remarks re-
winding paths, he gives us, in short, clear, sug. Professor Harris traces the various bearings
specting the misuse of the term “ Evolution,”
gestive sentences, the discovery which he made
way or the conclusion which he reached
upon the problem of ethics of the great mod-
at the end. The literary method of the work is
ern discovery which this word represents. He
as satisfactory as its general temper. A fluent holding, against the former, that the ethical
criticises both Professor Huxley and Mr. Kidd,
stream of discourse bears us onward through | law and life are included within the cosmical
a varied landscape, always distinctly seen, and
constantly opening into fresh views of truth and
process; and against the latter, that our spir-
duty, both instructive and interesting.
itual life is essentially rational. Ethics and
No attempt is here made to reconcile science evolution, he claims, are neither identical nor
antagonistic, but moral sentiment unfolds in
and religion after the manner of the crude car-
pentry of a quarter of a century ago ; and still, harmony with the general evolution of the cos-
mos, and ethical principles come to expression
throughout these chapters, these realms lie be-
fore us, not as rival, nor even as separate king which is an essential part of the unfolding of
in humanity through a process of evolution
* MORAL EVOLUTION. By George Harris, Professor in the universe.
Andover Theological Seminary. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin
The individual plays a large part in this eth-
by the
& Co.


358
[June 16,
THE DIAL
ical process; and just because of this fact defined with no reference to that supernatural-
(which recent writers have been inclined to ism by which theologians so long obscured a
overlook), “self-realization” is as divine an spiritual awakening native to man as a man.
obligation as “ altruism.” Here we have a Some conservative observations are devoted to
needed corrective of what is unwise in ex economic methods and agencies, with a plea
treme phases of socialism. While" sympathy” that the ethical element be more largely recog-
makes the community possible, “self-love” is nized, both in theory and practice. Judicious
just as necessary to build up individuals with but brief remarks are made upon the Family,
out whom there can be no prosperous or pro- Democracy, and the Public Schools, especially
gressive community. It is here that Professor as they contribute to that moral evolution which
Harris makes his most original and valuable works itself out as personal and social regen-
contribution to the discussion of ethics. He eration. While insisting upon the necessarily
contends: “The truth is that self-realization is secular but not irreligious character of the com-
as moral as altruism ” (p. 133). His survey mon school, the very obvious but often neglected
and criticism of different ethical theories is truth is stated: “It is inconsistent with our
interesting though brief, but his emphasis upon principles for the state to assume religious
"self - realization " brings into prominence a functions” (p. 388).
somewhat neglected phase of moral truth; and The last two chapters of the book are occu-
though he will probably meet with opposition pied with a discussion of the modifications in
at this point, there is so much of practical wis- theology made inevitable by the new views re-
dom in his words, and the spirit playing through specting both ethics and evolution. A few quo-
them is so sober and thoughtful, that it is well tations—very significant when we consider that
worth while to have this forcible and suggestive they emanate from a professor in Andover
presentation.
Theological Seminary-indicate how Professor
Following this discussion of the rootage and Harris interprets the trend and quality of mod-
character of ethical principles in general, Pro ern religious thought. It is very truly said :
fessor Harris devotes the next seven chapters “ The centre of doctrine has been shifting from
(VIII.-XIV.) to an application of these truths sovereignty to fatherhood. It is believed that
to religion. And this complicated subject he power is directed by reason, and reason by love"
treats in a broad and forward-looking spirit. (p.401). Revelation is described very broadly:
He brings religion and morality into close as « Revelation and evolution are two sides of one and
sociation, tracing the reactions of each upon the same reality. . . . It is a mistaken view of revela-
the other. Religion flows into morality as in.
tion which sees in it only intervention; only an excep-
tional and disconnected breaking in upon orderly move-
spiration and motive power, while morality be-
ment. . . . Revelation is not by occasional stroke, but
comes the test and fruitage of religion. The by a continuous process. It is not superimposed, but in-
thought of God is given in our experience of herent. . . . All realities, then, are revelations. Nature,
nature: “That which is intelligible has intel humanity, and genius, which is the epitome of human-
ligence in it” (p. 185). The love of God as
ity, are embodiments of divine truth, goodness, and
beauty" (pp. 411, 414, 415).
the - Good” springs from our experience with
human nature: “The moral order, as observed
In setting forth the claim that Christianity is
in history, is a divine order” (p. 191). The preëminently an ethical religion, whose gospel
Christian ideal is described, both as a personal righteousness central, this condemnation is
as proclaimed by Jesus himself made personal
estate and as a social order, a plea being made
for the use of the term “ Christian Ethics"
passed upon teachings still all too popular:
(following Dorner and also Smyth), which
“Some evangelistic and revivalistic preaching
seems far from wise, while a protest is made
in effect represents salvation as independent
against overworking the idea of “the kingdom
of character” (p. 397). The old traditional
of heaven,” which, though an inspiring phrase, theory of the atonement is criticised in these
words:
is not an exhaustive description of Christianity.
The chapter on “ Degeneration,” not very
“Until recently the usual representations of atone-
ment were justly open to the charge of immorality.
germane, and certainly inadequate as an exam-
Even now, such representations continue to be made to
ination of the problem of moral evil, is followed a considerable degree. The moral sense is shocked at
by a longer discussion of the regeneration of
some of the reasons given for atonement. The impu-
the individual and of society. It is graciously
tation of our sins to Christ has been so stated that it
admitted that regeneration is a process far
seemed as if all regard for righteousness had been over-
wider than Christendom, while this process is
looked. The penal suffering of Christ was regarded as
the philosophy of atonement. It was believed that God


1896.]
359
THE DIAL
laid on Christ the penalty of our sins, or a suffering belief in the resurrection is admitted to be at-
equivalent to that penalty. :::::. This disappearing tended with grave difficulties ; while the virgin
theory fails to satisfy because it is immoral, because it
places salvation somewhere else than in character, be- birth, though not denied, is not regarded as an
cause it converts the sympathy and love of Christ into
essential doctrine of Christianity. Here is pro-
legal fictions, because it places the ethical demands of gress indeed, but not that clearness of vision
justice above the ethical necessities of love ” (p. 407). that would result from a frank acceptance of
It is strongly urged that the old interpretation the existence of legendary elements in the Gos-
of providence, which consigned millions to per- pels, which is the position of the best Biblical
dition, is immoral :
scholarship of the day.
“Still another immoral conception of God is that
JOSEPH HENRY CROOKER.
which represents him as leaving vast multitudes of his
children to perish or to sink into hopeless perdition with-
out giving them the truth which can save them. . .
The moral sense revolts from such an idea. Few preach THE HELLENISTIC EMPIRE IN EGYPT.*
ers and theologians can now be found who believe that
the masses of heathendom are eternally lost. From the
Mr. Mahaffy's very
able work on “ The Em.
logic of the premise that the earthly life is decisive of pire of the Ptolemies” will be warmly wel-
the destiny of all men, escape is sought in various ways; comed by every student of that great and
as, that all souls have the essential Christ, that multi: fascinating Hellenistic world, created by the
tudes of heathen are renewed in character before death
and only need the sunlight of Christ's presence to de- conquests of Alexander, which brought into
velop those seeds of holy character which have already their most intimate contact the civilizations of
begun to germinate. These lame devices show that the Asia and the Nile valley on the one hand, and
conception of God is changing" (p. 402).
of Europe on the other. For the first time in
To the present reviewer, the least satisfac- the world's history, continental and race dis-
tory part of this most hopeful and interesting tinctions are at this period effectually broken
volume is that devoted to the person of Jesus. up; the student feels that he is surveying the
There is everywhere most admirable candor combined history of the Mediterranean coun-
and absolute freedom from dogmatism. It is tries and their neighbors, irrespective of geo-
delightful to read an author who, besides being graphical lines or linguistic affinities. For the
just to opponents, is still a seeker for truth, student of that Europe which finally emerged
and holds his views subject to revision. He from this great inter-continental commingling,
readily admits that many beliefs about Jesus, it is of vital importance to understand
once asserted as necessary to salvation, are complicated contact by which so much of ori.
no part of essential Christianity. Professor ental civilization was absorbed into western cul.
Harris does indeed bring Jesus a long way out
ture. Nowhere in the Mediterranean basin can
of the mists of tradition into the light of his this phase of the Hellenistic period be studied
tory. A vast amount of supernaturalism is so favorably as at Alexandria. Here the in-
stripped off by this short sentence: "The power tense religious feeling of the orient, the highest
of Jesus resides in his own character of good level of Eastern achievement in industries, art,
ness” (p. 304). The limitation of Jesus is and architecture, in politics, typical oriental
freely admitted : “ In knowledge he was not om despotism, the best learning of the East in law,
niscient. He gained information as other men science, and religion, including that of the Jews,
did. He shared the opinions of his time as to - in fine, all the elements of the incalculably
the universe, and in other essential respects was ancient civilization of the East, are found side
truly human. He had wonderful insight, but by side and in daily contact with the complex
did not have omniscience” (p. 404). It is life of cultivated Europe. The Nile valley has
noted with gladness that recently a radical preserved to us documentary and monumental
change has occurred in the world's thought of remains of all this, as they have never been
Jesus: “ The change has amounted to a recov elsewhere preserved.
ery of his humanity” (p. 403). This change The results of a study of these survivals are
is welcomed as a step forward : “He is be for the most part to be found only in learned
lieved in as a human incarnation and revela- and bulky treatises, quite inaccessible to the
tion of the God of holy love. This is a marked ordinary reader. Mr. Mahaffy has therefore
instance of the moral evolution of theology done great service in furnishing a scholarly and
(p. 404). The miracles in general are looked at the same time very readable account of the
upon with some uncertainty, and are considered
THE EMPIRE OF THE PTOLEMIES. By J. P. Mahaffy.
at best as "secondary in importance.” The New York: Macmillan & Co.


360
(June 16,
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Ptolemaic or Hellenistic domination in Egypt. In writing on the first Ptolemy, Mr. Mahaffy
Besides his eminent fitness for the task as a uses Brugsch's translation, made twenty-five
scholar, Mr. Mahaffy has enjoyed unusual priv. years ago, of the well-known hieroglyphic in-
ileges in the study of the most recently discov. scription dating from the seventh year of the
ered Greek papyri, which have often come di- young Alexander. This translation is obsolete
rectly into his hands from the spade of the and very inaccurate. Its inaccuracy has affected
excavator in Egypt,— as, for example, those the author's conclusion on a very important
unearthed by Mr. Petrie. These papyri are point. He is inclined to think that it was as late
of the greatest interest, and afford us glimpses as 305 B.C. before Ptolemy I.“formally called
of the life of the people such as are rarely to himself king” (p. 58); but in the second line
be found in the writings of the Greek or Roman of the above inscription Ptolemy is referred to
historians. Sometimes it is the bill, again a long terking "..Coptic outro), which Brugach has
Yet are
deed, now a receipt, or it may be the court rec- given its
given its older meaning, “great satrap,” no
ord of a lawsuit ; but out of it all we are grad longer conceivable at this late date. Moreover,
ually gaining a picture of the life of the com in line eight of the inscription and in other
mon people in the Egypt of a few centuries places) Ptolemy is referred to as “his majesty.'
before and after Christ.
Now this is at least five years earlier than 305
The history of the Ptolemies is perhaps the B.C. However, the bulk of the material is in
most difficult to unravel in all the Græco- Greek, and it is not often that the author is
Roman world. It swarms with unsolved prob- obliged to take his translations at second hand.
lems ; and often, at the most interesting junc In the main, he has handled his purely Egyp-
ture, the paucity of materials, or their complete tian sources very well. “Chem” (p. 70) is a
failure, preclude any safe conclusion. More mistake from Murray's guide-book, and is given
over, it is a new field. As Mr. Mahaffy says correctly “Chnum” on p. 489. “Hatasu" (pp.
in his preface : “ The writer on Ptolemaic 128 - 9 and 387) is apparently an error so
history feels himself in some sort a pioneer, deeply rooted that it will take another genera-
who is liable to be baulked by unexpected ob- tion to correct it. On p. 387 we have “ Dayr-
stacles, misled by ardent expectations, diverted el-Medineh,” but on p. 272 it was “ Deyr.”
from his path by false informations.
We do not understand the reference to Alex-
all these risks and dangers unable to outweigh andria (p. 77) as being a hundred miles dis-
the intense interest of penetrating a country tant from the Fayum. Even the shortest air-
either unexplored or imperfectly described by line across the desert is one hundred and twenty
former travellers.” It must be said that the miles.
author has shown notable skill in meeting the The author's conjecture (p. 273), in opposi-
unusual difficulties of his task. Of course, he tion to Diodorus, that the Nubian king Er-
owes much to his German predecessors in the gamenes was contemporary with Ptolemy IV.,
same field; but it is evident that he is quite finds brilliant confirmation in the recent exca-
master of his material, and capable of independvations at Philæ. Herr Borchardt writes me
ent judgment, even when he follows his Ger from the first cataract, that they have discov-
man authorities rather closely. In one notable ered, on Philæ, a temple in which the name of
respect he is much superior to the Germans, the Nubian Ergamenes occurs together with
and that is in the charming style which he that of the fourth Ptolemy.
commands. His history never degenerates into On the whole, the author shows an evident
an arid chronicle. This is due to the nature inclination to idealise the Ptolemies, a tendency
of the man, but also to the fact that wherever in which he is distinctly at variance with the
his classic sources flow scantily he is able to fill Germans. Undue weight seems to be given to
out a meagre chronicle of political events with any indication of noble qualities in any mem-
a vivid picture of the life of the times, taken ber of the family. Nevertheless, this is one of
from the welcome Greek papyri with which he the charms of the book, and undoubtedly the
is enviably familiar.
most readable passages in the treatise are those
The work is so largely concerned with in- in which the fair side of the picture is presented.
volved detail, with complex political and gov- Especially admirable are the accounts of the
ernmental problems, that it is impossible to institutions of Alexandria founded and main-
offer any epitome of the ground covered. A tained by the Ptolemies for the cultivation of
few points where the author's conclusion may Greek literature and learning. Although so
be open to question should, however, be noted. much remains to be done in this field, although


1896.]
361
THE DIAL
« Al-
ease.
much is discovered every year, nevertheless Mr. binder's parlance, "tools," "powders," "fanfares,"
Mahaffy's book will long remain the standard etc.; will be initiated into the technique of the biblio-
work upon the Ptolemaic period for the scholar pegic craft in its two stages of "forwarding” and
or the man of letters, and will be permanently styles in different countries and at different dates,
I finishing "; will get a glimpse at the sequence of
useful even to the specialist. Its usefulness is
and at the characteristics which mark them as
much enhanced by a full chronological table
dine,” “Grolier,” “Henry II.,” “Padeloup,” “De-
and a complete index. The classical scholar
rome," “ Cobden-Sanderson,” or by other names
will welcome the Greek text of the Decree of
with which later study continually will bring him in
Canopus and the stone of Rosette, with critical contact; will be shown the causes why bookbinding
notes. The typographical work is excellent, in the nineteenth century, while improving as a
and externally the book shows the best of work- handicraft, has declined as an art, and in America
manship. JAMES HENRY BREASTED.
has been retarded by causes outside of art.
The great beauty of all the early bindings is in
the lavish and tasteful ornamentation of the sides.
In the early days of printing, and when the tradi-
tions of manuscripts still were dominant, the shelves
BOOKS ABOUT BOOKS.*
of a library inclined like a reading-desk, and the
Voltaire made a most unfortunate observation handsome volumes lay on their sides, taking their
when he said that rare books are worth nothing, since Instead of being packed together on level
if they are worth anything they would not be rare. shelves with only the backs visible, each stately tome
We know better nowadays; or, at least, we may
stood forth singly, and the broad sides of the ample
easily learn better if we will read some of the nu folios seemed to invite decoration.
merous books lately issued dealing with the facts or The chapters dealing with “extra binding”- the
the philosophy of rarity in books. At the outset, covering of a single volume in accord with the fancy
we must be brave enough to ignore Voltaire's im of the owner of that one book — occupy about half of
plied reproach of those who seek a book for other Mr. Matthews's work, and are followed by equally
reasons than its literary or human interest, and must lucid and profitable chapters on the more prosaic
admit without shame that we do care for the so-called subjects of Commercial Bookbinding,” “Books in
“externals" of a book — the binding, style, date, Paper Covers,” and “The Grolier Club in New
and the story of its individual existence. If we can York.” The story of this New York club, named
not enter into sympathy with Charles Lamb, and after a book-lover and collector who was born before
his exquisite story of the book which he so coveted this continent was discovered, is one of great interest.
that for its sake the old brown suit was made to Its constitution declares that “its object shall be the
hang on six weeks longer; if we cannot understand literary study and promotion of the arts pertaining
why it is that it is never the ninety and nine treatises to the production of books." That is to say, the
which a bibliomaniac has, but the hundredth which
Grolier Club is interested in books, not as literature,
he has not, that entrances his mind and fires his but as works of art. Although many of its mem-
ambition, filling him with the opium-eater's bliss bers are scholars and students of literature, it is
without the opium-eater's bale - then the gates of with the art and mystery of the book-maker, the
ex-libris land are probably barred against us for printer, the engraver, and the binder, and not with
ever. But if we do kindle at the thought of a “first the secrets of authorship, that they concern them-
edition,” if we seek to know something of the selves; as a result the Grolier Club has established
principles of this noble industry and royal sport of
a standard of formal excellence in bibliography
book-hunting, which is as old as literature itself, the higher and more exacting than any now existing in
means of knowing are at hand.
Europe. The reader will be specially grateful for
The novice, one who has not mastered so much as the magnificence and abundance of the illustrations,
the technical phrases and terminology, will find just presenting, as they do, examples of every form of
the authority — the primer of the subject in Mr. the art from its earliest beginnings to the paper
Brander Mattbewe's recent work on “ Bookbindings covers of the latest American magazine.
Old and New.” There he will learn the meaning As an equipment in the principles which govern
and see the illustration of what are called, in book the practice of book-buying, one may be referred to
an essay on “The Philosophy of Rarity,” by Mr.
BOOKBINDINGS OLD AND NEW. By Brander Matthews.
G. H. Powell the first and longest of the essays
New York: Macmillan & Co.
EXCURSIONS IN LIBRARIA. Being Retrospective Reviews
composing the volume called “ Excursions in Libra-
and Bibliographical Notes. By G. H. Powell. New York: Im ria." The philosophy" here expounded is the
ported by Charles Scribner's Sons.
craft and “venerie" of the book-hunter. It distin-
RARE BOOKS AND THEIR PRICES; with Chapters on Pic guishes between different classes of books of which
tures, Pottery, Porcelain, and Postage Stamps. By W.
Roberts. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co.
some are born rare, some achieve rarity, and some
LADIES' BOOK-PLATES. By Norna Labouchere. The “Ex-
have rarity thrust upon
them."
Libris Series,' edited by Gleeson White. London: George
Volumes of, so to speak, native rarity are those
Bell & Sons, (Macmillan & Co., New York.)
printed in relatively remote places, in small quan:


362
(June 16,
THE DIAL
tities (either owing to the expense of production or of the rarest books in existence is the tract of Ser-
peculiarity of the subject, or merely for the sake of vetus entitled Christianismi Restitutio, of which
the consequent rarity), or at private presses. The only one copy is known now to exist, nearly all the
collector who values books according to the locality edition having been burned with the author, at the
of their origin will do well to have at his fingers' | instigation of his former friend, Calvin, in 1558 ;
ends the various dates at which printing was intro and next might come the same author's three tracts
duced into the different capitals and countries of the on the Trinity, printed in italics, 1532. A work of
world, the degrees by which Italy, France, the which only two or three copies are said to be known
Netherlands, Spain, and England fall behind Ger is the Cymbalum Mundi (1537). Every kind of
many, — the more distant countries, the East and shocking impiety was long attributed to the author,
America, coming of course later still ; for all these, till at last it occurred to one eminent bibliographer
the standard of rarity on account of place and date of the last century to read the book, which he ac-
has to be shifted proportionately. Of the books
Of the books cordingly did, and found it of quite depressing pro-
which, though produced in plenty, have been reduced priety.
to rarity by recent demand, notable examples are During the interesting period of the revival of
the first editions of modern romances, which of late learning and thought, ecclesiastical damnation came
years have formed the chief big game of London to confer upon the volumes it honored a sort of hall-
booksellers. Artistic beauty of any kind is inevit mark of excellence, or at least of candor and orig-
ably at a premium. Comparatively few modern pro- | inality, and the most select catalogue of books or-
ductions, even when printed by hand on hand-made dered “to be burnt by the common hangman” would
paper, are as attractive as the commonest manual be very long indeed. Thus, often, bibliography be-
or treatise of the fifteenth century. The volumes comes a very material part of history. Many indeed
which composed the Grolier library of three hun are the books whose appearance marks the accession
dred years ago are now treated as veritable works of something far more important than king or queen,
of art; they have their catalogue, like the pictures nay of that which often may destroy kings, queens,
of a great painter or the plates of a great engraver, and existing conventions generally, to-wit, a new
and are numbered. Every existing book bound for idea. The final ripening of scientific conclusions,
Grolier has its pedigree, and is traced lovingly from the impatient outbursts of long-shackled humor and
catalogue to catalogue of the great collectors. good sense, the explosions of oppressed suffering,
The rarity that is “ achieved ” results in a some and the exultant happiness of peace and secured
what fanciful and fluctuating form of value, being civilization - all these leave their mark in the rec-
affected by artificial diminution of the supply, as by ords of bibliography, and are more important and
destructions through fire, invading armies, and like more interesting than all the official Acts of Sov-
calamities, in some cases also by destructions through ereigns and States.
exceeding popularity. The plunder of the Pisistra Mr. W. Roberts's small volume on “ Rare Books
tian collection by Xerxes; the burning of one-half and their Prices" ought to rebuke all who scorn the
of the Alexandrian library by the soldiers of Julius enthusiasm of the collector. Here, the antiquity of
Cæsar, and of the other half some seven hundred collecting is shown to be almost as great as that of
years later by the Khalif Omar; the ravages of the the world itself, and the spirit of the collector to
Goths, and of the French, Spanish, and German have undergone but little change during the last two
invaders of Italy, and scores of other mediæval thousand years. The list of collectors in ancient
calamities, these and later accidents and crimes Rome includes many illustrious names, e.g., Sallust
have swelled the tale of valuable books which are no the historian, in whose garden the Dying Gladiator
more, or exist only in such quantity as to be prac was found; Asinus Pollio, the orator, poet, histo-
tically introuvable. Mr. Powell suggests that the rian, and friend of Augustus, who once owned the
librarian of King Osymandias, whose collection was Toro Farnese, now at Naples; whilst even Anthony
formed, we are told, “less than four centuries after and Brutus stand before the world clearly convicted
the Flood,” might have been able to tell us some of the hobby for collecting. The collecting instinct
thing of the literature already known to be destroyed being more or less deeply grained in human nature,
at that date! We are not to assume that high-priced the difference between the boy who accumulates
catalogues, or auction duels terminating in rounds postage stamps or letter-heads and the man who
of applause, are things belonging to the nineteenth collects books or pictures is simply a difference of
century. This first of libraries possibly possessed taste and of money, and not of spirit. Mr. Roberts
some priceless relic which the Brunet of the day takes up the subject in the four departments of
would have described as “Ouvrage assez ancien ; | Books, Pictures, Pottery and Porcelain, and Post-
Exemplaire portant l'autographe de Japhet; Quel. age Stamps.
ques feuilles mouillées par le Déluge."
For notable acquisitions in any of these fields,
Of books that “have rarity thrust upon them,” nothing is plainer than that one has need to be as
the most conspicuous are those which, by rising to rich as Cræsus, or the person typified as the “Chi-
the high-water mark of the free thought of the age, cago pork-butcher.” To speak of books alone, we
have been persecuted or summarily suppressed by are told of one volume, the Psalmorum Codex,
authority, bigotry, or high-placed corruption. One printed by Fust and Schæffer in 1459, which brought


1896.]
363
THE DIAL
the extraordinary sum of £4950. This is the high- plate. To the list of authorities in this branch of art
est price ever paid for a single book, and it is un must now be added Norna Labouchere, who writes
doubtedly the grandest specimen of typographic art of “ Ladies' Book-plates” in a beautiful and elabo-
in existence. It is the second book printed with a rately illustrated volume. The aim of the work is to
date. The very first works of the earliest printers trace the history of women's plates, and to give some
have never been excelled in the beauty of their ex account of those ex-libris which seem to call for spe-
ecution, and they will for all time stand as an incen cial attention, either from the interest attached to
tive as well as a reproach to modern printers. their owners or for the intrinsic merit of the designs.
The editions of the English Bible printed during The plates of men and women ought to be essen-
the earlier half of the sixteenth century maintain tially different. A spinster bears her paternal arms
high prices, but anything like a fair comparison is on a lozenge; a married woman bears her paternal
difficult, as the copies which have come under the arms impaled with those of her husband on a shield,
hammer during the last fifty years vary much in or if she is an heiress, or co-heiress, her husband
the degree to which they are imperfect. The theory | marshals them upon his shield charged as an es-
that reading a book sometimes becomes a deadly cutcheon of pretence ; a widow bears the same, but
sin, assumes, in the eyes of a collector, a very prac on a lozenge instead of a shield. Men continually
tical form in connection with the early English adorn their plates with the figure of a woman, but
Bibles. The Bible's extreme popularity with our women have seldom returned the compliment. The
forefathers, as a book to read, makes perfect copies modern book-plate is commonly a pictorial effort to
extremely rare. An absolutely complete example describe in one small vignette the varied tastes of
would probably bring over £1000.
the owner and the miscellaneous contents of the
Of the publications of Caxton, England's first volumes of his library. Rumor has it that the inev-
printer, there are about 560 examples in existence. itable bicycle has even made its appearance upon a
The highest sum ever paid for a Caxton is £1950, lady's book-plate. Incongruous as this seems for
the book being the Harleian copy of “ King Arthur" a library, possibly the fleet wheels might serve as
(the only perfect copy known), and the purchaser symbol of the swift flight of time when a book is
"unfortunately, and to the lasting disgrace of En- the companion.
gland,” according to Mr. Roberts), an American Delightful as one may find it to linger in the
collector, Mrs. Pope.
realms of the four books we have discussed, yet for-
The works of Shakespeare, so far as the original | tunate indeed is it that no one need be unhappy if
quartos and folios are concerned, yield to no other debarred from the luxuries and splendors which
in their advance in price among book-fanciers. At they describe. For is not a happiness still greater
the time of publication, the quartos sold for a few to be found in a small working library where the
pence. Now they sometimes realize between £300 books are well selected and thoughtfully arranged
and £400. Of the first folio, a matchless copy is in accordance with one central code of taste, and
priced by a bookseller at £1200.
may be consulted respectfully at any moment by the
The attraction of a first edition over the second master of their destinies? Even so genuine a book-
or subsequent issues falls into the category of lover and ardent a collector as Edmund Gosse has
things which are not explainable on ordinary prin- declared: “If fortune made me possessor of a book
ciples. A writer in the “Speaker” has described of excessive value, I should hasten to part with it.
the “mania” for first editions as a “purely spirit In a little working library, to hold a first quarto of
ual joy," and, as with all spiritual joys, the expe-
• Hamlet' would be like entertaining a reigning
rience thereof is a thing of feeling and not of argu-
monarch in a small farmhouse at harvesting.”
ment. The first editions of Thackeray and Dickens
ANNA B. MCMAHAN.
realize very high prices when they possess the
printed covers and the advertisements of the orig-
inal parts. To the lay mind, a tastefully bound vol-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
ume offers attractions not possessed by a set of
parts” in their dingy wrappers ; but not so to the
Froude's “ Lectures on the Council
collector. The “ Poems by Two Brothers," as issued
Froude's lectures
on the Reformation,
of Trent” (Scribner) were delivered
in 1827, in boards and with a paper label at the
in 1892-3, forming the first of three
back, costs ten times as much as the most beautiful courses delivered during the eighteen months in
complete modern edition of Tennyson; and a set of which Mr. Froude was in residence at Oxford as
the latest complete edition of Browning's works, Regius Professor of Modern History. Two of these
substantially bound, in all sixteen volumes, costs less courses,
the lectures on Erasmus and on the English
than a single copy of Bells and Pomegranates" in Seamen of the Sixteenth Century, have already been
the original parts.
published. It is to be regretted that Mr. Froude
The outward and visible mark of the citizenship was not able to supervise the preparation of the
of the book-lover is his book-plate. To have a book present volume, as he would doubtless have im.
plate gives a collector great serenity and self-confi- proved it by some pruning and reshaping, and espe-
dence, since few borrowers will have the temerity cially by the addition of references to his authorities.
to ask for the loan of a volume dignified by a book The lectures, which are now printed substantially


364
(June 16,
THE DIAL
as they originally stood, were addressed to varying lowed. “The garment without seam was torn;"
audiences of students, and hence contain more or and upon the papal party mainly rested the blame.
less iteration of leading facts and insistence on ele Just how far the reforming zeal of the princes may
mental principles which, however well adapted to have been inflamed and alloyed by their desire to
class-room exposition, may seem superfluous to the lay hold of church property (almost a third of the
reader. But the book is of course extremely read land in Germany was in the hands of the clergy),
able and suggestive. It would have been next to Mr. Froude omits to say; but candor compels us to
impossible for Mr. Froude to be trite or dull on any admit a considerable tincture of regard for selfisb-
subject; and in the Reformation he had a thome to and material interests in the stoutest supporters of
stimulate to the utmost the peculiar pungency of his the Reformation. To the German princes especially,
trenchant pen. Nearly two-thirds of the volume is the broad domains of the Church formed a glitter-
occupied with the story of the Reformation, from ing bait. To the common assertion that the Reform-
the "monkish squabble" (as Pope Leo phrased it) ation “settled nothing,” Mr. Froude replies, pretty
over indulgences, up to the convening of the Coun- effectually, that every one of the abuses complained
cil in 1545; the remainder being mainly devoted to of by the laity has been swept away: "Popes no
the manifold diplomatic shifts and the doctrinal and longer depose princes, dispense with oaths, or ab-
disciplinary wranglings of that notable conclave, Bolve subjects from their allegiance. Appeals are
down to its suspension in 1552, upon the advance not any more carried to Rome from the national
on Innspruck of Maurice of Saxony. This advance, tribunals, nor justice sold there to the highest bid-
we may say in passing, Mr. Froude inclines to think der. Felonious priests suffer for their crimes like
was a matter of collusion between Maurice and the unconsecrated mortals. Too zealous prelates can-
Emperor, and not, as is commonly held, an act of not call poor creatures before them ex officio, cross-
treachery on the part of the former. There was question them on their beliefs, fine, imprison, or
certainly something both noble and pathetic in the burn them at the stake. Excommunications are
long struggle of Charles V. to save the unity of kept in bounds by the law of libel. Itinerant pardon-
Christendom by pacific measures, and to quench the vendors no longer hawk through Europe their un-
flames of the odium theologicum with the sweet profitable wares. ...
. . These scandals are gone, and
waters of reason and charity; and it seems not im the devoutest Romanists would not wish to revive
probable that the utter failure of his naïve hopes of them.” It would have been not only generous but
bringing warring ecclesiastics to compromise their just in Mr. Froude to follow his somewhat harsh
doctrinal differences like reasonable men, and to indictment of the Romish Church by a tribute to
secure the
peace
of Europe on a basis of broad apos the superb reforming movement which took place in
tolic Christianity, may have caused him at last to that body under the pontiffs who held sway during
wash his hands indignantly of the entire matter. the latter half of the sixteenth century. When the
The advance of Maurice on Innspruck came in May, Church finally armed herself to combat heresy, her
1552, and the peace of Passau followed in July, first care was to check the scandals which men like
establishing toleration in Germany - a sort of mo Cardinal Julian, Contarini, Sadoleto, and Caraffa
dus vivendi which lasted till the bitter and devas- had long deplored.
tating ordeal of the Thirty Years' War; and Charles
V., as our author notes, took no part in the settle-
In our issue of June 16, 1895, we
ment, and interested himself no further in the quar-
The conclusion of reviewed at length Volumes I. and
Barras's memoirs.
rels of Pope and Protestant. While Mr. Froude
II. of the “Memoirs of Barras
clearly holds throughout a brief for the Reformers, (Harper). Volumes III. and IV., concluding this
he relies mainly on the testimony of Catholic writ sensational and in some respects valuable work, are
ers — accepting for the nonce Cardinal Newman's now ready. Volume III. covers the period extend-
charitable view that Protestant tradition in the case ing from the coup d'état of the 18th Fructidor,
is founded on "bold, wholesale, and unscrupulous Year V., to that of the 18th Brumaire, Year VIII.
lying.” That there may have been some mild pre Volume IV. begins with and narrates the events of
varication on the other side as well, seems probable; the 18th Brumaire, and ends with the year 1828,
but, nevertheless, Mr. Froude rests his cause on comprising therefore the Consulate, the Empire, the
“Catholic documents of undoubted authenticity, on first Restoration, and the greater part of the second.
the testimony of Catholic witnesses antecedent to or Volume III. is mainly taken up with the story of
contemporary with the Reformation." His main the quarrels and intrigues of the Directorial régime,
contention is that the Reformation was originally and might prove rather dull reading were it not for
and essentially a moral and laical rather than a doc- the abundant anecdotes and caustic pen-portraits
trinal revolt. The Church had grown scandalously with which the ex-Director chose to spice his pages.
corrupt and unbearably tyrannical ; and Europe rose The coup d'état of the 18th Brumaire put an end
to demand a general cleansing of the Augean stables. to the Directory, and so formally relegated Barras
The Church, conscious of guilt and dreading scru to private life. From that date to the time of his
tiny, resisted reform, resented the interference of death, in 1829, he played no political role whatso-
the laity, ingeniously turned the moral controversy
at least, no official one. Volume IV., how-
into a doctrinal one, and the great schism fol ever, covering this period of formal retirement from
ever -


1896.]
365
THE DIAL
He ex-
A memorial to
Mrs. G. R. Grant.
the arena of politics, is much more interesting than outset the author's constructive power. From a mass
its immediate predecessor, since Barras remained of material he has chosen a few telling incidents
to the end one of the closest and best-informed ob which serve to trace the slow but steady growth of
servers of public events of his day, keeping in close Christianity during its most critical stage. Passing
touch with the chief actors, intriguing and plotting by the paper on the “Comparative Progress of An-
during the period of the Consulate and of the Em- cient and Modern Missions,” with its several rather
pire, and even playing, in a way, the part of con startling conclusions, the reader will find himself
sulting statesman to Louis XVIII., Charles X., and under the guidance of a delightful companion in the
their Ministers. Like the earlier volumes, the con course of the essay entitled “ England during the
cluding ones bristle with piquant personalities. The Latter Half of the Thirteenth Century.” The esti-
Jacobinical Viscount was preëminently a man who mates of such men as Earl Simon de Montfort,
dared call a spade a spade; and one rejoices, for Edward I., and Roger Bacon, are judicious and
the credit of human nature in general, that his ran strong. An interesting comparison is drawn between
corous accounts of most of his leading contempo the Pointed English architecture of the age of Ed.
raries must be rather freely discounted. Bonaparte ward and the Doric style of Greece in the days of
is, as before, the main target for his shafts; and Pericles. The concluding study of “ Donne, the
we are inclined to think that, with all its exaggera Poet-Preacher" gives a glimpse of that curious fig-
tions, and perhaps falsehoods, the picture he draws ure among English churchmen. Throughout the
of his arch-enemy contains elements of essential volume, but notably in the last essay, the reader
truth which conscientious historians must reckon cannot escape the spell of Bishop Lightfoot's per-
with in the future. Barras was unquestionably a sonality: the themes were his favorites, and his
strong and able, if an unprincipled, man.
finely-wrought mind dwelt upon them in a noble and
ploited more adroitly than any other leading rev. inspiring way.
olutionist, except perhaps his fellow - Provençal,
A beautiful memorial volume has
Barére, the events of the time to his own profit; and
been printed for private distribution
his record of those events, while somewhat warped
among the friends of the late Mrs.
and discolored by his personal animosities and invet- George Rowswell Grant, of Chicago, whose untimely
erate bent for calumny, cannot be read without deep demise two years ago was noted in these pages.
interest and (if read discriminatingly) profit. The Genevieve Grahame Grant was the daughter of Mr.
copious introductory matter, furnished by M. George and Mrs. Fernando Jones, and was a woman of re-
Daruy, forms at once an admirable historical study markable intellectual attainments and social charm.
of the period embraced by the Memoirs, and a use She was best known to the public as the founder, in
ful touchstone by which its more doubtful elements 1889, of the Twentieth Century Club of Chicago,
may be tested. M. Duruy has a very low opinion while by the large circle of her friends, which included
of Barras, and a correspondingly high one of Na many of the most distinguished people of America
poleon ; so that, between author and editor, the ju- and Europe, she is remembered as a woman of grace-
dicious reader should be able to arrive at a pretty ful presence, rare tact, and keen intellectual sym-
accurate judgment. The volumes are well translated pathies. The memorial volume which is the occa-
and handsomely made — containing seven portraits sion of these remarks includes two portraits, a brief
in photogravure, together with fac similes,plans, etc. but satisfactory memoir by the loving hand of “
who knew her almost from her cradle to her grave,
Under the title “Historical Essays" a number of her contributions to various papers (in-
Bishop Lightfoot's (Macmillan), the trustees of the
historical essays.
cluding THE DIAL), a selection from her correspond-
Lightfoot fund have gathered to
ence, and a tribute to her activity in connection with
gether several miscellaneous papers of a historic
the Twentieth Century Club. Perhaps the most strik-
nature, written at odd times since 1872 by the late
ing thing included is the text of an address made by
Bishop Lightfoot of Durham. Marked by zealous
her, in French, when a mere girl, before the Paris
research and careful comparisons of authorities, the International Woman's Rights Congress of 1878.
unfinished essay on the “Manor-House of Auck-
land” is likely to interest the student who cares for
Those who have read the Rev. Dr.
out-of-the-way things in the history of English archi Reminiscences of A. K. H. Boyd's “Twenty-five Years
a Country Parson.
tecture. In its fragmentary shape, however,
it
of St. Andrews,” which contained
hardly worth publishing. In the four other papers reminiscences of the author's life at St. Andrews
which make up the volume the reader will seldom from 1865 to 1890, will be interested in learning
forget that he is listening to a churchman. At the that the same author has brought his pleasant rec-
same time, it must be said that these papers are ollections down to the close of 1895 in a volume
charming in style, and admirably constructed to entitled “The Last Years of St. Andrews” (Long-
bring into clear outline the subjects with which they mans). The characteristics of the author's previous
are concerned. “ Christian Life in the Second and works, numbering over thirty volumes, are present
Third Centuries,” the first paper, delivered as three in his last book. He relates in his usual happy
lectures in 1872 at St. Paul's Cathedral, before manner a multitude of anecdotes about sermons,
Lightfoot was called to Durham, indicates at the churches, and church dignitaries. His style is
one
seems


366
(June 16,
THE DIAL
notable for its purity and simplicity, although it “our whole physical life may lie soaking in a spirit-
occasionally becomes a trifle diffuse, and is always ual atmosphere, a dimension of Being that we at
lacking in strength. The author has the Boswellian present have no organ for apprehending.” “I con-
delight for details, and tells all his stories with a fess,” the author goes on to say, " that I do not see
naïve exactness. Dr. Boyd should console himself why the very existence of an invisible world may
with the thought that when Mr. Lowell said his not in part depend on the personal response which
“Recreations of a Country Parson ” was “the dull any one of us may make to the religious appeal.
est book he ever read,” he was not nearly so careful God himself, in short, may draw vital strength and
as to the absolute truth of his statement as is Dr. increase of very being from our fidelity. For my
Boyd himself when he says of a certain sermon : own part, I do not know what the sweat and blood
“ It would be overbold to say the sermon was the and tragedy of this life mean, if they mean anything
dullest and stupidest I ever heard: because one's short of this. If this life be not a real fight in which
experience is large. But I can say truly I never something is eternally gained for the Universe by
heard a duller or stupider.” Perhaps this is what success, it is no better than a game of private the-
Mr. Lowell really meant, forgetting for the moment atricals from which one may withdraw at will. But
that “one's experience is large." In view of this it feels like a real fight; as if there were something
criticism, it was rather injudicious for Dr. Boyd to really wild in the Universe which we, with all our
make the sweeping statement that he has found all idealities and faithfulnesses, are needed to redeem.”
of Mr. Lowell's “famous writings, both in prose
and verse," "tiresome," and his explanation of this
One of the most amusing papers in
The Kunstgriffe
inability to appreciate each other's literary work as
Schopenhauer's “ Nachlass is de-
of Schopenhauer.
“a deficiency in nature " is certainly amusing.
voted to a series of rules and prac-
tical suggestions on “The Art of Controversy.” It
Mr. Stephen on
“ The Duties of Authors,” one of the describes thirty-eight stratagems, or Kunstgriffe,
Social Rights chapters of Mr. Leslie Stephen's that may be employed in argument, and illustrates
and Duties.
“Social Rights and Duties ” (Mac most of them by example. The discussion is as cyn-
millan) was commented upon by us at some length ical as Machiavelli's “ Prince,” and its avowed aim
in a recent issue of THE DIAL. The two volumes is to enable disputants to hold their own, per fas et
of which this work consists are made up of addresses nefas. We have long wished that someone might
delivered to the Ethical Societies of London upon translate this essay, and are glad to note that Mr.
various occasions, discussing a variety of subjects of T. Bailey Saunders has at last added it, together
social interest, such as “The Sphere of Political with a few other papers, to the series of volumes in
Economy,” “The Vanity of Philosophizing,” “For which the body of Schopenhauer's minor writings is
gotten Benefactors," “ Heredity," " Punishment," presented to English readers (Macmillan). It makes
and “ Luxury.” These addresses are in a more pop the sixth volume of the series, and is to be followed
ular vein than most of Mr. Stephen's work, but it by one more. We may find space for one of the
is hardly necessary to say that they make no con- simpler Kunstgriffe: “If you observe that your
.cessions to commonplace minds, or that they reveal opponent has taken up a line of argument which
one of the deepest and most genial of living thinkers. will end in your defeat, you must not allow him to
Contact with such an intellect as Mr. Stephen’s is carry it to its conclusion, but interrupt the course of
always in the highest degree stimulating, for the the dispute in time, or break it off altogether, or
author has a happy faculty for clothing abstract lead him away from the subject, and bring him to
truth and close reasoning in the most fascinating others. In short, you must effect the trick which
garb of expression. The Societies for whom these will be noticed later on, the mutatio controversice."
lectures were prepared are much to be envied, and
the larger reading public is to be congratulated upon
It is, we believe, one of the notes of
For architects
the access to them now afforded.
genius that, in speaking of what is
and others.
here and now, it proves also to be
A substantial
The very striking paper entitled “ I8 speaking of what is always and everywhere. Whether
philosophy of Life Worth Living?” contributed by the author who has taken the evil name of Solomon
Optimism.
Professor William James to a recent Gargoyle be a genius or not, is fortunately not to
number of “The International Journal of Ethics," be definitely settled by these lines. But it is worth
has been reprinted in a neat booklet by Mr. S. Burns first mention, that although what is said of “Five
Weston, of Philadelphia. We wish that the essay Sins of an Architect" (Riverton Press) is said by
might find its way to many thousands of readers, for an architect and of architectural matters, it is also
it is both impressive and helpful. The writer holds of broader scope, and has therefore the especial
.a brief for optimism, it is true; but he knows how charm of all work that is appreciably suggestive.
worthless are the stock arguments for the optimistic In putting his finger on some of the weak places of
view, and, instead of sheltering himself behind the architecture, the author indicates also some of the
shallow platitudes that we hear so often, seeks in weaknesses of the larger structure of society; his
the very heart of philosophical thought for his refu conception of a good architect, also, is not without
tation of the pessimist. The essential thesis is that its bearing on our conception of a good man. One


1896.]
367
THE DIAL
not say
reads with a wider interest than would be excited
in the general mind by a discussion of the faults
BRIEFER MENTION.
and follies of any especial profession or art.
The bound volume of “ The Century "magazine which
in dealing with a particular way of life, it has the includes the numbers from November, 1895, to April,
advantage attaching to concrete cases. It is, then, 1896, is at hand, and is as full of interesting matter as
a book which one will read with pleasure and pos-
any of its predecessors. Among the more noticeable
sibly to further advantage. We regret that we can-
features are Mr. H. M. Stanley's account of “The De-
that “there is not a dull page in it”: in
velopment of Africa," Mr. C. E. Borchgrevink's story
of “The First Landing on the Antarctic Continent,"
truth, the author is not always at his best — as must
Mr. Bryce's discussion of “ The Armenian Question,"
of course be true of every honest man. Nor is he
and Mr. Marion Crawford's two papers on Rome. The
uniformly impeccable (giving evidence of some pet serials include Professor Sloane's “Life of Napoleon,"
sins of his own), but it will be more amusing to the Mrs. Ward's “Sir George Tressady," and Mr. Hopkin-
reader to detect the said sins himself, and thereby son Smith's “ Tom Grogan.” The illustrations are, of
taste the joy of commenting on the critic.
course, as distinctive and valuable a feature as ever.
The cante-fable of “ Aucassin et Nicolète” has hith-
Professor Bernard Moses, in “The
The railway age
erto been known to English readers only in Mr. Lang's
Railway Revolution in Mexico" (The exquisite version. A new translation, the work of Mr.
in Mexico.
Berkeley Press, San Francisco ), M. S. Henry and Mr. E. W. Thomson, now appears
deals with the changed industrial and material con in one of the prettiest booklets imaginable from the
ditions of our southwestern neighbor, which have press of Messrs. Copeland & Day. While we cannot
succeeded the recent and extensive building of rail say that the present translators have caught the flavor
roads in that country. He shows that by the influx of the original quite as successfully as did Mr. Lang,
and use of foreign capital in the building of rail-
they have nevertheless produced a very charming version
roads within the past two decades, Mexico, hitherto
of one of the loveliest strays of medieval literature.
an isolated country, “has suddenly been brought
Madame Darmesteter's charming monograph on
under the influences that make for social changes,
“Froissart” (imported by Scribner) has been translated
and we discover here an excellent example of the
into English by Miss E. Frances Poynter, and published
in a volume that is made almost sumptuous by hand-
transition from a stagnant to a progressive society."
some print, heavy paper, and illustrative plates. It is
There is no attempt at exbaustive treatment, — the
a beautiful book in spirit no less than in form, full of
book contains but ninety pages,— but the author dis poetic feeling and sympathetic appreciation. It must
cusses, successively, the order which has followed surely help to make Froissart better known than he now
out of this new means of transportation, the ma is to English readers, and that is no unworthy task.
terial and moral improvement of the population,
The freshness and purity of the old Chronicler at his
the opening of new and unworked fields for agricul.
best are things “ that will never lose their value," but
tural enterprise, and, especially, the wholesome eco-
are likely rather to become more and more prized as
nomic effect which this new influence has had upon
the world grows older.
the cities of the interior. The story is pleasingly
Mr. S. Baring-Gould describes his “Curiosities of
told and will repay a careful perusal. A map of
Olden Times” (Whittaker), as “a small museum
wherein he has preserved some of the quaintest relics
Mexico would have added not a little to the interest
which have attracted his notice during his antiquarian
of the book.
labors. The book certainly points to a vast overhauling
« Governments of the World To of dusty tomes; and the author presents his sufficiently
political handbook, day,” by Mr. Hamblen Sears, is well
curious odds-and-ends of forgotten lore and tradition in
calculated to interest the busy indi a sprightly and agreeable way. There are seventeen
vidual who wishes to keep in touch with current papers in all, under such titles as: “The Meaning of
events in all parts of the globe. Indeed, it may be
Mourning;"«Curiosities of Cypher;" “Strange Pains
and Penalties;” “Some Crazy Saints; ” “ Sortes Sacræ;"
truly said, as appears on the title-page, that the book
“Queen Culprits ;” “The Philosopher's Stone;” etc.
is “an outline for newspaper readers.” It aims to
The book is full of curious and suggestive reading.
give satisfactory answers to “references to contem-
“A Dictionary of Chemical Solubilities" (Macmillan),
porary events, domestic and foreign, to men and
by Dr. Arthur Messinger Correy, has just been pub-
things, which no paper can pretend to explain, which,
lished. It is a work of enormous industry, and, although
in fact, the editors must take for granted as familiar it deals only with inorganic substances, and is printed in
to their readers.” Useful statistical and historical
the most compact form possible, fills over five hundred
information is given of forty-eight different govern double-columned octavo pages. Storer's “ Dictionary,"
ments, alphabetically, beginning with the Argentine published in 1864, is the only previous attempt to deal
Republic and ending with Venezuela. These are with this subject, and, of course, the accumulated de-
followed with an appendix discussing briefly some
terminations of the past thirty years have added greatly
features of a dozen other independent sovereign
to the material to be embodied in such a work. The
authorities are given for the determinations, but no at-
states. Maps are given of most of the countries
tempt has been made to verify them experimentally,
treated, but they are so very small as to be of little
and they often contradict one another. Recent work is
value to the reader. An interesting table, showing likely to be more accurate than earlier, and that is the
the areas, populations, and other data of the British
nearest approach that may be made toward any general
colonies, is found at the end of the book.
rule. Every chemist will find this work indispensable.
9


368
[June 16,
THE DIAL
66
The Western Association of Writers will hold its
LITERARY NOTES.
eleventh annual meeting at Warsaw, Indiana, during
« Julius Cæsar” and “ Timon of Athens" are added the five days beginning June 29. An extensive pro-
by Messrs. Macmillan & Co. to the “ Temple " Shake gramme has been arranged, upon which the following
speare.
writers figure, among many others: Mr. and Mrs. Piatt,
Dr. Paul Carus publishes, through the Open Court
Mrs. Catherwood, Mr. W. H. Venable, President D. S.
Publishing Co., a revised edition of his Primer of Jordan, Mr. Warren K. Moorehead, and Mr. J. C. Rid-
Philosophy,” which was copyrighted in 1893.
path. Miss Birdie Blye will enliven the occasion with
music.
Lover's ever-popular“ Handy Andy," with an Intro-
duction by Mr. Charles Whibley, is the latest addition
The New York publishing business of Messrs. Macmil-
to the Macmillan library of standard fiction reprints.
lan & Co. has been incorporated as The Macmillan Co.,
“ London ” and “ France” are the respective subjects
with Mr. George Platt Brett for President. No changes
of two new volumes in the series of “ Stories by English
in policy and administration are contemplated beyond
those naturally resulting from the gradual increase of
Authors ” now being published by Messrs. Charles Scrib-
the business of the firm, which has been giving special
ner's Sons.
attention of late to its American publications. The di-
Thomas Paine's “The Age of Reason" has been re-
rectors of the Macmillan Company for the first year are
printed from Mr. Moncure D. Conway's edition of
the former members of the firm, Messrs. Frederic Mac-
Paine's works, and issued in a volume by itself. The
millan, George A. Macmillan, George L. Craik, Maurice
publishers are Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Macmillan, George P. Brett, with Alex. B. Balfour,
The “Graduate Courses” for 1896–97, giving the
Lawrence Godkin, Edward J. Kennet, and Lawton L.
courses offered by twenty-three of the leading colleges Walton.
and universities in this country, has just been issued
The Public Opinion Co. has issued Part I. of a series
from the press of Messrs. Leach, Shewell & Sanborn.
entitled “The Hamilton Facsimiles of Manuscripts in
Messrs. D. Appleton & Co. will shortly issue two the National Archives Relating to American History."
works of fiction by new American writers — a story of
Mr. S. M. Hamilton, the editor, justly says: “It will
the New York Ghetto, by Mr. A. Caban, and “Sir
readily be seen that these faithful reproductions, in the
Mark," an historical romance from American material,
exact handwriting, with all erasures, interlineations,
by Miss Anna Robeson Brown.
and signatures as originally written, are of great value
Volume IV. of “The Chap-Book," neatly bound in to all careful students of American history, to conscien-
buckram, makes a handsome volume of over six hun tious teachers, and to every patriotic American.” The
dred pages, and includes the numbers from November Monroe Doctrine is the subject of the manuscripts
15, 1895, to May 1, 1896, inclusive. The title-page chosen for publication in this first volume of the series,
bears the new imprint of Messrs. H. S. Stone & Co. and the documents comprise letters from Monroe, Jef-
Mr. George Haven Putnam's valuable work on “ The ferson, Madison, and Rush, besides extracts from the
Question of Copyright” (Patnam), first published in famous Message of 1823.
1891, has been reissued in a revised and considerably Full of years and honors, Jules Simon has gone to his
enlarged edition. It is a work of great usefulness for rest, and France is plunged into mourning for one of the
reference, being a compendium of the most recent leg- greatest and purest of her statesmen and scholars. He
islation upon the subject.
was born December 31, 1814, and died on the eighth
Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons are engaged in a reissue,
of this month. His early life was that of a scholar and
edited by Professor J. A. Woodburn, of the late Alex-
teacher, and we think of him chiefly during this period
ander Johnston's “ American Orations." Some additions as the pupil of Cousin, and afterwards as his successor
and other changes are to be made, but the work will be
at the Sorbonne. He lectured there for twelve years, be-
substantially what Johnston made it. Four volumes ginning in 1839. He entered politics in 1848 as a mem-
are projected, one of which has just appeared.
ber of the Constituent Assembly, and took his seat with
Captain John G. Bourke, of the Third Cavalry, U.S.A.,
the Left. The loss of his professorship, in 1851, was the
died in Philadelphia on the eighth of June. He was
consequence of his refusal to accept the Empire of the
known to literature as the author of “On the Border
usurper. In this connection, he published “Le Devoir,”
“La Liberté Commune,” and “La Liberté de Con-
with Crook,” “The Snake Dance of the Moquis,” “ An
science.” During the sixties, he published numerous
Apache Campaign," and a number of monographs of
less popular interest. He was fifty-three years of age.
books, among them “L'Ouvrière," "L'Ouvrier de Huit
Ans," “ La Politique Radicale," and “La Peine de
Balzac's “Un Ménage de Garçon,” translated into En Mort." He also entered the Corps Législatif, and soon
glish as “ A Bachelor's Establishment” by Mrs. Hamil-
became the leader of the Republican party. His first
ton Bell, has just been published by Messrs. Macmillan
appointment as Minister was under the temporary gov-
& Co. These publishers also send us “ Kings in Exile,”
ernment of National Defence during the war of 1870.
in their new edition of Daudet, and the fourth volume
In 1871, Thiers gave him the portfolio of Education,
of Carleton's “ Traits and Stories of the Irish Peas
which he held for two years. Later, he published an
antry,” completing the work.
eloquent defence of “Le Gouvernement de Monsieur
The “ Mathematical Papers" read at the International Thiers.” In 1875 he was elected a life senator and
Mathematical Congress held in Chicago in the summer also to the Academy, while in 1876 he became Premier.
of 1893 have just been published by Messrs. Macmillan In 1890, he was a delegate to the Labor Conference
& Co., acting on behalf of the American Mathematical called at Berlin by the German Emperor. He was
Society, and form a handsome volume of over four hun throughout his career the earnest supporter of free
dred pages. They have been edited by a committee con trade, of the republican principle, of arbitration for
sisting of Professors E. H. Moore, Oskar Bolza, Hein- international difficulties, and of the whole set of ideas
rich Maschke, and Henry S. White.
commonly, if somewhat vaguely, designated as liberal.


1896.)
369
THE DIAL
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
(The following list, containing 80 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
GENERAL LITERATURE.
The Astronomy of Milton's "Paradise Lost." By Thomas
N. Orchard, M.D. Illus., 8vo, uncut, pp. 338. Long-
mans, Green, & Co. $5.
Critical Kit-Kats. By Edmund Gosse. 12mo, gilt top, un-
cut, pp. 302. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50.
Adventures in Criticism. By A. T. Quiller-Couch. 12mo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 408. Chas. Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
Essays on Nature and Culture. By Hamilton Wright
Mabie. With portrait, 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 326.
Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.25.
Dictionary of Quotations (English). By Lieut-Col. Philip
Hugh Dalbiac, M.P. 12mo, pp. 510. Macmillan & Co. $2.
The Question of Copyright. By Geo. Haven Putnam,
A.M. Second edition, revised, and with additional ma-
terial ; 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 486. G. P. Putnam's
Song. $1.75.
The Interpretation of Literature. By W. H. Crawshaw,
A.M. 12mo, gilt top, pp. 235. Macmillan & Co. $1.
The Chap-Book. Vol. IV., Nov. 15, 1895, to May 1, 1896.
12mo, uncut, pp. 598. Chicago: H. S. Stone & Co. $1.50.
American Orations: Studies in American Political History.
Edited by Alexander Johnston: reëdited by James Albert
Woodburn. In 4 vols.; Vol. I., 12mo, gilt top, pp. 405.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.25.
What They Say in New England: A Book of Signs, Say-
ings, and Superstitions. Collected by Clifton Johnson.
Illas., 16mo, pp. 263. Lee & Shepard. $1.25.
From the Upanishads. By Charles Johnston. 18mo, un-
cut, pp. 55. Portland, Me.: Thos. B. Mosher, Paper,
75 cts. net.
The Art of Controversy, and Other Posthumous Papers.
By Arthur Schopenhauer; selected and trans. by T. Bai-
ley Saunders. 16mo, pp. 116. Macmillan & Co. 90 cts.
McKinley's Masterpieces: Selections from his Public Ad-
dresses. Edited by R. L. Pagot. With portrait, 18mo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 207. Joseph Knight Co. 75 cts.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
The Life and Works of Robert Burns. Edited by Robert
Chambers ; revised by William Wallace. In 4 vols.; Vols.
I. and II., illus. with etchings and photogravures, 8vo,
gilt tops, uncut. Longmans, Green, & Co. Per vol., $2.50.
Complete Works of Wordsworth. Edited by William
Knight. In 16 vols.; Vols. 1, 2, and 3 now ready: Each,
with portrait, 12mo, uncut. Eversley Series.' Mac-
millan & Co. Per vol., $1.50.
“Sabine" Edition of Eugene Field's Works. New vols.:
The Sabine Farm, Love Affairs of a Bibliomaniac, and
The House. Each, with frontispiece, 12mo, gilt top, un-
cut. Chas. Scribner's Sons. (Sold by subscription only.)
Handy Andy: A Tale of Irish Life. By Samuel Lover,
Esq.; with Introduction by Charles Whibley. Illus., 12mo,
uncut, pp. 523. Macmillan & Co. $1.25.
The “Temple" Shakespeare. Edited by Israel Gollancz,
M.A. New volg.: Julius Cægar and Timon of Athens.
Each with frontispiece, 24mo, gilt top, uncut. Macmillan
& Co. Per vol., 45 cts. net.
HISTORY.
Women in English Life from Mediæval to Modern Times.
By Georgiana Hill, author of "A History of English
Dress."
In 2 vols., with portraits, 8vo, gilt tops. Mac-
millan & Co. $7.50.
Personal Characteristics from French History. By
Baron Ferdinand Rothschild, M.P. With portraits, 8vo,
uncut, pp. 269. Macmillan & Co. $3.25.
The Making of Pennsylvania. By Sydney George Fisher,
B.A. With map, 12mo, pp. 364. J. B. Lippincott Co.
$1.50.
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
Jeanne d'Arc: Her Life and Death. By Mrs. Oliphant.
Illus., 12mo, pp. 417.
“Heroes of the Nations." G. P.
Putnam's Sons. $1.50.
Maria Mitchell: Life, Letters, and Journals. Compiled by
Phebe Mitchell Kendall. Illus., 8vo, gilt top, pp. 293.
Loe & Shepard. $2.
Eliza Pinckney, By Harriott Horry Ravenel. With fac
simile reproduction, 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 331.
" Women of Colonial and Revolutionary Times. Chas.
Scribner's Sons. $1.25.
Alexander Hamilton: Thirty-one Orations Delivered at
Hamilton College, 1864-1895. Collected and edited by
Melvin Gilbert Dodge, A.M. 12mo, pp. 210. G. P. Put-
nam's Sons. $1.25.
POETRY.
Poems and Ballads. By Robert Louis Stevenson. With
portrait, 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 267. Chas. Scribner's
Sons. $1.50.
The Flower Seller, and Other Poems. By Lady Lindsay.
12mo, uncut, pp. 187. Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.50.
Lays and Verses. By Nimmo Christie. 12mo, unout, pp. 80.
Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.25.
Poems of Uhland. Selected and edited by Waterman T.
Hewett, Ph.D. 12mo, pp. 352. Macmillan & Co. $1.10.
FICTION.
Weir of Hermiston: An Unfinished Romance. By Robert
Louis Stevenson. 12mo, gilt top, uncat, pp. 266. Chas.
Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
Rome. By Emile Zola; authorized translation by Ernest
Alfred Vizetelly. In 2 vols., 16mo. Macmillan & Co. $2.
Summer in Arcady: A Tale of Nature. By James Lane
Allen. 16mo, gilt top, uncat, pp. 170. Macmillan & Co.
$1.25.
George's Mother. By Stephen Crane, author of " The Red
Badge of Courage.” 16mo, pp. 177. Edward Arnold. 750.
His Honor, and a Lady. By Mrs. Everard Cotes (Sara Jean-
nette Duncan). Illus., 12mo, pp. 321. D. Appleton &
Co. $1.50.
Emanuel; or, Children of the Soil. By Henrik Pontoppidan;
trans. by Mrs. Edgar Lucas. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, un-
cut, pp. 307. Macmillan & Co. $1.50.
False Coin or True ? By F. F. Montrésor. 16mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 296. D. Appleton & Co. $1.25.
Camilla. Trans. from the Swedish and Danish of Richert
von Koch. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 305. T.Y.
Crowell & Co. $1.25.
Flotsam: The Story of a Life. By Henry Seton Merriman.
With frontispiece, 12mo, pp. 350. Longmans, Green, &
Co. $1.25.
Mark Heffron. By Alice Ward Bailey. 12mo, pp. 354.
Harper & Bros. $1.25.
The Dream-Charlotte: A Story of Echoes. By M. Betham-
Edwards. 12mo, pp. 384. Macmillan & Co. $1.25.
The Cavaliers. By S. R. Keightley, author of "The Crim-
son Sign." Illus., 12mo, pp. 344. Harper & Brog. $1.50.
The Duchess of Powysland. By Grant Allen. 12mo, pp.
353. American Publishers Corporation. $1.
A Faithful Traitor, By Effie Adelaide Rowlands. 12mo,
pp. 298. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.
The Daughter of a Stoic. By Cornelia Atwood Pratt.
16mo, gilt top, pp. 179. Macmillan & Co. $1.25.
The Picture of Las Cruces: A Romance of Mexico. By
Christian Roid. 12mo, pp. 275. D. Appleton & Co. $i.
Wisdom's Folly: A Study in Feminine Development. By
A. V. Dutton. 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 294. Henry
Holt & Co. $1.
The Release; or, Caroline's French Kindred. By Charlotte
M. Yonge. 12mo, pp. 286. Macmillan & Co. $1.
The Dwart's Chamber, and Other Stories. By Fergus
Hume. Illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 386. Ward,' Lock &
Bowden, Ltd. $1.
Stories by English Authors. Now vols.: France and Lon-
don. Each with portrait, 16mo. Chas. Scribner's Sons.
Per vol., 75 cts.
Out of Bounds. By A. Garry. 18mo, gilt top, uncut, pp.
219. Henry Holt & Co. 75 cts.
The Victory of Ezry Gardner. By Imogen Clark. With
frontispiece, 18mo, pp. 173. T. Y. Crowell & Co. 75 cts.
An Art Failure: A Story of the Latin Quarter as It Is. By
John W. Harding. Illus., 16mo, gilt top, pp. 209. F.
Tennyson Neely. 75 cts.
NEW VOLUMES IN THE PAPER LIBRARIES.
American Publishers Corporation's Belgravia Series:
Typee, by Herman Melville ; illus., 12mo, pp. 389, 50 cts.
American Publishers Corporation's Windermere
Series: A Debt of Honour, by Mabel Collins; 16mo, pp.
220, 50 cts.


370
[June 16,
THE DIAL
AUTOGRAPE LETTERS OF CELEBRITIES and
American Publishers Corporation's
Series of American
Novels: Sunset Pass, by Capt. Charles King; illus.,
12mo, 50 cts.
Holland Pub'g Co.'s Holland Library: The New Woman,
or The Revolution of 1900, by Florence Dixie ; 12mo, pp.
286, 50 cts.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.I
Madagascar in War Time: The " Times" Special Corre-
spondent's Experiences. By E. F. Knight. Illus., 8vo,
gilt top, pp. 336. Longmans, Green, & Co. $4.
Beneath Old Roof Trees. By Abram English Brown.
Illus., 12mo, pp. 343. Lee & Shepard. $1.50.
The North Shore of Massachusetts. By Robert Grant.
Dlus., 12mo, pp. 63. "American Summer Resorts.'
Chas. Scribner's Sons. 75 cts.
. .
WALTER ROMBYN BENJAMIN, 287 4th Ave., New York City.
A. S. CLARK, Bookseller, No. 174 Fulton Street, New York (west of
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H. WILLIAMS, No. 25 East Tenth Street, New York.
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THEOLOGY AND RELIGION.
Patmos; or, The Unveiling. By Rev. Charles Beecher.
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Social Meanings of Religious Experiences. By George
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ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL STUDIES.
A History of Modern Banks of Issue. With an Account
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Wages and Capital: An Examination of the Wages Fund
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Burke's Speech on Conciliation with the Colonies.
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MISCELLANEOUS.
Animal Symboliem in Ecclesiastical Architecture. By
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Extraordinary Cases. By Henry Lauren Clinton. With
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La Isla Bárbara and La Guorda Cuidadosa. Two Comedies
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Studies in Judaism. By S. Schechter, M.A. 8vo, pp. 366.
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The Hamilton Facsimiles of Manuscripts. Part I., The
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Buddhism in Translations. By Henry Clarke Warren.
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