leeping, let her sleep;
For lo, this woman named the stars!
flight, but of a few of them something more than
She suckled at her tawny dugs
this may justly be said. The “Sappho " sonnet is a
Your Moses while you reeked in wars
favorable example of his best work.
And prowled your woods, nude, painted thugs."
"Where is that bay-crowned head supreme in song?
After a while, we learn that the poem is a plea for
The tides that darkle round the Leucadian steep
England to evacuate Egypt. Now this stanza illus-
Lap her forever into deeper sleep;
About her heart of fire the cool waves long
trates, as well as a hundred would, the strength and
Like cerements have been wound, and voices strong
weakness of Mr. Miller's genius. In the first place, Of winds and waters o'er her pillow keep
it is diffuse; a truer poet would somehow have put Their boisterous lullaby. That frenzied leap
the thought of the first six verses into two or three.
From the hoar height, when sense of sharpest wrong
Ran in her blood like flame - the fears that strove
All at once we are startled by the fine seventh
Within her stormy soul - the lyric tongue
verse, which almost any poet might be proud to Whose last high music rang through realms of love,
own. Then comes the bald diction of the three fol Till hushed by that sea-weird which o'er her flung
lowing verses, and the unspeakable incongruity of
Its sudden doom, -ah, all the dole thereof
the closing epithet. There is hardly a page of all
No equal tears have wept, no lips have sung."
Mr. Miller's verse that would not thus exemplify Mr. Kenyon's verse is always pleasing and in good
his uncertainty of aim, his nebulosity of expression, taste, but we may hardly call it strong.
his ill-chosen language, his monotony of rhythmical
The prayer of one of Edward Rowland Sill's
movement; — and, with all these defects, his occa-
most subjective and striking poems, “O Lord, be
sional flashes of the higher sort of poetic vision.
merciful to me, a fool,” has been taken by Miss
What a pity that he could not have imparted the Geraldine Meyrick for the text of the slender sheaf
vision alone, with the other things pruned away!
of verses that she has entitled Songs of a Fool.”
Two more volumes of the pretty “Oaten Stop” One of them, “ Dawn,” may be quoted :
Let us


1896.)
123
THE DIAL
"It will not last alway. A change will come ;
“Caracas' sons soon hear the longed-for sound
This weary soul will fall asleep one night,
And deck her streets with banners as they wait;
These stamm'ring lips will some short while be dumb, Strew verdant palms along the holy ground
Then wake to utter truth; a holy light
And cheer her favored son before her gate;
Will brighten these dull, foolish eyes of mine,
While white-robed maidens, all of spotless fame,
And I shall stand erect, a soul divine.
Drag the triumphal car where smiles in state
The Liberator ; - high and potent name
“A soul divine! A feeble Fool no more,
That yields a lordly rank his merit could not claim."
But one of God's own angels. Ah, that day
Is long in coming ; distant is the shore
Bolivar is the hero of this stanza, and one of the
I long so much to reach, and hard the way
chief heroes of the poem. While Mr. Vickers is not
I needs must travel; yet I will not fear;
exactly inspired in his verse, he is interesting, and
A Fool, I know but this, that God is near."
his enthusiasm carries the reader well along with him.
There are only a few pieces in this thin pamphlet, There is a certain solidity and seriousness about the
but they deserve attention for their depth of feeling work that place it in agreeable contrast with the
and their sincerity.
metrical confectionery most in fashion at present.
There are scarcely more than a dozen numbers “ The Lamp of Gold” is a sort of spiritual auto-
in Miss Plummer's volume of “ Verses,” but they are biography, cast in the form of fourteen-line poems,
compact with thought, and will outweigh many a seven groups of seven poems each. The confession
more bulky and pretentious collection. They are is full of tenderness, resignation, and religious sen-
inspired by no facile muse, and strenuous effort timent, falling upon the ear in simple and pleasing
18 impressed upon every page. They make their measures, and affording a personal revelation that
appeal to the intellect primarily, and their plum seems at times almost too intimate for the printed
met sinks into the deeper recesses of the soul. page. We quote one of the more objective of these
The irregular sonnet on “Old Age” is perhaps sonnets :
the finest of these pieces, and, like the verses of “How sweet the shadows are that softly close
Miss Meyrick, suggests the work of Sill at its Upon the shining boundaries of the world
Against the gonfalons of gold and rose
gravest and best.
Through all the sky so wondrously unfurled !
“Now is he come unto that countryside
How fair and free the countless banners float,
Past the last outpost. Here Life loosely reigns,
Borne onward in their royal pageantry,
Asking no tribute from the deadened plains
Till overy hill and plain, howe'er remote,
Where stealthy mists croep from the rising tides.
Thrills back the sense of some new harmony !
If there be fellow-travelers in this vast,
And when the glory fades amid the hush
Scarcely he knoweth. Voices that he hears
That deepens downward with the deepening mist,
Sound far away and strange unto his ears,
The dreams of men take on the morning flush
Commingled with the echoes from the past.
That shimmers through the evening amethyst.
He hath ontstripped the mirage of his prime
Only the blessed child may enter in
Long since; and journeying on to dip his hand
The kingdoms where the heavenly powers begin."
Into Truth's fountain, he hath come to know
Truth for the chiefest mirage. On the sand
The aim of Miss Sophie Jewett, in " The Pilgrim
Lappeth the river at the bounds of Time.
and Other Poems," has been to attempt only simple
His dull ear listens ;- must it, then, be so ?”
tasks, but to perform them perfectly. The rare dis-
The audience found by verse like this is naturally a
tinction of style that is found in the opening poem
small one, but it is well worth speaking to. The does not desert her pages as they follow one an-
lilt of the minor lyrist pleases for the moment and other, and there is almost nothing in the entire book
is forgotten; while the more serious note of such at which the most searching criticism may cavil.
a poem as we have just quoted, if it succeeds in The author relies for her effect upon no rhetorical
reaching the consciousness at all, sets up vibra- devices, but upon her absolute sincerity, and her
tions that are not for the moment only, but of last well-nigh faultless instinct for the right phrase and
ing intensity.
the appropriate rhythm. If such a sonnet as “The
Mr. Robert H. Vickers has taken advantage of
Soldier," for example, does not deserve a high place
our newly-aroused interest in Caban and Spanish poetic art is wrong.
in American poetry, then our whole theory of the
American affairs to write “ America Liberata,” a
.
“The soldier fought his battle silently.
poem which we may describe as the epic of free-
Not his the strife that stays for set of sun;
dom in the Latin countries of the New World. The It seemed this warfare never might be done ;
whole history of the South and Central American Through glaring day and blinding night fought he.
republics is summarized in this production, with the
There came no hand to help, no eye to see ;
No herald's voice proclaimed the fight begun ;
chief stress laid upon the various wars of independ-
No trumpet, when the better field was won,
ence that have been waged against Spanish mis Sounded abroad the soldier's victory.
rule. Mr. Vickers is a good hater as far as Span As if the struggle had been light, he went,
iards are concerned, and his hatred, far from being
Gladly, life's common road a little space ;
Nor any knew how his heart's blood was spent ;
mere vaporing, is based upon a remarkably minute
Yet there were some who after testified
knowledge of Spanish American history. A speci-
They saw a glory grow upon his face ;
men stanza will illustrate the form of this poem.
And all men praised the soldier when he died."


124
(Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
Dante's verse,
“Non vi si pensa quanto sangue strange notions of the Olympians. There is a gleam
costa,” is the fitting motto attached to this grave of practical wisdom in Mr. Field's verses here and
and perfect poem, which is worthy of the text. Dar- there,— as when, for example, the senior thus gives
ing the course of this article we have twice had oc advice to the freshman :
casion to refer to the work of E. R. Sill. Again
“Study your head professor
that thoughtful and harmonious singer is suggested
More than the books you buy ;
by this sonnet, which also recalls Arnold in his most
The proper study of mankind
Is man, you know,- 80 try.
elevated ethical mood. A dozen extracts taken at
Fathom his favorite hobby,
random from this volume would not weaken but
Some hidden crank unearth,-
strengthen the impression made by this piece. One
Whether it's books or babies, just
Work it for all it's worth."
more may be given here, a nature-picture in which
every word is effective.
Coming back again to serious poetry, after this
“The lichen rustles against my cheek,
momentary interlude, we find a welcome gift in Mr.
But the heart of the rock is still ;
Clinton Scollard's “ Hills of Song."
With chattering voice the cedars speak,
Crouched gray on the barren hill.
“Lo! I have fared and fared again
Far up and down the ways of men,
“A land-wind snarls on the cliff's sheer edge ;
And found no path I strayed along
Below, the smitten sea
As happy as the hills of song."
Comes fawning over a sunken ledge
And cowers whimperingly.
Mr. Scollard is at his best in verse that embodies
“In the sultry wood lies a restless hush,
some historical incident or reminiscence of travel.
Not a twitter falls from the sky;
Here are some « Memories of Como":
Hidden are swallow, sparrow, and thrush,
“Triumphant Autumn sweeps from shore to shore,
And the sea-birds only cry."
And works swift magic with her wand of fire ;
A correction of the last line, making it read “ And
She fills the hollows of the hills once more
only the sea-birds cry," would leave this
With amethyst, and like a golden lyre
with-
poem
The woodlands gleam, and quiver, and suspire.
out a defect. As it is, both these verses and many
“I listen, and the low harmonic sound
of their fellows need but to be read to be taken at
Quickens the happy past within my brain ;
once to the heart. Their delicate spirituality is a My spirit crosses with an ardent bound
thing to be deeply grateful for, and Miss Jewett
The severing ocean, and 1 float again
need have no fear that they will fall unheeded by
On Como's tranquil breast that bears no stain."
the wayside.
The
song of “ Taillefer the Trouvère,” with which
“ The Road to Castaly,” if we follow it in Miss
Mr. Scollard's volume opens, is a noteworthy poem
Alice Brown's footsteps, leads through many charm-
in a fine swinging measure.
ing woodland and mountain haunts, and the spirit A word concerning Mr. Archibald Lampman's
pauses to take refreshment by the way from many “Lyrics of Earth," and we will end this lengthy
a deep pool of emotion. A love of nature, and a review of the poetical product of the last few months.
share of the fancy that informs natural objects with Mr. Lampman is one of the truest and sweetest of
the life that we feel to be our own, are predominant the
group of Canadian poets who have made them-
notes in this volume. Here is some good blank selves heard of late, and he sings of nature because
verse from a poem called “Sunrise on Mansfield he knows her, not because he takes it to be the lit-
Mountain":
erary fashion. It is only faithful and loving ob-
“Too still for dreaming, too divine for sleep,
servation that can help a man to such a stanza as
So range the firs, the constant, fearless ones.
the following:
Warders of mountain secrets, there they wait,
Each with his cloak about him, breathless, calm,
“I see the broad rough meadow stretched away
And yet expectant, as who knows the dawn,
Into the crystal sunshine, wastes of sod,
And all night thrills with memory and desire,
Acres of withered vervain, purple-gray,
Searching in what has been for what shall be :
Branches of aster, groves of goldenrod ;
The marvel of the ne'er familiar day,
And yonder, toward the sunlit summit, strewn
Sacred investiture of life renewed,
With shadowy boulders, crowned and swathed with weed,
The chrism of dew, the coronal of flame.”
Stand ranks of silken thistle, blown to seed,
Long silver fleeces shining like the noon.
The “ Stanford Rhymes” of "Carolus Ager,” Mr. Lampman's verse combines this fidelity to the
whose real name is Mr. Charles K. Field, are rather
facts of nature with high qualities of imagination
better than the average of college verse, and make
and passion; it will both bear and repay a close
a good showing brought together in a volume. They
examination.
are alternately humorous and pathetic, with a good
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
deal to say about “co-eds” and “profs" and love
and wine. President Jordan, however, takes pains
The library of the late Ernst Curtius is for sale. It
to inform us that “love and wine in youth are met-
includes about 3500 bound volumes and at least as many
aphors only "; that the wine of these rhymes “con-
pamphlets. The collection is made especially valuable
tains no alcohol," and that the love is not the
by the author's numerous marginal annotations, and we
serious fateful thing it seems.” Whereat, we fancy, should welcome its purchase by one of our American
many a college youth will smile in wonder at the
universities.
-


1896.)
125
THE DIAL
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
Mr. Roy Devereux’s “ The Ascent of
A study of the
woman of to-day.
Woman” (Roberts) is a clever little
Mr. Fulton's " Memoirs of Freder-
Memoirs of
book wherein members of the “ruder
Dr. Barnard, ick A. P. Barnard " (Macmillan) sex," as some innovating spirit impolitely styles it,
of Columbia.
trace the career of a man whose chief. may find themselves and their current interests pun-
est labors were spent in educational reform. In the gently and thoughtfully discussed. Since Schopen-
main they show the man in his public capacity, hauer dismissed her with the curt definition,
where he seems to have possessed very great intel. “ Women are grown-up children,” woman has de-
lectual energy, and to have been as unfaltering as veloped capacities and advanced claims undreamed
he was uncompromising in the pursuit of prin of in his philosophy. The worm (if we may ven-
ciple; but in the first three chapters we get an idea ture on the expression here) has turned ; the once
of his remarkable personality. Dr. Barnard, when bond are free; the chrysalis has become the winged
nearly eighty years of age, still remembered and Psyche — and, in fine, the poor-spirited creature of
described with vididness the early associations of his the primitive Hausfrau type contemplated by the
childhood, the village school, with its plank benches German philosopher shows as a mere protoplasmic
of unpainted pine, the old meeting house, with its polyp, or mollusc, when compared with her highly
high-backed pews, its great pulpit, and the long ser evolved successor of to-day. It is the woman of
mon in which he took as little interest as did the or to-day, rather than woman in the abstract, that our
dinary boy of the time. Although he enjoyed what author discusses; and he discusses her shrewdly,
were then considered good educational advantages, critically, sympathetically, and even comprehen-
and won much distinction as a scholar at both Stock sively, in so far, at least, as a theme so complex can
bridge Academy and Yale College, he spoke depre be viewed comprehensively by a single intellect. It
ciatingly of them in later life. His course at Yale, is fair to Mr. Devereux to say that he does not pre-
he said, was a process of self-education. Like
many
tend to explain woman. Perhaps a genius may
another student, he found that the best part of his arise some day who will achieve this, and then turn
education began after he received his bachelor's de his attention to the Hegelian philosophy. The intro-
gree. Graduating from Yale in 1828, Mr. Barnard ductory chapter deals with The Criticism of Wo-
began his pedagogical career as an assistant in the man,” after which the author goes on to discuss,
Hartford Grammar School. He then became a tu under the main heads “ Of her Life” and “ Of her
tor in mathematics in Yale College; but at the end Looks," such topics as: “ The Value of Love,” “ The
of a year bis increasing deafness forced him back Practice of Marriage,” “The Sisterhood of Wo-
to Hartford, where he accepted an instructorship in man,'
,” “ The Progress of Fashion,” “On Color in
the American Institute for the Deaf and Dumb. Costume,” “The Superfluous,” “ The Ideal,” etc.
He entered so earnestly into this work at Hartford, The author's style savors of sound reading, his ideas
and later at New York, that he soon became a mas are usually fresh and worth weighing, and his book
ter in the principles and practice of deaf-mute altogether forms a refreshing contrast to the aver.
instruction. From 1838 to 1854 he was connected age
dissertation on its subject. If the “new woman
with the University of Alabama, where his skill as be half she claims to be, and what her judicious
a teacher and organizer was a potent influence in friends would fain believe her to be, it is surely
bringing order out of the disorganized state into high time to write of her and for her as if she were
which that institution had been brought by the insub- something more than Schopenhauer's " grown-up
ordination of its students. It was here that he child,” something more than the trifler whose mind
wrote those important letters on College Govern is formed on the study of the “ Society Column
ment which centred upon him the attention of the and the contemplation of the “fashion plate.”
prominent educators of the country. He next went Every woman of sense and spirit must resent the
to Mississippi, where his reputation as an educator assumption, still common on the part of publishers
and his power as an executive soon secured for him of the hundred-and-one more or less trashy and inane
the Presidency of the State University. He now journals gotten up for the express use and delecta-
inaugurated many important reforms, some of which tion of her sex, that only the mildest sort of literary
were just reaching their consummation when the out pap is congenial to the female palate and digestion.
break of the Civil War brought to a sudden close Mr. Devereux pays his fair readers the compliment
these, as well as other, enterprises of peace. Al of assuming at the outset that their latter-day inter-
though Dr. Barnard, in his long residence at the est in serious things is not all a sham and fad of the
South, had become a slaveholder, he at no time hour.
wavered in his opposition to secession. In 1864 he
Most readers of Browning will be
was elected to the Presidency of Columbia College,
Christian teaching glad to see a book on Browning's
in Browning.
and from that time until his death, in 1889, his life
attitude toward Christianity; or,
is the history of the important educational matters more accurately speaking, of Browning's presenta-
connected with that institution. As much of Mr. tion of Christian doctrine. And Browning students
Fulton's book is devoted to the exposition of Dr. will naturally recognize in Dr. Berdoe one singu-
Barnard's opinions, the work is certain of a kindlarly fitted for the task, by the knowledge of the
reception from all interested in higher education. poet's works, and the appreciation, shown in pre-


126
(Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
Thoreau as a
Great Writer.
ers
vious books. Dr. Berdoe himself gives further College, surrounded by the evidences of her honor-
reason in an introductory note : Browning has been able professional career, came to be regarded by
to him a real apostle, whose work has been of the many as a pilgrim-shrine of life, and her personality
greatest success. “ Browning and the Christian was so strong that it gave astronomy a prominence
Faith" (Macmillan) comes, then, with good spon at Vassar such as it has had in few colleges either
sorg: we think the volume will not be found to fall for men or women. The narrative of this life is
short of expectation. It is, as is indicated on the told with reserve and dignity, but with sufficient
title-page, a systematized view of the evidences of fulness, by a sister, Mrs. Phebe Mitchell Kendall.
Christianity from Browning's point of view.” We
should not think of offering particular criticism
Mr. H. S. Salt, who is known as an
upon such a book in the space at our command ; it
editor of a portion of Thoreau's col-
must be sufficient to indicate the plan of the work
lected works, and as a writer about
and the success of the author in carrying out his
Thoreau from a very appreciative and even eulo-
plan. With regard to any such study, there would
gistic point of view, has given, in his life of Tho-
reau for Mr. Walter Scott's series of “Great Writ-
seem to be two questions which must be answered
before we can estimate its value. First, can we be
(imported by Scribner) an abridged and
sure, in dealing with so dramatic a poet as Brown-
revised edition of his earlier work, published in
1890. In the case of Thoreau there is less material
ing, that we have his own opinion in this or that
for a biography than in that of almost any other
quotation? and, second, can we rightly make a
system based upon quotations from the work of fifty figure in literature. His was neither a life of the
years, without considering the chronology of the family, nor of the community, nor of the nation,
matter? In other words, do we want a system of truth
nor even of the republic of letters; it had no events,
expressed in Browning's words, or a statement of
no career; there was only the set inwardness of
very
little
Browning's own religious beliefs? We do not think growth of a life hid with nature. So, the
that Dr. Berdoe is quite definite on these points. material the biographer finds must be made much
As to dramatic utterance, he points out that he seeks
of, even in so small a work as this. Still, this is a
The
sufficiently readable and accurate account.
Browning's own opinions : we think that although
here and there he mistakes the sayings of the char-
three last chapters discuss Thoreau as man and
acter for the beliefs of the writer, he is generally ard Jefferies ; but he is certainly wide of the mark
writer. Mr. Salt regards him as most akin to Rich-
in the right. But as to the second question, he has
nothing to say. His quotations come from all parts
in supposing that Thoreau could have written the
of Browning's works, and he leaves us in this
sentence quoted on page 189. Thoreau never " fan-
dilemma: either Browning never held this system
cied" anything; his method of expression was ab-
in its entirety, or there was no development in his
solutely direct. Mr. Salt thinks the future will
rank Thoreau as
religious thought for half a century. Possibly this
no mere Emersonian disciple,"
objection is that of the literary historian, who always stimulating, and vital personality of all the Concord
but as a “master-mind,” “ by far the most inspired,
desires to know what was the actual fact; many
lovers of Browning will desire, rather, to know what
group."
was Browning's testimony through life to a system
To consider the Anglo-Saxon para-
Cadmon and
of universal truth.
phrase of the Genesis by the so-called
Milton compared.
Cædmon as a separate and original
In the “ Life, Letters, and Journal epic, and read it in comparison with Milton, is to
Lije and letters of of Maria Mitchell” (Lee & Shepard) commit one's self to appreciative, rather than scho-
we get a view of one of the ablest lastic and elucidative, endeavor. This is chiefly
women and most interesting characters of the present what the Rev. S. Humphreys Gurteen, in his Epic
generation. Showing a decided taste for astronomy of the Fall of Man: A Comparative Study of Cæd-
at a period when there was no school in the world mon, Dante, and Milton" (Putnam), has, as he
where she could be taught either this or the higher avows himself, attempted. Dante is brought in only
mathematics,—when even Harvard College had no for the chapter on the torture-house of the Anglo-
better telescope than the home instrument belonging Saxon version and the hell of “ Paradise Lost,” and
to Mr. Mitchell, when astronomy was regarded as the Cædmonian poem is treated frankly as the homo-
akin to alchemy,—the contributions of Miss Mitchell geneous product of the bard of Whitby; so that a
to astronomical science are fully entitled to be con perusal of the book resolves itself into a purely
sidered independent, if not original. Her services æsthetic weighing of the Old-English work with the
as an educator are scarcely less distinguished. Her performance of the great Puritan. Here, since
method was through stimulus and not through drill; “Paradise Lost” is notoriously the most artificial
she held the marking system in contempt, but hun poem in the language, it is not hard to agree with
dreds of Vassar alumnæ and students testify to her Mr. Gurteen in finding many places where Cædmon
immense force on their lives. Her influence upon is the more freshly pleasing. The conception of
the pupils who were her daily companions was per- Eve, notably and perhaps not unaccountably, is a
manent, character-moulding, and unceasingly pro case in point. Probably one of the results of the
gressive. Her study in the observatory of Vassar | Anglo-Saxon revival in this century is destined to be
Maria Mitchell.


1896.)
127
THE DIAL
erences.
the
a still more frequent turning back to the undulled again the old fires of years ago, and many a young
pages of Old-English literature. Mr. Gurteen uses face light up with a new-born patriotism,” and we
his own careful translation of the paraphrase, and do not doubt that it will produce both the one effect
the volume further embodies reduced facsimiles of and the other.
the curious and interesting illuminations of the Jun-
Mr. W. G. Wood-Martin presents a
ian manuscript, taken from the facsimiles originally Antiquities of
summary of the knowledge concern-
published by the London Society of Antiquaries.
Pagan Ireland.
ing the antiquities of Pre-Christian
Ireland, in a work entitled “Pagan Ireland, an
Mr. F. J. Stimson assures us that his
A reference book
Archæological Sketch” (Longmans). There are
for labor laws in “ Hand-Book to the Labor Law of
the United States.
few richer fields for the student in archæology. The
the United States ” (Scribner) " is
field has been diligently worked, but the results are
the result of an attempt to set forth, as it exists in
to be found only by a prodigious ransacking of jour-
the United States to-day, that law of labor disputes
nals, transactions, and proceedings, not easily ac-
and the regulation of industrial affairs and the pro-
cessible. Our author is an authority ; both as field-
tection of employees, which has had its greatest de-
worker and writer, he is well-known; his studies
velopment in the last few years." There is no
of Irish Lake Dwellings and Rude Stone Mon-
attempt at exhaustive treatment, and the volume is
ments are classic. He is, then, eminently qualified
not even dignified with the claim of being a law
for the task he undertakes in this book. He has
text-book. It is intended for general use, and has accomplished it well
. The whole field is traversed,
the undoubted merit of dealing with a thoroughly and the six hundred pages of close print, with more
live public question in a most interesting and intelli-
than four hundred illustrations, make the work what
gent manner. Just now there are perhaps no ques-
the author claims a handbook of Irish Pre.
tions of more vital concern to the vast army of
Christian Antiquities. There is an excellent index,
wage-earners than those which are considered in this
and a classified bibliography of six hundred and
hand-book. The chapter on strikes, boycotts, and
more numbers, some of which comprise several ref-
lockouts is one of the fullest, both in its statement
of the law as it is found on the statute-books of the interesting; the archæologist will find it indispens-
The general reader will find the book
various phases of the labor question, which bave
elder faiths," superstitions connected with stones,
been brought before them for adjudication. The
and the use of stones in divination and cursing, will
comments of the author are generally fair, and his
particularly please most readers.
judgments seem to be sustained by the better rea-
son. The citation of cases is numerous enough to
Mr. F. H. Habben devotes an inter-
History of
fulfil the purpose of the book, and the copious foot-
esting little book of some 260 pages
notes add to its value. The book well supplies a
in London.
to investigating the origin, meaning,
need with that class who do not care for an exhaus and historic value of “ London Street Names
tive or very technical treatment of the subject. (Lippincott). Visitors to London have time out of
mind been used to puzzle over such seeming freaks
Readers who think they have got of municipal nomenclature as “ Petticoat Lane,"
some notion of warfare from an emo-
of army life.
“ Pudding Lane," “ Mincing Lane," “ Bull-and-
tional and illiterate book like “ The
Moath St.," "Camomile St.," "St. Margaret Pat-
Red Badge of Courage" may be commended to
tens,” and so on; and these mysteries Mr. Habben
such a work as Colonel Edward Anderson's “Camp
elucidates briefly and for the most part conclusively.
Fire Stories" (Star Publishing Co.) as a corrective. Much of London history is epitomized in these
Colonel Anderson served as a cavalry officer in the
quaint names of old streets and courts, which have
Southwest during the greater part of our Civil War,
endured like monumenta ære perenniora of a buried
and had his full share of the soldier's experience.
past; and therefore the author has in some cases
A clergyman before and after, the fighting instinct
not hesitated to be rather discursive. Usually, how-
was too strong to be resisted during those four event-
ever, the names are dismissed with a brief state-
ful years, and he fought Southerners in the field as
ment of their origin. The reader will find the book
vigorously as he had been wont to fight Satan in
a useful supplement to the excellent works on Lon-
the pulpit. The stories that he tells us are not so don of Mr. Loftie and Sir Walter Besant.
much of battles, however, as of the incidental phases
of army life; they are in turn pathetic and shrewdly
Mrs. Julia C. R. Dorr is one of the
The English
humorous, and give us many glimpses of the day-
latest travellers to write a book about
Cathedrals.
by-day life of camp, bivouac, and hospital. They are,
the English cathedrals, which, though
moreover, happily mellowed in the retrospect of they may be less perfect than their fellows across
riper years, infused with the kindliest feeling, and far the channel, are demonstrably perennial in their
more effective in their unpretentious way than many charm. “ Á Cathedral Pilgrimage" (Macmillan)
a more ambitious portrayal of army life. The au gives an account, in readable woman's English, of
thor expresses a hope that his book “
may
make visits to Wells, Salisbury, Ely, Peterborough, Lin-
many an eye that grows rheumy with age flash out coln, Durham, Canterbury, and Exeter. There is
street names
True realism


128
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
DIAL
a bit of historiography now and then, some of the
LITERARY NOTES.
anecdote of travel, and some frank, if rather ex-
alted, impression. The papers, which are partic Brümmer's " Lexicon of German Authors" contains
ularly designed to bring to true cathedral lovers" about five thousand names.
at home “the delight of personal knowledge and It is stated that the Norwegian government has re-
intimacy,” make also a volume which will take little cently done away with the study of Latin and Greek in
room, and probably not come amiss, in the tourist's
the higher schools of that country.
knapsack.
Herr Björnson announces that he will hereafter live
in Germany, having been driven from his native country
by the constant attacks upon him by the political press.
Dr. Newton Bateman and Mr. Paul Selby are en-
BRIEFER MENTION:
gaged in the preparation of a "Historical Encyclopedia
Lorenzo de' Medici is the subject of the last volume
of Illinois,” which promises to be an interesting and
introduced, somewhat equivocally perhaps, into the
valuable work.
“ Heroes of the Nations " series (Putnam), of which
Dr. Charles Lotin Hildreth died in New York a few
some seventeen have already appeared under the gen days ago, from nervous prostration brought on by the
eral editorship of Mr. Evelyn Abbott. The book may
terrific heat of August. He was forty years of
age,
and
be thought to derive a kind of fanciful timeliness since will be remembered as the author of “The Masque of
the discovery last year of the bodies of the great despot Death, and Other Poems," a volume of considerable
and his brother in the New Sacristy of San Lorenzo in value.
Florence. Lorenzo's latest biographer, Mr. E. Arm Mr. J. E. C. Bodley, an English scholar, has been at
strong, does not pretend to be definitive, and many per work for the past six years upon a book which will do
sons may find his interpretation a bit ideal, yet the ques for modern France about what Mr. Bryce has done for
tions in dispute are for the most part freshly and sanely the United States in his “ American Commonwealth.”
put.
The first volume will be published this fall by the Mac-
“ A Text-Book of the History of Architecture" millan Co.
(Longmans), by Mr. A. D. F. Hamlin, and “A History Messrs. A. S. Barnes & Co. announce a new edition,
of Architecture for the Student, Craftsman, and Ama in three volumes, of Mrs. Lamb's “ History of the City
teur" (imported by Scribner), by Mr. Banister Fletcher of New York,” with a lengthy additional chapter on
and Mr. Banister F. Fletcher, are single-volume treat “ The Externals of the Modern City," prepared by Mrs.
ises for the student and the general reader. Both are Burton Harrison. Those having the old editions of
abundantly illustrated, but the work of the Messrs. Mrs. Lamb's work may obtain Mrs. Harrison's edition in
Fletcher has the more attractive plates, and is the more a volume by itself.
extensive treatise of the two.
Professor Josiah Dwight Whitney, of Harvard Uni.
“ Macaulay's and Carlyle's Essays on Samuel John versity, died on the nineteenth of August, at the age of
son,” edited by Mr. William Strunk, Jr., are published seventy-six. He was an elder brother of the late W. D.
in a neat volume by Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. Other Whitney, and the bighest mountain in the United States
English texts are Macaulay's essay on Milton (Ginn), bears bis name, a deserved tribute to his high rank as a
edited by Mr. H. A. Smith; a volume of “Selections geologist. His name is associated with that of the late
from Carlyle” (Allyn), edited by Mr. H. W. Boynton; Dr. J. W. Foster, of Chicago, in the well-known Foster
Coleridge's “ Ancient Mariner” (American Book Co); and Whitney's Report on the Geology of the Lake Su-
and an annotated selection of Tennyson's “Idylls perior Region.
(Houghton), made by Professor W. J. Rolfe.
We learn that work has actually begun on the impor-
Messrs. John Murphy & Co. issue a little booklet tant enterprise of reprinting, in French and English,
entitled “How to Speak Latin, a Series of Latin Dia the extended series of “ Jesuit Relations,” projected by
logues with English Translation.” The book is by Mr. Messrs. Burrows Brothers of Cleveland. Sixty volumes
Stephen W. Wilby, and is divided into four depart of three hundred pages each, and five years of time, will
ments: Forms of Speaking, Dialogues, Readings, and be required; the volumes appearing at the rate of one
Wisdom of the Ages, the last being
a collection of more a month. The work is all to be done in Cleveland, at
or less familiar Latin aphorisms.
the Imperial Press; and the type is to be set by ma-
“The Oxford Manuals of English History” (Scrib- chinery. Mr. R. G. Thwaites is the editor of the series.
ner) are designed to provide students with elementary We find the following interesting note in the “ Japan
text-books dealing with special periods in the spirit of Mail," the leading English-printed journal of Japan:
the most recent scholarship, yet affording, when taken “We understand that the chair of English Literature in
together, a résumé of the entire history of England. the Imperial University is to be filled by Mr. Lafcadio
The books are to be six in number, under the editorship Hearn; Professor Wood, its hitherto occupant, being
of Mr. C. W. C. Oman, and three of them have been about to return to the United States. The University
received by us. “ The Making of the English Nation,” is very fortunate in obtaining the services of a literary
by Mr. C. G. Robertson; “ King and Baronage,” by Mr. star like Mr. Hearn. Our readers may not be aware
W. H. Hutton; and “King and Parliament,” by Mr. that Mr. Hearn is a naturalized Japanese, and that, in
G. H. Wakeling, are the titles. These volumes are one, the country of his adoption, he is known as Mr. I wai-
two, and five, of the projected series, leaving " The zumi Yakumo. It will, perhaps, be referred to by and
Hundred Years' War,” « England and the Reforma by as a singular fact that whereas the chair of Japanese
tion,” and “The Making of the British Empire "yet to Literature in the University was, until recently, filled
be supplied. The work appears to be very well done, by a British subject, Mr. Basil Hall Chamberlain, the
is uniform in scale and method, and may be warmly chair of English Literature is now to be occupied by a
recommended to teachers of English history.
Japanese subject."
-


1896.)
129
THE DIAL
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
September, 1896 (First List).
Alaska. John G. Brady. Chautauquan.
America, Discovery and Naming of. B. A. Hinsdale. Dial.
Ballot, Forms of the. Lee J. Vance. Chautauquan.
British National Portrait Gallery. Cosmo Monkhouse. Scrib.
Bunner, H. C. Brander Matthews. Scribner.
Child-Study in Educational Work. A. B. Woodford. Dial.
Cliff Dwellings, American. T. Mitchell Prudden. Harper.
Congressional Library, The New. E. A. Hempstead. Chaut.
Driving, the Art of. H. C. Merwin. Harper.
Educational Document, An Important. Dial.
English, Conversational. Percy F. Bicknell. Dial.
Fiatism, Natural History of. F. P. Powers. Lippincott.
Forestry as a Pursuit. Anna C. Brackett. Harper.
Heroines. Nina R. Allen. Lippincott.
International Exhibitions, Advantages of. Lippincott.
Japanese Folk-Songs. Lafcadio Hearn. Atlantic.
Literature, Teaching Spirit of. W. P. Trent. Atlantic.
MoCosh, James. Grace Julian Clarke. Dial.
Medical Student, Life of a. A. L. Benedict. Lippincott.
Musical Celebrities of Vienna. W. von Sachs. Harper.
Negro, Awakening of the. Booker T. Washington. Atlantic.
Olympian Games, The New. R. B. Richardson. Scribner.
Poetry, Recent Books of. W. M. Payne. Dial.
President, Election of the. J. B. McMaster. Atlantic.
Roads, Country. Frank French. Scribner.
San Francisco. George H. Fitch. Chautauquan.
Silver, Old. Theodore S. Woolsey. Harper.
Uncle Tom's Cabin, Story of. C. D. Warner. Atlantic.
West, Problem of the. Frederick J. Turner. Atlantic.
Women in English Life. Anna B. McMahan. Dial.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
(The following list, containing 70 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
Skenandoa. By Clinton Scollard. 12mo, uncut, pp. 89.
Utica, N. Y.: Wm. T. Smith & Co. $1.
FICTION.
Mrs. Gerard. By Maria Louise Pool. Illus., 12mo, pp. 339.
Harper & Bros. $1.50.
Black Diamonds. By Maurus Jokai ; trans. by Frances A.
Gerard. With portrait, 12mo, uncut, pp. 459. Harper &
Bros. $1.50.
Without Sin. By Martin J. Pritchard. 12mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 298. H. S. Stone & Co. $1.25.
Episcopo & Company. By Gabriele D'Annunzio; trans.
by Myrta Leonora Jones. 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 122.
H. S. Stone & Co. $1.25.
An Outcast of the Islands. By Joseph Conrad. 12mo,
pp. 335. D. Appleton & Co. $1.
Cinder-Path Tales. By William Lindsey. 16mo, uncut,
pp. 210. Copeland & Day. $1.
The Babe, B.A. By Edward F. Benson, author of "Dodo."
Illus., 16mo, pp. 310. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.
Stories by English Authors, new vols.: Scotland and The
Orient. Each with portrait, 16mo. Chas. Scribner's Sons.
Per vol., 75 cts.
Dr. Nikola. By Guy Boothby, author of " A Bid for For-
tune.” 12mo, pp. 311. D. Appleton & Co. $1.
Love is a Spirit. By Julian Hawthorne. 12mo, pp. 200.
Harper & Bros. $1.25.
Ship Daphne: A Story of the City and the Sea. By Rev.
T. S. Millington. Illus., 12mo, pp. 344. Boston: A. I.
Bradley & Co. $1.25.
Marred in the Making. By H. W. Shrewsbury. Illus.,
12mo, pp. 253. Boston: A. I. Bradley & Co. $1.
A Vanished Hand. By Sarah Doudney. Illus., 16mo,
pp. 193. Boston: A. I. Bradley & Co. $1.
Posie; or, From Reveille to Retreat: An Army Story. By
Mrs. M. A. Cochran. Illus., 16mo, pp. 194. Robt. Clarke
Co. $1.25.
A Romance of the New Virginia. By Martha Frye Boggs.
12mo, pp. 369. Arena Pub'g Co. $1.
A Literary Farce. By the Countess di Brazzà (Cora Slo-
comb). 8vo, uncut, pp. 36. Arena Pub'g Co. Paper.
A Journey in Other Worlds: A Romance of the Future.
By John Jacob Astor. New edition ; illus., 16mo, pp. 476.
D. Appleton & Co. Paper, 50 cts.
A Master of Fortune. By Julian Sturgis. With frontis-
piece, 18mo, pp. 192. F. A. Stokes Co. 75 cts.
Heather from the Brae: Scottish Character Sketches. By
David Lyall, 16mo, uncut, pp. 214. F. H. Revell Co. 75c.
NEW VOLUMES IN THE PAPER LIBRARIES.
Rand, McNally & Co.'s Globe Library: She Fell in Love
with her Husband, by E. Werner; 12mo, pp. 336, 50 cts.
- Not Wisely but Too Well, by Rhoda Broughton; 12mo,
pp. 374, 25 cts.
American Publishers Corporation's Fortnightly Series:
Eunice Quince, by Dane Conyngham ; pp. 362.- As the
Wind Blows, by Eleanor Merron ; pp. 330.-Jill, by L. T.
Meade; pp. 279. Each 12mo, 50 cents.
American Publishers Corporation's Illustrated Series:
Omoo, by Herman Melville ; pp. 365.-The White Jacket,
by Herman Melville ; pp. 374. Each illus., 12mo, 50 cts.
American Publishers Corporation's Series of Amer-
ican Novels: The King's Daughters, by Mrs. Ellen E.
Dickinson ; illus., 12mo, pp. 275, 50 cts.
American Publishers Corporation's Belmore Series:
The Cuban Liberated, by Robert Rexdale ; 12mo, pp. 226.
50 cts.
American Publishers Corporation's Belgravia Series:
Moby Dick, by Herman Melville ; illus., 12mo, pp. 545,
50 cts.
RELIGION AND THEOLOGY.
The Religion of Manhood. By John Owen Coit, author of
“ Inspirations." 16mo, uncut, pp. 100. G. P. Putnam's
Sons. 75 cts.
The Gospel According to John, from the Am. Version,
revised New Testament. Edited by Roswell D. Hitch-
cock. Illus., 16mo, pp. 64. Fords, Howard & Hulbert.
Linen, 10 cts.
Origin and Development of the Nicene Theology: Lec-
tures. By Hugh M. Scott, D.D. 8vo, pp. 390. Chicago :
Theological Seminary Press.
A Story of the Heavenly Camp-Fires. By One with a
New Name. 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 219. Harper &
Bros. $1.25.
HISTORY.
The Province of Quebec and the Early American Revolu-
tion. By Victor Coffin, Ph.D. 8vo, uncut, pp. 562.
University of Wisconsin. Paper, 75 cts.
The Growth of the French Nation. By George Burton
Adams. Illus., 12mo, pp. 350. Flood & Vincent. $1.
A Survey of Greek Civilization. By J. P. Mahaffy, D.D.
Illus., 12mo, pp. 337. Flood & Vincent. $1.
How Marcus Whitman Saved Oregon. By Oliver W.
Nixon, LL.D. Fifth edition ; illus., 8vo, gilt top, pp. 339.
Chicago: Star Pub'g Co. $1.75.
The Ecumenical Councils. By William P. Du Bose, S.T.D.
12mo, pp. 350. " Ten Epochs of Church History." Chris-
tian Literature Co. $1.50.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
French Traits: An Essay in Comparative Criticism. By
W.C. Brownell. 12mo, pp. 316. Flood & Vincent. $i.
A History of Greek Art. With Introductory chapter on
Art in Egypt and Mesopotamia. By F. B. Tarbell.
Illus., 12mo, pp. 300. Flood & Vincent. $1.
'NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
Novels of Captain Marryat. Edited by R. Brimley John-
son. New vols.. The Phantom Ship, Snarley-Yow, and
Olla Podrida. Each illus., 12mo, gilt top, uncut. Little,
Brown, & Co. Per vol., $1.50.
Life on the Mississippi. By Mark Twain. Illus., 12mo,
pp. 465. Harper & Bros. $1.75.
POETRY.
Custer, and Other Poems. By Ella Wheeler Wilcox. Illus.,
12mo, pp. 134. Chicago : W. B. Conkey Co.
Beyond the Bank of Mist. By Isaac Rieman Baxley.
12mo, pp. 31. Buffalo: Peter Paul Book Co.
The Promise of the Ages. By Charles Augustus Keeler.
12mo, uncut, pp. 56. Berkeley, Calif.: The Author.
In Lamech's Reign. By A. Glanville. Illus., 12mo, pp. 68.
Chicago: A Francoeur & Co.


130
(Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
NEW BOOKS.
Camping in the Canadian
Rockies.
An Account of Camp Life in the Wilder Parts of the
Canadian Rocky Mountains, together with a descrip-
tion of the Region about Banff, Lake Louise, and
Glacier, and a sketch of the Early Explorations. By
Walter Dwight Wilcox. With 25 full-page pho-
togravures and many illustrations in the text, from
photographs by the author. Large 8vo, gilt top, $4.00.
“The author gives graphic descriptions of the adventures
of the party, and presents, in a popular manner, the main fea-
tures of the geology, botany, fauna, and climatic conditions of
the mountains.
“The volume should awaken a keen interest in this com-
paratively unknown region, where sport, scenery, and climate
offer such exceptional attractions to the hardy summer trav-
eller and the lover of nature."
FINANCE.
The Monetary and Banking Problem. By Logan G.
McPherson. 16mo, pp. 135. D. Appleton & Co. $1.
History of Taxation in Connecticut, 1636–1776. By F. R.
Jones, A.M. 8vo, uncut, pp. 72. Johns Hopkins Uni-
versity Studies. Paper, 50 cts.
What Is an Honest Dollar? By“Fairplay." 12no, pp. 31.
Lee & Shepard. Paper, 15 cts.
When Coinage of Silver is Free. By William Morse Cole,
A.M. 16mo, pp. 27. Boston: Mathews Pub'g Co. Paper,
10 cts.
BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG.
Under the Tamaracks; or, A Summer with General Grant
at the Thousand Isles. By Elbridge S. Brooks. Illus.,
12mo, pp. 336. Philadelphia: Penn Pub'g Co. $1.25.
In the Days of Washington: A Story of the American
Revolution. By William Murray Graydon. Illus., 12mo,
pp. 319. Philadelphia: Penn Pub'g Co. $1.25.
The Lost Gold Mine. By Frank H. Converse. Illus., 12mo,
pp. 354. Philadelphia : Penn Pub'g Co. $1.25.
Her College Days: A Story for Girls. By Mrs. Clarke
Johnson. Illus., 12mo, pp. 336. Philadelphia : Penn
Pub'g Co. $1.25.
An Everyday Heroine: A Story for Girls. By Mary A.
Denison. Illus., 12mo, pp. 329. Philadelphia: Penn
Pub'g Co. $1.25.
The Golden Rock. By Lieut. R. H. Jayne. Illus., 12mo,
pp. 315. American Publishers Corporation. $1.
EDUCATION.- TEXT-BOOKS.
Herbart's A B C of Sense Perception, and Minor Pedagog-
ical Works. Translated, with introduction and notes, by
William J. Eckoff, Ph.D. 12mo, pp. 290. " International
Education Series." D. Appleton & Co. $1.50.
Elements of Geometry. By Andrew W. Phillips, Ph.D.,
and Irving Fisher, Ph.D. Illus., 12mo, pp. 540. Harper
& Bros. $1.75.
Premières Lectures. Par “Veteran." 12mo, pp. 155.
“Initiatory French Readings." Wm. R. Jenkins. 75 cts.
Longmans' English Classics. New vols.: Soutbey's Life of
Nelson, edited by Edwin L. Miller, A.M.; pp. 302, 75 cts.
Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield, edited by Mary A.
Jordan, A.M.; pp. 205, 75 cts.— The Sir Roger De Cover-
ley Papers from “The Spectator," edited by D. 0. S.
Lowell, A.M.; pp. 174, 60 cts.- Milton's Paradise Lost,
Books I. and Il., edited by Edward Everett Hale, Jr.,
Ph.D.; pp. 112, 50 cts.- Macaulay's Life of Johnson,
edited by Huber Gray Buehler, A.M.; pp. 110, 50 cts.
Each with portrait, 12mo. Longmans, Green, & Co.
Composite Geometrical Figures. By George A. Andrews,
A.M. 12mo, pp. 57. Ginn & Co. 55 cts.
Pets and Companions: A Second Reader. By J. H. Stick-
ney. Illus., 12mo, pp. 142. Ginn & Co. 40 cts.
Educational Music Course. By Luther Whiting Mason and
others. First, second, and third readers ; each 12mo.
Ginn & Co.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Syria from the Saddle. By Albert Payson Terhune. Illus.,
12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 318. Silver, Burdett & Co.
A Study of the Sky. By Herbert A. Howe, A.M. Illus.,
12mo, pp. 340. Flood & Vincent. $1.
The Pith of Astronomy (Without Mathematics). By Sam-
uel G. Bayne. Illus., 16mo, pp. 122. Harper & Bros. $1.
A Spiritual Tour of the World, in Search of the Line of
Life's Evolution. By Otto A. De La Camp. 12mo, pp. 207.
Arena Pub'g Co. $1.
The Prohibition Handbook. By George B. Waldron, A.M.
24mo, pp. 158. Funk & Wagnalls Co. 50 cts.
Monologues and Novelties. By B. L. C. Griffith and
others. 12mo, pp. 211. Philadelphia: Penn Pub'g Co.
Paper, 30 cts.
Best Selections for Readings and Recitations, No. 24.
Compiled by Mrs. J. W. Shoemaker. 16mo, pp. 203.
Philadelphia : Penn Pub'g Co. Paper, 30 cts.
The Hastings Chess Tourna-
ment Book.
Containing the full official record of the 320 games
played by the 22 competitors at this latest Interna-
tional Congress, annotated by a distinguished body
of experts, including in their number eight prize win-
ners. Together with biographical sketches of the 22
players, with portraits and autographs of each; the
rules under which the Tournament was played; and
200 diagrams of situations, etc. 8vo, net, $1.75.
Send for latest issue of "Notes on New Books," now ready.
G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS,
New York and London.
8. CLARK, Bookseller, No. 174 Fulton Street, New York (west of
Broadway), has issued a new Catalogue - Americana, Genealogy,
Rebellion, etc.
Send for a copy.
H. WILLIAMS, No. 25 East Tenth Street, New York.
MAGAZINES, and other Periodicals. Sets, volumes, or single numbers.
DEALER IN
and competent revision of MSS. of all kinds. 2, Letters of expert
and candid criticism. 3, Advice and aid as to publication. GEORGE
WILLIAM CURTIS said in Harper's Magazine: "Reading manuscript
with a view to publication is a professional work as much as examining
titles to property; and this work is done, as it should be, professionally,
by the Easy Chair's
friend and fellow-laborer in letters, Dr. Titus ř.
Coan." Established 1880: unique in position and success. Terms by,
agreement. Address Dr. TITUS M. COAN, 70 Fifth Ave., New York.
FIRST EDITIONS OF MODERN AUTHORS,
Including Dickens, Thackeray, Lever, Ainsworth, Stevenson,
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THE ROXBURGHE PRESS,
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ENGLAND,
Undertake publishing or are open to represent good American
firm, or publisher's specialties. Correspondence invited.
A Wonderful Book of Western Exploration.
Expedition of ZEBULON M. Pike to Headwaters of the Mississippi and
through Louisiana and Texas, 1805–7. Reprinted and carefully edited
by Dr. ELLIOTT COUES. New maps and hundreds of pages of new mat-
ter on the West. Send card for descriptive circular to
F. P. HARPER, 17 E. 16th St., New York.


THE DIAL
* Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
cach month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, 82.00 a year in advance, postage
prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries
comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must
be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the
current number. REMITTANCES should be by draft, or by express or
poslal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and
jor subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application;
and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished
on application. All communications should be addressed to
THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago.
No. 246. SEPTEMBER 16, 1896. Vol. XXI.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
• 141
.
.
THE SONNET. (Sonnet.) Melville B. Anderson .
BOOKS OF THE COMING SEASON
141
THE LATEST CRITIC OF DEMOCRACY. C. R.
Henderson
143
THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE. David Starr Jordan 146
"THE RENASCENCE OF THE ENGLISH DRAMA."
Edward Everett Hale, Jr..
149
AMERICAN MONEY. Arthur Burnham Woodford 150
Gordon's Congressional Currency.- Conant's A His-
tory of Modern Banks of Issue.- Del Mar's The Sci-
ence of Money.-Walker's International Bimetallism.
- McPherson's The Monetary and Banking Prob-
lem. - Howe's Taxation and Taxes in the United
States.-Seligman's Essays in Taxation.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS .
150
Curiosities of the Miltonian Astronomy.- A relic of
yesterday.- New books for Chautauquans.- Evolu-
tion of church music.-" The Most Gorgeous Lady
Blessington." Autobiographical reminiscences of a
musician.- Philosophy and religion in Browning.
BRIEFER MENTION ..
. 157
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF FALL BOOKS .
. 158
(A classified list of eight hundred new books.)
LITERARY NOTES
165
BOOKS OF THE COMING SEASON.
The announcements of forthcoming books,
collected by us from the publishing houses of
the United States, and classified for reference
and comparison in the present issue of THE
DIAL, indicate that the production of literature
is not seriously interfered with by the business
depression of the country. The returns show
an increase in the activities that coöperate in
the making of books, and it would seem that
whatever region or locality is the modern and
American equivalent of Grub Street is in
greater danger of over-population than it has
been in the past. Following our established
custom at this season of the year, we not only
publish what is practically a full list of the an-
nouncements thus far made, but select also for
the convenience of the hurried reader what seem
to be the most important of the many hundreds
of titles given under the several categories.
In the department of History, one undertak-
ing is so large that all the others are dwarfed
by comparison. We refer of course to the sixty-
volume edition of the “Jesuit Relations," un-
der the direction of Mr. Reuben Gold Thwaites,
of which monthly volumes are promised to
begin at an early date. "A Political History
of England,” by Mr. Goldwin Smith ; “The
Rise and Growth of the English Nation,” by
Mr. W. H. S. Aubrey; and the second volume
of the Constitutional History of the United
States,” by George Ticknor Curtis, are among
the most important remaining announcements.
We also note four new volumes in the useful
series called “ Periods of European History ";
the slapdash magazine “ History of the Last
Quarter Century in the United States," by
President E. B. Andrews; “ Europe in the
Middle Ages,” by Messrs. Thatcher and Schwill,
of the University of Chicago; the “ Journals”
of Alexander Henry of the Northwest Com.
pany, edited by Dr. Elliott Coues ; a “ History
of the Army of the United States,” by General
T. F. Roden bough and Major W. L. Haskin ;
“ The Puritan in England and New England,"
by Dr. E. H. Byington ; a “ History of the
German Struggle for Liberty,” by Mr. Poult-
ney Bigelow; a - History of the Columbian
Exposition," edited by Mr. Rossiter Johnson ;
“ The Story of the Mine,” by Mr. C. H. Shinn;
.
.
.
THE SONNET.
The sonnet is Life's
cup:
the spirit's leap,
And passionate cravings in the flesh that dwell;
Glad hope of heaven, or despair of hell;
The unavailing tears that lovers weep
In hopeless separation; dreamless sleep
Deaf to earth's maddening discords; passion's swell,
Ambition's futile empire, death's wild knell,
All, all are mingled in this chalice deep.
The sonnet is Law's pledge: - - a draught divine
Expressed from all that's vital in man's clay;
Life's frenzies here, tempered to issues fine,
Compassions foster, pangs of heart allay;
And thralls of impulse, drunken with this wine,
Find truer freedom subject to art's sway.
MELVILLE B. ANDERSON.


142
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
and translations of Biré's “ Diary of a Citizen yard Kipling ; " Judith and Holofernes,” by
of Paris during the Terror," and of the impor- Mr. T. B. Aldrich ; and a third volume of the
tant work of Dr. Crestos Tsountas on “The poems of Emily Dickinson. Among new edi-
Mycenæan Age."
tions of the older poets none will be, perhaps,
The biographical list includes several num more welcome than Miss Guiney's edition of
bers that will be eagerly awaited ; as, for ex Henry Vaughan, which we know beforehand
ample, Mr. Andrew Lang's life of J. G. Lock-will be a work of the fullest love and sympathy.
hart; the autobiography and memoir (the latter Mr. Mosher announces eight new reprints,
by his widow) of Philip Gilbert Hamerton ; | including Rossetti's translation of “ La Vita
and the autobiography of Mrs. Mary Cowden Nuova,” “ Ballads and Lyrics of Old France,”
Clarke. Other biographies that are sure to be by Mr. Andrew Lang; and a book of lyrics
found interesting are Mr. Woodrow Wilson's from Mr. William Morris. Mr. J. Churton
George Washington, Mrs. Lynn Linton's “My Collins has prepared “ A New Anthology” of
Literary Life," Miss Harriet Monroe's John poems chosen from the minor and less familiar
Wellborn Root, Mr. T. K. Lothrop's W. H. English poets.” There will be a “ Cambridge
Seward, and Mrs. Lathrop's memories of her edition of Lowell in one volume ; an edition of
father, Nathaniel Hawthorne. Two studies of Burns, prepared by Mr. Lang; and a complete
Walt Whitman, one by Mr. John Burroughs Browning, in two volumes, edited by Mr. Au-
and the other by Mr. Thomas Donaldson, will gustine Birrell.
find their special circle of readers. Interesting In fiction, the most interesting announcement
also will be « The Brontës and their Circle,' is probably that of “ Quo Vadis,” by Mr. Sien-
edited by Mr. Clement Shorter and Dr. W. kiewicz. It is hardly too much to say that this
Robertson Nicoll, and “The Story of My Life,” Polish novelist is the greatest figure that has
by Mr. Augustus J. C. Hare.
appeared in European literature during the
The long-promised letters of Victor Hugo, past decade. A few of the more promising
edited by M. Paul Meurice, will appear soon titles in this department are Mrs. Ward's “Sir
in an English translation, and will add an George Tressady,” Mr. Crawford's “ Taqui.
important document to French literary history. sara," Mr. Henry James's “The Other House”
Among other very important works in the de- and “The Spoils of Poynton,” Mr. Bret Harte's
partment of literary history and criticism, we “A Convert of the Mission,” Dr. Conan Doyle's
have to chronicle the extensive study of Shake “ Rodney Stone," Mr. Chambers's “The
speare, by Dr. Georg Brandes; an eight-Maker of Moons,” Mr. Pemberton's “ A Pari-
volume series of “ Periods of European Litera-tan's Wife," Sir Walter Besant's “ The City
ture," edited by Mr. Saintsbury; and the third of Refuge,” and Mrs. Craigie's “The Herb
volume of the “History of English Literature, Moon.” Among new editions, we find such
by the late Professor ten Brink. The follow- noteworthy enterprises as the “ Riverside ”
ing titles also catch the eye and the imagina- Harriet Beecher Stowe, in sixteen volumes ;
tion of the student of literature : " Mere Liter “The Writings of Bret Harte,” in fourteen
ature and Other Essays," by Mr. Woodrow volumes; twenty-eight more volumes of Mr.
Wilson ; " Talks about Autographs,” by Mr. Saintsbury's edition of Balzac; a six-volume
George Birkbeck Hill; “ Victorian Influ-
“ Victorian Influs edition of Lane's “ Arabian Nights,” a dozen
ences,” by Mr. Frederick Harrison
6. The
more volumes of Captain Marryat in their
Bible in Old English Writers,” by Dr. Albert beautiful new garb; and an édition de luxe, in
S. Cook ; “ Impressions and Experiences,” by thirty-four volumes, of the “Complete Works
Mr. W. D. Howells ; “ Aspects of Fiction,” by of George Meredith,” reëdited by their author.
Mr. Brander Matthews; “ The Relation of The literature of travel and description has
Literature to Life,” by Mr. Charles Dudley assumed unusually large proportions during the
“ The Literary Movement in France past few years, and the new books promised
during the Nineteenth Century,” by M. Georges indicate a continuous demand for new informa-
Pellissier ; " Essays on Books and Culture,” by tion about the round world and its peoples.
Mr. H. W. Mabie ; “ Modern French Litera- We note as of especial interest, “ The Near
ture," by Mr. Benjamin W. Wells; and “The East,” by Mr. Henry Norman ; " In the South
Literature of Music,” by Mr. J. E. Matthew. Seas,” by Robert Louis Stevenson ; “Sketches
Poetry, new and old, offers several attractive from the United States of North America,”
announcements. Of new poetry, for example, from the Russian of Mr. A. P. Tverskoy ;
we shall have - The Seven Seas," by Mr. Rud “ Impressions of South Africa," by Mr. James
;
Warner;


1896.)
143
THE DIAL
Bryce ; “ Stray Thoughts on South Africa,”
by Mrs. Schreiner; “ Travel and Talk,” by the
The New Books.
Rev. H. R. Haweis ; “Through Unknown Afri-
can Countries,” by Mr. A. Donaldson Smith; THE LATEST CRITIC OF DEMOCRACY.*
Among the Neighbors of the North Pole,"
by the lamented Eivind Astrup; “An Eclipse Lecky awakens eager expectations and quick.
The familiar name of the English historian
Party in Africa,” by Mr. E. J. Loomis ; " Lazy
Tours in Spain and Elsewhere," by Mrs. Lou- riods, as he himself modestly suggests, “ brings
ens curiosity. His previous studies of past pe-
ise Chandler Moulton; and “The Land of the
with it kinds of knowledge and methods of rea-
Castanet,” by Mr. H. C. Chatfield-Taylor.
From the other departments of book produc-of contemporary questions.” The main pur.
soning that may be of some use in the discussion
tion, important as they are, we have space to
glean but a few prominent examples. A mag-
pose of his latest work is to show the growth
nificent edition of Botticelli's drawings for
of modern democracy and its effects upon lib-
the “ Inferno” is in course of preparation. The merely negative word“ liberty” does not
erty of thought and action, and upon character.
Two other large undertakings are " A System
of Medicine,” in seven volumes, edited by Mr. really express the scope of the field traversed,
and the writer shows that it is the influence of
T. C. Allbutt; and “Harper's Dictionary of
Classical Literature and Antiquities,” edited popular government on life, morality, culture,
and happiness, which he has in mind. His
by Mr. H. T. Peck. We must also mention
the fact that a new edition of Mr. Bartlett's standpoint is avowedly and manifestly that of
one who believes in liberalism and individual-
Shakespeare Concordance is offered at about
ism, and whose class sympathies are with the
half the price of the earlier one. A few more
heirs of wealth and culture. He sees with
attractive titles are these : “ The Music of the
absolute clearness that political power has
Modern World," edited by Mr. Anton Seidl
and Miss Fanny M. Smith ; " Problems of passed finally and irrevocably into the hands of
Modern Democracy,” by Mr. E. L. Godkin ; and that the descendants of the former ruling
a majority whose capacity is not yet fully known,
“ Governments and Parties of Continental Eu-
rope,” by Mr. A. Lawrence Lowell; “Econom. He sees that this newly acquired possession of
classes must struggle for a hearing and a place.
ics, being the History of Ideas in Economics”; 1 political power gives the control of army, navy,
by Mr. H. D. Macleod ; " Habit and Instinct,"
taxing machinery, legislation, administration,
by Professor Lloyd Morgan; “ Letters to the
Clergy on the Lord's Prayer and the Church," judiciary, and the organs of instruction, to those
by Mr. John Ruskin ; “ The Old Testament
who have thus far been deprived of a dominant
and Modern Life,” by the Rev. Stopford A. place in the government under which they live.
Brooke ; " Christianity and Patriotism,” by long remain, for the most part, ignorant and
He thinks that this new majority is and must
Count Tolstoy ; and the important series en-
coarse, and that their government must place
titled “ Philosophy in its National Develop-
ments,” of which the first volumes will be s Phil | liberty and culture in constant peril. He says:
“ One of the great divisions of politics in our day is
osophy of India,” by Professor Max Müller, coming to be whether, at the last resort, the world should
“Philosophy of America,” by Professor John be governed by its ignorance or by its intelligence.
Dewey; and “ Philosophy of Buddhism,” by According to one party, the preponderating power should
Professor Rhys Davids and Mrs. Davids. Of
be with education and property. According to the other,
the ultimate source of power, the supreme right of ap-
books prepared especially for the holiday season
peal and of control, belongs legitimately to the majority
we make no mention at present, partly because of the nation told by the head,- or, in other words, to
the lists are as yet very incomplete, and partly the poorest, the most ignorant, the most incapable, who
because our limits forbid. Enough has been are necessarily the most numerous.”
said to indicate that the general reader,” and But does it follow, a democrat may reply,
even the specialist in most directions, will find that it is so necessary that the majority must
it quite as hard as ever, if not even harder, to be without property and without intelligence ?
keep abreast of the current of new thought and According to his own showing, later in the
new literary expression during the coming year. work, the working classes have made immense
The list of forthcoming books, viewed as a whole, advance in securing property and intelligence.
is not only considerably larger than any we have Horace Mann did not regard it necessary to
heretofore published, but seems also a richer
* DEMOCRACY AND LIBERTY. By W. E. H. Lecky. In
and weightier one than any of its predecessors. two volumes. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co.


144
(Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
We are
act on the assumption that the majority should voice that is still, how happy we might be !
be ignorant. Pestalozzi selected wayward chil- Each great interest was represented by people
dren for the test of his pedagogic philosophy. who had a stake in the country," and the
Abraham Lincoln appealed to a rude audience, rabble had no organ
rabble had no organ of speech. But Rousseau's
but no statesman ever appealed to nobler senti doctrine of equal manhood suffrage was revolu-
ments when he addressed the lords and bishops tionary. Modern politicians must pander to a
or the dons of Oxford. It is strange that so less gentlemanly constituency, and it is only nat-
learned and liberal a man should not see that ural that they should fall into sycophancy and
the very illiteracy which alarms him is a pro- employ bribery ; that they should use the taxing
duct of the malfeasance in office of the classes power to purchase the favor of ignorant and im-
he praises ; not a product of nature, but of un- poverished voters at the cost of men of wealth.
holy neglect on the part of the privileged nobility French and American life furnish illustra-
and clergy. They who possessed the national tions of the defects of popular rule.
wealth failed to educate the nation's children, nowhere reminded of the story told by Mr.
and now despise them for being ignorant. D. B. Eaton about the fight for civil service
Partial as these main contentions are, there reform in Great Britain ; nor are we told that
is much which democrats may well ponder. An the same great democratic movement which
easy optimism may expect large harvest with gave hope to the multitude brought a higher
out fertilization, tillage, and seeding. If democ- purity to the servants of the crown. Our“Molly
racy fails now it will be the fault of its leaders, Maguires,” our spoils system, our lax natural-
and these leaders may learn more of their ene ization customs, and our municipal corruption,
mies than of their friends.
are held up for deserved castigation, and are
The book before us can hardly be called treated as natural fruits of democracy.
inductive in method. It is more like a polit Turning to the effects of the extended fran-
ical argument. From the start there is a posi-chise upon Great Britain, the author tells the
tion to be maintained, a thesis to be proved. painful story of the Irish Land Question, and
The past reign of aristocracy is praised, its of the attacks on property recommended by
virtues are exalted, its services estimated at Henry George; calls attention to the growth of
their highest value, its sins and follies either taxation in all modern countries ; excites dread
passed over in silence or gently extenuated. of the financial burden of popular education ;
Democracy is hunted down in all modern lands and objects to the tendency to throw all taxation
and searched for flaw and weakness; its faults upon one class. And a remedy for all this abuse
of passion and inexperience, of raw youth and of popular power? More of the same kind
impetuous revolt, are exposed to the most pow. in its most democratic form, the Referendum.
erful light, and made to appear in their most He is pleased with the Referendum because it
frightful forms. But even these exaggerations seems to wear out the patience of the multitude
have a basis in history, and are untrue only and make them tired of going to the polls.
because the facts are drawn out of proportion. A valuable chapter is devoted to Upper
Even a photograph will magnify the nearer Chambers in various legislatures. Mr. Lecky
objects beyond their relative right.
admits that the spectacle of a yawning bench
Democracy and liberty are two large words, of noble lords dawdling over the affairs of an
and they invite us into almost every field of empire is not altogether edifying. He sug-
current interest. Our guide is one of the most gests measures which may render that body
accomplished and instructed of his age. A more truly representative of the higher classes
great and industrious author has ransacked the and of conservative influences.
history of the century for his materials. Of The effects of democracy on the liberty of
the simple direct style, it is needless to speak; the world are to be traced in the changes of
it is so good that you never think about it, but feelings about nationality and international
only of the subject in hand.
relations. Great peoples have discerned that
The book begins with an account of English secession cannot be tolerated. The United
representative government in the eighteenth States was compelled to maintain national unity
century. One can see the author looking back by a war of coercion. Italy could never defend
over his shoulder with regret at the stately itself from foreign aggression so long as the
forms of nobles who fade ghostlike on the states were separate.
threshhold of our century. If only we could Religious liberty has been extended with
bring back the day that is dead, and awake the democracy, and “the religious sentiment has


1896.]
145
THE DIAL
mask of religion is always unjustifiable wears a babits
, and the statutes on marriage and als
not decayed, and it is certainly not less genuine tion, have advanced everywhere, even in coun-
because it is no longer fortified by privilege, or tries under papal influence.
connected with interested and hypocritical as The tendency of democracy to meddle and
sents. The universities have opened their regulate is illustrated by the modern Sunday
doors to Dissenters. But, the author holds, the laws, restrictions upon gambling and drinking
restraint of anti-social conduct which wears
di-
He places a high value on a compul.
suttee was rightly abolished in India, and poly- sory rest day, but criticizes the tendency to sup-
gamy made a crime in Utah. When democracy press wholesome Sunday recreations. “ Those
does conclude to use repression it is less will have, indeed, much to answer for who have for
ing to compromise than is a monarchy or an generatious deprived the poor of all means of
aristocracy, and there is a tendency to regulate innocent recreation and mental improvement
conduct in all directions. The working classes, on their only holiday."
now risen to power, are indifferent to dogma.
Religion promotes social welfare, and is less nected. A brief sketch of Utopias introduces
busy with distinctions of creed or ritual. an account of the modern socialistic theories
Mr. Lecky is not altogether pessimistic. and movements. The economic analysis and
English character, in spite of democracy, has criticism do not satisfy the special student.
improved. Philanthropy bas diminished the The conclusion reached is : “ The sense of right
chief sources of crime. There has been a and wrong; the feeling of family affection ;
marked improvement in the decorum and hu- the essential difference of men in aptitudes,
manity of the bulk of the poor. The skilled capacities, and character, are things that can
artisans have become “ not only the most ener never be changed, and all schemes and policies
getic, but also one of the most intelligent and that ignore them are doomed to ultimate fail-
orderly elements, in English life.” Some good ure.” The treatment of the question of usury
things are said even of America ; of our cour in the canon law ignores the recent work of the
age in war, our generosity to the vanquished, German students and of Professor Ashley. In
our payment of the national debt, and much of touching the history of charities, the great work
our penal and civil legislation. The private of Ratzinger is not mentioned. Apparently Mr.
character of our citizens must not be judged by Lecky is more familiar with French than he is
the state of our municipal governments. with German writers. A very readable account
It was impossible to avoid a discussion of the is given of modern factory legislation, trades
influence of the Catholic Church on democracy. unions, and patronage. Mr. Gilman's work and
To Englishmen the Irish priests are objects of argument on profit-sharing, and Mr. Schloss's
keenest interest. The Catholic clergy have criticism, are not noticed. One of the most valu-
come to be a class apart from the best elements able chapters is that which treats of the industrial
of society. Skepticism has detached the most and political movements on behalf of women.
intelligent layman, the chief moderating and A gleam of light relieves the later pages, and
restraining influence in the church, and it has a way out of the perils of democracy is indi-
thrown the direction of that great organization cated. “The great hope of our industrial future
more and more into the hands of priests and is that the working classes will master these
fanatics.” Mr. Lecky recommends two laws: principles, and abstain from seeking proximate
one to make “ the introduction of politics into benefits at the cost of ultimate disaster.” The
chapels, and the actual or threatened depriva- dangers of a corrupt and ostentatious plutoc-
tion of religious rites on account of a political racy are faithfully depicted. “Merrie En-
vote, a criminal offense punishable by severe gland” furnishes an expressive quotation :
penalties ”; the other “a law putting an end “ Jay Gould, the financier,' got more pay
to all personal interference or participation of and held more wealth than Gladstone, and Car-
priests at elections, except as simple voters." lyle, and Darwin, and Koch, and Galileo, and
Mr. Lecky charges the priests with employing Columbus, and Cromwell, and Caxton, and
the confessional and the pulpit as agencies of Stephenson, and Washington, and Raphael,
political control, and declares that they are and Mozart, and Shakespeare, and Socrates,
guilty of numerous acts of complicity with and Jesus Christ ever got amongst them.” A
crime. In general, the author thinks, clerical diet of plain living and high thinking is rec-
influence over politics has diminished. Full ommended as one remedy for social injustice.
religious liberty, civil marriage, national educa-
C. R. HENDERSON.


146
(Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
more trustworthy than the unaided senses, is
THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE.*
shown by their greater safety.
The nervous system of the animal kingdom But while our senses tell the truth as to
is primarily a device for making locomotion familiar things, as rocks and trees, foods and
safe. The mind, using the word in the broadest shelter, friends and enemies, they do not tell
sense, is the function of the nervous system. the whole truth. They go only as far as safety
The reflex action of the ganglion is the type of in life has compelled them to go. Chemical
all mind processes. Through the sensory nerves, composition they do not show. Objects too
impressions of the external world are received small to be handled are too small to be seen.
by the brain or central ganglion. The brain Bodies too distant to be reached are never cor-
has no source of knowledge other than this. rectly apprehended. Accuracy of sense grows
All human knowledge comes through human less as the square of the distance increases; and
experience. The function of the brain is, sit sun and stars, clouds and sky, are in fact very
ting in darkness, to convert sensory impres- different from what they seem.
sions into impulses of action. To this end are Other mental processes arise to produce con-
developed the motor nerves which pass from
fusion. Memory pictures readily blend them-
the brain and other ganglia outward to the selves with realities. The nervous system of
muscles. The sensory organs are the brain's the one individual is readily affected by the
sole teachers, the muscles are its sole servants. conditions existing in another. Men are gre-
The essence of the intellect, as distinguished garious creatures, and their speech gives them
from reflex or instinctive action, is the prep the power to add to their own ideas and expe-
aration for motor responses to external stim. riences the ideas and experiences of others.
ulus. As the conditions of life grow more Thus, many actions are based, not on our own
complicated, the possible ways in which sen sensations, but on the sensations of others.
sation may go over into action grow more nu Readiness of suggestion and the instinct of con-
merous. It is the function of the intellect to
ventionality are elements of great importance
consider these, and of the will to choose. The
in insuring the safety of gregarious creatures.
condition of safety in life is to choose the Thousands of men are saved daily through con-
right response. Wrong choice leads to failure ventionality. These leave descendants with like
and death.
instincts and impulses.
From this, by the process of natural selec-
With all this, the growth of each individual
tion, comes the intense practicality of the senses. must be determined by his own experience.
They tell us the truth as to external things, in « My mind
to me a kingdom is.” About the
so far as this truth has been necessary to the sense impressions formed in my own brain, I
right action of our ancestors. Those of our must build up my own universe. Thus it comes
predecessors who did not “ see things as they that each accretion of human knowledge must
really are," to the degree that their life pro be thrown into terms of our previous experi-
cesses demanded, have died leaving no descend-
ence. Stated in these terms, it is always imper-
ants. Our own ancestors, through all the fectly stated. By processes of suggestion and
generations, have been creatures of adequate conventionality, the ideas of the individual
sensations. Were it not so, they would have become assimilated to those of the multitude.
been inadequate to cope with their environment.
Thus tradition and myths arise to account for
In other words, the sensations their brains phenomena not clearly related to the ordinary
translated into action were truthful enough to experiences of life.
make action safe. That our ordinary sensa It has been evident to man in all ages that
tions and our deductions from them are truth there lie about him forces stronger than he,
ful so far as they go, is shown by the safety invisible and intangible, inscrutable as to their
found in trusting them. This is shown also by real nature, but none the less potent to bring
the instruments of precision which are the tools about results. He cannot easily trace cause
of science. That instruments of precision like and effect in dealing with these forces, and it
wise tell the truth, is shown by the fact that is natural that he should doubt the existence of
we can trust our lives to them. That they are causality in the phenomena they produce. All
*A HISTORY OF THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THE races of men capable of continued thought have
OLOGY IN CHRISTENDOM. By Andrew Dickson White, LL.D. come to believe in the existence of something
(Yale), L.H.D. (Columbia), Ph.D. (Jena); late President
and Professor of History at Cornell University. In two vol-
outside themselves, whose power is without hu-
umes. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
man limitations. Through the imagination of


1896.]
147
THE DIAL
great poets, these forces become personified. every statement. By methods of precision of
Anthropomorphism is inevitable, because each thought and instruments of precision of obser-
man, in his thought, must bring all forces to vation it seeks to make our knowledge of the
his own measure. Into his own universe all small, the distant, the invisible, the mysterious,
that he knows must come.
as accurate as our knowledge of the common
It is perfectly safe, in the ordinary affairs of things with which man has dealt for ages. It
life, to believe in gods and fates, imps and seeks to make our knowledge of common things
elves, norns and demons. It is quite as con accurate and precise, that this accuracy and
sistent with ordinary virtue and effectiveness to precision may be translated into action. For
believe in these as it is to have the vague faith the ultimate end of science, as well as its ini-
in microbes and molecules, mahatmas and pro- tial impulse, is the regulation of human con-
toplasm, which form part of the mental outfit duct. Seeing true means thinking right. Right
of the man of our day. Unless these ideas are thinking means right action. To bring about
brought to “the measure of a man,” they can right action is the end of science. Greater pre-
not be wrought into human action. If they cision of thought and action makes higher civi-
are so brought, they diverge very widely from lization possible. Lack of precision in action is
the actual facts in nature which they represent. the great cause of human misery, for misery is
Recognition of the hidden but gigantic forces Nature's protest against the results of wrong
in nature leads men to fear them or to worship conduct. The message of science to man is
them. To think of them, either in fear or wor expressed in Huxley's words: “There can be
ship, is to give them human forms. To grant no alleviation of the woes of mankind except in
them the form of man is to give them a local absolute veracity of thought and action and the
habitation and a name,” and in every age and absolute facing of the world as it is.”
- The
in every race men have been chosen and set world as it is ” is the province of science. As
apart as representatives of these forces. In the “ world as it is,” to the sane man, is glori-
every nation there are men who are commis- ous, beautiful, noble, and divine, so will science
sioned to speak in the name of each god that be the inspiration of art, poetry, and religion.
is worshipped or each demon that the people The intellectual growth of man has been one
dread.
long struggle between the ideas of the universe
The existence of each cult of priests is bound derived directly from realities and the ideas
up in the perpetuation of the mysteries and derived from tradition and suggestion. The
traditions they visibly represent. These tradi- record of this struggle is the most valuable part
tions are associated with other traditions of of history. It is the culmination of evolution.
other powers, with other conventional explana. In his notable record of this struggle, Dr. John
tions of uncomprehended phenomena. While W. Draper has called it “ The Conflict between
human theories of the earth, the stars and the Science and Religion.” But the inadequacy of
clouds, of earthquakes, storms, comets, and this definition has been generally recognized.
disease, have no direct relation to the feeling of Any feeling, condition, or aspiration, worthy
worship, yet of necessity they become entangled | the name of religion, must be individual and
with it. History shows that the human mind not collective. Religion can have no such
cannot separate one set of traditional preju- interest in such a struggle, other than this : the
dices from another.
triumph of truth breaks the shackles of the
We come to attach sacredness to the ideas individual mind. In free minds religion finds
acquired in our youth, whether derived from her natural abode.
our own experience or the teachings of our President White calls it “ the struggle be-
fathers. Against this feeling, new ideas, what tween Science and Dogmatic Theology,
ever the nature of their source, must struggle the conflict between two epochs in the evolu-
for acceptance. Much that we call our religion tion of human thought — the theological and
to-day is simply the debris of our grandfathers' the scientific.” This idea was years ago crys-
science. To this debris we cling with special tallized by him in these memorable words:
persistence. We would save the little that is
“ In all modern history, interference with science in
left of the mental universe we built around us the supposed interest of religion, no matter how con-
in our youth.
scientious such interference may have been, has resulted
It is the work of science to find the real na-
in the direst evils both to religion and to science, and
ture of the universe. Its function is to elim- scientific investigation, no matter how dangerous to re-
invariably; and, on the other hand, all untrammelled
inate, as far as may be, the human equation in Iligion some of its stages may have seemed for the time


148
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
Just as
to be, has invariably resulted in the highest good both undignified. His work is one of the great works
of religion and of science."
of our century. It should find a place at every
From the standpoint of history, this struggle scholar's desk, in every library, in the mind of
has actually been between organized theology every thinking man. Religious men will be led
and unorganized science. Preconceived notions
to avoid the mistakes of intolerance by a knowl-
of theological science became entangled with edge of the dire evils to which intolerance has
crude notions of all other sciences. In the led in the past. Scientific men will be spurred
experience of a single human life there is little
to better work by the record that through all
to correct even the crudest theology. From the the ages ideas have been tested by their rela-
supposed greater importance of theology in de tion to realities. Only that which is true sur-
termining the fate of the individual man, theo vives. All men will be more sane and more
logical conceptions have dominated all others.
effective in proportion as they realize that no
Throughout the ages the great churches have good can come from a wishing to please God
been the stronghold of conservatism; religious with a lie.”
bodies have formed the great organized army This work deals mainly with the struggle of
against which the separated bands of science dogmatism to limit knowledge. But another
burled themselves apparently in vain.
phase of the same struggle is the desire of or-
But it seems to me that the real essence of ganized conservatism to limit action.
conservatism lies not in theology. The whole
science goes over into action, so does dogma-
conflict is a struggle in the mind of man. It
tism pass over into suppression. The struggle
exists in human pyschology before it is wrought for democracy, the rise of the common man, is
out in human history. It is the struggle of
therefore part of the same great conflict.
realities against tradition and suggestion. The
One phase of this struggle, in some regards
progress of civilization would still have been
just such a struggle, had religion or theology towards secularization of education.
the most important of all, is the movement
This is
or churches or worship never existed. Intol-
the most important because in the schools of
erance and prejudice are not confined to relig, to-day the history of to-morrow is already writ-
ious organizations. The same spirit that burned
ten. In the long run, educational reforms are
Servetus and Giordano Bruno, led the atheist
the most important of all reforms.
66 liberal” mob of Paris to send to the scaffold
In the preface to these volumes, President
the great chemist Lavoisier, “ with the sneer
White gives us a modest glimpse at the great
that the republic has no need of savants.” The
achievement of his own life, his struggles for
same spirit that leads the orthodox Gladstone
the rescue of Higher Education in America
to reject natural selection because it " relieves
from the grasp of mediævalism and of secta-
God of the labor of Creation," causes the heretic
Hæckel to condemn Weismann's theories of lishment of Cornell University was this, as
rianism. Among the basal ideas in the estab-
heredity because such questions are settled
once for all by the great philosophic dictum
of formulated by President White himself
: “We
had especially determined that the institution
Monism.
should be under the control of no political party
Of President White's monumental work on
“ The Warfare of Science with Theology,” we
and of no single religious sect.” The single-
have only words of praise. In the two ample tion wholly to its work of the investigation and
ness of purpose of Cornell University, its devo-
volumes before us, he has treated almost every dissemination of truth, with no other mark or
phase of this great struggle. So far as we can
see, he has everywhere written in a spirit of alike. It was the persistent attacks of belated
brand upon it,” stirred up the bigots in all sects
perfect fairness. His pages are filled with a
wealth of quotations that would tell for them theologians and philosophers which first led
selves the story of the “ Warfare of Science,” Mr. White to investigate the records of the
warfare of science” in the past. The for-
even if the author had not added a word of his
own. And these quotations are reinforced by did not live in vain. It is to them that we are
gotten obscurantists of twenty-five years ago
the fullest references to authorities, which wiù did not live in vain. It is to them that we are
indebted for the volumes before us, presented
guide students to the original documents used
as an offering of honor to Cornell University,
by the author. With all this, President White
is a master of English prose. His style is by her first President, at the end of her first
stately and lucid, rising at times to noble elo-
quarter-century of growth.
quence. It is nowhere dull, or obscure, or
DAVID STARR JORDAN.


1896.]
149
THE DIAL
is one of the best-known of the Tudor dramat-
“ THE RENASCENCE OF THE ENGLISH
DRAMA."*
ists ; but, whatever his knowledge of literature,
Mr. Knight has evidently read Mr. Jones's
A good deal that is harsh has been said of plays — which is more than some of us have
the English drama of the present day, and a
done, and we shall not run into error by tak-
good deal of eulogy has been poured out upon ing this play as a fair representative of Mr.
contemporary dramatists of other countries.
Jones's work and of the “ renascent” English
In each case a good deal has been said that is drama of our time.
ill-considered, and a good deal that is well-
What, then, is this play? Our readers may
deserved. One could hardly ask for a better
be surprised to learn that they can obtain an
chance to form a judgment than is offered by excellent idea of it from the first act alone.
the recent publication of a translation of Suder- The Reverend Michael Feversham, about forty,
mann's “ Heimat," and of Michael and his
with a pale, strong, calm, ascetic, scholarly face,
Lost Angel ” by Henry Arthur Jones. Both
and other proper accompaniments, has discov-
authors are well known, both plays are consid-
ered that one of his parishioners has been se-
ered excellent examples of their work; and, fur-
duced. He forces her to make a public con-
ther, the plays are not so very difficult of com-
fession in church, and sends her to a sisterhood
parison, for both are tragedies of domestic life.
in London. Another of his parishioners, a
Mr. Jones is, I understand, one of the first
recent one, is a rich, worldly, presumable
of contemporary English playwrights. He has widow, whom the clergyman dislikes because
written a number of successful plays, and has he thinks her frivolous and insincere, although
published some of them; he has written on the she has been fascinated by his book, 66 The
drama for the reviews, and has, indeed, pub- Hidden Life,” and contributes largely to his
lished a good deal in one way or another, with effort to restore the minster. Could we have
the idea of giving dramatic matters the right better materials for a stagy and conventional
turn; he may very well be taken as represent- adaptation of “The Scarlet Letter”?
ative of actual tendencies in English play When Hawthorne handled this idea, he
writing. He is certainly and sincerely desirous
handled it with a very different view and in a
of doing good work, work that shall make the
very different way; and by narrating merely
current
English drama really worthy of its past. the expiation and not the guilt, and that even
This particular play, “ Michael and his Lost under the influence of a powerfully moulding
Angel,” it is true, was not successful on the moral force, succeeded in developing a painful
stage. It ran only ten nights at the Lyceum, but splendid climax. But Mr. Jones would
and although the takings were about £1500, seem to have no moral force; and, on the other
as Mr. Jones informs us, it seems to have been hand, he has the very modern interest in temp-
regarded as a failure and rather suddenly with tation. He therefore presents to us his ascetic
drawn. But Mr. Joseph Knight, who contri converted by propitious circumstances into an
butes an introduction to the play, thinks it a animal, and then reconverted into the ascetic,
fine piece of work — in many respects a tri- who, although he acts galvanically in the old
umph, Mr. Jones's masterpiece, the best play ways, always remembers with regret the fierce-
he has given the stage. Mr. Knight believes
ness of the one moment of evil. He offers his
that “in some respects the loves of Michael pair of lovers an opportunity in which even
Feversham and Audrie Lesden seem to take Mr. Knight thinks Michael might have be-
rank with the masterpieces of human passion, haved with more delicacy, and so puts one in
if not with Romeo and Juliet, with Cupid and quite the humor to enjoy the subsequent fool-
Psyche, with Paul and Virginia, and shall we ing about in the chancel of the rebuilt min-
add with Edgar of Ravenswood and Lucy Ash-
ster, the open confession of the clergyman, the
ton, at least with Helen and Paris, Antony and final death of the lady, and the immediately
Cleopatra, and Manon Lescaut and the Chev- consequent reception of the gentleman into the
alier des Grieux.” It is true that this view of Catholic Church. This is the kind of thing
Mr. Knight's may arouse an opinion which will that has been considered the masterpiece of one
be strengthened by his fancy that Habington of the first playwrights of a great dramatic era.
MICHAEL AND HIS LOST ANGEL. A Play in Five Acts. By Of Sudermann's “Heimat " we need not
Henry Arthur Jones. New York: The Macmillan Company. speak at length ; many of our readers will have
MAGDA. A Play in Four Acts. By Hermann Sudermann.
Translated from the German by Charles Edward Amory
seen it on the stage, or read it in the original.
Winslow. Boston and New York: Lamson, Wolffe & Co. Those who have not the German at hand will


150
(Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
find in this translation a good substitute.
AMERICAN MONEY.*
Whether it be or be not Sudermann's master-
piece, it has his strong points, and has been The peculiar features of American money, as seen
received in Germany with an attention that is by the European traveller, are the dirty dollar bills
as creditable to the German audiences as the
and the bronze pennies ; while in the mind of the
disfavor shown to “ Michael and his Lost An-
average American the prominent fact, probably, is
the existence of national banks which enjoy the
gel " is creditable to the audiences of London.
We have all heard, at least, of the Prodigai monopoly of the
right to issue notes for circulation
“as money." Yet neither of these characteristics
Son; and we may have known prodigal sons
is in any way fundamental : they play no important
ourselves, for certainly the tale is not an old-
part in the discussion of a “sound or an “ honest
fashioned one. But there is this turn which it monetary system. The soiled bills could easily be
may take : suppose the Prodigal do not squan withdrawn from circulation, and public health, as
der his heritage and become a pig-keeper ; sup-
well as morals and æsthetics, would be greatly im-
pose, instead, he works bard, achieves success,
proved; all that is necessary is that the government
and becomes great and honored. What chance,
should keep the post-offices of the country supplied
with freshly-printed notes, and authorize them to
then, has the simplicity, the honor, the small
forward worn and torn bills to the Treasury depart-
narrowness of Home in comparison with the
freedom of individuality and the ever-changing
ment by mail : the cost would be trifling. Our cur-
rency would not be changed in principle, but im-
splendor of worldly success? This play of proved in practice, if pennies were made of alum-
Sudermann's presents to us the conventional, inum, or of some metalic mixture other than bronze;
bigoted, cramped life of a little German town, they are manufactured for sale just as any other
and the return home of a successful, glorious commodity is, except that a government monopoly
singer, who was born there. The point is focus has been established, like that of tobacco and cigars,
for unending lines of life: old ideas and young
or matches, in several European governments.
blood, the of home and the power of the
Finally, the national bank-notes are secured by gov.
power
world, duty and freedom, conventionality and
ernment bonds deposited with the Secretary of the
individualism, — bere a great dramatist will Treasury, so that they are in reality government
paper currency and not bank currency: their value
find freedom of movement. So, in such a sit-
depends in no way upon the continued solvency of
uation Sudermann places his characters and the bank which issued them; for, whether the bank
produces a real tragedy, something which we fail or not, they are redeemed by the Treasury de-
read to the end and then put away with a sub partment through the sale of the bonds deposited
dued feeling of relief. Character, humor, pa for them when the individual bank began business.
thos, the drama has; but, chief of all, that
The real reform of American currency involves
classic quality, the power of chilling and calm-
other considerations than these which appear on the
surface.
ing the moral temper by the pity and awe called
up by the imagination of the playwright.
Unfortunately, the problem is an exceedingly
All this does not seem to give a complete complicated one. Mr. Gordon, in his work on “Con-
account of this play. It would be more fitting,
gressional Currency,” is not far wrong when he
characterizes our national currency as the inconse-
perhaps, in a critical journal, to comment on
quential, incongruous, and unscientific result of ex-
the strength of the character-drawing, the fine travagant and hazardous legislative experiments,
ness of the humor, or to compare
Sudermann a jumble of incoherent and uncorrelated acts of
with Ibsen on the one hand or Echegaray on
* CONGRESSIONAL CURRENCY. An Outline of the Federal
the other. These things must be left to the Money System. By Armistead C. Gordon, New York:
several readers; the main point here is to note G. P. Putnam's Sons.
the difference between the English drama of
A HISTORY OF MODERN BANKS OF ISSUE. With an Ac-
count of the Economic Crises of the Present Century. By
our own day, and — well, any other drama
Charles A. Conant. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
where there are really strong men at work. THE SCIENCE OF MONEY. By Alexander Del Mar, M.E.
Mr. Jones is undoubtedly well-meaning ; no
Second edition, revised by the Author. New York: The
Macmillan Company.
one who reads his non-dramatic work will doubt
INTERNATIONAL BIMETALLISM. By Francis A. Walker,
that he desires earnestly that the English Ph.D., LL.D. New York: Henry Holt & Co.
drama should be a real field for a man of genius.
THE MONETARY AND BANKING PROBLEM. By Logan G.
McPherson. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
It is only when one comes to read one of his
TAXATION AND TAXES IN THE UNITED STATES, under the
plays that one begins to doubt; or, if not to International Revenue System, 1791-1895. By Frederic C.
doubt his intention, at least to see that good
Howe, A.M., Ph.D. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co.
intentions only do not make great works of art.
ESSAYS IN Taxation. By Edwin R. A. Seligman, Pro-
fessor of Political Economy and Finance, Columbia College
EDWARD E. HALE, JR. New York: The Macmillan Company.


1896.]
151
THE DIAL
Even if we limit pa Mr. Gordon's criticism is political rather than
Congress,- a Congressional currency, with many what is ; (2) broad philosophical grounds for what
anomalous and unique features. The question at should be ; and (3) a practical programme for
issue in the present campaign is consequently not a passing .
clearly defined and simple one.
our consideration to the question of the free coinage economic, and is along the line of attack suggested
of silver at the ratio of sixteen to one, the situation in Professor Woodrow Wilson's “Congressional
is far from plain ; there are at least four separate Government” on the one hand, and of Professor
problems involved,- of industrial history, of eco Kinley's “Independent Treasury of the United
nomic theory, of ethical principle, and of political States” on the other. By way of résumé, the au-
policy; namely:
thor quotes a statement from the latter work to the
(1) Has the price of gold risen appreciably in effect that in addition to the duties for which the
recent years, either from industrial or legislative independent treasury was organized,- of receiving
influences ?
and disbursing the money of the government,-it
(2) Is it possible to maintain a permanent ratio now discharges the functions, first, of a bank of issue,
of exchange between two commodities, like gold and with the usual reserve; second, of a bank of deposit,
silver, under conditions of free production? general and special; third, of a redemption agent
(3) Will the right to have 3717 grains of silver for the national banks as well as the government;
coined in the same way that multiples of 23.22 fourth, of a transfer agent for carrying money to
grains of gold are now coined at the mint, insure different parts of the country, either free of charge
an honest dollar?
or at lower rates than is charged by banks; and
(4) Is it wise for the United States alone to lastly, of a silver bullion broker,— from July 14,
undertake the free coinage of these metals at the 1890, to November 1, 1893. Against all this
ratio of sixteen to one?
increase of Congressional activity, Mr. Gordon
There seems to be room for honest differences of strongly inveighs, and pleads for the return to our
opinion on each of these questions ; but they do not system of fifty years ago, when “the heavy and
by any means exhaust the problems involved in the unsteady hand” of Congress was withdrawn from
money question and in a revision of the system of the absolute control of
currency.
American currency. On the one hand, the private
Mr. Conant's elaborate “ History of Modern
control of gold by the international syndicates that
Banks of Issue" may be regarded as in a sense sup-
are so easily formed has driven various governments,
plementary to the short essay of Mr. Gordon. It
as well as our own, to undertake the issue business
shows us the way in which Mr. Gordon's hope may
as well as the deposit business of banks. On the
other hand, the failure of our government in the
be realized, and the government can fulfil all its
last thirty years to provide a paper currency of
protective duties and still let the money market take
suitable proportions to accommodate business men
care of itself. The purpose of his book is to set
forth the principles and uses of a banking currency
in their ordinary commercial transactions has led
the essential feature of which is the circulation of
to the use of private or personal money in the shape
of certified checks, drafts, bills of exchange, clear-
notes payable to bearer and redeemable in coin, but
ing-house certificates, etc. Two questions thus stand
only partly covered by a coin reserve. To show how
this result may be accomplished, he gives a detailed
opposed one to another: Shall the government go history of the leading banks of issue in the world
out of the banking business? or, shall the ten per
and an account of their methods of doing business.
cent tax on circulation other than that of national
banks be abolished, and a system of bank currency
The failures and experiments of the last hundred
made possible?
years have brought the bank of issue into a practi-
In the confused state of the currency, as well as
cable and easily workable system. It only remains
for the law to enforce the lessons learned in that
the still more confused condition of the public mind
period, and remove the confusion that has arisen
upon the nature, origin, and function of money in
general and the reform of American currency in
in the public mind and separated bank notes from
other forms of credit, other evidences of debt, which
particular, we are doubly indebted for such a clear
differ from them only in degree of negotiability.
and simple, straightforward statement of the exist-
ing facts as Mr. Gordon gives in his “ Congressional
“ A bank of issue simply takes the titles to capital
Currency," and for such a rational, fair-minded,
which have been transferred to its custody and loans
them to its customers in the form of negotiable paper
and scholarly defense of the proposed plan for re-
(page 10). Its business is simply to transform the bill
form as President Walker offers in his “ Interna-
of exchange, which is itself a negotiable security, into
tional Bimetallism.” Each of these little books another sort of negotiable security. In promising to
should be issued in an inexpensive form and dis pay at sigbt, the difficulty is avoided of maturity at a
tributed as a campaign document in this campaign fixed term and the bearer is relieved of the limitations
of education, for they throw light on both national
which result from it. By the promise to pay to bearer,
and international politics, as well as on the disputed
one gets rid of the embarrassment of endorsements, pro-
questions of monetary science.
tests, recoursé, etc. One obtains by this means a secur-
Three things are essential to any radical improve-ity always negotiable” (page 5).
ment of the currency: (1) A logical criticism of No new capital is created, but the mobility of that


152
(Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
which exists is greatly increased. When a note is paper money until their lack of credit impairs their
discounted at the bank, the officers are not lending other resources ” (page 572). Fiat money
thus not
the merchant their money, but are buying from him only does not represent wealth, but it cannot be
a debt due to him.
readily exchanged for wealth. It is a wagon-way
“In individual cases, the creator of a paper credit through the air, which has connection with the
may obtain the use of more capital than he possesses, clouds and not with the earth.
but in every such case he simply obtains the use of the
“Governments have no quick assets. The advocates
capital of some other person or body of persons. The
bank note simply assists in the movement of capital"
of government paper money are fond of declaring that
a national currency is based on the aggregate wealth and
(page 9).
credit of the entire nation. But they miss the purpose
The common argument against the issue of paper of currency and banks of issue. It is not wealth in the
money is that it
paves
the
way for panic and indus abstract which currency must represent, but quickly
trial depression, by piling up a vast credit structure negotiable wealth. ... Custom houses and highways,
on a slender basis of coin, the favorite metaphor
field guns and ironclads, are not the sort of assets which
being an inverted pyramid, supported in unstable
can be quickly marketed or put in pawn to borrow money,
and the power of taxation is even less efficient as secur-
equilibrium upon a golden apex.
ity for a banking business. It is in the nature of an
“ A better image than that of the inverted pyramid
assessment upon the stockholders, which is a worthless
would be that of the railway or canal, which by a single resource during solvency and is resorted to only for
route permits the happy interchange of all commodities. liquidation after suspension of payments (page 574).
Proper facilities for transportation do not require a car
The state is not a money lender nor a receiver of de-
for every carload of wheat which exists, nor a canal posits payable on demand” (page 566).
broad enough for all vessels to pass abreast. The possi-
bility of having the car when it is needed, the promise
Moreover, the volume of a government paper cur-
of the use of the canal for a brief time, serve every rency always tends to conform to the nee of the
purpose; and no one thinks of charging that the trans government itself; but a banking currency arises
portation system is a vast structure of credit resting out of the needs of commerce, and tends to adapt
upon a few real cars or upon abnormally narrow tracks” itself to the necessities of trade, foreign as well as
(page 465).
domestic. A slight redundancy of the currency
That modern industry and commerce require paper leads merchants and bankers to send home notes
money is hardly a debatable question. Notes of the for redemption. When redeemed, they are not re-
bank or the government are merely the small-change issued; whereas, a law of Congress requires that
of commercial transactions.
A metallic currency
the government shall pay out legal tenders again as
of the volume of the money at present in use in the soon as they have been presented and exchanged
United States—about $1,600,000,000—would cost for gold. The bank, by raising the rate of discount,
$45,000,000 annually. Over ninety per cent of holds money in the country and prevents its being
bank exchanges, and probably over eighty per cent
gunk in doubtful industry. A banking currency is
of retail trade, even in country districts, is done by thus the hand-maid of commerce, as it should be,
paper money and book credits. The issue is between and not the instrument of political power.
private or individual money and a currency regu Another, and for Americans perhaps the most
lated by law and issued either by the government important, advantage of a banking currency, is the
or the banks. The object of Mr. Conant's book is fact that it paves the way for deposit banking and
to “convince thinking Americans of the axiomatic promotes the banking facilities and the use of credit
truth that the currency of a commercial country instruments in the community. The poverty of
should be regulated by commercial conditions, and this means of carrying on business is a striking fea-
not by the whims of politicians.” The modern use ture of many parts of the South and West. The
of credit instruments is as great a marvel in its way remedy lies, not in the free coinage of silver, but
as the development of the power of steam or elec in a system of banking that shall be supervised by
tricity; and, like them, it has its dangers. The the national government, and will secure uniformity
touchstone of sound banking currency is redemption and constant convertibility of bank-notes into coin,
in standard coin on demand; but a bank may put but shall also afford the banking facilities which a
too large a portion of its assets into forms which
government paper money is powerless to offer.
cannot be quickly turned into cash-loans on doubt Mr. Conant of course assumes that there is a
ful paper, or on real estate, or in industrial enter standard money of redemption, and says that it is
prises that tie money up for a long period. This is of prime importance that there should be a fixed
no argument against banking currency in itself, but metallic standard of value. Since 1834 this stand.
against an abuse of credit in sinking capital in un ard has been 23.22 grains of fine gold; but Mr.
productive enterprises and taking speculative risks. Del Mar, in his “Science of Money,” maintains
The true business of banking consists in dealing in that it has not been and cannot be “fixed” so long
short-time commercial paper. A bank-note thus as private coinage is allowed and the money-changers
represents the value of commodities that are in pro are thus able to determine the number of coins that
cess of production and exchange. It becomes what shall be issued and put in circulation in the world's
Adam Smith called a wagon-way through the air. currency. The policy is both senseless and mis-
But "governments seldom resort to the issue of chievous; one more so was never procured (page x.).


1896.)
153
THE DIAL
Mr. Del Mar urges that money is a mechanism according to their temperament and babit of mind.
designed to measure value with precision, and that This is simply to say that the question of bimetallism,
the unit of money is all money ; that the efficiency like the question of protection, and, indeed, like most
of all measures, money included, depends upon the
other questions in economics, is purely a question of
exactness of their limits; that the limitation of the
degree. The quality of the effect is conceded. The
supply of money was anciently a prerogative of the
quantity of the effect is in dispute" (page 97).
state, and that it should be so again.
President Walker's opinion is that “the efforts made
“The essential point is not what the coins are made
by this country, for itself alone, to rehabilitate sil-
of, nor what the notes promise, but how many of them
ver are prejudicial to our own national interests and
there are, and what assurance there is that this number to the cause of true international bimetallism"
will remain constant (page 47). The important matter (page iv.). He is a bimetallist of the international
is that gold has been cornered '; that commerce trem type, believing that,
bles when a million of yellow pieces are shipped abroad;
“Should international bimetallism ever be estab-
and that your present monetary policy is pinning down lished, it will be through diplomatic negotiations quietly
the future to wholly impossible and ruinous conditions, conducted, without speech-making or ceremony, between
opposed to prosperity and fatal to liberty" (page 56).
the four nations, France, England, Germany, and the
The author presents much that is interesting but United States, any three of which can, at any time, bring
hardly scientific, and offers but a scant page and a
about the result. If those four nations, or any three of
half out of two hundred pages to a consideration of
them, shall ever agree to act together in this matter,
the grave difficulties as to the manner in which we
the programme thus formed would secure the immediate
are to determine how the “sum of money may best
and unquestioning assent of a sufficient number of the
be regulated.” He deems it necessary to business
less important states to carry it to a triumphant issue"
(page 230).
prosperity that this be left to “the representatives
Mr. Walker does not state what he thinks this pro-
of the people, whose patriotism, conservatism, and
societary instinct furnish a far more reliable basis
gramme should be, declining to discuss the question
of the actual ratio to be taken in any attempt to
for the stability of money, than the doctrines, the
prejudices, or the selfishness of the new plutocracy”
restore international bimetallism. All talk about
(page 84).
the existing ratio of thirty to one, however, he
regards as silly, as the present condition of the
The value of the dollar of account certainly ought market is the necessary result of the demonetization
not to depend upon an accidental majority; but to
of silver by the various countries of Europe in the
say, on the other hand, that it should represent period from 1871 to 1879. What the ratio would
invariably a certain weight and fineness of the pre have to be under a remonetization of silver, in order
cious metals, is putting the cart before the horse : to maintain “ a real and reasonably permanent
it is the metal which represents the dollar. The bimetallism” (page 65) can only be determined
purpose is to find something which shall invariably properly and logically when the question is settled
represent the mental estimate which is our unit of
whether a strong and serious effort shall be made
value. Shall this be a particular amount of gold, to reëstablish international bimetallism. His de-
or silver, or both? President Walker, in his “ Inter-
fense of the general principle is based primarily on
national Bimetallism,” suggests :
the testimony of history, and secondarily on the
“ It cannot be considered unfair to call the attention
theories of economic science. Beginning with the
of those who have been fond of speaking of silver as
enormous production of the precious metals by slave
something that may become too cheap for the principal
labor in early times, when everything belonged to
monetary uses of civilized and progressive nations, to the
fact that, within our own time, the continued monetary
the princes and the metals were distributed by war
use of gold was seriously endangered by its cheapness;
and not by trade, the story is told in succeeding
and that it was silver which enjoyed the preference
chapters (1) of the waste of gold and silver from the
(page 137).
time of Augustus to that of Columbus ; (2) of the
The real question is not whether silver is more
period of tumultuous, overwhelming, revolutionary
stable in value than gold, or gold than silver, and
inflation " that followed the discoveries in Mexico
as to which of them should therefore be chosen to
and South America, when silver fell from a ratio of
represent the unit of value; but whether the free
eleven to one of gold to a ratio of fifteen to one ; (3)
coinage of both metals at a given ratio as to the
of bimetallism in England, 1666 to 1816; (4) of
weight of coins will not so affect the demand for
the increasing demand for gold early in this century,
either at different times as to keep the price from
and its enormous production after 1848, when only
fluctuating beyond an appreciable limit which would
the barrier of bimetallism in France prevented gold
be economically so small as to prevent either from
from falling, “ in a succession of plunges, from crag
driving the other out of use as money, and thus se-
to crag, down to a level which would mean nothing
cure a more stable representative of the unit of value.
less than universal bankruptcy” (page 123); (5) of
“The only question that can possibly arise is as to
the impossibility of making a fair trial of bimetal-
the degree of the effect produced. On this point, diver-
lism in this country prior to 1873; (6) of demon-
gence is to be expected and to be tolerated. . . . Men etization ; and (7) of the great debate, in the series
will take positions on the subject according to their pre of international monetary conferences. From begin-
dilections, according to the amount of their information, ning to end, the story is told in an eminently fair-


154
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
minded way, with the light touches of a Harvard the value of the unit chosen to represent the dollar.
lecture-course which will entertain as well as instruct It is fixed by law, and varies by reason of changes in
an audience, and in the scholarly style of a master natural conditions affecting the supply of the metal
who has heard all the opponents have to offer, and chosen, or by reason of changes in industrial and
finds it wanting when subjected to rational criti commercial conditions affecting demand. “Sound"
cism. His argument from economic theory, unfor- money has reference only to the certainty of re-
tunately, is not calculated to convince the mono- demption in coin of the promises to pay dollars.
metallist,—so much of the matter in controversy is During the Civil War the government of the United
assumed in each case argued, under the phraseology States issued some hundreds of millions of promises
of "other things being equal.” The trouble lies in to pay on demand, without interest, and made these
the fact, to which Mr. Walker frequently refers in notes legal tender. Their redemption was stopped
the historical outline given, that other things are by law in 1868, and nearly $350,000,000 remains
very likely not to be equal. When one of the vari to be paid. Under the law of 1890, which was re-
ables in an economic problem is changed, one or pealed November 1, 1893, the government bought
more of the others will probably change also. about 150,000,000 ounces of silver, and paid for it
Mr. McPherson, in treating "The Monetary and
in treasury notes which promise to pay “coin
on
Banking Problem,” does not condescend to argue
demand. This silver, and such gold as is not held
the case. He simply quotes Mr. W. A. Shaw to the to redeem the gold certificates outstanding, is kept
effect that the bimetallic idea “ is not borne out by in the Treasury as a reserve to pay these notes when
a single instance in history” (page 71), and goes
presented. They do not differ in character from
on to show what a poor unit of value gold has been.
any other promissory notes, and, like all other notes,
“ A debt of one hundred dollars incurred twenty-five
are presented whenever there arises a reasonable
years ago, if paid to-day in gold, would inure to the doubt of the ability of the issuer to pay on demand.
creditor double the amount of benefit that the borrower This, in the case of the government, is whenever
obtained at the time the debt was incurred; because taxes fail to yield the amount necessary to meet
prices, measured by the gold standard, of nearly all the current expenses. Aside from all other disturb-
staple products-clothing, shoes, furniture, grain, nails, ances, that has been the situation of the United
tools, watches, drugs, glass, carpets — have in the last
States government for the last three years. It is this
generation fallen in about the same degree that the price
critical condition of the national finances which
of silver has fallen” (page 84).
makes Mr. Howe's excellent account of “ Taxation
In the future, he insists, gold will be even less fitted and Taxes in the United States under the Internal
to serve as a standard of value which may measure
Revenue System" peculiarly timely. The experi-
justice to all and injustice to none, in measuring
ences he records " indicate most clearly how almost
and rewarding human effort, and that the medium
inexhaustible are the sources of taxation as yet un-
of exchange and measure of value should be based touched, of which the Treasury may avail itself in
directly upon the results of human effort. He admits
case of need, and show an array of unused taxes and
that this is an ideal standard which can only be
unopened resources unparalleled in contemporary
attained through slow and painful development, but budgetary history" (page v.). He shows that inter-
believes that the increasing use of paper representa nal taxes should never be wholly relinquished, but
tives of commodities in general and property of all
" that in time of peace the machinery for immedi.
kinds, which form the real basis of bank currency,
ately realizing upon the currently created wealth
tends to develope an ultimate standard independent of the country should never be permitted to get out
of both coin and bullion, gold or silver, which con-
of running order" (page 70); that " with the pos-
sists of a unit of force or human energy urges
sible exception of the taxes on distilled and fer-
that it is high time that we should dethrone Money
mented liquors, there are probably no subjects bet-
from the pedestal of vain mythological meaning, and ter fitted for taxation by the Federal government
learn that money is but the hand-maid of human
than certain corporations whose business is of an
effort. The first step toward the ideal standard
inter-state character” (pages 102-103),—the tax
lies in an improvement of our lax and disjointed being levied on the gross receipts of the transporta-
banking system, by which shrewd, plausible, and
tion
company; that taxes on the assessed valuation
unscrupulous men can put the whole system of indus-
of property are especially objectionable in a federal
try in a hazardous condition by a little juggling with
system, " indefinite in their productivity and inelas-
exchanged notes discounted at separate and officially
tic in character, . . . combining almost all the de-
separated banks. The successful features of Scotch
fects of the excise with those of the income and
and Canadian banking, if incorporated into the direct land tax (page 111); that the income tax
American system, would tend directly toward that
stands as a sort of equalizer to such taxes as those
fluctuating supply of currency which is the requisite
on liquors and tobacco, which are in effect exagger-
of progressive industry.
ated poll taxes (page 238); and that time is a most
Under our present system, the question of money essential requisite to efficiency in an excise system;
is as inextricably bound up with the subject of taxa and “that a moderate rate of taxation will in the
tion on the one hand as it is with banking on the other. long run prove more productive, and less prejudi-
The question of " honest” money has to do with cial to the moral, social, and industrial interests of
He


1896.]
155
THE DIAL
a nation, than one so excessive in amount as to en fidence in the accuracy of the author's scholarship.
courage evasion, speculation, and fraud” (page 81). Here are two examples: on page 165, the method
“ Experience has demonstrated that the best fiscal by parallax is alluded to as method called Par-
policy always advises that taxation should be so devised allax ""; on page 34 the word “observation,” used
as to allow the largest possible freedom to the individ in connection with the labors of Kepler, might give
ual and the greatest liberty to industry, and that this is
the reader a wrong notion of what Kepler really did
best attained by a concentration of the excise upon the
for astronomy. On page 102, Milton's “to save ap-
smallest number of objects consistent with efficiency of
administration ” (page 229).
pearances ” is quoted and used in just the same way
as one would use the modern idiom, without a sug-
Professor Seligman, in a volume of collected gestion of the technical meaning which the phrase in
“Essays on Taxation,” presents both the history this instance has. On page 165, the author accepts
and the theory of taxation, particularly that of cor Proctor's statement that the diameter of the earth's
porations. The inheritance tax, he says, scarcely orbit is 183 millions of miles, whereas it has been
needs defence to-day: but he holds that the single shown to be nearly 186 millions of miles. In many
tax is defective fiscally, politically, morally, and cases Milton's allusions are only partially explained;
economically; he refuses to discuss it as a scheme
these slips are sometimes the result of carelessness
for introducing the social millennium. He condemns
as when it is stated, on page 149, that “ The Sun
the general property tax from the triple standpoint is in the constellation Taurus in April,” a statement
of history, theory, and practice, and believes it, as
that is correct as far as it goes, but as often the
actually administered, to be beyond all doubt one
result of a lack of knowledge, as when it is stated
of the worst taxes known in the civilized world. that Milton's allusion to other suns" is a refer-
“ Because of its attempt to tax intangible as well as ence to Jupiter and Saturn. In this instance a
tangible things, it sing against the cardinal rules of uni-
formity
, of equality, and of universality of taxation
. It knowledge of Verity's very plausible explanation
would have bound the author to a fair discussion
puts a premium on dishonesty and debauches the public
of the two interpretations, even though he were still
conscience; it reduces deception to a system, and makes
a science of knavery; it presses hardest on those least
to retain his present explanation. In dealing with
able to pay; it imposes double taxation on one man, and
the discussion which takes place between Adam and
grants entire immunity to the next. In short, the
gen-
the Angel, in Book VIII., Mr. Orchard is neither
eral property tax is so flagrantly inequitable, that its as clear nor as precise as might be desired. We are
retention can be explained only through ignorance or by no means sure that we may “regard the views
inertia. It is the cause of such crying injustice that its expressed by Adam as representing Milton's own
alteration or its abolition must become the battle-cry of opinions”; at any rate, it is hardly correct to say,
every statesman and reformer” (page 61).
with Mr. Orchard, that the views expressed by Adam
From the brief survey of the development of taxa “ were in conformity with the Copernican theory,"
tion with which Professor Seligman's volume opens, or, with Mr. Masson, that “ Adam is represented as
however, one fact stands out prominently,—“the arriving by intuition at the Copernican theory."
slow and laborious growth of standards of justice in Putting aside our anxiety to prove that Milton
taxation, and the attempt on the part of the com inclined toward the Copernican theory, the lines are
munity as a whole to realize this justice.” We are simply an expression of Adam's doubt in the truth
endeavoring to put into practice the principle that of the Ptolemaic theory; they are neither“ in con-
each individual should be held to help the state in formity with,” nor do they represent Adam as “ar-
proportion to his ability to help himself. It may be riving by intuition at,” the Copernican theory. Mil-
doubted whether this will long remain our concep ton, like many men of his time, although familiar
tion of justice.
with the arguments presented in favor of the Co-
ARTHUR BURNHAM WOODFORD.
pernican theory, accepted the Ptolemaic theory, not
merely for poetical purposes,- as Masson suggests,
because the former theory would have suited these
purposes quite as well as the latter, but because
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
he was conservative enough to prefer a theory in
Curiosities of
Mr. Orchard's “ Astronomy of Mil- the knowledge of which he had been versed from
the Miltonian ton's Paradise Lost” (Longmans) his childhood. The truth of this theory he at times
Astronomy.
is in some respects a disappointing doubted, but there is nothing in the “Paradise Lost”
book. The title itself is almost a misnomer, since dicate that Milton ever thought the Copernican
more than half of the 338
pages
that make
up
the theory more than a possible alternative. On the
book are devoted to historical and descriptive as whole, then, it cannot be said that Mr. Orchard has
tronomy, and are only distantly related to the added anything of importance to our knowledge of
author's real subject. There are also many trilling Milton, while in not a few instances he has failed
inaccuracies of expression; some of these the au to use all the material at his command. This is to
thor could doubtless explain away, because they are be regretted, because the book is in other respects a
in the main of no great importance, but the fre well-written and interesting work. It needs an index,
quency with which they occur disturbs one's con however, to make it serviceable for reference.


156
(Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
When “The Yellow Book” first ap- mirably acute study of contemporary French civili-
A relic of
peared, an article called “A Defense zation, Professor George B. Adams has been called
yesterday.
of Cosmetics,” by Mr. Max Beer upon to prepare a treatise on “ The Growth of the
bohm, excited rage in some hearts. It was regarded French Nation,” and has acquitted himself of this
as an insult, if not to the intelligence of the whole difficult task in a highly satisfactory manner. Greece
human race, at least to that part of it which was cog-joins with France in claiming the attention of this
nizant of “ The Yellow Book.” In the second num year's circle of Chautauqua readers, for two of the
ber Mr. Beerbohm explained that such was an unwar required volumes are “A Survey of Greek Civili-
ranted idea; the article had not been intended as an zation,” by Professor J. P. Mahaffy, and “ A His-
insult to intelligence, but rather as a travesty upon tory of Greek Art,” by Professor F. B. Tarbell.
certain contemporary tendencies. Now that the essay Professor Mahaffy's work is, of course, both com-
is given its due place in the “Works” of its gifted petent and interesting, and just such a “Survey"
author (Scribner), it does not appear to be a trav as he has written will suit the needs of
many
read-
esty, unless all of Mr. Beerbohm's work is to be re ers who are not Chautauquans; but we cannot help
garded as a travesty. It is in tone not very differ- regretting the rather obtrusive and unpleasant reli-
ent from the other essays in the book. It is not, giosity of the preface with which he has seen fit
however, the best of Mr. Beerbohm's works. That to commend his book to its special American public.
proud honor we unhesitatingly award to the review Professor Tarbell's book on Greek art has taken
of English Society of sixteen years ago. This little advantage of the latest achievements in classical
essay is a masterpiece, not only of superficial re archæology, and is particularly noteworthy for the
search, but of flippant seriousness. The reminis-judicious selection of its illustrations. It has been
cence of mashers and professional beauties, Mrs. written in the conviction that the greatest of all mo-
Langtry and Connie Gilchrist, the Manola waltz, tives for studying art, the motive which is and ought
and æstheticism, is manipulated with a delicacy of to be strongest in most people, is the desire to be-
satire that is excellent. Next in merit is the sketch come acquainted with beautiful and noble things.”
of “ A Good Prince"; although rather an ordinary It need hardly be added that the text of this trea-
deception, it is very charming in its developments. tise displays both grace and accurate scholarship.
“ Diminuendo " is also pleasant, although it has the The last of these five books is devoted to popular
contemporary curse of autobiography. The thor astronomy, and is called "A Study of the Sky."
ough and careful paper on “ Dandies and Dandies” Dr. Herbert A. Howe, of Denver, is the author, and
will give one ideas, even if it do not amuse. Less he has made an extremely readable book, avoiding
tempting are the article already mentioned and the mathematics and technicalities as far as possible
biographical studies of George IV. (we are happily without sacrifice of the real objects of such a manual.
spared the awful picture which appeared in “ The
Yellow Book ") and of Romeo Coates. We think
We do not think that the Rev. F. L.
that if one will make up his mind not to be insulted
Humphreys's " Evolution of Church
church music.
Music" (Scribner) will satisfy any
by Mr. Beerbohm's impertinence, condescension,
solemn absurdity, and naive artificialities, he will
serious reader who desires a reliable history and a
find this book delightfully funny. He may also be plausible theory of religious music,— both of which
The
instructed; for Mr. Beerbohm is a representative
we might suppose would be provided for us.
- not representative of the century, or even of
author's habit of presenting us with quotations, often
the decade, but of the time being, of the instant
of some length, from unmentioned authors (despite
which, as Taine says, changes while one is off on a
his idea that he gives "due credit"), will not impress
journey. In temper he shows the sort of affecta-
his readers favorably, and his discursive way of
tion which we have seen in many young men in the
thinking seems to have prevented him from reach-
last few years. In style he gives us the manner-
ing any sound and useful bases for discussion. His
isms of half a dozen contemporaries, from Walter
book, however, will doubtless give desired informa-
Pater and Oscar Wilde to Mr. Le Gallienne and
tion on the subject to not a few; and if it succeeds
Mr. Zangwill. It may be that it is all a conscious
also in impressing on the public mind some of its
travesty ; but it is surely not a very important mat-
ideas on contemporary church music, it will not have
ter to decide whether it is or not. It is amusing,
been published in vain. For whatever may be the
and what more should we ask?
author's character as a historian or a theorist, he is
a musician of cultivated taste and religious feeling.
The Chautauqua books for the com For our part, we willingly dispense with many
New books for
ing year, five in number, have just things for the sake of his eminently sane opinions
Chautauquans.
been published, and form perhaps the on boy choirs, church quartettes, gospel songs,
most valuable collection of required reading that hymns of silly or wicked wording, opera music
has yet been provided for students under the Chau- slightly disguised or openly borrowed, and other
tauqua system. One of the books is Mr. W. C. matters which too often make our religious music
Brownell's “ French Traits,” published in a new to-day a sufficient reason for going anywhere on
edition for this purpose, and too well and favorably Sunday but to church. Nor is his criticism wholly
known to need any comment. To go with this ad destructive; the choir leader will find interest also
Evolution of
man


1896.]
157
THE DIAL
in his positive suggestion. In fact, if readers will
Philosophy
The popularity of Professor Henry
appreciate what they find, and not be disappointed and religion Jones's book on “Browning as a Phi.
at not finding what they may be right in expecting,
in Browning.
losophical and Religious Teacher"
they will be glad to have read the book.
(Macmillan) is evident from the fact that a third
edition is now issued, in less than five years after
Mr. J. Fitzgerald Molloy's two-
“ The Most
the publication of the first. The method of the
Gorgeous Lady volume life of “The Most Gorgeous
book is to marshal numerous passages from the poet,
Blessington."
Lady Blessington " (imported by
and from them to deduce a connected account of
Scribner), a fourth edition of which is now issued, his ideas on religion and morality, and to discuss
does full justice to her ladyship's dazzling and rather
their philosophical validity. The great defect of
erratic career. The life-story of this daughter of a
such a method, as applied to Browning, is that, being
Tipperary squireen, and queen regnant of the fam-
a dramatic poet, a large part of such utterances
ous Gore House coterie, has in it all the essentials
belong to the characters he creates — Jew, Greek,
of a full-blown romance, and it loses nothing in the
Christian, or Persian - and are not, in any sense,
sympathetic hands of Mr. Molloy. The book teems,
expressions of the poet's own personal opinions. It
of course, with stories and pen-portraits of literary
is no wonder, then, that Professor Jones finds
people — Byron, Landor, Moore, Disraeli, Bulwer,
Browning's philosophy “inconsistent” at many
N. P. Willis, and the rest; and these elements con-
points, and that the reader, like the unlettered men
stitute its chief interest for most readers. For Lady after reading the annotated edition of Bunyan's
Blessington now shines (despite her one time “gor-
“Pilgrim's Progress," finds the explanations more
geousness” and prodigious, if fleeting, literary obscure than the text. Still, the book is one to
vogue) mainly with a borrowed light, and sinks to
stimulate thought, and will prove congenial to those
the rank of those meeker literary luminaries who
fond of the phraseology of metaphysics.
are remembered for their friendships rather than
their performances. Yet one would gladly have seen
Lady Blessington in all her glory; and there is no
doubt that she was in life vastly better company,
BRIEFER MENTION.
and to all appearances vastly cleverer, than many
From the Roycroft Printing Shop in East Aurora, New
of her friends who wrote vastly better books. Mr.
York, we have received two beautifully-printed books
Molloy's account of her will be found very enter-
that must take a high rank among examples of the best
taining - far more so than the average novel. It modern workmanship in the craft which they exemplify.
contains a charming portrait, after Lawrence, of They are editions of the “Song of Songs” and the
her ladyship, which bears out Dr. Parr's “ liquorish “ Book of Ecclesiastes,” each having an introductory
epithet."
essay by Mr. Elbert Hubbard. The books are hand.
The extrinsic interest that attaches
printed from a special font of Romanesque type, and
Autobiographical
are a delight to the eye. Both editions are limited.
reminiscences of to the personality of celebrities will
a musician.
probably suffice for most people who
“Lyra Celtica” is the title of a beautifully-printed
volume of representative Celtic poetry, edited by Mrs.
read the autobiographical reminiscences of Charles
Elizabeth A. Sharp, and provided by Mr. William Sharp
Gounod (Macmillan). The contents of the book, with notes and an elaborate introduction. Besides the
gathered, beside the autobiographical sketch, from host of modern poets represented, the ancient bards of
family letters and a few random papers, are duly Cornwall, Armorica, Ireland, and Scotland are illus-
personal and chatty; and it is interesting also to trated in translations that have been made with excep-
note the artistic persuasions of the composer of one
tional skill for the purpose. (Imported by Scribner.)
of the most popular operas ever written. Whether “Jersey Street and Jersey Lane” (Scribner) is the
Faust was Gounod's own favorite or not, he seems
title of a pretty volume containing a half-dozen clever
to have judged it, like his other works, dispassion-
urban and suburban sketches by the late H. C. Bunner.
ately. He says nothing, for instance, of the storm
The titles are: “Jersey and Mulberry," “ Tiemann's to
Tubby Hook," "The Bowery and Bohemia," « The
of controversy which the score raised in its day
Story of a Patch," “ The Lost Child," " A Letter to
among the musical critics. That it seemed advanced
Town." The papers abound in characteristic touches,
to them was perhaps because he himself had been
whimsical and pathetic, and fairly illustrate the quali-
trained in so good and catholic a school. Palestrina, ties which justly endeared Mr. Bunner to his readers.
Bach, Cherubini, Mozart, Beethoven were among The book is acceptably illustrated.
his early favorites; he recognized the genius of
Baron Ferdinand Rothschild's “ Personal Character-
Berlioz, and says a contemporary good word for istics from French History" (Macmillan Co.) is a rather
Saint-Saëns. He appears to have had, on the whole,
promiscuous assortment of French bon mots culled from
more than most musicians, a definite and intellect-
many sources and strung together on a thin thread of
aal notion of what art is. His letters from Italy
not very searching or felicitous comment and apprecia-
show genuine appreciation of its painters and musi-
tion, with a view of helping the reader to “an idea,
however superficial, of some of the salient characteris-
cians, and we find him, later, intelligently defend tics of certain notable actors in the drama of French
ing the Ecole de Rome from the attacks of modern history." The Baron's list begins with Hugues Capet,
naturalism and realism. The translation from the and ends with the Abbé Sieyes. The work has a cer-
French is the work of the Hon. W. Hely Hutchinson. tain scrap-book value, and has seventeen portraits.


158
(Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF FALL BOOKS.
TAE DIAL's list of books announced for Fall issue by
American publishers, which has become an important
annual feature of the paper, is this year the largest ever
given. It contains about 900 titles, against 700 last
year; and represents fifty-one publishers, nine more
than last year. The average of books to a publisher is
also increased,— eighteen this year, and seventeen last
year. The greatest number of entries for one house
(that of the Macmillan Co.) is an even hundred titles.
The classification of the books into departments adds
greatly to the interest of the list, and furnishes the
basis of some suggestive analysis and comment in the
leading editorial article of this issue. The great length
of the list makes it necessary to defer the department
of Juveniles until our next number. All the books in
this list are presumably new books — new editions not
being included unless having new form or matter.
HISTORY.
A Political History of England, by Goldwin Smith, D.C.L.-
Periods of European History, edited by Arthur
Hassall,
M.A., new vols.: The Empire and the Papacy, 918-1272,
by T. F. Tout, M.A.; The End of the Middle Ages, 1272-
1494, by R. Lodge, M.A.; Europe in the 16th Century,
1490-1598, by A. H. Johnson, M.A.;
and Modern Europe,
1815–1878, by G. W. Prothero, Litt.D.- History of Man-
kind, by Prof. Friedrich Ratzel, trans. by A. J. Butler,
M.A., with preface, by E. B. Tyler, D.C.L., 3 vols., Vol. I.,
illus. in colors, etc. - The Year after the Armada, histor-
ical studies, by Martin A. S. Hume.- Cambridge Histor-
ical Series, new vol.: The Foundation of the German
Empire, 1815–1817, by J. W. Headlam, M.A. - History,
Prophecy, and the Monuments, by Prof. James Frederick
McCurdy, Ph.D., new edition, revised, 3 vols.-
The Law
of Civilization and Decay, an essay on history, by Brooks
Adams, new edition, revised and partly rewritten, $2,-
Jewish Social Life in the Middle Ages, by Israel Abraham.
- The Return of the Jews to England, by Lucien Wolf.
(Macmillan Co.)
The Beginners of a Nation, by Dr. Edward Eggleston, first
vol. in "A History of Life in the U.S."- The Rise and
Growth of the English Nation, by W. H. S. Aubrey, 3 vols.
- History of the Columbian Exposition, edited by Rossiter
Johnson, illus.- The Story of the West Series, new vol.:
The Story of the Mine, by Charles Howard Shinn.- His-
tory of Civilization in Europe, by F. P. G. Guizot, new
edition.-When William IV. was King, by John Ashton,
illus. (D. Appleton & Co.)
History of the Last Quarter Century in the United States,
1870-1895, by E. Benjamin Andrews, 2 vols., illus. $6.-
American History Series, new vol.: The Middle Period,
by John W. Burgess, Ph.D., $1.25.- Europe in the Middle
Age, by Oliver J. Thatcher and Ferdinand Schwill, $2.-
A History of China, by S. Wells Williams, LL.D., $2.
(Chas. Scribner's Sons.)
Constitutional History of the United States, by George Tick-
nor Curtis, Vol. II., $3.- History of the German Struggle
for Liberty, by Poultney Bigelow, B.A., 2 vols., illus.-
Naval Actions of the War of 1812, by James Barnes, illus.
in color. (Harper & Bros.)
The Mycenæan Age, by Dr. Crestos Tsountas, trans. from
the Greek and edited and enlarged by Prof. J. Irving
Manatt and Dr. Barker Newhall, illus. – A History of
Presidential Elections, by Edward Stanwood, fifth edition,
revised, $1.50. - The Crusade of the Children in the
XIIIth Century, by George Zabriskie Gray, D.D., new
edition, $1.50. (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.)
The Historical Development of Modern Europe, by Charles
M. Andrews, 2 vols. - A History of Ancient Peoples, by
Willis Boughton, A.M., illus.- The Story of the Nations,
new vols.: Bohemia, by C. Edmund Maurice ; British Rule
in India, by R. W. Frazer; and Canada, by J. G. Bouri-
not; each illus., per vol., $1.50. — Undercurrents of the
Second Empire, by Albert D. Vandam. – Greek Oligar-
chies, their character and organization, by Leonard Whib-
ley, M.A., $1.75. (G. P. Putnam's Sons.)
The Puritan in England and New England, by Ezra Hoyt
Byington, D.D., illus., $2. (Roberts Bros.)
Historical Briefs, with a biography, by James Schouler, $2.
-The Diary of a Citizen of Paris during the "Terror," by
Edmond Biré, trans, and edited by John De Villiers, 2
vols., with portrait, $7.50. (Dodd, Mead & Co.)
Now Light on the Early History of the Greater Northwest,
being the journals of Alexander Henry, partner of the
Northwest Company, collated with the unpublished MSS.
of David Thompson, explorer and geographer of the North-
west Company, edited by Dr. Elliott Coues, 3 vols., with
maps, $10. (Francis P. Harper.)
Rome and the Renaissance, by Julian Klaczko, trans. by
William Marchant. A Diplomat in London, from the
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Italy in the Nineteenth century, by Elizabeth Wormeley
Latimer, illus., $2.50.-- A Short History of Italy, by Eliza-
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The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, travels and ex-
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Burrows Brothers Co.)
Mayflower Essays on the story of the Pilgrim Fathers, as told
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History of the Army of the United States, edited for the
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The Bay Colony, the early Colonial history of Massachusetts,
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The Story of the Indian Mutiny, by Ascott R. Hope, illus., $1.
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BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
John Gibson Lockhart, by Andrew Lang, 2 vols., illus., $12.50.
“The Great Educators," new vol.: Thomas Arnold, by
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Montijo, by Imbert de Saint-Amand, $1.25.- Women of
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Chapters from a Life, by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, illas.,
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ton, Mifflin & Co.)
Heroes of the Nations, new vols.: Christopher Columbus and
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Robert the Bruce and the struggle for Scottish independ-
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The Brontës and their Circle, edited by Clement K. Shorter
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Story of my Life, by Augustus J. C. Hare, illus. in photo
gravure, etc., 2 vols., $7.50.- My Literary Life, by Mrs.
Lynn Linton, $1.50. – Memoirs of Signor Arditi, illus.,
$3.50.- The Life of Washington, by M. L. Weems, new
edition, edited by Paul Leicester Ford, limited edition,
illus.- My Long Life, an autobiography, by Mary Cowden
Clarke, illus., $2. – Glimpses of my Life, by Adeline,
Countess Schimmelmann, edited by W. Smith Foggitt,
illus., $1.50. (Dodd, Mead & Co.)
Philip Gilbert Hamerton, an autobiography, 1834-1859, and a
memoir by his wife, 1859-1894, with portrait. (Roberts
Bros.)
Memoirs of Marshal Oudinot.-—"Great Commanders " series,
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Pioneers of Science in America, edited by Dr. W.J. You-
mans. (D. Appleton & Co.)
George Washington, by Woodrow Wilson, Ph.D., illus. (Har-
per & Bros.)
The True George Washington, by Paul Leicester Ford, illus.,
$10. (J. B. Lippincott Co.)


1896.]
159
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The Adventures of my Life, by Henri Rochefort, revised and
arranged by the author, 2 vols.- Seventy Years of Irish
Life, by W.R. Le Fanu, new and cheap edition. (Edward
Arnold.)
"Public Men of To-day" series, new vol.: Pope Leo XIII., by
Justin McCarthy, with portrait, $1.25. (F. Warne & Co.)
Unpublished Memoirs of Mgr. de Salamon of the Internuncio
at Paris during the Revolution, 1790–1801, edited by the
Abbé Aridier, with portraits, $2. (Little, Brown, & Co.)
Hours with Famous Parisians, by Henry Stuart, $1.25. (Way
& Williams.)
History of the Hutchinson Family, by John Wallace Hutch-
inson (tribe of Jesse ), edited by Charles E. Mann, with
introduction by Frederick Douglass, 2 vols., illus., $5.
(Lee & Shepard.)
Walt Whitman the Man,
by Thomas Donaldson, illus., $1.75.
- Nell Gwyn and the Sayings of Charles II., by Peter Cun-
ningham, F.S.A., edited by Henry B. Wheatley, new edi-
tion, with portraits.--Memoirs of Emma, Lady Hamilton,
new edition, edited by W. H. Long, with portraits. (Fran-
cis P. Harper.)
Life of Roger Sherman. (A. C. McClurg & Co.)
A Memoir of Bishop Sillitoe, by Rev. H. H. Gowen.- John
Ellerton, his life and writings, illus.--St. Boniface, by Rev.
I. Gregory Smith. (E. & J. B. Young & Co.)
Luther, by Gustav Freytag. (Open Court Pub'g Co.)
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Letters of Victor Hugo, edited by Paul Meurice, 2 vols.-
Authors and Friends, by Mrs. James T. Fields.-Mere Lit-
erature, and other essays, by Woodrow Wilson.-The Spir-
itual Sense of Dante's Divina Commedia, by William T.
Harris, LL.D., $1.25.—Talks on Writing English, by Arlo
Bates, Litt.D., $1.50.- Talks about Autographs, by Dr.
George Birkbeck Hill, illus.-A Primer of American Lit-
erature, by Charles F. Richardson, new edition, revised to
date, illus. (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.)
William Shakespeare, a critical study, by Georg Brandes,
trans. by William Archer, 2 vols. - Victorian Influences,
essays, by Frederick Harrison.- English Literature, by
Rev. Stopford A. Brooke, new edition, revised. - The
Bible in Old English Writers, by Albert S. Cook, Ph.D.-
The Works of Friedrich Nietzsche, edited by Alexander
Tille, new vols.: A Genealogy of Morals, and Beyond Good
and Evil Poems.-Guesses at the Riddle of Existence, with
other essays on kindred subjects, by Goldwin Smith.-
Handbooks of English Literature, edited by J. W. Hales,
M.A.: Chaucer and his Contemporaries, and Shakespeare
and his Contemporaries, by the editor; and Milton and his
Contemporaries, by J. Bass Mullinger. (Macmillan Co.)
Impressions and Experiences, by W D. Howells.- Aspects
of Fiction, and other ventures in criticism, by Brander
Matthews.- Literary Landmarks of Venice, by Laurence
Hatton, illus.- The Relation of Literature to Life, by
Charles Dudley Warner.— With My Neighbors, by Mar-
garet E. Sangster, $1.25. (Harper & Bros.)
The Literary Movement in France During the Nineteenth
Century, by Georges Pellissier, trans. by Anne G. Brinton.
- Studies in Interpretation, by William Henry Hudson.-
The Five Great Sceptical Dramas, by Rev. John Owen.-
Books and their Makers During the Middle Ages, by
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- The Real and the Ideal in Literature, by Frank Preston
Stearns, $1.25.- Ancient Ideals, by Henry Osborn Taylor,
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thors, by various writers, illus., $1.75. — The Writings of
Thomas Paine, edited by M. D. Conway. Vol. IV., $2.50.
– The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, edited by Paul Lei-
cester Ford, Vol. VIII., $5.- Stories and Legends from
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A new volume of Essays by Austin Dobson.-Essays on Books
and Culture, by Hamilton Wright Mabie, $1.25.- Love's
Demesne, a garland of love-poems, gathered by George H.
Ellwanger, 2 vols., $2.50.- The New England Primer, ed-
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Mead & Co.)
Periods of European Literature, by various authors, edited
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Louis Stevenson.- American Lands and Letters, by Don-
ald G. Mitchell, illus.- English Lands, Letters, and Kings,
fourth series, by Donald G. Mitchell.- Colonial Days in
Old New York, by Alice Morse Earle. (Chas. Scribner's
Sons.)
Songs of the South, selected by Jennie Thornley Clarke, with
introduction by Joel Chandler Harris, $1.50. (J. B. Lip-
pincott Co.)
Godefroi and Yolande, a drama, by Laurence Irving:- The
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Garnett, new edition, with new matter. (Way & Williams.)
The Old World Series, new vols.: The New Life, by Dante
Alighieri, trans. by Dante Gabriel Rossetti;
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Lyrics of Old France, by Andrew Lang; The Kasidah
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F. Burton; and Sylvie, by Gerard De Nerval, trans. by
Lucie Page; per vol., $1. – The Bibelot Series, new vols.:
The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, trans. into English prose
by Justin Huntly McCarthy; and The Defence of Guen-
evere, a book of lyrics from the works of William Morris ;
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Modern French Literature, by Benjamin W. Wells, Ph.D.,
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History of English Literature, by Bernhard ten Brink, Vol.
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English Love Sonnet Series, new vol.: Sonnets from the Por-
tuguese, by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, $2.- Transla-
tions from the Sonnets of Dante, Petrarch, and Camoens,
by Richard Garnett, LL.D., $1.50. — Patrins, a book of
essays, by Louise Imogen Guiney.- The Listener in Town,
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berlain, 2 vols., per vol., 75 cts. (Copeland & Day.)
English Epithalamies, edited by R. H. Case, $1.75.- Eliza-
bethan Sonnet Cycles, edited by Martha Foote Crow,
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A New Anthology, chosen from the minor and less familiar
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Bacon vs. Shakespeare, by Edwin Reed, illus., $2.50. (Joseph
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Tales of Languedoc, folk lore stories of the South of France,
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other essays, by Timothy H. Rearden, new edition, with
portraits, $1.50. (San Francisco: William Doxey.)
Rainy Days in a Library, by Sir Herbert Maxwell, Bart.-
Book Sales of 1895, edited by Temple Scott, $4. (Francis
P. Harper.)
POETRY.
The Seven Seas, a new volume of verse, by Rudyard Kipling.
(D. Appleton & Co.)
Judith and Holofernes, by Thomas Bailey Aldrich, $1.25.-
Poems, by Celia Thaxter, “ Appledore" edition, edited by
Sarah Orne Jewett, $1.50.- A Quiet Road, by Lizette
Woodworth Reese, $1. (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.)
Complete Poems of H.C. Bunner, with introduction by Bran-
der Matthews. (Chas. Scribner's Sons.)
Emily Dickinson's Poems, third series, edited by Mabel
Loomis Todd, $1.25. – Poems by Johannus Ambrosius,
trans. by Mary J. Safford, with portrait, $1.50.- A Cycle
of Sonnets, with introduction by Mabel Loomis Todd,
$1.25. (Roberts Bros.)
Complete English Poems of Henry Vaughan, the Silurist, ed-
ited by Louise Imogen Guiney.-
Lyrics by John B. Tabb.
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75 cts.- Poems, by Francis Sherman. (Copeland & Day.)
Green Arras, by Laurence Housman, illus. by the author.-
The Acrobatic Mnge, by R. K. Munkittrick, $1.25.-
Three Irish Bardic Tales, by John Todhunter, $1.50.
(Way & Williams.)
Beaux and Belles, by Arthur Grissom.- The Incas, the chil-
dren of the sun, by Tilford Groesbeck, with introduction
by C. R. Markham, illus. - Songs without Answer, by
Irene Putnam. Notes and Half-Notes, by Frank E.
Sawyer. (G. P. Putnam's Sons.)
From Avalon, and other poems, by Emily Huntington Miller,
$1.- Blue and Gold, by William S. Lord, $1. (A. C. Mc-
Clurg & Co.)
A Child-World, by James Whitcomb Riley, $1.25; illus. edi-
tion, $2.50. (Bowen-Merrill Co.)
+


160
(Sept. 16,
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FICTION.
Sir George Tressady, by Mrs. Humphrey Ward, 2 vols.- The
Other House, by Henry James. - Tarquisara, by F. Marion
Crawford.—“The Choir Invisible," by James Lane Allen,
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the Fold, by J. S. Fletcher. - The Wheels of Chance, by
H. G. Wells, illus. (Macmillan Co.)
Sentimental Tommy, by J. M. Barrie, illus., $1.50.- Mar
garet Ogilvy, by J. M. Barrie. – Mrs. Cliff's Yacht, by
Frank R. Stockton, illus., $1.50.- Love in Old Clothes,
and other stories, by H. C. Bunner, illus., $1.50.-A Tragic
Idyl, by Paul Bourget, $1.50. — The Rogue's March, by
E.W. Hornung, $1.50.- A Book of Martyrs, by Cornelia
Atwood Pratt, 75 cts. One of the Visconti, by Eva Wilder
(McGlasson) Brodhead, 75 cts.—That Lass o' Lowries, by
Frances Hodgson Burnett, new edition, $1.25. - Seven-
oaks, and Arthur Bonnicastle, by J. G. Holland, new edi-
tions, each 75 cts.–Stories by English Authors, new vols.:
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and The Sea, each 75c. (Chas. Scribner's Sons.)
The Gray Man, by S. R. Crockett, illus. – Tom Sawyer
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Mark Twain, illus.—Limitations, by E. F. Benson.-Alone
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Fire, by Fiona Macleod. - Clarissa Furiosa, by W. E. Nor-
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The Old Infant, and similar stories, by Will Carleton.-
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The Spoils of Poynton, by Henry James, $1.50.-Sister Jane,
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One of God's Dilem-
mas, by Allen Upward, $1. (Edward Arnold.)
Kate Carnegie, by Ian Maclaren, illus., $1.50.-- A new novel
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An Important Man and Others, by W. Pett Ridge, 40 cts.-
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Impressions of South Africa, by James Bryce, M.P., $2.
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Half-Hours of Travel at Home and Abroad, selected and
arranged by Charles Morris, 4 vols., illus., $6. (J. B. Lip-
pincott Co.)


1896.]
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In the Volcanic Eifel, a holiday ramble,
by Katharine S. and
Gilbert S. Macquoid, illus., $3. Travel-Pictures from
Palestine, by James Wells, D.D., illus., $3.- Dragops and
Cherry Blossoms, by Mrs. Robert C. Morris, illus., $1.50.
Travel and Talk, my 100,000 miles of travel, by Rev.
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& Co.)
The Forgotten Isles, and an account of the Balearic Islands,
by M. Vullier, illus. (D. Appleton & Co.)
Through Unknown African Countries, the first expedition
from Somaliland to Lake Rudolf and Lamu,
by A. Don-
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beyond the Himalayas, by S. J. Stone, illus.—Through the
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Little Tour in Ireland, by "Oxonian" (Dean Hole), illus.
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The Island of Cuba, by M. M. Ramsey and A. S. Rowan.
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An Eclipse Party in Africa, by Eben J. Loomis, with intro-
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162
[Sept. 16,
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163
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Forest, The Little Savage, Valerie ; each illus. with etch-
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5 vols., $7.50. - Browning's Poems, 2 vols., illus., $3.-
Don Quixote, Ormsby's translation, 2 vols., illus., $3.-
Daruy's History of France, revised to 1896, 2 vols., illus.,
$3.- Lockhart's Life of Scott, 2 vols., illus., $3.- Bour
rienne's Memoirs of Napoleon, 2 vols., illus., 83.- Pope's
Poetical Works, 2 vols., illus., $3.-Hugo's Hans of Ice-
land, $1.25. - Hugo's Bug Jargal, etc., $1.25. – Popular
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Lockhart's Life of Scott, per vol., $1.25. (T. Y. Crowell
& Co.)
The Nineteenth Century Classics, new vols.: Carlyle's Heroes
and Hero Worship, Mrs. Browning's Prometheus Bound,
De Quincey's The Opium Eater, Mrs. Gaskell's Cranford,
Carlyle's Past and Present; each with introduction, per
vol., $1. (Ward, Lock & Bowden.)


164
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
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..


1896.]
165
THE DIAL
Briefs for Debate, on current political, economic, and social Mr. R. Farquharson Sharp has in preparation a work
topics, edited by W. Du Bois Brookings, A.B.,
and Ralph
Curtis Ringwalt, A.B.- Fairy Tale
Plays, and How to Act
entitled “A Concise Dictionary of English Literature:
Them, by Mrs. Hugh Bell, illus.- The Pharsalia of Lucan, Biographical and Bibliographical,” designed to give in
trans. into blank verse by Edward Ridley. (Longmans, compact form the salient
features of the lives and
works
Green, & Co.)
of all authors who have made any notable contribution
Dinners Up to Date, 168 menus, by Louisa E. Smith, $1.75.-
Social Observances, by “ Au Fait," $1.-The Dog, its Man-
to English literature. Such authors from over the
agement in Health and Disease, by Stonehenge, revised to
Atlantic as Emerson, Hawthorne, etc., whose writings
date, illus., $1. (F. Warne & Co.)
form an integral portion of the great body of English
Masonry, Theosophy, and the Greater Mysteries of Antiquity, literature, will be represented, and the work will include
by J. D. Buck, M.D. (Robt. Clarke Co.)
such living authors as Mr. Swinburne and Mr. William
Audiences, a few suggestions to those who look and listen, by
Florence P. Holden, illus. (A. C. McClurg & Co.)
Morris.
Pen and Inklings, by Oliver Herford. ---Boss and Other Dogs, Eight new“Old South Leaflets" have just been issued.
by Maria Louise Pool. (Stone & Kimball.)
The first of these leaflets, No. 66, is a reprint of Win-
throp's famous “Little Speech" on Liberty, as given in
the old Governor's Journal; No. 67 is Cotton Mather's
“ Bostonian Ebenezer,” from the “Magnalia "; No. 68,
LITERARY NOTES.
Governor Hutchinson's account of the Boston Tea
Party, from his “ History of Massachusetts Bay"; No.
The British Museum acquired last year a collection 69, Adrian Van der Donck's Description of New Neth-
of over a thousand different editions and translations of
erlands in 1655; No. 70, The Debate in the Constitu-
« The Imitation of Christ."
tional Convention of 1787 on the Rules of Suffrage in
The Graduate Club of Bryn Mawr College is about Congress; No. 71, Columbus's Memorial to Ferdinand
to publish a “ Handbook of Courses Open to Women in and Isabella, on his Second Voyage; No. 72, The Dutch
English, European, and Canadian Universities.” Declaration of Independence in 1581; No. 73, Captain
The Oxford University Press, through the agency of John Knox's Account of the Battle of Quebec. The last
Mr. Henry Frowde, is about to open a branch of its five of these eight leaflets illustrate the original mate-
publishing and bookselling business in New York. rial in which Irving, Bancroft, Prescott, Motley, and
“ Denounced," a novel by Mr. Bloundelle-Burton, is Parkman worked in the preparation of their histories.
the two-hundredth issue in the “ Town and Country” Every student of English literature, whether in this
series of fiction published by Messrs. D. Appleton & Co. country or elsewhere, will mourn the death of Francis
The very attractive edition of Marryat, published James Child, which occurred on the eleventh of this
by Messrs. Little, Brown, & Co., has just had three ac month. As an authority upon his chosen subject he was
cessions in the shape of “ Poor Jack," “ The King's easily the first among American scholars, and as a teacher
Own,” and “Joseph Rushbrook.”
and scholar in the department of English studies his
“ César Birotteau," translated by Miss Ellen Mar influence was probably greater than that of any other
riage, and “ Modeste Mignon,” translated by Mrs. Bell, American specialist of his generation. His professorial
both with introductions by Professor Saintsbury, appear connection with Harvard University, bis alma mater,
in the Dent-Macmillan edition of Balzac.
dates from 1851, and was continued unbroken for
“Genesis,” in “ The Modern Reader's Bible," and forty-five years. If we reckon from the time of the
two more volumes of Tennyson, including “ Rizpah” tutorship which immediately followed
upon
his gradua-
and “The Voyage of Maeldune,” in the pretty “ Peo tion, we may credit him with an even half-century of
ple's " edition, have been received from the Macmillan
educational work in the University. He was seventy-
Company.
one years old at the time of his death. His greatest
“ Thirty Years of Paris and of My Literary Life" work is the monumental “ English and Scottish Popular
and « Recollections of a Literary Man," by M. Alphonse Ballads," of which the first volume appeared in 1883,
Daudet, are translated Miss Laura or, and just
and which has been continued down to the present time,
published in the Dent-Macmillan edition of the distin- eight or nine volumes altogether being produced.
guished French author.
Whenever an Englishman of any prominence dies,
The date of this issue of THE DIAL is also the date Canon Rawnsley is promptly on hand with an obituary
set by Dr. John Watson for his departure from Liver poem, usually a sonnet. The tribute to the late Lady
pool. He will be in this country about three months, Tennyson, in “ The Academy," derives a peculiar interest
under the management of Major Pond, and is booked from the fact that it was in the vicarage of Canon
for over fifty lectures. He will be in Chicago, as the Rawnsley's father that the poet was wedded to Miss
guest of the Twentieth Century Club, on the 21st of Emily Selwood. Here are the verses:
October.
“The Poet went-his Pilot at the bar
“The Atheneum" is the source of the following Gave him God-speed and turned toward the land
note: “ The death is announced of the German lady who Where lone upon the shore, with waving hand,
was known under the name of Camilla Selden,' and Stood one who followed still her guiding star
who so tenderly nursed Heine during the last months
And watched it mount to heaven. Tho' sundered far,
of his painful illness. The poet, who gave her the name
Its glory sent such gladness to the strand
of · Mouche,' addressed to her his last poem, and the
She waited patient, till the great command
Came calling her to where the immortals are.
letters he wrote to her were most pathetic. “Camilla
Selden,' whose real name was Elise von Krienitz, pub-
“Oh! sweet the memory of the Lincoln lane,
lished in 1884 a book entitled · Les Derniers Jours de
And sweet the joy of Shiplake's marriage-bell,
Sweet, happy hours in Aldworth's glade of pine,
Henri Heine.' She latterly resided at Rouen, gaining
Or that loose-ordered garden known so well,
her livelihood as a teacher of German."
But sweeter far, beyond all touch of pain,
We learn from the London “Literary World” that
To feel thy love indissolubly thine !"


166
[Sept. 16,
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THE DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
en el seu estilo recorded in termen de begane groethet In spite of all that has of late been written
PAGE
.
.
•
• 185
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
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THE EXTENSIONS OF LITERARY
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ACTIVITY.
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postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and upon the subject, it is still a difficult matter for
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realm of the Mikado. The old prepossessions
are so strong upon us that we still instinctively
No. 247.
OCTOBER 1, 1896. Vol. XXI. class the Japanese with the other orientals, and
are slow to recognize the fact that their newly-
CONTENTS.
acquired culture and civilization have at last
fairly brought them within the limits of the
THE EXTENSIONS OF LITERARY ACTIVITY 177 Western world and its intellectual comity.
TWO POETS: ROSSETTI - POE. (Sonnets.) A. T.
These reflections have often been suggested to
Schuman
179 us of late, and are suggested anew by the read-
THOREAU AS PROSE WRITER. Hiram M. Stanley 179 ing of a “Summary of Current Japanese Lit-
COMMUNICATIONS
182
erature” published in a recent issue of “The
An American Endowed Theatre. Frederic Ives Japan Daily Mail.” We cannot read such a
Carpenter.
summary without a deepening of the feeling
What Constitutes Proof? Charles Davidson.
that the modern Japanese are indeed “men and
TRAVELS AND EXPLORATIONS IN NORTH brothers," that our intellectual problems are
WESTERN AMERICA. E. G. J.
183
also theirs, and that we may enjoy an intelligent
A TORY AND A PATRIOT OF THE REVOLU and sympathetic share in their struggle for de-
TION. John J. Halsey
velopment. When we read, for example, that
THE ELIZABETHAN SONNETTEERS. Frederic a list of recent translations into Japanese in-
Ives Carpenter :
. 186
cludes Professor Westermark's “ Evolution of
THE GROWTH OF BRITISH POLICY. Henry E. Marriage," "The Origin of Species,” and the
Bourne.
187
“ Kritik der Reinen Vernunft,” we may won-
ORIGINS AND MEANINGS OF DECORATIVE der at the process of reproducing, say, the
ART. Frederick Starr .
190
transcendental æsthetic of Kant in a language
STUDIES IN AMERICAN HISTORY. Reuben G.
of agglutinative type, but we must accept the
Thwaites.
191
The Journal of Captain William Pote, Jr.- Roose-
fact that a people who can translate and read
velt's The Winning of the West.- Massie's Nathaniel
such books is one that cannot be classed with
Massie. - McMaster's With the Fathers. - Fisher's the inferior races of mankind.
The Making of Pennsylvania.
It was, of course, through translations that the
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. ..
193 Japanese of the new era had to get the begin-
A sober and rational history of the United States.-
History of the Episcopal Church in the United States.
nings of modern culture. Among many work-
- A national English school of music.— A trinity of ers in this field, Nakamura Keiu and Fuku-
famous Scots.— Good work of the Peabody Museum.
zawa Yukichi are named as pioneers. For the
- Three branches of governmental powers. - New
reprints of English classics.- Imitation in language-
first fifteen years or so of the Meiji period,
teaching. — German myth and legend in Wagner. “translations good and bad, of well-known
Memories of quaint Nantucket. — The boy-life of
Shakespeare.- Mr. Gladstone's subsidiary studies of
foreign works in all the principal book-shops
Bishop Butler.- A pleasant picture of Leo XIII. crowded out the old Japanese and Chinese
Some literary landmarks of Venice.—"The Spirit in works hitherto in such request." Then came
Literature and Life."- A good book on the myths
a sort of national reaction, and a number of
of the New World.
men set to producing original literature of a
LITERARY NOTES
lighter sort. A single book by Yano Fumio is
THE SEASON'S BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG
199
said to have“ brought him in a small fortune,”
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS
. 200 Tsubouchi Shoyo was the “ father of modern
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
200 novelists," and wrote books with such titles as
.
.
.
•
.
· 198
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.
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.
•


178
(Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
“A Conjugal Mirror,” “ A Dream about the of ardor in literary matters.'
of ardor in literary matters.” “ It shows itself
Future," and "Incidents in the Life of Cæsar.' in the world of romance, the modern novelist
One novelist of this earlier period is described expecting to effect with his forty or fifty pages
as “noted for his polished style and powerful what in former days it took five or six times
grouping of incidents ”; another is said to have that number to accomplish.”
“discussed the relation of the sexes and blended The book-weariness of the modern world
the elements of romance found in foreign works appears to be felt in Japan, as it is elsewhere ;
of fiction so as to suit Japanese readers ”; while and those among us who in their more gloomy
a third,
an ardent admirer of Zola,” was disc moods are inclined to think the invention of
tinguished by “his earnest advocacy of the printing an evil will read with approval the
amalgamation of the colloquial and the written following summary of a Japanese discussion of
styles.” Just such things as these might be this subject :
said of Mr. Bret Harte, Mr. Thomas Hardy, “ Facilities for publishing books are now so great that
and Robert Louis Stevenson. " The demand literary tyros are encouraged to inflict their crude ideas
for novels was
so great that new editions on the reading world. The methods used for self-
of numbers of almost forgotten works were
advertisement in recent times are of a most objection-
able kind. Authors entirely unknown to fame publish
published, and there sprang into existence a
books containing their own photographs. Little children
· Novel Publishing Company,' which, while the are encouraged to send literary contributions to such
rage lasted, drove a roaring trade, and a novel papers as the “Shonen Zasshi,' and then the photograph
publishing magazine, which obtained a wide cir-
of the person considered the best youthful composer is
culation." How exactly these statements would
supplied to the subscribers. The bad effects of all this
fuss on the minds of young people must be patent to
apply to recent aspects of book production in everybody. In the old days when every character that
London or New York; with what fellow-feeling a book contained had to be carved, only those that had
do we read how, after “a certain amount of something important to say ventured to publish a book,
satiety on the part of readers, the ordinary love-
and booksellers took no leaps in the dark."
story gave place to the detective story, which Some interesting statistics are devoted to the
was rendered popular by Kuroiwa Ruiko!” periodical press of Japan. During the past
Read for this strange name Gaboriau or Conan five years, the country had an average of nearly
Doyle, and the parallel is obvious.
eight hundred newspapers and magazines. Of
The present era in Japanese letters, we are these the average circulation has varied from
told, “is the age of newspapers and magazines. about 250 copies in 1890 to about 450 in 1894.
In this periodical literature, we find discussions But the most surprising thing about these sta-
of such subjects as the translations of technical tistics is the revelation they afford of the brevity
terms, the incompetency of translators in gen of the life enjoyed by a Japanese magazine or
eral, the practice of composing verses in the newspaper. Over half the entire number for
Chinese language, the degradation of literature any given year give up the unequal struggle
by the commercial spirit, the excessive preva. (which is not surprising when we look at the
lence of fiction in the periodicals, and the rash circulation statistics) and are replaced by am-
but amusing cocksureness of youthful critics bitious new ventures, for the most part destined,
of literature. A writer on the last of these no doubt, to an equally ephemeral life. For
subjects is particularly severe. “ With no ad- example, 802 periodicals are reported at the
equate knowledge of English, men compose close of 1893. During 1894, no less than 506
treatises on the comparative merits of English of them were discontinued, yet no fewer than
poets ; raw students of German express a pref-518 new periodicals sprang up to fill their
erence for one German poet rather than an- places, making the total 814, and once more
other. These things are a disgrace to the whole vindicating the poet who tells us that “ hope
Japanese literary world.” Another writer in-
Another writer in- springs eternal in the human breast.” Japanese
veighs in hearty fashion against magazine periodical literature is evidently in the “Chap
poetry. One of his remarks leads us to suspect Book” and “ Philistine" stage of its develop-
that Mr. Stephen Crane has his Japanese ana ment, and might give points to the hopeful
logue. “As for the verses known as kyoshi youths who are now engaged in swelling the list
(crazy verses) they are like the squibs let off of American periodicals.
by children. They create a momentary sensa.
This record of aimless and unsuccessful ex.
tion, but they will sink into lasting oblivion.” periment does not, however, tell the whole story
Still another writer complains that since the of contemporary Japanese literature. We get
conclusion of the war there has been a “ want a very different view of the matter from such


1896.]
179
THE DIAL
announcements as the two that follow. A his.
THOREAU AS PROSE WRITER.
tory of the late war with China has been planned
under government auspices, and is expected to
Thoreau's prose writings, as published in com-
require five years of work and fifty thousand plete form in eleven volumes, make it for the first
time possible to come to any clear and full judg-
yen of money. The Imperial University has
undertaken the still greater task of preparing of artistic prose. What is Thoreau's best work?
ment concerning his character and place as a writer
an exhaustive history of Japan, and a committee
What is his rank among artists? If his life had
of sixteen scholars is now at work collecting, been prolonged, would he have done better work
classifying, and editing the voluminous mate than he actually accomplished? To these and the
rials needed for such a work. The writer of like interesting questions it is now possible to give
our summary notes also the urgent need of some definite answer. Let us begin with the first,
a comprehensive dictionary or encyclopædia and consider what is Thoreau's best and most char-
of Japanese literature. Works of this class
acteristic expression of himself.
already in existence are little more than cata-
“ Walden” is usually pointed out as Thoreau's
logues of titles, and “ there is no country in the masterpiece. But while this is certainly a very
world where the names of books are more mis- lacking in his other works, it yet affords but a slight
brilliant piece of writing, and has a unity too often
leading than they are in Japan.” Other mat-
clue to the real Thoreau ; for here he addresses an
ters are touched upon in the highly interesting inquiring public desirous of knowing in detail his
article which has served us as a text upon the hut-life by Walden pond, and in the whole course
present occasion, but enough has already been of the book he keeps this audience in mind, goes
reproduced to convey a distinct idea of the con out to meet it, and by a most conspicuously popu-
dition of literary endeavor in our neighbor- lar style adapts himself to it. In lightsome mood,
empire of the West, and to show that men meet
and with many a satirical stroke and humorous
with the same intellectual problems everywhere, tiner, as a playful image, than his complaint that the
touch, he tells this Walden story. What can be
whatever the skies above their heads.
"Iron Horse,” “whose ear-rending neigh is heard
throughout the town, has muddied the Boiling
Spring with his foot, and he it is that has browsed
TWO POETS.
off all the woods on Walden shore.” But with all
its excellence of style, “Walden” is comparatively
superficial in both matter and manner. If we would
A strange life and a dreamful life he led, -
find Thoreau's deeper self, we must search elsewhere.
Strange in its methods, dreamful in its moods;
Let us look then to the Journals, as printed in
He seeks occult and vissionary woods,
the four volumes entitled “Spring,” “Summer,"
By vague elusive things inhabited;
“Autumn,” and “ Winter.” Here Thoreau writes
His Orphic soul, imagination-sped,
merely for himself and to please himself, and so re-
Betakes itself to voiceful solitudes,
veals his true self. The journalizing," he says, is
Where emulous love imperially broods,
Fond, ardor-flushed, superb, and passion-fed.
“ an effort to expose my innermost and richest wares
to light.” The Journals are then, I take it, most im-
Song-sound uniquely volumed he obtains
portant documents to help us in fully understanding
From sources alien to his native speech;
and appreciating the real Thoreau and his art. Hero
Masterful quivering cadences he gains,
Like thrill and throb of billows on the beach;
we find, indeed, much treasure, both silver and gold;
The splendor of his rhythmic sweep remains
but also some base metal, both brass and pewter.
Within and yet beyond our dazzled reach.
As a specimen of his basest metal, we extract a few
lines from his profuse and foolish musings on a big
toadstool:
He is the poet of the weird and drear:
“Such growths ally our age to those earlier periods
For things uncanny he awakes and calls;
which geology reveals. I wondered if it had not some
He sits with midnight in deserted halls,
relation to the skunk, though not in odor, yet in its color
Amid the bush and imminence of fear;
and the general impression it made. It suggests a veg-
He walks where foul shapes hover hugely near,
Where death's chill step his shuddering soul appalls; his dominion. It carries me back to the era of the for-
etative force which may almost make man tremble for
He sees in caves, round hollow waterfalls,
mation of the coal measures, the age of the Saurus and
Slim serpents their hot hissing crests uprear.
the Pliosaurus, and when bull-frogs were as big as bulls.
In visions vague, disconsolate, and grim,
... Is it not a giant mildew or mold ? In the warm,
He roanis lone lands where wailing winds blow shrill, muggy night the surface of the earth is mildewed. The
And the gaunt ghost of desolation dwells; mold is the flower of humid darkness and ignorance.
With ebon croak the Raven comes to him;
The pyramids and other monuments of Egypt are a vast
Then, music-tranced, he bears the throb, the thrill, mildew or toad-stool which have met with no light of day
The revel and the rapture of the Bells.
sufficient to waste them away."
A. T. SCHUMAN. This is mere sophomoric crudeness and callow maun-
ROSSETTI.
POE.


180
(Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
dering. And such slipshod thought is not infrequent This picture of pellucid air is remarkably artistic.
in the Journals, though often in a measure redeemed Nought is florid or forced, but the expression is sin-
by accuracy and purity of style. We have met with gularly close, clear, and grand. The phrase, “ The
but one bad error in style, and this is so ludicrously mountains are washed in air,” touches the sublime;
bad that it is worth quoting. Describing the win it strikes the keynote of a Nature hymn. For the
tergreen blossom, Thoreau says, “ It is a very pretty moment Thoreau soars the empyrean with eagle
little chandelier of a flower, fit to adorn the forest sweep.
floor." Possibly Thoreau's slight acquaintance with We confess to enjoying such slight but exquisite
ball-rooms made him overlook the fact that chan sketches as these from the Journals far more than
deliers do not usually adorn floors.
the elaborate and conscious efforts in “ Walden.”
But it is very pleasant to the patient searcher “ Walden ” is exoteric, the Journals are esoteric.
among the Journals to find amid the baser metals Walden” has not the deep seriousness, the solemn
nuggets of purest gold; here and there he comes rapture, which pervades these records of daily life.
upon passages of descriptive literature of the high Here we see
more clearly than elsewhere how
est order. Take, for instance, the description of strongly Thoreau is thrilled and uplifted by nature's
the felling and dismembering of a giant pine by the beauty. This “vision ” affects him more " deeply
lumberman. We can quote only the conclusion of and powerfully " than aught else. Hence he is a
this woodland tragedy. The tree felled, the chopper haunter of fields and rivers, of woods and hills;
“ Has measured it with his ax and marked off the and, far withdrawing from the roar of modern me-
small logs it will make. It is lumber, . . . When the chanic life, he would lurk," he says, “in crystal-
fish-bawk in the spring revisits the banks of the Mus-
line thought, like the trout under verdurous banks,
ketaquid, he will circle in vain to find his accustomed
where stray mankind should only see my bubble
perch, and the hen-hawk will mourn for the pines lofty
enough to protect her brood. . . . I hear no knell tolled,
coming to the surface.”
I see no procession of mourners in the streets or the
But though Thoreau often rises to rapture in his
woodland aisles. The squirrel has leaped to another marvellously sensitive response to nature, he yet
tree, the hawk bas circled farther off, and has now set never attains real poetic expression. He has the
tled upon a new eyrie, but the woodman is preparing to raw material in plenty ; but, as Emerson says,
lay bis ax at the root of that also."
“thyme and marjoram are not yet honey.” Thoreau
This has genuine quality, as has also the following regards the art of metre, rhyme, and rhythm as too
description of a bobolink's song:
much akin to artifice. He thinks that the “very
“I hear the note of a bobolink concealed in the top scheme and form” of poetry is adopted at “a sac-
of an apple-tree behind me. Though this bird's full rifice of vital truth and poetry,” and he refuses to
strain is ordinarily somewhat trivial, this one appears make this sacrifice.
to be meditating a strain as yet unheard in meadow or Thoreau has been called the “poet-naturalist.”
orchard. Paulo majora canamus. He is just touching We have seen that he is not a poet, and it is equally
the strings of his theorbo, his glassichord, his water plain that he is not a naturalist. Throughout his
organ, and one or two notes globe themselves and fall
in liquid bubbles from his harp within a vase of liquid
Journals, Thoreau iterates and reiterates that he is
melody, and when he lifted it out the notes fell like
not a scientist, and that science has no vital interest
bubbles from the trembling strings. Methinks they are
for him. Indeed, the spirit of science is in the
the most liquidly sweet and melodious sounds I ever directest opposition to Thoreau's ; for while science
heard. They are as refreshing to my ear as the first dis does away with the personal equation, Thoreau mag-
tant tinkling and gurgling of a rill to a thirsty man. nifies it. He values nature not as a source of mere
Oh, never advance farther in your art; never let us hear knowledge for its own sake, but as a fount of de
your full strain, sir! But away he launches, and the light and inspiration which pours through his whole
meadow is all bespattered with melody. . . . It is the
being. In all his close observation of nature, he
foretaste of such strains as never fell on mortal ears, to
seeks, not information, but beauty and sympathy.
hear which we should rush to our doors and contribute
all that we possess and are."
“In what book,” he asks, “is this world and its
beauty described? Who has plotted the steps toward
Where will you find anything finer in its way than
the discovery of beauty? You must be in a different
this? It is truly, like the bobolink's, a large and
poble strain. And many of Thoreau's descriptions
state from common. Your greatest success will be
of notes of birds and animals have a very rare qual simply to conceive that such things are, and you
will have no communication to make to the Royal
ity, as when he writes of the cock's clarion, the
blackbird's song, and the bullfrog's trump.
Society.” Thoreau thus shows an artist's dislike of
cold, unimpressionable science. He desires above
To show once more what Thoreau in his best
all things to feel deeply the supernal beauty of na-
mood can do, look at this little landscape sketcb :
“ The air is clear as if a cool, dewy brush had swept living prose; in short, Thoreau is preëminently an
ture, and to give large expression of this emotion in
the meadows of all haze. A liquid coolness invests them,
artist, and in particular an impressionist of the open-
as if their midnight aspect were suddenly revealed to
midday. The mountain outline is remarkably distinct,
air school. Out-of-doors is the subject of his art;
and the intermediate earth appears more than usually
there is his studio,— and, indeed, also his home, his
scooped out like a vast saucer sloping upwards to its theatre, his university, and his church.
sharp mountain rim. The mountains are washed in air.” But Thoreau is not equally open to all sides of


1896.)
181
THE DIAL
nature. He lived for some time by the sea, and With whom shall we compare Thoreau as a
often visited its shore; yet, so far as we may judge painter of nature ? Not with White of Selborne,
from his writings, he was not much affected by the for White is primarily a scientist, while Thoreau is
wondrous beauty and majesty of old ocean. He above all and before all an artist. Not with Ruskin,
wandered over Cape Cod; he made excursions to for though both are artists, they are very diverse ;
the White Mountains, to the Maine woods, and to Ruskin sees nature through the medium of the Bible
Canada; but his writings thereabout—and Thoreau and Turner, but Thoreau could allow neither priest
is very faithful to himself in all his writing — are nor painter to be his interpreter, and so he felt him-
quite juiceless and uninspired. But let Thoreau once self radically out of tune with the great art critic.
set foot on the well-beloved fields of Concord, walk And further, the rich and cloying style of Ruskin
in its forests, glide along its smooth-flowing river, is altogether unlike the crystalline simplicity of
and he at once utters a fresh, deep, and strong note. Thoreau's best work. In his mind and art, Thoreau
Even Monadnock and Wachusett thrill him chiefly is much nearer to Wordsworth than to either White
as seen from Concord. All that is best in Thoreau's or Ruskin. Both Wordsworth and Thoreau are
life and art centres in rural Concord; he is its lit- entirely individual and direct in their approach
erary Genius loci ; he broods over its every phase, to nature, seeking at all times an unprepossessed
and voices his observation and meditation in sen. impression, which they would express in the sim-
tences full of rarest insight and clearest beauty. plest and freest art — Wordsworth, in prosaic poe-
Away from Concord he is ill at ease, and only par try ; Thoreau, in poetic prose. For both, nature is
tially receptive of the divine message of nature. “I a source not merely of æsthetic but also of ethical
am afraid,” he says, “ to travel much, or to famous inspiration, though Wordsworth has a mature
places, lest it might completely dissipate the mind. strength and poise, an abiding rock-like solidity,
Then I am sure that what we observe at home, if quite foreign to Thoreau. Both are local in their
we observe anything, is of more importance than sentiment, the Lake country being to Wordsworth
what we observe abroad. The far-fetched is of the what Concord was to Thoreau. For a particular
least value.”
comparison of work, read the description of the bob-
Thoreau's writings show several styles. We dis olink's
song, before mentioned, and then read these
tinguish five. First is the adolescent, diffuse, ro lines of Wordsworth on a nightingale's song:
mantic style of “The Week.” This work we find
“O Nightingale ! thou surely art
intensely wearisome in its smooth discursiveness
A creature of a fiery heart; –
and sophomoric sententiousness. Second, there is
These notes of thine — they pierce and pierce;
the dry, matter-of-fact style of the Cape Cod,"
Tumultuous harmony and fierce!
Thou sing'st as if the God of wine
"Maine Woods,” and “Yankee in Canada” parra-
Had helped thee to a Valentine ;
tives. Here he is objective and reportorial. Thoreau
A song in mockery and despite
himself speaks of the “Canada story" as simply a
Of shades, and dows, and silent Night;
“report” of what he saw, and as “not worth the
And steady bliss, and all the loves
time I took to tell it.” This is, perhaps, too harsh
Now sleeping in these peaceful Groves."
a judgment; but still, all his stories of travel, though The art of Wordsworth is here more perfect and
touched with a lucid simplicity, are yet on the whole eloquent than Thoreau's, but Thoreau excels in inti-
quite meagre and commonplace. Again, we have macy with nature and in fulness and closeness of
the style of “Walden,” brilliant, sketchy, charming, expression. Thoreau is the more intense and thor-
but never satisfying, because it both reveals and ough student of nature, and if he could have put
conceals. And again, we have the frank, plain, but
his impression of the bobolink's song into adequate
often noble style of the best parts of the Journals poetic form it would have been a nobler piece than
and Letters. This writing is very concise and clear,
Wordsworth's lines to a nightingale. Thoreau's
often limpid, and generally slow of movement. matter is superior, but his manner is inferior.
However, the pine-tree episode, from which we have What, then, is Thoreau's rank as literary artist?
quoted, has much the swing of “Walden”; and in And has he, indeed, any permanent place in litera-
the Journals we find also the adolescent style, and ture? We can with all safety predict that the greater
even the dry narrative style, as in the account of part is perishable. It is plain enough that “ The
the White Mountain trip. Lastly, we have the per Week,” the stories of the Cape Cod, Maine, and
fectly sound, sensible, sober style of the essay on Canada excursions, and most of the “Miscellanies,”
“Wild Apples." This is a very delightful bit of are perishable third-rate work. 66 Walden” is cer.
prose, and, I think, quite the best complete work tainly a brilliant piece of its kind, but that not the
that Thoreau has left us. It shows that he could in highest; and in the Journals we have a sketch-book
his latter days give a unity of development and a containing some very beautiful studies, but no
mature expression, mellowed, withal, by a thor finished work. However, in my judgment the essay
oughly genial humor — a humor wholly free from on “Wild Apples” shows Thoreau at his best, and
that satiric acidity which gives a bad taste to so in his true function; but even this needs pruning,
much of Thoreau's production. The catalogue of and the theme is rather small and narrow. What
the kinds of wild apples reminds one of Charles an essay Thoreau could have given us on Bird-song!
Lamb.
It would have been a classic. If Thoreau had lived


182
[Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
his allotted span, he might have produced some won-
WHAT CONSTITUTES PROOF ?
derfully fine work on such lines; but as it is, we
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
can only lament the unfulfilled promise of an artist The facts pointed out under the heading “ Dogmatic
uniquely great in animal and landscape word paint- Philology” by a correspondent in your issue of Sept. 1
ing. Thoreau was undoubtedly one of those rarest are worthy of emphasis. They warn us against absolute
visitors to our planet—a genius; and, what is more, dicta unless we are safely within the confines of careful
a genius true to himself, who never swerved to the definition, a warning that to my mind your correspondent
right or left in following out his bent. As such, might well have heeded. The sentences quoted by him
appreciation of him is bound to grow, and that de-
in defense of his criticism range from Homer to Mat-
spite the incompleteness and immaturity of his
thew Arnold, and prove, as I think, either too much or
too little.
actual performance. We may say with confidence
Does not the writer assume that rhetoric never
that Thoreau's place, though small, is secure and
changes? Does he not accept an idiom in one language
permanent; he occupies a distinct but minor niche
as evidence of acceptable usage in another tongue?
in the eternal Pantheon of Art.
What pertinency is there otherwise to bis quotations
HIRAM M. STANLEY. from Sophocles, Chanteaubriand, or even from Spenser
and Milton? Words become obsolete. May not usages
of phrase? Is the rhetoric of a given epoch other than
the usage of the best writers of that period! In many
COMMUNICATIONS.
respects we may not write as did Spenser or even Mil-
ton. Historical rhetoric is an instructive and fascinat-
AN AMERICAN ENDOWED THEATRE. ing study, but we cannot use its data unquestioned in
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
our assaults upon the rulings of rhetoricians. If the
The arguments that favor a theatre subsidized and text-books give instructions contrary to present usage,
controlled by the State can, I suppose, all be used in
the evidence is ready to our band and any critic may
favor of an endowed theatre; and of course an endowed
collect it. There is great need that someone should set
theatre is the only one of the two which at present seems
forth convincing evidence in regard to many points of
in any way possible in America. To the sojourner on
rhetorical usage.
the continent of Europe the subsidized national theatre
But arguments that muster the data of past centuries
seems to be one of the most effective instruments of as proof of present usage are not so disappointing as
popular æsthetic education which could be devised, and
those that rely upon unsupported data, the merest
the total lack of anything equivalent to it in America
chances of composition, for the justification of destruc-
to be one of the most distressing and humiliating de-
tive criticism. What can we not prove if we call an
fects in our civilization. The good that such establish-
expression here and there from the books of accepted
ments do here is almost in every respect as patent and
authors ! In one instance, at least, Hawthorne bas used
appreciable as the good accomplished in America by whomsoever as subject of a finite verb because of the
endowed libraries and universities, and it is difficult to
malign influence of a neighboring preposition. Addison
conjure up objections of any weight to the proposition
and Irving wrote phrasings that authors of to-day avoid.
that an endowed theatre in any large American city,
The evidence of acceptable usage must come from the
which should set itself to follow strictly the lines of
works of such writers, but the laws of evidence obtain
policy adopted by such an institution as the Théâtre
here as elsewhere. Our text-books of rhetoric need
Français in Paris, or the three national theatres in the searching criticism — probably no other text-books are
city of Munich, would be there just as beneficent and so unsatisfactory; but neither the evidence of historical
effective an instrument of culture as here. These reflec-
usage nor that drawn from occasional usage by present
tions occur to me after having witnessed recently in
writers — much less the usage of foreign tongues — is
the Hof Theater in Munich as impressive and adequate adequate for the determination of disputed points.
a performance of “Lear" as is likely to be heard by
CHARLES DAVIDSON.
any American in a generation which so rarely hears such
Albany, N, Y., Sept. 17, 1896.
masterpieces of tragedy as “ Lear” and “ Macbeth."
Not that the King Lear of Herr Schneider and the
PROFESSOR Eduard Sievers, of the University of Leip-
Cordelia of Fräulein Dandler were masterpieces of
zig, will celebrate, some time during October, the com-
tragic acting, but that the entire performance from the
pietion of a quarter century of service as a university
highest part to the lowest was an example of sincere and
professor. In honor of this occasion, twenty-three of
earnest art, such as could be possible only where the
his friends and former pupils have united in the pub-
influence of the box-office is practically eliminated, and lication of a memorial volume, treating of subjects in the
where the ambitions and jealousies of “stars," the silly
line of German and English languages and literatures.
centring of interest upon the personality of the actors
The contributors are scattered all over Europe, and
and actresses, and the clamor of the galleries, are all
alike considerations that can safely be disregarded. A
there are several in America — Professor Cook of Yale,
national theatre which in the course of a fortnight can
Professor Hemol of Michigan University, Professor
offer some six or seven operas, mostly by Wagner,
Hale of Schenectady, and Professor Karsten of the Uni-
versity of Indiana. Professor Sievers was born at Lip-
Beethoven, and Mozart, “ Lear” and “Hamlet," and
poldsberg in 1850, studied at Leipzig and Berlin, was
Goethe's “ Tasso," besides comedies and lighter pieces,
called as professor to Jena in 1871, to Tübingen in
as an average repertory, might well claim to serve as a
1876, to Halle in 1887, and to Leipzig in 1892. His
model for our American endowed theatre — when we
foremost work has been done in the lines of Old Ger-
have it!
FREDERIC Ives CARPENTER. man and Old English grammar and metre, and his best
Munich, Sept. 19, 1896.
known book is probably the Anglo-Saxon grammar.


1896.]
183
THE DIAL
on the maps
The New Books.
journey of four thousand miles of rapid and often
dangerous water, after long and rough portages
on men's shoulders and on dog-sleds through two
TRAVELS AND EXPLORATIONS IN NORTH hundred miles of forest, she reached salt water
WESTERN AMERICA.*
again tight and stanch at the end of fifteen
A canoe journey from Fort Wrangel, a port months, to battle with the storms and tides of the
of entry for Alaska situated about six miles Behring Sea. “I doubt,” says Mr. Pike, “ if it
from the mouth of the Stikine River, to the would be possible to build a more suitable craft.”
Pelly Lakes and down the Yukon River to the
The start from Wrangel up the Stikine was
Behring Sea, forms the subject of a very read- made early in July, 1892; and four days' rather
able volume entitled " Through the Subarctic
arduous poling, paddling, wading, and pulling
Forest," by Mr. Warburton Pike. The first
themselves up-stream by the bushes, brought
part of the journey lies chiefly along the route
the party to the great Stikine glacier. Klootch-
followed by the party sent out in 1887 by the
man Cañon, Telegraph Creek, Laketon, Syl-
Geological Survey Party of Canada ; but the vester's Landing, were all passed in turn, after
country lying to the northeast of a line drawn plenty of adventure and sight-seeing en route ;
from the north end of Frances Lake to the site
and on the 20th of September the Lower Liard
of the Old Pelly Banks trading-post, partially Post was reached. Here the first fall of snow
traversed by Mr. Pike, may be said to have warned the voyageurs that their progress proper
been hitherto absolutely new ground. Of this must soon be barred by the ice, and they pushed
tract, which he was the first to explore, the on to the Upper Post, where it was proposed
author gives a rough sketch-map, probably of
to winter, arriving on the 18th of October. The
approximate accuracy. The only geographical winter months were passed in moose hunting
discovery of any importance made by Mr. Pike
in the country to the west of the Dease and
was the rather negative one that the river drain south of the Liard, in a mining or prospecting
ing the Pelly Lakes, and marked as the Pelly expedition (which does not seem to have
drawn
up
from Indian reports, is “panned out” very favorably), and in hauling
not really entitled to be so considered, but is supplies and the canoe overland to Frances
only a small tributary of a large river heading Lake. On the 18th of April the final start
towards the northeast, and rising probably on for the north and the Pelly River was made.
the western slope of the Rockies. This latter
The author's account of the remainder of the
stream Mr. Pike thinks is the Pelly proper. journey -- down the Pelly and the Yukon to
He dwells chiefly in his narrative on the Pelly
Ikosmut, thence overland to the Kuskokvim
and Liard district, which, though less remote,
River, down the Kuskokvim to the coast, along
is far less known than the often-described coun-
the coast (by canoe) to Nushagak, and thence
try of the Yukon and the Behring Sea.
by schooner to Unalaska — is graphic and full
The craft in which Mr. Pike's journey was
of incident. One learns a good deal from him
mainly made was a canoe built of light spruce as to the condition of the Indians (of such, at
on the Peterboro' model. Her dimensions were:
least, as have come in pretty frequent contact
18 feet length, 3 feet 6 inches beam, and 20
with the Whites) of the far Northwest ; and
inches depth, with a total weight of 130 lbs.;
the facts he offers do not, to put it mildly, re-
and being a decided departure from local
dound to the credit of our civilization. It is
models, she was the subject of much ominous
mainly the old story of the red-man giving way
head-shaking and comment monitory and sar-
to the white, acquiring and sinking under his
castic on the part of canoeing wiseacres at Fort vices, and falling through the various stages of
Wrangel. Her makers, however, as it proved, disease and degradation into extinction. For
had builded even better than they knew ; for him the white man's touch is too often as
the little boat surpassed expectations. After a
leper's. Says the author :
THROUGH THE SUBARCTIC FOREST. A Record of a “I do n't believe the Indian was ever the noble crea-
Canoe Journey from Fort Wrangel to the Behring Sea. By ture he has often been painted. We can only suppose
Warburton Pike. With Illustrations. New York: Edward
that in time past be led a harmless existence, and un-
Arnold.
CAMPING IN THE CANADIAN ROCKIES. An Account of
consciously did his duty in the particular station of life
Camp Life in the Wilder Parts of the Canadian Rocky Moun-
to which he had been called; but, dress him up in the
tains, together with a description of the Region about Banff,
white man's clothes, feed him on bacon and flour, canned
Lake Louise, and Glacier, and a sketch of the Early Explora peaches and molasses, give him a few drinks of whiskey,
tions. By Walter Dwight Wilcox. With Illustrations from and he becomes a despicable brute. He does not like
photographs by the author. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. being taken away from all these good things, and has a
a


184
(Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
very few of
profound contempt for the few true Indians who still “* By the time the natives had finished the rum and
make a living in the woods by trapping the precious fur.” got over its effects, the walrus had passed, there was no
While hunting in the Liard and Dease re-
supply of food put up for the winter, and ice was be-
givning to drift in the sea. . . . The next whaler that
gion, Mr. Pike encountered a band of Liard
called at the island was able to take home an interesting
Indians --- typical semi-degenerates, who were collection of bones and skulls of the Esquimaux type to
in pitiful case :
an ethnological institution; but there was no man, wo-
“Sickness was prevalent in the camp -
man, or child, left alive on the rum-stricken island to
the men were well enough to hunt moose, and they had tell the story of starvation and death.”
come to the lake to be sure of making a living. A mel Mr. Pike appends to his narrative a chapter
ancholy spectacle the camp presented; half a dozen pits descriptive of the botanical and geological col-
in the snow lined with pine brush, a little more pine
brush stuck up as a wind-break, and no other shelter
lections made in the course of his journey.
from the weather. Lying in their blankets were the
The volume is acceptably illustrated, and there
sick men, some of them evidently never to get up again
are two maps.
-dying among the moose hair and fish guts that were
Mr. Walter Dwight Wilcox's finely illus-
liberally scattered over everything; and outside the filth
of the camp the ice-bound lake sparkled in the winter
trated volume, “ Camping in the Canadian
sunshine that always seems so full of health and strength. Rockies,” contains some capital and timely de-
What was the matter with them all ? Oh! we're scription of a magnificent region which, though
always like this,' the chief explained, since the white
still relatively unexplored and unmapped, must
men came into the country. In the old time my tribe
was powerful; but now many of my people die every
soon attract a large share of summer travel.
winter. Some children are born, but they are no good Indeed, the tide is already setting somewhat
- they die soon.'
strongly thitherward. During a period of four
Mr. Pike suggests that as a good deal of years the author has made camping and moun-
money is spent annually by Government on the taineering excursions into many of the wilder
Canadian Indians, it might be well to spare parts of the Rockies and the Selkirks, mak-
for this outlying district. ing a number of ascents -- notably of Mount
A qualified doctor might at all events be sent | Temple, the highest peak yet climbed, — his
thither“ to patch up as best he might the rem chief local points of departure being Banff
nants of the tribes of the Casca and Liard (the focal point of the Canadian National
Indians, and prevent the spread of contagion.
Park), Lake Louise, and the Glacier House,
Above all things, urges Mr. Pike, let the man one of the two new hotels in the heart of the
whose salary is paid be a doctor and not an Selkirk Range. One needs only to skim the
Indian agent. Under present conditions, the narratives (as abridged by our author) of the
end of these unfortunates seems near :
pioneers, Mackenzie, Hector, Milton, etc., to
“ No surveys are wanted; no reservations need be judge how the modern camper and mountaineer
staked off; for, if the present state of affairs continues must appreciate, in the intervals of his arduous
but a few more years, extinction will put every Indian holiday relaxations, the comforts of these well-
beyond the limitation of the agent's reserve."
appointed hostelries. Mr. Wilcox has a very
Touching the natives on the Behring Sea good descriptive style, easily surpassing his
coast, Mr. Pike observes that the damage done predecessors in this respect.
predecessors in this respect. A fair example
among them by the visits of the San Francisco
is his picture of a falling avalanche on Mount
whalers is already noticeable. A most flagrant Lefroy-a peak which, it may be remembered,
case in point, that occurred a few years ago, was the scene last summer of the tragic death
caused a stir in the newspapers, but there was
of Mr. Philip Abbott, an estimable and prom-
no official inquiry - Government being appar. ising young man, whose Alpine experiences
ently too busy looking after the fur seals to
failed to ensure him against the perils of the
bother about the Innuits. It seems that a
Canadian Rockies. Says Mr. Wilcox :
homeward-bound whaler put in at an island
“I was standing at a point some two miles distant
village off the coast, and succeeded in driving looking at this imposing mountain, when from the ver-
a lively trade with the natives, who were anx tical ice wall a great fragment of the glacier, some three
ious to go in pursuit of the walrus which were
hundred feet thick and several times as long, broke away,
then passing, and upon which they are depend the abyss. In a few seconds, amid continued silence,
and, turning slowly in mid-air, began to fall through
ent for their winter's supply of food. The bar for the sound had not yet reached me, the great mass
gains were struck quickly, and the schooner struck a projecting ledge of rock after a fall of some
sailed away with the wealth of the village under half thousand feet, and at the shock, as if by some inward
her hatches — leaving behind her, unfortu-
explosion, the block was shivered into thousands of
smaller fragments and clouds of white powdery ice.
nately, a couple of kegs of strong rum in part Simultaneously came the first thunder of the avalanche,
payment.
The issue was natural :
The larger pieces led the way, some whirling around


1896.]
185
THE DIAL
in mid-air, others gliding down like meteors with long Sabine's “ Loyalists of the American Revolu-
trains of snowy ice-dust trailing behind. The finer
tion ” was for a long time a voice crying in the
powered debris followed after, in a long succession of
white streamers and curtains resembling cascades and
wilderness of national prejudice, and awaken-
waterfalls. The loud crash at the first great shock now ing no response of sympathy or belief in minds
developed into a prolonged thunder wherein were count fed on the mytho-historical literature which
less lesser sounds of the smaller pieces of ice. It was until just now satisfied the American historical
like the sound of a great battle in which the sharp crack
instinct. But the new spirit that has at last
of rifles mingles with the roar of artillery. Leaping
from ledge to ledge with ever increasing velocity, the
produced an “ American Historical Review” is
large fragments at length reached the bottom of the modifying our estimate of every portion of our
precipice, while a long white train extended nearly the history. It would seem that men are only just
whole height of the grand mountain wall 2500 feet from
beginning to read with discernment the vol-
base to top.”
uminous original material, in the way of letters
While Mr. Wilcox was, during his several
and diaries, that reveal to us the true mind and
expeditions, chiefly “on pleasure bent,” camp-
purpose of that age. And as we re-read, we
ing, climbing, and photography being his espe are at last giving recognition to a body of
cial hobbies, he did a fair amount of actual
worthy but unfortunate men, some of whom
exploring of the arduous pioneering kind; and did large service for the republic in their earlier
his book adds materially to our knowledge of
and happier days. Professor McMaster in his
the topography of the region visited. There
history, and Professor Moses Coit Tyler last
are two historical chapters on the work of early year in the “ Historical Review,” only voice a
explorers, and the volume concludes with some
growing sentiment among thoughtful Ameri-
general observations of a scientific tenor, touch-
cans a sentiment which can go back, how-
ing the “pleasures of the natural sciences,” the
ever, to so great a patriot as Alexander Ham-
origin, age, and growth of mountains, nature
ilton for its vindication. We e are now saying
of the forests, mountain lakes, etc. But the
simply that the men who, with Thomas Hutch-
burden of the book is the author's graphic and inson in the lead, stood by the mother country
enthusiastic account of his experiences in camp until they went down with her cause in per-
and on the mountain-side, and of the glorious sonal shipwreck and ruin, were many of them
scenery of the Rockies and the Selkirks. The
noble souls, ardent patriots, and devoted public
volume contains twenty-five full-page photo servants; and that their choice of the losing
gravures and many vignettes after photographs side in a great fight should not obliterate the
that amply attest Mr. Wilcox's rare skill in
knowlege of their high and disinterested pur-
managing and taste in placing his camera.
pose. Conservatives all of them, the stars in
There is no map, an omission which the author
their courses fought against them, and they
explains by saying that there are “no detailed
fell grandly.
maps covering this region that are entirely
At the time of the outbreak of the troubles
satisfactory." This want seriously impairs the
between England and the American Colonies,
usefulness of a generally satisfactory book; and
no man in America had deserved more of his
we trust it will be supplied in a subsequent fellow-men than Thomas Hutchinson. As far
edition of it.
back as 1749, by his firm stand in the Assem-
bly he had delivered the Colony from the evils
of an irredeemable paper currency. As a mem-
A TORY AND A PATRIOT OF THE ber of the Council, as Judge of Probate and of
REVOLUTION.*
the Common Pleas, as Chief Justice, as Lieu-
In many special fields of investigation, a
tenant Governor, and finally as Governor, he
had
judgment are reconstructing the history of our
and the ablest man in Massachusetts. Born of
American Revolution. In no direction has
long line of ancestors devoted to the interests
our estimate of men and measures been more
of that Colony, well educated and highly placed
changed than as regards the Tory minority.
by wealth and social standing, he filled the
political horizon of the men of Massachusetts
• THE LIFE OF THOMAS HUTCHINSON, Royal Governor of
the Province of Massachusetts Bay. By James K. Hosmer.
even more than Washington did that of the
Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Virginians. Large - minded, public-spirited,
THE LIFE, PUBLIC SERVICES, ADDRESSES, AND LETTERS and devoted to the public service, he seemed
OF ELIAS BOUDINOT, President of the Continental Congress.
Edited by J.J. Boudinot. In two volumes. Boston: Hough-
naturally fitted to take the patriot leadership
ton, Miffin & Co.
in his province and in New England. But th
E. G. J.
more careful research and a more deliberate had for many years been the most conspicuous


186
(Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
whole habit of his mind and of his life was inson. A conservative also, in many respects,
essentially conservative. He believed thor. he yet took the patriot side from deep convic-
oughly that union with the mother country was tion, and served it actively, first as a member
for the best interests of both countries, and that of the New Jersey Provincial Congress, then as
the evils of independence would be far greater Commissary-General of Prisoners through the
than any that the Colonies experienced from nomination of General Washington, and finally
imperial misgovernment. In this faith he lived as President of the Continental Congress. In
and ruled ; in this faith, when ruling was no all these positions the Huguenot puritanism of
longer possible, and merely living in the prov his ancestors crops out, yet the conscientious
ince had become to him dangerous, he went and somewhat pietistic protestant is saved from
into exile, and died, a broken-hearted and pre narrowness by a catholic toleration of other
maturely old man.
men's opinions far in advance of the religious
His career is one of the most pathetic in his mind of his day. These volumes are full of his
tory; and Mr. Hosmer, the latest delineator of simple Doric character, but one must gather
his life, has handled the lights and shades of it out bit by bit for himself. It is a pity that
the picture with much skill. Mr. Hosmer was a running narrative has not threaded these iso-
well fitted by his past work to treat this diffi- lated letters and speeches ; for all along is found
cult subject with discernment and fairness. His the wisdom and fair-mindedness of one of the
well-known life of Samuel Adams had been the best of the fathers” of the Constitution, both
result of much careful study of the conflict in in the great mass of letters and in the appended
which Adams and Hutchinson were the leaders. speeches. A fine portrait of Boudinot at the
He says himself : “ It was while writing the age of fifty-eight, from the steel engraving by
life of that sturdiest and trustiest of the Sons St. Memin, faces the title-page to the first vol.
of Liberty, that the worth and greatness of his ume, and a grand one at the age of seventy-
opponent became plain to me. To draw one seven from the painting by Sully is found in
without drawing the other is as impossible as it the second volume. In this respect the editor
would be to photograph a wrestler in action has been more fortunate than Mr. Hosmer, who
without catching at the same time the cham has given us in truth a beautiful portrait of
pion with whom he was locked.” In the book Hutchinson from the painting by Copley, but
before us Mr. Hosmer has been most success. it is the face of a youth, and does not in the
ful in the middle course which the truth com least suggest the stern and stately old Governor
pels him to take amid conflicting opinion. He whom men remember. JOHN J. HALSEY.
is just to the patriots and the patriot cause,
yet has redeemed his subject from the obloquy
which for a century and more has rested on him. THE ELIZABETHAN SONNETTEERS.*
Mr. J. J. Boudinot's work is not equal in
excellence to that of Mr. Hosmer. He entitles
Mrs. Martha Foote Crow is rendering a note-
his book “The Life of Elias Boudinot," and
worthy service to students and readers in bring-
says in his preface: "The purpose of this vol-
ing together in accessible modern form, in her
ume is to place before the reader the services,
“ Elizabethan Sonnet-Cycles,” the chief pro-
speeches, and letters of Elias Boudinot, in such
ductions of the first English sonnetteers. The
chronological sequence that they shall for them-
sonnet is a definite literary kind in England,
selves tell the history of his life.” But the ed.
having important and interesting historical
itorial conception of the editor is so inadequate
connections with the earlier poetry of Italy,
that the two volumes are merely a collection of
and a long and honorable history in English
miscellaneous material, not at all digested into
verse; and it therefore may conveniently be
any form adequate to present the life of Elias
isolated for study. The greatest Elizabethan
Boudinot. The book contrasts poorly with such
a work as Kate Mason Rowland's “ Life, Cor-
and Sidney, are of course easily accessible; but
respondence, and Speeches of George Mason,"
the others, Daniel, Constable, Lodge, Giles
in which the individuality and personality of
Fletcher, Drayton, Brooke, Percy, and the au-
her great ancestor form a continuous back-
thors of “ Zepheria” and “ Alcilia,” are gen-
ground to the array of documentary material
erally unfamiliar to the modern reader and are
edited. One gets herein little conception of
* ELIZABETHAN SONNET - CYCLES. Edited by Martha
Foote Crow. Volume I., Lodge's Phillis" and Giles
Elias Boudinot; and yet he was a man of as
Fletcher's “Licia"; Volume II., Daniel's “Delia" and Con-
persistent and consistent character as Hutch stable's “Diana." Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co.
eh exemplars of the sonnet, Shakespeare, Spenser,


1896.)
187
THE DIAL
not easily accessible. This collection will make The natural Elizabethan impulse was more
possible for all a study of the complete species freely and fluently lyrical than suited altogether
of the English sonnet-sequence in its earliest with the fixed canons of the sonnet, and espe-
development and a comparison of its earliest cially of the so-called “ orthodox” sonnet. So
with its latest forms and motives. And it is strong was this impulse that the sonnetteering
no doubt true, as has often been said, that a lit fashion in Shakespeare's day disdained the more
erary kind or a literary period can be most regular restraints of the sonnet quatorzain and
faithfully studied in its minor examples, where connected with the sonnet-motive a great vari-
the type is undisturbed by the abnormalities ety of lyric forms. Hence, among the minor
and the adventitious gifts of genius. Not that sonnetteers, the mixed series, like Lodge's
something of the note of genius does not appear “ Phillis" and J. C.'s “Alcilia," where lyric
now and then even in the humblest of the Eliz- and canzon and ode are intermingled with qua-
abethan lyrists -- something of that peculiar torzains, impress the reader as a less conven-
magic of utterance, and of that vivida vis tional and a more natural and taking develop-
animi which Professor Saintsbury singles out ment of the idea of a poetic-sequence than the
as the leading characteristic of the age, but more regular and artificial cycles of Daniel and
that in the minor sonnetteers this note is at of Giles Fletcher. The Elizabethan sonnet, in
best but sporadic, and that, although their work short, is to be studied in connection with the
to the trained lover of poetry is readable other lyric poetry of the period, and when a
throughout, still the interest of it after all is comparison is instituted between the modern
chiefly historical. Not infrequently indeed one sonnet and the Elizabethan, the differing char-
comes upon a sonnet-octave such as the follow acteristics of the entire lyric inspiration of both
ing, half-Shakespearian in diction and foreshad periods, as well as the differing laws of sonnet-
owing the manner of the Shakespeare of the structure in each, must be duly regarded. It is
sonnets :
to aid us in such comparisons and such general-
"Fair eyes, whilst fearful I your fair admire,
izations, not to mention the undistraught pleas-
By unexpressed sweetness that I gain,
ure of the lover and reader of the choice old
My memory of sorrow doth expire,
And falcon-like I tower joy's heaven amain.
poetry of England, that such collections as the
But when yo suns in oceans of their glory
present, representing a definite literary kind in
Shut up their day-bright shine, I die for thought;
So pass my joys as doth a new-played story,
definite literary period, are of especial value.
And one poor sigh breathes all delight to naught.”! In addition to a short but highly sympathetic
But it is not the sonnet-sequence of Lodge, and graceful General Introduction, the editor
or of Daniel, or of Constable, that we should has prefixed to each sequence a separate Intro-
choose as the Elizabethan representative to put duction, all conceived in admirable spirit, and
into comparison with a representative modern supplying in compact form such apparatus and
sonnet-sequence, such as Rossetti's “House of commentary as is indispensable to the modern
Life.” No; if we are debarred from Shake-reader.
FREDERIC IVES CARPENTER.
speare's, it would rather be Sidney's or Spen-
ser's. But to render such a comparison fair and
of any profit, aside from the comparison of gift
THE GROWTH OF BRITISH POLICY.*
with gift and genius with genius, we should
first of all recognize that the convention of the
Four of the prominent historians who have
Elizabethan sonnet-sequence is different from
died within the past two years were distinc-
that of the modern, that it stands nearer the tively patriotic writers. Whether it was von
Petrarchan tradition (only very lately aban-
Treitschke or von Sybel describing the origin
doned in poetry), that it has a different artistic of Prussian hegemony, or Froude defending the
aim, and that consequently it developed a dis- uprising of the English against Papal control,
tinctive form and laws of its own. He who or Seeley explaining the growth of the British
does this will recognize also that the form of Empire, the work was national in its informing
the Elizabethan sonnet is entirely consonant purpose. Doubtless the Prussians were truer
with its spirit and aim, and he will be very
lovers of their science than the Englishmen,
cautious about dogmatizing concerning the
but when they wrote they wrote as Prussians.
superiority of the more “orthodox” modern THE GROWTH OF British Policy. An Historical Essay.
sonnet structure. But in order to recognize all
By Sir J. R. Seeley, Litt.D., K.C.M.G. In two volumes.
New York: The Macmillan Co.
this, a study of the minor Elizabethan sonnet-
THE HISTORY OF THE FOREIGN POLICY OF GREAT BRIT-
cycles is pre-requisite.
AIN. By Montagu Burrows. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons


188
(Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
As for Seeley, Professor Prothero, in a memoir Seeley, have been defeated. Meanwhile the
prefixed to his essay on " The Growth of Brit- danger from the North steadily decreased as
ish Policy," says " he was a good citizen, with Scotland became more Protestant, and at the
a high sense of political responsibility,” and same time more jealous of French interference.
that his aim in his lectures and addresses was A union of sympathies grew up which was the
« to foster an enthusiasm for the British state." prophecy of the closer political union of the
This constant aim may heighten the interest seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. And on
of his books; and under the control of so the side of the continent the outlook was not
broad a thinker as Seeley was, it may not de so dark as it might appear, because while
tract from the value of the work. But how Philip II. remained Duke of Burgundy there
dangerous it is to less clear heads may be could be no true love in the hearts of patriotic
observed in the pages of Professor Burrows, Frenchmen for Spain, and the peace of Cateau-
author of " The History of the Foreign Policy Cambrésis could not seriously threaten Protes-
of Great Britain,” whose purely British and tantism. Moreover, as England had lost her
insular view of the world's affairs would be continental frontier during Mary's reign, and
irritating were it not so naïve and childlike. as Elizabeth, not being herself of the royal
Professor Seeley calls his work an essay and caste, refused to marry or to pursue a narrow
not a history. In it he has sought to discuss dynastic policy, the new Great Britain had a
British policy in its formative period, believing period of quiet, healthful growth, compara-
that as the policy of a modern Great Power it tively free from foreign entanglements. Since
arrived at maturity about the close of the seven her enemy was Spain, she also received that
teenth century. He has chosen the accession impulse toward the sea which with her island
of Elizabeth as the point of departure, for dur- position determined her future greatness. By
ing Elizabeth's reign, by a combination of the time when James I. mounted the throne
happy chances, the foundations of a Great she was strong enough safely to hold aloof from
Britain were laid. As one reads chapter after European struggles.
chapter of this work, one is impressed with the Professor Seeley regards the Counter-Refor-
unity of thought which is maintained, the com mation not as a reaction predominantly, but as
prehensive grasp in which the varying threads a distinct reform movement, to be placed side
of European diplomatic affairs are held. There by side with the others which began at Pisa in
is only a single fault to be found with the 1409.
1409. When the last session of the Council
method, and that is the somewhat tedious itera- of Trent had been held, and the church had
tion of the same statement. Had this been been reformed, the historical continuity was
avoided, many pages might have been gained all on the side of the old church. The reformed
for a fuller presentation of the underlying eco churches had henceforth to justify their seces-
nomic causes. The importance of these causes sion. They had appealed to a council, and a
Professor Seeley himself acknowledges when, council had been given them : what more could
in speaking of the Revolution of 1688, he re- they claim?
marks : " In whichever direction we look we Is not Professor Seeley wrong, however, when
find ourselves in the midst of economic phe- he declares “ never since has the Reformation
nomena.” And if one compares his work with recovered the ground it lost so unexpectedly in
that of Professor Burrows, one observes how those years ” (from 1564 to 1585)? Consid-
much more complete it is than the latter in this ering the matter strictly on its religious side,
respect. Professor Burrows fails to mention perhaps this may be true; but politically the
even the Navigation Acts.
rise of Prussia to the leadership of the German
Professor Seeley does not seek to bring to Empire has given Protestantism a strength it
light new facts : he attempts to place familiar did not possess at any time in the sixteenth cen-
facts in more intelligible relations to one an tury.
other. His treatment of Elizabeth's reign is One of the most interesting of Professor
unusually enlightening. The capital fact of her Seeley’s lines of thought relates to the Haps-
earlier years as queen was the triumph of the burg marriage policy, adopted because of the
Counter-Reformation between 1564 and 1585. immense success consequent upon the marriage
Had not Elizabeth strenuously adhered to her of Maximilian of Austria to Mary of Burgundy,
policy of peace, of leaving all questions unde- and the marriage of their heir Philip to Joan,
cided, and had she put herself at the head of a heiress of the dominions of Ferdinand and Isa-
Protestant League, she would, thinks Professor / bella. He regards Philip Second's marriage


1896.)
189
THE DIAL
to Mary Tudor as not merely Charles Fifth's America, a different view of the situation ; but
revenge for the divorce, but as a Hapsburg con he covers these lapses from perspicacity with a
quest of England, a conquest which reconciled mantle of sweet charity.
Charles to the abandonment of the empire to Professor Burrows finds the bombardment
Ferdinand in 1555.
of Copenhagen by the British fleet in 1807, and
The Revolution of 1688 Professor Seeley the slaughter of two thousand unoffending citi-
considers not as a mere incident in the consti zens for the purpose of seizing the Danish fleet,
tutional and dynastic history of England, but “a most dextrous stroke," and further defends
as an event of European significance, a piece it by reference to a legendary secret article of
of grand strategy in William's historic struggle the Treaty of Tilsit. The British Orders in
against Louis XIV. He believes it may prop- Council, too, which enabled them “ to concen-
erly be said to have begun in 1670 with the trate the trade of the world in their own hands,”
Treaty of Dover, and to have been concluded were quite right, because “ those who were the
with the Peace of Ryswick in 1697. Further, universal paymasters, and were drawing by
he thinks the Stuart James was expelled quite hundreds of millions on posterity for this pur-
as much because he was French in education pose, should at least have the power of paying
and policy as because he was Catholic, an un interest to the national creditors.” Professor
bappy consequence of the marriage of Charles Burrows quotes in support of his view Captain
I. and Henrietta Maria.
Mahan's admission that this policy toward neu-
It is curious to find the English taken to task trals was necessary, and is a little surprised
in those days, as the French are now, for polit- that the gallant Captain at the same time
ical fickleness. Professor Seeley recalls the blames the United States Government for hay.
saying of Torci : “ The English are a nation ing tamely submitted for so many years to such
dont la légèreté est connue ; ils changent sou reasonable requirements. He perhaps does not
vent d'idées."
understand martial ethics and logic, according
A few words must be given to the work of to which all parties are simultaneously and
Professor Burrows, who, as has been intimated gloriously justified in punching one another's
already, is a convinced believer in the right-heads.
eousness of all British deeds. To him, England No fault can be found with Professor Bur-
has been the visible champion of International rows's sense of humor when he can speak of the
Law,” who “ found her duties to her own sub Irish Union as brought to pass “ by the re-
jects correspond with her duties to her neigh- sources of genius at the hands of Chatham.”
bors.” The beautiful way in which the British This remark is delicious when we call to mind
spirit of entire self-abnegation was chastened the means by which an Irish Parliamentary
by glimpses of the main chance is elucidated majority was gained, and which Lord Corn-
by our author when he comes to the French wallis, one of the principal actors, called “this
Revolution. He says:
dirty business” and “the shocking task im-
“ It fell once more to the lot of Great Britain to be
posed on me.
summoned, unwillingly summoned, to the front for the
There are certain errors and omissions in this
purpose of administering the International Law of Eu-
rope. The call was explicit; but it none the less rep-
book which seem to argue haste at the least.
resented the vital interests of Great Britain. It was For example, this is the description of the out-
not only that the vast majority of the people felt a gen break of war between France and England in
uine disgust at the principles which issued in the hor 1793 : “ To put it shortly -- they (the French]
rors of the French Revolution, and a profound sympa-
thy for the oppressed nations which fell under the French
overran and annexed Holland, and on the re-
yoke; they were convinced that in fighting for others
monstrance of the British minister, declared
the British were also fighting for themselves. This con war.” Again, Professor Burrows says that
viction nerved every arm and inspired every sacrifice." “ Prussian troops had been beaten at Auster-
Professor Burrows does not tell us how long it litz when combined with those of Austria.”
took the British after the war had begun to
HENRY E. BOURNE.
introduce the notion into their heads that they
were fighting for themselves. Perhaps it was
only after they seized South Africa to