- allusiveness --- A8 any of his stories. It is saturated with the
modern atmosphere; it is not only a very clever but a very strong
story - in some respecte, we think, the strongest Mr. Hope has written."
London Speaker.
READY SHORTLY.
H. R. H. THE PRINCE OF WALES.
An Account of his career, including his Birth, Education,
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A VOYAGE OF CONSOLATION.
By Mrs. E. C. COTES (Sara Jeannette Duncan), author of "A
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THE DIAL
A Semi Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
PAQE
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“LEWIS CARROLL.”
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“ There is such a thing as nonsense,” says
be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the Walter Bagebot in one of his essays,
" and
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be supplemented. To attain to the conception
in question is only the beginning of wisdom, for
No. 279. FEBRUARY 1, 1898. Vol. XXIV. there should go with the realization that non-
sense exists a healthy instinct for its enjoyment
CONTENTS.
when it is of the innocuous sort, and for its
“LEWIS CARROLL"
65
vigorous repudiation when it assumes a perni.
cious form. There is in most human nature a
SOME IDEAS ON CRITICISM. Charles L. Moore 66
streak of irrationality which makes people an
COMMUNICATIONS
68
easy mark for certain forms of very dangerous
Some of Arnold's Qualities as a Critic. Henry Barrett
Hinckley.
nonsense — for the pseudo-scientific jargon of
Shakespearian Plays Acted by College Men. William palmistry or theosophy, let us say- and hope-
Emory Smyser.
less indeed is his case who becomes entrapped
An Interesting and Impudent Bit of Plagiarism.
M. 0. T.
by these pitfalls. Yet the irrational instincts
that find such vent belong to the normal psy-
AUDUBON'S STORY RE-TOLD. Sara A. Hubbard. 70
chological make-up of mankind; they are sur-
IN OLD VIRGINIA. Ira M. Price
73
vivals, probably, although a neo-Schopenhauer-
THE HOPE OF THE LABORING MAN. Ralph ianism might claim for them a deeper cause
C. H. Catterall.
74
than that, but in any case they have to be reck-
A MONUMENTAL WORK FOR BIBLE STU oned with. Most people chafe, consciously or
DENTS. Shailer Mathews
76
unconsciously, under the limitations of a world
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne 77 rigidly subjected to the principle of casuality,
“Joba Oliver Hobbes's" The School for Saints.-
“Sarah Grand's" The Beth Book. - "Benjamin
and seek at times to escape into some world in
Swift's" The Tormentor. - Pickering's Margot.-
which fancy may rove untrammeled, in which
Miss Coleridge's The King with Two Faces. - Hill's life may seem less strenuous than science makes
By a Hair's Breadth. Crockett's Lochipvar. -
Hamilton's The Outlaws of the Marches.-"Charles
it out to be.
Egbert Craddock's" The Juggler. - Miss Wilkins's
This is a somewhat ponderous exordium for
Jerome, a Poor Man. - Fox's The Kentuckians.-
a few observations about the work of that gentle
Lash's The Federal Judge. — Chambers's Lorraine.
- Taylor's An Imperial Lover. – Matthews's Out-
6 maker” of nonsense whose recent death has
lines in Local Color. — Wister's Lin McLean. - Miss made childhood of all ages the poorer wherever
White's A Browning Courtship.—“Octave Thanet's"
A Book of True Lovers. - Chambers's The Mystery
the English language is spoken, but it was
of Choice.- Herrick's Literary Love-Letters.
peculiarly the gift of “ Lewis Carroll” to open
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS . .
82 our eyes to just such a “ land of wonder-
Some American contributions to civilization. - The
wander as we all need to see at times, and
dawn of astronomy. - Girlish views on things in need all the more in proportion as our habitual
general. – An up-to-date Theology. – The truth of
cleverness. — "Song-lore." - A book of evidence in
outlook is uncompromisingly logical and matter-
the Cabot case. — Literary and other statesmen. of-fact. If we cannot take refuge in some such
Stories of horses and war. · The Paradise of the
world of transparent impossibilities we are in
Pacific. - A new edition of "Ossian." - A fireman's
life in a great city. - The Talmud.
danger of gratifying our deep-seated irrational
BRIEFER MENTION.
instincts by straying off into delusions of the
85
sort that paralyze the powers of thought, of
ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCE. Temple Scott 86
confusing vagaries with realities, and of dissi-
LITERARY NOTES
87
pating our intellectual substance in specula-
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
88 tions that cannot possibly lead to anything;
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
88 whereas we may give ourselves up to the charm
.
.
.
.


66
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
>>
of Alice and her Wonderland without the least ment is best realized when we compare the suc-
compunction, and do not run the slightest dan cess of Lewis Carroll " with the comparative
ger of taking too seriously the doings of the failure of even the best of his many imitators.
Mad Hatter, the March Hare, or the Queen of The books that are concerned with childhood
Hearts. If these things are “ to the Greeks may be divided into three classes. The first
foolishness,” we are sorry for the Greeks, and and largest of these classes includes the books
remain unshaken in our loyalty to the imagin. that are written for children alone, that have
ings of the chronicler of Alice, the poet of the no message at all for the adult reader. The
Boojum and the Jabberwock.
second class includes those few books that state
"A little nonsense now and then
things from the childish point of view, but are
Is relished by the wisest men,”
really intended for the delight of children of a
so runs the old saw, and to “ Lewis Carroll, larger growth. “A Child's Garden of Verses"
purveyor of the most delightful nonsense in and “ The Golden Age” are the two matchless
our language, a debt of the deepest gratitude examples of this kind of literature. Here we
is due.
have the freshness of feeling that remembers
Of that eminent clergyman and distinguished what being a child was like, conjoined with an
mathematician, the Rev. Charles Lutwidge exquisite literary art which revives that feeling
Dodgson, the public knows little beyond an in the grown-up reader, who could not possibly
occasional amusing anecdote, like that which summon it back into consciousness unless thus
relates how the Queen, charmed with the story aided.
aided. But the child, although he may take
of Alice, requested the author to send her his some interest in these books, cannot possibly
other works, and was not a little surprised when enjoy them as the “Olympians” do. The
she received a collection of mathematical treat books of the third class, to which belong those
ises. He was born about sixty-five years ago, which we owe to the creator of “ Alice," are
took his degree at Christ Church, Oxford, and equally appreciated by young and old (although
remained a college don for the greater part of of course in different ways), and make for a
his life. "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland” better understanding between the ages,
because
was published in 1865, “ Through the Looking they create a new bond of sympathy, setting
Glass” in 1872, and “The Hunting of the the child and the man for the time being upon
Snark" in 1876. Among his other books that a common ground of interest.
belong to literature, we may mention “Phan-
tasmagoria," “ Doublets,” “Rhyme ? and Rea-
son?" « Euclid and His Modern Rivals," “ A
Tangled Tale," and “Sylvie and Bruno." The SOME IDEAS ON CRITICISM.
three books first mentioned have not only be There is a story of a young lady seated beside
come classics of the nursery, but have also won Tennyson at dinner, and all intent for oracles, who
a place among the books with which every cul. was rewarded at last by having the poet remark to
tivated reader is expected to have some ac- her, “ I like my mutton in hunks." The story is
quaintance. Their characters and incidents are
not a propos, but the phrase is apt for my purpose.
quoted “ to point a moral and adorn a tale
The most of us like our criticism in hunks. Funda-
almost as frequently as the characters and inci.
mental distinctions, fine discriminations, exquisite
tests for purity or alloy, — these are not for us.
dents that appear in the novels of Dickens or
Rather we like the one-sided, the lop-sided, and the
the poems of Tennyson. They have added new
factional. We like to have one critic tell us that
words to the common English vocabulary, and
all good literature springs from contemporary life;
people make use of “ beamish,” and “galumph- and another, that character is best studied from the
ing” and “chortling” as of familiar concepts. outside ; and yet another, that it is useless to kick
Such verses as “ The Walrus and the Carpen against the pricks of the sordid and vulgar, and that
ter” and “How doth the little crocodile majorities count in literature as in elections. Even
as well known as the best lyrics of the more
among our brothers across the sea, criticism in hunks
serious poets ; while the story of the slaying of prevails. Mr. Pater, the subtle and elaborate, had
the Jabberwock rivals in its haunting mystery
eyes only for style. He conceived literature to con-
the story of Childe Roland and the Dark Tower,
sist mainly of phrases. Swathed in his rhetoric, his
Greek and Italian idols are as indistinguishable as
besides being rather more intelligible. It is no
the mummies of Egyptian kings. Mr. Ruskin has
ordinary triumph to have thus imposed a new been a great maker of critical hunks, and although
literary genre upon the consciousness of the
those of his right hand differ from those of his left,
reading public, and the extent of the achieve this does not prove his comprehensiveness. The
are
-
-


1898.]
67
THE DIAL
total of free, disinterested, comprehensive criticism Hugo, in his great essay on Shakespeare, asserts
has been, at all times, small. Critical opinion has that all masterpieces are equal. The saying is a
always been in great measure the expression of fine one, but must be taken with limitations. When
personal feeling, — the propaganda of a party, or Dante begins the ascent of heaven, he is surprised
the polemic of a fad. Literature itself is a conflict to find sphere rising above sphere and order upon
of ideas; but the judgment of it ought to have more order of superhuman beings superimposed. He in-
unity than a Donnybrook Fair.
quires whether there is not, then, equality in heaven,
The born reader, the man who lives in the serene and is told, No; those nearest God absorb most of
air of good literature, rarely, perhaps, writes criti His light, which in turn they emit to those farther
cism. He is like a dog who has found a bone, and off. But this, he is assured, does not trouble any.
proceeds to dig a hole and bury it, and then comes one, for “in His will is our peace.” Something
and looks in your face and wags his tail as though like this may be said of human genius.
“Shine,
to say, “I know where there is a most excellent poet, in your place, and be content," is Words-
bone, but I am not going to let on.” Some of the worth's version of the idea. The great writers are
best criticism we have is in the letters of men of modest among their peers. Dante took the sixth
genius, like Gray and Keats and Fitzgerald and place in the company of poets ; and Goethe, speak-
Lowell. In their correspondence the minds of these ing of Molière, said, “ It is good for us little men
men are in undress ease, and judgments that are to return often to the masters." But readers and
the essence of good taste and good sense come from critics, captivated by some gift that appeals to them
them as naturally as gum oozes from a tree. But personally, are always for oversetting the hierarchy
formal criticism is a necessary thing. If people of genius. We have all our idols of illusion. For
read, they must have opinions, and opinion expressed myself I have such an admiration for the "Hype-
is criticism, and the best informed opinion is good rion” of Keats that I have to put force on myself
criticism.
to keep from calling it the finest piece of verso in
The things that are abiding underlie all litera existence. It is the supreme
of outward poetry
tures ; but the fashions in thought and expression the poetry of form and color and sound. There is
change as do the fashions in clothes. The eigh-enough emotion in it to flush its statues with life,
teenth century conceived poetry to be a kind of enough intellect to make them lift their lofty heads
transported prose - prose with a ball and chain and utter elemental things. But I know that, com-
about its ankles ; and it called all its writers, indif- pared with the great world-poems which furnish
ferently, wits. The nineteenth century has tried to ideals for action and materials for meditation, it is
bring prose and poetry together, by a species of ar an empty thing. Keats never gave better proof of
terial transfusion, and, in France at least, all imag- his keen critical instinct than in the revised version,
inative writers are allowed to be poets. Again, the which, done as it is with an almost utter failure of
first great literary critic, Aristotle, defined poetry verbal charm, shows an attempt to get humanity
to be a “making,” and in his “ Poetics” he ignores into the poem.
lyric, satiric, and philosophical poetry. The pen If the personality of a critic is a translucent or
dulum has swung to the other extreme to-day, and opaque medium for genius to shine through, the
the lyric is the overwhelmingly dominate form of personality of an author may dim or heighten the
light he emits. Byron rebels, and draws after him
Not only the tendencies of that entity we call an the third part of our human hosts ; and admiration
age, but national peculiarities and prejudices, pre of his audacity and energy blinds us to his flaws of
vent a steady assessment of literature. Shakespeare, art. Dante and Milton stand in mighty isolation,
who sank into the German mind like rain on a mel attractive to us as the magnetic mountain was to
low soil, has always run off from the hard-surfaced Sinbad's ship. When we study them we feel that
glittering French intellect. The attitude of England to walk erect is necessary to walk aloof. Their
to American literature is a case in point. The cul characters intensify their poetry as Shakespeare's
tivated Englishman is an unassuming enough per and Goethe's do not.
son within his own gates, but when he goes abroad Perhaps Lessing comes nearest to the ideal critic
he seems to be possessed with the idea that he wrote of all who have ever officiated Minos-wise. Yet
the plays of Shakespeare with his own hand, and even he coils his tail around him nine times, and
paid for building the cathedrals out of his own Racine and Boileau are consigned to the lowest pit.
pocket. He comes to or looks at this country, and Aristotle, as I have said, seems to ha been indif.
he sees nothing as good as Shakespeare or the ferent to the individual element in genius. Coming
cathedrals, and he condemns our art in mass. He down to modern times, Sainte-Beuve was so much
forgets that modern England has nothing so good as interested in the characters of his authors that he
Shakespeare or the cathedrals either.
forgot to assess their talents. Every French soldier
A main cause of critical confusion is our inability may carry a marshal's baton in his knapsack, but
to get the forms and qualities of literature ranked surely every French author has not immortality
in the order of their importance. Nearly every hidden in his baggage. When Nature or Fate for-
critic has a prepossession for some one quality or got this present, Sainte-Beuve often slipped it in, as
some one kind of manifestation of genius. Victor | Joseph did the silver cup into Benjamin's sack.
verse.


68
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
Besides, the French delight in lucidity and elegance find it hard to draw from the near and common
is too strong in him. He can appreciate grace, but faces and forms about it the lineaments and limbs
is half afraid of greatness. When he describes the of those tragic personages who resume into them-
Greek and Latin and French authors assembled in selves an epoch or embody universal humanity.
the Temple of Fame, he merely adds, "Shakes Dante, indeed, took the names and suggestions of
peare is there.” The great creative outburst in En his own time and country, and turned them to great
gland at the beginning of this century was paralleled account; but he first dipped them in Styx and sur-
by an equal critical activity. Whether the last had rounded them with the scenery and machinery of the
anything to do with producing the first, or whether, other world. A man of genius is like a tree which
“as a gate of bronze, fronting the sun, receives and must be rooted in the ground, but draws the greater
renders back its figure and its heat," it was merely part of its subsistence from the air which is world-
secondary, it certainly betrays the same tendencies. wide and the sun which is universal.
The canons of an earlier age were torn to shreds, Changes of taste, vicissitudes of opinion, oblivions
and imagination warred against common sense. and revivals,—these, every work of art must endure.
As the earth revolves about its axis in one direc Time is the true judge; and in the nature of things
tion, and moves around the sun in a second, and Time is never final. On the walls of Karnak there
is carried with the solar system in a third, and has is sculptured a long procession of forms—the Egyp-
perhaps a multiplication of other movements, until tian judgment-givers, the Forty-two Assessors of
the mind is appalled and wonders if there be direc the Dead. This cold scrutinizing line is no bad
tion or motion at all, 80 literature has its cross emblem of what awaits those who aspire to be among
and contradictory revolutions and processions, and the Princes of Posterity.
criticism is caught with them, like flotsam on cur.
CHARLES LEONARD MOORE.
rent and eddy, and cannot stand aside on some
serene spot of contemplation and comprehend the
whole.
Popular American criticism has always demanded
two things: That our authors should paint from
COMMUNICATIONS.
life, and that they should deal with American sub-
SOME OF ARNOLD'S QUALITIES AS A CRITIC.
jects. If, instead of the first requirement, an author
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
should be made to write about what he knows best,
there might be something to say for it. A poet may
The opening article of your journal for January 16
characterizes Matthew Arnold as “ on the whole the
very easily be more familiar with fairies and god-
truest and finest English critic of our generation." I
desses than with people of flesh and blood, and he
am inclined to agree with this estimate, and would like
had best stick to his acquaintance. Or, a scholar to add a suggestion or two as to the qualities on which
may be so saturated with the past as to be unable to such a claim should rest.
see the present. It is remarkable that every great The style of Arnold has frequently been called high-
period of English literature has been fecundated, as bred. This means, first of all, that he is perfectly simple
it were, by pollen blown from some remote time or
and sincere; secondly, it means that he endeavors never
removed place. In the Elizabethan epoch, it was the
to intrude himself upon his subject; and thirdly, that he
Italian influence which enriched and impregnated
instinctively seeks whatever is excellent and true in the
person with whom he is dealing. Exceptions to these
the native stock. In Dryden's time, the literature
statements there undoubtedly are, yet I believe they will
of France did the same work; and the Georgian
bloom and fruitage was largely caused by ideas When we turn, however, from style to matter, we find
brought from Germany and forms revived from a good deal to object to. Even the excellent essay on
Greece. As to the supposed necessity for American Keats is now a trifle obsolete because the thesis of that
writers to deal with American subjects, it may be
essay has been set forth in a more scholarly way by
remarked that the authors of no other countries
Mr. Sidney Colvin; and the charming essay on Gray is
have been so restricted. None of Shakespeare's
almost valueless because of the author's inadequate
knowledge of Gray's character. The truth is that Arnold
themes are contemporary, and few are English.
was too hard-worked, as an inspector of schools, to allow
Milton is antique or antediluvian. In this respect
one of his mental breadth to perfect himself in the many
a distinction must be made between the different
subjects in which he could not but interest himself. He
forms of literature. The lyric is purely personal, was, too, as much an observer of men and manners as
and hardly needs location. Satire must be contem of books; and in dealing with books he is almost the
porary and local, or it does not exist. There is no supreme critic of literary manner.
use in our satirizing Nero or the Emperor of China. I believe that Arnold is found at his best in subjects
Comedy, too, is mainly an affair of locality; though requiring little or no scholarship, in subjects where the
Shakespeare's imaginative comedy - the enchanted
high breeding of his style is all-sufficient. An example
playground of the world - is bound by no real
is found in his felicitous manner of introducing to the
limits of time or space. Ideal poetry in its greatest
public authors whose literary work is small in volume
and little known. Joubert, Maurice de Guérin, and
efforts of tragedy or epic instinctively seeks remote Marcus Aurelius will, let us hope, never be dragged
ness. Mountains can only be seen at a distance, into the scuffling-ground of literary scholars. They did
and though genius can do much, even genius must not in their writings make a bid for fame, and we like
prove the rule.


1898.]
69
THE DIAL
to treat them as gentlemen. To have known them is
AN INTERESTING AND IMPUDENT BIT
of inestimable value; yet Guérin, at least, would be
OF PLAGIARISM.
almost unknown to English readers but for the excellent
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
essay of Mr. Arnold. The Journal Intime contains pas-
The publication of the second volume of “The French
sages of unsurpassed poetic prose; and it is thanks to
Arnold's essay that they will find fit audience among
Revolution,” by Mr. Justin H. McCarthy, M.P. (son of
the leader of the Irish party in Parliament and the author
the Anglo-Saxon race. Even those who content them-
selves with the essay itself will derive exquisite pleasure
of “ A History of our Own Times”), recalls an interest-
from the charming translations it embodies. An En-
ing plagiarism in his first volume. In treating the im-
glish translation of the whole Journal exists, but I have
portant subject, “ Taxation,” he takes bodily from Mrs.
Gardiner's excellent little work, “ The French Revolu-
not seen it, and am unable to speak of its claims on the
tion," one of the “ Epochs of Modern History series,
attention of English readers.
and gives no credit therefor. I subjoin the passages
HENRY BARRETT HINCKLEY.
referred to.
Northampton, Mass., Jan. 24, 1898.
MRS. GARDINER, PP. 9-10. MR. MOCARTHY, VOL. I., PP. 305-306.
“Some provinces and towns “Some provinces and towns
were privileged in relation to cer. were privileged in relation to cer-
SHAKESPEARIAN PLAYS ACTED BY
tain taxes, and as a rule it was the tain taxes, and as a rule it was
COLLEGE MEN.
poorest provinces on which the the poorest provinces on which
heaviest burdens lay. One of the the heaviest burdens lay. One of
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
most iniquitous of the taxes was the most evil of the taxes was the
It is, of course, only a coincidence that about the the gabelle, or tax on salt. Of this gabelle, or tax on salt, which, as
time when Professor Brander Matthews in Philadelphia
tax, which was farmed, two-thirds we shall see, aroused the indigna
of the whole were levied on a third tion of Arthur Young. Of this tax,
- as reported in the last issue of THE DIAL -
was
of the kingdom. The price varied which was farmed, two-thirds of
urging upon teachers of literature the importance of so much that the same measure the whole were levied on a third of
observing, in the criticism of dramatic writing, the which cost a few shillings in one the kingdom. There were special
stage conditions under which alone the real drama can
province cost two or three pounds courts for the punishment of those
in another. The farmers of the who disobeyed fiscal regulations of
be successful, the students of a Western college were tax had behind them a small army
the most minute and grotesque
putting on the boards, under the direction of the Pro of officials for the suppression of kind. Throughout the north and
fessor of English, a Shakespearian comedy. And yet smuggling, as well as special centre of France the gabelle was in
courts for the punishment of those reality a poll tax. The sale of salt
it is a coincidence rich in suggestion. Perhaps we have
who disobeyed fiscal regulations. was a monopoly in the hands of
in the recent performance of “Much Ado About Noth-
These regulations were minute the farmers, who had behind them
ing" by the students of Indiana University a hint of and vexatious in the extreme. a small army of officials for the
one of the methods by which the contention of Mr.
Throughout the north and centre suppression of smuggling, or using
of France, the gabelle was in real other salt than that sold by them.
Matthews may be applied in a practical way to college
ity a poll tax; the sale of salt was Every person aged above seven
classes, and our academic study of the drama thereby a monopoly in the hands of the years was forced to purchase seven
rendered more exact and complete. The accurate re farmers; no one might use other pounds yearly, though the price
salt than that sold by them, and it varied so much that the same
production of a Shakespearian play, for instance, on the
was obligatory on every person measure which cost a few shillings
historical Shakespearian stage, will go far toward giving aged above seven years to pur in one province cost two or three
a college audience a definite understanding of the play chase seven pounds yearly. This pounds in another. Yet this salt
itself, as well as contributing to their appreciation of its
salt, however, of which the pur might be used for cooking pur-
chase was obligatory might only be poses, and cooking purposes alone.
purely dramatic qualities. At any rate, the benefits to
used for purely cooking purposes.
The fisherman who wished to salt
be derived by the student who takes part in such a per It the farmer wished to salt his his catch, the farmer who wished
formance are evident to the most casual observer ; be pig, or the fisherman his fish, they to salt his pork, must buy more
sides learning directly and by experience something of
must buy additional salt and ob salt and obtain a certificate that
tain a certificate that such pur they had bought more salt. The ex.
the conditions which satisfy the demands of the stage, chase had been made. Thousands chequers were swollen, the galleys
he is saved from the mistake of regarding the drama as of persons, either for inability to were manned, the gallows were
only a phase of literature.
pay the tax or for attempting to weighted yearly with the fines of
evade the laws of the farm, were purse or of person paid by the vic-
The value of such revivals by college people, in cul-
yearly fined, imprisoned, sent to tims of this odious tax. But the
tivating among them, better than the formal routine of
the galleys, or hanged. The chief gabelle was not the only infliction.
the class-room can do, a taste for the best plays and a of the property taxes, the taille, There was the taille, the first of
demand for good acting, is surely not insignificant; par-
inflicted as much suffering as the the property taxes, the taille that
gabelle, and was also ruinous to was as cruel as the gabelle, and as
ticularly when one takes into consideration the fact that
agriculture. Over two-thirds of fatal to agriculture. It was fan-
under present conditions most college communities are France the taille was a tax on tastically reassessed every year,
deprived of all opportunity to see good plays well acted. lands, houses, and industry reas not according to any regular eco-
sessed every year, not according to nomic rule, but according to that
The more hopeful of us may even imagine that we have
any fixed rate, but according to more Oriental plan which varies.
here at hand a potent means for bringing about the long the presumed capacity of the prov. its taxation with the varying for.
desired “ elevation of the stage " and the consequent ince, the parish and the individual tunes of the place or person taxed.
removal of the lingering prejudice against the theatre
taxpayers. The consequence was The over-taxed victims soon dis-
that, on the smallest indication of covered that the smallest indica-
among many good people. The student of English
prosperity, the amount of the tax tion of prosperity meant an in-
literary history is reminded of the sturdy impulse given was raised, and thus parish after crease in the amount of the tax.
to the drama in the early days of Elizabeth through the parish and farmer after farmer Under its blight farmer after
were reduced to the same dead farmer and parish after parish
frequent presentation of plays by the Universities and
level of indigence."
were degraded to a common ruin
Inns of Court: is he likely to be counted too enthusiastic
and a common despair."
if he venture fondly to hope that through such academic Considering the large celebrity of the name of
performances in our own day, once they become general, McCarthy and the wide circulation of Mrs. Gardiner's
there may be stimulated a revival of dramatic literature
book (published on both sides of the Atlantic), the
of serious proportions and artistic completeness ? parallel illustrates a piece of cool impudence, to say the
WILLIAM EMORY SMYSER. least.
M. O. T.
De Pauw University, Greencastle, Ind., Jan. 24, 1898. Chicago, Jan. 27, 1898.


70
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
danced and fenced and drew, and played the
The New Books.
flute and violin and flageolet with unusual skill,
displaying in every direction both versatile and
AUDUBON'S STORY RE-TOLD,*
masterful talents. An absorbing love for na-
It is nearly fifty years since John James ture in all its phases was his dominant charac-
Audubon passed from the sight of men, yet his
teristic, and in early childhood he began paint-
name is fresh in every mind.
It is as yester-
ing the birds about him, a pursuit from which
day that the modest biography published in
finally he was to earn lasting fame. He had
1869 gave us an outline of the leading facts in
already made two hundred sketches of these
his history. The record was of a fascinating feathered wonders, when, at seventeen years of
character, unique in many particulars, strongly
age, he returned to America, to become an
tinged with romance, and vivid in its suggest-
independent citizen of the country to which he
iveness. It set forth so remarkable a person-
was ever loyally attached.
ality, at once charming and commanding, that
For some years his home was at Mill Grove,
one could not fail to retain the impression and
a farm belonging to his father, situated near
be glad to revive it at any hour. When, there-
Schuylkill Falls in Pennsylvania. Here he led
fore, a more complete account of the man is
a life devoid of care and devoted to pleasures
now presented, chiefly through his journals set
of a harmless sort, in which music and drawing
in order by his granddaughter, the pleasure is
were not neglected. He had no vices. Later
heightened by the interest of the facts already
in life, he wrote:
«« Cards I disliked. I lived on milk, fruits, and
known; and as the final page is reached in this
last full and authentic narrative, in an access of
vegetables, with the addition of game and fish at times,
but never had I swallowed a single glass of wine or
enthusiasm one is impelled to turn back to the spirits until the day of my wedding. The result has
earlier volume, and hunt it through, as so often been my uncommon, indeed iron, constitution. This has
before, for material to feed the reawakened been my constant mode of life ever since my earliest
interest. It is not so much the genius of
recollection. ... I never went to dinners, merely be-
cause my choice of food occasioned comment, and also
Audubon, bis gifts and accomplishments, that because often not a single dish was to my taste, and I
delight us : it is, first of all, his manliness, the could eat nothing from the sumptuous tables before me.
rare balance of sweetness and strength, of dar-
All this time I was as fair and as rosy as a girl,
ing and humility, of impetuosity and patience,
though as strong, indeed stronger than most young men,
and as active as a buck."
of
grace and virility, of passion and purity, of
fidelity, industry, and endurance,- in a word,
Audubon was a model of manly beauty, with
of the masculine and feminine elements which
a lithe, sinewy frame, capable of wonderful
together make
the perfect humanity.
feats of strength and endurance, and a counte-
up
It would be superfluous to rehearse any but
nance marked by a pair of large, beaming eyes,
the most significant incidents of Audubon's
a noble forehead, long locks of curling hair
career. Everybody is familiar with the chance
falling to the shoulders, and an expression of
which procured his birth on American soil, -
singular energy and intelligence. In his indif-
the gay, roving Frenchman, Admiral Audubon, ference to society, he permitted his future wife
having married a beautiful Spanish Creole and
to dwell for months on an adjoining estate be-
become a temporary resident in the vicinity of
fore he discovered her proximity. At the first
New Orleans. The mother did not long sur-
interview he was aware of his mistake. Lucy
vive the advent of her son, and the day and
Bakewell was a woman of solid attainments,
year of his arrival were afterward lost in ob-
gained in the English home from which she
livion. They may be placed, according to his
had lately removed, and of the stanch qualities
granddaughter, somewhere not far beyond needed in the wife of Audubon. He was an
1772. The formative years of Audubon's life
ardent lover, but the young girl's father advised
were spent in France, where every privilege him to make some study of business before
was afforded him which wealth, a doting step-
assuming the responsibilities of a family. He
mother, and a prudent father could provide.
therefore turned to the mercantile trade, in
“ The handsomest boy in France," as the step-
which his experiences were such as might be
mother declared, was trained in all the graceful
anticipated of an untamable genius whose
arts befitting a gentleman of his time. He
inclinations were averse to bartering in goods
and accumulating pelf. He was married in
* AUDUBON AND HIS JOURNALS. By Maria R. Audubon.
With Zoological and other Notes, by Dr. Elliott Cones. In
1808, and immediately departed for Louisville,
two volumes. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Ky., with the intent to lead the staid life of a


1898.]
71
THE DIAL
merchant and a Benedict. How he pursued and I turned my eyes from them, as if I could
that intent we read in his own artless confession have wished that they had never existed."
that, engrossed in the study of birds, he never In 1826 he visited Philadelphia with his
thought of business beyond the ever-engaging portfolio of pictures, desirous of taking a few
journeys ” for the purchase of goods, which lessons of Peale or of Sully, that he might im-
took him through “the beautiful, the darling prove in his beloved art, and also to devise ways
forests” of the country lying between Louisville of bringing his work before the public. Here,
and New York City. He writes :
his scanty means being soon exhausted, he re-
“Were I to tell you that once, when travelling and sorted anew to his pencil for help, and writes,
driving several horses before me laden with goods and July 19 :
dollars, I lost sight of the pack-saddles, and the cash
“ Young Harris, God bless him, looked at the draw-
they bore, to watch the motions of a warbler, I should
ings I had for sale, and said he would take them all, at
only repeat occurrences that happened a hundred times
and more in those days."
my prices. I would have kissed him, but that is not
the custom in this icy city."
Two
years
in Louisville were followed by a
brief venture in Henderson, and a later attempt
to build up a trade at St. Genevieve, all of
not be properly lithographed in this country,
which were fruitful chiefly in depleting his for- he devoted the next two years to the enlarge-
tune. In 1811 his business relations with his
ment of his collection, and the gathering of a
little fund that might enable him to visit En-
partner were dissolved, Audubon declaring that
“ Rozier cared only for money and liked St. gland. With a " God speed” from his wife,
and a stout heart in his breast, he set out on
Genevieve”; and Rozier writing, “Audubon
had no taste for commerce, and was continually | April 26, 1826, and landed in Liverpool July
his doubtful enterprise from New Orleans,
in the forest."
The succeeding seventeen years comprised a
21. He had an extraordinary gift for making
period of trying vicissitudes in the experience
friends, and everyone was attracted by the
of the Audubons. The wife, always patient simple manners and prepossessing mien of this
and faithful, gave unreserved sympathy to the talented, unsophisticated man of the woods.”
In his various absences from home, Audubon
wandering proclivities of her husband, and
while his plan for the production of his great incidents of each day for the perusal of the
was in the habit of committing to a journal the
work delineating - The Birds of America " was
loved ones left behind. His heart was laid
taking shape, she lent him every possible en-
bare in these pages, and very interesting it is
couragement. She bore the long terms of
to view the intense emotions that excited him
separation necessary to his purpose without
complaint, meanwhile caring for their two sons,
as he strove to enlist sympathy and aid in the
and contributing largely toward the family costly endeavor on which he was now intent.
and contributing largely toward the family Alternate hopes and fears rioted in his breast.
maintenance by teaching, which at that early Of the first exhibition of his pictures before a
day was a fertile source of revenue in the South.
Audubon was often without a dollar in his prospective patron, he writes:
“What sensations I had whilst I helped to untie the
pocket, yet when reduced to the severest straits
fastenings of my portfolio ! I knew by all around me
he was able easily to coin money out of his that these good friends were possessed of both taste and
varied accomplishments, now drawing portraits judgment, and I did not know that I should please. I
in chalk at five dollars a head, and now giving was panting like the winged pheasant, but ah! these
dancing lessons which in a few winter months
kind people praised my birds, and I felt the praise to be
honest; once more I breathed freely. . . . Oh! what
could be made to yield two thousand dollars.
can I hope, my Lucy, for thee and for us all ? "
Like Agassiz, he could not afford to stop his
life-work for mere money-making.
So great was his encouragement that in two
66 One of
weeks' time he cheerily announced :
the most extraordinary things in all these ad-
“I am well received everywhere, my works praised
verse circumstances,” he states, “ was that I
and admired, and my poor heart is at last relieved from
never for a day gave up listening to the songs the great anxiety that has for so many years agitated
of our birds, or watching their peculiar habits, it, for I know now that I have not worked in vain.”
or delineating them in the best way that I Still there was ever-recurring suspense for the
could.” One hour of sad despondency he de- shy, humble artist to endure, as he presented
scribes as the only time in my life when the his work to the eye of each possible subscriber.
wild turkeys that so often crossed my path, and On his way to Lizars, the skilled engraver who
the thousands of lesser birds that enlivened the was to pass judgment on his art, he says:
woods and the prairies, all looked like enemies, “ I lost hope at every step, and I doubt if I opened


72
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
my lips. I slowly unbuckled my portfolio, placed a at the guillotine; my heart sank low. . . . I knew I
chair for him, and with my heart like a stone held up a was acting weakly, but, rather than render my good
drawing. Mr. Lizars rose from his seat, exclaiming : friend miserable about it, I suffered the loss patiently.”
• My God ! I never saw anything like this before.""
Audubon had been fond of dress and of lux-
For two years Andubon was carrying his
urious belongings in his youth, but all that was
portfolio from city to city in England, Scot- far in the past. It had been crowded out of
land, and France, and from the presence of his thought by more noble and absorbing aspi-
one rich man's door to another, to gather names rations; and to renew the lost interest was
enough on his list to sustain the costly publica- not now possible. “No dash, no glimmer or
tion of his “ Birds of America.” It was the shine about him," was the comment of Sir
largest and most expensive work of the sort
Walter Scott, “but great simplicity of man-
that had ever been undertaken, and only Au ners and behavior, slight in person and plainly
could have conceived and carried through the
immense achievement. When he returned to
and later publications of a similar nature, en-
America he had secured a hundred and forty- sured Audubon a competence for his remaining
four subscribers, and the work was far advanced
years. He purchased a tract of twenty-four
in the process of printing. It was published acres on the banks of the Hudson, now known
in parts of five plates each (“ elephant folio as Audubon Park, within the present limits of
in size), at two guineas a part; and, when com New York City. Here, with wife, children,
pleted, comprised eighty-seven parts, giving and grandchildren, in one happy household,
506 species and 1065 figures of birds. About his old age was supremely blessed. His indus-
one hundred and seventy-five copies are now try continued undiminished, - his study of the
known to be in existence, eighty of which are birds, to which were now added the quadrupeds,
in America. It is one of the few illustrated his rambles in the forests, his delightful com-
works, if not the only one, an eminent orni-panionship with Nature. In 1833 three months
thologist has said, which steadily increases in
were consumed in a trip to Labrador, and in
price with the passage of time. The rare copies 1843 he gave eight months to an investigation
now occasionally thrown on the market com of the wild life in the forests bordering the
mand from $1500 to $2000. The cost of Missouri. A venerable man at this latter date,
printing the work was over $100,000. he was still in possession of astonishing phy-
While managing the details of this large sical powers. In his prime he had once said
enterprise, Audubon was obliged to use the that, in a walking match, “ I think I could kill
utmost diligence to keep himself and his print- any horse in England in twenty days, taking
ers in funds. He found a quick sale for single the travel over rough and level ground.” Until
drawings at remunerative prices, and it was no
the last, his form was erect, his step like that
unusual occurrence for him to sit painting four of a deer, and his eye as keen as an Indian's.
teen or even seventeen hours on a stretch. Four It is said by his sole surviving comrade of the
hours of sleep sufficed him, and he loved to be tour to Labrador:
up and out for a long tramp, or settled to his “You had only to meet him to love him, and when
day's labor, at three o'clock in the morning. had conversed with him for a moment, you looked
It was hard to adapt himself to the habits of upon him as an old friend, rather than a stranger.
ordinary men, and he was restive and misera To this day I can see him, a magnificent gray-haired
ble in the gatherings where all eyes were sure
man, child-like in his simplicity, kind-hearted, noble-
souled, lover of nature and lover of youth, friend of
to be riveted upon his striking person. His humanity, and one whose religion was the golden rule.”
English friends besought him to have his hair
A monument in old Trinity churchyard,
cut and to put on a fashionable coat before he
New York, marks the spot where Audubon was
appeared in London. After one such earnest
buried. These two generous volumes of his
solicitation, he remarks, “I laughed, and he
journals, enriched by ten portraits of himself,
laughed, and my hair is yet as God made it.”
with others of his wife and sons, and various
The importunity was urgent, however, and
miscellaneous engravings, give him back to us
finally yielding to it, he thus noted the event in
as he was in life, an honor to his country and
a black-bordered page of his journal:
Dr. Elliott Coues has added to the
“ March 19, 1827. This day my hair was sacrificed.
scientific value of the present book by an abund-
.. As the barber clipped my locks rapidly, it reminded
me of the horrible French Revolution, when the same
ance of painstaking and scholarly notes.
operation was performed upon all the victims murdered
SARA A. HUBBARD.
you
his race.
-
-
-
----


1898.]
73
THE DIAL
as prac-
garding the western wilderness, a second char-
IN OLD VIRGINIA.*
ter describes Virginia as extending from sea
The commonwealth of Virginia is full of to sea" (Vol. I., p. 60). It is supposed that
fascination for the historian of every type. the King thought of the two limits “100
The old aristocracy of its youth has now been miles inland” and “ from sea to sea”
replaced by the new democracy of its present tically one and the same. This Virginia, cut
maturity. Mr. Bradley's “Sketches from Old into three zones, was open for colonization by
Virginia” are snap-shots of the transition pe two joint-stock companies with headquarters in
riod the first fifteen years after the close of London. In 1609 (Vol. I., p. 145) Virginia
the Civil War (1861–65). He gives us ten proper was cut off from North Virginia, which
little pictures, not always connected in thought, soon took the names of New England and New
but all snatched from that memorable period, Netherlands, and was colonized by Puritans
when the old conditions were present in mem and Dutchmen.
ory only, and the new in reality. “Parkin the This remaining Virginia suffered further re-
Saddler,” “On the Old Bethel Pike," and duction in 1632 when Maryland was carved
“ The Poor Whites' of the Mountains,” espe from her north side, and in 1663 and in 1732
cially, open the door into revelations of the old when other slices were cut off to form Carolina
and the new, the past and the present. Told
Told and Georgia respectively. The author limits
in a simple and often pathetic manner, the his account of Maryland to 107 pages, and of
stories appeal to and take hold of the reader. the Carolinas to 67 pages.
Thus with a firm
They possess the reality which grows out of a hand he holds himself closely to the discussion
personal acquaintance with, and knowledge of, of Virginia proper.
the conditions described. Every such book The author's method is next to ideal. He
adds to our mental picture of those stirring endeavors “ to follow the main stream of causa-
days, and, though not always written ideally, tion from the time of Raleigh to the time of
it should be made welcome by all lovers of Dinwiddie, from its sources down to its absorp-
history.
tion into a mightier stream.” This plan gives
Professor Fiske has produced the book of the narrative a movement, a life, which is very
the year 1897 on American history. “Old
“Old attractive and engaging to the reader. It re-
Virginia and Her Neighbors” falls into its veals a large amount of careful sifting on the
place in his well-planned series. These vol part of the author, so that only the essential,
umes fill the gap between his “ Discovery of the vital, facts may find place in his work. The
America” and “Beginnings of New England.” temptation to log in side-issues or striking
They take up the story of Virginia with Sir details is firmly resisted. Professor Fiske's
Walter Raleigh and the Rev. Richard Hakluyt,
breadth and discernment are apparent on every
and follow it “ until the year 1753, when the page. His survey of events penetrates at once
youthful George Washington sets forth upon to the underlying currents, and so locates them
his expedition to warn the approaching French-
as to define the fixed relations of the events.
men from any further encroachments upon En. It is a relief to all who delight in the ro-
glish soil.” The subsequent history of Virginia, mantic of American history to see that the
beginning with the war of the Spanish Succes- authenticity of the story of Captain John Smith
sion which broke out during Nicholson's rule and Pocahontas is critically defended by Pro-
in Virginia, in 1753, remain to be treated in a fessor Fiske. Some of the breeziest reading,
later work.
especially for the boys, in these two volumes
Raleigh's Virginia, extending from Florida
will be found in the chapter which opens Vol-
to Canada, standing between France and Spain, ume I., on “ The Sea Kings”; also, “ A Sem-
first receives careful consideration from Mr. inary of Sedition " (Vol. I., p. 191 ff.), and
Fiske. The first charter of Virginia, issued by
“ The Golden Age of Pirates” (Vol. II., p. 338
James I. in 1606, limited Virginia within the ff.).
ff.). The directness of the author's style and
34th and 45th parallels of latitude and from
his clearness of statement one always under-
the seashore a hundred miles inland. Three
stands him set before one a vivid word.
years thereafter, as if to cut off all dispute re picture, such as many another writer could not
do with twice the space. The whole work is
SKETCHES FROM OLD VIRGINIA. By A. G. Bradley.
New York: The Macmillan Co.
admirably done, revealing at once a command-
OLD VIRGINIA AND HER NEIGHBORS. By John Fiske. ing knowledge of the situations, a power of
In two volumes. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
analysis equal to every emergency, and a genius


74
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
in grouping causes and effects. This is now So much is willingly admitted. But let no man
our star work on the period of Old Virginia. out of the depth of his bitterness accuse the
The volumes are illustrated with a half dozen social system because there is a necessary strug-
good maps of those Virginia days. And the gle for existence; or because natural conditions
printer's art is very creditable. These living are hostile to the physically and mentally weak;
records arouse our avidity for their successors, or because machinery and inventions have dis-
soon to follow, on “The Dutch and Quaker turbed the temporary organization of the in-
Colonies."
IRA M. PRICE. dustrial world for its lasting benefit; or because
many laboring men are improvident; or because
the earth is so constituted that the means of
subsistence have a tendency to increase in a
THE HOPE OF THE LABORING MAN.* different ratio to the increase of population.
The pleasing assumption that by legislative If these things are injustices, there is an end
process we can give to the poor a greater sbare
to the argument, and the laboring man is more
of the produce of capital and labor, while not
than vindicated in his rebellion.
diminishing the aggregate production, ought to
Conceding that these conditions are neces-
reveal its inherent absurdity in the mere state-
sary, we are confined to an inquiry into the ac-
ment. Nevertheless, the belief that this can
tual relations between employer and employed,
be done is very prevalent. It is Mr. Means's an inquiry which has for its object the deter-
object, in his work on “ Industrial Freedom," mination of the province of legislative inter-
to show that no taxation of capital, no legisla-
ference between the two. What is the actual
tion compelling a new division of the shares of
status? It is presumably one of free, open,
labor and capital, no socialistic device, can
and complete competition, with the power on
accomplish the end desired. These attempts
both sides of making contracts. This being
can only diminish the total from which both the case, the advocate of legislative interference
profit and wages are paid, and so inflict further declares that the laboring man is a slave, and
injury upon the laborer.
his condition that of industrial slavery.” The
A grievance does indeed exist. Everyone truth is not in accordance with this assertion.
admits that the majority of mankind must re-
In the matter of law, for instance, the employed
main obscure, poor, and without the great means
is less a slave than the employer, for the law
of development and culture. Yet, while this permits workingmen to combine to raise wages,
is true, the material condition of such men is so
while it prohibits capitalists from combining
infinitely better than it was a hundred years
to raise prices; the workingman can break his
ago, and their eyes have been so opened to the
contract with impunity, while the law will hold
possibilities of this life, its opportunities for
the employer to the strict letter of the same
development, its ease and comforts, so much
contract. Nor is the position of the laborer
the more desirable when unpossessed, that a
harsher in other respects. Capital can as little
feeling of revolt is almost universal. This
afford to lie idle as can labor. In fact, it
feeling is intensified by what seems to be the sometimes cannot so well afford this, since the
Hence the demand that loss to capital is not only the loss of profit, but
the injustice shall be rectified by law; that the of rent and interest as well, - a loss on the
rich shall give of their fulness to the poor, and machinery and buildings which are lying idle.
that by a new arrangement of the social system Moreover, the capitalist may have contracts
all men may enjoy the blessings and rewards
which he is bound under heavy penalties to fill.
of material prosperity.
In such a case, he is at the mercy of the work-
But what is this injustice ? Certainly, if the ingman. At the best, he is often compelled to
conditions complained of are due to natural
pay wages which are above the rate that would
means, and not to the acts of
be paid if competition were indeed free and
n, we cannot
speak of any injustice which has a possible open, for a strong trades-union will have con-
meaning in this connection. The injustice
siderable power to raise wages, and even greater
complained of must be the remediable injustice power in hindering the capitalist from hiring
of man to man. If such exists, then it is, in-
non-union men.
deed, the duty of the legislator to correct it.
It has been held that the relations existing
between employer and employed are materially
* INDUSTRIAL FREEDOM. By David MacGregor Means.
With an Introduction by the Hon. David A. Wells. New
changed when a corporation is the employer.
York: D. Appleton & Co.
But there is no good ground for this assertion.


1898.]
75
THE DIAL
Competition still exists, and has to be taken The second error lies in drawing a hard-and-
into account. Much as the corporation might fast line between capitalists and employees.
like to secure its labor for half price, it cannot No such line exists. The workingman who is
do so, but must pay for it what other competi- thrifty and saves his money is also a capitalist,
tors engaged in the same industry pay; just as and in many instances he is a stockholder. In
it must pay equal prices for the lumber and the year 1893 the deposits in the savings banks
coal and iron that it buys. It has no choice of the United States were $1,800,000,000, and
and to speak of industrial slavery in such a the depositors numbered 4,830,000. These
case is nonsense. Isolated instances of reduced savings were capital, and these depositors were
wages will occur, but they cannot last, for the capitalists. Looked at in this light, the propo-
tendency on the one hand is to cut down all sition to tax corporations because they are cor-
expenses, on the other hand to compel a rise porations resolves itself into a very simple
in wages. Hence other corporations will try scheme to tax thrift and sobriety for the benefit
to reduce wages, while the laborers will strive of those who possess neither of these qualities.
for an advance which will make their wages When these truths dawn upon the labor
equal to those of other workers in the same agitator and the socialistic thinker, the demand
industry. Consequently wages are bound to is instantly made that the manager be taxed, or
reach a common level.
at least that the rich man be taxed because he
Notwithstanding these facts, it is particularly is rich. Perhaps there is more justice in this
upon corporations that war is waged; it is upon demand.
demand. Certain it is that the man who gets
them that many people feel there lies the duty rich by his managerial ability—the well-known
of raising wages; of being forced by law to dis but somewhat indefinable " captain of indus-
gorge.” The injustice of these demands is ap- try”—can be taxed without appreciably dimin-
parent, and becomes even more apparent when ishing the amount he will produce, so long as
we examine into the real nature of a corpora the law stops short of taking all that he pro-
tion. A corporation consists of a body of duces. This is so, because to refuse to produce
stockholders and their agents, the officials who all that he can will be more harmful to himself
manage its affairs ; the acts of a corporation than to anyone else. Mr. Means thinks that
are the acts either of the stockholders or of the such a tax on profits, if it could be levied, would
agents; the property of a corporation is un- be objectionable because the smaller dealers, the
doubtedly that of the stockholders; the crimes” men who produce just at the margin of profit,
of a corporation are the “crimes” of its agents; would be forced out of business ; and this, he
the “disgorging" demanded must be done by seems to think, would be calamitous. Cer-
the stockholders ; if the corporation must pay tainly it would not. The result would be analo-
higher wages, these must come from the same gous to the introduction of labor-saving ma-
And who are the stockholders ? In Chines, hard on a present generation of laborers
thousands of cases they are men of moderate and tradesmen, but finally beneficial to all.
Stock is often held by charitable in A tax on incomes would be more certain than
stitutions, or by widows and orphans who can a tax on profits, and as just as any tax can be,
not manage their own property, and so invest though Mr. Means does not think so. A tax
it in corporate stock. When we have stated on the “unearned increment” would also be
these simple and well-known facts, the injustice just, but is less easily applied, and pretty cer-
of the demand that corporations should pay tain in its incidence to fall upon the man who
higher wages and have fewer rights than other pays the rent instead of upon the owner. Hence
employers becomes evident. And when we this is not at present a possible form of taxa-
examine statistics it is found that the stock. tion. We may say the same of many forms of
holders rarely receive large profits. Many of tax upon bonds and stocks of corporations,
them receive none whatever. Seven-tenths of such as railroads, breweries, mining companies,
the railroad stock in the United States pay no etc. The consumer pays the tax. Hence taxes
dividends, and other corporations in the same upon capital are sure to fail. The alternative
plight are numbered by the thousand.
proposition that the government shall take all
The difficulty here is two-fold. In the first great corporate enterprises into its own hands
place, most people are so ignorant of the facts is met by Mr. Means with a reference to the
that they confound the agents of the corpora- failures of the government so far, and to the
tion with the owners of the property, while extravagance and corruption at present inherent
the former are primarily the managers only. I in government methods and government agents.
source.
means.


76
[Feb. 1,
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.
.
The Pablic Printing-office is one illustration; present; and hence the conclusions point only
the annual deficit in the Post-office department to a general policy to be pursued. Again,
is another; the Philadelphia experiment in while Mr. Means defines his terms strictly, he
owning gas-works is a third. The enthusiast uses them loosely; occasionally, too, he omits
who advocates government ownership in the some element of the problem which would put
United States must be gently but firmly re a very different face on the argument. Thus,
pressed until the advent of the millennium jus on page 42 he reasons as if the entrepreneur
tifies his hopes.
did not exist, while in his chapter on the nature
When all is said, it remains true that com of profits the great manager is very prominent
petition, full, free, and open, is the best hope indeed; he declares that railroads which are
of the laboring man. But there is a domain not able to declare dividends pay their em-
in which law should and must be active. For ployees “not only all that their services are
instance, the law should see that the employer worth, but more than they are worth " (page
does not suffer from rampant trades-unionism; 46), while on page 99 he declares that "We
that the non-union man is not oppressed by the must maintain as our standard of justice the
same means; that the employer is kept from equality of reward with sacrifice.” If this is
inducing” the laborer to buy land from him, the true principle, certainly the services of a
or to rent from him alone, or to trade at his brakeman on a railroad are not to be measured
store exclusively. Any man acquainted with by the corporation's ability to pay dividends.
the conditions of the life of the laborer in many He also fails to note that frequently the rail-
parts of the Union will know how serious these roads have only themselves to blame if they
questions are, and how essential the use of cannot pay dividends (page 46), while later he
legal restraint has become. The law can dis- clearly points this out (page 116). He holds
pense justice here, precisely as it has already that the rate of profits may be measured to some
done in England and America in respect to the extent by the rate of interest (page 155), and
employment of women and children in mines yet he shows that this is not so, “since the
and factories. And such legislation would in. decline of interest has taken place be-
crease the real wages of laborers, and would cause property has been protected and profits
not in general reduce the aggregate production.increased under modern methods of govern-
It seems to the reviewer that there is in ment” (page 189).
Mr. Means's book a failure to point out a very When all exceptions are taken, however, it
real difficulty in the industrial situation, and must be said that Mr. Means has given us a
one apparently inseparable from it under the very helpful and very readable book, and one
regime of freedom, - the fact that the welfare
the fact that the welfare which is well calculated to convince the man we
of the individual is too often opposed to the all wish to convince, the honest third man who
general welfare. For example, it is a benefit is in doubt and is willing to be set right.
to glass-blowers to have glassware broken ; to
RALPH C. H. CATTERALL.
printers to have type set by hand; to small
retail dealers to have department stores abol-
ished; to carpenters that fires should be numer-
ous; to smart financiers that superfluous rail A MONUMENTAL WORK FOR BIBLE
roads should be constructed and unnecessary
STUDENTS. *
buildings erected. Yet all these things are Volume I. of “ The Expositor's Greek Testa-
opposed to the general welfare. The man who ment" gives us the first instalment of a monu-
builds an unnecessary railroad is guilty of an mental work, under the general editorial super-
act that is destructive to the interests of capital vision of Dr. W. Robertson Nicoll, which is
and labor alike. What is to be done with such intended to do for Bible students of to-day
an one? How are we to reconcile the conflict what was done for those of a former generation
ing interests of individuals with the interests by Alford. In point of size the work bids fair
of all the people? This is in fact the great to surpass its ambition, and in mechanical exe-
problem, and the man who solves it will deserve
cution it cannot fail of such good fortune. In
eternal honor.
*THE EXPOSITOR's GREEK TESTAMENT. Volume I. The
A
general criticism of Mr. Means's method
Synoptic Gospels, by the Rev. Alexander Balmain Bruce,
may be offered. What he says is true enough, D.D., Professor of Apologetics, Free Church College, Glas-
but only when the conditions specified are all
gow; The Gospel of St. John, by the Rev. Marcus Dods, D.D.,
Professor of Exegetical Theology, New College, Edinburgh.
present. But these conditions never are all New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.


1898.]
77
THE DIAL
:
all the improvement seen in the manufacture taken all in all, if we are to have Alford re-
of theological works, there is none more marked divivus it is probable that the present volume
than that which distinguishes this sumptuous is as good as we could expect. Certainly it is
volume from its literary ancestry.
eminently usable, and much of its exposition is
In reality, the present volume contains two stimulating and illuminating; while, apart from
separate commentaries, each by as eminent a the matters above indicated, its insufficiencies
biblical student as Scotland can boast. Between are due to the endeavor to get text and comment
the two treatises there is naturally a general within certain fixed limits of space. At all
similarity in method. Each has its Introduc events, it is no small advantage to have the
tion, and each its interpretative portion. To opinions of two such men as the present authors
examine any one of these four portions in de upon the four gospels, even though we may not
tail is quite impossible ; but each has its excel be able to know all the data upon which these
lences and its insufficiences. Chief among the opinions are based. SHAILER MATHEWS.
latter is that which is common to both the
use of the Textus Receptus. Why this aston-
ishing relapse of scholarship is permitted, is
very lamely explained. It is true that critical
RECENT FICTION.*
readings are inserted below the text ; but why,
When a writer who has had relative success in
in this stage of the textual criticism of the New
the byways of fiction boldly sets forth to plunge
Testament, it is necessary to force every stu into the heart of life, and either win or miss alto-
dent to make his own critical text, is hard to see. gether the reward that waits for serious work trium-
So far as the Introductions go, there is phantly performed, those who have been interested
surprising conservatism in that of Professor in the slight earlier achievement await with con-
Dods, who devotes over twenty-three pages to
siderable apprehension the outcome of the new cour-
a learned and elaborate establishing of the un-
ageous venture. In the case of the writer now under
modified Johannine authorship of the gospel, of
* THE SCHOOL FOR SAINTS. By John Oliver Hobbes. Now
York: Frederick A. Stokes Co.
which space only a page and a half deal with
THE BETH BOOK. By Sarah Grand. New York : D. Apple-
the hypothesis that the book as it stands is of
ton & Co.
Johannine origin but written by one of John's THE TORMENTOR. By Benjamin Swift. Now York:
disciples. It is disappointing to see the off-
Charles Scribner's Song.
hand fashion in which this position is pushed
MARGOT. By Sidney Pickering. New York: G. P. Put-
nam's Sons.
aside in what seems a sort of postscript to the THE KING WITH Two Faces. By M. E. Coleridge. New
real discussion. In Professor Bruce's Intro York: Edward Arnold.
duction we have a characteristically graphic Dodd, Mead & Co.
By A Hair's BREADTH. By Headon Hill. New York:
presentation of the synoptic problem, which is
LOCHINVAR. A Novel. By S. R. Crockett. New York:
admirably brought down to date. In fact, it Harper & Brothers.
would be difficult to find elsewhere so good a
THE OUTLAWS OF THE MARCHES. By Lord Ernest Hamil-
ton. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
statement of the entire matter in the same space. THE JUGGLER. By Charles Egbert Craddock. Boston:
In the exegesis, it will perhaps be found that Houghton, Mif & Co.
the relative worth of the two parts will be
JEROME, A POOR MAN. A Novel. By Mary E. Wilkins.
New York: Harper & Brothers.
higher. Professor Dods is thoroughly at home
THE KENTUCKIANS. A Novel. By John Fox, Jr. New
in working as an exegete within the limits set York: Harper & Brothers.
him in a brief running commentary, and the THE FEDERAL JUDGE. By Charles K. Lush. Boston:
work of Professor Bruce has preserved, even in
Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
LORRAINE. A Romance. By Robert W. Chambers. New
its conciseness, much of its attractive literary | York: Harper & Brothers.
quality. Neither author could be guilty of AN IMPERIAL LOVER. By M. Imlay Taylor. Chicago :
unscholarly writing, though there is a decided A. C. McClurg & Co.
difference between the somewhat formal exe-
OUTLINES IN LOCAL COLOR. By Brander Matthews. New
York: Harper & Brothers.
getical studies of the one and the flowing com LIN MOLEAN. By Owen Wister. New York: Harper &
ment of the other. There
Brothers.
may
tion whether in either case the compression of
A BROWNING COURTSHIP, and Other Stories. By Eliza
Orne White. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Alford has been equalled, and one cannot help
A BOOK OF TRUE LOVERS. By Octave Thanet. Chicago :
regretting occasionally that the perspective of Way & Williams.
interpretation has not been better kept, and THE MYSTERY OF CHOICE. By Robert W. Chambers.
New York: D. Appleton & Co.
that Professor Bruce's critical positions have LITERABY LOVE-LETTERS, and Other Stories. By Robert
not been of greater service in exegesis. But, Herrick, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
..
be some ques-


78
[Feb. 1,
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consideration, the “ John Oliver Hobbes," known books she might produce, no intellectual growth was
to her friends as Mrs. Craigie, the interest is pecu- possible, and nothing like artistic success ever attain-
liarly marked, for the striking qualities displayed in able. Accumulation, not selection, is her method,
her first two or three books were of a sort which and her paragraphs are chunks of verbiage rather
might give distinction to a social sketch or a draw than polished instruments of expression. Her book
ing-room comedy, but which could not be counted
is an attempt to do for a girl what Mr. Barrie did
upon to give distinction to work done upon a large for a boy in “Sentimental Tommy”. - that is, to
canvas or having the world for a stage. In other describe the development of a child of genius. If
words, it takes more than cleverness to produce seri she had left off where Mr. Barrie did, leaving us to
ous fiction, and the sparkle and caustic wit that imagine the years of ripened power instead of at-
sufficed for such books as “Some Emotions and a tempting to characterize them, we should have had
Moral ” offered no promise of such a book as “ The a different verdict to record from that which the
School for Saints." Moreover, Mrs. Craigie had book as a whole makes necessary. For the story
produced one book of ampler dimensions which could of Beth's childhood is told with no little insight and
be regarded as only a failure, and her later work charm, and she is too winsome a creature for the
had seemed to offer indications that a rather thin fate that awaits her in the later chapters. « The
vein of observation was about exhausted. 6 The Beth Book is clearly a book with a purpose,
School for Saints," then, comes to us as an agree although it is difficult to state just what purpose.
able surprise, for it shows an unexpected growth of It might be described as a tract directed against a
the powers of the writer, and a grasp of the deeper certain class of hospitals for women, although even
problems of life for which her earlier efforts had on this point the writer's logic is painfully to seek.
done little to prepare the public. It is a full-grown To assume that the sex is degraded by the provision
novel in itself, and at the end we learn that it is but of such hospitals is an utterly impossible thesis, yet
the first part of a still larger work, the continuation it seems to be maintained in all seriousness by this
of which we shall await with impatience. The book writer. In a larger view, her purpose is to pro-
is essentially a picture of European society in the claim the wrongs of downtrodden woman, which
last days of the Third Empire. It deals with polit- is done by placing Beth in contrast with the uncon-
ical and social life in England, France, and Spain, vincing domestic tyrant who figures as her father,
as well as the mythical Duchy of Alberia, — and and the utterly unimaginable brute who makes her
gives us bold presentations of such public men as his wife. The working out of this contrast, together
Disraeli, such events as the Carlist uprising of 1869, with much railing at the wickedness of man in gen-
and such tendencies of thought as the rising tide of eral, and at the social ideals of the mid-Victorian
the reaction against liberalism. It is, moreover, period, serves to keep the story going for many long
made intensely vital by the strong personality of chapters after it has ceased to have any human in-
Robert Orange, who is a part of all these things — terest. There are many touches of vitality and
a friend of Disraeli, a knight-errant of Spanish glimpses of sincere feeling in the book, a fact which
legitimacy, and a type of the conservative temper makes its shapelessness and bad temper and lack of
that can find rest only in the acceptance of authority artistic restraint only the more exasperating.
in religious, and of consecrated tradition in political, A considerable but somewhat perverse power is
matters. The point of view is one which cannot be displayed in "The Tormentor," which again directs
ours, or that of any purely rational student of affairs, attention to the author of " Nancy Noon.” The
and it is a noteworthy tribute to the author's success chief character in this book is a young man whose
to acknowledge that she compels our sympathy for conduct is uncontrolled by any apparent ethical
the outworn ideals that are hers; investing them motive, and who, conscious of the possession of in-
with both dignity and moral attractiveness. To tellectual powers much out of the common, applies
sum up, “The School for Saints” is a book based them to the moral vivisection of his neighbors. He
upon much reflective knowledge, and having both thus becomes, in pure wantonness, the “ tormentor”
strength and distinction of manner. Per contra, it of a considerable number of bis fellow-beings, and
retains a little too much of the “pointed ” epigram- the recital of his experiments is anything but edify-
matic style that served so well to introduce the ing. The book has a certain distinction of style and
writer into literature, and its idealism now and phrase which gives it a remotely Meredithian flavor,
then skirts the regions of sentimental absurdity. but it is not pleasant either to peruse or to think
The hero at times barely escapes the imputation of about afterwards.
priggishness, and the heroine usually speaks in a “ Margot" is a pretty story of love and suffering,
language better fitted to a woman of sixty than to which links in strange fashion the fortunes of an
a girl of sixteen.
English gentleman, a girl of unfortunate parentage,
“The Beth Book,” by Mrs.“Sarah Grand," offers and a Siberian exile. The scene is laid partly in
us no such development of power as is illustrated England and partly in France. There are some
by the volume last under discussion. Every dis amateurish features about the book, and more of
cerning reader of “The Heavenly Twins " must sentiment than passion, although the author has
have realized that chaotic performance to be the evidently sought to introduce the latter quality into
work of a woman for whom, no matter how many his book. The sections of the story are not very


1898.]
79
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66
deftly articulated, but it all comes somehow to a the illustrations, which are all plates of scenery
conclusion, and a reasonably happy one at that. reproduced from photographs, are not only a joy in
Miss M. E. Coleridge is the author of “ The King themselves, but offer a valuable hint to those illus-
with Two Faces,” a historical romance of Sweden trators who design groups of puppets more wooden
at the close of the last century. The striking figure even than the descriptions to which they are fitted.
of Gustavus III. occupies a central position in the The average illustration of the average novel is a
narrative, and the episode of the siege of Gothen most distressing thing, and the expenditure which it
burg is made the subject of some descriptive pas involves is something worse than waste.
sages that are vivid and almost brilliant. After * The Juggler" is not a particularly well-made
this, we witness the efforts of the King to establish story, nor is the figure of its chief character an
himself as an absolute monarch, and finally his end attractive one. But it has the two unfailing ele-
at the hands of an assassin. With all this historical ments of Miss Murfree's strength — clear insight
matter there is interwoven a tragic tale of private into the character of the Tennessee mountaineer and
love, and a great diversity of incidental matter. a marvellous power of poetical interpretation when
The book is of considerable interest, although it it deals with the natural aspects of the region which
drags in the closing chapters.
he inhabits. When inspired by her beloved moun-
• By a Hair's Breadth” is a novel of nihilist con tains, the powers of the author become, as it were,
spiracy, and deals with certain imagined attempts transfigured, the utterance is so large, so free from
upon the life of the present Tsar upon the occasion the trammels of her individuality, so finely conso-
of his imperial progress through Austria, France, nant with the mystery and the majesty of the scenes
and England. The material of the plot is all so she describes. This one thing Miss Murfree has
hackneyed that a more talented romancer than Mr. done for American literature so supremely well that
Headon Hill could hardly have hoped to invest it she stands almost without a rival. It is as far as
with any fresh interest. The agent of the Third possible removed from fine writing; it seems to
Section is not a convincing sort of person, and the have the inevitable quality, and bears no mark of
nihilists whom he tracks are all figures taken from the self-conscious rhetorician.
the melodramatic stage. Even his Englishman cuts Nothing could be more sharply contrasted with
a poor figure, although all that could be expected of such work than the photographic realism of Miss
a man betrothed to as slangy a sort of girl as the Wilkins, exhibited already in so many studies of
English heroine.
New England character. Here nature counts for
The sort of romance that Mr. Crockett weaves little, and life for nearly everything, a life, more-
out of the materials afforded by Scottish history is over, that is pictured with touches whose delicacy
pretty well known by this time, and little need be suggests Jane Austen or Meissonnier.
“ Jerome, a
said of “ Lochinvar” beyond recording the fact that Poor Man" is the most ambitious of Miss Wilkins's
its scene is laid partly in Scotland and partly in books, and its realism is not so uncompromising as
Holland, and that it dates from the eventful year to refuse absolutely admission of the elements of
1688. The Prince of Orange himself figures in two romance. Although the bero is “a poor man,” and
or three episodes, and the book is filled with ro- although
although we are spared no detail of his grim strug-
mantic adventures of the most exciting sort. It is gle with poverty, he is allowed the good fortune of
one of Mr. Crockett's best books, and is written a windfall in the shape of a legacy, and his toil leads
largely in the English language.
in the end to prosperity and happiness. The story
We wish that we might say also of Lord Ernest of this legacy involves the one questionable point in
Hamilton's border romance, “ The Outlaws of the the whole scheme of the book. As a boy, impelled
Marches,” that it is written in the English lan- by a great desire to help those who are, like himself,
guage, for we are sure that it would be interesting struggling for the means of subsistence, Jerome
if it were intelligible. But when a single page, makes a vow that if he ever becomes possessed of
taken almost at random, yields such linguistic nug- any large sum of money he will distribute it indis-
gets as “prein-head,” “ongains,” “mirdin',” gau criminately among
the
poor of his township. The
kieing," snoick," “mim," “meeth," "whitter," legacy permits fulfilment of this rash vow, and we
“pake,” “ tynd," "cow-clynks," "sharnie,” “Flea are not sure that the author does not believe such
luggit,” “clushets," "daidling,” and “quey,” be- indiscriminate charity to be desirable and really
sides the more familiar forms of the Scots dialect, helpful to its beneficiaries. Her main object is, of
we feel bound to protest. Nor does the glossary at course, to illustrate the effect of this conduct upon
the end of the book relieve our feelings; we cannot two other men, who are shamed into something like
escape the suspicion, moreover, that some of this is emulation of it, and to close the book in a sort of
bad language. As for the story, we have made out Christmas atmosphere of good will toward men.
its general trend, and find the gist of it to be a ro But the moral is still questionable from the stand-
mance of the Scottish border in the sixteenth cen point of a sound sociology, and we wish that the
tury. It tells how the mighty race of the Armstrongs main result might have been achieved by some other
(a clan suggestive of Mr. Blackmore's Doones) long means. The heroine, appropriately named Lucina,
defied both God and man, but met their deserved is not a success, and we can hardly wish Jerome joy
fate in the end. The love-story is a pretty one, and in the possession of so insipid and doll-like a creature.
»


80
[Feb. 1,
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But men in love do not always know what is best
for them, and a familiar moral is thus pointed once
more.
We go once more to the mountains in the com-
pany of Mr. John Fox, Jr., whose story of “ The
Kentuckians " is the most serious piece of work thus
far attempted by this growing writer. There is
little here to suggest Miss Murfree, for to Mr. Fox
the mountains hardly exist as natural phenomena,
but are merely the physical environment of a hardy
human stock kept out of the march of civilization by
their barriers, and relapsed into something like bar-
barism. The core of this book is the story of a feud
between two mountain clans, a feud as grim as those
schemer who has gained his confidence, and to issue,
at a critical juncture in the affairs of a great rail-
way system for the control of which two equally
unscrupulous factions are contending, one of the
famous strike injunctions that made so great a stir
two or three years ago. Here is the burning ques-
tion raised by the novel, and we are bound to say
that both sides of the argument that rages
about such
injunctions are presented with fairness, although the
balance of the author's sympathies does not seem to
incline in the direction in which we would have it.
And we must confess that to Gardwell, who is also
in a way the product of an unwholesome environ-
ment, the author seems to have meted out too harsh
of the sixteenth century borderers described in “ The a fate. Unscrupulous as the man is, there are as
Outlaws of the Marches." When we read in the pects of his character that excite admiration and
newspapers of two Kentuckians who meet in the even respect, and when he dies, we have something
streets of some town, and try to kill each other at of the feeling of the boy-reader who follows his
sight, we read only of the efflorescence of an antag- favorite pirate to execution.
onism whose roots and trunk are likely to be hidden
One is much prepossessed in favor of Lorraine,"
in some fastness of the wilderness. Hence our edi-
the new romance of Mr. Robert W. Chambers, by
torial sermonizing is apt to fall wide of the mark, the poem
that serves as a preface. It is so charming
mistaking what is accidental for what is essential.
that we must reproduce it entire.
Mr. Fox does not sermonize overmuch, but he ex-
“When Yesterday sball dawn again,
plains, thereby doing far better service to the stu-
And the long line athwart the hill
dent of these social phenomena. His standpoint is
Shall quicken with the bugle's thrill,
right; these things are a part of savagery, but they
Thine own shall come to thee, Lorraine !
are not to be done away with by appeals to a social
"Then in each vineyard, vale, and plain,
ideal that simply does not exist in the mental make-
The quiet dead shall stir the earth
up of those concerned, that must, in fact, first be
And rise, reborn, in thy new birth
Thou holy martyr-maid, Lorraine !
created by a laborious educational process before it
may be appealed to effectively. Mr. Fox has given
“Is it in vain thy sweet tears stain
Thy mother's breast? Her castled crest
us in this book a virile presentation of his theme,
Is lifted now! God guide her quest!
and we are grateful to him for it.
She seeks thine own for thee, Lorraine !
Mr. Charles K. Lush is a new writer, and if he
“So Yesterday shall live again,
has it in him to produce more books of the quality
And the steel line along the Rhine
of “The Federal Judge" he is not likely to lack
Shall cuirass thee and all that's thine.
encouragement from the critics. His story takes us
France lives — thy France - divine Lorraine !"
straight into the heart of present-day politics and Unless we are much mistaken, this lyric will be pre-
involves one of the burning social problems of the served in the anthologies. The story which it intro-
hour. It is, briefly, the story of a railway king and duces is much the best piece of work that Mr.
an incorruptible judge. The former is a man of the Chambers has given us, and the best story of the
keen, forceful, unscrupulous type who figures so Franco-Prussian War, with the possible exception
largely in the industrial life of the present; the latter of Herr Spielhagen's “ Allzeit Voran,” that has ever
is a man of simple straightforward character, who come to our notice. By an ingenious conceit, the
becomes, without in the least suspecting it, the mere name of the French province is also the name of
tool of the other. The manner in which Judge the heroine of the book, and one of the sweetest
Dunn, the sworn foe of monopolies and corporate creations of recent romance is thus linked by both
wealth, is raised from the obscurity of his country verbal and actual association with the fair province
circuit to the federal bench by the designing Gard which might but not right wrested from the bosom
well, and the way in which his very simplicity is of the mother-country a quarter of a century ago.
wrought upon to his undoing, is described in a skil The story is delightful from beginning to end, ten-
ful way, and is to a considerable extent typical of der and pathetic, at one moment the embodiment
actual conditions. The lesson that no man may of delicate feeling, at another stirred with war's
entirely escape being affected by his environment, alarums and vivid dramatic action. The only his-
and that the best-intentioned of judges will be influ torical figure of any consequence is that of the Man
enced by the subtle forces that electrify the atmos of Sedan, viewed in the hour of impending or accom-
phere in which the money-getters of a great city plished retribution, and the sketch is not one to be
have their being, is admirably presented in this easily forgotten. We think, however, that the au-
book, and there is no need of pointing the moral. thor fell into an artistic fault when he made his
Thus it comes about that our judge, in spite of his heroine the daughter of the Emperor, stolen at birth
natural bent, is persuaded to join hands with the by a frenzied sufferer from the coup d'êtat. And


1898.]
81
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for me.
we wish that Mr. Chambers had refrained from ing the volume at random, we came upon the following
venting so much spleen upon Thiers and Gambetta, remark : “I could not stand the vulgarity of the
whom he cordially detests. Such matter as the fol Dial. I'm an old woman now, and I've seen a
lowing is out of place in a work like “ Lorraine,” good deal of the world, but the Dial was too much
and strikes a painfully false note: “Gambetta, that
It seemed to be written down to the taste
incubus of bombastic flabbiness, roaring prophecy of the half-naked inhabitants of an African kraal.”
and platitude through the dismayed city, kept his But it soon appeared that the sheet thus referred to
eye on the balcony of the particular edifice where, was the New York“ Journal” in an unbappily
later, he should pose as an animated Jericho trum ehosen disguise, and our feelings were relieved.
pet. So, biding his time, he bellowed, but it was These sketches by Mr. Matthews are extremely
the Comédie Française that was the loser, not the slight affairs, but they impress one with their truth-
people, when he sailed away in his balloon, posed, fulness, their fine sentiment, and the artistic quality
majestically squatting as the god of war above the
of their style.
clouds of battle. And little Thiers, furtive, timid, Mr. Owen Wister's “Lin McLean," although
delighting in senile efforts to stir the ferment of ostensibly a collection of short stories, is in reality
chaos till it boiled, he, too, was there, owl-like, a continuous narrative, having for its central figure
squeaky-voiced, a true • bombyx à lunettes.' There, a cowboy, and for its incidents a series of episodes
too, was Hugo - often ridiculous in his terrible in his free, impulsive, and checkered existence. It
moods, egotistical, sloppy, roaring. The Empire presents to us a vividly conceived and loveable per-
pinched Hugo, and he roared; and let the rest of son, whose native refinement of character is not
the world judge whether, under such circumstances, concealed either by his swaggering mien or his
there was majesty in the roar." Well, we should illiterate speech. He is a "type" in the artistic
say that the world had judged, and found a very sense of that much-abused term, and he is drawn
different verdict from that brought by Mr. Chambers. for us with knowledge and generous sympathy.
Even Thiers by no means deserves such censure, for Mr. Wister's book has both humor and pathos; both
he was a patriot at heart, although he made terrible are dry, but for that reason none the less effective,
mistakes of judgment, and was of anything but heroic and our only wish is that the volume were twice as
aspect. We are sorry that so good a piece of fiction thick.
as Mr. Chambers has here given us should be marred Back to the East - the provincial East this time
by the occasional introduction of such a screed as we go with Miss Eliza Orne White, who has pro-
has been quoted. The writing is vigorous, but the duced a volume of bright stories dealing with the
criticism is both wrongheaded and misplaced. social types and incidents of the New England vil-
Encouraged by the success of his earlier novel, lage. They are not very sober sketches, any of
“On the Red Staircase,” Mr. M. Imlay Taylor has them, and the minute study of her subjects has not
undertaken, in “An Imperial Lover,” to produce prevented the writer from being broadly human, or
what is to all intents and purposes a sequel to that from working a vein of quiet humor that seems to
interesting romance. Once more the hero, M. du be a distinctive part of her nature. “A Browning
Brousson, finds himself in Petersburg, this time as Courtship” is very amusing indeed, and “A Bis-
a grizzled marshal of France, sent on a diplomatic marck Dinner” hardly less 80. We may commend
mission to the court in which he had won his own the stories for entertainment, at least, if not for any-
bride years before. In his suite is a young friend, thing more serious.
who figures as the jeune premier of the present Humor, also, is not lacking in Miss Alice French's
work, and whose love for the fair Najine meets with coll tion seven stories styled “A Book of True
no less an obstacle than the rivalry of Peter the Lovers,” but there is besides a touch of pathos some-
Great. The characterization of the Tsar is a fine thing deeper than Miss White offers her readers.
piece of work, although his figure is given some Again we are in the West, — the meridian of Iowa
thing more of romantic coloring than the facts will and of Arkansas,- in the region and among the
warrant, and the series of plots and intrigues whereby people of whom the author has so often written so
his imperial will is thwarted and the lovers find the lovingly, and whose homely ways she describes with
happiness that they deserve is devised with much so much insight into human nature. “Sir Guy the
ingenuity. The story is a clean and wholesome Neuter,” which is a story of sixteenth century En-
example of the sort of historical romance so much gland, offers the one exception to the above char-
in vogue at present, and seems to us even better acterization, and seems rather out of place in the
than its predecessor.
book, although it, too, is concerned with true lovers.
The American short story seems to be increasingly The other six stories are of a piece in more respects
given to studies in “local color.” Mr. Brander than this, and exhibit a much more complete mas-
Matthews, indeed, one of our adepts in the art of tery of their material.
short-story telling, frankly styles his latest collection Again we bring the name of Mr. Chambers into
“ Outlines in Local Color.” The locality is, of this review, for the purpose of saying a word or two
course, the city of New York, and a dozen of the of the charming qualities of the bits of romantic
minor phases of its multifarious life are deftly pic-fiction which he has entitled, without the least ap-
tured for us. We were a little startled when, open- | parent reason, “ The Mystery of Choice.” Perhaps


82
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
it is because of the mystery which hangs over most one may perhaps be permitted to wonder that the
of these stories, leaving one greatly in doubt as to Harvard president fails to see that the extension of
what has really happened, and free to choose almost the system of European colonies this side the ocean
any interpretation that he pleases. Certainly the the Africanization of South America — will surely
charm of these sketches is as elusive as it is undeni bring upon us the very state of things which Monroe
able, for the most matter-of-fact incidents are aimed to prevent. But the Cleveland-Olney policy
invested with an atmosphere of nebulous romance, as to Venezuela and the maintaining of a strong
and the reader must often plunge without a mo navy Mr. Eliot strenuously deprecates. In fact, it
ment's warning from every-day actuality into a is clear enough that they are two things which will
world of poetical and frequently uncanny imagin- keep us from the necessity of militarism on a large
ings. It is so different an aspect of the author's scale a necessity which some day will be on us if
talent from that presented by his romances of mod the western world is filled up with the colonies of
ern French history that it is difficult to believe the the great military nations. Fugitive papers and
same pen at work in the two cases.
addresses are hard to keep alive. Those in the
Some, at least, of the stories comprised within present volume will hardly form a permanent addi-
Mr. Robert Herrick’s new volume have already tion to literature. But nevertheless they are worth
appeared in the magazines, where they attracted reading — and that, after all, in these days, is high
marked attention by their delicacy of manner and praise for any book.
subtlety of analysis. They seem at times over-
subtle, indeed, and suggestive of the attitude of pre-
The great English astronomer, Prof.
The dawn of
ciosity, although the writer makes a brave effort to
J. Norman Lockyer, has given us a
Astronomy.
seem careless and colloquial. Their essential pre-
study of the temple-worship and
occupation is art, although it is the art of life quite
mythology of the ancient Egyptians, in a work
entitled “The Dawn of Astronomy" (Macmillan).
as much as the art that is practised in studios, for
life offers material no less plastic than clay in hands
It is a happy contribution to the sciences of myth-
of the proper deftness. Mr. Herrick has thus far
ology, comparative religion, and early civilizations.
produced only literary figurines, but they are skil-
Dr. Lockyer visited the land of the Nile and ex-
fully modelled, and not without strength as well as
amined for himself the temples of the gods; he has
searched widely in literature for the latest light on
grace.
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
early astronomy, and has found it all in the alembic
of his own trained mind. While visiting Greece a
few years ago, he was struck with the orientation
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
of the great temples. It occurred to him that pos-
sibly they owed their positions to the founders' ideas
Some American
President Eliot's book entitled “ Am of the heavens. This thought he carried to Egypt,
contributions erican Contributions to Civilization”
and applied it to the solution of the orientation of
to civilization.
(Century Co.) is a collection of occa the scores of temples scattered over that land. Each
sional addresses and magazine articles, mostly bear- temple was so built that a ray of light, sun, moon,
ing on political and social questions. One of the or star, entering at the front could pierce into the
most typical, the one which gives the collection its most holy place. He soon discovered that some of
name, is the first, “ Five American Contributions to
the temples at Karnek are oriented to the sun-rising
Civilization." The five contributions in question or to the sun-setting at the solstices. The temples
are, an advance towards the abandonment of war, at Gizeh are oriented to the sun-rising and setting
religious toleration, universal suffrage, the absorp at the equinoxes. In fact, the temples of Egypt
tion of many races, the diffusion of material well were the first astronomical observatories in the
being. Of course in making these contributions to world. The temple at Denderah is ornamented
civilization, America has been greatly aided by good with some remarkable astronomical representations.
fortune. The wide Atlantic has kept us from con It is evident from these and other points that the
tact with European rivalries and ambitions, and so solstices were recognized in Egypt as early as 5000
we have been able to avoid warg. The other lines B. C. In fact, such an instrument as the temple
of development have come naturally from the posi was scientific in its ability to determine with accu-
tion of a new people in a new land. So, in fact, racy the length of the year, provided the observa-
President Eliot might have attributed quite as much tions continued for some period of time. Besides
to these favorable circumstances as to our especial the sun-temples, there were star-temples, oriented so
merit. He commends President Monroe for his that at a specified time a given star could penetrate
declaration of 1823. “ This announcement was the long avenue of the temple and flash its light
designed to prevent the introduction on the Ameri into the sanctuary at the farther end. The author
can continent of the horrible European system names (on pp. 306–14) eight stars to which, alto-
with its balance of power, its alliances, offensive and gether, forty-two temples had been oriented. Of
defensive, in opposing groups, and its perpetual course, this must be determined (1) by the date of
armaments on an enormous scale.” After reading the construction of the temple as nearly as can be
this luminous exposition of the Monroe Doctrine, learned from inscriptions, (2) by the astronomical
1


1898.]
83
THE DIAL
we will
calculations of the location of the star at that period. ology; some of these are, “ Creation by Evolution,”
Astronomer and archæologist together can thus “Genesis of Sin,” “ Evolution of Revelation,”
locate with great accuracy the age of a temple. It “ Place of Christ in Evolution," " Redemption by
is ascertained as a fact that some of the stars were Evolution," Evolution and Sacrifice, Propitiation,
observed as early as 5000 B.C. These facts lead | Miracles, and Immortality.” These lectures are,
to the conclusion that the temples of Upper Egypt in the main, a popularization and condensation of
mark an age earlier than those in and near the delta. the latest utterances of Le Conte, Huxley, Romanes,
From Egypt, the Greeks borrowed the same method and Drummond, on the relations of evolution and
of temple-orientation. While much of the book is Christianity: At the outset, the author acknowl-
technical, it is brimful of interest, with its facts and edges that he is a radical, but at the same time a
illustrations.
theistic evolutionist, who holds that religion is
better comprehended, and will better be promoted,
Miss Lilian Bell is now furnishing by the philosophy which regards all life as divine,
Girlish views
on things
the Western Continent with her im-
and God's way of doing things as the way of a con-
in general.
pressions of Paris. She informs us
tinuous progressive change, according to certain
that the city is “a whited sepulchre," and adds a
laws and by means of one resident force," and that,
statement of the way the French view marriage.
God (p. 10). The application of the principles of
There is an originality and a brilliancy about these
evolution to the doctrines of theology is the real
views that
may
make some readers desire to read
Miss Bell's “ From a Girl's Point of View” (Har- point at issue. In the first lecture, “Creation by
was, if the author's reasoning holds,
per), even although they have no idea of what the simply an initial dualism, where God and matter
particular topics may be that are viewed from the
were two separate existences, combined only when
Point in question. For such as hesitate to acquire
matter began to revolve (p. 25). The lecture on
at random any stray considerations by Miss Bell,
“ The Genesis of Sin” results in a non-committal
say that the matters girlishly viewed are,
statement by the author (p. 39), who says, never-
for instance, Men as Lovers, The Philosophy of theless, that every sin is a falling back into the
Clothes, Love-making as a Fine Art, Girls and
animal condition" (p. 49). In the lecture on the
Other Girls, and so forth. A broad sympathy may “ Place of Christ in Evolution ” the author adopts
make one desirous, perhaps, of knowing what a girl's
a kind of pantheism or monism (or is it dualism ?
view on these subjects may be. We incline to think
cf. p. 25), when he says, “ All life is God; all force is
that it will be more satisfactory to the male reader,
God" (p. 76). The whole discussion, though very
at least, to receive an oral exposition of these man-
readable, and plain as a rule, yet suffers from con-
ners from whatever girl he happens to like best. Such
densation. The vital problems — the genesis of
presentations are not very hard to come by, and are
matter, of the moral nature, of sin, of Christ
said to be often of considerable interest. As for read.
no clearer at the conclusion of Dr. Abbott's book.
ers of the other sex, the younger ones will like this
Other questions named in the contents acquire a
book, for it is always nice to see one's own ideas in
newer and richer meaning at his hand.
print; those past their first youth, however, will
probably wish to avoid it as anyone avoids the
Collections of epigrams should not
The truth of
recollection of any follies of earlier days. We fear
be read all at one time. One cock-
that no one will believe that we can really appre-
tail or a taste of caviare is very nice,
ciate better than Miss Bell so delicate a matter as a but you cannot make a meal off either. Too many
girlish view of love or clothes. We shall not, there leave a bad taste. Mr. F. W. Morton's compilation
fore, attempt to say whether the ideas of this book of " Men in Epigram" (McClurg) is an interesting
are or are not really from a girl's point of view. book, and a useful book too, in a way. Useful, we
One thing we will venture to note. A characteristic mean, to people who want epigrams; for there is a
element of girlhood (as of boyhood) is the appreci- double index, of subjects and of authors, so that
ation of various matters very commonly and widely one may easily get epigrams on the matter in hand
known, with the firm idea that they are now appre or by the author in question. Interesting it is, too,
ciated for the first time. This feeling is to be per or amusing if you will, because you may pick it up
ceived in many of the remarks of Miss Bell, and a dozen times a day and always find something new
we congratulate her on having herein 80 entirely and smart. If, however, you read much of it at a
assumed the position she had in mind.
time, you not only become quickly satiated, but you
come right up against this curious question: Why is
Dr. Lyman Abbott's “ Theology of it so much easier to say a disagreeable clever thing
An up-to-date
Theology.
an Evolutionist" (Houghton) carries than one that is agreeable? Epigrams, as a rule,
the distinction of being thoroughly call attention to some folly, weakness, or failing.
up to date. It is primarily based on Professor Le It is a great man who can make a clever comment
Conte's definition of evolution : “A continuous pro on his kind that will lead you to think better of it.
gressive change, according to certain laws, and by This book makes one rather ashamed of the species :
means of resident forces.” This little volume (of if the epigrams be true, men are but poor things ;
191 pages) discusses only specific questions in the if they be false, the case is not much better, for what
are
cleverness.


84
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
DIAL
and other
a pitiful spirit is shown in this affected knowledge volume on “Cabot's Discovery of North America”
of life and affected smartness and affected doubt of (Lippincott). Mr. Weare prints the original docu-
goodness. A book of epigrams is a most valuable ments, with translations, accompanied by the com-
commentary on the principle of realism. Every ments of other writers. His book is therefore
thing may be true by itself alone, but the whole particularly valuable to students. He is unhappily
book is something of a falsity. “ A man of maxims inclined to leave the general reader to wander about
only,” says Coleridge, on page 213, “is like a Cy- among these “ sources with
very
little in the way
clops with only one eye, and that eye in the back of of consecutive guidance. Although less polemic
his head.” Let us fortify ourselves with this con than Harrisse, he is evidently as ready to deprive
solation, and we may for the moment smile even at Sebastian of his stolen honors, and to return them
La Rouchefoucauld.
to the real discoverer, John Cabot.
There is an immense amount of ma-
In his sheaf of essays in literary
Literary
“Song-lore." terial in Mr. Adair Fitz-Gerald's
criticism entitled “Literary States-
“Stories of Famous Songs" (Lippin-
statesmen.
men and Others ”
(H. S. Stone &
cott), although, as would be inferred from the title, Co.), Mr. Norman Hapgood gives us some clever
it is presented in an easy and unconstrained fashion, and suggestive appreciations of Messrs. John Mor-
and without much attempt at infusing order into ley, Balfour, and Henry James. Other and slighter
what comes near being a chaos. To tell the truth, papers treat of Lord Rosebery, Stendhal, Mérimée,
the subject of Famous Songs is hardly one with any American Art Criticism, and American Cosmopol-
really organic unity to be developed. It drifts on itanism. Mr. Hapgood's touch is light and true,
one side into a study of Ballad-poetry, which to-day and his perception of the subtler individualities of
is almost one of the learned professions ; on another style and method is keen. His essay on John Morley
it touches and overlaps parts of the history of Music is a really clear-cut and effective piece of criticism.
and Literature, and on another it becomes a sec In one or two points, however, we are inclined to
differ with Mr. Hapgood as to Mr. Morley — for
psychology, if such a matter still exist. From none of instance, when he says that Mr. Morley's “princi-
those points of view, however, does Mr. Fitz-Gerald ples” are “not set in a style of distinction, but
contemplate the topic; indeed, his work makes no rather in one soured by moralism and dessicated by
claim to be a scientific treatise. He has for a long science." There is a certain leaven or nuance of truth
time collected material concerning well-known songs,
in the stricture; but it is certainly too sweeping.
and now orders it according to the simple and ex Perhaps a re-reading of, say, Mr. Morley's eloquent
cellent method of putting together those songs which
introduction to his “Voltaire," or of his essay on
seemed to him to be more or less connected. It is Condorcet, would lead Mr. Hapgood to qualify his
an interesting book to run through, and probably judgment. The publishers have issued this volume
may also be of use as a book of reference, although in their usual tasteful style.
the author often seems rather lenient in selecting
authorities. It is very comprehensive; several times
Colonel George E. Waring's fellow-
Stories of
we thought that something important had been horses and war.
citizens have long known him as an
omitted, but sooner or later we came upon the object
amiable man and a first-rate admin-
of search. It is always pleasant to read about old
istrator. A dainty booklet entitled “Whip and
favorites, and here, as one turns the page, hundreds Spur” (Doubleday & McClure Co.) now puts them
of half-forgotten melodies run through the mind and
in the way of knowing him as an author. Should
give pleasure additional. “My true intent is all they avail themselves of this chance they will not
for your delight,” says the author; and we think regret it, since Colonel Waring shows conclusively
that he may congratulate himself on a very fair
that in addition to his genius for street-cleaning he
measure of success.
has a very pretty talent for story-telling. In this
little book he tells the stories and fondly paints the
Sebastian Cabot appears to have had
characters of horses that he has owned
A book of evidence
a better fortune than most men who “ Ruby,” “ Wellstein,” “ Max," and so on, - and
have attempted to masquerade in the recounts incidentally some campaigning experiences,
merits of others. Even as late as 1894 he was amusing, pathetic, and exciting. There is a closing
given the chief credit, in so authoritative a work chapter on “
chapter on “ Fox-Hunting in England.” The book
as the Histoire Générale of Lavisse and Ram is neatly made, and contains a frontispiece showing
baud, for the discovery of North America, especially Colonel Waring as a dashing trooper in the early
through the voyage of 1498. But during the last sixties.
few years a more careful examination of documents
The personal narrative of a tourist's
long known, and of those recently unearthed, has
of the Pacific.
extended jaunt is to be found in Mr.
led historians like Henry Harrisse to regard Sebas-
John R. Musick's " Hawaii, our new
tian as little better than an impostor, appropriating Possessions” (Funk & Wagnalls Co.). The book
his father's work as his own. Nearly all the evi-
gives a very complete representation of the pictur-
dence in the case is to be found in Mr. G. E. Weare's esque, complex, and varied life of the Islands, in
6 Vis,”
in the Cabot case.
The Paradise


1898.]
85
THE DIAL
A new edition
6
their social, industrial, commercial, and political
Few persons know what “ The Tal-
aspects. Man rather than nature is the author's The Talmud. mud” signifies. The booklet with
theme. The “uprising of 1895” receives more
this title, translated from the French
attention than an eruption of Kilauea, and the con of Arsène Darmester (Philadelphia : Jewish Publi-
trasted civilizations of the Occident and Orient ex cation Society of America), is multum in parvo on
cite more interest than the changing panorama of this theme. That stupendous library of rabbinic
tropical verdure, mountain, and sea, in this Para lore is here described with a fulness and a clearness
dise of the Pacific. Politically speaking, the title not surpassed in many larger and more pretentious
belongs in the realm of prophecy; but the history works. The uninterrupted work of Judaism from
of recent events, of the overthrow of the monarchy Ezra to the sixth century of the Christian era, a
and the establishment and vicissitudes of the repub period of a thousand years, is gathered within the
lic, is told with vividness and fulness. In this par bounds of The Talmud. The characteristics of each
ticular the book supplements the earlier work of separate document, both in content and spirit, are
Jarvis and Alexander, though it lacks somewhat of vividly portrayed. The relations of the synagogue,
their judicial candor and scholarly discrimination. of the rabbis, and of a score of institutions to this
The illustrations are abundant, and as a rule are great compilation are set forth with scholarly accu-
well chosen.
racy and completeness.
The centenary of the death of James
of “Ossian."
Macpherson is fitly commemorated
by the publication of a handsome new
BRIEFER MENTION.
edition of the “ Poems of Ossian,” from the press of
Messrs. Patrick Geddes & Colleagues of Edinburgh.
In a most unpromising volume from the typographical
In addition to a brief Introduction and notes by
point of view, the Whitaker & Ray Co. of San Francisco
have put forth “ The Complete Poetical Works of
Mr. William Sharp, the volume contains the notes
Joaqnin Miller.” This is Mr. Miller's definitive edition
of Macpherson, and also of Hugh Campbell, editor of his work, and, as such, must have a place in every
of the edition of 1822. In his Introduction Mr. library of American poetry. The preface of some ten
Sharp makes a careful review of the famous “Os pages, written by the author for this volume, is a feature
sianic Controversy,” and sums up the evidence in
of much interest. “ Even now," he says, “after all my
the case as follows: “(1) Macpherson's Ossian'
cutting and care, I am far from satisfied, and can com-
is not a genuine rendering of ancient originals ;
mend to my lovers only the few last poems in the book."
(2) he worked incoherently upon a genuine but un-
These pages contain a garrulous mixture of autobiog-
raphy and didacticism, interesting to read, and extremely
systematised, unsifted, and fragmentary basis, with-
characteristic of their autbor.
out which he could have achieved nothing; (3)
The new edition of “ The Spectator,” which Messrs.
inherent evidence disproves Macpherson's sole or
Charles Scribner's Sons import for sale in the United
even main authorship as well as Ossian's, and that States, is as pretty a piece of book-making as is often
he was at most no more than a skilful artificer."
There is an introductory essay by Mr. Austin
Mr. Sharp further adds that “if Macpherson were Dobson, while the editing and annotation of the text
the sole author, he would be one of the few poetic have been undertaken by Mr. G. Gregory Smith. “The
creators of the first rank, and worthy of all possible
main intention of these volumes is to preserve the orig-
honour”; and also, “no single work in our litera-
inal freshness of the text, to reject, in the words of old
ture has had so wide-reaching, 80 potent, and so
Thomas Sprat, .all amplifications, digressions, and
enduring an influence.” Mechanically, this new
swellings of style,' and to return back to the primitive
purity and shortness.'
"" There are to be eight volumes,
edition is entirely satisfactory, and should find great printed with original spelling, punctuation, italies, etc.
favor with all lovers of these heroic fragments.
The “ Journal” containing the papers and discussions
In his “ Fighting a Fire” (Century presented at the 1897 meeting of the National Educa-
A fireman's life
Co.), Mr. Charles Thaxter Hill gives just issued from the University of Chicago Press. It is
tional Association, held at Milwaukee last summer, has
in a great city.
a graphic account of the life of a
a volume of over eleven hundred pages, and its con-
metropolitan fireman, based on his own long and
tents embrace almost every conceivable subject of pres-
close association with the members of the New
ent-day interest to the pedagogical profession. The
York fire department. The book tells how the fire most important single feature is doubtless the Report
department of a great city is organized, how the of the Committee on Rural Schools, a document destined
men are trained, how fire-alarms are transmitted, to exert a far-reaching influence upon a neglected de-
etc., and some space is devoted to the description of partment of our public education.
the many ingenious appliances of the well-equipped
England and the Reformation," by Mr. G. W.
modern engine-house. Every branch of the service
Powers, is a new volume in “The Oxford Manuals of
is explained, including “The Floating Fire-Engines,"
English History" (Scribner). This admirable series of
little books for school use, all but one of which are now
“The Fire Patrol,” “The School for Firemen," etc.,
issued, provide a continuous history of England, written
and there are a number of good stories illustrative
by careful scholars, and embodying the most recent con-
of firemen and their ways and of the peculiar perils clusions of historical opinion. Mr. Powers has to deal
they are called on to encounter. The book contains with the whole of the Tudor period (1485-1603), and
some thirty spirited pictures by the author.
has compressed it into a readable book of 136 pages.
seen.


86
(Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
Here we see the explanation for the forgetting of the
ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCE.
arts of writing history or biography. The gay play of
London, Jan. 15, 1898.
the imagination finds fuller freedom and a more joyous
Naturally, at the opening of a new year, the hope
existence in the kingdom of fiction; so that we find writ-
which “springs eternal in the human breast” finds its
ers, whose style truly fit them for the office of historian
best definition by the experience of what has already
or biographer, heavily weighting their fancy with the
touched us, and by our reflection on that experience. In
cumbrous phrases of character analyses, and the strained
this way we make resolutions and delude ourselves into
developments of intricate circumstances. They are, in
a belief that what we wish will bappen. The last year
reality, writing contemporary history; only they often
has not been altogether a pleasant one for those who dig
include that which is not in life, or, if they deal with
and delve in the land of literature. If to a few it has
life, they forget to picture the other side. But the
brought the fulfilment of promise, to a great many more,
criticism should be, not so much against the writers of
on the other hand, it has denied this. Reputations have
fiction, as against the conditions which enable them to
come and gone. Two years ago the air was resonant of
flourish. The transfiguration of life either in the form
the praise for newly discovered geniuses. Poets abounded
of romance or of poetry must always appeal to us
in every garret of New Grub street, and the welkin rang
strongly. “We look before and after, and pine for
with shouts for John Davidson, Richard Le Gallienne,
what is not.” Romance and poetry serve to feed
William Watson, Francis Thompson, and the rest. Vigo
healthily this primal instinct of our natures. But the
street and the Head of Bodley were baving their innings.
presentation of social problems and physiological theo-
There were “jawblings” and “jucundings,” and the
ries belongs not to fiction but to sociology and medicine.
« Yallerbock was at large. But the year just ended
Our scientific researches and discoveries have overlapped
has brought a change. We have had onr fun, and now
our æsthetic taste, and we are fast erasing the lines
we are meditating on the foolishness of it all. It has which separate the arts.
been a time of quiet, on the whole; and it is, perhaps,
I have given so much space to retrospective matter
well that it was so. It has enabled us to devote a little
that I can only touch on a few of the promises of the
space to some high thinking on the works of such men
new year. As yet, however, there are few that call
as Benjamin Jowett and Tennyson; for the biographies
for mention. There is to be issued shortly a great book
of these two fine workers, if they cannot' rank as great
on the Yukon Territory, giving the American and Cana-
literature, yet furnish us with a storebouse of sugges-
dian points of view; the former to be stated by Mr. W.
tions. We have had no new Boswell, but that does not
Dall, a gentleman sent out officially years ago, to report
much matter, since we do not often get a Samuel
on the district. I am glad to learn that the édition-de-luxe
Johnson. Without a doubt, the Boswellian spirit is dead,
of Lever's novels, about which I have already written
and the days of hero-worship gone. He who now has
to you, is to be published on your side of the water by
the ability to appreciate greatness and to express that
Messrs. Roberts Brothers of Boston. As it would be
appreciation, believes himself to merit a Boswell on
unfair for you to take all our good things, a publisher
his own account. And so the days go by with their
in London is to issue a small edition of the magnificent
quota of novels and verses; and the biographic art is
Wormeley “ Balzac” which Boston had the enterprise
lost. In history also we cannot boast much. Mr. Gar-
and good taste to achieve. Thus we take a good thing
diner's further contribution on the seventeenth century,
and Mr. Justin McCarthy's final addition to his « His-
The trouble about booksellers and discounts is not
tory of Our Own Times,” make no great display. The
yet over. To the report of the Society of Authors, a
only book of travels of any true literary value was Miss
leading bookseller of Glasgow, Mr. Robert Maclebose,
Kingsley's “West Africa," and this in spite of the tre-
M.A., has furnished a convincing reply. It may be news
mendous Nansen pother. We thought that in poetry,
to you, and if it is it will be strange news, to hear that
surely, this year would be prolific and possibly strong.
a bookseller, in this country, to make a profit of $850
But we look in vain in Mr. Theodore Watts-Dunton's
per annum bas to accomplish a net turnover of $52,500;
volume, or in Mr. Watson's “ Hope of the World,” or in
while on a net turnover of $30,000, there would be a
Mr. Thompson's “ New Poems," for any sign that the
loss of $100 ! Yet this, Mr. Maclehose proved some
flame is burning.
time ago. Of course, the action of the Society in re-
No; the year just ended must, without question, be
jecting the proposals made by the Publishers and Book-
called the year of the novelist. He has reaped a rich
sellers' Associations cannot affect the result. But at
harvest both of money and fame. Whatever may be
present the question is held over.
thought of the sensational writers or the problem
To the few here who have a copy of Mr. Growoll's
solvers, they have certainly furnished much matter for
book, “ American Book Clubs,” the volume is a great
talk and much “copy" for critics. Mr. Hall Caine and
delight and a source of much interest. It is an exceed-
Mrs. Grand and “George Egerton” have earned well ingly able contribution to bibliography, and I congratu-
of that society which feels itself impelled to "save"
late Mr. Growoll.
mankind; and it must be confessed, if appreciation is to
TEMPLE SCOTT.
be measured by large sales, these writers have been
excellently well served. But apart from these, the year
is distinguished for Robert Louis Stevenson's “St. Ives," A NEW series of “ The American Journal of Archæ-
Mr. Hardy's “Well-Beloved,” Mr. Blackmore's “Da ology” is about to begin, published, as heretofore, by
riel,” Mr. Kipling's “Captains Courageous,” Mr. Henry the Macmillan Co. It will appear bi-monthly, at a sub-
James's “What Masie Knew," Ouida's “The Massa- scription price of five dollars annually. The same pub-
renes,” Mr. Wells's “ The Invisible Man," Mr. William lishers are soon to issue a facsimile of the Catullus
Morris's “ Water of the Wondrous Isles,” Mr. Anthony manuscript discovered two years ago in the Vatican
Hope's “ Phroso,” and Dr. Conan Doyle's “ Uncle | library by Professor W. G. Hale, at that time director
Bernac."
of the American School of Classical Studies in Rome.
from you.
--
--


1898.]
87
THE DIAL
LITERARY NOTES.
Building, New York. The paper is edited with tact
and intelligence, and is well adapted to interest children
A collection of the plays of Mr. Bernard Shaw, in and impress them with its gospel of gentleness and
two volumes, will be published shortly by Messrs. H. S. mercy. Its price is but fifty cents a year, and it should
Stone & Co.
find a welcome in every civilized home.
The Doubleday & McClure Co., who are to publish “The American Naturalist," founded in 1867 by
a collected edition of the works of Henry George, have four of the pupils of Agassiz, has for thirty years held
just issued a new popular edition of “ Progress and an honorable place among our scientific periodicals. A
Poverty."
new series begins with the present year, under the edi-
The J. B. Lippincott Co. announce for early publica- torship of Dr. Robert P. Bigelow, and we are promised
tion “A Desert Drama," a new novel by Dr. Conan that the magazine shall be better than ever before.
Doyle. It will deal with the adventures of a party of
Messrs. Ginn & Co. are now the publishers.
tourists on the Nile.
The Kashmirian birch-bark manuscript of the Atharva-
A volume of « Inductive Studies in Browning," for Veda is one of the most precious Oriental documents in
use in schools and literary clubs, has been prepared by existence. It was brought to light in 1875 by the re-
Dr. Hans C. Peterson, and is published by Mr. J. H.
searches of Professor Rudolph von Roth, who guarded
Miller, of Lincoln, Neb.
it until his recent death, when it passed into the posses-
Miss Mamie Dickens's “My Father as I Recall
sion of the University of Tuebingen. It consists of 287
Him," the English edition of which we noticed in our
leaves, written on both sides, with dimensions of 20 x 25
issue of Oct. 1, 1897, is now published in this country
cm. Professor Maurice Bloomfield is about to prepare
by Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co.
a photographic reproduction of this manuscript, and in-
“The Tinted Venus," the familiar “farcical romance
vites subscriptions at twenty-five dollars for the pro-
of Mr. Guthrie (F. Anstey), has just been accorded by posed edition of two bundred copies. Mr. N. Murray,
Messrs. Harper & Brothers the honors of a handsome
Johns Hopkins University, will receive applications for
library edition, illustrated by Mr. Bernard Partridge.
the work.
One of the interesting features of the “Chap-Book"
The publishing section of the American Library As-
for the coming year will be a new series of " Letters to
sociation has at last got well under way with a long-
Dead Authors,” by Mr. Andrew Lang. It is announced
projected plan for cataloguing the contents of current
that benceforth the “Chap-Book” will contain illus-
periodicals of the more serious sort. The work is made
trations.
possible by the initiative of five of the largest libraries
“ An Introduction to American Literature,” by Mr.
in the country, but it needs a great deal more coöpera-
Henry S. Pancoast, is about to be published by Messrs.
tion than has yet been secured to ensure its success
Henry Holt & Co. If it prove as good as Mr. Pan-
upon a scale as large as is desirable. The beginning
coast's text-book of English literature, it will deserve a
now made takes the form of an arrangement for print-
warm welcome.
ing catalogue cards, indexing the contents of 184 peri-
Professor William Knight, of St. Andrews, known to
odicals and proceedings of learned societies, and supply-
all Wordsworthians and many other people, is coming
ing these cards - either in full sets or in selections
to libraries that may wish to subscribe. The undertaking
to this country in the early spring to fill a number of
is one of the greatest importance, and deserves every
lecture engagements. He will reach Chicago at the end
of March, to speak before the Twentieth Century Club
encouragement. The plan permits of indefinite exten-
and at the University of Chicago.
sion, and its value will increase in a far greater ratio
than that of the increase in subscriptions. It is the duty
“ Is interest in poetry declining in America ?” This
of every large library in the country to further this en-
is the question recently put by a New York publishing
house to three or four hundred representative poets,
terprise by making use of the cards and by assuming
some share, however small, of the work of preparation.
editors, publishers, booksellers, and librarians. Nearly
The London “ Atheneum," celebrating on the first of
three hundred replies were received, of which about
January its seventieth birthday, seized the occasion as a
seven-eighths were in the negative.
pretext for an extremely interesting retrospective re-
Mrs. Mary Cowden Clarke, who was one of the re-
view. The history of the paper has been one of remark-
markable group of writers born in 1809 — the literary
able unity and consistency, owing to the fact that since
annus mirabilis of the century - died the other day at
the third year of its existence it has been owned by
Genoa, where she had made her home for many years. successive members of the same family, holding to the
She is best known by her “Girlhood of Shakespeare's same literary and ethical principles. It did yeoman
Heroines,” and by her concordance of the works of
work in its early years in fighting to the death “the
Shakespeare.
dragon of trade criticism,” and it proudly boasts that it
M. Georges Pellissier, the author of "The Literary has ever remained independent of publishing and log-
Movement in France during the Nineteenth Century" rolling influences, that it has never succumbed to the
(a translation of which was recently published in this vicious practices of puffery, or “smart” writing, or
country) has prepared a second volume of this ponderous sensational enterprise. The most interesting feature of
but useful history. The author will come to the United this retrospective article is provided by the extracts
States next autumn for the purpose of lecturing upon the from early files of the paper which serve to show that
same general subject.
the “ Athenæum," in its contemporary judgments upon
Everyone interested in humane education - by which such men as Tennyson, Wordsworth, Shelley, Coleridge,
is meant the educating of people to be just and kind to Keats, and Moore, expressed substantially the opinions
animals — will be cheered by the appearance of so ex that are now universally accepted. We congratulate our
cellent a journal as “ The Humane Alliance," a well English contemporary upon its years, its record for
printed and attractively illustrated monthly, published honest dealing, and its proud preëminence among its
by the National Humane Alliance, United Charities rivals living or dead.


88
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
American Literature. By Katharine Lee Bates. With
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
portraits, 12mo, gilt top, unout, pp. 337. Macmillan Co.
February, 1898.
$1.50.
A Legend of Camelot: Pictures and Poems, etc. By George
Americans from Oversea. Kirk Munroe. Harper.
du Maurier. Oblong 4to, gilt edges, pp. 95. Harper &
Architoot, Education of an. Russell Sturgis. Atlantic.
Brothers. Boxed, $5.
Arotio Exploration. Walter Wellman. Rev. of Reviews. Beautiful Women of the Poets. Selected and arranged by
Audubon and his Journals. Sara A. Hubbard. Dial.
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“Auld Lang Syne,” Manuscript of. C. Reynolds. Century.
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British Problems for 1898. W. T. Stead. Rev. of Reviews.
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“Carroll, Lewis." Dial.
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Duo d'Aumale and Condé Museum. Henri Bouchot. Harper | NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
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The Lyric Poems of John Keats. Edited by Ernest Rhys.
Florida. R. G. Robinson. Lippincott.
With portrait, 18mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 188. “The Lyric
Government and Commercialism. J. J. Chapman. Atlantic. Poets.Macmillan Co. $1.
Heroes Who Fight Fire. Jacob A. Riis. Century.
Progress and Poverty: By Henry George. Now edition ;
India, Political Life in. F. H. Skrine. Harper.
12mo, pp. 568. Doubleday & McClure Co. $1.; paper,
Insomnia. William T. Larned. Lippincott.
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POETRY.
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FICTION.
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Musical Culture in Chicago. G. P. Upton. Harper.
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Odors. Samuel M. Warns. Lippincott.
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Opportunity. Ellen Duvall. Lippincott.
Brothers. $2.
Peace Movement, Advance of the. F. Passy. Rev. of Rev.
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field, $1.25.
Police Control of a Great Election. A. D. Andrews. Scrib,
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Public Life, Outskirts of. T. W. Higginson. Atlantic.
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Ruskin as an Oxford Lecturer. J. M. Bruce. Century.
In the Shadow of the Pyramids: The Last Days of Ismail
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received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
M.A. Illus., large 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 528. Macmillan
Co. $7.
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
Handbook to Christian and Ecclesiastical Rome. By
The Life and Times of Cardinal Wiseman. By Wilfrid H. M. and M. A. R.T. Part I., The Christian Monuments
Ward. Second edition; in 2 vols., with portrait, 12mo,
of Rome. 12mo, pp. 547. Macmillan Co. $1.75.
uncut. Longmans, Green, & Co. $6.
The Cathedral Church of Exeter: A Description of its
Sir Thomas Maitland, and the Mastery of the Mediterranean. Fabric and a Brief History of the Episcopal See. By
By Walter Frewen Lord. With portrait, 12mo, pp. 301.
Percy Addleshaw, B.A. Illus., 12mo, pp. 112.
“Bell's
“Builders of Greater Britain." Longmans, Green, &
Cathedral Series." Macmillan Co. 60 cts.
Co. $1.50.
My Father as I Rocall him. By Mamie Dickens. Illus.,
THEOLOGY AND RELIGION.
16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 149. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1. The Polychrome Bible. Edited by Paul Haupt and Horace
Howard Furness. First parts : Book of Judges, trans. by
HISTORY.
Rev. G. F. Moore, D.D., $1.25 net; Book of Isaiah, trans.
Select Documents Illustrative of the History of the by Rev. T. K. Cheyne, M.A., $2.50 net; Book of Psalms,
United States, 1776-1861. Edited by William MacDonald. trans. by J. Wellhausen, D.Ď., $2.50 net. Each illus.,
12mo, pp. 465. Macmillan Co. $2.25.
large 8vo. Dodd, Mead & Co.
The Campaign of Sedan: The Downfall of the Second A National Church. By William Reed Huntington. 12mo,
Empire, August-September, 1870. By, George Hooper.
pp. 109. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.
With maps, 12mo, uncut, pp. 282. Macmillan Co. $1. net. The Significance of the Westminster Standards as a
England and the Reformation (A. D. 1485–1603). By Creed: An Address. By Benjamin B. Warfield. 12mo,
G. W. Powers, M.A. 16mo, pp. 143. “Oxford Man. pp. 36. Charles Scribner's Sons. 75 cts.
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50 ots. net.
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The Cotton Industry: An Essay in American Economic
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Edmund Gosse. 12mo, pp. 416. Literatures of the “Publications of Am. Economic Ass'n." Macmillan Co.
World." D. Appleton & Co. $1.50.
Paper, $1.50.


1898.]
89
THE DIAL
Harvard
University.
Principles of Political Economy. By J. Shield Nicholson,
M.A. Vol. 11., Book III.; 8vo, uncut, pp. 328. Macmillan Scarce and Miscellaneous Books.
Co. $2.25 net.
Americana,
Poems, Fiction, etc.,
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rand, Ph.D. 12mo, uncut, pp. 397. Macmillan Co. $2. History, Biography, Travel, Botany and Natural History,
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Joseph Gillott's Steel Pens.
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By Sophie Bryant, D.Sc. 12mo, uncut, pp. 146. “Ethical FOR FINE WRITING, Nos. 303 and 170 (Ladies' Pen), No. 1.
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IE GREATEST MEN IN THE WORLD'S HISTORY have bad
Lincoln Literary Collection, for School-Room and Family
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Circle. By J. P. McCaskey. 12mo, pp. 576.
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American
The training of the memory should be the basis of education. The
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Principles of English Grammar, for the Use of Schools. details must be mastered, more facts and figures remembered. Only
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90
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
NEW AND FORTHCOMING BOOKS
448 pages.
THE ATHENÆUM PRESS SERIES.
Gibbon's Memoirs.
Edited, with an Introduction and Notes, by OLIVER F. EMERSON,
Professor of Rhetoric and English Philology in Western Reserve
University.
William Cowper.
A Selection of his Poems, with an Introduction and Notes by JAMES
O. MURRAY, Professor of English Literature in Princeton University.
Selections from Landor.
Edited, with an Introduction and Notes, by W. B. S. CLYMER, for-
merly Instructor in Harvard University.
Poems of William Wordsworth.
Chosen and Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by EDWARD
DOWDEN, Professor of English Literature in the University of Dub-
lin, Clark Lecturer in English Literature, Trinity College, Cam-
bridge. Cloth. 622 pages. For introduction, $1.25.
Specimens of the Pre-Shaksperean Drama.
With an Introduction, Notes, and a Glossary. By JOHN M. MANLY,
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Burke's Speech on Conciliation with America
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Selections from Malory's Morte Darthur.
Edited, with Introduction, Notes, and Glossary, by WILLIAM E.
MBAD, Professor of the English Language, Wesleyan University,
Middletown, Conn. 348 pages. For introduction, $1.00.
Carlyle's Essay on Burns.
Edited, with Notes, by CHARLES LANE HANSON, Teacher of English
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Tennyson's The Princess.
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THE DIAL
STATE
051
D54
v. 24
nr. 28
16 ??
GOLLT
THE PENRESTAJE
ANIA
IBRACY
UNIV
Feb. 16,
Tadby LE SE
A SEMI-MONTHLY JOURNAL OF
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THE DIAL
A Semis Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
cach month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage
prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries
comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must
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current number. REMITTANCES should be by draft, or by express or
poslal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and
for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application ;
and SAMPLE COPY On receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES fur shed
on application. Al communications should be addressed to
THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago.
No. 280. FEBRUARY 16, 1898. Vol. XXIV.
CONTENTS.
PAGB
A TALE OF TWO CITIES
101
EDUCATION OF WOMEN IN ENGLAND. Ellen
C. Hinsdale.
103
.
COMMUNICATIONS
106
Legislative Process in Industrial Affairs. Paul M.
Paine.
Some Further Instances of “Tote." Albert Matthews.
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. Selim H.
Peabody
107
A NOBLE WOMAN'S WORK FOR WOMAN'S
EDUCATION. Mary Augusta Scott .
110
A TALE OF TWO CITIES.
One of the most interesting as well as hopeful
developments in the history of American public
education is that offered by the schools of New
York City under the enlightened régime of the
past three years. Not so very long ago, the
case of the public schools in the greatest of
American cities seemed well-nigh hopeless.
The inadequate provisions made for their sup-
port, the dull routine into which their adminis-
tration had fallen, the baleful influences of the
pettiest sort of politics, and the seeming lack of
public interest in the institution which should
be the chief civic pride of every democratic
community - these were the causes that com-
bined to make of the New York system a by.
word in educational discussion, to teach the
educator that the work done in almost any
inland city of moderate size was more likely to
yield methods deserving of imitation and praise
than the work done in the metropolitan city of
the continent. Teachers might look for inspi-
ration to Cleveland or Minneapolis, even to
Peoria or Kansas City, with some reasonable
prospect of finding it; to expect inspiration
from the city of New York was only to suffer
the most complete disillusionment.
How these conditions have been changed
under the reform administration of the past
three years is a tale familiar enough to the few
who make a business of keeping track of edu-
cational movements, but to the many whose
interest in education is general rather than pro-
fessional the facts are as yet little known. They
are set forth in summarized form by the editor
of “The Educational Review” in the January
issue of that invaluable periodical, and we make
no apology for calling them to the attention of
our readers.
“ Three years ago New York was governed by an
antiquated and cumbrous school law. Divided
respon-
sibility, wheels within wheels, and a series of political
catch-basins made the schools a splendid drill ground
for inefficiency, jobbery, and personal pulls. No
administrative reform was possible until this system
was abolished. To abolish it required not only a legis-
lative enactment, but the support and approval of
Mayor Strong. Everything that misrepresentation,
political influence, and even threats, could do was done
to change the Mayor's purpose. But he stood firm,
and the reform school bill became a law. That, of
itself, was a public service of the first magnitude. A
William
THOMAS AND MATTHEW ARNOLD.
Morton Payne
112
THE POLYCHROME BIBLE. Ira M. Price .
116
.
.
SOME RECENT BOOKS ON EDUCATION. Hiram
M. Stanley
117
Hinsdale's Horace Mann. — Thwing's The American
College in American Life. - Miss Bryant's The
Teaching of Morality. – Warner's The Study of
Children. — Sully's Children's Ways. — Spalding's
Thoughts and Theories of Life and Education. —
Monroe's Bibliography of Education.
.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
119
The ideals of a stalwart American. — The commonest
forms of oratory. - Hermeneutic criticism, — The
science of sleep. - For private theatricals. — A philo-
sophical study of anarchism. — The lighter labors of
& statesman. - A notable contribution to Goethe
study.- A handbook of European history. - A new
life of William of Orange. — Pleasant studies out of
doors. — Morals and manners from the " Easy
Chair." — Popular studies of insect life.
BRIEFER MENTION .
123
.
.
.
.
ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCE. Temple Scott
124
LITERARY NOTES
125
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
126


102
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
second service, of equal importance, was performed by ulation of New York has always regarded as a
the Mayor in the high character and ability of nearly
prime necessity of the public school system.
all of his appointments to the Board of Education. The
And not only have these schools been estab-
result has been the summoning together of the most
earnest, intelligent, and courageous body of men that
lished, but they have been so generously pro-
has ever served the cause of public education in New vided for that they have been able to secure
York.”
the services of able and experienced faculties,
This is the substance of what has been done
and may reasonably be expected to do the work
in three years, largely through the instrumen proper to high schools in an efficient way. In
tality of the executive, and we doubt if a finer Chicago, on the other hand, although the high
tribute has ever been paid to the retiring schools have for forty years been a part of the
mayor of any great American city than is
educational system, they have tended to suffer
embodied in this richly-deserved praise of more and more of late years from a newspaper
Mayor Strong for the performance of the criticism either ignorant or malicious, or both,
most important part of his official duties. which has resulted in the formation of a con-
When will the American public recognize and siderable body of public opinion either adverse
take to heart the fact that absolutely nothing to them altogether, or willing to accord them
else that a mayor has to do is as important as only a grudging support. The inducements
the performance of his duties with relation to which they offer to trained educators are much
public education, that the surest test of a less than were offered twenty years ago, whereas
mayor's deserts is supplied by an examination the inducements offered in all other departments
of that part of his policy which is concerned of the system have been materially increased
with the schools of the city which he governs? during the period in question. The result has
The summary of Dr. Butler from which we been the only possible one: the men of the type
have already quoted proceeds to specify, under most needed in the high schools have left them,
fifteen heads, the distinctive achievements of attracted by the larger inducements offered
three years of enlightened educational admin- elsewhere, the general character of the work
istration in New York. All of these achieve- has declined, and the teaching force in the
ments are important, but three or four of them lower schools, which is mainly recruited from
so overshadow the others that they must have the young women who get their education in
nearly all of the space that we can give to the the secondary schools, has suffered to an extent
discussion. For this reason, we merely note in not easily to be measured, but none the less
passing the extension of the kindergarten sys- unquestionable. The bare fact that an educator
tem, the establishment of truant and vacation in the high schools of New York and Boston
schools, the preparation of a scientific course of may receive a salary fifty per cent higher than
study, the plans adopted for protection against is paid him in Chicago carries its own implica-
contagious diseases, the reorganization of the tion. It seems a sordid way of looking at the
study of music, and the introduction of manual situation, but the view is one that must be
training into all the schools. Important as
reckoned with.
these things all are, they are less deserving of The question of salaries is, after all, one of
our admiration than the work that has been the fundamental questions of educational ad-
done for secondary education, the ample pro- ministration, and the efficiency of any system
vision of new buildings, and the framing of must depend largely upon the way in which
a schedule of salaries that is at once rational this question is settled. It is not solely a ques-
and generous. It is because these three mat tion of liberality, although in education, as else-
ters are those which most press for attention in where, it is possible to preach such effective
Chicago, besides being of the greatest intrinsic sermons on “ The Economy of High Wages'
importance, that our remarks are entitled “A as we find, for example, in the last “ Educa-
Tale of Two Cities,” and that we have sought tional Review.” But quite as important as
to draw a lesson from the example of our East mere liberality, is the adoption of some rational
ern neighbors.
plan for promotion, some plan which shall make
The establishment of a series of high schools it an object for teachers to do the best work of
of the best modern type in New York removes which they are capable, some plan which shall
the chief reproach under which that munici- insure to merit its due reward and to incom-
pality has hitherto suffered. It has at last petency its just reproof. The question of the
supplied itself with what every self-respecting salaries paid to teachers in the lower grades in
civilized town having one per cent of the pop the Chicago schools has been violently agitated
....


1898.]
108
THE DIAL
during the past two months, and the news provide proper support for a great metropolitan
papers have day after day devoted columns to system of schools. The situation in this respect
its consideration. Yet a careful study of all has grown so desperate that a reform of some
this discussion fails to reveal so much as a sug sort will be forced in the near future, but until
gestion that teachers, like other people, should Chicago can escape from the tangle of consti-
be rewarded according to the value of their tutional and statutory prohibitions that now
work. Instead of any well-considered scheme, impede its natural growth it must be content
the old plan of wholesale promotions based upon to view with envying admiration the immense
length of service and nothing else is brought work for education that has been accomplished
forward, and whoever has anything to say ar in New York, but cannot hope for the present
gues either for the plan or against it, without to imitate so worthy an example.
seeming to have the least suspicion that all
such plans are in their nature irrational. In
this matter the example of New York is pecu-
liarly instructive. “A new and scientifically EDUCATION OF WOMEN IN ENGLAND.
adjusted schedule of salaries, founded upon The recent agitation at the University of Cam-
length of service and merit, has been framed. bridge over the admission of women to degrees has
This schedule provides an average increase of again directed the attention of the academic world
seven and one-half per cent on the salary of to a question which has been practically settled in
every teacher now in the public-school system."
the United States, but is still a burning one on the
It is not easy to classify several thousands of
other side of the Atlantic. A brief sketch of the
teachers in accordance with their merit, and
education which England provides for its girls and
possibly the New York method of doing it is
women may therefore be of interest.
In order to understand the English educational
not the best method possible, but the thing system, it must be borne in mind that the schools
must be done somehow, for it involves the most
which correspond to our public schools and colleges
vital problem of city school administration. are the only ones about which it is possible to col-
During the last twelve years, bonds have lect any trustworthy statistics. The private schools,
been issued to the amount of thirty-three mil which educate the daughters of the aristocracy and
lions of dollars for the purchase of school sites
to a large extent of the upper middle class, must
and the erection of school buildings in the city
be dismissed with the general observation that they
of New York. Chicago has issued no bonds
have been very much improved of late years, and
for this purpose, since the Constitution of Illi-
that the finishing schools for superficial accomplish-
nois limits the city indebtedness to an amount
ments have for the most part raised their standards.
I will first speak briefly of Elementary Educa-
long since reached, and all school expenses must tion, which is the education provided by the Board
be provided for by annual taxation. This has and Voluntary schools for the youth of both sexes.
made it impossible for the Chicago schools to Without going into a discussion of the complicated
catch up, as those of New York have now done, English school system, iť suffices to say that the
with the growing population, and the expendi- Voluntary and Board schools are the public schools
ture for sites and buildings in the former city of England in the American sense, and that the
has been for the same period something like Voluntary schools are supported by grants from
one-third of what it has been in the latter. The
the royal treasury and by voluntary subscription,
difficulty here encountered is one which calls
the Board schools by grants and a school-tax on
private property. The child may or may not receive
for a legislative remedy. Since the future may
religious instruction in both these schools, according
not be mortgaged by an issue of bonds, the
to the wish of its parents. Co-education scarcely
annual tax-levy must rise, and the Board of exists in England, and the boys and girls are taught
Education is here confronted with a statutory in separate classes. The curriculum is the same
provision which, wbile allowing a generous levy for both sexes, except that sewing is compulsory for
for school buildings, restricts the levy for other girls. Reading, writing, and arithmetic are obliga-
educational purposes to the amount of two per
tory for all, to which some three of the following
cent of the assessed valuation of taxable prop- subjects must be added : English, geography, his-
erty. Since the system of assessment in Chicago
tory, singing, algebra, chemistry, domestic economy,
has fallen into so scandalous a condition that
French, cookery. The usual school age is from
three, when children may enter the infant depart-
property is listed at an average of less than
ment, to thirteen. The law allows a child to leave
one-tenth of its real value, the possible educa-
school at eleven, and the half-time system prevails
tional tax really amounts to less than two mills
in many places. The Higher Grade schools con-
on the dollar, which is simply not enough to tinue the course of instruction to sixteen or even
..


104
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
old.
eighteen years, and it is stated that a majority of buildings and equipment are up to the highest
pupils in these continuation schools are girls. This standard. The Church Schools Company, with
is in brief the education which England gives the definite Church teaching as a part of its constitution,
daughters of the people.
is a similar institution. These Public Day schools,
The Secondary schools are not public in the or High schools as they are often called, are demo-
American sense. They are the old endowed schools, cratic in their tone, while many of the others are
like Eton and Harrow, and scores of others less re “ class "schools in the English sense. The Ladies'
nowned. The pious founders and benefactors of College at Cheltenham, one of the pioneer schools
these schools, in many cases women, made no pro for girls' secondary education, makes it a point that
vision for girls. In the Middle Ages, when most all pupils shall be daughters of professional men, or
of these schools were founded, the education of girls those who hold a certain social position. The fees
was confined to the nunneries, although Miss Brem of the Public Day schools range from £5 158 to
ner, in her recent book entitled “ Education of £9 98, which closes them practically to the lower
Women and Girls in Great Britain,” tries to show middle classes. For them there is no secondary
that girls were not originally excluded from some education beyond what the Higher Grade Board
of the endowments. According to her, they were schools offer. The best girls' secondary schools
shut out of the Secondary schools after the Refor prepare for the university colleges, the pupils leav-
mation, which was unfriendly to female education. ing when about eighteen or nineteen years
During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, We come now to Higher Education. What En-
and the first half of the present century, the educa- gland is doing in this field for women is of most
tion of girls was in the hands of the “ladies’ schools,” interest to the foreigner, especially at the present
where they received flimsy instruction in the “ ac time, when the recent events at Cambridge are
complishments." In 1865 a royal commission, ap still fresh in the mind. To the casual reader this
pointed to examine boys' Secondary schools, inquired agitation might give the impression that England,
also into the condition of the girls' schools. The like Germany, is just awakening to the higher in-
commission reported a lamentable state of affairs in tellectual needs of women; but such is not the case.
these so-called finishing schools.
The Birkbeck Literary and Scientific Institution, a
About the time that the report of the commission great evening college in London, opened its doors
appeared, several forces began to work toward the to women in 1833, the same year that Oberlin sent
raising of the character of girls' secondary education. out from the wilds of Ohio its call to young women.
First among these forces are the Cambridge and Fifteen years later, Queen's College, London, was
Oxford local examinations, which, mainly through founded, and was followed the next year by Bed-
the efforts of a number of pioneer women, were ford College, an undenominational institution.
opened to girls, the Cambridge examinations in Miss Emily Davies, one of the chief pioneers in
1865 and the Oxford in 1870. The best schools the cause, conceived the idea of founding a woman's
entered into these examinations with enthusiasm, college in connection with one of the old universi-
and were soon followed by many others that were ties, and in 1869 opened a house with six students
obliged to improve their curricula and methods in at Hitchin, a country town not far from Cambridge.
order to keep the pace. The second force that con This was the humble beginning of Girton College,
tributed to this reformation was the work of the which in 1873 was removed to Girton, a village near
Endowed Schools Commission. Many of the old Cambridge, from which it takes its name. With
endowments that had been diverted from their origi Newnham, it is the best known of all the English
nal purposes were divided, and a part applied to the women's colleges. A visit to Girton is a part of the
founding of girls' schools. Many of the wealthy Cambridge visitor's programme. The college is
city companies were induced to spend some of their situated two miles from the town, a wise precaution
accumulated funds on the education of girls, and as its founders thought, but now a serious incon-
many of the best girls' schools owe their existence venience. Flies are furnished to convey the stu-
to the generosity of these guilds.
dents to and from the university lectures. The
Almost simultaneously with the beginning of these handsome building of red brick is situated in the
reforms, several associations of women were formed midst of ample grounds, large enough for numerous
throughout England, whose chief object was the tennis courts and a small golf course. The lawns
improvement of women's education. The Girls' are as carefully kept as the university “quads."
Public Day School Company was the outcome of There are accommodations for one hundred stu-
one of these unions. This is an interesting example dents, each girl having a study and a small bedroom.
of the application of commercial methods to educa These little studies present as many aspects as there
tion. The company has been from the first a pay are different girls. The large pieces of furniture
ing concern, yielding to its stockholders a yearly provided by the college are supplemented according
dividend of five per cent. Profits above this amount to the taste of the occupant. The tea table is a
are applied to the improvement of the schools. The prominent feature of each apartment. Girton has
company has thirty-six schools in different parts of had in all 575 students, 370 of whom hold the
the kingdom, which have as head mistresses and “equivalent of a degree." Among the honor scholars
teachers excellent women of the new type. The are Miss Charlotte Scott, who took high rank among


1898.]
105
THE DIAL
the wranglers, and is now professor of mathematics The word title was of the greatest significance ;
at Bryn Mawr, and Miss Ramsay, the first classicist women graduates were not to be made members of
in 1887, who afterwards married the Master of the University. The report called forth a storm of
Trinity College, the man who set her questions. discussion. The intensity of undergrad” feeling
Newnham College, close by Cambridge, was is shown by the fact that the students condemned the
opened in 1871 by Miss Clough, a sister of the poet proposal by a vote of 1723 con to 446 pro. The final
Clough, with six students. It has now grown to voting occurred May 21, 1897. Everybody knows
three balls, with rooms for 158 students. Newnham the result - a refusal by three votes to one, said to
is undenominational, whereas Girton provides relig- be largely the work of country clergymen who
ious services in accordance with the principles of flocked to Cambridge from all quarters to show their
the Church of England. The fees are also less, disapproval of this new sign of progress. Here it
being seventy-five guineas at Newnbam and a hun is to be observed that all graduates of the Univer-
dred at Girton. Newnbam has also had her share sity who have taken the degree of Master of Arts
of honors. In 1890 Miss Philippa Fawcett, daughter compose, ex-officiis, the Senate, and have the right
of the blind Postmaster-General of England, made to vote on all subjects submitted to that body.
herself famous by excelling the Senior Wrangler; Among the reasons for refusal, two are prominent:
and since then Miss A. M. Johnson was, one year, Cambridge is a university for men, the admission of
the only person who passed the highest mathemati women would spoil its unique character, senti-
cal examination given by the university. The per mental reason ; opening the degrees to women would
cent of honors at both Newnham and Girton is fully lead eventually to their sharing in the endowments,
as high as at the men's colleges, while the average - practical reason.
work of the women is on a higher level than that of As a balm for the wound thus inflicted, a number
the men. The two colleges have the same mode of of prominent opposers have suggested a women's
government. They are presided over by a princi- university with powers to grant specific women's
pal, assisted by vice-principals, ladies of culture and degrees. One proposition is that the existing royal
social position, who do not, as a rule, take part in Holloway College, at Egham, be incorporated as the
the instruction. Miss Helen Gladstone, daughter Queen Victoria University for Women. But the
of the ex-premier, was until recently one of the women do not want this; they wish to enjoy the
presiding ladies at Newnham. The colleges under peculiar advantages of the two great universities.
take to furnish all the instruction necessary in fitting They also wish a degree in recognition of their work,
for the university examinations. This instruction and this is all they ask.
is given by resident women lecturers and men from The situation at Oxford is much the same as at
the university. Eleven out of the seventeen colleges Cambridge. The women have their halls of resi-
which compose the University of Cambridge admit dence, and are allowed to take the examinations,
the women students to their lectures and laboratories. but the University grants them no certificates. The
What is the relation between the women's col- proposal to admit women to the B.A. degree was
leges and the university? An undergraduate is brought before the authorities in 1896, and rejected
legally a member of the university before he takes by a vote of 215 to 140. The new universities have
his degree. The women never become members of been more liberal than the two ancient foundations.
the university. They have no rights whatever; the The University of London makes no distinction be-
privileges they now enjoy are mere favors granted tween men and women. Victoria University follows
by courtesy. In 1880 a great effort was made to the example of London. Durham excludes women
have the university degrees opened to women. The from divinity. The University of Wales, all the uni-
result was the formal permission to women to take versities of Scotland and the Royal University of Ire-
the honor examinations. Thus they are excluded land grant degrees to women. Dublin refuses them.
from the mere pass examinations, which the ma Coeducation in England deserves a word. The
jority of the men choose. In 1887 the attempt was Voluntary and Board schools separate the boys and
renewed, and the university refused even to con girls, and all private schools do the same as a matter
sider the question. But the women insisted, and in of course. A very few secondary schools are trying
1896 the matter came up again. The university the experiment of coëducation. The university col-
appointed a committee of fourteen members to leges — that is, those colleges in different parts of the
investigate the subject and report the next year. kingdom which prepare for the London, Durham,
This is the famous Syndicate whose report stirred and Victoria examinations are using the joint-
up such a hornets' nest in Cambridge circles last class system. University College, London, and a few
year. The Syndicate took great pains to gather evi others, exclude women from the medical department.
dence from different sources, and presented a volum This brief sketch sufficiently shows that England
inous report to the University Senate. This report, has not been illiberal in meeting the demands of
which was signed by nine of the fourteen members women for the higher education. Cambridge and
of the Syndicate, was a compromise between the two Oxford refuse to share with them, but there are still
factions. It recommended that the titles of the dif several institutions in the United States which show
ferent degrees of the University be conferred upon the same spirit.
ELLEN C. HINSDALE.
women who had fulfilled the required conditions. Mount Holyoke, Mass.


106
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
COMMUNICATIONS.
SOME FURTHER INSTANCES OF "TOTE."
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
In your issue of January 16, a correspondent asks for
information in regard to the word " tote"; and in re-
sponse I beg to submit the following.
In 1781 President Witherspoon remarked upon the
use of the word in this country. In 1806 Webster ad-
mitted it to his “Compendius Dictionary," labelling it
Virg. &c." In 1809 a writer believed it to be of
Massachusetts origin, but gave no evidence in support
of such a belief. In “The Nation" of February 15,
1894, Mr. P. A. Bruce cited (under date of 1677) the
earliest example of the word yet adduced, and pointed
out that the smallness of the negro population at that
time “would render improbable the supposition which
has been sometimes advanced that the word had its
origin with the negro race in this country” (p. 121).
In the same paper a correspondent asserted that the
word was “ used in middle England, southern Yorkshire,
and Lincolnshire, in exactly the same way that it is used
in eastern Virginia.” In 1894 Mr. Edward Eggleston
called attention to the term “ tote road,” employed in
Maine. The citations which follow prove for the first
time, so far as the present writer is aware, that “tote"
has had at least a casual use in New England for over
a century and a quarter.
A complaint against Major Robert Beverly, that when this
country had (according to order) raised 60 men to be an out-
guard for the Governor: who not finding the Governor nor
their appointed Commander they were by Beverly commanded
to goe to work, fall trees and mawl and toat railes." — 1677,
“Virginia Magazine of History and Biography" (1894), II. 168.
ho
66
avem multonday Evening the Bardhebliche loro vermore Bernarding
LEGISLATIVE PROCESS IN INDUSTRIAL
AFFAIRS.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
In a review, by Mr. R. C. H. Catterall, of the book on
“Industrial Freedom,” printed in your last issue, I find
the following:
“The pleasing assumption that by legislative process we
can give to the poor a greater share of the product of capital
and labor, while not diminishing the aggregate production,
ought to reveal its inherent absurdity in the mere statement."
I suppose I am warranted in assuming that by the
term " the poor” is here meant, not the pauper nor the
chronic unemployed, but the class that economists call
the “
proletariat”; and I think I can show, if I may,
one or two reasons why the inherent absurdity of the
pleasing assumption referred to has not yet forced itself
upon legislators and others.
Mr. Thorold Rogers, in his “ Six Centuries of Work
and Wages,” pays particular attention to a certain law,
enacted during the reign of Edward III., called the
Statute of Laborers. It remained, we are told, prac-
tically a dead letter until the time of Elizabeth, when
the justices in Quarter Session were empowered to fix,
at stated periods, the rate of wages in husbandry and
the handicrafts. This law was enforced, and, in the
opinion of Mr. Thorold Rogers, it was one of the three
great causes which induced pauperism in England, and
brought the laborer down from the position where he
could earn a year's stock of food in fifteen weeks to the
position where a year's labor, Sundays included, would
hardly do it. Even allowing for Mr. Rogers's well-
known radicalism, it is hardly to be denied, by readers
of his book, that the legislative process which resulted in
abolishing this method of fixing wages resulted also in
giving to the laborer a greater share than before of the
product of capital and labor, and, instead of diminishing
the aggregate production, actually increased it.
Legislative process in England has also resulted in
the freedom of laboring men to organize for the purpose
of collective bargaining with their employers; and there
are those who will claim that trades unionism, which
has undeniably given the laborer a greater share of the
proceeds of industry, has not diminished the aggregate
production.
Finally, if we may (economically) class the writers of
philosophic books as members of the proletariat, I should
like to call attention to certain “ Views Concerning
Copyright,” promulgated by Mr. Herbert Spencer, and
recently printed in a book called “ Various Fragments,"
issued by Messrs. D. Appleton & Co. Mr. Spencer was
then, and apparently is still, of the opinion that the leg-
islative process called the Copyright Law has resulted
in reducing the prices of such books as his own, and has
given to the writers of such books a better return in
money for their labors, increasing the aggregate pro-
duction at the same time by encouraging philosophers to
still more superhuman efforts to get readers.
Those, therefore, who persist in the “inherent ab-
surdity" of assuming that legislation may, under certain
circumstances, beneficially influence the relations be-
tween capitalist and laborer, are not to be harshly con-
demned, but gently labored with, to the end that they
may abandon the heresies of Mr. Thorold Rogers and
Mr. Herbert Spencer.
Paul M. PAINE.
Syracuse, N. Y., Feb. 9, 1898.
sneaked down to Castle-William, where he lay that
Night. The next Morning he was toated on board the Rippon,
in a Canoe, or Tom-Cod Catcher, or some other small Boat."
- 1769, “ Boston Gazette," 7 August, 3.
“The fourth class of improprieties consist of local phrases
or terms. By these I mean such vulgarisms as prevail in one
part of a country and not in another. ... 7. Tot is used for
carry, in some of the southern states."—1781, J. Witherspoon,
“Works" (1802), IV. 469-470.
“We had taken the wrong road, and the Indian had lost os.
He had very wisely gone back to the Canadian's camp, and
asked him which way we had probably gone, since he could
better understand the ways of white men, and he told him
correctly that we had undoubtedly taken the supply road to
Chamberlain Lake (slender supplies they would get over such
a road at this season). The Indian was greatly surprised that
we should have taken what he called a 'tow' (i.e., tote or
toting or supply) road, instead of a carry path,- that we had
not followed his tracks, -- and said it was 'strange,' and evi-
dently thought little of our woodcraft.”—1857, H. D. Thoreau,
Maine Woods” (1894), 296–297.
“ Will the Atlantic Club have Dom Pedro as its guest ? It
has occurred to me that he would like it better than being
toted about, looking at Boston public buildings."—1876, J. G.
Whittier, in “Life and Letters" (1894), II. 621.
"Tote' has long been regarded as a word of African ori-
gin, confined to certain regions where negroes abound. A few
years ago Mr. C. A. Stephens, in a story, mentioned an old
tote road' in Maine. I wrote to inquire, and he told me that
certain old portage roads, now abandoned, bore that name.
[Here is cited the quotation above dated 1677.] ... Tote'
appears to have been a well-understood English word in the
seventeenth century. It meant then, as now, to bear. Bur-
lesque writers who represent a negro as 'toting a horse to
water' betray their ignorance. In Virginia English, the negro
carries 'the horse to water by making the horse 'tote' him."
- 1894, E. Eggleston, in " Century Magazine," October,
XLVIII. 874.
ALBERT MATTHEWS.
Boston, Mass., Feb. 10, 1898.


1898.]
107
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The New Books.
were brought to the United States and deposited
at the Smithsonian Institution, where all the
originals were destroyed by fire in 1865.
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.* He died in Genoa, Italy, June 27, 1829. He
In a noble quarto volume, conceived upon was never married. He bequeathed his estate
a plan and executed in a method commensurate
to his nephew, and to the children of his nephew
with its own character and dignity, the Smith if there should be any. Should the nephew die
sonian Institution presents the history of its without children and intestate, then the estate
inception and organization, and of its achieve should revert to the United States of America,
ments during the first half-century of its life. to found at Washington, under the name of
While engaged in the preparation of this vol-
the Smithsonian Institution, an Establishment
ume, two of its editors in succession, Dr. James for the increase and diffusion of knowledge
C. Welling, a Regent, and Dr. G. Brown Goode,
among men."
The nephew died without issue
Assistant Secretary of the Institution, passed in 1835.
into the silent land; but the work which one The proposed gift of Smithson was first pub-
had planned the other so nearly completed that licly announced in the United States by Presi-
it is issued almost without change as he left the
dent Jackson, in a message to Congress, dated
manuscript. The thirty chapters which make December 17, 1835. It was formally accepted
up the history bear the signatures of leading by an act of Congress, approved July 1, 1836.
specialists who have builded their own fame Ten years later the corporation or Establish-
while serving “ in the increase and diffusion of ment of the Smithsonian Institution was created
knowledge among men."
by an act approved August 10, 1846. The
In all respects the Smithsonian Institution act confided the management to prominent
has a peculiar history. James Smithson, its officers of the national government. The statu-
founder, born in 1765, was the son of Elizabethtory members of the corporation are the Presi-
Keate Macie, a widow, a kingwoman of the dent of the United States, the Vice-President,
Duke of Somerset, through whom she was
the Chief Justice, and the eight secretaries who
descended from Henry Seventh of England. form the President's cabinet. Subordinate to
His father, Hugh Smithson, failing in his this corporation is the active Board of Regents,
pledges to her, married her cousin, Elizabeth charged with the duty of conducting the busi-
Percy, and became the Duke of Northumber ness of the Institution. This Board consists of
land. Permission to assume the name of
the Vice-President and the Chief Justice, with
Smithson was granted to the son by Parlia three members of the Senate, three of the House
ment, after the death of his mother. He in of Representatives, and six citizens, no two of
herited the most of his property through his whom may be citizens of the same State, but
mother, from her son by a former marriage. two must be residents of the city of Washing-
The circumstances of his birth were bitterly ton.
The list of those who have served as
remembered by James Smithson. He wrote: Regents in the fifty years which have passed
“The best blood of England flows in my, veins. On
includes representative and distinguished men
my father's side I am a Northumberland, on my moth from every section of the nation, and their
er's I am related to kings; but this avails me not. My character is a sufficient explanation of the In-
name shall live in the memory of man when the titles of
stitution's success.
the Northumberlands and the Percys are extinct and
forgotten.”
The Regents elect a Secretary and clothe
Smithson was graduated as Master of Arts
him with authority as their executive officer.
from Pembroke College, Oxford, in 1786, and
He is charged with the disbursement of the
was admitted a Fellow of the Royal Society in
funds of the Institution, is the custodian of its
1787, as “a gentleman well versed in natural property, its librarian, and the curator of its
philosophy, and particularly in chemistry and museum. The office of Secretary of the Smith-
mineralogy,” Cavendish being one of his spon-
sonian Institution is doubtless the most dis-
sors. He contributed freely to the Philosoph- tinguished and responsible position to which an
ical Transactions and to the Anpals of Phil-
American scientist may aspire. Three persons
osophy. Two hundred manuscripts of his, with
have occupied this position in the half-century.
a large mass of detached notes and memoranda,
The first Secretary, serving from 1846 to
1878, in fact the organizer of the Institution,
*THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION : 1846–1896. The History
of its First Half Century. Edited by George Brown Goode.
was Joseph Henry. Born in 1799, Henry be-
Washington, D. C.: Published by the Institution.
came first known in 1827 by investigations
.
-


108
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
which he pursued while a teacher in an academy current indicated by a galvanometer. To this
at Albany, N. Y. His first great gift to science was added the bolograph, which photographi-
was the electro-magnet, made by winding a cally recorded the movements of the galvan-
conducting wire about a core of soft iron, and ometer needle. By means of this apparatus
available at places remote from the source of knowledge of the solar spectrum, and particu-
excitement. This discovery, made in 1829 or larly of its invisible portions, has been greatly
1830, was the one step needed to make tele increased. Professor Langley has also studied
graphy possible. By the consensus of scien with great care the phenomena of aerial loco-
tists, American and foreign, Henry was declared motion.
to be the one man to whom the organization of The funds received from the Smithson estate
the new Institution should be committed. In amounted originally to $550,000. By the ad-
1850, Spencer Fullerton Baird was appointed dition of accrued interest and savings, this sum
to aid Henry as Assistant Secretary. Henry
Henry has been increased to more than seven hundred
was distinctively a physicist ; Baird was a natu thousand dollars. Within a few years, dona-
ralist. In those days Congress was sending tions amounting to more than a quarter of a
numerous parties to explore the but partially million dollars have been added directly, so that
known areas which lay between the Mississippi the sum now lying to the credit of the endow-
River and the Pacific. All such parties were ment fund, mostly in the treasury of the United
accompanied by naturalists, who returned laden States, amounts to nearly one million dollars.
with collections in every scientific specialty, With the proceeds of this fund the operations
and these collections were by law deposited with of the Institution are mainly supported. It has
the Smithsonian Institution for examination, also been the recipient, indirectly, of large na-
classification, and report. For the supervision tional subsidies, and of abundant favors at the
of this work Professor Baird was eminently hands of railway, steamship, and other corpo-
fitted, as was shown in his own work upon the rations, and it has secured the aid of an army
birds of the United States, a quarto volume of of professors and students, who have given
more than a thousand pages. In 1871 the freely their labor, looking for no compensation
Fish Commission was organized, and Professor beyond the honor of its recognition and their
Baird was placed at its head. In 1878 he own love for science.
was elected to succeed Professor Henry as The will of Smithson directed that the pro-
Secretary. Dr. G. Brown Goode, who had ceeds of his bequest should be used “ for the
assisted in both offices, was appointed Fish increase and diffusion of knowledge among
Commissioner, the two offices thus being sepa men.” In his “ Plan of Organization ” Pro-
rated.
fessor Henry noted clearly that the terms “in-
Through the agency of Professor Baird, a crease" and " diffusion " are logically distinct,
large part of the scientific material exhibited and he urged that each should receive its literal
in 1876 at Philadelphia was transferred to the interpretation ; and
National Museum. To house this collection “ That the increase of knowledge should be effected
properly, a building of large capacity, although by the encouragement of original researches of the
not architecturally pretentious, was erected upon
highest character, and its diffusion by the publication of
the results of original research. That if preference
a site adjacent to that of the Smithsonian In.
be given to any brancbes of research, they should be to
stitution; and the two enterprises, though nomi the higher and more abstract, the discovery of new
nally distinct, have for some years been under principles rather than of isolated facts.”
the same management. Professor Baird passed He would have the Institution do nothing
away in 1887. He had already appointed
He had already appointed which could be equally well done through other
Samuel Pierpont Langley, then director of the agencies. He believed that local objects, as
Allegheny Observatory, to be First Assistant museums, libraries, and lectures, should not be
Secretary, and during the same year Professor supported by the Institution, and strongly op-
Langley became the third Secretary of the posed the erection of a costly building. He
Smithsonian Institution.
was not satisfied until the money which had
Professor Langley's fame rested chiefly upon been so used was by careful economy restored
the progress which he had made in astrophysical to the fund. He had the satisfaction, before
research directed especially to solar phenomena. he died, of seeing the library, which was becom-
His bolometer, an instrument of infinite deli- ing cumbersome, transferred to the Congres-
cacy, measured the minutest variations of tem sional Library; the Weather Bureau transferred
perature by their influence upon an electrical to the War Department; the National Museum


1898.]
109
THE DIAL
supported by direct appropriations, and the as the determination of a boundary, the location
resources of the Institution left comparatively of a railway, or the fixing of geodetic positions ;
free to be used for what he conceived to be its but the Smithsonian Secretary took care that
exclusive purpose.
each should be accompanied by an efficient
The series of papers included in this History, corps of scientific observers and collectors, and
prepared by specialists in the various fields cul that the abundant harvests which these gath-
tivated under the auspices of the Smithsonian ered should be discussed by competent experts.
Institution, show with what broad catholicity Thus were these explorations made to assist the
the fundamental principles laid down by Henry increase of knowledge.
have been interpreted and applied by the suc To make this knowledge effective and endur-
cessive secretaries. The work of research is ing, two further movements were necessary.
necessarily complemented by that of diffusion. The first provided for the preservation of the
Something must be learned before it can be material thus carefully investigated, and essen-
told; when thoroughly known, it cannot be told tially correlated to the knowledge acquired.
too soon nor distributed too widely. Hence Hence arose the necessity for a Museum which
the Smithsonian motto, PER ORBEM. Its fields should be national, both as to the source from
of investigation have been world wide ; its sub which its contents should be gathered, and as
sidies have been granted whenever there has to the completeness of its accumulations. A
been reasonable assurance that they would aid real museum is not a mere curiosity shop, but
in extending the boundaries of human knowl is a mass of carefully chosen material, scientifi-
edge. The realm of pure science was one of the cally determined and systematically arranged.
earliest to be occupied, in mathematics, physics, It is a means of giving to knowledge a concrete
and their applications in astronomy, geography, and crystalized identity, freed from the jug-
and especially in the development of electrical glery of phrases. It is a conservator of science.
science. The public generally, and men of As it must have a local habitation, its utility is
science too frequently, in view of the later and localized, yet its influence extends per
orbem.
more brilliant achievements of Morse and Bell In this view the National Museum must be
and Edison, forget that the prolific source of recognized as the coadjutor to and the supple-
all this subsequent progress was opened by the ment of the legitimate Smithsonian work. The
discoveries which Henry made or fostered. National Park is only a department of the
But the first two secretaries were not slow | Museum, adapted to living exhibits. A library,
to discern that a special opportunity lay before properly selected, becomes part of the appa-
the new Institution, one which must be seized ratus of scientific investigation. What more
promptly and pursued vigorously, or it would than this had once been accumulated has found
forever vanish. A vast area of virgin country a more suitable home with the National Library.
lay between the great river and the western So, also, have some elements of an Art Gallery
Its surface had not been carefully ex been transferred to the Corcoran collection.
plored, even geographically. Beneath it were The duty of the diffusion of knowledge is
unknown stores of minerals, precious and econo fulfilled in the varied issues of Smithsonian
mic. Above it plant and animal life adapted publications. Beginning with 1846, the Insti-
to horizons and conditions indefinitely varied. tution issued an annual report showing its con-
From one boundary to its opposite, this land ditions and operations, and from 1849 these
was strewed with the relics of one people sup- reports gave account of the progress of knowl-
posed to have quite faded away, and with the edge in the world. Since 1889 the issue of these
scanty possessions of another race whose dis- reports has been discontinued. The “Smith-
appearance could not be remote. Over this sonian Contributions to Knowledge
country the wave of settlement was already sist of thirty-two volumes of quarto form. To
rising with a resistless surge. In a few decades, these volumes nothing may be admitted " which
the Indian, with his customs, his homes, and does not furnish a positive addition to human
his implements, the buffalo and the grizzly, the knowledge resting on original research ; all
seal and the salmon, the forest and the prairie unverified speculation to be rejected.” A third
flower, would have vanished before the white series in octavo, now of thirty-eight volumes,
man's constructive and destructive march. The bears the title " Smithsonian Miscellaneous
decade beginning with 1850 showed great ac Collections." Much of the material so issued
tivity in explorations. These were usually un has been recast into forms especially useful to
dertaken for some purpose of national economy, scientists who are making collections or con-
sea.
CON-


110
(Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
and scope
ducting investigations. A series of proceedings see the ships sailing in and out of the harbor.
issued by the National Museum is now in its Below stairs was their father's office, where
nineteenth volume. The Museum has also they played among the heaps of cotton.
issued many bulletins and circulars of instruc “ Arthur used to do sums in the office lying on
tion. The Bureau of American Ethnology the piled-up pieces of cotton bagging. Miss
issues separate series of publications.
Clough retained the liveliest memories of her
As another means of distribution of knowl. early years in the South, and a striking trait
edge, the Smithsonian Institution has estab- of character is shown by the fact that she cor-
lished within itself a bureau of exchanges, by responded with one of her Charleston friends
means of which American scientific materials for the rest of her life, a period of fifty-six
may be distributed to European societies, and
years.
foreign books, instruments, etc., may be dis The Cloughs were too English to let their
tributed in this country, usually without cost. children go to school in Charleston, so the
In conclusion, it may be asserted that, con three boys were sent to England to be edu-
sidering the character of those who at all times cated; but beyond lessons from her mother,
have been the managers or the administrators of Anne Clough had no instruction. She never
the Smithsonian bequest; the variety, breadth, went to school. Upon her return to England,
of the interests fostered thereby ; the in 1836, Miss Clough eagerly sought every
amount of the work accomplished as well as its means of acquiring knowledge. A journal
preëminent quality — the Smithsonian Institu- kept at this time describes vividly the difficul-
tion reflects the highest honor upon its donor, ties and disappointments she met with. There
upon science, and upon the American people. were then few opportunities of education for
SELIM H. PEABODY. girls except in incoherent lessons from masters,
and Miss Clough's father was not able to pro-
vide private tuition for her. Indeed, it is
clear that she felt thus early the necessity of
A NOBLE WOMAN'S WORK FOR doing something for herself, for she seems to
WOMAN'S EDUCATION.*
have begun, in her seventeenth year, to visit
Perhaps no social movement of the time has and teach in a Welsh National School which her
made such rapid strides as the higher educa- father had helped to found. The Journal tells
tion of women. So closely has achievement of her ups and downs in teaching, of the books
pressed upon the heels of effort that even those she read, and of her relations to her brother
who are to the manner born find it difficult to Arthur. At one time she is getting up at six
keep the pace. Necessarily the history is varied o'clock to study before going to her school; she
and complicated, so that a clear presentation had stinted herself to do in a month,
of one phase of it, such as Miss B. A. Clough “One book of Euclid, as far as the 80th page, in the
has given in her pleasing Memoir of her aunt,
Greek grammar, translate book ii. of Virgil from the
German, read 2nd and 3rd volumes of Milman's His-
late Principal of Newnham College, is most
tory of the Jews, Milton over again, and the second vol-
welcome.
une of Wordsworth."
Anne Jemima Clough was born January 20, Another entry, January, 1844, is :
1820, in Liverpool, where her father, of an old
“ Have been reading Trench's poems, which are
Welsh county family, had established himself
beautiful, also in the last year Moultrie's and Tenny-
as a cotton merchant. This business brought son's, some of Shakspere's plays, The Last of the
him to the United States, and in 1822 he Barons (a disagreeable book), The Hour and the Man,
removed his family to Charleston, which was
Lives of Celebrated Scotchmen, some of Cowper, a few
their home for the next fourteen years.
of Newman's sermons, and Arnold's; the last, the new
volume, are beautiful."
Anne's childhood was thus passed in an Ameri-
can Southern city; and a happy childhood it
It was Arthur Clough who had brought to
was, as she described it in the reminiscences
her from Oxford the poems of Moultrie and
contributed, in 1869, to the memoir of her Tennyson. She had a quite special affection
and admiration for this brother, whom she
brother, Arthur Hugh Clough. Their home
was an ugly red brick house on the East Bay,
calls her - best friend and adviser.” He dis-
from whose nursery windows the children could
cussed with her questions large and small, now
disestablishment or eternal punishment, and
*A MEMOIR OF ANNE JEMIMA CLOUGH, Late Principal of
Newnham College, Cambridge. By her niece, B. A. Clough.
now the best way to treat a case of pilfering
New York: Edward Arnold.
among her poor children. He realized the un-


1898.]
111
THE DIAL
>>
over
rest of her life, her longing for some adequate It is not generally known that the whole
outlet for her pent-up energies ; and for this scheme of University Extension originated
reason he encouraged her work among the with Miss Clough in a modest "hint" towards
poor. But he thought her ardor in this direc the betterment of girls' schools. The most
tion excessive, and he seems to have had little or striking idea in the paper was the suggestion
no conception of her peculiar ability. This is of courses of lectures in large towns for girls
what he wrote to her about her studies : and women, to be given by University men,
“I will consider the subject you speak of, my dear. with syllabuses and examinations. This sug-
On the whole, I should incline to study arithmetic and
gestion was the origin of the association known
grammar, perhaps; but you must remember that a
as the North of England Council for Promot-
great advantage is given by any sort of cultivation
(music, drawing, dancing, German, French, etc.) for ing the Higher Education of Women, which,
intercourse with the poor."
in 1867, started courses of lectures for women
It was happily said during the recent contest
in Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield, and
for degrees for women in Oxford, “if there
Leeds. The lectures succeeded from the first,
is any peculiar affinity between French and
and their establishment in the two University
music, often badly taught, and the minds of
towns was the practical beginning of the
women, it has never been demonstrated by the women's colleges there. University Extension
advocates of the fine-lady type of education.”
is the popularization of the movement.
Miss Clough continued to grope about for an
Another matter to which the North of
opportunity of giving practical shape to her England Council gave its attention turned out
ideas. Of her own education she writes: “I
also to be of wider import than was at first
always feel the defects of my education most
intended. This was the establishment of a
painfully when I go out.” Her lack of train. satisfactory examination for
women
ing for her work she sought to correct by eighteen years of age, with the view especially
attending one or two different training schools of testing teachers. The University of Cam-
in London. Among her brother's friends bridge received favorably the memorial of the
whom she met there was Francis Turner Pal-
Council on this subject, and appointed a syn-
grave, of whom she says:
dicate which drew up a scheme of examina-
“I wondered to hear Mr. Palgrave talk about
tions, to last provisionally for three years. At
women as if only those like Lady Maria in Arthur's the end of that time the examinations were
story are to be admired. I don't much fancy men made permanent; and when, two years later,
often understand women; they don't know how restless men applied for admission to them, the name
and weary they get."
was changed from Women's Examinations to
The result of Miss Clough’s studies in teach- the Higher Local Examinations. Since then
ing was the establishment, at Ambleside, West- the Higher Local has alternated with the his-
moreland, of a school for the children of trades- toric Little Go as an entrance examination to
people and farmers. This school she conducted the University, and it is considered the better
successfully for the ten years from 1852 to test of the two, as based on modern conditions
1862; and it was what she learned here of the in education.
defects of Middle-Class Education, especially With the growth of the University idea in
for girls, that led finally to her great achieve this country, the affiliated college, whether as
ments in advancing education for women in a school of medicine or law, or a school for
England. Her thoughts began to take definite women, has become familiar. It is not neces-
form in a remarkable paper, entitled “ Hints sary to trace the history of Newnham College,
on the Organization of Girls' Schools,” which from its small beginning, in 1871, as a rented
she contributed to “ Macmillan's Magazine,” in house of residence for fine women attending
October, 1866. This short paper contains in private lectures, to its present commanding
germ much that has since been done in England position. Women were first admitted of right
for the secondary and higher education of to the Tripos Examinations in 1881; the
It described the inadequate state of Principal's Report for 1894, thirteen years
girls' schools of all kinds, and attributed the later, states that Newnham College stood third
evil in large measure to the fact that there was in the University in the number of students
no standard by which schools for girls could be who took honors. It was outranked only by
tested. A plan of improvement was then St. John's and Trinity, the two largest colleges
sketched out, which, curiously enough, has for men, both old and wealthy foundations.
developed into two widely different results. This is a great achievement; but the unique
women.


112
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
personality of the woman who brought it began her work at Newnham. Twenty-five
about was even greater. In the first place, years before, in 1846, her Journal records :
paradoxical as it may seem, Miss Clough was “We [Arthur and Anne) had a great deal of con-
not naturally a student, nor even an intellec versation about various things, principally about our
tual woman. Though she had a strong sense
future plans; the necessity, or rather the great benefit,
of humor, her niece notes her insensibility to
of women finding work, and considering it a duty to do
so, and also whether they are at liberty to choose their
its intellectual forms, to humorous fancy, or to own paths in some cases (I mean single women), with-
wit. She had great respect for learning, and out reference to their families.”
sometimes expressed it in a wholly unexpected And again :
way,
as when she said of a student who had
“ Had various discussions about married and single
been disappointed in not obtaining a high life, and one long talk with Jane Claude about work-
class in the Mathematical Tripos, “Mathe- ing. Told her some of my notions about its being
matics is a deceiving subject.” She was most
She was most right in certain cases to quit even one's father and
of all interested in human life, and her devo-
mother and family for work as well as for a busband.”
tion to education grew out of that. She looked The quarter of a century during which
upon education as the best possible preparation these ideas had been revolving in her mind
for life, and she saw no reason why women was one of great awakening in thought, and
should not be prepared for the world's work as women had shared perforce the inheritance of
well as men. That was so simple to her own men. Mary Carpenter and Florence Nightin-
mind as to be axiomatic.
gale had opened up new lines of social activity
Those who knew her sometimes wondered for women ; Mrs. Browning and George Eliot
how a woman so practical and so optimistic had shown with renewed vigor that there is no
could have been the sister of a poet who, with
sex in literature; those women, like Charlotte
all his tenderness and humor, is commonly Brontë and Mrs. Jameson and Harriet Mar-
regarded as being introspective, sad, and skep tineau and Mary Somerville, who advocated
tical. While Arthur Clough seems to have
the political enfranchisement of women, had
been asking himself, doubtfully, whether there found a parliamentary leader of the first rank
was “aught that was worth the doing," or the
in John Stuart Mill. There could be no
saying either, for that matter, her life was a longer any doubt that a sound education is a
continual assertion of the worth of doing, even
good thing for a woman to have. What
in small things. But there was far more
remained was to prove the feasibility of get-
spiritual kinship between them than at first ting it; and that, in England, involved bring-
appears. Clough's mind ran mainly on moral ing over the great universities to the novel
and social questions. Mr. Humphry Ward | idea that it is the business of a university to
says of him, that “it was the warmth of his educate the human race. The selection of
feelings, the width of his sympathies, the fine-
Miss Clough to perform this delicate and
ness of his physical sensibilities that made him difficult task at Cambridge was due to the
a poet,” and that it was “his extraordinary wisdom and foresight of Professor Henry
union of sincerity and sympathy that most Sidgwick, who knew the situation and the
endeared him to his friends." Sympathy and woman. Miss Clough disarmed criticism from
sincerity were marked traits of character in the start. She was not learned, she was not
Miss Clough. But hers was undoubtedly the aggressive; she was so afraid of saying too
stronger spirit. The
“ Ambarvalia,"
the much that she said very little; she was an
“Amours de Voyage,” all are pierced with the entirely inoffensive person. On the other
pain and mystery of life, for which the poet hand, she had prestige, a quick intelligence,
offers no alleviation and no solution. The great powers of organization, unfailing tact,
passion that stirred the sister's life to rich and an indomitable persistence. She gained
fruition was the narrowness of the lives of no point by direct assault, but when an advan-
women. She often spoke of the many new
tage fell in her way she was always ready to
openings for women, and referred pathetically
make the most of it, and she never lost ground.
to what the young women of her own time had
She herself expressed, with singular poetic in-
suffered from lack of training and opportunity. sight, her own manner of working :
To a friend who was impatient for happiness,
“ It seems to me that to be quiet and to be active,
she said gently: “You should not expect hap-
or, rather, to be quietly active, constantly going on
with untiring energy, and yet so softly as scarcely to
piness, my dear; I had to wait for mine till I
be perceptible, this seems to me to be an approach
was fifty.” She was nearly fifty-two when she towards perfection. And this lesson we learn from


1898.]
113
THE DIAL
Nature, which is unceasingly and yet imperceptibly such sayings are scattered throughout this book,
changing.”
and many more doubtless are to be had from
This is precisely how her work impressed her letters to her students. Some of the best
those who came to know it intimately, like of them here are on work.
that of Nature, so silent, gradual, barely per “There is great enjoyment in work. . . . Work puts
ceptible, apparently unconscious it was. us into connection with others, it gives us interest and
Innumerable little touches throughout the
experience, and scope for our affections."
« If one can only do one's work well, one may bear
book restore Miss Clough to her students “in
anything."
her habit as she lived." There is her busy « Do not be afraid of humble work, whatever it may
mind overflowing with suggestions and expedi- be. Take what comes and put your minds to it. But I
ents of all sorts, sometimes whimsically impos- advise you always to try for leisure, and contemplate
sible, but oftener the very best thing to do in
your work, and avoid slavery."
any given circumstances. She had accumu-
No one but Miss Clough could have summed
lated an inexhaustible fund of practical wis- up the good of a three years' University course
dom, and her wide acquaintance with people with “ My dear, you will be able to amuse them
enabled her to fit together the most diverse
better when you go home,” — which, says the
interests. For a student going to the Lake student, “is exactly what I had to try and do.”
Country and expecting to take a certain walk
Miss Clough died at Newnham College,
over the fells, through a perfectly safe but February 27, 1892. Among the flowers that
rather wild region, she knew the last house on
were laid on her grave, near that of Henry
the road where definite information could be Fawcett, in Grantchester churchyard, were two
had for the rest of the way. She advised a
wreaths that the Newnham women felt pecu-
party of students who proposed to spend a
liarly grateful for. One came from Mr. Glad-
vacation travelling slowly through the south of
stone and one from the aged poet Tennyson.
England, to apply to the local postmasters for
The frontispiece of the present Memoir is an
good lodgings, a plan that was found to work admirable picture of Miss Clough reproduced
admirably well. She was a great believer in
from a photograph by Mrs. Frederick W. H.
the benefit of change. She thought Wesleyan
Myers. It ought to be dated.
ministers “must get a wide view of the world
MARY AUGUSTA SCOTT.
and of people," and she suggested a similar
interchange of cures between town and coun-
try clergy. So she writes to a teacher, suffer-
THOMAS AND MATTHEW ARNOLD.*
ing from the climate of India:
“I wish some of our English women of leisure
The educational unrest of the present is both
would undertake to do work abroad for a couple of
an evil and a blessing. We think of it as a
years. . . . I should like to make a circle of teachers blessing when we realize how much more earn-
moving round.”
estly than ever before the problems of teaching
She encouraged her students to undertake work are being attacked, how many more high capaci-
in distant lands, if only for a few years; and ties are being given to the work, how rational
she was always delighted to receive foreign and effective have been some of our recent
students at Newnham. Apart from the good pedagogical advances. But the shield has an-
they might gain, she thought they did good by other side, and current pedagogy may well
bringing in fresh life and widening the other
seem little more than an evil to him who ob-
students' horizons. For American students serves the growing influence of shallow theor-
she had a special regard; her knowledge of
ists and charlatans, the random experimentation
American democracy was unusually intelligent, done at the expense of thousands of luckless
and she readily appreciated the savoir faire of children, and the dreary flow of words without
the American college women who came to her. knowledge that gushes forth at so many an
Possibly it may have been sometimes that they “educational ” gathering and fills the pages of
seemed to possess the earth, as it had been in ARNOLD OF RUGBY: His School Life and Contributions
her own heart to do at their age.
to Education. Edited by J.J. Findlay, M.A. New York:
The Macmillan Co.
What she would have called “ a useful little
THOMAS AND MATTHEW ARNOLD, and Their Influence on
book” might be made by collecting her wise English Education. By Sir Joshua Fitch, M.A., LL.D.
sayings, clothed always in simple, homely New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
words; for although her ideas were sometimes
SELECTIONS FROM THE PROSE WRITINGS OF MATTHEW
ARNOLD. Edited, with Notes and an Introduction, by Lewis
poetical, she had no gift of expression. Many E. Gates. New York : Henry Holt & Co.


114
[Feb. 16,
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so many a pedagogical periodical. These things discipline, the study of his life-work cannot be
make one look back longingly to a time when other than inspiring, and it is easy to separate
education was more human because less scien. the dross of his pedagogical doctrine from its
tific, when it was conceived of as the contact of pure gold. In a famous passage, he once spoke
mind with mind rather than as the mechanical of physical science in the following terms:
application of a system of pedagogy.
“ Rather than have it the principal thing in
The name of Thomas Arnold is deservedly my son's mind, I would gladly have him think
famous in the history of education, but many that the sun went round the earth, and that the
of our modern educators are so “ advanced” stars were so many spangles set in the bright
in their own conceit, so excited over the pos-
blue firmament." This is an extreme form of
session of the new toy which they call psychology, statement, but it embodies a fundamental prin-
that they would doubtless find it surprising to ciple of sound educational theory, and, what is
be told, in all seriousness, that Arnold's atti- just now more to the point, it illustrates the
tude toward the fundamental problems of edu- tenacity with which Arnold held to the essen.
cation was a more enlightened one than is easily tials of his system. His conviction was abso-
to be found among educators of the present day. lute that some subjects are of more importance
We do not express this opinion outright, but than others, and the case for the classics was
we assert that it is at least an arguable matter. never put more cogently than in the following
Who in our own time, for example, has formu sentences from an article written by Arnold in
lated a finer expression of the pedagogical ideal 1834 for “ The Quarterly Journal of Educa-
than may be found in this passage from a letter
written by Arnold in 1836 to Mr. Justice Expel Greek and Latin from your schools, and you
Coleridge?
confine the views of the existing generation to them-
selves and their immediate predecessors: you will cut
“I am sure that the more active my own mind is, and off so many centuries of the world's experience, and
the more it works upon great moral and political points, place us in the same state as if the human race had first
the better for the school; not, of course, for the folly
come into existence in the year 1500. . . . The mind
of proselytizing the boys, but because education is a
of the Greek and of the Roman is in all the essential
dynamical, not a mechanical, process, and the more
points of its constitution our own; and not only so, but
powerful and vigorous the mind of the teacher, the more
it is our own mind developed to an extraordinary degree
clearly and readily he can grasp things, the better fitted
of perfection. Aristotle, and Plato, and Thucydides,
he is to cultivate the mind of another. And to this I
and Cicero, and Tacitus, are most untruly called ancient
find myself coming more and more : I care less and writers; they are virtually our own countrymen and
less for information, more and more for the pure exer contemporaries, but have the advantage which is en-
cise of the mind; for answering a question concisely joyed by intelligent travellers, that their observation
and comprehensively, for showing a command of lan has been exercised in a field out of the reach of com-
guage, a delicacy of taste, and a comprehensiveness of mon men; and that having thus seen in a manner with
thought and power of combination."
our eyes what we cannot see for ourselves, their con-
We have made this extract from a volume
clusions are such as bear upon our own circumstances,
while their information has all the charm of novelty,
recently edited by Mr. J.J. Findlay, a volume
and all the value of a mass of new and pertinent facts,
which ought to find its way into the hands of illustrative of the great science of the nature of civil-
every teacher. It is entitled “ Arnold of Rugby: ized man.”
His School Life and Contributions to Educa Essentially sound as were the chief positions
tion.” It contains, besides the editorial pre maintained by Thomas Arnold during his career
face, an introductory chapter by the Bishop of as an educator, they had, of course, accidental
Hereford, a biographical notice with extracts features that it would not be well to insist upon
from Arnold's letters, a reprint of those sections overmuch after the lapse of half a century.
of Stanley's “Life” which deal with the school Fortunately, however, the name of Arnold was
work at Laleham and Rugby, a selection from destined to be bound up with the history of
the sermons preached by Arnold at Rugby English education for another generation, and
Chapel, Arnold's miscellaneous essays on edu the more famous son of the famous Master of
cational topics, and a bibliography. In other Rugby was an example of the rare type of man
words, the work supplies, within the compass who can recognize, with exquisite discernment,
of a single volume of moderate dimensions, the the legitimate demands of the Zeitgeist, while
material for a very thorough knowledge of Ar- holding, in the main, to a well-approved con-
nold's educational methods and ideals. Narrow servative ideal. Matthew Arnold's position in
as Arnold was in some ways, and almost fanat- English literature was so distinguished that his
ical as he was in his insistence upon the injec- admirers are apt to forget that the poet and
tion of dogmatic theology into his system of critic was also an educator of the first rank,
I


1898.]
115
THE DIAL
18 m
and that a large share of his best activities was famous schoolboy classic, but it is not without
given to the inspection of schools, the marking justification, and has peculiar interest from the
of examination papers, and the preparation of fact that it is presented, in a way, as reflecting
those official reports which, while omitted from Matthew Arnold's own opinion.
the uniform editions of his works, are never Sir Joshua quotes one passage from Matthew
theless to be reckoned among the classics of Arnold which has a pathetic personal interest.
pedagogical literature. It is for calling re It is from the preface to the little volume of
newed attention to these writings that we are “ Bible Reading for Schools,” which was never
chiefly thankful to Sir Joshua Fitch, who has used, as far as the writer knows, in any
school
prepared for the “Great Educators” series a whatever.
volume entitled “Thomas and Matthew Arnold
“For anyone who believes in the civilizing power of
and Their Influence on English Education.” letters, and often talks of this belief, to think that he
The book is written in a spirit of generous
has for more than twenty years got his living by inspect-
ing schools for the people, has gone in and out among
sympathy, and is pleasant reading from first to
them, has seen that the power of letters never reaches
last. The chapters devoted to Arnold père them at all, and that the whole study of letters is thereby
duplicate the substance of Mr. Findlay's com discredited, and its power called in question, and yet
pilation, and emphasize much the same aspects
bas attempted nothing to remedy this state of things,
of Arnold's activity. The chapters that take
cannot but be vexing and disquieting. He may truly
say, like the Israel of the prophet, . We have not wrought
up the work of Arnold fils afford a well-con-
any deliverance in the earth!' and he may well desire
sidered and judicial estimate of the poet who to do something to pay his debt to popular education
was also an inspector of schools, and whet the before he finally departs, and to serve it, if he can, in
appetite for his educational books by making
that point where its need is sorest, where he has always
said its need was sorest, and where, nevertheless, it is as
many happy extracts from their pages.
sore still as when he began saying this twenty years ago.
The spirit in which Arnold did his official
Even if what he does cannot be of service at once, owing
work is made clear by such a statement as this : to special prejudices and difficulties, yet these preju-
“ If he saw little children looking good and happy,
dices and difficulties years are almost sure to dissipate,
and under the care of a kindly and sympathetic teacher,
and the work may be of service hereafter."
he would give a favourable report, without inquiring “Of service hereafter.' Yes, in many ways
too curiously into the percentage of scholars who could
of which a man can himself hardly conceive,
pass the standard'examination. He valued the elemen-
tary schools rather as centres of civilization and refin work done for education in Matthew Arnold's
ing influence than as places for enabling the maximum spirit is sure to make its influence felt. That
number of children to spell and write, and to do a given spirit, embodied in Arnold's many volumes of
number of sums without a mistake."
poetry and prose, is working like a leaven in
Of peculiar interest is Arnold's reported opin. thousands of generous minds, each of them in
ion concerning the “ Tom Brown” view of turn bringing others into its beneficent contact.
school life at Rugby.
Hence we welcome to the educational workshop
“ As Matthew Arnold once said to me, the story has such books as the two already discussed in this
been praised quite enough, for it gives only one side,
article, as well as the small volume of “Selec-
and that not the best side, of Rugby school life, or of
Arnold's character. It gives the reader the impression
tions from the Prose Writings of Matthew
that it is the chief business of a public school to produce Arnold,” which Professor Lewis E. Gates has
a healthy animal, to supply him with pleasant companions just edited for school use. The selections em-
and faithful friends, to foster in him courage and truth brace " what is most characteristic in Arnold's
fulness, and for the rest to teach as much as the regu-
lations of the school enforce, but no more. It is to be
criticism of literature and life," his best
feared that Hughes's own boyhood was not spent with thoughts on style, translation, the function of
the best set at Rugby. ... His typical school-boy is criticism, the place of science in education, the
seen delighting in wanton mischief, in sport, in a fight, antithesis of Hebraism and Helenism, the doc-
and even in a theft from a farm-yard, distinguished trine of " sweetness and light,” and the argu-
frequently by insolence to inferiors, and even by coarse-
ness and brutality, but not by love of work or by any
ment for “ the not ourselves " as the basis of a
strong interest in intellectual pursuits. . . . This pic- rational religious belief. There are about a
ture of a public school, in spite of its attractive features score of selections altogether, filling nearly three
and of its unquestionable power and reality, will prob- hundred pages, and followed by some fifty pages
ably be quoted in future years as illustrating the low
standard of civilization, the false ideal of manliness, and
of notes. The book is a companion to the ed-
the deep-seated indifference to learning for its own sake itor's similar volume devoted to Newman, and
which characterized the upper classes of our youth in is provided, like its predecessor, with an elabo-
the early half of the nineteenth century."
rate introductory essay. This essay is deserv-
This is a somewhat unusual view to take of the ling of very high praise. It is artfully contrived


116
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
to present a conspectus of the whole circle of editors reveals only English and German speak.
Arnoldian ideas, yet there is no suggestion of ing scholars. Then “ We are the people,” and
pedantic formalism in the treatment; it is grace- do other nationalities go for naught in biblical
ful, acute, subtle in suggestion, full of delicate scholarship?
felicities of expression, and altogether the most This spectrum Bible is to be a translation
satisfactory critical discussion of Arnold with into modern English of a revised Hebrew text.
which we are acquainted. A part of the closing It is to be so clear and intelligible as to do away
paragraph may be copied here to illustrate the with glossaries, commentaries, etc. It is to be
quality of the whole.
a work not for scholars only, but " for the peo-
“ He accepts — with some sadness, it is true, and ple.” To indicate to “the people,
”- the results
yet genuinely and generously — the modern age, with of modern biblical criticism as to the different
its scientific bias and its worldly preoccupations; hu-
sources from which some of the Old Testament
manist as he is, half-romantic lover of an elder time, he
yet masters his regret over what is disappearing and
Books have been made up, the [English] text
welcomes the present loyally. Believing, however, in is printed on variously colored backgrounds
the continuity of human experience, and above all in exhibiting the composite structure of the books."
the transcendent worth to mankind of its spiritual ac-
To these visual delights are added illustrations
quisitions, won largely through the past domination of
Christian ideals, he devotes himself to preserving the
of the monuments of Egypt and Assyria, of
quintessence of this ideal life of former generations, and biblical sites, etc. If these predictions and
insinuating it into the hearts and imaginations of men of pledges are all fulfilled we shall have the most
a ruder age. He converts himself into a patient medi marvellous and most welcome and most useful
ator between the old and the new. Herein he contrasts
with Newman on the one hand, and with the modern religious work of the century — the quintes-
devotees of astheticism on the other hand. . . Arnold,
sence of modern biblical scholarship, modern
with a temperament perhaps as exacting as either of literary English with ample explanatory notes
these other temperaments, takes life as it offers itself and illustrations, and the banishment of com-
and does his best with it. He sees and feels its crude-
mentaries.
ness and disorderliness; but he has faith in the instincts
that civilized men have developed in common, and finds
The appearance of three volumes of this series
in the working of these instincts the continuous, if irreg-
is hailed with peculiar satisfaction. With a
ular, realization of the ideal.”
lively interest we dip into their pages. Their
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE. chromatic and pictorial character lightens the
appearance of the task, and gives them at first
sight an air of popularity. We discover that
each volume has the same twelve pages of
THE POLYCHROME BIBLE.*
“ Introductory Remarks," in which the reader
The white light of Holy Writ has passed is dazed by two full pages, and double columned
through a prism of “ eminent biblical scholars," at that, of abbreviations; and “the people
and has been broken into the colors of the here ascertain, as they must if they are to read
critical spectrum. This process has been an these volumes, the signification of J, E, JE,
nounced in laudatory terms through many chan-D, E, E2, H, and a lot of other alphabetic
nels for the last five years. We have been told symbols.
that this will be the focal point of modern bib The volume on Judges uses a full set of seven
lical scholarship, and in these terms: "The Poly-colors, and also italics, to designate the different
chrome Bible will have the unique distinction strata of documents originating from the ninth
of representing the united Biblical scholarship century down into post-exilic times. Chapter VI.
of the civilized world.” Of the civilized world! alone exhibits six colors or backgrounds — six
An examination of the staff of thirty-eight documents pieced together with amazing inge-
*THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS :
nuity. Professor Cheyne's Isaiah, rather group
A New English Translation, with Explanatory Notes and of Isaiahs, is both a critical analysis by colors,
Pictorial Illastrations. Prepared by eminent Biblical Scholars
and a tearing up and a new arrangement of the
of Europe and America, and edited, with the assistance of
Horace Howard Furness, by Paul Haupt, Professor in Johns
entire book. There is nothing like it in all the
Hopkins University, Baltimore. New York: Dodd, Mead field of biblical criticism. It is subjective, eru-
& Co.
dite, and revolutionary. The volume on the
THE BOOK OF JUDGES. By the Rev. G. F. Moore, D.D.,
Professor in Andover Theological Seminary.
Psalms is not polychrome at all. It is a straight-
THE BOOK OF PSALM8: With an Appendix on The Music of forward white-page translation of the Psalter.
the Ancient Hebrews. By J. Wellhausen, D.D. English A translation into modern English is one
Translation of the Psalms by H. H. Furness.
THE BOOK OF THE PROPHET ISAIAH. By the Rev. T. K.
great aim of this series. These three books are
Cheyne, D.D.
quite enough to test the results. Of course,


1898.]
117
THE DIAL
the age-worn and smooth-sounding phrases of
SOME RECENT BOOKS ON EDUCATION.*
the Authorized and Revised Versions are missed,
but in many passages, particularly in the Psalms, The latest addition to “ The Great Educators "
series is a volume on “Horace Mann and the
they are replaced by expressive and pithy mod-
ern English. This indeed is not always the
Common-School Revival in the United States," by
case. The beauty and clearness of translation, given us an interesting, a judicious, and a capable
Professor B. A. Hinsdale. Professor Hinsdale has
however, is sometimes marred by the element
sketch of this great educator, and of the common-
of emendation or conjecture which underlies it.
school revival in which he bore so large a part.
The lay reader is often in doubt as to whether There is also a well-considered and valuable résumé
what he reads faithfully represents the original of the progress of elementary education in the
or is a conjectural emendation of the editor. United States for the first two centuries of its his-
Again, what timorous motive led the editors to tory. Professor Hinsdale naturally gives most
put into the English translation such an un-
attention to Mann's labors as Secretary of the Mas-
pronounceable combination as JHVH? Why sachusetts State Board of Education. During the
twelve
not say either Jehovah or Jahweh ?
years he held this post he effected little less
than a revolution in common-school education in
“ The explanatory notes ” are critical, topo-
that state, and his manifold self-sacrificing labors
graphical, and sometimes exegetical. But the
are set forth with clearness and with considerable
pictures are only fair to medium- are not new, fulness. One chapter is devoted to a very useful
but are found in other works, and some of them summary of Mann's famous Reports to the Board
even reveal the hand of a late redactor, and of Education. The author concludes this chapter
still the colors are missing.
by the remark that these documents present Mann
It should perhaps be said that no one of the
to the world “as an educational statesman rather
editors of the volumes already issued would
than a philosophical educator or a trained peda-
dogmatically say that his statements are final ; gogist.”. “The reports are among the best existing
in fact, “ probable" is as strong a word as he expositions, if, indeed, they are not the very best
would use.
The volumes represent, not “the
ones, of the practical benefits of a common-school
education both to the individual and the State.
united Biblical scholarship of the civilized
The student or educator, the journalist or politician,
world," but each volume represents the scholar-
who is seeking the best arguments in favor of
ship of one man, with marks of a redactor's popular education, will find them here.” The
hand. They give us, visually, the analysis of book contains a selected bibliography. Altogether
the Old Testament as made by some of the the work is a well-written and trustworthy account
most advanced schools of critics. Scientific of perhaps the greatest hero in American educa-
students in literary and historical fields, and
tional history.
all Bible students, can now test the literary and
Professor Thwing, of Adelbert University, has
historical methods and conclusions of these lately added to his already considerable list of
books on college subjects a work entitled “The
“ eminent scholars." The Polychrome Bible,
American College in American Life.” In this
with its technicalities, its analyses, its critical
volume he aims to bring the American college
standards, will be of value to scholars only; into closer relationship with American life, and —
ordinary Sunday-school or Bible-class teachers
so far as may be — to bring American life into a
will find little if any interest in it. The popular more vital touch with the American college."
features in illustration, in luxurious initial | Hence he is concerned chiefly with the college, not
pieces, and chapter closings, will not outweigh as producing scholars, but men of affairs and citi.
its technique, will not make it a book “ for the zens, and as a general fitting-school for any worthy
people.” At present estimates, the Old Testa-
An interesting chapter is given to “Cer-
ment alone will cost in twenty volumes about
tain Present Conditions," and the question is dis-
$40 — not too much if it should fulfil all the *HORACE MANN, and the Common-School Revival in the
United States. By B. A. Hinsdale, Ph.D., LL.D. New
promises made for it. But it falls far short,
York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
and bids fair now to be a scholarly work by THE AMERICAN COLLEGE IN AMERICAN LIFE. By Presi-
“eminent scholars,” and of real value through-
dent Charles Thwing. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
THE TEACHING OF MORALITY. By Sophie Bryant, D.Sc.
out to scholars only. IRA M. PRICE. New York: The Macmillan Co.
THE STUDY OF CHILDREN. By Francis Warner, M.D.
New York: The Macmillan Co.
BELL's popular series of guide-books to the English
CHILDREN'S Ways. By James Sully, M.A., LL.D. New
York: D. Appleton & Co.
cathedrals has just been made to include a monograph
THOUGHTS AND THEORIES OF LIFE AND EDUCATION. By
on “The Cathedral Church of Exeter” (Macmillan), J. L. Spalding. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co.
written by Mr. Percy Addleshaw, and richly illustrated BIBLIOGRAPHY OF EDUCATION. By W. S. Monroe, A.B.
from photographs.
New York: D. Appleton & Co.
career.


118
[Feb. 16,
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cussed, among others, as to whether we have too be understood and applied with ease by any reader.
many colleges. The author decidedly thinks we As an example of Dr. Warner's method of expound-
have too many, and that every effort should be ing his subject, we quote a paragraph from the
made “to prevent the foundation of more colleges; Introductory Chapter. “A boy, eight years of age, in
to unite, if it be possible, certain ones of those now preparatory school, was said to be so dull at learn-
existing; to strengthen the colleges already well ing Latin that it was thought impossible to continue
endowed, well established, and well situated,- to the attempt to teach him. He was healthy and
make these not only great but the greatest possible.” well made; he showed no signs of mental defect,
It is to be noted that President Thwing neither and was, otherwise, quick and bright. He bad
here nor elsewhere seems to consider the relation learned to read well, and read story books for
of college to university in reference to this question.
this question. pleasure. I noticed that, in reading, he followed
Perhaps an ideal apportionment would be one the words on the printed line by moving his head,
high-school to every ten thousand population, one not moving his eyes in their orbits ; this did well
college to every hundred thousand, and one univer- enough for story-reading, when he skipped much
sity to every million. Other chapters deal with of the page. Moving the head in place of turning
such topics as college religion and morals, college the eyes did not admit of sufficient accuracy for
expenses, difficulties and dangers of college life, studying Latin. Some attention to eye-drill soon
etc.; and finally there is an optimistic chapter on removed all the difficulty complained of, and the
the future of the American college. The volume is, boy made good progress.
This cause of mental
as a whole, a good conspectus, and will be especi dullness serves to illustrate the usefulness to teach-
ally serviceable to all who have to do with college ers of personal observation.”
administration.
Another book on Child Study is Professor James
The " Teaching of Morality," by Sophie Bryant, Sully's “Children's Ways," an abridgment of his
D.Sc., is a brief but suggestive handbook for
work on
“Studies of Childhood," made to suit
teachers and parents. The opening chapter is a “the requirements of the general reader.” This
close philosophical and psychological treatment of book consists mainly of anecdotes dealing with
“Moral Education in General,” followed by chap children who have attained some command of
ters on the “Intellectual and Moralizing Processes
language.
The work is a compilation, largely from
Involved in the Study of Morality,” on the “Prin Stanley Hall and other American observers; but it
ciples of Teaching," and on “Virtuous Character” is not a very clear or well connected whole. In his
and “Social Membership.” Great stress is laid on efforts at popularizing, Professor Sully sometimes
initiative, on leading the pupil to a stage of rational assumes a certain condescension which is uncalled
self-activity. The whole book shows a clear insight, for either by the subject or by the reader. Some
based on both experience and reflection ; and we of Professor Sully's remarks will doubtless seem
regret that a large portion is so condensed, abstract, questionable, both to the general reader and
and dry, that it must fail of the widest service. A advanced student, — as when he assures us that
single sentence is worth quoting as giving some idea animals have no imagination. While the book as a
of the author's method and standpoint. “My whole can hardly be regarded as adequate to the
experience — based on some teaching to school subject, it will undoubtedly be of considerable inter-
1) that young people are much interested in the Bishop Spalding's latest volume, " Thoughts and
ideas of right and wrong; (2) that they are apt to Theories of Life and Education,” contains a series
be impressed and effectively moved by that strain of addresses of a general character on the nature
of moral reflection which shows the unity of virtue and spirit of education in relation to life. These
in all variety of virtues; and (3) that they acquire discourses are not meant 80 much for information
this kind of knowledge as naturally as any other, as for inspiration; but while the truth is mostly
while they are apt to apply it with more interest truism, it is always earnestly and often eloquently
and skill.”
rehearsed with an Emersonian sententiousness.
Dr. Francis Warner, who is already favorably The last chapter, on “The Teacher and the
known for his works on psychology, has given us a School,” speaks bravely for the elevation of the
valuable manual on “ The Study of Children and common school above politics, and of teaching to a
their School Training.” It is distinctly a physio- definite rank as a profession.
.
years through adolescence, giving special attention Series is “ Bibliography of Education," by Mr. W.
to nerve-signs of all kinds. In a very definite, S. Monroe. This is a selected list of 3,200 books
concrete way, and with illustrations, the reader is printed in English, and mostly of recent date. In
taught to observe in children such physical expres some instances a descriptive note is added. We
sions as twitchings, “fidgetiness," hand and head find this list lacking in some points, as, for instance,
postures, etc., and to interpret them aright. This it mentions neither Brodrick's “History of Oxford
book seems to us an extremely suggestive and University” nor Charles Dickens's “Schools and
important one for teachers and parents; and being Schoolmasters"; nor yet do we find notice of Emer.
simply written, and free from technicalities, it may son’s “College Year Book," or of “Minerva.” On


1898.]
119
THE DIAL
The commonest
the other hand, it includes many books which cer velt has nothing but praise. But Mr. Roosevelt's
tainly do not belong in a bibliography of this scope, rule seems to be one of those poor ones that will
as Farrar's “Life of Christ,” and Kant's “Critique not work both ways. The essays in the present
of Pure Reason," and others of like nature. But volume are reprinted from leading periodicals, and
though we do not think this list as good a one of they deserve for the most part their more durable
its size as might be made, yet it will be found setting.
serviceable, especially by reason of a very full index.
In tracing the History of Oratory,
HIRAM M. STANLEY.
Professor Lorenzo Sears produced a
forms of oratory.
book popular enough to be of general
interest and yet careful enough in its plan and treat-
ment to be of value to the student. His later work,
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
“The Occasional Address ” (Putnam), is of some-
Mr. Theodore Roosevelt's “ Ameri-
what similar character; it is founded upon material
The ideals of a
can Ideals, and Other Essays Social
salwart American.
carefully gathered from many sources; it is planned
and Political" (Putnam) is in many
and developed carefully, and with sufficient par-
respects an excellent book for young Americans
ticularity; it is written in a pleasant vein that makes
especially to read. The best part of it is its tren-
it easy reading. As in the previous book, the man
chant discussion of the problems and scandals of
who searches for definite facts is often vexed at not
our municipal politics and of the duties of the citi- finding them, or at sometimes, perhaps, finding de-
zen in relation thereto. What Mr. Roosevelt says
batable matters stated in too confident a way. But
in this regard is so sound and patriotic that his oc-
these books do not affect to be works of deep eru-
casionally rather“ bumptious” manner of saying it
dition: they are rather, we should say, designed
is the more regrettable. There is a certain something
first for the college student, and we think them
in Mr. Roosevelt's manner or personality that has
well calculated to reach their audience.
6 The
led people to take a somewhat comic view of him,
Occasional Address" is the term chosen by Professor
and to treat his pretensions as a social and political
Sears to designate a form of demonstrative oratory
philosopher and teacher with some levity. But it
very common here in America, and one which comes
cannot be denied that his own record is exception-
most readily within the reach of college students.
ally such as to entitle him to a most respectful hear-
The term denotes speeches, orations, addresses,
ing on municipal questions, and even to warrant
made on special occasions,— commemorations, cele-
him in lecturing with some asperity the deplorably brations, and the like. To be more exact, and to
large class of people who shirk the performance of
mention as examples the special forms discussed by
all such political duties as involve the prospect of
Professor Sears in Part III., it includes such forms
risk or inconvenience or unpleasantness to them-
of speaking as the Eulogy, the Commemorative
selves — in fact, of such duties as make a real de-
Oration, the Expository Address or Lecture, the
mand on one's manhood and patriotism. Mr. Roose-
Commencement Oration, the After-Dinner Speech.
velt has himself gone down into the thick of the
To such forms of speaking, we Americans, as has
fray like a man, and done battle with the “boss”
often been pointed out, are greatly inclined ; every
of therefore read Professor Sears's book
and the “heeler" on his own ground; and he nat-
may
urally harbors a robust contempt for those whom
with a sort of personal interest. It includes not
he calls the “timid good.” He has no sort of pa-
only a discussion of the different forms noted above,
tience with the superfine folks who shun contact
but also of the different qualities necessary to such
with their ruder and coarser fellow mortals, and speaking, and also (indeed, the topic is treated
mince daintily through life much as a sleek house-
first) an analysis of the elements of such an address,
cat picks its way over a gutter. In his opinion, the
as purpose, subject, particular parts. The topic
man who is too timid or too finical or too indifferent
is undoubtedly one of very considerable and very
to take part in the often rough and disagreeable
broad interest. And although we regret in this
preliminary work that must be done at the caucuses
book a sort of vagueness or even of inaccuracy
and primaries, if we are to have honest government
which we sometimes perceive, we presume that these
and decent officials in this country, is out of place
matters are almost of necessity incident to a mode
in a republic. Mr. Roosevelt's patriotic heat leads
of treatment which will put the topic in an attrac-
him into a little inconsistency now and then. He
tive manner before the large audience which will
find interest in it.
scolds, for instance, at the American who, electing
to live abroad, makes his home in England or France
A certain catholicity of taste, if it be
Hermeneutic
or Germany, and tries to become an Englishman or
genuine, is generally earnest of power
a Frenchman or a German, accordingly; but for
of mind as well as breadth. A man
the foreigner, on the other hand, who expatriates may be familiar with Leopardi and Senancour and
himself, who abjures his native patriotism and the the poetry of Matthew Arnold, and yet be a prig.
land of his birth, who comes to us and tries by every He
may be devoted to Browning and Shelley, and
means in his power to divest himself of his own yet be merely following a current fashion. He may
nationality and become an American, Mr. Roose see great and wonderful things in Walt Whitman's
one
us
criticism,


120
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
every line, and yet be what he too often is. He may tion of the blood, in respiration, and, most signifi-
be interested in Hauptmann, and yet have no espe cant of all, in the nervous system,- these and many
cial care for literature beyond a sort of journalistic equally important factors that distinguish the con-
“modernity." Bat it is not easy to imagine a man dition of the body in sleep from that in waking hours
to have had all these interests without being, or at are clearly described in the light of recent research.
least becoming, himself rather an interesting per- The pathology is mainly given over to the nature
sonality. There has also been held to be a certain and varieties of insomnia, and of its opposite, the
sacramental effect in a great author; so that a man excessive tendency to sleep, and also to sleep-like
who has read Balzac, for instance, must be different conditions, somnambulism, half-waking states, and
from a man who has not. Such an effect may not the like. How we ought to sleep is told us in no
be inevitable with one or another, but to some de- pedantic or arbitrary strain, but in the light of ascer-
gree it is inevitable after such broad reading as we tained principles judiciously applied with due refer-
have been speaking of. Here are two adequate ence to age and health and habits and condition of
reasons for looking at Mr. W. N. Guthrie's “ Poet life. The psychology is mainly concerned with the
Prophets" (Robert Clarke Co.) Nor will the book mental activities during sleep; the direction of the
disappoint confident expectation. As a rule, we attention; the subdued but not perfectly passive
distrust the criticism that takes as a fundamental senses; the alert lower centres, and the operation
position the view implied in that title, because that of the mind in dreams. The dream-world, however
criticism is too apt to be a kneading-up of the whole- individual and fantastic, yet has its laws and prin-
wheat flour of Carlyle with the water of book-club ciples. The light of psychological research has
wisdom, — often without the yeast of individuality. penetrated into the recesses of the sleeping soul, and
But a follower of Carlyle is not apt to have tidings to a certain extent has shown what stuff our dreams
of Leopardi, nor is a book-club prophet apt to speak are made of. Perhaps the day is not distant when
intelligently of Mr. Swinburne. Mr. Guthrie's table we shall pay as much attention to the formation of
of contents restored the equanimity shaken by his good habits of sleep as of good habits during our
title. We recommend his book to the reader. From waking hours, and the determination of what is
a good many of his opinions we dissent. But that wholesome in the one case as in the other can come
minor matter is lost in the refreshing feeling which only as the result of a comprehensive study of our
comes from a new volume of essays on literature, mental and bodily activities. A valuable introduc-
that is neither a bundle of clever enough aperçus tion to such study is furnished by this well-written
dredged up from forgotten periodicals, nor a few volume. Its value is further enhanced for English
pleasant revivals of current literary gossip. This readers by copious additions to the English edition,
is a volume of essays on literary topics, thought out including mainly those due to the ingenuity and
coherently and in earnest, and put down seriously, | industry of English and American workers.
although not with the heavy hand that allows noth-
One of the most universal tendencies.
ing for the amenities of writing. We think that
For private
Mr. Guthrie on the whole takes a standpoint some-
theatricals.
among clever people is a leaning
what too philosophical. We think that this pre-
toward private theatricals : almost
vents him from being a great critic, because it does everybody, indeed, has something of it. It is true
It
not disclose some more purely literary values.
that in most cases the feeling never comes to any
sort of realization; but it comes to realization often
may also prevent some from reading him with
pleasure, because he often gets beyond the easy com-
enough to make it a little curious at first thought
prehension of the healthy general reader. Still, this
that there are not more good amateur plays than
is rather a small point, and perhaps also something that the reason is that in this matter the universal
there are. Second thoughts, of course, inform one
of a matter of opinion.
desire of the amateur is to be professional. Ama-
In the latest issue of the “Contem teur companies are apt to prefer rather difficult
The science
of Sleep.
porary Science Series ” (Scribner) plays from the real stage, — society comedies of the
we have an admirable monograph day, for instance. At any rate, since half the fun
upon an extremely important but neglected subject, lies in being professional, amateur plays are not
the blessed gift of sleep. The book comes originally much sought after. We think, however, that there
from Russia, and its author, Marie de Manacéine, are many who may find in “The Charm, and other
exbibits an unusual power of judicious statement Drawing-Room Plays,” by Sir Walter Besant and
and orderly arrangement. The volume sums up in Mr. Walter H. Pollock, some little things that will
a very readable form our knowledge regarding the be quite as good to give as many that are much
condition in which we pass a third of our lives. more ambitious. Drawing-room plays these are
This knowledge is grouped about four headings,– called, and they depend, therefore, more on costume
the physiology of sleep, its pathology, its hygiene, than on scenery and more on dialogue than on
and its psychology. What occurs within the body situation. Two or three of them are costume plays
during sleep; the intensity of sleep at various pe which give excellent opportunity for exquisite and
riods of the night; the changes in the nature of careful preparation. But there are half a dozen
sleep as we grow older; the changes in the circula which need no more than the costume of the day


1898.)
121
THE DIAL
be
and the opportunities of any drawing-room. They a great university makes a selection from his occa-
are all short and well within the reach of any set of sional articles of twenty-five years, and the result
amateurs who are not absolute beginners. Absolute has value; or a great preacher publishes the non-
beginners should confine themselves to Shakespeare. clerical addresses or essays he has had time to write,
We do not know that it is much to the purpose to and the result again has value. In like manner
comment on the literary characteristics of these Mr. Henry Cabot Lodge's “Certain Accepted He-
plays, but it may not be out of place to remark that roes ” (Harper) is a book which stands a little aside
they have not the slightest reminiscence or flavor of from the ordinary collections of essays. Books of
present literary conditions.
Ibsen, Hauptmann, this character always have, besides the intrinsic
Sudermann, Maeterlinck, Pinero, might never have value of their contents, a sort of additional value in
existed so far as these sketches indicate. They the known position of their author. It is, however,
continue the traditions of the British Drama of rather interesting to look at this book without any
twenty-five years ago. The average amateur may recollection of what we really know of the author.
not object to this point: technically, the plays are Here are three or four essays on literary subjects,
clever and suited to their purpose ;
that
may three which are chiefly political, and two which are
enough for him. But we do not see why, in a period historical. Or, again, we have two which would
of considerable dramatic ferment, the amateur as reverse current conceptions, two which would show
well as the professional should not be aware of cur that in some directions we are as good as the En-
rent movement in his art.
glish, two which have a full-blooded interest in
public affairs, two which are the result of disinter-
A philosophical
Mr. E. V. Zenker's book on Anarch-
ested curiosity, and one other. The book is written
study of ism, published by Messrs. Putnams, by a man of wide range of interest, a man who
Anarchism.
deserves particular attention. The
believes in public life and in America too, a man
author has dealt with a very obscure and strange who has the curiosity of the scholar, as well, per-
theory, and with conflicting phases of that theory, haps, as a certain amount of the current pleasure in
in a sane and orderly way. He gives sufficient removing ancient landmarks. It may be that we
biographical, historical, and economic information
have here enough criteria to identify at once the
to make the subject clear to any intelligent reader, junior Senator from Massachusetts. Perhaps he
and he has inserted authoritative statements from
will not thank us for having hinted that the field of
original sources at critical points, so that the book
literature is not that in which he is most at home.
may be used as evidence. It can hardly be said But he cannot find fault with us for considering his
that his discussion of the greatest leaders is adequate
essays better than some work we have seen by
and final, though it is a good sketch. The conclu-
writers who are more definitely thought of as men
sion is moderate in tone and free from all elements
of letters.
of panic. The author thinks that a policy of sup-
pression of discussion and of unusual and special
The publication, by Messrs. D. C.
penalties is not desirable. The criminal law is, as
Heath & Co., of the second part of
Goethe study.
Lord Roseberry said, amply sufficient to cope with
Goethe's “Faust," edited, with Intro-
the “party of action.” Some phases of truth have duction and Notes, by Professor Calvin Thomas of
been brought out by Anarchists, and the criticism Columbia University, is a noteworthy event in the
of existing society can best be met by more compe history of Goethe study in America. We had sev-
tent theory and by practical measures of ameliora eral editions of the First Part before that by Pro-
tion. “ We therefore demand for the Anar ist fessor Thomas, though none so good ; and in the
doctrine, as long as it does not incite to crime, the present volume he has been guided by the same
right of free discussion and the tolerance due to idea that characterized his former work. He em-
every opinion, quite without regard to whether it is phasizes the value of “Faust” as literature : not as
more dangerous, or more probable, or more practic- didactics or philosophy or allegory, but as a work
able than any other opinion.” The social function
of art. The editorial matter shows abundant evi.
of Anarchism is in its criticism of Socialism as the dence of sound linguistic scholarship and of thor-
tyranny of the majority over the individual, and in ough familiarity with the more immediate depart-
its criticism of a social system which neglects the ment of Goethe philology, but it is the literary
least influential members of society.
aspect of the work that renders it distinctive. In
an Introduction of some seventy pages, Professor
We are not wholly in favor of col Thomas goes into a careful study of the genesis of
The lighter labors lections of already-published stories
He traces the idea of the division into
of a statesman.
by well-known novelists, nor of the two parts: the growth of the Helena episode, and
essays of by-gone years by well-known men of let its connection in completed form with the first and
ters, nor, by anybody, of the weekly or monthly second and with the last two acts. More briefly,
contributions to some page or column. But when a the Second Part as a whole is considered ; and fin-
man eminent in some other respects gathers together ally some critical observations are added. Professor
such work as he has had time to do in letters, the re Thomas has no occult interpretation to urge, is not
sult is apt to be interesting. Thus, the president of even concerned to explain away the inconsistencies
A notable
contribution to
the poem.


122
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
Pleasant studies
of the work or to argue a unity that the poet never vitality and interest that come from deep interest
imagined that he had given his work. His study in the subject and profound study of it. He has
has been, rather, a labor of love that has found its the ability to see the faults in his hero, and yet see
own highest reward in the spiritual assimilation of them subordinate to that hero's great qualities.
the master's thought, and that seeks to open to the This new book is a worthy companion to the former,
student the same rich treasure. The hundred and and portrays a character in many ways like that of
twenty pages of notes discuss real difficulties, ex the great Puritan. The author's knowledge of the
plain allusions that might be unfamiliar to the ordi sixteenth century is so intimate that he is able to
nary reader, present the results of the best and most put before the reader in brief compass the complex
scholarly criticism, but do not pretend to be ex situation of European affairs, not attempting to fol-
haustive or to discuss the pros and cons of disputed low its tangled threads, but to show the leading
interpretations. The work makes it possible for the motives that shaped the conduct of English, French,
student interested in Goethe's poetry to read and German, and Spanish rulers in their relations to the
enjoy his greatest work. Its result should and desperate struggle of the Netherlands for political
doubtless will be to promote the study of “Faust” and religious liberty. And the frank disclosure of
in our colleges and by the intelligent and reading the weaknesses of William, his prevarications, sub-
public.
tlety, and occasional wrong-headedness, only fur-
nishes the contrast that makes his steadfastness, his
At first glance Mr. Arthur Hassall's
complete self-sacrifice, his far-seeing statesmanship,
A handbook of
“ Hand-book of European History,
European history.
and his broad religious toleration in an exceedingly
476 to 1871' (Macmillan) seems
narrow age, the more resplendent. The busy man
superfluous, since there already exists the hand-
can come to know the real William through this
book of Ploetz, with an English translation. But
little book; while the historical specialist will be
on examination one finds in Mr. Hassall's work a
grateful to the author, for it is a fresh study from
much fuller and more complete array of facts, cov the sources.
ering a much less extended field. The book is
therefore not without its reason for being. The
Mr. Charles M. Skinner's latest vol-
arrangement is also an improvement, and a vast
ume gives a hint of his piquant way
out of doors.
improvement, on that of Ploetz. If we could add
of putting things in its title, “ With
that the work was perfectly accurate, or even Feet to the Earth” (Lippincott), by which is meant
reasonably so, there could be no higher praise. But, the attitude necessary to the pedestrian. Mr. Skin-
unfortunately, it is not accurate; and thus the one ner is a lover of Nature, and is never in better mood
eminent virtue of a hand-book of dates is wanting. than when he is with her or talking about her. She
Opening the book at random, one discovers on care sets his thoughts at work, and the pen puts down
ful examination that there are six errors on pages the results in serious, humorous, and always choice
146 and 147. The Synod of Dort is said to have phraseology. The ten sketches which make up the
met in 1618, while the correct date is 1619; the present volume relate the author's experience in a
deposition of Ferdinand of Bohemia is given as series of rambles in the city and the country, at
taking place in April, 1619, instead of August. The different seasons of the year and varying hours of
battle of the White Hill is placed in 1621, while it the day and night. There is no particular study of
was fought in 1620; the Protestant Union was dis animal or plant life apparent, but there is a keen and
solved in April, but this compilation says the month broad appreciation of all that lives out of doors, and
was May; it speaks of the Four Articles of Perth, much apt and suggestive reflection upon the mani-
but there were Five, and it gives the date of their fold phases of earth and sky, and upon the human
enactment as August 25, 1618, instead of August life which gives interest to the scenes of earth.
27. Errors so numerous and so inexcusable render
the work of but small value.
Under the collective title “ Ars Recte.
Morals and
manners from Vivendi,” Messrs. Harper & Broth-
The world's interest in the great
the “Easy Chair."
ers reprint twelve of Mr. George
A new Life of leader in the Dutch War for Inde-
William of Orange.
William Curtis's “ Easy Chair" essays, each one
pendence, like that in our dealing, as the title of the volume imports, with a
Washington, seems to grow rather than abate, and point of morals or manners. The titles are: « Ex-
thus each has met successfully the final test of travagance at College," “ Brains and Brawn,"
greatness. Last year we welcomed the scholarly Hazing," "Theatre Manners,
.” “Woman's Dress,"
and fascinating volumes of our American student, “Tobacco and Manners," “ Newspaper Ethics,” etc.
Miss Ruth Putnam; now the veteran English In point of precept, the book is an excellent one for
scholar and author, Mr. Frederic Harrison, has put young readers especially; though we doubt if the
out another study of the great Dutch patriot in the college-bred youth of to-day will have much patience
Foreign Statesmen series (Macmillan). Mr. with the Queen-Anne mannerisms and old-time arti-
Harrison's life of Oliver Cromwell has been recog ficialities and conceits of style generally with which
nized as a model of its kind : a brief political bi Mr. Curtis thought fit to stucco over much of his
ography that is clear and impartial, yet with the “Easy Chair" moralizing.
own


1898.]
123
THE DIAL
An unusually attractive book for the advantages of graduate study and have not the means
Popular studies
novice in the study of entomology is to secure for themselves the published results of classi-
of insect life.
one by Professor Clarence Moores
cal research. For these teachers, whose embarrassing
Weed, recently published under the title of Life position is their misfortune and not their fault, such
handbooks as this are an inestimable boon, and the
Histories of American Insects" (Macmillan). Its
entire aspect is engaging, from the large open type,
friends of classical study may well work and pray that
their number may increase.
handsome page, and abundant illustrations, to the
« A Text-Book of General Botany" (Longmans), by
curiously pied cover besprinkled with bugs and
Dr. Carlton C. Curtis, is a work of considerable dimen-
beetles on an underground of leaves. Twenty-six sions, based upon the laboratory work required of begin-
species or groups of species are figured in the book, ners at Columbia University. It takes up a series of
and their stories told in clear and explicit terms. species, and provides material for a stiff year's course
In
many respects the story of insect life is the story of two hours' daily work. The illustrations, although
of human life on diminutive scale. The instincts not as numerous as in many works of this description,
and appetites are strong and crude, the sagacity
are exceptionally well-chosen and carefully drawn. Mr.
and artifice manifested are astonishing, and the
L. H. Bailey's " Lessons with Plants” (Macmillan) is
whole history, from egg to imago, shows the mani-
designed for very young students, and deals in simple
style, not only with the elements of botanical science,
fold resemblances between man and the lower grades
but also with many practical matters of gardening.
of animal life.
Mrs. Lucy L. W. Wilson's “ Nature Study in Elemen-
tary Schools” (Macmillan), is a manual for teachers,
and comes highly recommended by Colonel F. W. Parker,
who contributes a brief preface.
BRIEFER MENTION.
In the way of modern language texts, the latest pub-
lications sent us are the following: a volume of “Vol-
The student of classical archæology will find his ac taire's Prose” (Heath), edited by Professors Adolphe
count in the handsome new volume of Signor Rodolfo Cohn and B. D. Woodward; “ An Elementary Scientific
Lanciani, entitled “The Ruins and Excavations of An-
French Reader" (Heath), by Dr. P. Mariotte-Davies;
cient Rome” (Houghton). It is “a companion book “ La Guerre de l'Indépendance en Amérique" (Ginn),
for students and travellers," running into upwards of
by M. A. Morrean, edited by Professor A. N. Van
six hundred pages, and richly illustrated with maps, Daell; Schiller's “ Wilhelm Tell” (Macmillan), edited
diagrams, and photographic plates. The work is made by Professor W. H. Carruth; Herr Helbig's “Die
useful in every imaginable way, and has, of course, the Komödie auf der Hochschule” (Heath), edited by Pro-
additional advantage of being entirely up to date. We fessor B. W. Wells; Zschokke's “ Der Zerbrochene
may at the same time mention the publication of “The
Krug” (Heath), edited by Professor E. S. Joynes; and
Christian Monuments of Rome” (Black), by H. M. and Part II. of “Faust” (Heath), in the scholarly edition
M. A. R. T., which is the first part of a “ Handbook to of Professor Calvin Thomas. In this connection, it may
Christian and Ecclesiastical Rome,” intended, when
not be out of place to mention Dr. C. A. Buchheim's
complete, to occupy no less than four such volumes as
“Golden Treasury” edition of “ Heinrich Heine's Lieder
this.
und Gedichte,” published by the Macmillan Co.
Mr. Temple Scott's “ Book Sales of 1897,” just pub That the reader” still holds its own as an educa-
lished by the Macmillan Co., takes its place upon the tional device is evident from the many publications of
shelf with the similar volumes for previous years. this description that continue to issue from the press.
American sales (to the number of three) are now for But the crusade against the fragmentary reader of the
the first time included within the scope of this valuable traditional sort is having its effect, and some degree of
bibliographical work. The entries run nearly up to six unity is usually aimed at by the modern compiler.
thousand, and are, of course, selected from a much Illustrations of this tendency are offered by Mr. J. H.
larger possible number. Mr. Scott notes an advanced Stickney's “ Earth and Sky” (Ginn); “ Australia and
demand for French writers of the eighteenth century, the Isles of the Sea” (Silver), edited by Mr. Larkin
and sustained values for works on English literature, Dunton; and the volumes called “Stepping Stones to
sport, and early gardening, as well as for Americana, Literature (Silver), edited by Miss Sarah L. Arnold
and extra-illustrated volumes. On the other hand, and Charles B. Gilbert. The older type of book ap-
Cruikshankiana and Kelmscott books show some signs pears in “ The Children's Fourth Reader" (Ginn) of
of a tendency to go out of fashion.
Miss Ellen M. Cyr, and the “Lincoln Literary Collec-
We noticed in these columns a few months ago a tion” (American Book Co.) of Mr. J. P. McCaskey.
very helpful book on Latin Manuscripts. The same Covering in his public life the long period between
class of readers to whom that book appeals - advanced the War of 1812 and the Civil War, twice a member
students and teachers — will have reason to thank Mr. of Congress, participating in Jackson's attack on the
W. M. Lindsay, of Jesus College, Oxford, for his United States Bank, strongly opposed to the agitation
“ Handbook of Latin Inscriptions" just issued from the of the Abolitionists, actively connected with the annex-
press of Allyn & Bacon. After stating very lucidly, ation of Texas, and always loyal to the Democratic
in the introductory paragraphs, some of the fundamen party, Charles Jared Ingersoll is well worthy of a
tal principles of form changes in Latin, the author place among the public men of America, the memory
gives a collection of inscriptions in illustration of these of whose services too often passes away with them.
changes from the earliest period down to “Imperial His “Life and Letters” (Lippincott) at the hands of
and Late Latin.” For long years to come, as in the his grandson, Mr. William M. Meigs, enables one to
past, a large proportion of Latin teaching preparatory form a very fair estimate of his work and his attitude
to college must be done by those who have not had the toward the various questions of the day.


124
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
29
sions and alterations. This edition, under the editor-
ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCE.
ship of Lady Burton, was issued about four years ago
in two volumes. Now the copyright of this last issue
London, Feb. 5, 1898.
has been acquired by Messrs. George Bell & Sons, and
Although the air and sky here are balmy and blue the two volumes with all the illustrations will soon form
enough to make us hope for an early spring, the season part of that firm's “ Bohn's Standard Library." When
of the new incoming of books shows, as yet, no signs of published, they will make the most remarkable two-
approach. The hedges may be budding and the young dollars' worth of reading in any language.
plants shooting, but the “ voice of the turtle" is not yet We are promised the completion of the printed cat-
heard in the land. Here and there one hears whisper- / alogue of the books in the British Museum, early in the
ings and twitterings, but hardly any coherent statement twentieth century. This catalogue has been a good
of what we are to expect. That Mr. LeGallienne has
many years in the making, and when it is finished a se-
finished his “ Romance of Zion Chapel” will be no news
ries of supplemental volumes will have to be started
to you; indeed, by the time this reaches you the work
immediately; but had it never have been begun one
may be already published. Also, that Mr. E. F. Ben would have wondered where on earth the officials in
son's new story, “The Vintage,” is to be issued imme-
charge of our National Library would have placed the
diately will not be fresh. You will, probably, have heard manuscript-catalogue. When the printing commenced,
that Mr. Frank Mathew, the author of “The Wood of the MS. volumes numbered 3,000; what they would
the Brambles," has been engaged on novel, and that
have amounted to now, it would be difficult to say.
it is to be called “A Lady's Sword"; that the title of Even in the printed form, the reference set in the
“George Egerton's " long story is to be « The Wheels
reading-room, which has blank leaves for additions, will
of God"; that Ménie Muriel Dowie has written a rival
make a goodly row of a thousand volumes.
to her “Gallia"; and that Mrs. Gertrude Atherton, Two or three new publishers are about to appear in
whose “ American Wives and English Husbands is
London, but what they are going to publish is not yet
almost delivered by the binders, bas ready another novel, known. One of them, Mr. Gerald Duckworth, learned
a sort of companion to this, to be entitled “The Great his business with Messrs. J. M. Dent & Co., so that we
Black Oxen.' Mr. S. R. Crockett's new romance will
may expect prettily got up books, at any rate; but
deal with the suppression of brigandage in Apulia. I whether he is to publish new works, or will follow the
find that Mr. Haggard's story is to be called “ Elissa," advice of the Authors' Society, and re-make the old
and Sir Walter Besant's “The Changeling.”
books, I cannot say. Another new-comer, Mr. John
All this I need not have retailed, no doubt; but even Long, has set himself the task of catering for the novel-
old news requires reviving occasionally, just to keep us reading public, and already, I learn, he has in the press
in mind of what it may often be very necessary not to stories by Mrs. Lovett Cameron, Miss Esmé Stuart, F.
forget. Now-a-days, one hears of coming events so far W. Robinson, and Dr. Gordon Stables. At this rate our
ahead of their happening that when they do occur they Publishers' Association will become a wealthy body,
come as a surprise. I may, however, add, by way of fifty-two dollars per member, per annum, soon mounts
apology for referring to these writers and their works, But what are they going to do?
that “The Wheels of God” will be well worth reading. “ Ian Maclaren," the other day, made a speech on
It is Mrs. Claremont's first essay at a long story, and “ Local Patriotism"; by way of illustration he related
its theme is sure to interest and fascinate. Mr. Frank the following experience: “ Not long ago I was travel-
Mathew is an able story-teller, and his new book is said ling from Aberdeen to Perth. A man sitting opposite
to be even better than his last.
studied me for a minute, and then, evidently being con-
We have living in London a very charming and very vinced that I had average intelligence, and could appre-
facile young widow, who writes under the name of G. ciate a great sight if I saw it, he said, If you will stand
Colmore. She has already written a volume of poems, up with me at the window, I will show you something
and one or two novels; but none have made much im in a minute; you will only get a glimpse suddenly and
pression. I have had occasion, lately, to read the proof for an instant.' I stood. He said, "Can you see that ?'
sheets of a new book of verses she is passing through I saw some smoke, and said so. • That's Kirriemuir,'
the press, and I confess their contents have astonished he answered. I sat down, and he sat opposite me, and
me not a little. The poems are collectively called watched my face to see that the fact that I had had a
“ Points of View," a title which seems to give no clue glimpse of Kirriemuir, or rather of its smoke, was one I
of any value. Therefore I shall say that the “points thoroughly appreciated, and would carry in retentive
of view” refer to the excuses for “the conduct of life" memory for the rest of my life. Then I said, Mr.
which various individuals have to offer for their partic Barrie was born there. Yes,' he said, he was; and I
ular sins of omission or commission. The writer shows was born there myself.'
a remarkable facility for versifying; but the chief Mr. Fitzgerald, the mountaineer, has come back from
strength of her work is in the keen-sighted sympathy it his expedition to the Andes, and is being interviewed
everywhere displays. If the book does not get talked right and left. Of course, his adventures are to be
about, then it must be either that I am an easily im embodied in a book, for which, I need hardly say, the
pressed person, or that the world of readers is become younger publishers have competed not a little. The
sadly blasé.
fortunate firın is now ready, and announces the work
You will be glad to hear that Burton's masterpiece in for the coming autumn, to be issued in such elaborate
travellers' tales, “ The Pilgrimage to Mecca and Me fashion as to make the handsomest book of travels ever
dinah,” is at last to be published in a cheap and handy published. Well, I hope they will make a success of it.
form. It will be remembered that the copyright of the But I cannot, for the life of me, see what benefit is to
first edition of this great work expires in the present be got by paying a writer a price which forbids a profit
year. In 1879, however, a third edition was issued in on the publication of his work, unless the work prove a
which the late Sir Richard Burton included many revi. phenomenal success. No doubt, Mr. Fitzgerald's book
up.


1898.]
125
THE DIAL
66
will be hailed “the book of the season "; still, it will
require much more “booming” and puffing ere the
LITERARY NOTES.
money speculated find its way back to the speculator's “ A Mental Arithmetic,” by Dr. William J. Milne, is
pocket.
among the most recent publications of the American
Mr. W. E. Norris has been airing his opinions on the Book Co.
chances of success of new writers. He declares such
Messrs. Leach, Shewell, & Company publish a text of
chances to be practically not given, because of the "M. Tulli Ciceronis Laelius de Amicitia,” edited by
enormous success of a few novelists. There is much in
Professor Charles E. Bennett.
this; but not everything. Mr. Norris forgets that with
« Sketches in Prose” is the title of Volume II. in the
the increase of success has come a keener competition
handsome new edition, published by the Messrs. Scrib-
for such writers among publishers, and also an increase
ner, of the writings of Mr. James Whitcomb Riley.
in the number of publishers themselves. Since, how-
ever, all the publishers cannot have the few who are
“ The Lyric Poems of John Keats," edited by Mr.
assured of popularity, many new writers are eagerly
Ernest Rhys, forms a new volume in the exquisite “Lyric
Poets
sought for by the expectant few who are left waiting,
series published by Messrs. J. M. Dent & Co.
and these live for the purpose of “discovering " a rising
The W. L. Allison Co. announce for early publication
genius, and in the hope of nursing and advertising him
“Meir Ezofovitch," a romance of Jewish life in Poland,
into fame; so that the the new writer never had a bet-
translated by Iza Young from the Polish of Eliza
Orzeszko.
ter chance of a hearing than he has to-day. There
never was a time when there were so many really clever Water Color Painting," by Miss Grace Barton Allen,
journalists and literary workers, and the publisher
is “a book of elementary instruction for beginners and
knows it. Then, too, there is a tendency toward cheaper amateurs ” which has just been published by Messrs.
forms of publications; and we shall eventually arrive at
Lee & Shepard.
the form of the French yellow-back brochure, and issue « Freshman Composition," by Mr. Henry G. Pearson,
our light literature at two-and-sixpence, or three-and is a small and intelligent text-book, provided with an
sixpence. The time shall be when an author may truly introduction by Mr. Arlo Bates. Messrs. D. C. Heath
call himself popular, since he will count his readers by & Co. are the publishers.
hundreds of thousands. It goes without saying, that “ A Narrative of the Indian and Civil Wars in Vir-
such a method of publishing will send the “subscrip- ginia in the Years 1675 and 1676," as published in
tion library” to the wall. Well, there is not much to Boston, in 1814, forms Number 10 of Mr. George P.
regret in that possibility. The subscription library in Humphrey's “ American Colonial Tracts."
this country has served its purpose, and must of ne-
The American Book Co. are the publishers of “A
cessity be extinguished, or die of want of support.
School History of the United States," by Professor John
People who want to read books they cannot afford to
Bach McMaster, whose name is sufficient to place the
buy will go to our public libraries, when these are as
book in the highest rank among manuals of its class.
excellently served and managed as are yours. Then
The death of “Lewis Carroll” will no doubt create
the bookseller will have his chance, and will have
no cause to complain of poor business and no “living prices of the first editions. The « Alice” books have
a new demand for his "Alice" books, and a rise in the
wage."
Šo far, I have heard not a word from your side of
already brought as much as $24, when in good con-
dition.
the water which would lead me to believe that you
have seen the publications of the Vale Press. I think
Professor Ralph S. Tarr is the author of a pamphlet,
you ought to have them. The books are published by published by the Macmillan Co., entitled “Suggestions
Messrs. Hacon & Ricketts from type specially designed
for Laboratory and Field Work in High School Geology,"
by Mr. Charles Ricketts, and with illustrations drawn
and designed to accompany the “ Elementary Geology”
and cut on wood by the same artist. The editions are
of the same writer.
very small, and must soon find their way into the libra “Studies in European and American History," which
ries of collectors. Personally, I prefer the Vale type
is “an introduction to the source study method in his-
to the Kelmscott - it is more in accordance with the tory,” is the work of Professors F. M. King and H. W.
best traditions of printing.
Caldwell of the University of Nebraska, and is published
The new weekly which is to rise out of the ashes of at Lincoln by Mr. J. H. Miller.
“ A History of the United States for Schools,” by
money and good brains can make it. It is to be a sort Mr. Wilbur F. Gordy, is the latest candidate for the
of three-penny “Spectator" with more space to be de favor of grammar-school teachers. It is a volume of
voted to literature, art, and the drama, than to politics nearly five hundred abundantly illustrated pages, and is
and “questions of the day.” We are to have the first published by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons.
number some time in February. Goodness alone knows Two more volumes from the inexhaustible treasure-
if it is coming to stay. We have tried here again and house of Dumas are presented by Messrs. Little, Brown,
again to make successful rivals to our older weeklies; & Co. in English translation. One of these volumes is
but somehow or other, they don't keep long. « The “ The Horoscope"; the other contains “ Monsieur de
Realm,” “ The British Review," “ The National Ob Chauvelin's Will” and “ The Woman with the Velvet
Necklace."
beginning to be dogmatic on the matter of new journals, The American Library Association will hold its twen-
and to say that even the most richly backed can stand tieth annual conference at Lakewood-on-Chautauqua,
no chance of life, without it come with quite a new pur- | July 2-11, 1898. In place of the trip that usually
pose to fulfil, a new aim to achieve, and a new expres follows the meeting, a “Post Conference Rest” has been
sion with which to captivate and convince.
planned for the week following, which the many attrac-
TEMPLE SCOTT. tions of the Chautauqua region will doubtless make a
as


126
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 76 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
pleasant substitute for the customary excursion. An
invitation is extended to all who are interested in library
matters, and information will be supplied by Miss Mary
E. Hazeltine, of the Prendergast Library, Jamestown,
New York.
Parables for School and Home,” by Mr. W. P. Gar-
rison, is a collection of educational homilies addressed
ostensibly to children, but really designed quite as much
for the guidance of teachers and parents. The book is
illustrated, and published in unusually attractive style
(for a school-book) by Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co.
Red covers of the most lurid hue envelope the new
edition of " A Man and a Woman,” by Mr. Stanley
Waterloo, which has just been published by Messrs.
Way & Williams. It would not be fair to call the color
a symbol of the contents, although the story is very un-
conventional, and deals in an unusually frank way
with
some of the aspects of passion.
The Funk & Wagnalls Co. have just published a
" student's edition" of their “Standard Dictionary of
the English Language.” The scheme of this work em-
braces sixty thousand words, illustrated by upwards of
a thousand cuts, and provided with the usual appendices,
besides some unusual ones. The volume is compact,
and contains over nine hundred pages.
Dr. James Hutchison Sterling's “ The Secret of
Hegel " has long been the standard English exposition
of the Hegelian philosophy. We therefore welcome the
new and carefully revised edition of the work that has
just appeared from the press of the Edinburgh pub-
lishers, and is sold in this country with the imprint of
Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons. It makes a big octavo
volume of 750 pages.
Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. have reissued their 1889
edition of Taine's “ English Literature." The work is
in four handsome volumes, boxed, with buckram covers,
and twenty-eight portrait illustrations. Mr. R. H. Stod-
dard's introduction is a pleasant feature of this edition,
which is the most satisfactory for library use that we
have in English. The translation is, of course, the
familiar one of Henry Van Laun.
A sale of interest to collectors of old English books
will take place Feb. 21 and 22 at the auction rooms of
Messrs. Flersheim, Barker & Severn, 183 Wabash Ave.,
Chicago. Among the specially noteworthy items to be
offered are a large-paper copy of Dibdin's Bibliomania,
with portrait and illustrations, 1876, a set of Malone's
edition of Shakespeare, 1790, and a rare edition, 1516,
of the Biblia Latina. A full catalogue may be had on
application.
“ The Pamphlet Library,” edited by Mr. Arthur,
Waugh, is the latest of series to call for a word of com-
mendation. We have received two volumes of Literary
Pamphlets,” edited by Mr. Ernest Rhys, and a single
volume of “ Political Pamphlets," edited by Mr. A. F.
Pollard. Volumes devoted to religion and the drama
are also contemplated in the editor's scheme. Messrs.
Henry Holt & Co. are the American publishers of this
useful series.
The Werner School Book Co. has just published
new editions of Professor B. A. Hinsdale's books,
“Studies in Education” and “The American Govern-
ment,” and at the same time, designed for use with the
latter work, a little pamphlet called “ Training for Citi-
zenship,” which discusses in competent and practical
fashion the teaching of civics in the public schools, and
provides many useful suggestions for those engaged in
that difficult and important work.
EDUCATION.-BOOKS FOR SCHOOL AND
COLLEGE.
Horace Mann, and the Common School Revival in the United
States. By B. A. Hinsdale, Ph.D. 12mo, pp. 326. Great
Educators.' Charles Scribner's Song. $1. net.
A Manual of Inorganic Chemistry. By T. E. Thorpe,
B.Sc. New edition ; in 2 vols., illus., 12mo. G. P. Put-
nam's Sons. $4.50.
An Introduction to American Literature. By Henry
S. Pancoast. With portraits, 16mo, pp. 393. Henry Holt
& Co. $1.
Modern Persian Colloquial Grammar. By Dr. Fritz
Rosen. 12mo, pp. 400. London: Luzac & Co.
Norwegian Grammar and Reader. With Notes and Vo
cabulary. By Julius E. Olson. 12mo, pp. 330. Scott,
Foresman & Co. $1.50 net.
Extracts from Voltaire's Prose. Selected and edited by
Adolphe Cohn and B. D. Woodward. 12mo, pp. 454.
D. C. Heath & Co. $1.
First Steps in Anglo-Saxon. By Henry Sweet, M.A.
16mo, pp. 107. Oxford University Press.
Stopping Stones to Literature. By Sarah Louise Arnold
and Charles B. Gilbert. Fourth Reader; illus., 12mo,
pp. 320. Silver, Burdett & Co. 60 cts.
Shakespeare's King Henry IV., First Part. Edited by
William Aldis Wright, M.A. 16mo, pp. 178. Oxford
University Press.
Geometry for Beginners: An Easy Introduction to Geo
metry for Young Learners. By George M. Minchin, M.A.
16mo, pp. 101. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
Cebetis Tabula (Tablet of Cebes). With Introduction and
Notes by C. S. Jerram, M.A. 16mo, pp. 95. Oxford Uni-
versity Press.
Schiller's Wilhelm Tell. Edited by W. H. Carruth, Ph.D.
With portrait, 16mo, pp. 246. Macmillan Co. 50 cts.
Stepping Stones to Literature. By Sarah Louise Arnold
and Charles B. Gilbert. Third Reader; illus., 12mo,
pp. 224. Silver, Burdett & Co. 50 cts.
A Mental Arithmetic. By William J. Milne, Ph.D. 12mo,
pp. 176. American Book Co. 35 cts.
Helbig's Komödie auf der Hochschule. Edited by Ben-
jamin W. Wells, Ph.D. 12mo, pp. 134. D. C. Heath &
Co. 30 ots.
From September to June with Nature. By Minetta L.
Warren. Illus., 12mo, pp. 184. D. C. Heath & Co. 35c.
Zschokke's Der Zerbrochene Krug. Edited by Edward
S. Joynes. 12mo, pp. 76. D. C. Heath & Co. 25 cts.
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
Christina Rossetti: A Biographical and Critical Study. By
Mackenzie Bell. Illus., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 405.
Roberts Brothers. $2.50.
Life and Letters of Thomas Kilby Smith, Brevet Major-
General United States Volunteers, 1820-1887. By his son,
Walter George Smith. With portraits, large 8vo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 487. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.50.
Sir James Simpson and Chloroform (1811-1870). By
H. Laing Gordon. With portrait, 12mo, uncut, pp. 233.
"Masters of Medicine.” Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.25.
Eighty Years and More (1815-1897). Reminiscences of
Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Illus., 12mo, pp. 474. New York:
European Publishing Co.
The Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury, K.G., as Social Re-
former. By Edwin Hodder. With portrait, 12mo, uncut,
pp. 195. Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.
HISTORY.
Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction, and Re-
lated Topics. By William Archibald Dunning, Ph.D.
12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 376. Macmillan Co. $2.
Hawaii's Story. By Hawaii's Queen, Liliuokalani. Illus.,
12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 409. Lee & Shepard. $2.
The Liberty and Free Soil Parties in the Northwest.
(Toppan Prize Essay of 1896.) By Theodore Clarke Smith,
Ph.D. 8vo, pp. 351.
“ Harvard Historical Studies."
Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.75 net.
----


1898.]
127
THE DIAL
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Rubályát of Omar Khayyam: A Paraphrase from Several
Literal Translations. By Richard LoGallienne. 8vo,
uncut, pp. 107. John Lane. $2.50.
The Authoress of the Odyssey: Where and When She
Wrote, Who She Was, the Use She Made of the Iliad, etc.
By Samuel Batler. Illus., large 8vo, uncut, pp. 275.
Longmans, Green, & Co. $3.50.
The Wound Dresser: A Series of Letters Written from the
Hospitals in Washington during the War of the Rebellion.
By Walt Whitman; edited by Richard Maurice Bucke,
M.D. With portrait, 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 201. Small,
Maynard & Co. $1.50.
Heine's Lieder und Gedichte. Selected and edited by
C. A. Buchheim, Ph.D. With portrait, 18mo, uncut,
pp. 376. “Golden Treasury Series. Macmillan Co. $1.
The Shadow of Arvor: Legendary Romances and Folk-
Tales of Brittany. Trans. and retold by Edith Wingate
Rinder. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 309. Edinburgh:
Patrick Geddes & Colleagues.
Orderly Book of General George Washington, kept at
Valley Forge, May 18 - June 11, 1778. 8vo, uncut, pp. 54.
Lamson, Wolffe, & Co. $1.
The Life Story of Aner: An Allegory. By Frederic W.
Farrar, D.D. With frontispiece, 24mo, pp. 143. Long-
mans, Green, & Co. 50 cts.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
History of English Literature. By H. A. Taine, D.C.L.;
trans, from the French by H. Van Laun; with Preface by
R. H. Stoddard. In 4 vols., with portraits, 12mo, gilt tops,
ancut. Henry Holt & Co. Boxed, $7.50.
POETRY.
Poems. By Stephen Phillips. 12mo, unout, pp. 108. John
Lane. $1.50.
The Hope of the World, and Other Poems. By William
Watson. 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 83. John Lane. $1.25.
Poems of a Country Gentleman. By Sir George Douglas,
Bart. 12mo, uncut, pp. 75. Longmans, Green, & Co.
$1.25.
Ballads and Pooms. By John H. Yates. With portrait,
12mo, gilt top, pp. 226. Buffalo: Charles Wells Moulton.
$1.50.
Where Beauty Is, and Other Poems. By Henry Johnson.
12mo, uncut, pp. 85. Brunswick, Maine: Byron Stovens.
$1.25 net.
What Can I Do for Brady, and Other Verse. By Charles
F. Johnson. 8vo, uncut, pp. 123. Thomas Whittaker.
$1. net.
The Scarlet-Veined, and Other Poems. By Lucy Cleveland.
12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 135. A. D. F. Randolph Co. $1.
FICTION.
Shrewsbury: A Romance. By Stanley J. Weyman. Illus.,
12mo, pp. 410. Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.50.
The Whirlpool. By George Gissing. 12mo, pp. 424. F. A.
Stokes Co. $1.25.
The Strange Story of My Life (The Colonel's Daughter).
By John Strange Winter. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 265.
Rand, McNally & Co. $1.50.
Where the Trade-Wind Blows: West Indian Tales. By
Mrs. Schuyler Crowninshield. 12mo, pp. 308. Macmillan
Co. $1.50.
A Fiery Ordeal. By Tasma. 12mo, pp. 320. D. Appleton
& Co. $1.; paper, 50 cts.
Cleo the Magnificent; or, The Muse of the Real. By Louis
Zangwill. 12mo, pp. 313. G. W. Dillingham Co. $1.50.
Maylou. By Frances Raymond. 12mo, pp. 248. G. W.
Dillingham Co. $1.50.
Warren Hyde. By the author of "Unchaperoned.” 12mo,
pp. 346. R. F. Fenno & Co. $1.25.
A Sailor in Spite of Himself. By Harry Castlemon. Illus.,
12mo, pp. 415. Henry T. Coates & Co. $1.25.
Tim and Mrs. Tim: A Story for the "Club" and "Society
Man and the "New" Woman. By R. T. Lancefield.
16mo, uncut, pp. 145. American News Co. Paper, 25 cts.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
Following the Equator: A Journey around the World. By
Mark Twain (Samuel L. Clemens). Illus., large 8vo,
pp. 712. American Publishing Co. $3.50. (Sold only by
subscription.)
Servia, the Poor Man's Paradise. By Herbert Vivian, M.A.
Illus., 8vo, uncut, pp. 300. Longmans, Green, & Co. $4.
South Africa of To-day. By Captain Francis Younghus-
band, C.I.E. Illus., 8vo, uncut, pp. 177. Macmillan
Co. $3.50.
A Note-Book in Northern Spain. By Archer M. Hunt-
ington. Illus. in photogravure, etc., large 8vo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 263. G. P. Putnam's Sons. Boxed, $3.50.
Korea and Her Neighbors: A Narrative of Travel, with
an Account of the Recent Vicissitudes and Present Posi-
tion of the Country. By Isabella Bird Bishop, F.R.G.S.;
with Preface by Sir Walter C. Hillier, K.C.M.G. Illus.,
8vo, pp. 480. Fleming H. Revell Co. $2.
THEOLOGY AND RELIGION.
Ministerial Priesthood : Chapters on the Rationale of Min-
istry and the Meaning of Christian Priesthood. By R. C.
Moberly, D.D. 8vo, pp. 360. Longmans, Green, & Co. $4.
The New Dispensation (The New Testament). Trans.
from the Greek by Robert D. Weekes. 8vo, pp. 525.
Funk & Wagnalls Co. $2.25.
The Age of Charlemagne (Charles the Great). By Charles
L. Wells, Ph.D. 12mo, pp. 472. "Ten Epochs of Church
History." Christian Literature Co. $2.
The Ritschlian Theology and the Evangelical Faith.
By James Orr, M.A. 16mo, pp. 276. “The Theological
Educator." Thomas Whittaker. 75 cts. net.
St. Matthew and St. Mark and the General Epistles.
Edited by Richard G, Moulton, M.A. 24mo, gilt top,
pp. 290. “Modern Reader's Bible." Macmillan Co. 50 cts.
How to Make the Sunday School Go. By A. T. Brewer.
With frontispiece, 16mo, pp. 191. Eaton & Mains. 60 cts.
A Vindication of the Bull “ Apostolicæ Cure": A
Letter on Anglican Orders. By the Cardinal Archbishop
and Bishops of the Province of Westminster. 8vo, pp. 122.
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