undertakes to dishonor." We read that Governeur Morris create“ a more generous national sentiment a fussy creature, who had more influence should have. The book is dedicated to the than he deserved.” We are told that Jackson South as well as to the North, to the West as “stole Texas," but are not given the date. One well as to the East, with a spirit of equal justice is surprised also to learn of Charleston, that to all our common land, our indissoluble the religion was Calvinistic and Presbyterian.” Union"; and the motto is borrowed from Lin- It is a pity that Mr. Powell should be so coln,—“With malice toward none; with charity vituperative, for, apart from its abuse of every for all." exponent of the older Federalism, the book is But in the attempt to do justice to the South laid down on sound principles. The sympa- and to the Southern exponents of state-rights thetic view taken of Jefferson is in accord with doctrine, there is a constant disparagement of what is becoming more and more a national those in the North who opposed them, or fell estimate of that truly great man. The portrai- into the same way of thinking when it served ture of Calhoun is discriminating, and is well their turn; and the presentation of all the expo done. nents of the old Federalism, from Hamilton “ His ideal of life was out of sight beyond that of down, is tinged with something at least as strong Jackson and Clay and Crawford. Nearer akin to Jef- as malice. It can serve no useful purpose. ferson in views and character than any other public man least of all that of reconciling " the sections” of the era, he wholly lacked Jefferson's ability to widen to constantly disparage the leaders of thought honesty, economy, and liberty. His doctrine of State with antagonism and expand with age. He believed in over large areas of time and of country. We Rights was the doctrine as it had stood in 1798. He are constantly given insinuation and innuendo drew back from nationalism; he drew in from the com- for history. We are told that Otis offered a bat at large. . . He would yield nothing, bend nowhere. resolution that no foreign-born person should Of necessity he dropped down to State leadership and State rights and State institutions. To become the hereafter hold an office in the United States," champion of slavery because slavery was a State insti- and that “it was probably provoked by the fact tution was the final lot of a man apparently born to be that Gallatin, a Swiss, at this time was rapidly the greatest national leader of his era. rising to eminent leadership of the Republi- did not breed nationalists, but it bred its strongest char- “ The State stamp was a deep and indelible one. It cans.' One of John Marshall's decisions is acters to look inward instead of outward. Nullification labelled “this zigzag of facts ”; and it is added, was a natural consequence. Its association with slavery -“the confusion of trying to distinguish be was an incident, not a provoking cause. The deep cause tween state governments and the people is of action in two rebellions was State character." absurd.” But history has not assigned confu Having in six chapters dealt with as many sion and absurdity to the mind of John Mar- attempts to nullify or to secede, from 1798 to shall. Mr. Powell knows it to be “a fact that 1861, the author does some of his best writing Hamilton, together with Pickering, had on foot in a concluding chapter on the problems of the a secret plot with Great Britain to engage in a period since 1865, when the era of faction joint plundering expedition against Spanish closed. Under the topics, the Negro Problem, possessions in America.” Of Hamilton, we read the Problem of Ignorance, the Problem of that “he quarrelled in turn with every promi- Expansion, Spoliation of the Rich, Spoliation nent man with whom his lot was cast. of the Poor, Protection of Special Industries, mere aid, he had flouted Washington, who Centralization, Failure of Popular Government, petted him and humored him as he humored no he asks some pertinent questions and indicates other. He violently assailed and abused Adams. some present dangerous tendencies. Nowhere He shamelessly maligned Jefferson ; and Burr has a more forcible impeachment of class legis- he traduced as a scoundrel.” When Washington lation been written than under the sixth head. steadily refuses to appoint Burr to an important | The danger of too much government from As a 260 [April 16, THE DIAL Washington is ever present to many good General with the rank of minister plenipoten- Federalists to-day who cherish a Nation but tiary in the diplomatic service. This office, fear a Juggernaut, and Mr. Powell voices the unless we are mistaken, he still holds. convictions of many a less impetuous mind than More than three-quarters of Mr. Traill's his own. Yet he should have known that to to be book is devoted to Baring's record as Consul- General Grant is due the credit of initiating General, for which post his earlier training in the policy of withdrawing the Federal troops the finances both of India and of Egypt was a from the South — a policy which Mr. Hayes valuable preparation. The financial situation approved and carried out. Although one takes in Egypt has for many years been the one issue with Mr. Powell's invective, it is impos problem in that country pressing for solution, sible not to enjoy intellectually his trenchant and it is largely due to Lord Cromer's mas- and epigrammatic English in an age of much terly grasp of the situation and firm insistence diffuse vapidity. General Wilkinson, the one on certain wise reforms, especially in the mat- victim of his trenchant style who deserves ter of less lavish expenditure, that the country nearly all that is said of him, is thus disposed has escaped bankruptcy and is in a solvent of in a parting sentence: “He spent his old condition to-day. His service to Egypt in se- age on an estate in Mexico bought with the curing the appropriation by its government, in profits of bis treason. There he wrote a much 1885, of a million pounds for the irrigation more reputable Life than he had succeeded in works, cannot be overestimated ; nor can his living." JOHN J. HALSEY. firmness and wisdom in keeping under such admirable control, with Lord Roseberry at the Foreign Office to back him, the headstrong and petulant youth of eighteen who succeeded Tew- fik Pasha as Khedive, in 1892, and straightway AN ENGLISH STATESMAN IN EGYPT.* endeavored, to surround himself with a worth- Sir Alfred Milner, in his work on “En less crew of ministers and advisers. Indeed, gland in Egypt,” makes frequent reference to the entire record of Lord Cromer's life in Sir Evelyn Baring. “The stars were indeed Egypt may serve as an argument to convince gracious,” he says, “when, at the beginning of the skeptical that the mission of England in our greatest troubles, it occurred to the British Egypt is after all a beneficent one. Government to entrust the conduct of its policy Mr. Traill tells once more the sad story of to the hands of Sir Evelyn Baring.” Under the General Gordon's mission to the Soudan, and latter name Lord Cromer is probably better the criminally timid and dilatory policy of the known to the world at large, as it was only in 1892 second Gladstone administration, to which the that he was raised to the peerage, several years world has agreed to ascribe the tragic death after the occurrence of those events in Anglo of the hero. The tale is rehearsed in order to Egyptian history which first brought his name clear of all blame the Consul-General at Cairo, into general notice, and which now furnish a who acted as intermediary between Gordon and large portion of the material of Mr. H. D. the home government, and transmitted to Traill's elaborate Biography. Downing Street those repeated appeals for aid Sir Evelyn Baring was born in 1841, edu even if it should be only a hundred, only cated at the Woolwich Academy, and served fifty men which came from Khartoum day ten or twelve years as an artillery officer; be after day and month after month, but were un- came in 1873 private secretary to Lord North heeded until too late. Lord Cromer is shown brook, Viceroy of India; was appointed in by his biographer to have been technically 1877 English Commissioner of the Egyptian blameless in the matter; and yet one is tempted Debt; in 1879 was made joint member with to query whether another man in his place – M. de Blignières of the Dual Control estab- perhaps one far less skilled in diplomacy and lished for the purpose of inquiring into all less distinguished as a financier — might not branches of the Egyptian public service, with have taken such positive action, whether offi- the rank of minister and a seat in the cabinet; cially or unofficially, as to effect Gordon's res- succeeded Sir John Strachey as Financial cue. The pity of it all is that Gordon's sacrifice Member of the Council of India in 1880 ; and was so needless, and his relief, even with all the in 1883 was sent back to Cairo as Consul. blundering and delay, was so nearly accom- * LORD CROMER. A Biography. By H. D. Traill. Illus- plished. trated. New York: Edward Arnold. The biographer speaks, with reason, of the 1898.] 261 THE DIAL difficulties in presenting such a subject as he per,” conceived in the best spirit of the author. has here undertaken, on account of the personal Professor Drummond won loving and widely scat- effacement enjoined by the conditions of the tered attention by his very eager grasp of spiritual diplomatic service. He has, nevertheless, suc- things, united with a firm hold on physical facts. ceeded in putting together a very good chapter the reconciliation of these two. He himself beartily to the true problem of life, on “ Personal Characteristics,” and in leaving met with much success ; but this achievement was In this work, he the reader well satisfied that Lord Cromer is a of chief value because in his own mind and heart he man worth reading about. The volume con- sacrificed nothing of the goal in reaching it. The tains some good portraits and other illustrations. goal was assured, whatever might be determined as PERCY FAVOR BICKNELL. to any particular path to it. “ The Ritschlian Theology," by Dr. James Orr, is an interesting and well-written book. It is at once appreciative and critical. It is a thorough presenta- REASON AND FAITH.* tion of a method of thought that has gained ground rapidly in Germany, and is fitted materially to modify The authority of reason can never be shaken, for questions of proof in matters of faith. The view of we have only reason with which to pluck it down. Professor Ritschl tends to make the argument for Faith cannot be escaped, for reason involves it. Our Christianity relatively independent of the historical ever-returning confidence in reason, in spite of its facts which accompanied its birth and can be restored inadequate and conflicting results, is an act of faith only partially and with difficulty, and rests it upon in truth, faith in our own relations to it, faith in the Christianity as a present spiritual fact, undeniable divinely ordered movement by which it is being in its nature, and which we can judge in its intrinsic reached. We see in part, is the formula of life. force. This is a position which deserves the exhaus- We see: of that we are sure. We see in part only: tive discussion it receives in the volume before us. hence these delays and contradictions. Many seek “A National Church" is composed of two lec- ers, scattered in a dense forest, are shouting to each tures by the Rev. W. R. Huntington; the first pre- other, and trying to find the path. The confusion sents the theory of a national church, while the is a confusion of order; the bewilderment is one second lecture defends its practicability. The book that is passing away. One feels at no other time differs from the current discussion which the topic the magnitude of the spiritual world, in which for has called forth in dropping down to the more mod- the moment we seem to be lost, so much as when he est and less logical purpose of a national, in place hears the cries, near and far, “ This is the way.” of a universal, church. The lectures are rhetorical The many friends of Professor Drummond will rather than powerful. They will encourage those be thankful for “ The Ideal Life.” It opens with already convinced, but will make no inroad on the two loving sketches of him by Dr. W. Robertson refractory. The dispersion and division of religious Nicoll and Ian Maclaren. The bulk of the volume faiths are no unfortunate accident, but are incident to is made up of brief, penetrative, and profoundly an inevitable and progressive movement—the asser- earnest discourses. It opens with one on “Ill Tem- tion of an independent, personal religious life. Not THE IDEAL LIFE. By Henry Drummond. With Memorial till this force has so far expended itself as to leave Sketches by W. Robertson Nicoll and Ian Maclaren. New us ready for a more vital union on a higher plane, York: Dodd, Mead & Co. shall we begin to rebuild churches in a larger spirit. THE RITSCHLIAN THEOLOGY, and The Evangelical Faith. By James Orr, D.D. New York: Thomas Whittaker. “The significance of the Westminster Standards," A NATIONAL CHURCH. By William Reed Huntington, by Dr. Benjamin B. Warfield, is a denominational Rector of Grace Church. New York: Charles Scribner's Song. address to a rigidly denominational audience — the THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE WESTMINSTER STANDARDS AS Presbytery of New York. Its character is suffi- A CREED. By Benjamin B. Warfield. New York: Charles ciently indicated by this early assertion : “In these Scribner's Sons. forms of words we possess the most complete, the MINISTERIAL PRIESTHOOD. By R. C. Moberly, D.D. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co. most fully elaborated and carefully guarded, the BUDDHISM AND ITS CHRISTIAN CRITICs. By Paul Carus. most perfect, and the most vital expression that has Chicago: The Open Court Publishing Co. ever been framed by the hand of man, of all that THE LIVING CHRIST. By Paul Tyner. Denver, Colo.: enters into what we call evangelical religion, and of The Temple Publishing Co. all that must be safeguarded if evangelical religion THE FACTS AND THE Faith. By Beverley E. Warner, D.D. New York: Thomas Whittaker. is to persist in the world.” This assertion the author STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE THEOLOGY. Six Lectures, by seeks to establish historically and reflectively. the Rev. George H. Trever, Ph.D., D.D. Cincinnati: Curts “ Ministerial Priesthood” is the product of a & Jennings. vigorous and ardent mind. Like most books of this CHRISTIANITY, THE WORLD-RELIGION. Lectures delivered character, it is well worth reading ; if not for con- in India and Japan, by John Henry Barrows, D.D. Chicago: viction, yet for comprehension. To the easy-going A. C. McClurg & Co. SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS OF CHRISTIAN EVIDENCES. Protestant with whom the diversities of churches By G. Frederick Wright, D.D., LL.D., F.G.S.A. New York: belong to the accidents of life, the methods of thought D. Appleton & Co. which pertain to an earnest churchman are a revela- 262 [April 16, THE DIAL DIAL tion. They broaden bis spiritual horizon and ex by Nirvana. Take away all concrete experience, tend his sympathies. The ruling ideas of the book and what is left? Nothing, says one ; pure form, are, that Christianity involves of necessity a com. says another. But pure form is inseparable from plete ideal relation between men that organic life concrete form. It is concrete, or it ceases to be. which we know as a church; that the internal power By pursuing an abstraction, by being lost in the last of the church cannot be separated from its external abstraction, Buddhism is infinitely inferior to Chris- form; that the two, therefore, must inhere in one tianity. It partially regains its ground by affirming definite and transcendant product. From these virtually that pure form is perfect form, and then premises the author infers that our spiritual devel- pursuing perfection as the highest form. We think opment must lie along a single line of church de the author is open to the criticism a criticism velopment. The vigorous enforcement of these ideas which certainly attaches to many in our time — of will certainly be corrective to many minds. The making the words science and scientific a kind of view which has much logical force within itself fetich. His theory of the ultimate nature of things seems, however, to be constructed in oversight, if must, like other theories, fight its way through. It not in contempt, of the actual stages of growth in will prevail or fail according to its simplicity and the world. The perfect church, like a perfect gov. aptness. It is vain to call it scientific, as if science ernment or a perfect family, is reached through many stood for some form of absolute knowledge, and was imperfect ones, with ever renewed selection and re applicable to the opinions of the author, and not to jection. To cling obstinately to the old is oftentimes those of other men. Our author has skill as a tax- to aid its demerits in smothering its merits. Our idermist; but he is so delighted with it that he turns church ideal is still in the air like all our other ideals. all the life of the world into a collection of stuffed “ Buddhism and its Christian Critics” is a care skins, and then proceeds to pronounce them superior ful and illuminating statement, by Dr. Paul Carus, to the original creation. We have no criticism on of the ideas which underlie Buddhism. We have the spirit of the book, but only on the ultimate phil- no doubt of the essential correctness of the treatise osophy which underlies it. as an exposition of that faith, nor of its fitness to “ The Living Christ,” by Mr. Paul Tyner, is a remove much of the disagreement and doubt asso piece of mysticism, loving and tender, but quite ciated with previous statements. The author has away from the world in which we now are. The rendered a good service. The underlying idea of living Christ is to be understood in a literal sense. the system, which the author also entertains, we are He has revealed himself to the author, and is to be not, however, prepared to accept. We are quite revealed to all. The remote, fragile nature of the content to reject the Brahminic notion of a distinct, vision is made both painful and ludicrous, when we permanent self, the source of mental phenomena. are told that the denouement is to take place in This is doubling a thing : putting a second thing Denver. The infinite conceit of the human mind! within the thing as a means of exposition. We are Like a caterpillar, it steals away into some crevice, not, however, shut up to a mere flow of phenomena, spins its cocoon, and thinks the whole world is going a series of forms, as the only counter conception. through the same change. The phenomena which address themselves to the Dr. Beverley Warner's book on “ The Facts and senses or to consciousness carry with them to the The Faith " is the result of a series of discourses on intellect, the energy, physical or spiritual, which the Apostles' Creed. Its spirit is of the best. Its sustains them. The substance and form are insep- effort is to unite once more in a living faith tradi- arable correlatives — the same thing differently re tional dogma and growing knowledge. The atti- garded. If this were not so, then the chariot and tude of the author is a frank, receptive one. He the man--a comparison frequently employed in the has no fear of eating of the tree of knowledge, or exposition - would indeed stand on the same basis. any expectation that the sources of faith will be The chariot is made up of its parts, and the man of dried up by its fruits. The world, as a divine pro- his parts. Suppose the chariot to be suddenly en duct, has such hold on his mind that the method of dowed with life, to have a spirit in the wheels : it control and guidance becomes a question of ever- would have suffered no change, under the view renewed interest and inquiry. The work will be urged, as its parts would remain the same. helpful to many in making the transition, so often matter of fact, however, the hidden connections found difficult, from a less adequate to a more ade- would be totally altered. Evolution involves as dis quate faith ; from a fixed to a flexible expression of tinctly that which is evolved, as the forms through truth. It will restore movement to the vital centres which it passes. Take the case most favorable to of spiritual growth. this theory of forms simply, that of the triangle. Dr. Trever's volume of “Studies in Comparative Suppose a given right-angled triangle : enlarge it Theology” is based on six lectures given at Law- indefinitely. As long as it remains a distinct tri rence University, Wisconsin. The present size of angle, the relations hold. Let it begin to lose its the book would indicate considerable expansion of parts for the mind by virtue of magnitude, and their the matter from its first form. It treats in three relations disappear with them; it is by virtue only lectures of The Vedic Religion, of Buddhism, of of a concrete triangle that we hold them fast. Just Zoroaster, and Moses. The three following lectures are on “The Religion of Abraham's Boyhood - As a 1898.] 263 THE DIAL Home," “ The Sphinx's Cry for Light,” “The Voice of the Gospel to Other Religions." The book indi- INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRACY, AND OTHER STUDIES.* cates wide knowledge. It is popular, instructive, and interesting. It is likely to bring pleasure and It is a singular pleasure to accompany such com- profit to many readers. Its spirit is intelligent and petent guides as Mr. and Mrs. Webb through the liberal. The criticisms that one might be disposed complications of English Trade Unionism. Before to make are secondary rather than fundamental. our less highly developed country lie the problems “ Christianity, the World-Religion ” is a replica- which the wage-workers of England have, in good tion of Dr. Barrows's previous work on “ The Par measure, made clear to themselves and to the world. liament of Religions.” The extraordinary energy In all essentials, we must pursue the same road. As shown by him on that occasion has made him an manufacturing industry, with its concentration of institution by himself. One of the suggestions of population, dominates our life and gathers men into that event has been the lecture course established by factories and cities, we shall require all the wisdom Mrs. Caroline E. Haskell; the lectures to be delivered of experience to find our way. in Calcutta or some other city of India. The vol The authors of this book regard Trade Unionism ome before us contains seven lectures delivered in as the industrial side of democracy. Under the title Calcutta, repeated elsewhere, and accompanied by “ Trade Union Structure” falls the discussion of many addresses given in the course of an extended the evolution of governmental organization in local tour in India and the East. It also contains a unions, provincial and national federations, and sketch, by the Rev. Robert A. Hume, D.D., of interunion relations. Not a little light is thrown Ahmednagar, of the visit of Dr. Barrows to India upon the much-lauded schemes of the referendum, and Japan. Dr. Barrows gives great magnitude initiative, and instructed delegates. For a century to the ideas which occupy him, and fills full all these unions have been trying experiments with their spaces with an inexhaustible enthusiasm. His town-meeting government, and as their numbers and style is like his method of activity. Many from all territory increased they have been compelled to quarters are made to contribute to the book in hand. adopt representative institutions. In political gov. Dr. Barrows's trip was not the opening of a reli- ernment the nations have thought out, or groped gious bazaar, in which different views and convic their way to, the differentiation of professional rep- tions might be mingled and exchanged, but a steady resentatives for legislation and expert administrators enforcement of Christianity as the true world- in civil service; and in trade-unionism a similar evo- religion. He strengthened the missionaries of the lution is discernible. The unit tends to be the whole faith who preach it as the especial revelation of God. trade and not the local association of craftsmen. His themes were such subjects as “ The World-wide In connection with the topic “ Trade Union Func- Aspects of Christianity," "The Universal Book," tion,” the authors treat the methods and the regu- « The Universal Man and Saviour.” lations employed by organized wage-workers to Prof. G. Frederick Wright's work on “ The Sci- obtain their ends. The methods are classified as entific Aspects of Christian Evidences” is one of mutual insurance, collective bargaining, and legal marked ability. It is well fitted to give hesitancy enactments. The regulations cover the standard and sobriety to almost anyone's opinion on the funda- rate, normal day, sanitation and safety, new pro- mental data which underlie faith. The facile and cesses and machinery, continuity of employment, self-confident methods into which destructive criti entrance into a trade, and the right to a trade. Each cism so readily falls, meet an extended and just of these great concerns of the operative classes is rebuke. Yet, on the other hand, we cannot but treated with great minuteness of detail, keen insight, feel that the mind of the author is somewhat too and apparent impartiality. The information comes much burdened by the desire to defend the earlier first-hand from documents and personal observation. views. This appears, however, rather as an under The severe criticism of the Trade Union Congress current than as an avowed object. It is one thing gives evidence that these sympathetic historians of to urge the supernatural as an essential ingredient the moment are not slavish admirers but critical of faith, and another to accept it scrupulously as it friends. offers itself in the Scriptures. The book is what it The chapter on the Standard Rate should be care- purports to be, a discursive discussion of the grounds fully studied by those who sincerely desire to under- of belief involved in Christianity. The inquiry is stand the movement. Among trade-union regu- associated with accurate and extended knowledge; lations there is one which stands out as practically reaches to many and very diverse particulars; and universal, namely, the insistence on payment accord- is instructive and stimulating, whether we do or do ing to some definite standard, uniform in its appli- not accept its exact conclusions. The earlier chap * INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRACY. By Sydney and Beatrice Webb. ters point out with great clearness the fact that the In two volumes. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co. foundations of belief involve the same difficulties, THE SOCIAL MIND AND EDUCATION. By George Edgar Vincent. New York: The Macmillan Co. matter what our starting points. The later chapters SOCIAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE VICTORIAN AGE. By treat of historical and textual criticismg. The book T. H. S. Escott. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. was well worth writing, and hence it is well worth THE WORKERS: AN EXPERIMENT IN REALITY. By Walter reading. JOHN BASCOM. A. Wyckoff. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. no 264 [April 16, THE DIAL DIAL cation." This principle is frequently misrepresented. if he is very proud of his colleague's achievement. The demand is for a minimum, not for a maximum, A brief statement of the topics of Professor Vin- rate of wages. The employer can pay as much more cent's “Social Mind and Education" will be enough as he chooses for persons of special skill. In some to show that teachers and social students will be cases the more skillful have chosen to yield higher obliged to make acquaintance with the work for income for the sake of security, just as investors themselves. The task of the thesis is to bring to prefer low interest with good basis of credit to high bear upon the problem of education certain concep- interest when payment is uncertain. Only by main tions of social philosophy. The argument, as summed taining a standard rate is there a possibility of col up in the Introduction, follows these subjects : The lective bargaining. The individual workman, with psychical products of social evolution, ideas, judg- the perishable commodity of day-labor to offer, is ments, and desires, react upon individuals and are helpless. Individual bargaining leads straight to modified by them. Science and philosophy are the bondage. The reasons for desiring piece-wages in product of the efforts of the race to join the phe- some occupations, and time-wages in others, are nomena of existence in causal connections and a clearly explained. verified system. “ Education sets before itself the In contending for improved appliances for health task of relating the individual intrinsically to the and safety, the unions have rendered a service to social tradition, so that he may become an organic national efficiency, and they have been sustained by part of society.” The higher education seeks syn- instructed public opinion. The unions can no longer thesis of the products of previous analysis. “Social be justly charged with opposition to machinery; life and the student in relation to it form the real they are organized to secure their share of the centre" for correlation of studies. increased product. The tragical suffering attending There is no social brain or sensorium; but there the introduction of new processes is greatly miti is social thinking where the members of a group gated by prompt and united action. The societies share common thoughts and communicate or agree. have not succeeded in securing continuity of employ- | Philosophy as applied to social phenomena aims to ment, but they have made headway in preventing " afford a view of associated life by generalizing the reserve army of the unemployed from sinking into a coherent conception the sciences which have all gains by requiring a certain number of hours of been differentiated from the experiences of men, to work for all who are engaged. recombine into reality the subjective abstractions of Those who approve the individualistic decisions the social mind, to serve as a science of the sciences.” of Illinois courts in relation to restricting the hours It is in sociology, rather than in physiology, or of work by adult women should consider the history even psychology, according to Dr. W. T. Harris, of that subject in England (pp. 584–585). We that the various studies are to find their unity and seem to be still in a very crude and backward state full meaning. The present social environment - as compared with England since 1847. man, nature, and the interaction of these — is the The economists are far more favorable to trade unity which must be first broken up for analysis and unions than formerly. The former wage fund again integrated in the higher synthesis of an intel- and population theories have suffered great modifi lectual system. The various schemes for harmo- cation in the light of criticism and of life. The nizing and giving order to the various studies are authors, though pronounced socialists, declare that described. On the basis of this survey a tentative the standard of living has steadily improved among curriculum for a college course is laid out with some capable men. Nominal wages are higher; the goods detail of illustration. A very excellent apparatus of consumed are cheaper ; hours are shorter ; employ-references, in foot-notes and bibliography, gives ment is more constant. In this they agree with increased value to an important discussion of a great Giffin, Wright, and others who are charged with theme. But these quotations are much more than optimism. They see in trade unionism a permanent mere patches of color; they are the starting-points element in a socialistic state, the legal representative of independent criticism, and are made to render of the operative members of society. real service in the expansion of the central theme. The darker side of modern life is seen in the Un. The whole subject of the relation of sociology to employable, a term used to designate the lower grades pedagogy is here brought up to date. of laborers who cannot earn a full living and merely “Social Transformations of the Victorian Age," compete enough with capable men to lower their wages. Members of this class should be separated by Mr. T. H. S. Escott, is a milestone on the high- from others and educated to become employable, or, way of progress. It is written in the optimistic if the defect is too serious, should be kept in farm style of Mr. Carnegie's "Triumphant Democracy." colonies, and made to earn what they can, but with- With a light and airy motion we are carried over out competing with independent laborers. This con- thirty-one chapters in the illuminated story of the clusion agrees with that of the eminent investigator, Queen's reign. If one side is given undue promi- Mr. Charles Booth. nence, it certainly is that side which is most agree- able to look upon. What so many have won may It is a little difficult for one closely related to be possible for many others to achieve, and the another in teaching to be exactly critical, especially advance-guard tells of a host pressing closely in their 1898.] 265 THE DIAL men. so-called. footsteps. Cheerful it is to walk about the mother able manner, indulging now and then in a bit of country with a well-informed citizen, and consider satirical comment, and occasionally saying things the growth of wealth, the enlarged power of the that are not often heard but cannot be said too often. democracy, the improved means of education, the One of these things is thus expressed : “Without fusion of classes in local government, the renewed musical emotion that can be communicated to the spiritual life of the ancient universities, the achieve hearer, the most exquisite touch in the world will ments of science and invention, the transfiguration have no effect. Temperament have no effect. Temperament — temperament - is of religious thought and practice, and the reign of what we all cry for. What is temperament? It is law at home and in the colonies. hard to define, but easy to discern. We know that Jean de Reszke radiates with it, and that Melba is Mr. Wyckoff's interesting articles narrating his absolutely without it.” As for the satire, the follow- experiences as a laboring-man have appeared in book ing is neatly put: “You were once persuaded to go to form, and they are well worth reading or re-reading. what a friend described as a chamber-music concert. “ An Experiment in Reality” it was for a soft- There you heard four ghostly persons perform an handed scholar to take his chances in lanes, high operation which seemed to you to be the articulation roads, lumber camps, on farms and in ditches, with of a symphonic skeleton. At that entertainment you those inured to hard labor. Moneyless, he made became reckless and slept openly in the sight of all his way across New York and Pennsylvania, hiring And let me add in strict confidence that if out here and there for what he could get for un- skilled service. With excellent literary power he the performance was no better than most of our quartet-playing, I do not blame you for your som- makes us see and feel with him and his companions, nolence.” We hope that our few words of commend- and to realize the chasm which divides classes in ation will send a good many non-musical readers to this country. Of course there must be something Mr. Henderson's book. It deserves a large audi- too subjective and partial in this brief trial of a new ence, and is sure to help those who are struggling mode of life. The scholar who has not been brought in the endeavor to appreciate musical art, and need up with laborers can never quite take their point of to be helped in just this way. view. But this writer at least brings our fellows of the ditch and the woods closer to our sympathies. Mathematical A volume of a hundred pages with The characterization of types is sketchy, but bold Psychology, so formidable a title as “ The Math- and strong. If anyone is tempted to draw too hasty ematical Psychology of Gratry and inferences from these scattered hints of life, and Boole, translated from the language of the Higher generalize on the basis of mere suggestions, it will Calculus into that of Elementary Geometry by Mary not be the author's fault; for he is modest in gen Everest Boole" (Putnam) is likely to attract some eralizations, and puts us on our guard against taking little attention by its title alone. But the mathe- a story for a philosophy. C. R. HENDERSON. matician will probably pass this bizarre little volume over to the psychologist, and the psychologist will be equally anxious to shift the burden of responsi- bility upon the mathematician; while the curiosity of the general reader, unless he happens to enjoy BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. something of this flavor, will be satisfied by a very “ What is Good Music?” is the title small dose. The husband of the translator was musical of an admirable little book by Mr. Professor George Boole, an eminent mathematician, understanding. W.J. Henderson, which has just been and particularly remembered for his original con- published by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons. Mr. tributions to the field of symbolic logic as studied by Henderson begins by saying that “the right to like algebraic methods. But the present brochure is as or dislike a musical composition has long been re innocent of any account of Boole’s work as it is of garded as coëxistent with human freedom," and mathematics or psychology. There is a liberal then proceeds to show that this alleged right is of sprinkling of mathematical terms distorted into un- precisely the same character as the right to dislike usual uses, but no appreciation of the essential prin- Shakespeare and like Sir Lewis Morris, for ex ciples of mathematical procedure. The task of stat- ample, or to look coldly upon the Venus of Melos ing what the book is not is comparatively simple ; and warm up at sight of a Rogers group. In other to indicate what it really contains is very difficult, words, musical compositions are good or bad without for this raises the question on the part of the reader any regard for the tastes of the ignorant public, and as to whether he really knows or understands what the critic is the one who knows the difference be the book does contain. There is, however, a con- tween good and bad, and is prepared to advance siderable use of the argument by analogy, and the solid scientific reasons for the faith that is in him. analogies are very flimsy. Because some figures To help those who know little of music as an art to used in the process of multiplication disappear in form judgments with some approximation to cor the conclusion, we have the law of sacrifice; the rectness, is the purpose of the book whose keynote geometric diagonal indicates the principle of com- is sounded at the outset in the words above quoted. promise ; mathematical thought is inspiration, and Mr. Henderson writes in a very plain and reason habit is the multiplication table. Then we have An aid to 266 [April 16, THE DIAL disquisitions on vivisection and theology, on genius one thing needful for a tale; “ The Statue in the and insanity, on education and Newton, on morals Air” has doubtless a significance beyond the details and religion. These are all disconnectedly strung of the story. Still, it may be remarked that even together, and leave one with an uncanny sense of though wholly possessed by her glorious theme, the puzzlement and incoherence. It is possible that the author would not have done ill in exhibiting a cer- author had some ideas to express, but they are not tain consequence and coherence in the events which very apparent, and may just as well come under any she chronicles. It will be admitted, we think, that other rubric as under that of Mathematical Psy- the general reader likes to see some connection be- chology tween what he is reading at any time and what he has already read. The early Edinburgh Reviewers, the The Blackwood The book presents in myth-like group of Fraserians, the Blackwood set, are phantasietta the doings in some apocryphal pseudo- famous Scots. interesting groups in a time now tak- Hellenic fairy-land. It is a tale of shepherds and ing to itself the golden tone of romance. Their inter- prophets, of hollow echoes and flushing apple- est is now largely historic, or, more accurately speak- blossoms, of gods and harpies. It hymns in pulsing ing, largely heroic. The men themselves are better obscurities the awful power of Troglodytes and his remembered than their works : few read Jeffrey or final destruction by Euphorion, whereby (in our Sydney Smith, save perhaps in selections ; the wit opinion) is very mystically shadowed forth the ulti- and learning of Maginn and Mahoney has preserved mate victory over Evil of Love through Art. Eupho- their writings for a few only; and we think of the rian in the first ecstacy of his passion for Leanira heroes of the “Noctes " more as characters in lit strikes on a harp a few pellucid chords. “ As though erature than as creators of it. A new volume of the music wrought like an invisible chisel . out the “Famous Scots Series” (Scribner) is written by of the cold air was created a marble child.” The Sir George Douglas, on “ The Blackwood Group." sacred statue was enshrined in the Cave of Love; but those curious to know the manner, or the reason, It contains sketches, necessarily short, of John Wil- son, John Galt, D. M. Moir, Miss Ferrier, Michael or what it had to do with Troglodytes, will do well Scott, and Thomas Hamilton. Lockhart and Hogg find what they want to know (a thing always pleas- to study the original text, where they may not only would of course have been included, were not sepa- rate volumes of the series reserved for them. This ant), but also enjoy a number of verbal felicities and is right; but still, Christopher North seems a little infelicities which we cannot here set down in detail. lonely without Timothy Tickler and the Ettrick Mr. W. B. Yeats is already known as Mysteries of Shepherd. Of the six authors in question, we incline the Neo-Celtic the author of poems and stories, and to think that the only one now read is Michael Scott. also as one of the foremost represent- The enormous production of Wilson, the facile work atives of that Neo-Celtic Movement which is now of “Delta," the varied extemporizations of John sometimes mentioned with bated breath. Mr. Yeats Galt, are now nowhere; but “ Tom Cringle's Log” is the leader of the Erse division of the Gadhelic may be said still to exist. As to Miss Ferrier's branch of the Neo-Celtic Movement. The Gadhels Marriage,” we own to doubts. Sir George Douglas are nowadays a good deal more active than the has immense admiration for it and its companions, Cymric Neo-Celts; in fact, Cymric Neo-Celticism is and speaks of them in very strong terms. Indeed, now such an old story that there is hardly any Neo- he rather makes one wish to read many a book ness about it. It need hardly be said that Neo- which we feel sure nobody otherwise would read. Celticism has no connection at all with the Scotch and This we may or may not do; at any rate, we have Irish story-tellers that one sometimes bears of at the here an excellent book for a niche in literary history present day. Mr. Barrie, Mr. Crockett, “ Ian Mac- that was vacant. laren,” are not Neo-Celtic,- in fact, they are not The mystery of It was once a matter of vexation to even Celtic. Miss Jane Barlow is Celtic but not " The Statue Macaulay that he could not under- Neo-Celtic. Miss Fiona Macleod, however, is Neo- stand Kant’s “ Critique.” It seemed Celtic,-has even been hailed as the “initiator" of to him that a man who could understand Plato, the movement; Miss Nora Hopper is also Neo- Aristotle, Bacon, Locke, ought to be able to under- Celtic, although strangely intelligible. Mr. William stand the work of a German professor translated by Sharp is Neo-Celtic in temper though not in topic, a Liverpool merchant. Macaalay was inclined to and Mrs. Sharp has done great service to the move- think that the fault lay with Kant; but here he was ment by her “Lyra Celtica.” But Mr. Yeats is partly wrong. In manner something like, are we a the arch Neo-Celticist, and in his last book, “The little vexed that we have not wholly mastered the Secret Rose” (Dodd), he shows forth the tenets of story of “The Statue in the Air” by Caroline Eaton the cult as clearly as any tenets can be shown forth Le Conte (Macmillan). We followed, in our time, which have ever come into contact with the doc- the adventures of Endymion; we got safely to the trines of the Rosy Cross. Rosicrucianism is to the end of “The Revolt of Islam "'; we thought once uninitiated wholly incomprehensible; and Neo- that we had our hand on Zanoni,—but here we have Celticism, except for externals, is very nearly so. But been baffled. We mention the matter more in re if the reader will dismiss from mind any thought gret than in criticism : an intelligible plot is not the of subtle doctrine or tenet, he may find in these tales Movement. in the Air." 1898.] 267 THE DIAL matrimonial a good deal of pleasure. One can easily take them good points of the book is the constant analysis of simply as they come, without knowing or trying to subjects. The separation of primary elements and know what they may really be about; and we think their clear definition is certainly most important. that in this way one will enjoy them most. As for any pseudo-serious ideas shadowed forth in these The drift and consequence of the Soms diverse stories, we allow ourselves the opinion that they are pretty volume entitled “ The Love experiences. silly. They may come from the Druids, or from Affairs of Some Famous Men the Round Towers, or from anywhere else; but if (Stokes) is fairly indicated by its catchy title. The no more valuable thoughts are hidden in the Speckled author, or rather compiler, presents a long list of Book or the Book of the Dun Cow, we shall be con- famous authors, painters, musicians, divines, law- tent if those massive tomes remain unprinted for yers, statesmen, and so on, and shows us in a chatty another thousand years. Paying, therefore, no atten- anecdotal way how they “got on" with their wives tion to the doctrines of Neo-Celticism, we find in this and mistresses which was, it is needless to say, in collection of stories not infrequently very great many cases very badly. There was John Wesley, charm. From the archaic legend of Aodh and the for instance, who married a Mrs. Vizelle, a widow Queen Dectira, through the curious ancient-modern whose subsequent conduct went far to bear out the tales of Hanrahan the Red to the very contempo- theory of the elder Weller. It is credibly related “ Rosa Alchemica," we are constantly coming rary that Mrs. Wesley was even given to beating her across very charming things, usually bits of descrip. eloquent husband. John Hampson, one of Wesley's tion, which really arouse the imagination. The book preachers, we learn, “ told his son that he once went is by a poet rather than a story-teller, and yet its into a room in the north of Ireland where he found stories are better than the two or three poems that Mrs. Wesley foaming with rage. Her husband was it contains a paradox which will say much to any. on the floor. She had been dragging him about one who fully understands it. by his hair, and still held in her hand some of the locks that she had pulled out of his head. More A study of The second series of the "American than once she laid violent hands upon him, and tore the religions of Lectures on the History of Religions" those venerable locks which had suffered sufficiently primitive people. has just been published (Putnam). from the ravages of Time.” No wonder a man so These courses of lectures are patterned somewhat afflicted could hold the view of things embodied in after the Hibbert Lectures in England, and are pre his expressive lines, sented annually at certain Eastern cities - Boston, “A point of life, a moment's space, New York, Brooklyn, Philadelphia, etc. A well- Removes me to that heavenly place, known group of scholars is behind the enterprise, Or shuts me up in hell.” which appears destined to be successful. Mr. T. W. The volume is pleasantly written, and the author Rhys-Davids gave the first course, which dealt with has ranged over a wide field in gathering his ex- Buddhism. The second course, given last season, amples. was by Dr. Daniel G. Brinton upon the general Some years ago, Professor A. S. Cook, topic" Religions of Primitive Peoples." The courses of Yale University, published an en- Old English prose. for 1898 and 1899 are already arranged ; they will tertaining little book on “ The Bible deal with the religious history of Israel, and are to and English Prose Style,” in which he says that be presented by Dr. Cheyne and Professor Budde. “from Cædmon's time to the present the influence Dr. Brinton is no novice in the field of primitive of Bible diction upon English speech has been vir- religions. His previous studies, confined chiefly to tually uninterrupted." In his latest and more im- the American field, have been important. In this portant work, "Biblical Quotations in Old English course of lectures he has touched a more general Prose Writers ” (Macmillan), beginning with the theme and drawn material from the whole world. well-known Hymn of Cædmon, Professor Cook pre- He begins by outlining methods and defining terms ; sents an admirable conspectus of old English bib- then passes to the origin and content of primitive lical versions from the seventh to the tenth century, religions. Three forms of religious expression are embodying a summary of the best critical results of recognized — the word, the object, the rite. Each modern scholarship. The biblical scholar interested is examined in detail. In his final lecture the author in the history of English versions, as well as the investigates the influence of their religions upon the professional student of English, will hardly find else lower peoples and the possible development of such where a more accurate survey of the field than is religions. Every student, even if he may not agree here presented. The body of the book is taken up completely with the author, will be glad of this con with extracts containing biblical quotations, from venient and proper presentation of this subject. As King Alfred's Version of Gregory': Pastoral Care the words “primitive peoples" occur in the title of (60 pp.), the Laws of King Alfred (8 pp.), King the book, it is a pity Dr. Brinton did not more nearly Àlfred's Version of Bede's Ecclesiastical History confine his discussions to the conceptions of the most (6 pp.), and Aelfric's Homilies (182 pp.),—all with primitive peoples known. Certainly the Aztecs and the Latin originals printed at the foot of the page. the Vedic Aryans are far from primitive, both in Of these the most interesting, perhaps, are the ex- life and belief. One of the strongest of the many tracts from the Laws of the good king, closing with Bible diction in 268 [April 16, THE DIAL - the quotation: “And thaet ge willen thaet othre men employed by Mrs. William Starr Dana in her « How to eow ne don, ne doth ge thaet othrum mannum (quod Know the Wild Flowers," although the present volume vobis non vultis fieri, non faciatis aliis),” which is the more comprehensive of the two. In other words, forces the reflection that, after a thousand years, we Mrs. Dana makes a judicious selection of species for description, whereas Miss Parsons gives us a flora, prac- are not yet near the Golden Age. To one familiar with Latin, the acquisition of a reading knowledge tically complete for practical purposes, of the region which includes California, Oregon, and Washington. of Anglo-Saxon could not be made easier. The The plates are accurately and artistically drawn from book contains two complete indexes on “ Biblical the plants described, and there are over two hundred of Passages" and on Principal Words." them. Mr. W. M. Griswold, whose annotated lists of books Ambrose Paré, surgeon to three kings A surgeon to are so useful to librarians and readers in general, has of France, is the subject of an excel- three kings. sent us a catalogue of “The Novels of 1897.” There lent monograph by Mr. Stephen are two arrangements, under authors and subjects, with Paget (Putnam). Paré, though wholly devoted to references to selected critical reviews. Sometimes the bis profession, lived in the midst of such stirring review in question is boiled down into one expressive events that his personality and his position at court epithet, as in the following entry: “Annunzio, G: d', are often used by writers in presenting a picture of • Triumph of Death,' Rich.: loathsome, D., 1–1." Mr. the times. Thus, Balzac, in “Catherine de Medici,” Griswold's pamphlets offer, with their scientific classi- makes Paré the central figure in a dramatic story of fication and absolute accuracy, an excellent illustration of how this sort of thing ought to be done. The present the death of Francis II., an incident merely referred pamphlet also shows how it ought not to be done, by re- to by the present author with the statement that the printing the “Library Journal's" review, severe but not surgeon was accused by rivals of using means to unjustifiably so, of a recent bibliography of prose fiction prevent the recovery of his patient. That Paré was which made a most amazing display of inaccuracy and a keen observer is shown by quotations from his slovenly workmanship. “ Journeys in Diverse Places," and these, with a chapter of explanatory notes, furnish the most inter- esting reading in the present work. His ability in LITERARY NOTES. surgery, says the author, lay not so much in the invention of new methods as in the improvement of “ The Wound Dresser," being Walt Whitman's hos- old ones. The vexed question of Paré's religion is pital letters, edited by Dr. R. M. Bucke, is published in decided in favor of Catholicism, although his hu- a handsome volume by Messrs. Small, Maynard & Co. manitarian sentiments made him openly disapprove proposed Lewis Carroll Memorial, which is to take the The Macmillan Co. will receive subscriptions for the of the civil wars and gave opportunity to his ene- form of an endowed cot in a London hospital for children. mies to charge him with being in secret a Huguenot. M. Brunetière's new manual of the history of French literature is to be published by Messrs. T. Y. Crowell & Co., who have secured the American rights in the work. BRIEFER MENTION. “ A Preliminary Study of the Pueblo of Taos, New Professor Henry P. Johnston, of the College of the Mexico " is the title of a doctoral dissertation by Mr. City of New York, has made an exhaustive study of a Merton Leland Miller, published by the University of local engagement of the Revolutionary War. True, it Chicago Press. was a minor engagement, and yet one which for the Rhymes of Childhood” make up the contents of first time gave some confidence to the crude Continen Volume V. of the works of Mr. James Whitcomb Riley, tal soldier, because he saw there a retreating red-coat. in the new edition now being published by Messrs. The result of the study has been admirably given to the Charles Scribner's Sons. public, with many maps and present-day photographs, The « Brothers of the Book” of Gouverneur, N. Y., in a monograph entitled « The Battle of Harlem have issued, as an Easter greeting to their friends, a Heights" (Macmillan). beautifully-printed leaflet containing Mr. Richard Le “ Natural Magic,” being Book I. of the three to which Gallienne's sonnet, “Confessio Amantis." the “Occult Philosophy or Magic" of Henry Cornelius Three more volumes - the third, fourth, and fifth - Agrippa extends, translated into English, and edited by have been added to the bandsome library edition of Mr. Willis F. Whitehead, is published by Messrs. Hahn “ The Spectator," which Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons & Whitehead, Chicago. We can only say of such pub are publishing in conjunction with Mr. J. M. Dent of lications that for those who like this sort of thing the London. present volume is undoubtedly the sort of thing they will “The Caxtons," one of the best of Lord Lytton's like. The observation is trite, but one can hardly be numerous novels, has been added to the “Illustrated expected to take seriously, except for their relation to English Library,” published by Messrs. G. P. Putnam's the history of human thought, the works of Cornelius Sons. The illustrations are drawn by Miss Chris. Agrippa or any other writers of his general type. Hammond. “The Wild Flowers of California," by Miss Mary “ David Copperfield " in two volumes, and “ A Tale of Elizabeth Parsons, is published at San Francisco by Mr. Two Cities” and “Great Expectations," each in one William Doxey, and is one of the most creditable books, volume, are the latest additions to the “Gadshill ” to both author and publisher, that have ever come to Dickens, imported by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons. us from the Pacific slope. Its method is essentially that All the volumes that have thus far appeared in this 1898.] 269 THE DIAL a varied one, being especially rich in Choice editions of the edition bave contained the original plates by Cruiksbank, ideas underlie all of the contributions, but they range H. K. Browne, etc., but in the case of “Great Expecta for all that over a fairly wide field of politics, sociology, tions” the publishers have provided entirely new illus and literature, and provide reading at once thoughtful trations, the work of Mr. Charles Green. and interesting. Each number of the paper has sixteen “The Works of Horace,” including the odes, epodes, pages of “Spectator" size. The enterprise deserves satires, and epistles, have been “rendered” into En hearty encouragement, and we are glad of the oppor- glish prose by Mr. William Coutts, and the work, pre tunity to say these few words in its behalf. faced with a biographical chapter, is published by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons have now ready for Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co. publication the first of the four volumes to which their The “ tales” of “John Oliver Hobbes,” comprising new “ Dictionary of the Bible" will extend. The num- « Some Emotions and a Moral,” “ A Study in Tempta ber of articles will be about fifteen thousand, mostly tions,” “ The Sinner's Comedy,” and “Ă Bundle of signed, and the work will be sold only by subscription. Life," are republished by the Frederick A. Stokes Co. Dr. James Hastings is the editor in chief, and has had in a single volume uniform with “ The School for Saints." much competent assistance and expert collaboration. “ The Holy Father and the Living Christ,” by Dr. An“American Explorers " series, edited by Dr. Elliott Peter Taylor Forsyth, and Forty Days of the Risen Coues, is announced by Mr. Francis P. Harper. The Life,” by the Bishop of Ripon, are two volumes in the initial volume will be a journal of Major Jacob Fowler's series of “Little Books on Religion,” edited by Dr. travels to the Rocky Mountains in 1821-22, and the Robertson Nicol), and published by Messrs Dodd, Mead second will be “ Forty Years a Fur Trader on the Upper & Co. Missouri," by Charles Larpenteur. Both these works A group of graduate students in the English Depart are to be printed from manuscripts hitherto unpublished.' ment at Yale gave a performance of “The Knight of Volume XLIII. of “The Sacred Books of the East," the Burning Pestle” at the University on the 28th of edited by Professor F. Max Müller, is devoted to last month. The play was planned as a surprise to the Part IV. of Mr. Julius Eggeling's translation of “The faculty, and is reported to have been performed in a Satapatba-Brahmana.” Volume XLVII. in the same highly creditable way. series is a continuation of Mr. E. W. West's translation Messrs. Bangs & Co. of New York will sell at auction, of selected « Pahlavi Texts." These works, as we hardly beginning April 26, the library of the late Francis B. need to add, are published by the Oxford Clarendon Hayes of Boston. The collection is an interesting and Press. The 1898 volume of that useful compendium, “ Haz- standard authors, and the sale will probably constitute ell's Annual,” being the thirteenth annual volume, is one of the most important of the year. imported by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons. The num- The use of blue prints for book illustration is intro ber of new articles included is, as usual, considerable, duced effectively in Miss Ruth Janette Warner's “ His- among them being the Behring Sea Question, the Re- toric Art Studies," published by Mr. George A. Mosher public of Central America, Local Taxation, Foreign of Syracuse, N. Y. The pamphlet is designed as an aid Navies, and biographies of Messrs. John Hay and Gil- for teachers of public schools and colleges in interesting bert Parker. young students in the study of historic art. “ A History of the English Poor Law," by the late “ L'Echo de la Semaine,” Boston, has begun the pub Sir George Nicholls, was first published in 1860, and has lication of a series of selected short French stories for long been the standard authority upon its subject. A students and schools, with English notes by Professor new edition of the work is now put forth by Messrs. G. P. Alphonse N. Van Daell of the Massachusetts Institute Putnam's Sons, in two stout volumes, edited by Mr. of Technology. Two volumes, “Six Jolis Contes” and H. G. Willink, who has supplied an extended biography Bourget's “ Antigone " are ready. The volumes will be of the author, besides incorporating with the text the twenty-five cents each. many revisions made before his death. Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons are the American agents Messrs. Patrick Geddes & Colleagues of Edinburgh for Dr. T. E. Thorpe's “ Manual of Inorganic Chemis are the publishers of a neat paper-covered set of the try," of which a new edition, in two volumes, has just shorter stories of Miss Fiona Macleod. There are three been published. Part II. of "The Tutorial Chemistry," volumes, in a box, and they are respectively entitled by Mr. G. H. Bailey and Mr. William Briggs, is pub- “Spiritual Tales," « Barbaric Tales," and “Tragic Ro- lished by Messrs. Hinds & Noble. This work is devoted mances." The volume of Miss Macleod's work is now to the chemistry of the metals. considerable, comprising, as it does, six other volumes One of the best of the many“ newspaper catalogues ” in addition to these collections of short pieces. which are issued annually by the leading advertising An International Congress of History will be held at agencies, is that prepared by Messrs. Dauchy & Co. of The Hague next September, organized under the au- New York. The 1898 edition of this work is now ready, spices of Her Majesty the Queen, and presided over by and forms a handsome volume of over seven hundred His Excellency the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the pages. Full information is given regarding every peri- Netherlands, and by M. de Maulde la Clavière, General odical issued in the United States and Canada. Secretary of the Society of Diplomatic History, of Paris. We have received from Mr. S. Burns Weston, of The Congress will be composed of diplomatists, histo- Philadelphia, the American agent for the publication, rians, and men of letters. Each nation may use its own several early numbers of a new English weekly called language in the discussions and in the papers presented. “ The Ethical World.” Mr. Stanton Coit, long asso Ladies may become members. The subscription is fixed ciated with Dr. Adler in the ethical movement in New at twenty francs, or four dollars. The papers read be- York, is the editor of this paper, which offers an attrac fore the Congress will be printed and distributed to the tive list of contents, by no means as narrowed in theme members. All questions relating to reduced rates of as one might at first suppose. It is true that ethical transportation and to accommodation of members, as 270 [April 16, THE DIAL well as to receptions that will be given them, will be regulated by the local committee under the presidency of M. Asser, Counsellor of State. Mr. James Gustavus Whiteley (223 West Lanvale street, Baltimore, Md.), of the Society of Diplomatic History of Paris, has been appointed to organize, and to preside over, the section of the United States. That sprightly illustrated magazine, “ The Land of Sunshine," published at Los Angeles, announces in its April issue some interesting plans by which it is to be made still more distinctively “the magazine of Califor. nia and the West." Its capable and aggressive editor, Mr. Charles F. Lummis, himself an entertaining and authoritative writer, has rallied to its support many well- known Western writers, or writers on Western subjects, among them Mrs. Mary Hallock Foote, Mrs. Margaret Graham Collier, and others. The magazine is to be stronger than ever in “ local color," but it is to be the color of the West rather than of California only. In such a scheme it is much to know that the colors are real, and applied by skilful hands; and this we may count on, under Mr. Lummis's management. It would seem that the magazine has a field all its own, and is likely to fill it successfully and well. " Tem- LIST OF NEW BOOKS. (The following list, containing 105 titles, includes books received by THE DIAL since its last issue.] BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS. Social Hours with Celebrities: Being the Third and Fourth Volumes of “Gossip of the Century." By the late Mrs. W. Pitt Byrne; edited by her sister, Miss R. H. Busk. 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The scene shifts from London gravure frontispieces by BERNARD PARTRIDGE, HARRISON MILLER, to Constantinople, in both of which localities the author is much at and others. The first two volumes, “The Ordeal of Richard home. The heroine is an English girl of the thoroughly modern and Feverel," and "Diana of the Crossways," now ready; "Sandia advanced type, and the change in her character wrought by her interest Belloni " and " Vittoria " ready shortly; other volumes to follow in the handsome young Turkish Colonel who is the hero (and who, by two at a time until the edition is completed in the Fall. Each, the way, is drawn from life) is a development quite new in fiction, and crown 8vo, $1.60. one that is likely to appeal especially to the women of the present day. Now Ready: Field Reminiscences by a Famous Comedian. THE EUGENE FIELD I KNEW. By Francis Wilson. With Many Illustrations. 12mo, $1.25. 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Mrs. Moody's clever essays have been pronounced by Dr. Edward Mr. Sullivan's collections do not come very often, and are always Everett Hale and other eminent critics to be the sanest and wittiest welcome; for he is one of the most versatile of our fiction writers, contributions yet made to the “woman question." "and," as the Nation says, “his tales are always perfectly written." THE DULL MISS ARCHINARD. STORIES BY FOREIGN AUTHORS. By ANNE DOUGLAS SEDGWICK. 12mo, $1.25. To be in 10 volumes, each with portrait, 16mo, 75 cents. An affecting story of artist life in London and Paris, introducing Two volumes ready: French - I., containing stories by Daudet, much of the peculiar atmosphere which surrounds the literary and France, About, Bourget, De Maupassant, Sardou ; and French-11., artistic workers in the latter city. by Coppée, Zola, Souvestre, Droz, and Mérimée. Third Edition Just Out of a Great Naval Story. “ One of the best Revolutionary novels yet written.”— PHILADELPHIA INQUIRER. 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He has also a rare gift while the new view of Washington theme which have appeared of late tering sort, but is founded on high of imaginative vision . . . ; and in the Trenton and Princeton cam- years."— The Erening World. ideals of character and conduct then, he is a born story-teller."- paign gives the book historical “There are some very thrilling in public and private life.” Church Standard. importance."- Army and Navy chapters of naval warfare in this “Droch" in life. Journal. book "- Review of Reviews. CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 153-157 Fifth Avenue, New York. MR. 1898.] 277 THE DIAL HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO.'S NEW BOOKS. Famous Women of History Penelope's Progress. By KATE DOUGLAS WIGGIN, author of “ The Birds' Christmas Carol,” “Marm Lisa," etc. 16mo, in unique Scottish binding, $1.25. 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Readers and Writers have been waiting for this The best collection of poems that has appeared Up-to-Date, Pull-of-Matter, Moderate-Priced, Reference Book. in this country since the publication of Kipling's THE STUDENTS' “ Seven Seas." - New York World. There is majesty as well as warmth in the lines. STANDARD DICTIONARY. Mr. Gray's work is especially deserving of public AN ABRIDGEMENT OF notice.—Boston Globe. Funk & Wagnall's Standard Dictionary. A noteworthy achievement.-Chicago Tribune. Large 8vo, 933 pages, cloth, leather back, net, $2.50; sheep, 84.00; Indexed, 50 cts. additional. Sent on receipt of price by the Contains 60,000 Words and Phrases, and 1225 Pictorial Illustrations. ALAMO PUBLISHING OFFICE, Sent, postpaid, on receipt of the price, by FLORENCE, NEW MEXICO. THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO., Sond postal oard for Specimen Pages and Press Opinions. 5 and 7 East Sixteenth St., New YORK. 1898.] 279 THE DIAL The Macmillan Company's New Books. ARISTOCRACY AND EVOLUTION. 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For further information in regard to the above, address THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, No. 66 Fifth Avenue, New York. 280 [May 1, 1898. THE DIAL D. Appleton & Company's New Books MR. CROCKETT'S NEW ROMANCE. GILBERT PARKER'S NOVELS. NEW UNIFORM EDITION. The Standard Bearer. An Historical Novel. By S. R. CROCKETT, Author of The Seats of the Mighty. “The Lilac Sunbonnet,” “Cleg-Kelly," « Lad's Love,” Being the Memoirs of Captain ROBERT MORAY, some- “ Bog-Myrtle and Peat," etc. 12mo, cloth, $1.50. time an Officer in the Virginia Regiment, and after- Mr. Crockett stands on ground that he has made his own in this wards of Amherst's Regiment. By GILBERT PARKER, romance of the Scottish Covenanters. The story opens in 1685, “the author of “ Pierre and his People," " The Trail of the Terrible Year," with a vivid picture of the pursuit of fugitive Cove- nanters by the dragoons. The hero, who becomes a Covenanting min- Sword,” « The Trespasser," etc. Illustrated. 12mo, ister, sees many strange and stirring adventures. The charming love cloth, $1.50. story which runs through the book is varied by much excellent fighting “One of the strongest stories of historical interest and adventure and many picturesque incidents. “The Standard Bearer" is likely to that we have read for many a day. . Through all Mr. Parker moves be ranked by readers with Mr. Crockett's most successful work. with an assured step, whilst in his treatment of his subject there is a happy blending of the poetical with the prosaic, which has characterized all his writings. A notable and successful book.” – London Speaker. Outlines of the Earth's History. By Prof. N. S. SHALER, of Harvard University. Illus- The Trail of the Sword. trated. 12mo, cloth, $1.75. By GILBERT PARKER, author of “ The Trespasser," Professor Shaler's comprehensive knowledge and graphic style have “ The Translation of a Savage," etc. Illustrated. imparted to his book a peculiar distinction. In its wide range of inform- 12mo, cloth, $1.25. ation and the ludicity with which the various themes are treated, the "The story has the same richness of color and swiftness of move- book possesses a value which will be appreciated by many readers and ment, the style the same racy vigor, conciseness, directness, which have by students. from the first characterized this admirable artist."- Boston Traveller. Italian Literature. The Translation of a Savage. By RICHARD GARNETT, C.B., LL.D. A new volume in By GILBERT PARKER, author of “The Seats of the the “Literatures of the World Series,” edited by Mighty," “ The Trail of the Sword,” « The Tres- EDMUND GOSSE. 12mo, cloth, $1.50. passer," etc. New uniform edition, enlarged. 12mo, Dr. Garnett's abundant scholarship and power of discrimination have cloth, $1.25. furnished an admirable equipment for the preparation of this needed “Interest, pith, force, and charm. Mr. Parker's story possesses all work. In traversing the broad field of Italian literature he has not con these qualities. Almost bare of synthetical decoration, his para- fined himself to a few masterpieces, but, without burdening his story graphs are stirring because they are real. We read at times as we with details, he indicates characteristic phases and significant move have read the great masters of romance - breathlessly." " - The Critic. ments, which are happily illustrated. His work is clear, interesting, and informing. The Trespasser. A French Volunteer of the War of By GILBERT PARKER, author of "The Translation of a Savage,” “ Pierre and his People,” etc. 12mo, cloth, Independence. $1.00. By the Chevalier DE PONTGIBAUD. Translated and "Gilbert Parker's strength, his keen, fresh vitality, would make any story he chose to tell interesting, if not remarkable. It is all the better edited by ROBERT B. DOUGLAS. With Introduction that he commonly chooses to tell the sort of a story which gives his and Frontispiece. mental muscle full swing. Of this sort is 'The Trespasser.' The uncon- 12mo, cloth, $1.50. ventionality of the book, its fine, free rhythm, its successful development This entertaining book is a distinct addition to the personal side of of a daring scheme - these things must be admired."_Boston Traveller. Revolutionary literature, and it is peculiarly valuable because of its “.. A picturesque, imaginative study."-San Francisco Chronicle. presentation of American life and of the fathers of the Republic as seen by a French visitor. The hero's stormy youth and his adventurous and Mrs. Falchion. varied career give his reminiscences an intimate interest rarely to be found in historical fiction, while their historical value is obvious. His By GILBERT PARKER, author of “The Trespasser," recollections include his association with Washington, Hamilton, Burr, “ The Translation of a Savage," etc. Illustrated. and other conspicuous figures. 12mo, $1.25. " This story is a splendid study of character illumined by subtle Studies of Good and Evil. touches of observation, which reveal a no common grasp of human nature. The book is one of remarkable power and still more remarkable By Prof. Josiah ROYCE, of Harvard University. 12mo, promise." - Athenaeum. cloth, $1.50. The unity of this interesting and important book is derived from the Eastern Journeys. author's application of his theories of philosophic idealism to relatively practical problems. He shows how his philosophical theory may be Some Notes of Travel in Russia, in the Caucasus, and to applied to the study of various issues relating to good and evil. The Jerusalem. By CHARLES A. DANA. 16mo, cloth, $1. “problem of evil " as illustrated in Job, the case of John Bunyan, “Ten- nyson and Pessimism," together with various suggestive and illuminat- Political Crime. ing studies of self-consciousness, and some discussions of special issues, among which is the "Squatter Riot of 1850 in Sacramento," are among By Louis PROAL. With an Introduction by Prof. F. H. the themes which are treated in a way that illustrates the intimate rela- tion of every fragment with the whole in the universe as idealism con- GIDDINGS, of Columbia University. A new volume ceives it. The original thought and acute observation of the author find in the “Criminology Series,” edited by W. DOUGLAS most striking phases of expression. MORRIBON. 12mo, cloth, $1.50. These books are for sale by all Booksellers, or they will be sent by mail, on receipt of price, by the Publishers, D. APPLETON & COMPANY, 72 Fifth Ave., New York. THE DIAL A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Enformation. THE DIAL (founded in 1880 ) is published on the 1st and 16th of cach month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the current number. REMITTANCES should be by draft, or by express or postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application ; and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished on application. All communications should be addressed to THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago. No. 285. MAY 1, 1898. Vol. XXIV. CONTENTS. PAGE . . . . A NEW THEORY OF BIOGRAPHY. Every reader is familiar with Wordsworth's statement that in the sonnet “Shakespeare un- locked his heart,” and with Browning's charac- teristic comment: “Did Shakespeare ? If so, the less Shakespeare he.” The controversy, although not narrowed to a simple question of Shakespearean interpretation, is older than either Wordsworth or Browning, and is likely to survive as long as literature itself. Does the poet indeed reveal himself in his work, or does he, in Olympian majesty, “Sit as God holding no form of creed, But contemplating all” ? It is not surprising that Wordsworth and Brown- ing should have answered the question in dif- ferent if not opposite ways, for the earlier poet was essentially of the introspective type, while the later was as essentially dramatic, and the subjective aspect of thought was as sure to be emphasized by the one as its objective aspect by the other. The problem is no doubt an inde- terminate one, with something to be said for either solution; but we are inclined to think that the dramatic solution has been taken a little too much for granted, and that a finer method of analysis than critics have been wont to apply will disclose personal elements in the most im. personal of utterances. If even the style be of the man himself, as Buffon once remarked, and as most of us are willing to allow, how much more should the style and its content taken to- gether prove a reflection of the poet's individ- uality, and supply an intimate revelation of most that is really worth knowing about his life. This question, as far as it relates to the baf- fling personality of the greatest of poets, has recently been taken up in certain critical quar- ters, and reopened for discussion in a way that must attract attention. The editor of « The Saturday Review” has published a series of subtly critical papers upon “ The True Shake- speare” as he may be found in the deepest and most characteristic of the plays, while the col- umns of “ The Athenæum have found room for the following strong deliverance : “ A poet, howsoever artistic, howsoever dramatic the form of his work may be, is occupied during his entire life in painting his own portrait. And if it were not for the intervention of the biographer, the reminiscence A NEW THEORY OF BIOGRAPHY 281 THE GREATEST LITERARY FORM. Charles Leonard Moore . 283 A PLEDGE OVERSEAS. (Poom.) Edward McQueen Gray 285 ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCE. Temple Scott 285 COMMUNICATION . 286 The Claims of Lyric Poetry. F. L. Thompson. MEMOIRS OF AN IRISH NATIONALIST. E.G.J. 288 NON-RELIGION IN THE FUTURE. Wallace de Groot Rice 290 HITTELL'S HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA. B. A. Hinsdale. 292 RECENT HISTORICAL FICTION. William Morton Payne . 293 Benson's The Vintage. - Graham's The Son of the Czar. – Whishaw's A Tsar's Gratitude. — Ridge's Secretary to Bayne, M.P.- Weyman's Shrewsbury. “ Anthony Hope's" Simon Dale. - Koerner's Beleaguered. - Bloundelle-Burton's Across the Salt Seas. – McLennan's Spanish John. - Stephens's An Enemy to the King.–Sanders's For Prince and Peo- ple.- Fuller's Vivian of Virginia. – Miss Rayner's Free to Serve. - Miss Skeel and Brearley's King Washington. — Brady's For Love of Country. Ross's Chalmette. BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 296 Outlines of a new critical method. A pleasant nar- rative, but not history.- A noteworthy contribution to medical literature. - The great age of Spanish literature.- Some criticism, literary and otherwise.- A loving memorial to Miss Rossetti. - A true primer of psychology.- McCarthy's "French Revolution." — The anatomy of the cat. — Beginnings of life and foundations of continents. - An excellent American history. - Story of the Pequot War. BRIEFER MENTION . 300 LITERARY NOTES 301 TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS. 301 LIST OF NEW BOOKS . 302 . . . . . 282 [May 1, THE DIAL we little more writer, or the collector of letters for publication, our acy left us by the man of thought! Do we often conception of every poet would be true and vital accord- know a man's life, however amply-documented, ing to the intelligence with which we read his work. This is why, of all English poets, Shakespeare is the as we know the life of Amiel, for example, and only one whom we do thoroughly know - unless perhaps do not the works of every great writer un- we should except his two great contemporaries, Webster consciously supply us with a “ Journal Intime” and Marlowe. . . We know how Shakespeare confronted which we may read if we will? Of what sub every circumstance of this mysterious life we know ordinate importance becomes “chatter about how he confronted the universe, seen and unseen know to what degree and in what way he felt hu- every Harriet" when we have the poems of Shelley ? man passion. There is no careless letter of his, thank God! And with the essays of Montaigne to reveal to to give us a wrong impression of him. There is no record us the soul of that worthy Gascon, how little are of his talk at the Mermaid, the Falcon, or the Apollo we concerned with the Mayor of Bordeaux ? saloon to make readers doubtful whether his printed utterances truly rep ent him. Would that the will had It is occasionally said of a man that the study been destroyed! then there would have been no talk of his life shows him to have been greater than about the second-best bed' and the like insane gabble.” his works. This is sometimes true in the lit- The authority of Dr. Brandes also supports this eral sense, as in the case of Dr. Johnson, whom view, and his recent study of Shakespeare con- assuredly “The Rambler” and “The Lives of tains nothing more significant and memorable the Poets” could not endear to us as he is en- than the passage which thus closes the work: deared by the journals of his faithful biographer. It is the author's opinion that, given the possession But this is a quite exceptional case; and then, of forty-five important works by any man, it is entirely who knows how many other men, now our own fault if we know nothing whatever about him. than historical names, might loom up in our con- The poet has incorporated his whole individuality in sciousness as vital and commanding figures had these writings, and there, if we can read aright, we shall find bim. The William Shakespeare who was born at there been Boswells to limn them for us? To the Stratford-on-Avon in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, who he fame of a man who is essentially a Maker of lit- lived and wrote in London during her reign and that of erature the memory of his other achievements James, who ascended into heaven in his comedies and can add little, and when we speak of him as descended into hell in his tragedies, and died at the age greater than his work we fall into exaggeration, sonality in grand and distinct outlines, with all the vivid although of a generous and pardonable sort. colouring of life from the pages of his books, before the What we are really doing is to give expression to eyes of all who read them with an open, receptive mind, our delight in discovering that the high ideals of with sanity of judgment and simple susceptibility to the the work have their counterpart in the life, that power of genius." our hero realized his true self in his lesser activi. Is there not in these passages more than a ties as well as in those greater activities by which suggestion of a biographical method more prom he has earned remembrance. This sort of con- ising than that with which we have been con sonance is indeed rare, and when we discern it tent hitherto? In other words, when all has in the life of a Dante or a Milton, our reverence been said that may be gleaned from the most is deepened, and our admiration echoes the sen- painstaking search of the records wherein the timent of Rossetti when he speaks of Dante's external aspects of a great writer's life are re proud refusal to accept a degrading amnesty. vealed, do we really come to know him half as “Such were his words. It is indeed well as we might learn to know him from a rev- For ever well our singers should erent study of his works? Who is there that, Utter good words and know them good Not through song only; with close heed having once felt the glow of spiritual commun- Lest, having spent for the work's sake ion with a beloved poet, does not become chilled Six days, the man be left to make." when he seeks to supplement this intimate ac But the imperfection of nature is such that the quaintance by ferreting out accidents and triv man is often “ left to make " in some parts of ialities of the poet's everyday life? Do we his composite individuality; what we would know such a man in the best sense when we now urge is that every man is entitled to be merely know how he looked, and who were his judged by his strength rather than by his weak- associates, and how he earned his living, andness, and that the biographer of a great writer what were the circumstances by which his ca needs to remain ever on his guard lest the reer was shaped ? It may be well enough to splendid services of his subject be dimmed or know these things, but we must guard against obscured by an over-insistence upon matters of claiming for them an undue significance. With irrelevant detail. Let us still be curious - the man of action, such things are all that are although not too curious — concerning the ex- given us to know, but how much richer is the leg- / ternal history of the creators of literature ; but 1898.] 283 THE DIAL let us also hold fast to the fact that the truest the spectators. He says tragedy purifies from those record of their lives is to be found in the books perturbations which happen in the fable and are the they have left us, that a formal biography can cause of the unhappy events. This is illuminating at best do nothing more than cast side-lights night with black smoke. night with black smoke. He seems to mean, how- ever, that the play evolves itself through agitation upon a poet's personality, that a display of the into calm, and conducts the spectator or reader trappings and the suits of life is but a poor substitute for the direct self-revelation offered through the same operations. Something like this is Goethe's view. But most commentators accept the by the work itself. usual view that terror and pity act on like passions. That such is the case, may be doubted. In Gray's phrase, we “ may snatch a fearful joy" at times from tragedy, but as a rule the spectator does not feel fear at all — such instances as the women fainting on the THE GREATEST LITERARY FORM. appearance of the Furies pursuing Orestes being ex- It is worth while to repeat, with Aristotle and ceptional; nor is pity aroused to such an extent as Lessing, that tragedy is the top achievement of the would be required for purification. Indeed, I suspect human intellect. Of course this is not an universal the feeling awakened is more that which Lucretius opinion. The Greeks in general seem to have re frankly avows when he says that it is pleasant to garded Homer as the norm of literature, and Proclus stand safely on a cliff and bebold a shipwreck. describes the tragic poets as wandering in intoxi I think the main causes of our pleasure in tragedy cated error from his true path. And Keats says are two: a feeling of admiration for power as it that “The epic is of all the king, round, vast, and exhibits itself in the unrolling of events, an admira- spanning all like Saturn's ring.” But these are tion like that with which we gaze on great destruc- enthusiasms. Most critics have agreed with Aristotle, tive exhibitions of natural force such as a thunder- that tragedy contains all that the epic does, in a storm or a volcano in action ; and, second, the feeling more concentrated form, and a great deal besides. of sympathy and kinship for greatly doing or suf- Perhaps the inevitable dualism of life the Me and fering characters. We feel that we too under like Not-Me comes out more definitely in the dialogue circumstances could oppose ourselves to the whole of tragedy than in any other form of literature. It power of Fate, and equal it, at least, by defying it. is remarkable that whereas all the great epic poets Our pleasure in the mere display of power accounts have been believers, have accepted the religion or for our tolerance of creations of utter wickedness, creed of their times and justified the ways of God but of supreme intellect, such as Richard, or Iago, to man, the greater dramatists, on the other hand, or Mephistopheles ; and our feeling of kinship with have all given a skeptical or doubtful solution of extreme nobleness or greatness of character, caught the problem of existence. Homer, Virgil, Dante, in the toils of chance or design, explains our love Milton, Tasso the list is one of unquestioning wor for Hamlet and Othello. They give us a better shippers. The Author of the Book of Job, Æschylus, opinion of ourselves. Energy triumphant in evil Shakespeare, Goethe, Moliére, - this is just as appeals to us, and good supreme in defeat gives us surely a roll-call of doubters or deniers. Even profound joy. Only weakness, moral or intellectual, Calderon, the poet of Catholicism, in his two greatest repels us, and is unfitted for tragic representation. plays, forgets his faith in the Cross and the Inqui Hamlet is not weak in any sense. He does every- sition, and gives us the inexplicable struggle of thing, sooner or later, which could be expected of a thought. A practical explanation of this division of trag hero. But his intellect is so vast that it is roles between the two orders of poets lies in the fact like illimitable space, where there can be no motion, that the epic poet deals with the outward world because an object can never get farther from the with bodies and things. Gods, goddesses, angels, centre or nearer to the circumference. In compar- and demons, with their respective heavens and hells, ison, Faust is a weak and ignoble creation, bent on are a lucky find for him an extension of his do low aims and always led by the nose. I suppose main. But tragedy deals with the human soul there is no educated man who has not at some time which is incapable of extension, only capable of imagined himself a Hamlet, but I never heard of division. It does not follow that epic poetry is the anyone who wanted to be Faust, in spite of the most religious or the most profound. It only shows youth, the riches, and the “good fortunes ” of the God acting on the world directly ; but tragedy shows German Doctor. The hypocritical pretense of a him as acting through His enemy His laws re love for humanity, by which he evades just retribu- vealed by the very opposition to them. tion in the end, is a piece with the rest of his char- Aristotle's dictum that tragedy, through fear and acter. Had he paid his debt to the devil like a pity, effects a purification from such like passions, is gentleman, as did Marlowe's Faustus and Moliére's one of his dark sayings that compel conjecture. In Don Juan, we might have some respect for him. As whom does it effect this purification, and how can it is, be is a mere principle of gravitation holding pity purify from pity ? Thomas Taylor, the trans together the incoherent atoms of a chaotic poem. lator of Aristotle, is the only one, so far as I know, The work lives by reason of the beauty of its cen- who decidedly asserts that the purification is not in tral episode, the profoundly conceived character of 284 [May 1, THE DIAL Mephistopheles, and the wit, poetry, and philosophy His dramas are probably his poorest works, because with which it overflows. As a complete work of they do not contain any of those children or very art, it has no claim to rank with the Greek trage- young people whom he did understand intuitively, dies or with Shakespeare; and to place it beside the and did not have to piece together out of theory. Divine Comedy, as some have done, is to equal a In spite of literary limitations, I am inclined to nebulæ with a finished system of stars. think that Wagner will finally come to stand as the The heroes of Greek tragedy were personalities; greatest tragic poet of modern times. He seized on those of Shakespeare are persons. In the Greek a few great myths with a content of mighty virtues conception, the abstract idea is predominant; inand vices, and a consequent struggle which must Shakespeare, the concrete individual. Antigone always shake the human soul. The life he depicts or Electra is universal girlhood placed in certain is truth, while Ibsen's life is merely fact, and Hugo's predicaments ; Cordelia and Desdemona are partic- the phantasies of delirium tremens. ular women. Orestes is the ordinary filial human English tragedy has not done itself proud in the being in a most terrible position; Hamlet is original, last century. In spite of Shelley's hazy conception and unlike any other mortal. The collision with of human nature and his failure in objective speech, the Greeks is sharper and more definite. It does the “ Prometheus Unbound” and “The Cenci” are not soften itself with humor or buman peculiarities. the best things it has to show. Byron, with a firmer Its effect is more tremendous and instantaneous, but grasp of fact, is far looser in his use of the drama. not so penetrating. It is a contradiction of abstract His “ Manfred” and “ Cain ” are the origins of the ideas that must destroy each other. drama of monologue, the parents of a monstrous The first condition under which we can take brood — Bailey's “Festus,” Smith’s “ Life Drama," pleasure in the exhibition of tragic force is that we, Ibsen's “ Brand," and much of Browning's work. the spectators, shall be safe from it. It follows that In all these, a single figure destroys himself from the more remote and ideal the presentations are, the within ; with no adequate collision from without. better. Euripides brought tragedy down to earth, Like all other literary forms, tragedy has fallen into and his audiences seem to have felt that they were hotch-pot in the novel. Hawthorne's “Scarlet Let- involved in the issues he exhibited that they ter” and E. Brontë's “Wuthering Heights” are were being sermonized and lectured; and they dis- perhaps its best performances of the new mixture. liked him accordingly. Ibsen, a modern Euripides, The woman's piece is stern and elemental enough, has done the same thing. We are willing to stand but Hawthorne prettifies and sophisticates a good at gaze for the shafts of satire and laughter ; but deal. “The Scarlet Letter,” a twilight melodrama, tragedy is too serious a business to be brought home is hardly universal. All the environment and spe- to our hearths and hearts. In true tragedy, bell cial pathology of Puritan life must be understood opens at every footstep, and we can only stand this before it convinces. Properties and surroundings when it is sufficiently removed from us to be harm are indeed of small account in real tragedy. Dumas's less. We do not domesticate a tiger, or build our requisites -- a table, two chairs, two people, and a houses over an active volcano. Ibsen depicts the passion- passion -- are enough for it. The late Robert Louis Furies moving among the trivialities and common Stevenson had, I apprehend, a genuine tragic gift. places of contemporary life. It is no answer to say He understood the transformations of character that this is true, that the Furies do wreathe their the heights and depths of human nature, its Hima- snakes in town houses and villas. Aristotle's law layas by the Indian Seas—better than most moderns. is absolute, that a possible improbability is a better | But he gave himself up to the cultivation of style, subject for tragedy than an improbable fact. Be as the Dutch did to their passion for tulips ; and sides, there is weakness and corruption in every one perhaps with the same result. of Ibsen's characters, and there can consequently Ibsen is to be thanked for one achievement: he not be any effective collision between them. What has compelled the attention of the reading public is the moral of “The Doll's House”? A fool mar to plays. Why or when the custom of reading plays ries an idiot, and they expect perfect happiness. fell into disuse, is hard to state. In the last century Every character in “Hedda Gabler" is bad they were universally read. But I suppose the ease silly. If they suffer, we say it serves them right of having everything spelled out - to the scenery, and we do not care. Gina in “ The Wild Duck" is character, incident-by the novel, has indisposed the Ibsen's one rounded piece of humanity. It is a average mind for anything that requires intellectual Shakespearean, a Cervantic conception ; and her effort and alertness. But the literary form which demoniac husband is excellent fooling. But what projects an action roundly, vividly, instantaneously, are they doing among tragic issues? They belong so that it may show as a whole yet be of polished to comedy, and the sentimentalism of the other fig- beauty in its details, is too valuable to be lightly ures ruins their vraisemblance. cast aside. It is absolutely immaterial to a play as The characters of Victor Hugo's drama resemble a piece of literature whether it has been presented those figures which children cut out of colored paper on the stage or not. The Greek tragedies are no -white, red, pink, or black. They are disks with longer given, and only a few of Shakespeare's pieces, out projection. They have no bodies and no souls but that does not interfere with our enjoyment of - nothing but attitudes and apparel in abundance. them; and a good play that has never seen the or 1898.] 285 THE DIAL boards ought to have an equal chance with readers with a new novel. It is necessary, of course, that dramatic work should conform to dramatic condi- tions, which for the most part are theatric conditions also. An interminable work, for instance, like Tay- lor's “ Philip van Artevelde,” which runs on forever, ought not to call itself a play. And Mr. Swinburne's dramas err against all dramatic construction and human reason, in their long speeches. We can only imagine that the characters themselves listen to each other by a sort of tacit convention that each one is to have his own innings,— though some of them, indeed, don't even allow this, but carry their bat out. Subject, therefore, to reason, the rescue of the play, and especially tragedy, as a literary form, is the most important art movement that can be under- taken. CHARLES LEONARD MOORE. A PLEDGE OVERSEAS. When Saxon guest and English host Were drinking ale, Each to the other gave the toast, • Waes haél!' Drinc haél!' • A pledge! My brother, drink to me!' • A pledge! Thy brother drinks to thee!' • True comrades let us ever be.' • Waes haél !' Drinc haél!' Still holds the ancient custom good When friend meets friend, Or whilom foes of whilom feud Would make an end. The cup is raised, the clasping hands Knit once again their friendship's bands; Firm as of yore the troth-pledge stands, · Waes haél!' Drinc haél ! O mighty Mother of the race, O mighty Child ! Why stand ye with averted face, Unreconciled ? Join hands above the bowl! Let both Exchange like freemen oath for oath, And pledge the Anglo-Saxon troth, • Waes haél!' Drinc haél!' A pledge! It rings across the sea, It rides the gale: This band, my mother, take from me, Waes haél! Waes haél!' A pledge! It echoes o'er the main: Come to my heart, my child, again; Before the world we stand we twain ! Drinc haél! Drinc haél!' Oh, speed it forth, the nation's toast, • Waes haél! Waes haél !' A thousand leagues from coast to coast, Drinc haél! Drinc haél!' A pledge, America, to thee!' • A pledge, Britannia, take from me!' True comrades let us ever be!' • Waes haél!' Drinc haél !' EDWARD MCQUEEN GRAY. Copyright 1898 by Edward McQueen Gray. ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCE. London, April 18, 1898. The talk is still of magazines. I understand that one of our younger publishing houses has had placed in its hands a very large sum, for the purpose of founding and carry- ing on a new illustrated weekly. From what I hear, it is to be a “big thing," and likely to make some stir. The illustrated literary monthly, of which I have already told you, is still in embryo; but, in the meantime, a company of literary and artistic gentlemen is busy plan- ning a new illustrated monthly magazine, to be devoted to the interests of the collector-art, books, china, stamps, posters, and the rest. Each department is to have its special editor, and the magazine as a whole is to be under the management of a general director. The illustrations are to be a special feature, not merely reproductions, but largely of original work by our most accomplished black- and-white artists. Mr. Oswald Crawfurd's “ London Review" is to appear on May 5. From the prospectus I find that it is to be “a high-class weekly Review deal- ing independently and impartially with Politics, Current Affairs, Literature, and the Money Market." Rather a handful to poise for one penny. The fashion for finely printed and elegantly bound library editions of our classic novelists is growing. Stevenson, Meredith, Kipling, Lever, Scott, and Jane Austen have had their sponsors; we are now to have a similar production of the works of the Sisters Brontë. The edition is to consist of thirteen handsome large crown octavo volumes, and will include, when com- pleted, the “Life,” by Mrs. Gaskell. The paper on which the stories will be printed is to equal that used for the best of the modern éditions-de-luxe, and the “get up generally will be in the taste to appeal to collectors and lovers of fine books. A complete bibliography is to be included in the “Life." The publishers are Messrs. Downey & Co., and the first two volumes may be ex- pected early in September. Mr. E. A. Petherick is one of our most ardent Aus- tralasian bibliographers. For many years he has been engaged on a bibliography of Australasia and Polynesia, until now the manuscript of his work, which was exhib- ited at the International Library Conference in July last, extends to twenty-six quarto volumes. I understand that, since his retirement from business, Mr. Petherick has been actively engaged in passing this magnum opus of his through the press, and that it is on the eve of being published in an imperial octavo volume of nearly 1000 pages. Publishers are not finding affairs going as smoothly as they could wish. The several failures which have lately occurred may be followed by some more. In that event we may hope for a slackening of the present ten- sion. The new Chairman of the Publishers' Association is Mr. John Murray, and Mr. Murray is rather keen on having a “close season ” in publishing. Perhaps he will take steps to realize it; although it will be extremely difficult for publishers to agree to anything which ham- pers their freedom in their business operations. It might suit a great many to publish, say, from September to April; but there are just as many who favor issuing their novels in the holiday season. I fail to see why there should be such a “close season." It simply means that the publications of twelve months are to be crowded into seven; and how, in that event, the publishers can expect a proper appreciation of their wares, I cannot What I conclude from such a course is, that the see. 286 [May 1, THE DIAL competition would become keener, and the weakest of the public to collections of the little leaves of song." would go to the wall. In other words, the larger pub The latter assertion is, indeed, too true. But must the lishing houses would benefit in the long run. anthologist be denied even the anticipation of member- Book sales in our auction rooms are arousing a lively ship in the choir invisible, resulting from devotion to interest; while the three months that are to come before this species of art in a sordid age? Such a view would the season closes will see some fine collections dispersed. be not a little discouraging to some. The final portion of the Ashburnham library, the inter Fortunately, the last paragraph of the leading article, esting antiquarian collection of Mr. E. Walford, the on the opposite page of the same issue, saves much books of Mr. A. Morrison, and a few others, will all search for consolation. We see by the force of great make much talk and good business for the “ second-hand examples that the specific and the proximate are some- trade.” But what one obtains for a book at an auction times lost in the flood they unbar. Sometimes? Nay, sale, and the price that a bookseller often asks for it are is not the measure of excellence in lyric poetry, as in not always the same. A fortnight ago, the collection of all poetry, the degree of suggestiveness, of generali- books and manuscripts of Mr. H. B. Weaver was dis zation, of applicability, afforded by its particularity and persed by Messrs. Christie & Co. All the lots had been immediateness? Examples by the score rush into the already offered for sale by a leading second-hand dealer mind. Soracte standing in deep snow, the blazing sticks in this city, so that a comparison between the prices on the hearth, the harmless fun, have duplicated them- asked and the prices obtained may easily be made. I selves thousands of times under other forms in the affec- have been amusing myself lately by making this com tions of the readers of Horace's ode, by virtue of that parison, and the result is perfectly ludicrous. It may little touch “ Leave to the gods the rest ” — the dogma amuse you also, if I give a few examples. I remember of which, as Schopenbauer would say, is of no moment once visiting the premises and looking at a really fine in comparison with its essential proposition, the ineffable series of extra-illustrated books, consisting of Boydell's comfort of the negation of the will, lit so brightly with “ History of the Thames,” Horne's “ History of Na its illustrative background. Heine has told us only the poleon," and Thiers's “ History of the French Revolu most general traits of the child “ like a flower,” but the tion.” The series was truly a remarkable one, and little poem in which no particular personality is en- amounted to nineteen magnificently bound atlas folio shrined is intensely, purely lyric, and immortal. The volumes, crammed with rare portraits and autographs. essence of tragedy is in “ The Twa Corbies," of aspira- I have no doubt the set was worth £10,000 — the price tion in “ Israfel” and the “Ode to the West Wind," of asked for it; I am not in a position to say it was not. eulogy in the sonnet “ To Mary Unwin," of the rhythmic At the sale, however, the three works were sold sepa rising of the sap and stirring of the blood in “Sir Laun- rately, with this result: The Boydell fetched £69, celot and Queen Guinevere,” of freedom in “ To Altbæa Horne's “ Napoleon ” £84, and Thiers's “ French Revo from Prison," of loss in Petrarch's sonnet “Soleasi nel lution ” £115, making a total of £268! The question mio cor star bella e viva” with its pregnant close — naturally arises — which is the truer value, £10,000 or “Veramente siam noi polvere ed umbra; £268 ? A set of the first four folios of Shakespeare Veramente la voglia è cieca e 'ngorda ; was also sold. The price asked by the bookseller was Veramente fallace è la speranza,”- somewhere between £2000 and £3000; the prices real of hard-won deep peace in “ Hesperia,” of romanticism ized at the auction sale were £98 for the first, £64 for in “ Kubla Khan," of homesickness in the “Old Ken- the second, £107 for the third, and £35 for the fourth tucky Home ” and the “Swanee River,” of endeavor in or a total of £304. A copy of the 1544 (Lyons) “ Ulysses,” of the mystery of youth in “ To a Cuckoo"; edition of the “ Recueil des Histoires de Troye" brought and he would be a hardy critic who would maintain that £24 10s. — £600 was the price attached to this. You the shortness of any of these prevents it from sinking will agree with me that a collector requires to be very as deeply into the soul as if it had been extended to careful in buying if he intends to make a profit by sell. dramatic length. Every recluse may find his apology ing his purchases at auction. I have come to the con in Mr. Swinburne's sestina “ I saw my soul at rest upon clusion that the power of a “trade" combination at an a day.” In this waif, ostensibly from North Carolina,- auction sale is not to be lightly treated and heedlessly “De little chillen's feet so weary, Lord; reckoned with. So weary, so weary, Lord ! Times are too dull for me to give you another instal- De little chillen's feet so weary, Lord ! ment of prophecies. I must leave that to the many Call de little chillen, Lord. Come, come, little chillen, come to me," — “paragraphers ” of our many literary news columns. Just now, these gentlemen are simply rebashing inform- who cares whether a creed or a need is implied, whether ation already announced. the “chillen" are children or figures of speech, black TEMPLE SCOTT. or white, American or Scandinavian? The thought of the brief poem which seems to have moved Poe to ex- claim, “In perfect sincerity I call and think Alfred Tennyson the noblest of all poets,” poises itself but for COMMUNICATION. a moment in “happy autumn fields ”; it is weighted with the sum of experience. THE CLAIMS OF LYRIC POETRY. Nor can the apparently local minutiæ of descriptive (To the Editor of The DIAL.) lyrics be judged in fitness by any other than this test. With the main contentions of the article “In Regard The elusive but powerful influence of external nature, to Poetry," by Mr. Charles Leonard Moore, in THE felt in the freshness and wonder of youth, attending the Dial of April 1, it is impossible not to agree. It is vigor of resolve, or the fleeting delight of attainment, hinted, however, that lyric poetry, "the expression of or the poignancy of loss; always a subtle stay, an unob- the spontaneous, the particular, and the immediate,” has trusive sympathy, even a mirror of our best selves in too little ideality to occupy a high place. “ Nothing is circumstances which still, it may be, guide our dearest more certain," it is said further, “than the indifference motives, or grant the zest of new ones; the entity that 1898.] 287 THE DIAL 19 sometimes almost assumes the weight and character of a barians in pure literature. Formal class-room training personality, as, when one is listening for trivial sounds,— for poetic appreciation, in mediocre hands defeats its A gentle shock of mild surprise own object; hence, very wisely, is generally omitted. Has carried far into his heart the voice The seclusion of soul so necessary for the first stages of Of mountain torrents; or the visible scene the growth of the tender plant of poetic feeling is con- Would enter unawares into his mind spicuous by its absence in contemporary society, for With all its solemn imagery, its rocks, Its woods, and that uncertain heaven received many reasons having no close relation to capabilities in Into the bosom of the steady lake," that direction. Certain subordinate characteristics, how- ever, which mark off some varieties of poetry as narra- this presence returns with all its witchery and all its rev- tive or dramatic, make somewhat easier an approxima- elation at the adequate mention of tion to poetic culture along those lines. Hence it is that “the intense tranquillity Of silent hills, and more than silent sky," we have something called by that name, which, lured largely by external trappings — plot and personality and thus forms at once and definitely a qualification for is disposed to be indifferent to the absorbing, exclusive, a highest class in objective lyrics, identical with that which we have found to characterize the best subjective imperative requirements of due familiarity with lyric art. However, it is in any case not absolutely necessary ones. Such a lyric is the perfect first half of Shelley's to prove that what the public does not want would be fragment "Summer and Winter"; another is the lines good for it. There are all shades of Philistinism. of Keats, So much depends on the point of view, that one is “The clouds were pure and white as flocks new-shorn, And fresh from the clear brook; sweetly they slept almost tempted to wander into a disquisition on the On the blue fields of heaven, and then there crept immediateness and particularity of fiction and the drama, A little noiseless noise among the leaves," as distinguishing characteristics of non-lyric production. and so on. Another is Frederick Tennyson's “The It is at least true that in proportion as the personalities Blackbird.” Perhaps Shelley's “The Question” is the treated are more sharply defined, they are more circum- highest example of the kind, showing as it does how scribed in their application than the best lyric entities; even a “ landscape inventory” may be a repository of for one does not willingly identify himself with a dif- covert feeling and suggestion through the magic of ferent external individuality; and, apart from their suc- lyric art. cess as portraits or creations, they attain their greatest But, it will be said, whatever one's theory of this art, power when least limited in qualities affecting the sym- the fact remains that it is not popular. Is the circum- pathy of the reader, as distinguished from bis curiosity stance accidental or essential ? The writer inclines to or wonder. But sympathy is a peculiarly lyrical emotion. the former view. Since we have learned that the emo- The point of view, again, makes it possible to say as tions have a physical basis, it may be said that the phys- much on one side as on the other on the question whether ical capacity of the heart or emotional soul is, like that men's souls find their needs better met by coming to a of the brain, limited. The strenuous clanking of the conclusion of weight after a contemplation of a long, machinery of what constitutes the life of nearly all is complex series of external actions, or by reaching the too obstreperous for even musically attuned ears to dis- same inference through the medium of subtle suggestion tinguish delicate strains through. In the comparative in the light of the understanding furnished by personal neglect of the lyric under ordinary conditions of exist- experience. The former process is doubtless at present ence may be faintly discerned a proof of its inherent better adapted to further a spiritual growth of the and future supremacy. It is quite conceivable and masses, bampered as they are by the stress of living. possible that many more may be fitted to learn to appre- But it does not seem clear in what the implied intrinsic ciate lyric art (as one learns to understand the highest inferiority of the latter consists, since its lack of ideality music) than ever have the opportunity presented to is apparent instead of real. Any species of literature, them, or the least incentive to acquire it. Not only is as distinguished from knowledge, exalts only in so far sensitiveness requisite, but also an absorption and a calm as it confirms or intensifies our range of experience. quite beyond the material reach of most, and this, too, Poetry is intuition, eternal fitness, through but not be- in exact proportion to the value of the art product. cause of thought. It is a tacit recognition of, and en- Neither Schubert por Keats can make their message thusiasm for, moral principles so fundamental in their heard in the hurly-burly of ordinary life, though the nature that the poet's sole office, as such, is to recall ears and the eyes bave their will; but the Gospel Hymns, to the minds of men that they are, without a syllable and novels, are understood and appreciated. Even of didacticism, or of explanation, not potential in the among cultured people of leisure, one may question hearer. Evidently, this is accomplished by evoking con- whether the art (for such it is) of reading lyric poetry crete transfusing emotions. Whether these incentives is widely known. How many readers of this journal to insight are or are not cast in dramatic form would have assimilated all the few great inspired lyrics of seem to be a minor consideration. The lyric, the dra- matic, and the narrative treatments are but different the English tongue alone, on a hundred occasions, more or less, each time letting every ramification of thought, modes of attaining the same end, the choice of the mode every turn of phrase, every shade of expression, every being dependent on comparatively adventitious circum- stances. step toward the central emotion, every association and The lyric is the more sympathetic; the non- every picture called up, filter imperceptibly through the lyric is the clearer, more vivid, because it appeals to the external attention. consciousness in slow repeated readings? It takes twenty or thirty minutes to properly construe “Tears, idle tears,” If in the dim future lies a period when literature sball and unless this is done spontaneously, the time is wasted. be exempt from fashion or groping “ tendencies," and In this respect music has the advantage, for any pro- valued for its permanent elements, the conclusion does duction may be more or less of an exercise in technique, not as yet seem inevitable that lyric art will occupy if nothing more. Small wonder that we are fairly famil- second place. F. L. THOMPSON. iar with the requirements of musical training, but bar Montrose, Colorado, April 16, 1898. 288 [May 1, THE DIAL into the memorial of David Copperfield's friend The New Books. Mr. Dick. Even the author's Hibernian read- ers, we fancy, will grudge the space he bestows MEMOIRS OF AN IRISH NATIONALIST.* on the familiar records of O'Connell's “ bluff. Sir Charles Gavan Duffy is one of the many ing” agitation with its sorry collapse at Clon- Irishmen who, leaving their native country to tarf, the callow Young Ireland movement with its sham Girondism and rapturous schoolboy seek a more congenial political clime abroad, enthusiasm for French and Hellenic models, have shown through a career of distinguished the Smith O'Brien " rebellion” with its farcical public services in the land of their adoption how questionable is the charge of political worthless- Into the larger record of these events Sir end in a cabbage-garden, and the rest of it. ness levelled against them in the land of their Charles does not go in extenso; but he thinks birth. A Celt, a Catholic, a whilom“ rebel," Sir it worth while to try to clear up for the world Charles is distinctively a member of that class the by no means delectable inside history of of his countrymen of whom it is freely asserted that they can neither govern nor be governed; among themselves, which did so much to alien- the paltry squabbles of the nationalist leaders and it is not uninstructive to note, as possibly ate foreign sympathy and served to breed a serving to cast some light on the merits of this pretty general doubt of the ability of Irishmen sweeping proposition, that while in the one hem- to coöperate for long cordially and unitedly in isphere Sir Charles's public activities landed the Irish cause. him eventually in Newgate, in the other they Having prefaced so much by way of stricture, culminated in a premiership. It would seem to be Erin's hard lot that all countries save her we hasten to say that the story of our author's romantic and checkered career — as journalist, are free to profit by and suitably recognize the revolutionist, prisoner of state in the one hem- abilities of her sons. isphere, and as politician, statesman, and Prime Sir Charles has, to our thinking, devoted a Minister in the other-is well worth the telling, rather disproportionate share of his usually and it is told so well, where the author adheres lively and entertaining memoir to events and to it, that the reader grudges the more the space measures which properly belong to general Irish given over to the digressions already noted. history, and which he has already discussed with all the fulness they deserve in a professedly of the author's boyhood and youth in the Ulster The opening chapter is devoted to an account historical work. It would, of course, have been town of Monaghan, and the remainder of the virtually impossible for him to have told the first volume and about one-third of the second story of his life, or of the earlier phase of it at are taken up with his experiences as journalist least, without touching pretty frequently on the and agitator, and with the story of the fortunes topics in question, for his career has been, as of the earlier Irish nationalist movement gen- all know, closely identified with the Irish nation- erally, its rise, culmination, disintegration, and alist cause. It may even be said that his sobri- decline, down to the date of his departure for quet of the “ Irish Mazzini” is not altogether ill-deserved, since it is undoubtedly largely ow- a more promising field of political activity in ing to Sir Charles Gavan Duffy's intelligent Charles, despairing of an Ireland where Mr. the new hemisphere. It was in 1855 that Sir work as a political propagandist that anything Keogh typified patriotism and Dr. Cullen the like a really considerable and pervasive senti- Church,” sailed for the South Pacific; and the ment or consciousness of Irish nationalism ex- final two-thirds of his concluding volume deal ists to-day. Our present complaint, however, is that Sir Charles, with a self-effacement rare largely with events of Australasian political history in which the writer bore a conspicuous in autobiographers, too frequently loses sight and honorable part. When Sir Charles arrived of his own story proper to range afield into the at Melbourne the motley population of that now not very edifying annals of the Repeal and handsome and thriving city was just beginning Young Ireland periods — the tale of Irish woes to settle down into a semblance of old-world and Irish wrongs and abortive Irish enterprises, social decorum, and he preserves some racy pic- to which a once sympathetic world now inclines tures of the manners that prevailed during the to turn a somewhat impatient ear, getting into his recital very much as King Charles's head got dominant class (while their “luck” lasted) saturnalia following the discovery of gold. The * MY LIFE IN Two HEMISPHERES. By Sir Charles Gavan were the “new aristocracy” of successful dig. Duffy. In two volumes, with portrait. New York: The Macmillan Co. gers, who used to flock into town laden with . 1898.] 289 THE DIAL 6 dust and nuggets, bent on an orgy to com could cite some happy mots of his, as notable for prompt- pensate them for a season of hard work and ness as for felicity. He was addressing the House some- enforced abstinence. what vaguely one evening, when a member of Cockney genesis interposed with a question to the Speaker, May “ Drunkenness was their ordinary enjoyment, and the I ask, sir, what is before the 'Ouse ?' An H, I sub- public houses swarmed at all hours of the day and night mit,' says Aspinall. . . . Dr. Evans said good things, with roaring or maudlin topers. The mad recklessness but they were witty and wise rather than humorous. of that time exceeds all belief. I have heard from eye- He was an old man, and it had become a familiar joke witnesses stories of diggers ordering the entire stock of to speak of him as belonging to the era of Queen Anne. champagne in a public house to be decanted into wash- On some occasion when he referred to Queen Anne in a tubs, and stopping every passer-by with an invitation to speech there were various cries of · Did you know her ? swill; of one frantic toper, when he had made all com What was she like?' 'Yes, sir,' rejoined the Doctor, ers drunk, insisting upon having the bar counters washed "I did know her. The scholar is contemporary with all with claret; of pier-glasses smashed with a stock-whip in time.'” order to make an item worth the attention of a million- Sir Charles has judiciously leavened his ac- aire; of diggers throwing down nuggets to pay fora dram; of pipes lighted with a cheque; of sandwiches lined with count of his dual public career with a due admix- banknotes. A favorite recreation of the digger on his ture of reminiscences and pen-sketches of celeb- pleasure trip was to get married. A bride was not diffi rities he has seen and known. Early on the cult to discover, who permitted herself on short notice to list of these is Tom Moore, of whom the writer be adorned with showy silks and driven in an equipage as fine as the circumstances permitted to a bridal which, had a glimpse while employed on the Dublin in many cases, bound them together only during good Register” late in the thirties. He had sat pleasure.” down to luncheon on a Sunday, and was sum- Like many young towns of a type familiar in moned below by a message from a gentleman this country, Melbourne in 1855, though still a on urgent business. straggling village in the by-streets of which 6 When I descended I found a little, middle-aged stumps of primeval trees were visible, bad man, with a pleasant smile and lively eyes, but of a coun- tenance far from comely, and so elaborately dressed that grandiose views of its immediate future. The the primrose gloves which he wore did not seem out of Public Works department was housed in a harmony with the splendor of his attire. But my interest shanty, and the Law Offices held sway in a was awakened in an instant when he told me his name vacant corn store ; but high-sounding names of was Moore - Thomas Moore.' He had come to ask for streets and buildings were rife, and a new Par- a proof of some words spoken the night before at the theatre on a universal call from the house. I knew the liament House was planned on a scale so gor Irish melodies from boyhood. Later I had learned to geous that after forty years it is not yet finished. taste the bitter-sweet of his political squibs, and revel in There was already a creditable Public Library the veiled sedition of The Fireworshippers. There building, stocked with a strange assortment of was probably no one living I would have seen with more satisfaction, and he enjoyed my sympathy." books that might, one fancies, have been se- Sir Charles was returned as a member of the lected by some humorous digger, of a bookish House of Commons in 1852, and his diary of turn, by way of a joke on his unlettered fellow that period furnishes some lively pen-portraits townsmen. of notable colleagues. “ The modern poets were represented by Samuel Rogers and a single poem of Tennyson's. The modern “ The most striking figure in the assembly was its novelists stopped with Scott. . . . But the antiquities official leader, Mr. Disraeli. In the front benches, of Athens and Attica were abundantly represented. crowded with Englishmen, for the most part bright com- Three hundred volumes of Greek and Latin classics and plexioned and always punctiliously fresh in linen and the Book of Common Prayer in German, French, Italian, visage, sat a man approaching fifty, with swarthy fea- Greek, modern Greek, and Spanish; twelve volumes of tures and a complexion which had once been olive, on the Bridgewater Treatises and their antithesis, Hobbes, every lineament of which was written foreigner and in sixteen volumes were offered as refreshment to the alien. It was not an uncomely face, and far from un- weary.” impressive, but it was conspicuously un-English. Mas- culine will and unflinching purpose might be read, it These matters, of course, are mended in modern seemed to me, in the firm mouth and strong jaw-gifts Melbourne, where the visiting stranger can now worth nearly all the rest in the art of governing men. walk at will into the same building, and find He dressed in complete disregard of conventional preju- himself “ as conveniently provided with facili- dices. A Chancellor of the Exchequer in a plum-colored ties for study as in the reading-room of the vest was a sight as perplexing to trim propriety as Ro- land's shoe-ties in the court of Louis XVI. And he British Museum." cultivated on his chin an ornament rarely seen and little Of the humors of Australian political life, loved north of Calais, a goatee. . . . Some of his post- Sir Charles preserves a number of specimens prandial mots steal out, and I should think make fatal which may be exemplified by the following brace enemies. Somebody asked him lately if Lord Robert M. was not a stupid ass. "No, no,' said Benjamin, 'not at of parliamentary stories. all; he is a clever ass.' . . Mr. Gladstone was not yet “R. C. Aspinall was a great humorist, and everybody the official leader of the Peelites, but he was the most 290 [May 1, THE DIAL 1 noteworthy of them, and attracted close observation. pendious volume which he calls “ The Non- He was habitually grave, it seemed to me, and spoke as Religion of the Future." When concluded, a if he uttered oracles, yet he left the impression that his feeling of admiration succeeds — admiration speeches were not only improvised, but that the process of adopting a conclusion was not always complete when for the dexterity with which M. Guyau has he rose to speak. But the vigor and grace of his rhet- permitted his own thought to be interpreted oric put criticism to flight. The House, which relished in terms of the others. If he If he escapes critical the persiflage of Palmerston, thought Gladstone too seri- ious, and resented a little, I think, the subdued tone of responsibility thereby, he also fails to outline a contemptuous superiority in which he addressed the complete system of what, in his judgment, the leader of the House. Palmerston has a gay, world will come to accept instead of existing débonair appearance, which finds much favor with the creeds. Though monism unquestionably makes House, but on me he makes the impression of a play the strongest appeal to the author in this regard, actor cast in the part of a patriot statesman. Carlyle says he is a fitting leader for an age without sincerity he does not hold it as containing the final word, or veracity.” but seems rather to believe that it will open a We shall close our citations with the follow way for something conclusive. Polemic as such a work must necessarily be, ing caustic note of Sir Charles's “ last look at the House of Lords" (1855): the construction of this is singularly likely to “There is as large a proportion of commonplace men provoke controversy. Though simple in plan, as I have ever seen in any assembly of gentlemen every detail is certain to call forth objection, if Lord Grey, far from inheriting the noble-domed fore not objurgation. M. Guyau is convinced that head of his father, looks as he hobbles along shrewd and religion is doomed, that human progress is away ordinary — an attorney or land-agent; Lord Panmure, from all faith, that time only is needed wherein with his port wine complexion and costume of a ci-devant jeune homme, might be a retired stock-broker; the Duke to wean humankind from the churchly pabulum of Newcastle, a wooden mediocrity without a ray of the which has heretofore been, in all stages of its divine light of intellect; Lord Derby looks like a Lord progress, its chief intellectual nourishment. He John Russell with a soul, but that makes a profound supports his assumption with much direct argu- difference. .. Lord Ellenborough spoke without force or fire; Lord Aberdeen like a Puritan preacher, he is ment; but nothing of all that he adduces in highly respectable, solemn, and discontented. . . . Sir this way is so impressive and so provocative of De Lacy Evans, the commander of the not too respect dissent as the self-satisfied manner in which he able Spanish brigade, is a noble, soldierly-looking man, marshals the effects of vanished religion — whose profession immediately suggests itself; whereas upon the human world and all its components, Lord Hardinge, a great soldier, is nothing short of mean and ugly, and might pass for a Common Council man; the church, the state, the family, the man, the and the Duke of Cambridge, illustrious by birth and woman, the child -- everything is examined in courtesy, is big, brawny, and resembles a sergeant of the light of his thesis and his conclusions set dragoons.” down in a detail which becomes too abundant. The reader will find these two handsome vol. Then, having divested mankind of all these umes well freighted with matter of entertain superfluities and superstitions, he unfolds, sys- ment and information. E. G. J. tematizes, and examines the philosophies capa- ble of substitution : theism, atheism, pantheism, idealism, materialism, monism. The book has for its secondary title “A NON-RELIGION IN THE FUTURE.* Sociological Study," and it is a conception of Drelincourt once brought together two hun- deity as sociomorphic (a hideous word), rather dred and sixty-two hypotheses regarding sex than anthropomorphic, which appears to be its which he demonstrated to be groundless, only principal original contribution to a study of the to have Blumenbach characterize his own theory religious question. M. Guyau shows an inti- as the two hundred and sixty-third. So, when mate acquaintance with many of the authorities, M. Guyau takes up the philosophical systems English and American as well as French and of his predecessors, each fondly believed by its German, yet he omits mention of the late author to contain the method by which all future William Kingdon Clifford, whose unfinished thought is to be guided, curiosity is at once essays on “ The Scientific Basis of Morals” and excited to see whether he will himself propose kindred topics occupy substantially the same some similarly pretentious metaphysical pan- grounds as his own Introduction in attributing acea. This curiosity, to tell the truth, animates the origin of the gods and divine law to an the reader quite to the final page of the com- extension of the social sense. “ Religion was THE NON-RELIGION OF THE FUTURE: A Sociological in the beginning nothing more than an imagin- Study. By M. Guyau. New York: Henry Holt & Co. ative extension of human society,” says M. .. 1898.] 291 THE DIAL Guyau. “ In the highest natures the tribal self tianity. Here he depends upon his imagination is incarnate in nothing less than humanity,' only to prove his own dictum that “imagin- says Clifford ; and the statements indicate their ation usually plays with loaded dice.” In this agreements not less than their divergences. consideration his boasted logic fails to hold to- Both find a social origin for conscience - and gether. On the other hand, he has neglected both illustrate that trend of modern thought a practical method for testing his main hypoth- whereby sociology is taking to itself the pre esis. France, he contends, is already non- eminent position once occupied by theology as religious, especially in respect of its men of “Queen of the Sciences.” affairs. Would it not have been more profit- The development of the discussion involves able, to theologians, sociologists, and philoso- the philosopher here in a consideration of the pbers generally, if he had told us what the questions of the day. Socialism, commercialism, trend of thought is there, as a matter of fact, and fifty more “ current topics," find place in rather than to speculate upon what it is going our author's pages, and are made to fit skilfully to be throughout the world, as a matter of con- into the mosaic which reflects his own views. jecture ? M. Guyau permits himself to exam- In the population sense, he finds the one thing ine successively the metaphysical systems from which he admits to be present in religion and which he believes the substitute for religion will absent from any of its possible substitutes ; the arise, in the midst of a society which his con- fact that religion has already failed in this re text discloses as swayed by a multitude of con- gard in his own France apparently not occur siderations; and never a metaphysical one ring to him. As successive chapters consider among them. Does not the simple statement allied topics from various points of view, the of his ideal carry with it its own refutation ? book, from being contemporaneous becomes The curse of labor being upon us, can the bu- repetitious and discursive, the slender thread of man race as a whole ever look forward to a calm its author's views being broken too often by the and equable life under the bland light of ab- heavy matters he takes from others to hang to it. stract reasoning? “There are no lacunæ in Moreover, the book is frequently inaccurate the human soul, it is a prey to invincible con- in detail, however successfully it may set forth tinuity,” he says, profoundly enough. But in certain broad truths. What, for instance, can be all the panorama, from the “sociomorphism made of such a judgment as this : “ The ideas of of the present to the metaphysical contentment Kantand Schelling, when they passed into Amer. of a vastly remote future, does he not assume ica, gave birth to Emerson's and Parker's trans a breach of continuity ? Is there not before the cendentalism; Spencer's theory of evolution be- student a condition of affairs in France to-day came, in America, a religion of Cosmism, as which is equally aloof from M. Guyau's “re- presented by Messrs. Fiske, Potter, and Sav-ligion” and “non-religion ” ?- a literal solu- age"? The Ethical Culture movement is to tion of the continuity he seeks for his pro- M. Guyau “simply a great mutual aid temper-gramme? ance society,"- a rather wild characterization, It is not unlikely that many of the difficulties for which the translator is probably responsible. which oppress the reader of this work are due Yet he hastens to add that “it is certainly one to the translation. Hardly a page remains un- of the forms of social activity which are des. marred by solecisms and sentences so entangled tined to succeed ritualistic religions." that a guess at their meaning is all that is left. The fundamental objections to M. Guyau's It would seem as if there had been a collabora- general contention are two, one logical and one tion—some person not too familiar with French practical. Define religion as he will, he merely being assisted by some one lacking in English. escapes from one definition to another in throw- Open the book at random, and one will find ing from it the cloak of dogma. His invention such a mixture as this : “They (the Jesuits] of “non-religion ” and “a-religion ” cannot have even been accused of whispering to advice blind his readers to the fact that even in that for the preservation of certain inheritances” term all that is “ religious ” in a very real sense (p. 328). “What the Germans call the heart — all that Clifford includes under the word of nature’” comes to be, in its passage from “piety”—is retained. Even his climax, a state French to English, an Irish bull. Money, ther- ment of the ideal conditions which may be mometric degrees, and the like, are indicated evoked in the non-religious society of the future, by figures alone, leaving it wholly indeterminate is based upon a theory of human love which is what standard is intended. In proper names assuredly of the essence of theoretical Chris- there is nothing short of an orgy: “ Servetius” 292 [May 1, THE DIAL (twice), “Sakia Mouni,” “Javeh," “ the Rev. nia offers to the historian an extensive and an Adams,” “St. Antoine (sic) went into the des attractive field. It embraces interesting ele- ert,” are a few examples taken from a long ments of the most varied character, extending page of notes made in the reading. from the time of Hernando Cortez to the time WALLACE DE GROOT RICE. of Senator Hearst. Here are sections bearing such headings as “ Early Voyages,” “ The Jes- uits,” “ The Franciscans," “ Early Mining," “ The Spanish Governors, 66 The Mexican HITTELL'S HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA.* Governors "; and it is needless to say that they Enough “ History of California” to satisfy are very inviting, especially when considered the most enthusiastic dwellers by the Golden in the two environments furnished by nature Gate is given in Mr. Theodore H. Hittell's four and history. All these subjects, and others too, thick octavo volumes that together foot up the author has investigated with much care and 3460 pages. This unreasonable voluminous- thoroughness; he has made a valuable contri- ness is due to the introduction of matter that bution to fact or information ; and it is to be is either foreign to the subject or is of too little regretted that he was unable to work his mate- consequence to justify its introduction into a rial, or rather so much of it as he should have State history; or to pure prolixity. The rela- used, into a more attractive form. tions of California to the Union in the Civil Different classes of readers will find the War is an interesting topic, for example, and centre of interest in different parts of the work ; should be fully and clearly stated in such a but the ordinary reader, we hazard little in work; but no possible reason can be assigned saying, will find it in those chapters that pre- for giving a comparatively full account of the sent the series of events that led up to the Amer- whole Civil War. What the “ Battle above ican occupation and conquest of California in the Clouds” and “ Sheridan's Ride” have to 1846–7, and its admission to the Union three do with the history of California, it would be years later. When everything is taken into hard to say; but here they are, nevertheless. account, these events are hardly second in ro- Another kind of bad judgment is illustrated by mantic interest to any others in our national bis- the introduction into the final chapter of an tory, and it must be said, in justice to Mr. Hit- account, a page and a half in length, of the tell, that he has given us a very full account of attempt that was made to induce the legislature them. of California to buy Mr. Hubert H. Bancroft's The Spaniards in California, like Spaniards books and manuscripts, which is characterized in other parts of America, were thoroughly in no kindly terms. "Delicate professional feel jealous of foreigners. Especially, the Spanish ing, as well as sense of proportion, would have authorities on the Coast, like the Spanish author- suggested that the incident be omitted alto-ities in Louisiana in the last quarter of the eigh- gether or be relegated to a brief foot-note. teenth century, had a premonition of what the The impression made by the external features coming of the American meant. Curiously of the work is confirmed by its internal ones. enough, too, the story opens in California with It is a ponderous performance. The author the publication, in 1796, of the treaty of San piles up facts, gathered from a vast number of Lorenzo, which put the old quarrels between the sources, with great zeal and industry, mountain two countries in relation to boundaries and the high ; but the book is heavy reading. Open it use of the Mississippi in the way of settlement. anywhere you please, and you are struck by its “Towards the end of the same year," our author ponderousness. Nor is it the matter alone that tells us, tells us, “ the ship · Otter,' of Boston, Captain makes the book heavy; in fact, matter and Ebenezer Dorr, the first American vessel that manner are very well suited to each other. The visited California, ran into Monterey and sur- style is generally laborious. The result is that reptitiously left a few of its sailors, some for- the reader who goes through the work will be eigners and some English.” The Spanish gov- carried along by his own interest in the subject, ernor, after utilizing these sailors in various or in the matter, not by the writer's skill. Such ways for a time, sent them out of the country. a reader may find the long way attractive, but The impression prevailed that American ves- not because he is beguiled by the historian's art. sels which came to the Coast were engaged in It is almost unnecessary to say that Califor- contraband trade ; and this impression Mr. HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA, By Theodore H. Hittell. In Hittell thinks was probably well founded. On four volumes. San Francisco: N. J. Stone & Co. that ground, at least, the second ship to arrive, 1898.] 293 THE DIAL which was in 1799, was compelled to leave with War, Fremont, Sloat, and Stockton came, and out delay. And, generally speaking, we may California passed from the keeping of the Mex- say that from this time on the American and ican to that of the American, as it had before the Spaniard were at a point of friction on the passed from the Spaniard to the Mexican. But Pacific Coast as well as in the Gulf of Mexico, we cannot follow the story. although for many years the more distant point Full of information as the book is, it must attracted little or no attention, owing in great depend mainly upon State patriotism for its part to the absorbing interest with which the circulation. The author has facilitated the nearer one was regarded. Ominously enough, work of those who wish to consult his volumes however, the century closed with “considerable (which is sure to be a much larger class than talk of an American invasion that is, of an those who actually read them) by furnishing a attempt by the rising young giant on the other full index as well as an ample table of contents. side of the continent to take not only California, B. A. HINSDALE. but all New Spain.” It was not until 1823 that an American was allowed to settle in the country. The first American business house was established in 1824. The first American RECENT HISTORICAL FICTION.* party to arrive overland came in 1826, and seems to have been the result of an accident, as It would be instructive to compare Mr. E. F. follows: Benson’s “ The Vintage,” a romance of the Greek “ Towards the end of 1826 the Californians were War of Independence, with the romance of the astonished by the appearance in their country of the first Greek writer Xenos, recently reviewed by us, deal- party of Americans that came overland. This was a ing with the same theme. One might reasonably small company of hunters and trappers, under the com suppose that the advantage would be almost wholly mand of Captain Jedediah S. Smith, of the firm of with the novelist who was writing of the great period Smith, Jackson, & Soublette. They had been author of his own national history, and that the best any ized by the United States Executive to hunt and trade Englishman could do would be to produce a pale in the territories west of the Rocky Mountains, and and colorless reflection of the stirring events of the had established their headquarters on the eastern side years concerned. Yet the result is all the other way, of Salt Lake. In August they had left Salt Lake on a for the Greek romancer is so oppressed by the weight hunting and trapping excursion, and, travelling south- westward, had at length found themselves in a desert *THE VINTAGE. A Romance of the Greek War of Inde- country near the Colorado River, and in great want pendence. By E. F. Benson. New York: Harper & Brothers. of subsistence for themselves and horses. Being five THE SON OF THE CZAR. An Historical Romance. By James hundred miles from Salt Lake and less than three hun M. Graham. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co. dred from the mission of San Gabriel in California, they A TSAR's GRATITUDE. By Fred Whishaw. New York: determined to proceed to the latter place, and finally Longmans, Green, & Co. arrived there, very much exhausted. Immediately upon SECRETARY TO BAYNE, M.P. A Novel. By W. Pett their arrival, Smith addressed a letter to Governor Ridge. New York: Harper & Brothers. Echeandia, then at San Diego, describing their situation SHREWSBURY. A Romance. By Stanley J. Weyman. and necessities. Echeandia answered by ordering Smith New York : Longmans, Green, & Co. SIMON DALE. By Anthony Hope. New York: Frederick to appear at that place and give an account of himself A. Stokes Co. and of his reasons for coming to the country. Smith did BELEAGUERED. A Story of the Uplands of Baden in the so; but his story seems to have been doubted. He then Seventeenth Century. By Herman T. Koerner. New York: appealed to a number of ships' captains who were at that G. P. Putnam's Sons. port; and they joined in a written declaration to the ACROSS THE SALT SEAS. A Romance of the War of Succes- effect that they believed his account, and that his only sion. By John Bloundelle-Burton. Chicago: Herbert S. object in visiting the country was such as he had stated." Stone & Co. Smith is said to have lost his life while SPANISH JOHN. By William McLennan. New York: Harper & Brothers. attempting to make his way back to Salt Lake. AN ENEMY TO THE KING. By R. N. Stephens. Boston: The visit was a very unwelcome one, and in L. C. Page & Co. creased the growing tension between the Cali FOR PRINCE AND PEOPLE. A Tale of Old Genoa. By E. K. Sanders. New York: The Macmillan Co. fornians and the Americans. But there was no VIVIAN OF VIRGINIA. By Hulbert Fuller. Boston: Lamson, resisting the inevitable; the American popula Wolffe & Co. tion continued slowly to increase. Shortly FREE TO SERVE. A Tale of Colonial New York. By E. after Smith's departure a report was circulated Rayner. Boston : Copeland & Day. KING WASHINGTON. A Romance of the Hudson Highlands. that the United States were about to take Cali- By Adelaide Skeel and William H. Brearley. Philadelphia: fornia, as they had already taken Florida. From J. B. Lippincott Co. this time until the end the action becomes more FOR LOVE OF COUNTRY. By Cyrus Townsend Brady. New York. Charles Scribner's Sons. and more accelerated and more and more inter- CHALMETTE. By Clinton Ross. Philadelphia : J. B. Lip- esting. With the breaking out of the Mexican pincott Co. 294 [May 1, THE DIAL of his information and the stress of his emotion that attempt to assassinate Alexander II. As far as ma. artistic grasp is denied him, whereas the English chinery goes, it is much the same sort of story that novelist with adequate literary training, backed by we have read many times before. The conspirators the continuous tradition of good fiction-writing which live in the same atmosphere of secrecy and terror- is his birthright, succeeds in making from his alienism, and are invested with the same uncanny power point of view a stronger and in every way finer to control the machinery of state - up to a certain treatment of the subject. The work of Xenos, bur-point — in the interest of their dastardly aims. The rying from detail to detail, is weighted down to the hero is an officer in the Russian army who, through level of a chronicle, while the work of Mr. Benson, no fault of his own, incurs the disfavor of the Tsar, who knows how to select and arrange, rises to the but whose loyalty remains unshaken through trials level of serious and impressive art. The English that would almost justify him in revolt. When he writer does not even have to rely upon the names eventually saves his ruler's life at the risk of his and events which are in themselves an element of own, the Tsar's gratitude becomes as generous as strength, so deep are the associations they bear; he his previous ingratitude had been unworthy, and the tells us nothing of Marcos Botsaris or of Misolonghi story thus justifies its title, while coming to a happy or of Navarino, and yet he makes us feel to the full conclusion. It is written in a rather dull style, and the heroic passion of the struggle. The chief histor bears a good deal of skipping. ical episode of this romance is the siege and fall of Mr. Pett Ridge's “Secretary to Bayne, M. P.," Tripoli, and to this climax the events lead up with deals only indirectly with Russian affairs, since its ever-accumulating interest. The well-chosen figure scene is laid mainly in London, and its nihilists are of speech embodied in the title of the book is kept ruffians of a rather cheap description. It is the in mind throughout, yet not made obtrusive, being story of a Prince of Galmada, who goes to London relegated to section-headings and chance phrases incognito to see the world, and also to discover the rather than made a theme for rhetorical amplifica whereabouts of one Olga Netroff, whom he loves. tions. “The Vintage” is much the best piece of The girl turns out to be implicated, innocently work that Mr. Benson has thus far done, and for its enough, in certain nihilist conspiracies, and in his sake we may well forgive him for his “ Dodo and endeavor to get her away from her criminal envir- other futilities. onment, the Prince barely escapes with bis own life. “ The Son of the Czar" is a long historical ro The story, which ends happily, is told with consid- mance of early eighteenth century Russia, and has erable animation, and provides a very satisfactory for its chief characters Peter the Great and his un sort of entertainment. happy son Alexis. The exact period is that of the Mr. Weyman's "Shrewsbury" is a historical ro- beginnings of the new capital upon the marshy mance of which the scene is laid in the England of shores of the Neva, and the book is essentially a William III., and which has for its central episode depiction of the great struggle of the radical em the attempt of Sir John Fenwick and his fellow- peror with the bigoted conservatism of his semi conspirators to assassinate the great champion of barbarous people. The instincts of Peter were so civil liberties and the Protestant faith. It is a very entirely right that they go far to condone the brutal- long romance, which fact will delight all lovers of ities that marked his policy, and we cannot greatly the species who are acquainted blame a writer of historical fiction for idealizing are not? — with the other inventions of this fasci- his character and to a certain extent justifying the nating writer. We notice in this book what we no- means that he was forced to employ for the further ticed in “ My Lady Rotha," a tendency so to enlarge ance of bis great ends. Historians have been apt the scale and scope of a romance as to obscure the to regard his treatment of Alexis as one of the dark pattern, and make it somewhat difficult for readers est blots upon his fame, but as the relation is pre to view the performance as a symmetrical whole. sented to us by Mr. Graham, Alexis got no more For clearness of outline and unity of plan, Mr. Wey- than his despicable character and treacherous de man's slighter early books were better than the more vices fairly earned for him. If this presentation of ambitious ones he has produced of late. Still, we Peter as an essentially wise and humane ruler be have read “Shrewsbury” with much satisfaction, colored by too much hero-worship, it is made for despite the fact that the hero (who tells the story) the time almost convincing by the eloquence of the is little short of a knave and nothing short of a writer. It is evident, also, that Mr. Graham, has coward. Among the historical characters intro- been a minute student of his subject, for his book duced, we have Fenwick, the notorious Ferguson, has a great deal of historical actuality, and never Godolphin, Marlborough, and the King, and alto- descends to the level of rhetorical commonplace. It gether the book offers us a vivid picture of the troub- is, moreover, self-consistent, and its chief artistic lous times when the Protestant succession was still defect results from the author's inability to make in question, besides abounding in stirring incidents an orderly array of so great a store of information. and hair-breadth escapes. The nihilists are just now having their innings Mr. “Anthony Hope" takes us some score of again in fiction. Mr. Fred Whishaw's “ A Tsar's years further back in English history when we open Gratitude" is a story which begins with the engage the pages of “Simon Dale,” for the chronicler of ment at Inkermann, and ends with an unsuccessful imaginary royalties and principalities has at last 1898.] 295 THE DIAL а come to the historical novel pure and simple, and ing at Velletri, he is sent to Scotland on a secret given us a story of the Restoration that proves un mission in behalf of Prince Charlie, and has so ex- failing in its power to excite and sustain the interest, citing a series of experiences that not until the end although its audacities of invention at times take is reached do we recall, with a sort of pained sur- away the breath. The infamous Treaty of Dover prise, the fact that we have been reading a book affords the chief subject matter of this romance, and without a love-story. The style of the narrative is the incognito presence of the Roi Soleil at the place crisp and vigorous, and a remarkable power of real- of negotiation gives the hero an opportunity for izing the life of the period is displayed. This power dealing with him in the most surprising manner. The has since been explained, we regret to say, in way treatment to which he is subjected in the “Vicomte not creditable to the author. A contributor to “ The de Bragelonne ”is no more startling than that which Bookman” has unearthed, in a Canadian periodical he is made to endure at the hands of the bold and of the early part of this century, a certain “Narra- sturdy Simon, who not only talks to him in the tive" upon which it becomes only too evident that “ cheekiest” fashion at Dover, but actually gets him Mr. McLennan has drawn, not merely for his inci- alone in an open boat, and exacts from him an un dents, but for his descriptions and his very phrase- willing compliance at the pistol's muzzle. The affec- ology. It seems to be a clear case of pilfering, which tions of this audacious hero are divided between the is naturally bad for Mr. McLennan's reputation, high-born lady whom he rescues from the net of although it does not make his book any the less royal intrigue into which she has fallen, and the readable and remarkable. well-known favorite, Nell Gwynne, of whom the The character of Henry of Navarre is rightly a novelist draws so engaging a portrait that we cannot favorite with the romantic novelist, and few periods help liking her better than the proper heroine of of history offer material so fascinating as that which the romance. We are glad, on the whole, that Mr. deals with the great struggle between Henry and Hawkins has sold his fancy into captivity to the the League. Mr. R. N. Stephens, in “ An Enemy facts of history, for we have no fear that his work to the King” deals with this material once more, will suffer from a too slavish adherence to them, and and tells, after the strictly conventional pattern, of it is, after all, better to dwell upon the solid ground a young scion of an impoverished house who starts of the actual than in cloud-built towers and gorgeous out to see the world, after the fashion of Artagnan palaces that never had any real existence. or Sigognac, and learns to the full the meaning of We should judge Mr. Herman Koerner to be a fierce wars and faithful loves. He gets into the novice in the writing of romantic fiction. “ Belea thick of events at once, for his first day in Paris is guered” is a story that drags considerably and dis marked by an encounter with Bussy d'Amboise, and plays slight inventive resource. Given a fortified not long thereafter he wins the favor of Marguerite, town in the early Thirty Years War, held by the who imperialists and besieged by the Swedes, given also the Queen-Mother, and despatches him to Béarn a heroic defender and a lovely maiden, most of the with a letter to ber princely consort. From this details follow as a matter of course. There is a great time on, bis days are filled with exciting occurrences, deal of fighting in the book, besides minor adven- and he permits no earlier hero of romance to outdo tures and intrigues, but a certain stiffness of manner him in deeds of valor and chivalry. It is the sort pervades the whole production and prevents it from of story that we have read many times before, and being at all inspiring. is quite as good as the similar inventions of Mr. “Across the Salt Seas,” by Mr. John Bloundelle Weyman and his confreres. We welcome Mr. Ste- Burton, is a story of the War of the Spanish Suc-phens to the ranks of our entertainers in this sort, cession. An English soldier is entrusted with a and hope to hear from him again. secret mission to Spain, which results in the capture “For Prince and People,” by Mr. E. K. Sanders, of a fleet of treasure-ships that are expected to fur is a story of old Genoa and the tyranny of the Doria. nish the depleted Spanish treasury. The action of The conspiracy of Fieschi is the real subject of the the romance takes place for the most part upon narrative, and the treatment given it follows closely Spanish soil, and concerns about equally the English the lines laid down by the early romantic drama of soldier already mentioned and a young Spaniard Schiller. The book is not particularly noteworthy, who becomes his companion in arms and devoted but it is a painstaking piece of workmanship, and friend. It afterwards transpires that the Spaniard we have read it with a certain degree of satisfaction. is a woman in disguise. There can be only one way American novelists are learning to draw more out of such a complication. The book is a good one and more upon the store of romantic material pro- of its sort, crammed with exciting episodes, and vided by our own annals, and the work of historical wrapped in the atmosphere of romance. societies and other organizations for the preservation Mr. McLennan's “Spanish John ” is a romance and publication of what bibliographers call Ameri- of the Pretender and the expedition of 1745. The cana is bearing abundant fruit in the form of his- hero is a youth who is sent to Rome to be educated torical fiction. In “ Vivian of Virginia,” Mr. Hul- for the priesthood, but who finds soldiering much bert Fuller tells of Bacon's Rebellion, and draws more to his taste, and joins the Spanish troops then full-length portraits of that popular leader as well campaigning in Italy. After some very good fight as of his grim antagonist, Governor Berkeley, whose 296 [May 1, THE DIAL hatred of schools and printing, expressed in a fre and entitled it “For Love of Country.” There is quently-quoted passage, has preserved his memory some good sea-fighting under Paul Jones and other better than all the acts of the years when, “drest commanders, a graphic description of the crossing in a little brief authority,” he played the petty despot of the Delaware and the subsequent campaign of in his Colony. The hero of the romance is a soldier Trenton and Princeton, and the inevitable love-story who has been fighting under Churchill in Flanders, with its inevitably happy ending. Historically, the and now, thrown on the world without employment, author knows whereof he writes, and has taken no welcomes an opportunity to embark for the planta unwarrantable liberties with the facts. His sea- tions, and cast in his lot with the Virginians. The pictures are especially well done, which is a not story of his share in Bacon's Rebellion, and of his unnatural consequence of the author's early training conquest of the fair and high-spirited maiden who in the naval service of the United States. Alto- engages his affections, is told in the regulation gether, the book is clean, wholesome, and spirited, manner, and to much the effect of the countless sim and deserves well of the public. ilar romances dealing with old-world themes that “ Chalmette," by Mr. Clinton Ross, is a romance have come to our attention during the past ten years. of the days and events leading up to the Battle of It is a pretty tale, and has a considerable historical New Orleans. Its hero is a young Virginian officer interest as well. under Jackson's leadership, and the plot is chiefly Miss Rayner's “ Free to Serve” takes us some concerned with Lafitte and his nest of Baratarian what out of the beaten track in historical fiction, being pirates who prove an effective factor in the further- the story of a well-born English girl who, through ing of the American cause. The manner of narra- the contemptible conduct of a worthless brother, is tion is jerky and episodical, making the drift of the brought to America to be sold in New York as a bond work somewhat difficult to catch, a defect partly servant. Her services are purchased by a substantial atoned for by the bits of vivid dramatic action oc- Dutch burgher, whose manorial estate far up the curring now and then. One cannot help feeling that Hudson is the scene of the greater part of the ro Mr. Ross is better qualified to write for the stage mance, and whose two sons become rivals for the than for the reading public, and that his work adds love of the young woman who by so fortunate a to its natural demands upon the ear an unwonted circumstance falls in their way. The book is a long demand upon the imaginative eye of the observer. one, packed with incident, and made of unusual WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE. value by its strong delineation of the several char- acters concerned, as well as by its vivid presentation of the condition of life in the Colony of New York. The time of action is set at the very beginning of BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. the eighteenth century. The story of “King Washington” is based upon Mr. John M. Robertson, in his New Orulines of a new an episode in the life of our first President during Essays toward a Critical Method” the period that followed the surrender at Yorktown, (Lane) makes a suggestive and val- when Clinton was still in command in New York, uable contribution to critical literature, although the and Washington was keeping watch at Newburgh. outlines of the “general critical method” which he This romance weaves together into a well-constructed claims to have developed are not very easy to trace. narrative the historical incident of the Nicola letter, These outlines are to be looked for mainly in the with its insulting suggestion that the American introductory chapter on “The Theory and Practice leader should assume the royal title, and an image of Criticism,” since the special chapters that follow inary plot, instigated by Prescott, to kidnap him are admitted to antedate by ten years or more the and deliver him up to the British army. The active complete formulation of the writer's critical system. agent in this plot is a woman of mixed French and Mr. Robertson is distinctly wedded to the view that Indian blood, disguised as a boy, whom Prescott has criticism may be raised to the scientific plane, promised to make his wife should the conspiracy wherein he has our hearty approval, and his con- prove successful. Under the name of Louis Paschal demnation of the subjective and impressionist writ- this woman gains the confidence of Washington and ing that passes for criticism is well-considered and his circle, the plot failing of success only by acci- well-stated, although it amounts in our opinion to dent at the critical juncture. A pretty love-story, little more than slaying the slain. His observations, concerning a blunt straightforward American officer also, concerning his predecessors among the practi- and the charming daughter of one of the conspira tioners of scientific criticism are acute and logical. tors, lends an additional touch of romantic interest He not only pays his respects to such well-known to the situation. The story is very well worked out, men as Sainte-Beuve and Taine and Brunetière, but with much effective use of antiquarian material, and also calls our attention to less familiar discussions illustrated by photographs of the scenes and historic of critical technique by Hennequin and Droz and houses which come within the scope of the work. E. S. Dallas. But when we seek the formulation The Archdeacon of Pennsylvania has written a of his own ideas, we find little beyond a modified stirring “story of land and sea in the days of the acceptance of Taine's fundamental principles coupled Revolution" - the American Revolution, that is with suggestions traceable to Sainte-Beuve and critical method. 1898.] 297 THE DIAL Hennequin, and supplemented by an insistence upon facts. How much faith can be put in the story of the primary necessity that the critic should allow the Lafayette family, as told by a writer who errs for his own personal equation. It is under this latter grievously regarding the most important facts of head that the author says his best things, and every the revolutionary history of France? To enumer- critic who takes his business seriously would do well ate briefly: Miss Sichel would find it hard to name to mark and inwardly digest the following passage: any French Republicans of 1788 (p. 100); Bar- “As regards his limitations and his antipathies he nave was not a Girondist; Mirabeau was not the can only partially take precaution, and this only by one to christen the States General the National a kind of discipline which few are ready to practice. Assembly (p. 107); Talleyrand was a bishop, not In sum, it consists in carefully studying all the cases an abbot (p. 113); Mirabeau was not " a democrat of wide appreciation in which he cannot feel with among democrats from May until the end of Octo- the many, and carefully estimating the calibre of the ber," 1789, nor did he proclaim the necessity of judgments with which he cannot agree. Suppose it be restoring an executive” (p. 118) only after that that he does not readily enjoy or admire Cervantes, time: he was consistently in favor of a strong ex- or Calderon, or Schiller, or Hugo, or Browning, or ecutive. The author knows next to nothing of Dickens, or Tolstoi, each of whom has won very political grouping or the nature of the Terror gov- high, and some very general, praise, to ask himself ernment. The Girondist party was not a party of narrowly whether he has missed the excellences on the National Assembly (p. 133); the Committee which it dwells, to consider the training, the bias, of Public Safety did not exist as early as the autumn the cast of mind of those who bestow it, and then, of 1792 (p. 162); the Revolutionary tribunal was if he thinks he fairly can, to explain it in terms of established prior to the Committee of Public Safety, the prejudice, or limitation, or deficient culture of and not after it (p. 179); the Convention did not the admirers; or, if he cannot, to seek objectively proscribe the Catholic faith (p. 193): that was the for the merits which delight them, and to note them work of the commune; England did not declare war as forms of effect to which he is but slightly sus on France in 1792 (p. 194), but France declared ceptible.” It is this method of collation and diag war on England; the Dantonists were not executed nosis of expert opinion that Mr. Robertson would 6 at the close of the month” (March, 1794), as have the critic pursue, and an application of this stated (p. 195), but on April 6; Napoleon was not method (although imperfect for the reason above recalled from Egypt by a secret letter, but, in the stated) is what we find in the essays on Poe, Cole-exchange of prisoners between him and Sir Sidney ridge, Shelley, Keats, Burns, and Clough, that fill Smith, the English commander, some French news- out his volume. We by no means agree with all papers fell into his hands, which apprised him of of the conclusions reached concerning these poets, the political condition in France; Pichegru was not and think that their unsoundness might in not a few beheaded (p. 296), but was strangled. These are instances be traced to a lack of the very method positive errors of fact. Examples of unripe judg. which Mr. Robertson admits was not framed until ment and childish enthusiasm abound. One might after their formulation, but there is not space to know very nearly what to expect of a writer who pursue this inquiry into detail. We think that a introduces her book by such a statement as this : grave injustice is done Mr. Stedman in saying that, “ Angels are few and far between. It is almost in his work done for the definitive edition of Poe, incredible to find a whole band of them, especially he “passed from his older attitude of sympathy to a band living together and tied to each other by that of a pseudo-judical animus." It is to Professor blood. Yet this improbable conception is realized Woodberry that this animus must be attributed by the De Noailles” (p. 27). If it were not so rather than to his senior colleague. And we mark pitiable, we might laugh at the assertion that Corn- a discrepancy that calls for correction in two notes wallis was “at last forced into Yorktown by the skill upon the untimely death of Hennequin. One of them of Lafayette” (p. 75); that the French Bill of informs us that he died in the summer of 1888, the Rights was similar to the English Petition of Rights ; other in the spring of 1889. that Lafayette was a “hero of chivalry” in the events of the 5th and 6th of October, 1789; that A pleasant The day is happily past when pleas- Mirabeau was jealous of Lafayette a statement narrative, antly-written narrative, with little which reminds one of the fable of the ox and the but not history. regard to accuracy of facts, could fly. Lesser errors here and there throughout the pass as history. The writer who, when taken to book betray the fact that the author has little knowl- task for the errors of his work, pompously replied, edge of the institutions of the times she has at- “ So much the worse for the facts,” has been super tempted to portray. She uses the word “intendant” seded in public estimation. Miss Edith Sichel, au when “ bailiff” is meant (p. 7); she speaks of the thor of "The Household of the Lafayettes ” (Mac- jeunesse dorée before 1789, although a knowledge millan), might succeed better as a writer of romance of the Revolution ought to have taught her that that than of history. She has imagination and an enter term has a special historical significance (p. 7); she taining style, but her work cannot meet the funda- speaks of the Parlements of Paris, and even, En- mental requirement of a history — accuracy as to glish as she is, talks of the Petition of Rights. But 298 [May 1, THE DIAL medical literature. it were ungracious to continue criticism of a book pictures, is a revelation as to what art can do to whose errors glare at us from every page ; and even illuminate surgery. No surgeon can hereafter afford the vivacity of the style and the numerous anecdotes to be ignorant of this admirable piece of work. The cannot redeem “The Household of the Layfayettes” execution of the book throughout reflects honor upon to history. American printing, and the publishers are to be con- A noteworthy No evidence of the insufficiency of gratulated upon an imprint which is at least as per- fect as care and skill and taste can produce. Each contribution to the average medical school in this volume (Volume II. will appear very shortly) is country is so convincing as the char- separately indexed, in five sections, an index of acter of the medical literature put forth. American plates, of illustrations, of cases from the literature, medical journals are almost as numerous as the of cases from the Johns Hopkins Hospital, and a leaves on the trees, and of medical books we produce a plenty ; but he is a bold man who will presume to general index. find in this mass of literature the patient study of “ The Later Renaissance," by Mr. The great age cases, the scientific accuracy of statement, and the of Spanish David Hannay, is a volume in the literature. wide of observation, that characterize the best series called “ Periods of European range foreign medical literature. In “Operative Gyne- Literature” (Scribner). It is the second to be pab- cology," of which Volume I. has just been issued lished, but stands sixth in the chronological order. from the press of Messrs. D. Appleton & Co., Dr. It is chiefly concerned with the literatures of England Howard A. Kelly, of the Johns Hopkins University, and Spain, although short chapters are devoted to has taken a long stride ahead. He has produced a those of France and Italy. In the case of Spain, book in surgical gynecology that will take rank at the author has practically dealt with the whole of once in this specialty with the work of Schröder, the great age of Spanish literature, overlapping in Martin, Zweifel, and Veit, in Germany; of Pozzi both directions the period assigned to him. The and Péan, in France; and of Sir Spencer Wells, in importance of thus treating Spanish literature as a England. Dr. Kelly is still a young man, but he whole seemed to outweigh the reasons for dividing has already achieved an international reputation, it up among three or four volumes by different hands. and the originality of his book tells why. It is the Spain suspended the anarchy of her middle ages record of the author's own practice, showing on every at the end of the fifteenth century, gathered force, burst page not only a quick and keen observation of facts, the world with the violence of a Turkish upon but that ability to discriminate, to sift, and to select, invasion, flourished for a space, and then sank ex- which is the true scientific spirit. The record covers hausted at the end of a hundred and fifty years." an experience of eighteen years, during the last nine The literary manifestations of this energy were no of which Dr. Kelly has been gynecologist-in-chief to less remarkable than the others, and the intellectual the Johns Hopkins Hospital, in Baltimore. What movement as a whole has a unity that demands con- is especially pleasing in this latest production of the tinuous treatment. Still, the reasons for treating as Johns Hopkins Medical School is its conservative a whole the English drama of the Elizabethan and tone. It is the day of gynecology. Allured by the Jacobean periods are no less cogent; yet the volume prospects of quick rewards in fame and money, before us breaks off with Shakespeare, leaving most young men of all degrees of shortcoming in medical of his great contemporaries to be taken up in another training and experience, and of all sorts of moral work and by another writer. Mr. Hannay is at his consciousness, are rushing into this specialty. It best in dealing with the literature of Spain, and his has become the by-word of the medical profession treatment of the other literatures of the time (even that too many of them are only too ready to operate. the English) seems perfunctory in comparison. Cer- We believe that the comparative safety of abdominal tain defects of sympathy appear now and then, as which has been brought about by the knowl- in the estimate of such men as Camoens and Gra- surgery edge of asepsis in modern surgical technique is a cian; but the book as a whole offers an exhibition great boon to suffering women, but we have no of temperate judgment and reasonably attractive hesitation in saying that operative gynecology is presentation. carried too far everywhere. It is often a meddle- A little book on the “ Elements of Some criticism, some interference, based upon ignorance of natural literary and Literary Criticism” (Harper), by conditions, and wholly mischievous in its moral con- Mr. Charles F. Johnson, may be sequences. We hope and trust that the conservative recommended to young readers (and some older and conscientious attitude of so distinguished a ones) as a readable, and in the main trustworthy, gynecologist as Dr. Kelly will stay the tide of ex analysis of the elements that make up good litera- sective operations on women. The illustrations of ture and as a guide to the acquisition of correct this book are superb. There are more than six taste. The author subdivides his theme, after a hundred of them, all original ; surely no medical preliminary discussion of the principle of unity in work, certainly no American medical work, has ever literary composition, into the special topics of char- before been so finely illustrated. The chapter on acterization, philosophy, and the musical, phrasal, the topographical anatomy of the abdomen, which descriptive, and emotional powers. There is much is simply a clear description of a series of beautiful | good sense in what he says upon these subjects, and otherwise. - -- 1898.] 299 THE DIAL memorial to Miss Rossetti. " French much apposite illustration of his several propositions. (Macmillan) offers a bright contrast to this not an- The book is marred now and then by a critical judg common type. It is a true primer, or first book, of ment that is not easily defensible, as when it is psychology, and is well fitted to make these first suggested that Hugo and Tolstoi may possibly be steps attractive to earnest students. It does not ranked with the great “illuminated intellects” of pretend to be a royal road to learning, but counts literature, with Dante, Shakespeare, and Goethe ; upon the increase of interest as well of ability which or when Byron is called a “magnificent artist," comes only from continued effort; but it directs that which is precisely what Byron was not. Nor does effort wisely and well. It is broad in treatment, one often in a good book come across so misleading covering a large part of the domain of modern psy- and unfair a characterization as that of Rossetti, chology; but it covers it in a way suitable to the described as “a man who believes that the world of beginner's understanding. It utilizes the daily ex- Dante's day is preferable to the world of to-day, periences of our mental life; supplements these by who has apparently never heard of the discovery of the more direct and forcible results of experimen- the conservation of energy nor of the main outlines tation, and further imbues them with living interest of evolution, and who thinks the form of a chair or by the introduction of evolutionary, of social, and of the pattern of a brocade more important and inter- literary illustrations. It is true that it reflects as well esting than the struggle of humanity towards higher the unsettled condition of many questions in psy- things.” Such a passage as this is a solemn warn chology; and the reader is honestly made aware ing of the dangers that attend the cultivation of of the fact that he is frequently reading the views rhetoric without knowledge. of Professor Titchener rather than a consensus of psychological opinion. But this is inevitable, and The biographical and critical study" does little harm. In brief, the work combines so A loving of Christina Rossetti which we owe many of the possible virtues of a primer, and avoids to the sympathetic and industrious 80 many of the much larger number of possible vices, labors of Mr. Mackenzie Bell makes a sizable vol that it may be most cordially recommended as an ume of over four hundred pages (Roberts), illus- unusually able and practical beginner's book in psy- trated with portraits and facsimiles of the greatest chology. interest, and supplied with a bibliography by Mr. J. P. Anderson of the British Museum. We have McCarthy's The second and concluding volume no doubt that the preparation of this book has been of Mr. Justin McCarthy's “French Revolution." to the author, as he says, a “peculiar pleasure," and Revolution” (Harper) opens with that he has spared no pains to make it an accurate the events immediately succeeding the Fall of the presentation of the noble woman and great poet to Bastile and ends with the close of the Constituent whose memory it is dedicated. Loving care and Assembly. The events of this period are given in sympathy are evident upon every page, as well as an orderly narration, and though there is a tendency a degree of scrupulousness in the statement of exact to drag in unimportant details, the author, in his fact that verges upon pedantry. We wish that we accustomed journalistic style, has drawn a vivid might go beyond this tribute of respect, and com picture of the times. Two chapters, one on the news- mend the volume as a piece of good writing and papers of the period and one on the more important adequate criticism ; but this is frankly impossible. clubs, give interesting information not generally The limitations of the writer, both as critic and found in short histories of the French Revolution. biographer, are too painfully apparent to permit of The treatment of the character and influence of such praise, and it must be said that his portrait Marie Antoinette, while fully recognizing those bears about the same relation to the portrait which qualities which made her so unpopular, is distinctly we hope sometime to possess of Christina Rossetti sympathetic, especial emphasis being placed upon that is borne by a Denner to a Rembrandt. The her courage in the time of danger. An excellent markings are all given with photographic accuracy, index, to both volumes, is given. but the character is somehow missing. Neverthe- less, the book is welcome, and we could not well dis- Students and teachers of comparative The anatomy penge with it, although it does little to assist us in and of human anatomy will find much comprehension of the rare and beautiful spirit ex- to approve in Professor Jayne's "The haled from these poems that constitute one of the Skeleton of the Cat,” the first to appear of a series chief glories of our Victorian literature. on “Mammalian Anatomy” (Lippincott), designed as a preparation for study in these two fields. This Text-books, like other things, are monograph opens with a chapter devoted to defini- A true primer of psychology. liable to the charge of being seldom tions and methods, and is followed by a systematic (or at least not so frequently as is study of every bone and of the regions formed by desirable) what they seem. Many a primer is sim union. The description of a bone includes an ex- ply a congested mass of facts, in which terseness or planation of its name, the areas for muscular attach- inaccuracy increases difficulties with no other com ment, its articolation, rules for rapid identification, pensation than a decrease in the number of pages. the centres of ossification from which it is developed, Professor Titchener's “Primer of Psychology" its growth, and its variations. A careful comparison of the cat. 800 [May 1, THE DIAL is then made with the corresponding bone in the toward which the overflow of the Bay population human skeleton. The derivation of technical names was rushing. So complete was the work of the is given, along with the English derivations and whites, when once they had bestirred themselves French and German equivalents. The simple and against the savages, that the Pequots were almost practical terminology, the clear presentation and entirely destroyed, after which “ the land had rest logical arrangement of the subject, and the abund for forty years." A good service for students of ant illustrations, make the book a satisfactory and American history has been done by Mr. Charles Orr practicable guide for the novice, while its wealth of in reprinting in a neat volume (Cleveland: Helman- detail affords a veritable mine of information for Taylor Co.) the accounts of this war, written by par- the teacher. The book is a credit to American schol- ticipants in it, which have been preserved in perma- arship and American bookmaking, and is destined nent form in the collections of the Massachusetts to a real field of usefulness in the biological labora Historical Society. The story, as told by Major John tory and in the service of the independent worker. Mason, Captain John Underhill, Captain Lion Gar- dener, and Mr. Philip Vincent, is illustrated by an Beginnings of life The volume entitled “ Relics of Pri- introduction, by foot-notes, and by a map, thus and foundations meval Life” (Fleming H. Revell Co.) putting in convenient form for reference material of continents. contains the substance of a course of heretofore locked up in lectures before the Lowell Institute of Boston, by comparatively inaccessible volumes. Sir J. William Dawson. The lectures treat an ob- scure subject, the records of which have been in great measure obliterated by metamorphic influences operative in geologic periods of undeterminable dur- BRIEFER MENTION. ation. In the great geologic stone book, these records were inscribed upon the eldest leaves, forming that The latest number of the Johns Hopkins University strip of present land in Eastern Canada, by the Studies consists of some two hundred pages on “The St. Lawrence River, which first emerged from the Neutrality of the American Lakes," by Mr. James Mor- ton Callahan. The author finds the comity between shoreless ocean, at least in the Western hemisphere. Canada and the United States for eighty years under the Here life began at the bottom of a most ancient sea. agreement of joint occupation to be unique, a precedent Before other deposits were piled upon them, these worthy of imitation, and a strong argument for "peace strata were lifted above the waves and stratigraphic establishments.” records cease. The Eozoồn, the dawn animal, ap “ The Best of Browning,” by the Rev. James Mudge, pears to have been among the first of the living is a publication of Messrs. Eaton & Mains. _ It opens things which were introduced into the waters that with an introduction by the Rev. William V. Kelley, covered the earth, after its more active physical which followed by an “explanatory" se on by the transformations were finished. It appears to have editor. Then we have in succession “How to Read come in upon the ground floor. It is something to Browning," "The Benefits of Browning Study,” « Brief have determined, even approximately, the begin- Felicities and Fancies," « Moral and Religious Thoughts," nings of life and the foundations of continents. and “Gems of Description.” Finally, when balf through the volume, we come to the selected poems themselves, The ideal history of the United although even here we are not spared a great deal of comment and annotation. One is apt to think “the States for schools has probably not worst of Browning” is that it takes so much apparatus history. been written; but perhaps the nearest to explain “ the best” of him, but we would not deride approach to that ideal is at hand in the "Students' a book that has been so lovingly put together, and that History of the United States," written by Professor may prove just the thing needed by readers who would Edward Channing of Harvard University, and pub- not get Browning at all save in some such guise. lished by the Macmillan Co. Those who read Pro It is seldom that one sees handsomer specimens of fessor Channing's smaller volume, prepared two bookmaking than the volumes issued in “The Tudor years or more ago to meet the needs of English stu Translations," a series edited by Mr. W. E. Henley and dents of American history, must welcome this latest published by Mr. David Nutt of London. The object of contribution with interest. There is the proper pro- this series is to reproduce the “ acknowledged master- pieces of English style in the one hundred years from portion, no one period being unduly magnified at 1550 to 1650, which are also masterpieces of Classic the expense of another; the suggestions and refer- and European literature.” Florio's Montaigne, North's ences are exceedingly helpful; the illustrative mate- Plutarch, and Shelton's Don Quixote are among the rial is well selected, and the several chapters are so works already issued, the latest to appear being Geffraie admirably constructed as to make the book appeal Fenton's translation of the “Tragicall Discourses" of at once to teachers as the best of its kind that has Matteo Bandello, in two volumes, with a lengthy Intro- yet appeared. duction by Mr. Robert Langton Douglas. The Eliza- One of the most important episodes bethan dramatists owe much to these quaintly-written Story of the love tales of Bandello, the material of such plays as Pequot war. in the early history of New England “ Romeo and Juliet,” “Twelfth Night,” and “The was the war of extermination waged Duchess of Malfy" being directly referable to the against the fierce tribe of Pequot Indians, which “ Discourses." It was altogether well worth while to threatened the quiet and security of the border lands reprint the work in this sumptuous series. An excellent American 1898.] 301 THE DIAL Metamorphoses, Book XIII.” (Hinds & Noble), edited by Mr. J. H. Hayden ; Xenophon's “Cyropædia" (American Book Co.), edited and abridged by Mr. C. W. Gleason; “ The Fi Book of Cæsar's Gallic War" (Ginn), edited by Dr. A. W. Roberts; and “The Cap- tivis and Trinummus of Plautus” (Ginn), edited by Professor E. P. Morris. TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS. May, 1898. LITERARY NOTES. “ The Psalms,” in two volumes, edited by Professor R. G. Moulton, are published by the Macmillan Co. in “ The Modern Reader's Bible." A new edition of Dr. Th. Billroth's " The Care of the Sick,” translated by Mr. J. Bentall Endean, is published by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons. The Macmillan Co. publish “ The Cathedral Church of Hereford,” by Mr. A. Hugh Fisher, in the “Cathe- dral” series of handbooks edited by Mr. Gleeson White. “Wonder Tales from Wagner," told for young people by Miss Anna Alice Chapin, is a companion volume to her “Story of the Rhinegold," and is published by Messrs. Harper & Brothers. Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons are soon to publish Dau- det’s “Soutien de Famille” in an English translation entitled “The Head of the Family," with an introduo- tion by Professor Adolphe Cohn. Religious Pamphlets,” selected and edited by the Rev. Percy Dearmer, is published in the “Pamphlet Library” by Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. There are seventeen numbers, ranging from Wiclif to Newman. “ To Teach the Negro History” is the title of a pam- phlet by Mr. John Stephens Durbam, published by Mr. David McKay. It is a condensation of a series of talks given by the author a year ago at the Hampton and Tuskegee schools. The Chinese library of the late James Legge has been purchased by Messrs. Luzac & Co. of London, who will soon issue a catalogue of the collection. There are be- tween two and three thousand volumes, and a sale en bloc to some institution is desired to be made by the owners. The “Saturday Evening Post " of Philadelphia, the oldest paper in America, has been purchased by the Cur- tis Publishing Co., and will be run hereafter as a weekly magazine. The “Post” was originally the old « Penn- sylvania Gazette,” conducted by Benjamin Franklin. Messrs. Luzac & Co., London, publish Dr. Fritz Rosen's “ Modern Persian Colloquial Grammar," with dialogues for easy reading, and selections from the diaries of the late Shab. The reading matter is given in threefold form,-Persian script, roman transliteration, and English translation. “ The Poetry of Samuel Taylor Coleridge” is a vol- ume in “ The Muse's Library," imported by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons. The special significance of this edition is due to the fact that it is edited by Dr. Richard Garnett, whose lengthy introduction is a con- tribution of fresh and lasting value to poetical criticism. “ Chinese Philosophy,” by Dr. Paul Carus, being “an exposition of the main characteristic features of Chinese thought," is issued in “ The Religion of Science Library” by the Open Court Publishing Co. A prefatory note informs us that the work has been translated into Chinese by order of the Tsungli Yamen, and placed on file in the official archives. A rival to the new Bible dictionary now in course of publication by the Messrs. Scribner will be offered by the “ Encyclopædia Biblica," now announced by the Mac- millan Co. This work will extend to four volumes, to appear quarterly, beginning with next October. Dr. T. K. Cheyne is the chief editor of this work, which has the collaboration of the most eminent scholars of Europe and America. Recently published classical texts include “Ovid: Afghanistan, Memories of. Gen. Sir Hugh Gough. Pall Mall. American Treaties, Two Great. W. M. Jones. Rev. of Rev. Beethoven Museum at Bonn. H. E. Krehbiel. Century. Biography, A New Theory of. Dial. Brain, Byways of the. Andrew Wilson. Harper. Burgoyne Campaign and its Results. H.C. Lodge. Scribner. California, Hittell's History of. B. A. Hinsdale. Dial. Childhood, Secret Language of. Oscar Chrisman. Century. Children's Ideals, A Study of. Popular Science. Club and Salon. Amelia Gere Mason. Century. Dreyfus and Zola Trials, The. J. T. Morse, Jr. Atlantic. East Side Considerations. E. S. Martin. Harper. Enchanted Mesa, Ascent of the. F. W. Hodge. Century. English Literature and the Vernacular. M. H. Liddell. Atlan. Engineers, A Family of. T. C. Martin. Cosmopolitan. Explorers of the Southern Heavens. T.J.J. See. Atlantic. Great Lakes, The. F. W. Fitzpatrick. Cosmopolitan. Greater New York, The Mother City of. Century. Greece, Monuments and Antiquities of. Paul Shorey. Dial. Historical Fiction, Recent. W.M. Payne. Dial. Income Tax Question, The. David A. Wells. Pop. Science. International Isolation of the U.S. Richard Olney. Atlantic. Irish Nationalist, Memoirs of an. Dial. Japanese Art, An Outline of. E. F. Fenollosa. Century. Jefferson Davis, An Attempted Rescue of. Century. Kite-Flying in 1897. George J. Varney. Popular Science. Knowledge through Association. Educational Review. Kuropatkin, War Lord of Russia. Review of Reviews. Literary Form, The Greatest. C. L. Moore. Dial. Lyric Poetry, Claims of. F. L. Thompson. Dial. Melbourne. Charles Short. Pall Mall. Milne, John, and his Earthquake Observatory. McClure. Motherhood, The Profession of. J. B. Walker. Cosmopolitan. Müller, George, Founder of Bristol Orphanages. Rev. of Rev. Napoleon Bonaparte, Autobiography of. Cosmopolitan. Non-Religion in the Future. Wallace Rice. Dial. Old Mesa Life, Notes on. F. Langren. Century. Oratory, After Dinner. Brander Matthews. Century. Pearson, John L., R.A. Cosmo Monkhouse. Pall Mall. Photograph, Value of the. K. Cox and R. Sturgis. Scribner. Primaries, Better, Movement for. Review of Reviews. Psychology and Real Life. Hugo Münsterberg. Atlantic. Railway Crossings in Europe and America. Century. Railway Traveling, Evolution of Comfort in. Pall Mall. Russia, A Statesman of (Constantine Pobedonostzeff). Cent. Russia, Awakened. Julian Ralph. Harper. School Grade a Fiction. W. S. Jackman. Educational Rev. Secondary Schools, Election of Studies in. Educational Rev. Seidl, Anton. Charles D. Lanier. Review of Reviews. Snow Crystals. Popular Science. Spring in Virginia. Bradford Torrey. Atlantic. Submarine Photography. Louis Boutan. Century. Trans-Isthmian Canal Problem. Col. Wm. Ludlow. Harper. University Life in Middle Ages. W. T. Hewett. Harper. Upper Nile, Scramble for the. R. D. Mohun. Century. Varallo and the Val Sesia. Edwin Lord Weeks. Harper. Washington Reminiscences. A. R. Spofford. Atlantic. Wellesley, Life at Abbe C. Goodloo. Scribner. West Indian Bridge between No. and So. America. Pop. Sci. Western Land Booms,- and After. H. J. Fletcher. Atlantic. Wheat Question, The. W. C. Ford. Popular Science. Wistaria Shrine of Kameido, The._Cosmopolitan. X-Rays, What Are They? John Trowbridge. Century. 302 [May 1, THE DIAL LIST OF NEW BOOKS. [The following list, containing 85 titles, includes books received by THE DIAL since its last issue.] BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS. A Memoir of Major-General Sir Henry Creswicko Rawlinson, Bart. By George Rawlinson, M.A., with Introduction by Field-Marshal Lord Roberts of Kandahar, V.C. With portraits, large 8vo, uncut, pp. 358. Longmans, Green, & Co. $5. Here and There and Everywhere: Reminiscences. By M. E. W. Sherwood. With portraits, 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 301. H. S. Stone & Co. $2.50. A French Volunteer of the War of Independence (The Chevalier de Pontgibaud). Trans. and edited by Robert B. Douglas. With portrait, gilt top, uncut, pp. 294. D. Appleton & Co. $1.50. Mirabeau. By P. F. Willert, M.A. 12mo, pp. 230. “For- eign Statesmen." Macmillan Co. 75 cts. Heroic Personalities. By Louis Albert Banks, D.D. With portraits, 12mo, pp. 237. Eaton & Mains. $1. HISTORY. History of England under Henry the Fourth. By James Hamilton Wylie, M.A. Vol. IV., 1411-1413; 12mo, uncut, pp. 575. Longmans, Green, & Co. $7. The Story of the Malakand Field Force: An Episode of Frontier War. By Winston L. Spencer Churchill. With portrait and maps, 12mo, uncut, pp. 336. Longmans, Green, & Co. $2.50. The Founding of the German Empire by William I. By Heinrich von Sybel; trans. by Helene Schimmelfennig White. Vol. VII., completing the work; 8vo, gilt top, pp. 578. T. Y. Crowell & Co. $2. The Franks: From their Origin as a Confederacy to the Establishment of the Kingdom of France and the German Empire. By Lewis Sergeant. Illus., 12mo, pp. 343. “Story of the Nations." G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50. An Essay on Western Civilization in its Economic As- pects (Ancient Times). By W. Cunningham, D.D. 12mo, uncut, pp. 220. “Cambridge Historical Series." Macmillan Co. $1.60. The Story of Perugia. By Margaret Symonds and Lina Duff Gordon. Illus., 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 326. “Me- diæval Towns." Macmillan Co. $1.50. A History of our country. By Edward S. Ellis, A.M. Illus., 12mo, pp. 478. Lee & Shepard. $1. net. GENERAL LITERATURE, The Best of Browning. By Rev. James Mudge, D.D.; with Introduction by Rev. William V. Kelley, D.D. 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THE DIAL PRESS, CHICAGO. 051 1 54 V. 24 no.286 STATE may 16, 1895 Library THE DIAL UNIVERSITAS A SEMI- MONTHLY JOURNAL OF Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information. EDITED BY FRANCIS F. BROWNE. Volume XXIV. No. 286. CHICAGO, MAY 16, 1898. 10 cts. a copy../ 315 WABASH AVE. 82. a year. l Opposite Auditorium. SCRIBNER'S NEWEST BOOKS MR. FRANK R. STOCKTON'S NEW LOVE STORY. “His name alone carries a laugh with it.”—The Dial. THE GIRL AT COBHURST. 12mo, $1.50. “This has at the start a certain distinction, and piques curiosity, in being the only one of Mr. Stockton's books that has not had prior publication as a magazine serial. The girl' of the tale is left somewhat unidentified in the tale itself, there being several of her, and the possibility remaining that she is none other than a certain miraculous French cook - in other words, the 'girl' in the sense of the American euphemism for servant. 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Mr. Brady's spirited patriotic novel has already gone into a third edition, though published only two months ago. The following selections from widely different periodicals show something of the critical approval which has been given it. “A vigorous specimen of Amer. “He has a rare dramatic faculty “The sea fights are portrayed “A distinct addition to Revolu- ican historical Action. . . . It is which enables him to make his with a graphic power well-nigh tionary literature, and far ahead first of all a patriotic story, and figures move like living men and unexampled in American fiction, of any of the stories on the same the patriotism is not of the blus- women. He has also a rare gift while the new view of Washington theme which have appeared of late toring sort, but is founded on high of imaginative vision . : : ; and in the Trenton and Princeton cam- years."- The Evening World. ideals of haracter and conduct then, he is a born story-teller."- paign gives the book historical “One of the best Revolutionary in public and private life." - Church Standard. importance."- Army and Navy novels yet written." - Philadel. “Droch" in Life. Journal. phia Inquirer. PASTIME STORIES. THE CROOK OF THE BOUGH. ARS ET VITA. By Thomas NELSON PAGE. With 22 By MÉNIE MURIEL DOWIE, author of By T. R. SULLIVAN. With illustrations illust'ns by A. B. FROST. 12mo, $1.25. " A Girl in the Karpathians." 12mo, by ALBERT E. STERNER. 12mo, $1.25. « This volume contains more than a score of $1.25. CONTENTS : Ars et Vita-The Phantom Gov. Mr. Page's fascinating Virginia stories, among Mrs. Henry Norman's new story is as breezy erness — The Madonna that is Childless - An them being such gems as Billington's Valen- and bright as every reader of her last very pop- Undiscovered Murder - The Whirligig of For- tine,".“ How Jinny Eased Her Mind," " Ra- ular book would expect. The heroine is an tune - Signor Lanzi - “Corraterie." chel's Lovers," and "The True History of the English girl of the most advanced type, who It is five years since one of Mr. Sullivan's Surrender of the Marquis Cornwallis. becomes interested in a handsome young Turk- collections appeared, and two of the above sto- ish colonel, and the pictures of Constantinople ries are new, so the book is more than ordina- WORLDLY WAYS AND and the real Turkey are especially illuminating. rily sure of its welcome. The volume exhibits, BY-WAYS. By Eliot GREGORY (** An Idler.") THE EUGENE FIELD I KNEW. Of style and the surprising versatility which 12mo, $1.25. By FRANCIS Wilson. With many illus- have made the author's name a welcome one A collection of the entertaining essays which trations. 12mo, $1.25. to all readers of fiction. bave excited so much comment in the columns "Mr. Wilson has given us a most charming THE UNQUIET SEX. of the Evening Post. book. It is simple, direct, unpretentious, full THE DULL MISS ARCHINARD. of the spirit of its hero."-- Providence Journal. By HELEN WATTERSON MOODY, $1.25. "The volume is what a book of the kind "The tenor of this little volume is catholic By ANNE DOUGLAS SEDGWICK. $1.25. should be. Instead of glorifying Wilson it and wholesome. There is much that appeals “There is clever writing in the book, and honors Field; and the honoring is done by a both to humor and sound sense."-Commercial much originality."-Baltimore Sun. plain statement of facts."--Brooklyn Eagle. Advertiser, CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 153-157 Fifth Avenue, New York. 308 [May 16, THE DIAL NEW BOOKS JUST READY LITTLE, BROWN, & CO.'S NEW NOVELS The Poems of Shakespeare. Hassan: A Fellah Edited, with an introduction and notes, by GEORGE A Romance of Palestine. By HENRY GILLMAN. Crown WYNDHAM. 8vo, cloth, gilt top, $2.00. 8vo, cloth extra, 600 pages, $2.00. This edition is published to supply the want of a single The author of this powerful romance lived in Palestino for over five volume containing the Venus, Lucrece, and Sonnets apart from years, and had unusual and peculiar advantages for seeing and knowing the Plays. The three are reviewed in an introduction of 140 the people and the country, enabling him to enrich his story with local pages. The Editor deals in the Notes with the Dates to be color, characteristics, and information not found in any other work of assigned to the composition of the several works; with the the kind on the Holy Land. problem of the Rival Poets ; and with the nse of Typography The Duenna of a Genius and Punctuation in the Quartos. By M. E. FRANCIS (Mrs. Francis Blundell), author of "In a North Country Village," " A Daughter of the Soil," etc. Congressional Committees. 12mo, cloth extra, gilt top, $1.50. By LAUROS G. McCONACHIE, Ph.D. Vol. XV. in A musical story, - believed to be the best of its kind since “The First Violin." Crowell's Library of Economics and Politics. 12mo, The King's Henchman cloth, $1.75. Dr. McConachie studies the details of his subject with great A Chronicle of the Sixteenth Century. Brought to light care, and writes with no little vivacity and with a wealth of and edited by WILLIAM HENRY JOHNSON. 12mo, cloth interesting illustration. extra, gilt top, $1.50. 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By WILLIAM DEWITT HYDE, President of Bowdoin A NEW EDITION OF College. 12mo, cloth, 35 cts. All the World's Fighting Ships A little drama, conducted in the form of letters, supposed Illustrated Portrait Details of over One Thousand to be written in the course of his college course, by a bright Warships, with Notes and Other Useful Statistics. By young student, wittily and yet sympathetically. It shows FRED T. JANE, (Issued in March, 1898.) Oblong 4to, up the foibles of youth, but it also points out the healthful cloth, $3.50. growth of manhood. Characteristic and accurate portraits of all the battleships, cruisers, torpedo craft and destroyers, and also most of the gunboats of every na tion, including comparative statistics, details of guns, armor, speed, etc. RECENT PUBLICATIONS. Wilson's Ironclads in Action A Sketch of Naval Warfare, 1855 to 1895. With some The Founding of the German account of the Development of the Battleship in England. By H. W. WILSON. With Introduction by Captain A. T. Empire by William I. MAHAN. Fifth Edition. Illustrated with 76 full-page plates, By HEINRICH VON SYBEL. Translated by HELENE maps, and plans. Uniform with Captain Mahan's Life of Nelson." (Issued in April, 1898.) 2 vols. 8vo, cloth, $8. SCHIMMELFENNIG WHITE. Vol. VII., completing History of the Royal Navy the set. 8vo, cloth, gilt top, $2.00. From the Earliest Times to the Present Day. By Workingmen's Insurance. WILLIAM LAIRD CLOWES, Fellow of King's College, Lon- don, Gold Medallist, U. S. Naval Institute, etc., assisted By WILLIAM F. WILLOUGHBY, United States Depart by Sir Clements Markham, Captain A. T. Mahan, H. W. Wilson, Theodore Roosevelt, E. Fraser, etc. With 25 full- ment of Labor. Vol. XIV. in Crowell's Library of page photogravures, and numerous other illustrations, Economics and Politics. 12mo, cloth, $1.75. maps, charts, etc. Vols. I. and II. To be complete in 5 vols. Royal 8vo, cloth, $6.50 net per volume. Behind the Pardah. The Influence of Sea Power upon History The story of C. E. Z. M. S. work in India. By IRENE 1660-1783. By Captain A. T. MAHAN. With 25 charts H. BARNES, author of « Behind the Great Wall," illustrative of great naval battles. 8vo, cloth, gilt top, $4. etc. Illustrated by J. D. MACKENZIE and PERCY R. The Influence of Sea Power upon the French CRAFT. 12mo, cloth, gilt top, $1.50. Revolution and Empire. By Captain A. T. MAHAN. With 13 maps and battle plans. 2 vols. 8vo, cloth, gilt New Forms of Christian Education top, $6.00. By Mrs. HUMPHRY WARD, author of “Robert Elsmere," The Life of Nelson, etc. With preface especially written for the Amer The Embodiment of the Sea Power of Great Britain. ican Edition. 12mo, cloth, 35 cts. By Captain A. T. MAHAN. With 19 portraits and plates in photogravure and 21 maps and battle plans. 2 vols. 8vo, cloth, gilt top, $8.00. THOMAS Y. CROWELL & Co., LITTLE, BROWN, & Co., Publishers, New York and Boston. 254 Washington St., Boston. 1898.] 309 THE DIAL Just Published. REALITY; OR, LAW AND ORDER versus ANARCHY AND SOCIALISM. A REPLY TO EDWARD BELLAMY'S Looking Backward and Equality. By GEORGE A. SANDERS, A. M., Author of “Orations, Addresses, and Club Essays," eto. One Vol., 8vo, 250 pages, cloth, gilt top. Price, $2.00. CONTENTS: Preface; Dreaming and Dreamers; Char- acter and Culture the Basis of Civilization; Evolution - in Law; Some Real Statistics for Dreamers and Peg- simists; Mammonism; The Masters of Bread; Broth- erly Love; The Present Industrial System; What God Might Have Done; Index. “My aim in this book has been to do absolute justice to all mon, all interests, and all questions considered, to saggest a better understanding of all the vexed problems of capital and labor, to quicken and energize the patriotism of the citizens of our mighty republic, and to arouge a genuine brotherly love for the poor, the suffering, and the laborers of the nation, for their culture and highest possible development."— Preface. Trumpets and Shawms A volume of poems by HENRY HANBY HAY, author of "Created Gold," and other poems; with a delightful Introduction by HALL CAINE, author of “ The Manxman," etc. Beautifully printed on Dickinson band-made paper, deckel edges, gilt top, and encased in a new and handsome binding. $1.50. " We have in Mr. Hay a poet of very deep and passionate earnestness, fully conscious of the high vocation to which the poet is called, and with ardent aspirations to achievement.” * The Ethics of George Eliot's Works By JOHN CROMBIE BROWN, with an Intro- duction by Rev. CHARLES GORDON AMES, author of “George Eliot's Two Marriages. 12mo, cloth covers, 75 cents ; paper covers, 50 cents. CLEVELAND, OHIO: The Burrows Brothers Company, PUBLISHERS. Cloth, gilt, 12mo, 165 pp. Price, 75 cents. A Few Words on Robert Browning By LEON H. VINCENT. Second Edition. This edition has been thoroughly revised by the author, and we bespeak for it the same success as marked its introduction. It is set in clear type, and printed on fine laid paper, broad margins, uncut edges. 16mo, handsomely bound in cloth, gilt stamp- ed, uncut edges, 50 cents. ALAMO AND OTHER VERSES. By EDWARD MCQUEEN GRAY, Author of “ Elsa,” “My Stewardship,” “The Step- sisters,” etc. PUBLISHED ON BEHALF OF THE FLORENCE FREE LIBRARY FUND. Stops; or How to Punctuate By PAUL ALLARDYCE. A practical hand- book for writers and students. Fourth Edi- tion. Cloth, 50 cents ; paper, 25 cents. OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. The best collection of poems that has appeared in this country since the publication of Kipling's “ Seven Seas.” - New York World. There is majesty as well as warmth in the lines. Mr. Gray's work is especially deserving of public notice.— Boston Globe. A noteworthy achievement.--Chicago Tribune. Five Sins of an Architect With an Apology. By SOLOMON GARGOYLE. Essays in self-criticism written by a member of the profession. Printed from new type on Dickinson hand-made paper, deckel edges, bound in art canvas, gilt top. 16mo, $1.00. “I have already bought the book through my book dealer, and found the work immense. It has done me more good than the cost of it." - Letter from an Architect. Sent on receipt of price by the ALAMO PUBLISHING OFFICE, FLORENCE, NEW MEXICO. Send postal card for Specimen Pages and Press Opinions. Of all booksellers or by mail ARNOLD AND COMPANY 420 Library St., Philadelphia 310 [May 16, 1898. THE DIAL The Macmillan Company's New Books. ARISTOCRACY AND EVOLUTION. A Study of the Rights, the Origin, and the Social Functions of the Wealthier Classes. By W. H. MALLOCK, Author of " Is Life Worth Living?” “A Human Document,” “Labor and the Popular Welfare," etc. Medium 8vo, Cloth. Price, $3.00. “Invested with great charm, as well as precision of manner, ... a fascinating book." - Times-Herald (Chicago). Cloth, 12mo, THE MEANING OF EDUCATION And Other Essays Price, $1.00. and Addresses. By NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, Professor of Philosophy and Education in Columbia University. CONTENTS: The Meaning of Education. The American College and American University. What Knowledge is Most Worth? The Function of the Secondary School. Is there a New Education ? The Reform of Secondary Education in the United Democracy and Education. States. “ Set forth with eloquence, and with a directness of appeal which carries with it the conviction of the reader. It is a pleasure to commend this book as a standard-bearer in the ceaseless struggle going on for the better- ment of the American system of education.”—W. T. HARRIS, U. S. Commissioner of Education. . THE SCIENCE OF LAW AND LAW-MAKING. For Laymen AN INTRODUCTION TO LAW, A GENERAL VIEW OF ITS FORMS AND lo Cloth, as well as SUBSTANCE, AND A DISCUSSION OF THE QUESTION OF CODIFICATION. Crown 8vo, Lawyers. By R. FLOYD CLARKE, of the New York Bar. Price, $4.00 net. This book is an attempt to make clear to the average reader some of the truths of law and jurisprudence. Until now no work has been written that explains the general outlines of legal systems in popular terms. A New Sociological Study in Fiction. The Scenes are laid THE GOSPEL OF FREEDOM. Cloth, 12mo, in Paris, Chicago, Florence, etc. By ROBERT HERRICK, University of Chicago. Price, $1.50. “A keen and vividly comprehensive study of modern life. : : . A novel that may truly be called the greatest study of American social life in a broad and very much up-to-date sense that has ever been contributed to Amer- ican fiction."-Inter Ocean, Chicago. “For years the critic has been questioning, Who shall write the Great American Novel?' The solution to the conundrum has been found in Chicago, as is fitting.–From a review by Miss Lilian Whiting. A Text-Book of Botany. By Dr. EDWARD STRASBURGER, Drs. F. NOLL, H. SCHENCK, and A. F. W. SCHIMPER, all of the University of Bonn. Translated from the Second Revised German edition by Dr. H. C. PORTER, University of Pennsylvania. With 594 Illustrations, in parti-colored cloth, 8vo, $4.50 net. A work which at once embodies the well-considered conclusions of a lifetime devoted to botanical work by the chief editor, Dr. Strasburger, and includes all the latest results of botanical study and research on the part of his able colleagues. A Text-Book of Entomology. By A. S. PACKARD, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Zoölogy and Geology, Brown University, Author of “Guide to the Study of Insects," “ Ento- mology for Beginners," etc. Cloth, 8vo, profusely illustrated, $4.50 net. A book intended for both stadents and teachers ; the former may omit certain more difficult portions, while for the latter or for advanced investigators there are supplied at the close of each section of the text, exhaustive bibliographies of the topic just treated. 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ADVERTISING RATES furnished on application. All communications should be addressed to THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago. No. 286. MAY 16, 1898. Vol. XXIV. CONTENTS. PAGE ON COMEDY. Charles Leonard Moore . • . 311 313 . COMMUNICATION . An American Compatriot of Sir Gavan Duffy. Burton J. Hendrick. A BURNS PLATONIC FRIENDSHIP. E. G. J. 316 THE MONUMENTS AND ANTIQUITIES OF GREECE. Paul Shorey 318 WILLIAM MORRIS'S LAST ROMANCES. Louis J. Block 320 ON COMEDY. One cause of the decline of comedy is the squeam- ishness of modern manners, which will not permit us to present things in their actuality, but requires a decent veil of words thrown over character and incident. A novel may hint at an occurrence, or describe it by periphrasis, or by its effect; but in comedy the thing itself must happen visibly. A novel can write all around a character describe his manners and conversation and walk; a comedy must set him up on two legs and let him introduce himself. If a character is brutal or vulgar or un- seemly, all this must come out in comedy; in a novel it can be glossed over. Nay, more: in a comedy the whole character has to be concentrated into a few speeches. It is necessary, therefore, for it to exaggerate all saliencies, and to give in one brief display all the characteristics which a human being would exhibit in a lifetime. And as comedy finds its subjects among the lighter follies and vices of mankind, this essential extract is found too strong for modern taste. If the aim of tragedy is to produce pleasure by the display of great forces warring against restraint, the business of comedy is to give happiness by the sbow of unfettered freedom. It is like the Roman Saturnalia, and in it we slaves of nature or of each other may fling our chains away and flout our mas- ters and defy our fate. The comedy of Aristophanes turns the world upside down, sets low what is high and high what is low. The comedy of Menander, Terence and Plautus mocks all the settled order and proverbial wisdom of life. It apotheosizes the spend. thrift and the thievish servant and the girl of easy virtue. Goldsmith and Sheridan make animal spirits and a happy-go-lucky disposition the choicest gifts of Fate. At Molière's command all men drop their masks, and their pretensions and solemn absurdities shrivel in his flickering smile. Shakespeare alone, from the dark materials of the earth, builds a place of refuge and escape, - reveals the vision of a sweeter, merrier world. All alike, however, free us momentarily from our pain and ennui. Society is perpetually in danger of being stiffened by formulas, dulled with wisdom, made vile by virtue or cruel by common-sense. One good custom can corrupt a world. It is a healthy instinct, therefore, which in all times and among all races has allowed the greatest license to the jester. He has to wear his cap and bells, and submit to humiliations; but these accepted, he may say what he pleases. It seems, though I believe it is an obscure point, that there were some penalties attached to the acceptance of a comic chorus on the Athenian stage. Aristo- MEXICO THROUGH FRIENDLY EYES. Frederick Starr 322 RECENT BOOKS OF ENGLISH POETRY. William Morton Payne 323 Watts-Dunton's The Coming of Love. - Phillips's Poemg. - Watson's The Hope of the World. — “A. E.'s” The Earth Breath. - Douglas's Poems of Country Gentleman. - Newbolt's Admirals All.- Mrs. Shorter's The Fairy Changeling. - Miss Mac- leod's From the Hills of Dream.- Johnson's Ireland. -Henley's Poems. — Selection from the Poems of Mathilde Blind. - Poems by the late John Lucas Tupper. BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. . 329 In explanation of the French Republic. — Man and his fellow-animals. – Modern democracy and its ten- dencies.- Metaphysics and Psychology.- Growth of the British Empire.- Reminiscences of the old U.S. Navy.- Napoleon III. in his glory.- American min- iature painting. – Keeping up with the periodicals. — Guide-books, new and old. BRIEFER MENTION . 332 . . LITERARY NOTES . 333 . LIST OF NEW BOOKS 333 . . 312 [May 16, THE DIAL of phanes brought out his first two plays under an as The liberation of the intellect from all laws or sumed name, and hesitated before coming forward bonds is best shown in the earth-apsetting comedy under his own. Once he undertook the business, of Aristophanes. It is true that he was a conserva- however, he was immune from consequences. The tive, and tried to restore the o’erblown state to its very notion of comedy, therefore, is license. To ancient limits of modesty and order. But his treat- attempt to make it decent and decorous is to wrest ment was homeopathic. It was as though we should it from its purpose. try to cure a madman by having a circle of maniacs Charles Lamb's defense of the Comedians of the dance about him with antic shout and gesture. It Restoration is entirely just, though he hardly took is all, however, a hurly-burly of ideas. Character the most logical ground. Congreve and his success painting, as we understand it, it hardly attempts, ors were within their rights. The vices they satir- though Cleon and the Sausage-Seller are sketched ized existed in shameless abandon, and their gay with some fulness. Aristophanes's superb wit and and good-humored presentation of them probably poetry and thought keep his work from becoming did more good than a legal indictment and a hang- travesty, but it is the parent of all succeeding trav- ing judge. Thackeray, in one of the most amazing esty. pieces of criticism ever penned, dismisses Congreve The comedy of Molière is the central comedy of with angry scorn. The sordid world of Thackeray the world. It resumes into itself all the genres is to my mind more horrible than the lewd world of Menander and Plautus, as well as those of Ben Congreve. Congreve's is-at least gay and brilliant, Jonson, Congreve, and Sheridan. Even the fixed while Thackeray's includes all that is bad in the types of Italian comedy appear in it. Molière was older one, and has depths of squalid abasement of the composite smile of mankind. His comedy ranges soul which Congreve could not have conceived. It from the clown and horse-collar stage to the pensive does not mend matters that the novelist pops now mockery of the profoundest philosophy. He is and then upon the scene to read a lesson to us on always the defeated idealist who tortures himself by his misguided creations. He only spoils the illusion shattering the illusions which are dearest to his soul. thereby, and does not redeem the impression. I He loves men and women with all his heart, and no think it is hardly disputable that a young man or one has exhibited them more naked and unadorned. woman, unused to life or literature, would get a His Alceste is as ridiculous as Don Quixote, and as worse opinion of humanity from Thackeray than noble. It is easy to satirize vice, to write with burn- from Congreve. I do not object to Thackeray. He ing indignation ; but to show the utter folly and was right to paint what he saw,— but he had no call futility of human life, and yet to make it lovable to speak with contempt of a man who was his master and desirable, was reserved for Molière alone. It in almost every respect. Of course, as is the case is fortunate that Louis IV. was more polite than in Wycherly, a comic writer may mistake brutality | penetrating. Tartuffe was a real blow to the ancien and filth for wit and fun,, but when Wycherly is régime, and the scene between Don Juan and the brutal he ceases to be comic. The display of naked. Beggar was perhaps the first note of the French ness, except with the excuse of passion or beauty or Revolution. humor, is a crime ; and sniggering suggestiveness is Shakespeare's comedy is unique, though there is an unpardonable sin. a trace of its charm in Calderon, and Alfred de Why, indeed, should we make fish of one com Musset has given us a brilliant though shallow imi- mandment and fowl of another? 66 Thou shalt not tation of it. Shakespeare is the idealist who suc- covet thy neighbor's goods” is a canon, as well as ceeds. His comedy is the one art-work of the world “Thou shalt not commit adultery.” Nobody ob which can bestow absolute happiness; and this not jected to Molière's Avare, but when he brought out once or occasionally, but again and again with un- his “School for Wives" all Paris stuffed its fingers staled liberality. It is the true Fountain of Youth in its ears. Love is the universal theme. It is the - the Age of Gold done into words. Shakespeare salt which keeps literature fresh. Comedy cannot may almost be said to have created woman. Nowhere do without it, but must treat it in the comic spirit. else does she exist in such bloom and perfume as in It has its lofty heights in “Romeo and Juliet" or his comedy. Falstaff stands outside of the magic “ Tristan and Isolde," and it has its ludicrous depths circle. He is Shakespeare's greatest contribution to in “The Merry Wives of Windsor” or “Tristram ordinary comedy -- the comedy such as other men Shandy." It is, in fact, too strong a passion to allow can write. Lacking Falstaff, however, we would to rage unlaughed at. As has been said, there is still have Sancho Panza; but lacking Rosalind, nothing so serious as lust. Treat the passion always Viola, Beatrice, Imogen, Perdita, Miranda, Sir en haut, and there would be no living in the world. Toby, Malvolio, Dogberry, Bottom, lacking Illyria, With one consent, society has always tried to drive the Garden at Belmont, the forest of Arden, Pros- the comic writers from this subject; and with one pero's enchanted isle, the Athenian glades, - lack- consent the comic writers have refused to give it up. ing these, what would there be in art to compen- There have been endless attempts to bring in sen sate us ? timental comedy, lachrymose comedy, problematical Hazlitt preferred Congreve's comedy to Shake- comedy,— but genuine comedy, ludicrous comedy, speare's. It was an odd taste; but after Shakespeare, has always rallied and retained the field. Congreve is, I think, the best English prose writer 1898.] 313 THE DIAL best, not greatest, of course. For greatness there it to deal with the lowest. Chaucer's Wife of Bath is required an intellectual and spiritual equipment is the corollary of the Prioress; Falstaff is the that Congreve did not have. Yet the great prose necessary foil for Rosalind and Imogen. The rank- writers, his com peers and successors, Dryden, Swift, ness of the Decameron was necessary to grow the Pope, and Johnson, seem to have looked upon him story of the Falcon, the most perfect brief narrative with a species of awe. His Valentine and Angelica, in literature. If we restrict our artists to the mid- Mirabel and Millamant, are poor relations of Bene- dling, we must expect middling results. And medio- dict and Beatrice, Orlando and Rosalind, in point of crity, hateful to God and men and columns, is what character, but they have an equal estate of wit, and, we have mainly got. what is more, a gift of speech so mysterious in its CHARLES LEONARD MOORE. colloquial ease, its polished brilliance, that no one since has found its secret. When we turn to America for comedy, it is the COMMUNICATION snakes in Iceland over again. Americans have a credit for humor, but our humor which gets into AN AMERICAN COMPATRIOT OF GAVAN DUFFY. print is very pale and mild beside the broad and (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) full-blooded mirth of other nations. Like the gen Sir Charles Gavan Duffy, in his recently published tleman in Goldsmith, we hate what is low, and, autobiography, “My Life in Two Hemispheres," re- though we are obligated to dance a bear, our bear viewed in the last issue of The Dial, mentions, as the dances only to the genteelest of tunes. We treat most interesting feature of his Irish newspaper, “ The each other as if we had just graduated from a young Nation," a number of young men who materially assisted the Irish cause by their poetical contributions to that ladies' boarding-school, or were possible contributors journal. The plan of propagating the Nationalist re- to some Ladies' Journal. We will not see, at least form by poetry as well as by prose was one of the edi. in literature, that there is a coarse and animal side tor's original designs, — a plan whose utility had been to life, and that for mere relief we must give it vent attested by his earlier journalistic attempt, “The Belfast in speech if not in act. Abraham Lincoln know Vindicator." Sir Charles declares that he was most this necessity of human nature, and kept himself up agreeably surprised not only by the effusions of the through the deadliest ordeals by lapses into the editors and immediate writers to “The Nation,” but by broadest fun. It is impossible to doubt that coarse- the quality of the contributions from poets previously ness exists in our life, that Squire Westerns, and unknown. The Irish cause, under the leadership of « The Nation” in Dublin and the fiery eloquence of Wives of Bath, and Peachums, and Lockits, live in O'Connell in the House of Commons — two forces that our midst. worked together for some time, however unfortunate To a certain extent, the same prudery obtains in their relations finally became, - seemed to act as an modern English literature. But Dickens was deli- inspiration to the young poets of Ireland as well as her ciously “low," Thackeray's books are one long poetical sympathizers in other lands. Thomas Davis, rogues' gallery, and Stevenson went in for ferocity Duffy's most efficient co-worker in the management of with a vigor that alienated his female constituency. the paper, who had never hitherto published a line of I hardly know, however, where to look for coarse- poetry, early achieved a poetical reputation in the pages or raciness in American literature. Mr. of “ The Nation”; Clarence Mangan, already well Howells's people are all respectable and genteel. known, added to his fame by his rhymical declarations in favor of repeal ; O'Callaghan, John Dillon, John Mr. James's are genteel, if they are not respectable. Keegan, De Jean Fraser, and others, made the poet's cor- Mark Twain's Mississippi roustabouts never say any. ner of the new journal its most conspicuous department. thing which would bring a blush to the cheek of One of these young men, who materially contributed modesty. Bret Harte's heroes have the manners of to the poetical reputation of Duffy's paper, died in New grand opera. It is no better - or worse - if one Haven a few months ago. It was about 1845 that Will- goes backward. Dr. Holmes, a delicate humorist, iam James Linton began to write for “The Nation,”- seemed born to preach the propaganda of the clean almost the only regular contributor, it is believed, who shirt. There is a precious spark or two of vulgarity was not an Irishman. Linton was at that time thirty- in Irving, but it soon dies away into the general three years of age; and his leaning for the Irish “Na- tion" and its treasonable utterances, however much it decency. Cooper's heroes are moral prize-winners. may have shocked his family and friends, was in no way Gazing on all this wide expanse of clean linen and inconsistent with his previous career. In his earliest well-washed humanity, the soul aches for a little dirt. youth he had broken away from his ancestral traditions ; Is there no material for real comedy among us? had become a fond reader of Shelley's “ Queen Mab” Don't our politicians bribe and betray? Don't our and Lamennais' “ Paroles d'un Croyant” and a zealous financiers bubble the community? Don't rich girls champion of Republicanism and liberty. This associa- elope with coachmen? Are there no scandals in the tion with men of doubtful conservatism had already es- upper circles? By the mass, no, if we may trust tranged many useful acquaintances. He had already our books. Or if any of these things occur, they become the close friend and companion of Mazzini, and the confidant and in many cases the participator in his are treated with lamentation and tears, instead of plots for the Italian cause; had formed, with the great with the ironic smile of the earth spirit which is Italian, the People's International League, whose aim comedy. It is a total misconception of genius to was radically anti-monarchical; had been one of the most suppose that it will give us the highest if we forbid conspicuous organizers of the People's Charter Union, ness 314 [May 16, THE DIAL 66 whose provisional rules, in Mr. Linton's own handwrit- ing, have been found among his papers; bad lived much with working-men, chartists, Polish and Russian refu- gees, and had undertaken several literary enterprises with the aim of transforming England into a Republic. It is not at all surprising, therefore, that Linton should have been profoundly affected by the new weekly news- paper at Dublin, which was pleading the Irish cause as it had never been pleaded before. In 1845 he became personally acquainted with Duffy, breakfasting with him at his hotel in the Haymarket, and also with Thomas Meagher. Duffy wished to engage Linton in his Young Ireland cause; he believed that he would be useful in attaching to his banner the “remnants of the chartists,” and en- couraged him to contribute to his paper. In response to the invitation, Linton wrote a large amount of prose, usually in the form of letters to the editor, discussing topics of policy on which he differed with the paper. These were signed by the pseudonym “Spartacus," which had already gained something of a vogue in “The Odd Fellow," a journal which Mr. Linton had edited for Henry Hetherington, one of the conspicuous anti- newspaper stamp agitators of the day. In 1849, Duffy invited Linton to join the staff of “The Nation,” an honor prized by more pretentious litterateurs than the distinguished London wood-engraver. This invitation was, however, declined. Linton did not care to attach himself to any one paper; and there were things in “The Nation”- such, for example, as its Catholic fervor - to which he could not subscribe. He continued, however, as a contributor; and in 1849 began the publication in « The Nation" of his most important poetical work up to that time, his “ Rhymes and Reasons Against Land- lordism.” These poems had an extended vogue in their day, were collected in book form, and were deemed of sufficient merit to warrant an American edition twenty point the fruits of his tenants’ toil. Linton always conceived the two characters in this way. He was unable, appar- ently, to imagine a tenant who had more than a potato a day, or a landlord who was charitable or virtuous. His poems were full of evictions, deaths by the wayside, famines, and the like familiar features of Irish life. The most cheerful picture throughout his pages is an occa- sional immigration to America or Australia. "Darkly speeds The Exile,' draining The life blood of the land." There is one interesting feature of Linton's verse and prose in “The Nation” to which he was himself accus- tomed to refer frequently in his later days. Mr. Linton was deeply interested in Mr. Henry George's economic theories; principally because they were almost identic- ally the same ideas that he had advocated in his early manhood. “ This is a very excellent book," he used to say, referring to Mr. George's " Progress and Poverty," “ but I preached those very same ideas forty years ago." Mr. Linton's cure for the injustice of the Irish land sys- tem, indeed, was the same as Mr. George's cure for pov- erty in general. Mr. Linton severed his connection with Duffy and « The Nation” about the year 1850, under unpleasant circumstances. The editor of “The Nation " was un- fortunate enough to cross Linton in his most delicate his friendship for and admiration of Mazzini. Duffy frequently objected to Linton's association with the great Italian, whose hostility to the Pope made him unpopular to the “ Young Ireland ” people. Linton, however, loved Mazzini and respected his anti-papal policy, and could not be persuaded to abandon either. There was no rupture between Duffy and Linton until the former violently attacked Mazzini in the columns of “ The Nation.” Linton replied to the attack with such bitterness that he could not longer properly retain his connection with the paper. The two parted, therefore, though with no personal hostility. Duffy afterwards showed his regard for Linton when the latter was criti- cized by Thomas Carlyle as an “extremely windy crea- ture, of the George Sand, Louis Blanc species.” “ Mr. Linton,” said Duffy, replying to this criticism,“ was less a Republican of the school of George Sand and Louis Blanc than an English Republican of the school of Milton and Cromwell. Like many of the gifted young men of the time, be found himself drawn towards • The Nation,' and contributed to it largely in prose and verse. I was delighted at the time, and still recall with pleasure the pictures he drew of the future we aimed to create.” During Mr. Linton's residence at Appledore, in New Haven, he corresponded frequently with his old friend and editor. They lost track of each other after Duffy's departure to Australia, but when the latter returned to Europe and took up his residence at Cimiez, Nice, they renewed the old friendship. Linton, indeed, was almost the last survivor of the men who, fifty years ago, made “ The Nation " such a powerful force in English politics. Several of Duffy's letters have been found among Mr. Linton's effects, in which he refers lovingly to the old times, “ before we were grandfathers." « We failed, both of us,” he says, in one of these letters, “ in our immediate purpose, but it is a comfort in our declining years to know that we pursued it honestly, and that it will probably succeed in the end, though others will reap what we sowed. Let Danton's name perish from his- tory, but live the people !'” BURTON J. HENDRICK. New Haven, Connor May 10, 1898, years later. was These poems constituted one organic whole; the same sentiment ran through them all, and the purpose was in every case the same. It was the author's desire to por- tray graphically, from every point of view, what he re- garded as the one monstrous wrong of English rule in Ireland—the landlord system. Everything was subor- dinated to this end. He was no advocate of the separa- tion of Ireland from England, and was therefore out of sympathy with the chief cause “ The Nation” attempting to promote - the repeal of the act of Union, Neither did he endorse the papal policy of Sir Gavan Duffy and his Catholic co-workers; the Pope represented to Mr. Linton everything that was evil and unprogres- sive. But in the landlord system he detected a genuine object of reform. Whatever faults Mr. Linton may have had, be was surely never half-hearted and insincere in any cause he had espoused; and the chief feature of his contributions to “The Nation,” therefore, was their unbounded enthusiasm. His poems gave a consecutive picture of the Irish tenantry of that day and the injus- tices they suffered at the hands of their English mas- ters. All the every-day miseries of life in Ireland, and all its stock characters, appeared in graphic succession in his pages. Whatever one may think of the poet's philosophy, he certainly made his picture plain. The Irish peasant, ekeing out a bare existence in his miser- able but, surrounded by his naked and half-starved wife and children, are held up in forcible contrast to his En- glish lord, living in splendor in his London house, squandering at the gaming-table and the race track alí 1898.] 315 THE DIAL “ Auld Mare Maggie "could have penned, save The New Books. as a joke, the following gorgeous preamble to a note thanking a friendly old lady for an order A BURNS PLATONIC FRIENDSHIP.* for his poems and an invitation to call on her. “I am fully persuaded that there is not any class of Two trim volumes, now before us, contain mankind so feelingly alive to the titillations of applause nearly the whole of the ten years' correspond as the Sons of Parnassus; nor is it easy to conceive how ence (covering the last decade of the poet's life) the heart of the poor Bard dances with rapture when between Robert Burns and Mrs. Danlop. Of those, whose character in life gives them a right to be polite judges, honor him with their approbation.” the letters in these volumes, forty-three of those written by Burns have been published else- Mrs. Dunlop's rejoiner to this effusion is lost; where by Currie and other editors. The re- but her subsequent letters leave no doubt that mainder, comprising thirty-eight of Burns's she replied to it at length and in true Richard- letters and ninety-seven of Mrs. Dunlop's, are sonian style. Thus began a correspondence now printed for the first time. The holographs which, though it flagged a little occasionally on of this new matter form the Lochryan MSS. either hand, ended only with the poet's life. now in the possession of Mr. R. B. Adam, of Begun with zeal and industry on both sides, it Buffalo, N. Y., and were in all probability slackened as early as 1789, one or other cor- was carried on for a year or two with zest. It never seen by Currie. The interweaving of the new letters with the old makes the correspond respondent keeping silent for a time, Burns ence of Burns with Mrs. Dunlop, as given in being the usual offender, and Mrs. Dunlop the present volumes, rarely complete, a careful growing thereupon reproachful, nay, even search after possible lacuno having disclosed, angry, once so much so as to send him a curt as Mr. William Wallace, the painstaking editor, note written in the third person. That the poet tells us, only four places where it can safely be valued his correspondent most highly is clear, stated that a letter of Burns is missing, while of and he once assures her, in his usual high- the total of Mrs. Dunlop's it seems that Burns flown (epistolary) style, that her letters form had lost or destroyed only nine. “ one of the most supreme of his sublunary Mrs. Dunlop's acquaintance with Burns be- enjoyments,” and, again, that he would rather have “ a sheet of her Prose than a second poem gan in 1786 ; and of all the friendships the poet made, in Ayrshire and elsewhere, done, on Achilles by Homer, or an Ode on Love by says Gilbert Burns, seemed more agreeable to Sappho"! But there are occasional signs in his letters that there were seasons when even him than this one. Burns was on the point of this ineffable - Prose” palled upon the recip- starting for Edinburgh before Mrs. Dunlop had heard of him. She was suffering from a fit of ient. It is pretty evident here and there that depression consequent upon a long illness, when it was not read very carefully, if even at all, chance put into her hands a copy of the newly Mrs. Dunlop could be prolix and“ preachy," which is not altogether unpardonable, since printed “Poems.” Opening the book at the pages containing “ The Cotter's Saturday bard had his fits of depression and listlessness. and, when in critical vein, provoking; and the Night,” she was so charmed and aroused by Her wooden strictures on the “ undecencies” of the sweet and true verses that she despatched a “ Tam O'Shanter" would have tried the temper messenger post to Mossgiel, some fifteen miles of a saint; and she sent the author of “ Duncan away, with a note asking the poet for a half- dozen copies of the poems, and bidding him Gray” and “ The Banks of Doon” reams of call at Dunlop House at his earliest convenience. her own mild poetic chirpings, — “as a child,” Mrs. Dunlop was a lady of standing and of she modestly (yet expectantly) says, “ might scratch mathematical schemes to Sir Isaac quality,” and a descendant of the illustrious Wallace to boot; and the flattered bard lost no Newton." Mrs. Dunlop was a better critic of conduct than of poetry (she counsels her pro- worst- that is to say, his most stilted and arti tégé to imitate the chaste Thomson ” !), and ficial — style. Those unfamiliar with Burns's her advice to Burns as to mending his ways letters will find it hard to believe that the au- was as uniformly sound as that in regard to thor of “Scotch Drink" or the address to his mending his verses was the contrary. After Burns's visit at Dunlop House, toward ROBERT BURNS AND MRS. DUNLOP. Correspondence now the close of 1792, the correspondence languished published in full for the first time. With elucidations by William Wallace. In two volumes, illustrated. New York: perceptibly, though the letters written show no Dodd, Mead & Co. abatement in cordiality of tone. About two 316 [May 16, THE DIAL years later, Mrs. Dunlop went up to London, idealized the author of “The Cotter's Saturday and from that time broke off writing suddenly Night," and for long but dimly discerned the and unaccountably, and it now appears finally. somewhat gross and earthly side of him. But The Lochryan MSS. go to confirm the charge time and intimacy brought their disillusion- that she “ deserted ” Burns before he died, for ments. Mrs. Dunlop was something of a pre- sook him at the period when he most needed cisian and a stickler for the proprieties; and friends and solace. Scott Douglass reckons the as Burns the poet merged more and more in term of this “ desertion” at “two years ”; but her apprehension into Burns the unpolished the discovery of a letter bearing date January farmer and loose-living exciseman, her enthu- 12, 1795, reduces the period to about eighteen siasm cooled proportionately, and in the end she months. But a desertion it was, and, we are was not unwilling to “drop" him. She now constrained to think, an unfeeling one. Mrs. lives dimly in the memory of man solely by Dunlop was even proof against Burns's dying virtue of having known him. appeal, written a few days before the end came. The relation, Mr. Wallace thinks, between With the shadow of death plainly upon him, Burns and Mrs. Dunlop is unique in literary the poet took up his pen to close forever the history. She was not to him what Mme. de correspondence with the friend who had turned Warens was to Rousseau, or what the “divine unaccountably cold toward him. Emily" was to Voltaire, or what Charlotte von “Madam,— I have written you so often without recg. Stein was to Goethe. She seems to have had any answer, that I would not trouble you again but some notion of playing Lady Hesketh to his for the circumstances in which I am. An illness which has long hung about me in all probability will speed- | Cowper. What she wished to be to him is indi- ily send me beyond that bourne whence no traveller re- cated in an early letter: turns. Your friendship with which for so many years “I have been told Voltaire read all his manuscripts you honored me was a friendship dearest to my soul. to an old woman and printed nothing but what she ap- Your conversation and especially your correspondence proved. I wish you would name me to her office.” were at once highly entertaining and instructive. With what pleasure did I use to break the seal! The remem- Burns (“never very amenable to counsel," as brance yet adds one pulse more to my poor palpitating he owned) did not accede to this modest re- heart! – Farewell !!!" quest — for which incompliance posterity may Mr. Wallace, the present editor, is at some be truly thankful. With all her fondness for pains to account for, perhaps we may say to pal- criticism, Mrs. Dunlop was not a blue-stocking. liate, Mrs. Dunlop's course. He ascribes her Even her spelling (which the editor has left abandonment of Burns to " inadvertance,' partly uncorrected) leaves on the score of cor- which seems to us a rather lenient rectness much to be desired. But she knew, as way ting it. But there is certainly no direct and Mr. Wallace notes, her Bible, her Thomson, sufficient cause of alienation discoverable. The her Shenstone, her Richardson, and her Field. tone of the letter just quoted indicates that ing; and her interest in literature was keen and Burns himself could have assigned none. There unaffected. Judged as compositions, her letters is in it no allusion to or trace of contrition for are by no means models of their kind; but they any past specific act of his that might have led tell us scarcely less of Burns than do Burns's to a breach. His old friend had unaccountably own. Therein lies their value; and whosoever forsaken him, and his heart was sore; that was writes of Burns the man hereafter will do well all. Doubtless, when the grave at last closed to study them. Apart from the general impres- over him, and the full pathos and significance sion of him one gathers from them, they afford of his last words came home to Mrs. Dunlop, here and there fresh bits of biographical infor- she sincerely repented her neglect. Such re- mation. One learns, for instance, that Burns grets come in time to most of us, and only those might have been a military officer, and alter- who have felt them know their poignancy. natively a professor in the University of Edin- Looking broadly at this whole matter, one is burgh, and that Adam Smith once thought of inclined to suspect that at bottom Mrs. Dunlop's making him a Salt Officer in the Customs ser- cult (it really amounted to that while it lasted) vice at thirty pounds a year. Touching the of Burns was more or less of what we now term a first possibility, Mrs. Dunlop wrote Burns, Feb- fad. The patrician lady (she boasted rather ruary 26, 1787 : more than the customary “Scotch ell of gen- “ Have your friends been able to point out any future ealogy") certainly warmly admired the poetic plan for you; or, as Pope said, shall Homer provide for his children; or, if so, in what line would you wish it? gift of her rustic neighbor; and, as the phrase I suspect a military one, though without any other reason runs, she took him up." Doubtless she at first than the red berries you add to the beautiful garland of of put- ; 1898.] 317 THE DIAL the tenth Muse,* who, like the tenth wave of her seas, the soul! The most cordial believers in a Future State overtops all the rest that went before her.” have ever been the Unfortunate. This of itself; if God To this slenderly-based surmise the poet replied: is good, which is I think the most intuitive truth in “Would the profits of that can edition of his poems Nature; this very propensity to, and supreme happiness then printing] with rapture I would take your hint of a of, depending on a Life beyond Death and the Grave, is military life, as the most congenial to my feelings and a very strong proof of the reality of its existence." situation of any other, but, what is wanting cannot be Again, on August 2, 1788, he writes : numbered.'" “I am in perpetual warfare with that doctrine of our In her reply of a week later Mrs. Dunlop, reverend priesthood, that we are born into this world having thought the matter over, proceeded to bondslaves of iniquity and heirs of perdition, wholly throw cold water on the not very promising that which is good, untill by a kind of spiritual filtra- inclined to that which is evil, and wholly disinclined to military scheme. tion or rectifying process called effectual Calling,' etc., “ Indeed in your situation a military line wears sev the whole business is reversed, and our connections above eral attractions, not wholly to be slighted, but which and below completely change place. I believe in my would be too dearly purchased by laying out your all conscience that the case is just quite contrary. We for an ensigncy which, when you had it, could not make come into this world with a heart and conscience to do you happy, placed in a rank you could with difficulty good for it, untill by dashing a large mixture of base support, unable to assist a mother or a friend with your alloy called prudence alias selfishness, the too precious purse, or comfort them with your presence, barassed and metal of the soul is brought down to the blackguard tost about, torn from those you loved, and condemned sterling of ordinary currency.” to a slavish dependence, a subaltern obedience to the To certain familiar letters of Burns's which capricious orders of petulant, ignorant boys, who, though your inferiors in everything valuable, would despise have been variously interpreted, those of Mrs. talents they had not knowledge to discover or taste to Dunlop form in several instances the needed relish, and pretend to overlook you were your hair worse supplement. Supporters of the modern view drest or your bat worse cocked than their own. Indeed, that Burns was an inspired faun” and a should any of the nobles of the land present you with a pair of colors, the case would be very different, but I “ lewd peasant of genius” will find their char- hope and trust you will never think of buying into the itable theory controverted in advance in a army unless you can command at least £250 more than hitherto unprinted letter from the poet, which the £400 which is the regulated price. I am sure I am may be read in connection with one of Mrs. right in this, and, if I saw you, could convince you by a Dunlop's bluntly informing him that “ A gen- thousand reasons. At any rate the pomp of war is more for poetry than practice, and although warriors may tleman told me with a grave face the other day heros, peace soldiers are mostly powdered monkies. So that you certainly were a sad wretch, that your you see, if it will not do, I comfort you like the tod with works were immoral and infamous, that you the sour plums.”+ lampooned the clergy and laughed at the ridic- As for the University of Edinburgh professor ulous parts of religion, and he was told you ship, it seems that in 1789 Mrs. Dunlop pressed were a scandalous free-liver in every sense of Burns hard to become an applicant for the new the word." In one new letter we find the bad- Chair of Agriculture founded by Mr. William gered poet defending himself against a charge Johnstone Pulteney, afterwards Baronet of of writing Fescennine verse : Westerhall; but the poet hardly appears to have “I am very sorry that you should be informed of my given the project serious thought, believing, as supposed guilt in composing, in some midnight frolic, a he said, that the post was for him unattainable. stanza or two perhaps not quite proper for a clergy- Burns's “religion of the heart" finds new man's reading to a company of ladies. That I am the author of the verses alluded to in your letter, is what I and eloquent expression in several of the Loch- much doubt. You may guess that the convivial hours of ryan letters. The following passage occurs in men have their mysteries of wit and mirth; and I hold it a consolatory note, called forth by the death of a piece of contemptible baseness to detail the sallies of Mr. Henri, a son-in-law of Mrs. Dunlop. thoughtless merriment or the orgies of accidental intox- « Thomson says finely ication to the ear of cool sobriety or female Delicacy." 'Attach thee firmly to the virtuous deeds There is a touch of unconscious humor in this And offices of life - to life itself - vindication not unworthy of Richard Swiveller. And all its transcient joys sit loose.' Mr. Wallace's editing is of the best sort And yet, like many other fine sayings, it has, I fear, more of philosophy than human nature in it. Poor vigilant, helpful, and unobtrusive; and the pub- David's pathetic cry of grief is much more the language lishers have done their part in a tasteful way. of man: 0 Absalom! My son! My son!' A world to There are frontispiece portraits of Burns and Come! is the only genuine balm for an agonizing heart, Mrs. Dunlop, together with some interesting torn to pieces in the wrench of parting for ever (to mor facsimiles. Burns students will welcome these tal view) with friends, inmates of the bosom and dear to comparatively fresh and interesting volumes. † "Coila” of “The Vision "; stanzas 9 and 46. *The Scotch equivalent of the Fox and the Grapes. E. G. J. be 318 [May 16, THE DIAL THE MONUMENTS AND ANTIQUITIES absolute originality. It is assumed in his case, OF GREECE.* as in that of Cicero, that because the man, like Some eight years ago, under the fantastic all the rest of us, refreshed his memory with sec- title of “The Golden Bough,” was published ondary authorities, therefore he never saw the a work which immediately took rank as a classic objects he pretends to describe nor read the in its special field of comparative mythology books from which he quotes. From these ex- and folklore. The author, Mr. J. G. Frazer, has aggerations Mr. Frazer is free. In a closely since then devoted the large leisure of a Trinity written introduction, he vindicates by internal College fellowship thrice renewed to the com- evidence, as well as by the excavations of the pletion of what is probably the greatest labor last three decades, the essential fidelity and cor- of erudition accomplished by any English rectness of his author, and extracts from his scholar of this generation, - a translation of work everything that illustrates the man's intel- Pausanias, with commentary and indices, in lectual makeup, tastes, and beliefs. The re- six volumes. mainder of the bulky first volume is occupied Pausanias travelled through Greece at the by the excellent translation, which entirely su- time of the Antonines, in the second century, persedes worthy old Thomas Taylor and the and composed what we may style an ancient hack-work version in the Bohn's Library. The Baedeker or Murray, with the qualification that Greek text, easily accessible in the Trubner 'it omits what Mr. Hare calls dull useful infor- edition, is not given ; but an appendix to the mation about inns and restaurants, and gives translation discusses all doubtful passages or more space to garrulous historical and archæ. important variations. ological disquisition than its modern successors. The imagination is oppressed by the require- Pausanias had many predecessors now lost to ments of an exhaustive commentary on Pau- us. There is still extant, under the name of sanias, whether contemplated as an ideal or in Dicaearchus, a pupil of Aristotle, a fragment the concrete achievement of Mr. Frazer's two of a lively description of Greece in which Thebes thousand compact pages crammed with the is portrayed with true Attic malice and Tanagra for by chapter and verse citation of an appalling minutest statements of specific fact, vouched and its worthy farmers are picturesquely ex- tolled. We hear also of numerous special anti- mass of technical literature. What Pater says quarian treatises, such as Polemo's four books of the Rome of that day is equally applicable on the offerings of the Acropolis, or the work to the Greece which Pausanias described. At of Theodorus tbe Phocæan on the Round Build- no period of its history had it been better worth ing at Delphi. These and countless other works seeing. “ As in some vast intellectual museum, Pausanias doubtless consulted at one of the all its manifold products were intact and in great public libraries of the empire, in order to their places, and with custodians also, still ex- correct and supplement his notes of travel and tant, duly qualified to appreciate and explain the dubious erudition of the local guides, who, them. The various work of many ages fell here as a hint of Plutarch informs us, were as per- harmoniously together, as yet untouched save tinacious and voluble in Greece as they are in by time.” The munificence of Hadrian and the Italy of to-day. He was a commonplace Herodes Atticus had endowed Greece with but painstaking and conscientious writer, liable many new structures of utility or splendor ; but now and then to blunder, and incapable of ex- still, as Plutarch tells us, the bloom of an un- ercising serious scholarly criticism on the vast dying youth dwelt on the creations of Phidias mass of matter accumulated in his notes. He and Ictinus. Still, in many an ancient temple simply sets down, in a mechanical but conven- the conical stone or smoke-begrimed wooden ient topographical order, what he saw and what images (xoana) of primitive fetichism, or the he heard on the spot or subsequently read about rigid faintly smiling figures of infantine Greek it. His style, Mr. Frazer, who ought to know, art, remained in startling juxtaposition with the characterizes as “ looose, clumsy, ill-jointed, ill masterpieces of Polyclitus and Praxiteles. The compacted, rickety, and ramshackle.” These old wooden column that testified to the prehis- facts have made him a sort of butt of modern toric origins of Greek architecture still stood German scholarship, which has no tolerance for beside its fellows of stone in the temple of Hera anything but the loftiest genius and the most at Olympia. The quaint pillar-shaped Apollo of Amyclæ still stood on the sofa-like throne PAUSANIAS'S DESCRIPTION OF GREECE. Translated, with a Commentary, by J. G. Frazer. In six volumes, illustrated. which the Magnesian Bathycles decorated for him with the gold of Cræsus. The Olympian New York: The Macmillan Co. 1898.] 319 THE DIAL guides still showed, in the back chamber of the expert in none of the branches of Archæology. temple of Hera, that miracle of early art, the But his indefatigable erudition in codifying and cedar-wood chest richly wrought with reliefs in his sound judgment in estimating the work of ivory and gold, dedicated by the old tyrant specialists have made him a very passable imi. Cypselus in commemoration of the chest in tation of an expert in all, and there are few which his mother had hidden him from the as living scholars with whom he could not discuss sassins. The shields of the Spartans captured on equal terms almost any topic in these vol- at Sphacteria were still proudly exhibited on umes. To the high authority of Dr. Dörpfeld the Acropolis of Athens. The spoils of the bar in all questions of Architecture he shows proper barian still decorated the national shrine of deference, but that he has not altogether abne- Delphi, and the three entwined serpents of gated the right of private judgment may be bronze now at Constantinople still displayed the inferred from the observation, “On a question names of the Greek cities that crushed the Per of the state of Athens in the fifth century B. C., sian at Platæa. On the walls of the Cnidian I decidedly prefer the evidence of Herodotus Lesche at Delphi, where the other day the and Thucydides to that of Dr. Dörpfeld and French spade revealed a few bits of stucco Professor von Wilamovitz Möllendorf.” More painted with bright pigment, the cheeks of specifically, he rejects Dörpfeld's identification Cassandra still glowed rosy in the frescoes of of the fountain Enneacrunus with the meagre Polygnotus, already as old as the frescoes of cistern in the rock at the foot of the Pnyx, vig- Giotto are to us. And though Megalopolis the orously combats his theory that the pre-Persiari great city had become “ a great wilderness," temple of Athena on the Acropolis was rebuilt and teeming Bæotia had been converted into a in in the face of the Erechtheum and served as sheep-walk, the depredations of the dilettante the treasury of the goddess, refuses to accept proconsuls and emperors of Rome had not yet his view of the situation of “ Dionysus in the perceptibly diminished the population of bronze Marshes,” dissents from his identification of and marble gods, heroes and athletes, that still the Pythium with the Cave of Apollo on the bore witness of the glory and loveliness that had north side of the Acropolis, and approves the passed away at Delphi, Olympia, and Athens. arguments of Professor John Williams White The commentator who would resuscitate this against his opinion that the Pelargicum re- vanished world, and, following in Pausanias's mained a fortress down to the days of Herodes footsteps, interpret, correct, and supplement Atticus. him, must be philologian, topographer, archæol-On the vexed question of the high stage, after ogist, architect, and art critic in one, and must perusing Dr. Dörpfeld's recent book he still in addition be master of the allied disciplines maintains, with the majority of French and of Greek history, antiquities, religion, mythol English scholars, the traditional view. This ogy, and folk-lore. He must further be familiar debate is fast approaching a dialectical dead- with the results of the excavations of the past lock. On the one hand, we have the intrinsic thirty years. He must know what the Germans improbability of a very high stage, and Dr. did at Olympia, and what the French are doing Dörpfeld's masterly skill in employing his su- at Delphi ; what Schliemann and Dörpfeld perior knowledge of architecture to explain found at Mycenæ and Tiryns; the work of the away everything in the extant remains that to British school at Megalopolis, of the American the layman seems to point to its actual exist- school at Corinth, Argos, Icaria, and Sicyon, ence in the Greek theatre. On the other side, of the Greek archæological society at Eleusis, there is the feeling of scholars that it requires Epidaurus, and Lycosura,—not the facts only, a suspicious amount of special pleading to but the vast literature of interpretation and con eliminate the high stage from the tradition of troversy that has sprung up about them. Every antiquity, and the possibility at least of inter- page of Pausanias bristles with special “Fra preting the extant plays in harmony with the gen,”each jealously guarded by a corps of watch tradition. Mr. Frazer sums up fairly well the ful specialists, who from time to time publish usual arguments against Dr. Dörpfeld's view. pamphlets in which they refute one another and Like Haigh, he overlooks the fact that the uphold their own ingenious “combinations." Delian inscription to which he appeals for the And of all these, our commentator must run identification of the logeion with the stage the gauntlet. building is a conjectural restoration ; and he is Mr. Frazer modestly disclaims competency mistaken in affirming that the passage in which in so wide a field, and confesses that he is an Lucian describes the ludicrous downfall of an 320 [May 16, THE DIAL actor in full tragic toggery necessarily implies tion of the pygmies to the dwarfs of central a fall from the high stage to the orchestra. But Africa, and a hundred other equally delightful it is obviously impossible to enter upon the de- themes. And all this, as well as his more seri- tail of Mr. Frazer's notes here. ous discussion of archæological and historical In the field of anthropology and folklore problems, is relieved by interesting notes of alone he collects material enough for a respect travel and charming descriptions of Greek able volume. Tree worship, the cap of invisi scenery — the falls of the Styx, the lakes of bility, miraculous conceptions, the egg in myth northern Arcadia, the view from the Acro- ology, female kinship, the marriage of the dead, Corinthus, the pass of the Tretus, the caves of the use of different languages by husband and the Erasinus, the Valley of Sparta, Sicyon, wife, tribes that abstain from salt, the apple as Epidaurus, Troezen Ithome, Bassæ, and Arca- a love token, the forty-one types of the story of dian Aliphera “ mountain-built with peaceful the girl exposed to the dragon, the twenty-eight citadel.” versions of the tale of the clever thief, divina- "Oh settentrional vedovo sito, tion by “ hefting,” by water, by lightning, by Poi che privato sei di mirar quelle." lizards and livers, the anointing of sacred stones, An appendix of one hundred and fifty pages the clothing, the fettering, and the painting red apparently brings all this multifarious learning of sacred images, the use of pigs' blood in puri- down to date, quoting the journals for 1897 fication, cursing as a means of invoking bless- and all the important new books of the year. ings, the beating of the ground to fertilize it, In renewing our thanks to the author for this the ceremonial clipping of the hair, serpent splendid gift, we should not forget the pub- worship, prohibition of widows' marriages, the lishers, who have merited well of the republic of sacrifice of a finger to avert evil,— such are a letters by their willingness to undertake in the few of the topics on which he pours forth his cause of learning the immense preliminary copious and exact erudition. expenditure necessarily involved in the careful And as we turn the pages, still the wonder printing of such a mass of detail, with all the grows. Mr. Frazer will explain to you the accompanying maps, plans, and illustrations. chemical cause of the rich golden patina on the They seem to have spared no pains to make columns of the Parthenon; the precise differ- the work an indispensable thesaurus of knowl- ence between the welding and soldering of iron, edge for all who take interest in the geography, and why the art of Glaucus must have been the the monuments, and the antiquities of Greece. former; the engineering problems involved in PAUL SHOREY. the drainage of the Copaic lake; the exploita- tion of the silver mines of Laurium in ancient and modern times ; the geological formation of WILLIAM MORRIS'S LAST ROMANCES.* the Isthmus of Corinth and the digging of the The work of William Morris has very dis. Isthmian canal; the composition of the stucco used by Greek builders; the effect on Greek tinctly gone through a number of phases. The architecture of the use of unburnt brick; the labors of some men strike at the beginning a different shaped clamps used in binding Greek certain keynote, which is kept without great Mr. Swinburne's latest masonry; the early history of the arch and the change to the end. five styles of masonry that may be distinguished prose and verse follow in the main the direc- in the walls of Platæa ; why the ancient by8808 to-day, however broadened and deepened, the tions which his earlier efforts took, and he is cannot have been cotton, and the effect of our civil war on the cultivation of cotton in Greece; man who took the world, as it were, by storm. the nature and origin of amber, etc. He will The writer, on the other hand, who produced “The Defence of Guinevere" is very different gossip entertainingly about the fighting cocks of Tanagra, the singing trout of the river Glittering Plain ” and “The Water of the from the man who produced “The Story of the Aroanius, which, like Pausanias, he failed to hear, “though he tarried by the river till sun- Wondrous Isles.” There has been here not set when they were said to sing loudest"; the only a deepening of the intellectual life, but a earliest known parrots and peacocks; the his- rise into a new and somewhat alien sphere, alien tory of the elephant and the rhinoceros in an- to the dream-like poetry with which he began tiquity; the white blackbirds of Cyllene and the * THE SUNDERING FLOOD. By William Morris. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co. possibility that they were selected by protective THE WATER OF THE WONDROUS Isles. By William resemblance to the mountain snows; the rela Morris. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co. 1898.] 321 THE DIAL - it ; ance. his career; and yet there is also a return : the water mark of his literary productivity. All mysticism which marked Morris's first volume, the great elements of the various versions of abandoned during his middle years, reäppears the great stories which it tells once more are in the later books. combined in it. The Völsunga Saga and the The life of William Morris presents a tire- Niebelungenlied are laid under contribution; less energy which converts admiration into its the mysterious is subordinated to the human in primal element of wonder. He did enough for and the manner of telling has only so much half a dozen men; indeed, he was not merely of the archaic as to give remoteness and breadth. one but half a dozen persons. His successes The interest in real life pervades it; the heroic as a decorative artist were sufficient to fill the in action and the delight of achievement are ambition of a large mind, and yet they were celebrated in its ringing lines. The poet has cast into the shade by his purely literary work. come out of the dreamland of “ The Earthly This latter also spanned a wider field than most Paradise"; if life cannot be understood, it yet men care to undertake, and still the excellence affords a large field for the doing of things in diverse ways remains singular and note- worthy to be done ; and, in the Morality, worthy. “Love is Enough,” we are told that we may The early volume of poems, 66 The Defence dispense with everything that the world ordin- of Guinevere,” was full of a vague suggestion arily esteems, provided we have affection and that gave it a certain indefinable charm, and sympathy and space wherein to labor. This that yet stood in the way of its general accept may not be a satisfactory solution of our diffi. “ The Life and Death of Jason” fear-culties, but it is a long advance over the idle- lessly emerged from this half-darkness, but re ness of an empty day. In this connection a tained the power of dealing simply and directly word may be interpolated about the translation with the mysterious, which is found again in of the Odyssey and the Æneid and the Norse so high a degree in the last prose romances. Sagas. Whatever may be said of them as suc- There is no intention here of going through the cesses in the impossible art of reproducing a long catalogue of Morris's works. That has poem in an alien medium, they indisputably already been done in a previous number of this have the merit of reading as if they were to the journal. The purpose is to show rapidly and manner born; they are as much a part of En- briefly his progress and unfolding. He has glish literature as though they had first seen the reached the stage when he calls himself the light of day under the changeable English skies. “idle singer of an empty day.” “The Earthly They add to our impression of the heroic activ- Paradise” is filled with an undertone of sadness ity of the writer, who could give us these as and resignation ; the hopelessness of attempting well as the vast body of his original work. Here to deal with riddles which seem more insoluble is, indeed, an Anglo-Saxon Sigurd with limit- the riddles of life and death less capacity for forging marvels and an un- pierces through that dazzling array of poems shaken hold upon youth and all that it implies. with a strange persistency. The lyrics which This is not the place to say much about introduce the division into months give a mod Morris's devotion to the cause of socialism; the ern touch, in contrast and yet in harmony with latter years of his life were intensely given to the old-world stories unrolling before us like it, and his prose romances show its influence pictures on a tapestry. But the emergence from clearly enough. No doubt these romances this atmosphere already shows in the work. In sprang out of his Northern studies and his “ The Lovers of Gudrun” we enter another changed outlook upon mankind and the world. world, the world of genuine men and women, The breath of Medieval Romance is all through who have many and grievous ills, who are torn them. They point to simpler forms of living, by conflicting emotions and impulses, and who, to fellowship in having and doing, to adven- above all, live, and feel that their lives have tures generously pursued for the welfare of the purpose and meaning. The clear and in vigor- many. They occupy a unique place in the lit- ating air of the Northern legends seems to have erature of the day, and it is not an easy matter been better and healthier for the heroic lungs to assign to them the consideration which is of William Morris than the suaver imaginings their due. Of them all, the first to be published, of warmer climes. the - House of the Wolfings,” will perhaps The great “Sigurd the Volsung” combines command the most general acceptance. The in itself all the splendid qualities of William communal life described in that book had Morris's genius. It is, we think, the high doubtless its serious fascination for the author, than ever 322 [May 16, THE DIAL ness. Isles” and the story is written throughout with un the fortunate possessor of these romances will flagging enthusiasm. The motive is simple not only have two beautiful books, but two and inspiring, the series of pictures varied and happy specimens of the work of a man whose finished. How far the allegorical tendencies of recognition as one of the leaders of his time, these romances are to be pushed is a question and a benefactor of the race, is assured. which hardly calls for a categorical reply. LOUIS J. BLOCK. “ The Story of the Glittering Plain " lends itself readily to a consistent interpretation which can hardly have been entirely absent from its author's intention. • The Roots of MEXICO THROUGH FRIENDLY EYES.* the Mountains ” was, we are told, the best of the romances in Morris's opinion. The last of Mr. Lummis is always enthusiastic: he loves them, “The Sundering Flood,” may surely re- or he loves not. And just now his love is Mex- ceive a high meed of praise. The allegory, if ico, and in “ The Awakening of a Nation” he allegory there be, is not forbidding in its diffi. gives us some striking and suggestive sketches. culty, nor carried out with undesirable minute. He sees much to admire in Mexico, and a great The conquest of love and faith over part of what he admires is due to Spanish influ- seemingly insuperable obstacles is made plain ence. This is unwelcome just now when it is and convincing ; the heroism of Osberne shines the fad to hate and despise Spain and the Span- like that of Sigurd himself; the counsellor and iard. But, after all, hatred and contempt alter guide, Steelhead, is not an altogether mysterious no facts; and it is true that the Spaniard has personage; and the final return to the simple been a wonderful explorer, a not unkind con- and wholesome life of the dalesman, from the queror, and a marvellously good governor, more complications of a civilization not conscious of than once. itself or its needs, points a moral and adorns a “ His marca is upon the faces, the laws, the very land- tale. With “ The Water of the Wondrous scape. How significant this is, we may better judge when we remember that the Saxon, masterful though he one may perhaps be pardoned for hav is, has never anywhere achieved these results. He has ing some questionings; although no one need filled new lands with his speech and his faith (or his have any questionings as to the heroine, Bird lack of it), but only by filling them with his own blood, alone, in her courage and her womanliness. never by changing the native. The United States, for Nor will one have any questionings in regard English? In the vastly greater area of Spanish Amer- instance, is of his speech; but what Indian tribe speaks to the springlike freshness which pervades the ica, every Indian tribe speaks Spanish and has done entire story, the wealth of incident, the clear so for centuries. The Saxon has never impressed his ness of description, the exhaustless resources of language or his religion upon the people he has overrun." an imagination which knows no such thing as weariness. Still, the voyage from island to It was that same Spaniard in America who island of the wondrous sea has more of the developed in Mexico a golden age of letters in allegorical about it than the sundering flood, the sixteenth century, long before Plymouth and the magical element in the book removes Rock felt pilgrim footsteps. Mr. Lummis does it more from the prosaic sympathies of the day. well to hint at this. well to hint at this. “The Bay Psalm-Book” No one need, however, take the whole as other was not the first book printed in America, nor than it presents itself to be ; and then, the nar- were “ The Jesuit Relations” the " very first rative is admirable. Through the various trials beginnings of American literature.” How naïve of inexperience, the girl Birdalone, helped by and amusing such claims would be, were they the mystical wood-mother Habundia, passes, not humiliating evidence of narrow ignorance ! and in her triumphs uplifts with herself all The first American books were in Spanish, of those with whom she comes in contact. The course; and they represent a great variety in indescribable charm and atmosphere of the art subject, treatment, and character. Some fea- of William Morris are over both books, and one tures of that early literature are most curious. may as well surrender at discretion to that Thus, as Mr. Lummis says: magic and influence. “ Another striking point in the literary history of The founder of the Kelmscott Press would Mexico — and one wholly without parallel in ours — is this: in the first generation after the Conquest there was gladly hold in his hand these volumes, such fine already in Mexico a band of Indian authors like Tobar, exemplars of the printer's art are they. If a Zapata, Tezozomoc, Chimalpain, Camargo, Pomar, the good story ought to bave a goodly investiture, *THE AWAKENING OF A NATION: MEXICO OF TO-DAY. it has been given in the present instance; and By Charles F. Lummis. New York: Harper & Brothers. 1898.] 323 THE DIAL 6 Ixtlilxochitls, and others, whom no student of Ameri He emphasizes, and with the highest justice, the cana can ignore." fact that this mighty progress is chiefly due to How can we fit this with our narrow prejudice: one person one person — not only a great Mexican, but a “ It is curious to remember that up to 1830 no great man — Porfirio Diaz, the President of the book was ever so handsomely published in the Republic. He sketches the romantic career of United States as the Lorenzana edition of the this man in whose hands the national destiny Letters of Cortez,' in Mexico in 1770.” We has so long rested. We do not grudge one have called the sixteenth century a golden age word of praise to Diaz ; he deserves it. But of letters in Mexico. It was such. At that time we might wish that our author had a little there was there poetry of a high order ; there more emphasized the work of that inscrutable was history, chronicle, belles-lettres ; there was Indian, Juarez, to whom personally and polit- philosophy and theology; there was science ically Diaz owes so much. and very creditable science too. The University We will quote but one more passage from of Mexico was flourishing and turning out bril our author: it is not simply captious. liant scholars long before Harvard was dreamed “ It is notorious to those who know both countries of. Model industrial schools with hundreds of thoroughly, that educated Americans are far more igno- Indian pupils, where not only theory but trades rant of Mexico than educated Mexicans are ignorant of the United States. One reason is, doubtless, that we were taught, grew up under devoted friars. are the more shining mark; but another is that the Even schools for the careful study of the native Latin-American nations have rather different ideas of a Indian tongues existed, and a college of twenty diplomatic service. They do not send to any country diligent students studying the Otomi language an ambassador who will be lost there without an inter- had been established in the Indian town of preter. Even down to consuls, this ridiculous supersti- Huiskelucan. tion is operative. Men are selected who are at least gentlemen in appearance; who can command the respect- But Mr. Lummis does not unduly linger | ful attention of business men; who know how to ask for over the past. He deals with Mexico of to-day the information they desire. The result is that Mexico an awakened nation. One of his first asser- is steadily informed of the moods and needs of this tions will come with a shock to our prejudice country.” and ignorance. “ To-day Mexico is - and I say A pity 't is 't is true. it deliberately the safest country in America. FREDERICK STARR. Life, property, human rights, are more secure than even with us.” This is the Mexico of to-day, not the Mexico of twenty years ago. RECENT BOOKS OF ENGLISH POETRY.* Few realize the vast changes of a single year in our sister republic. Yet Mr. Lummis's state- It is not often that lovers of literature in its ment might have been made, in fact it was highest forms look forward to the publication of any book with the eagerness that has awaited the appear- made, years ago. In London, in 1892, I heard ance of the long-promised volume of poems by Mr. a prominent man lecture on Mexico. He said : *THE COMING OF LOVE, and Other Poems. By Theodore “ Many consider Mexico dangerous, believe Watts-Dunton. New York: John Lane. that life and property are not secure. I know POEMs. By Stephen Phillips. New York: John Lane. well all parts of the United States, and do not THE HOPE OF THE WORLD, and Other Poems. By William hesitate to say that life and property are more Watson. New York: John Lane. THE EARTH BREATH, and Other Poems. By A. E. New secure in every part of Mexico than in any of York: John Lane. the United States." I felt that this was the POEMS OF A COUNTRY GENTLEMAN. By Sir George Douglas, rabid utterance of a prejudiced Englishman,- Bart. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co. but I did not then know Mexico. ADMIRALS ALL, and Other Verses. By Henry Newbolt. New York: John Lane. Mr. Lummis treats of the natural resources THE FAIRY CHANGELING, and Other Poems. By Dora of the country, describes the ferment now lead Sigerson (Mrs. Clement Shorter). New York: John Lane. ing to their development, and shows how a FROM THE HILLS OF DREAM. Mountain Songs and Island Runes. By Fiona Macleod. Edinburgh: Patrick Geddes & financial condition which would paralyze us has Colleagues. been to Mexico, with her different conditions, IRELAND, with Other Poems. By Lionel Johnson. Boston: a helpful stimulus. He gives glimpses of the Copeland & Day. POEMS. By William Ernest Henley. New York: Imported great enterprises now undertaken. The old by Charles Scribner's Sons. mining industry, once the great wealth of the A SELECTION FROM THE POEMS OF MATHILDE BLIND. country, is still important, but will soon be Edited by Arthur Symons. London: T. Fisher Unwin. POEMS BY THE LATE JOHN LUCAS TUPPER. Selected and insignificant when compared with the agricul- edited by William Michael Rossetti. New York: Longmans, tural, manufacturing, and carrying industries. Green, & Co. 324 [May 16, THE DIAL upon us." Theodore Watts-Dunton. His occasional contribu From light-green boughs through leaves a-peepin thin; tions of verse to “The Atheneum,” together with The wheat-ear soon 'ull bring the willow-wren, the few pieces that have already found their way And then the fust fond nightingale 'ull follow, A-callin 'Come, dear,' to his laggin hen into the anthologies, have served to whet to a keen Still out at sea, the spring is in our glen; edge the interest of literary students, who have long Come, darlin, wi' the comin o' the swallow.' felt it a wrong to letters that a poet of such extra- ordinary critical acumen and technical mastery of "The thought on't makes the snow-drifts o' December the art of rhythmical expression should remain un- Shine gold,' I sez, 'like daffodils o' spring known save to the few who had tracked him to his Wot wait beneath: he's comin, pups, remember; If not, fer me no singin birds 'ull sing : haunts. Two or three years ago, the announcement No choring chiriklo 'ull hold the gale was made that his poems were at last to be produced Wi' 'Cuckoo, cuckoo,' over hill and hollow; by his friend William Morris in a Kelmscott vol. There 'll be no crakin o' the meadow-rail, ume, and the interest of book-lovers was all agog at There 'll be no •Jug-jug' o' the nightingale, For her wot waits the comin o the swallow.'" the prospect. The untimely death of Morris put an end to this project, and affected Mr. Watts-Dunton “The Coming of Love” as a whole is difficult to in a way of which he must be allowed to speak for characterize. It is too episodical to form a contin- himself. “ Among the friends who saw much of uous story, yet it has emotional unity, and this trag- that great poet and beloved man during the last edy of the soul, passing from the careless joy of the year of his life, there was one who would not and years “ before the coming of love" into the raptur- could not believe that he would die — myself. To ous days when “natura benigna” is the watchword me he seemed human vitality concentrated to a point suffering with their sinister vision of “ natura ma- of the world, and through these to dark days of of quenchless light; and when the appalling truth that he must die did at last strike through me, I had ligna,” winning at the end a passionless and trans- no heart and no patience to think about anything in cendental peace, seems to offer a typical portrayal of connection with him but the loss that was to come the pilgrim's progress of the inner life. And scat- The next year, nevertheless, the writer tered through it all are such unforgettable verses as put forth in a thin booklet his superb “ Jubilee "Song leaps from deeps unplumbed by spoken word," greeting at Spithead to the Men of Great